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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Holland_(mayor)	Edward Holland (mayor)	["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Personal life","4 References","5 External links"]	American politician (1702–1756) For other people of this name, see Edward Holland (disambiguation). Edward Holland40th Mayor of New York CityIn officeOctober 14, 1747 – November 10, 1756Preceded byStephen BayardSucceeded byJohn Cruger Jr.23rd Mayor of Albany, New YorkIn office1733–1741Preceded byJohannes de Peyster IIISucceeded byJohannes Schuyler Jr. Personal detailsBornSeptember 6, 1702Albany, New YorkDiedNovember 10, 1756(1756-11-10) (aged 54)New York City, New YorkResting placeTrinity Church CemeterySpouses Magdalena Bayeux (m. 1726; died 1737) Frances Nicoll (m. 1739) ProfessionMerchant Edward Holland (baptized September 6, 1702 – November 10, 1756) was the first English Mayor of Albany, New York, from 1733 to 1740. He was the 40th Mayor of New York City from 1747 to 1756, becoming the only man to serve as mayor of both Albany and New York City. Early life Holland was born in 1702 in Albany, New York. He was the son of English-born Henry Holland (1661–1736) and Irish-born Jenny (née Seeley) Edwards (1676–1756). His father was a commissioned officer of the garrison company in Albany. Over thirty years, he became a lieutenant, captain, and then Commander of the Albany fort. His mother was a widow who met his father when he was stationed in Ireland and the two them married and emigrated to the American Colonies. His brother was Henry Holland Jr. (b. 1704) who received royal appointments as Justice of the Peace, Master of the Chancery Court, and Sheriff of Albany County, and who married Alida Beekman (b. 1702), daughter of Johannes Martense Beekman. Career During his youth, Holland was a part-time soldier at a time of peace on the northern frontier and, therefore, focused on his father's business, running errands between the frontier outposts and down the Hudson River to New York City. From 1728 to 1733, he served as an Alderman of Albany and was known as an active member of the Commissioners of Indian Affairs. In 1733, he was appointed the first English Mayor of Albany, and presiding over the city until 1741. During his long tenure as mayor, he negotiated a deed with the Indians for the tract of land at the junction of the Mohawk River and the Schoharie Creek that was included in the 1686 Albany City Charter but was not yet incorporated. By the mid-1740s, Holland moved to Manhattan where he owned several ships, becoming quite prosperous and prominent. In 1747, he was appointed the 40th Mayor of New York City, serving 1747 until his death in 1756. In 1748, he was named to Gov. George Clinton's Advisory Council and was appointed to the Provincial Chancery Court, serving from 1748 to 1750. Personal life On June 24, 1726, he married Magdalena Bayeux (1706–1737), the daughter of Thomas and Magdalene (née Boudinot) Bayeux, a prominent business family. Magdalena's older sister, Susanna Bayeux (1704–1747), married Jeremias Schuyler (b. 1698), son of Pieter Schuyler, the first mayor of Albany. They had several children, four of whom survived to maturity, including: Mary Magdalen Holland, who married Benjamin Nicolls Jr. (1718–1760), a Yale lawyer who became an incorporator, trustee, and governor of Kings College in New York. Nicolls was a grandson of William Nicoll and, therefore, a nephew of his mother-in-law, Frances Nicoll Holland. He was the son of Benjamin and Charity Floly Nicoll, who after her husband's death, married the Rev. Dr. Samuel Johnson, President of King's College. In 1739, two years after the death of his first wife, Holland was married to Frances Nicoll (1704–1787), the daughter of William Nicoll and Anna (née Van Rensselaer) Nicoll. Her father was Speaker of the New York General Assembly from 1702 to 1718, her maternal grandfather was Col. Jeremias van Rensselaer and her paternal grandfather was Matthias Nicoll, the 6th Mayor of New York City. Holland died on November 10, 1756, in New York City, New York. He was buried at Trinity Church Cemetery. After his death, his widow moved to her brother Rensselaer Nicoll's house in Bethlehem, New York. A street in the Bronx is named in his honor (Holland Avenue). References ^ a b c d e f Bielinski, Stefan. "Edward Holland". exhibitions.nysm.nysed.gov. New York State Museum. Retrieved September 8, 2017. ^ Bielinski, Stefan. "Henry Holland". exhibitions.nysm.nysed.gov. Retrieved September 8, 2017. ^ Bielinski, Stefan. "Jenny Seeley Holland". exhibitions.nysm.nysed.gov. New York State Museum. Retrieved September 8, 2017. ^ Bielinski, Stefan. "Henry Holland, Jr". exhibitions.nysm.nysed.gov. New York State Museum. Retrieved September 8, 2017. ^ Rhoden, Nancy L. (2014). English Atlantics Revisited: Essays Honouring Ian K. Steele. McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. pp. 240–243. ISBN 9780773560406. Retrieved September 7, 2017. ^ Register of the National Society of Colonial Dames in the State of New York. The Society. 1901. Retrieved September 8, 2017. ^ "DCAS - About DCAS - Green Book - Mayors of the City of New York". www.nyc.gov. Archived from the original on March 22, 2014. Retrieved September 8, 2017. ^ Council, New York (N Y. ) Common; Willis, Samuel J.; Valentine, David Thomas; City.), John Hardy (of New York); Shannon, Joseph; Hufeland, Otto (1853). Manual of the Corporation of the City of New York. The Council. p. 348. Retrieved September 8, 2017. ^ Council, New York (N Y. ) Common (1905). Minutes of the Common Council of the City of New York, 1675-1776. Dodd, Mead. p. 298. Retrieved September 8, 2017. ^ Bielinski, Stefan. "Magdalena Bayeux". exhibitions.nysm.nysed.gov. New York State Museum. Retrieved September 8, 2017. ^ Reynolds, Cuyler (1906). Albany Chronicles: A History of the City Arranged Chronologically, from the Earliest Settlement to the Present Time; Illustrated with Many Historical Pictures of Rarity and Reproductions of the Robert C. Pruyn Collection of the Mayors of Albany, Owned by the Albany Institute and Historical and Art Society. Albany, New York: J. B. Lyon Company, printers. p. 110. Retrieved September 7, 2016. ^ a b c d e The Journal of American History \| Vol. 12, First Quarter, Number 1 \| January, February, March. National Historical Society. 1918. Retrieved September 8, 2017. ^ a b c Bielinski, Stefan. "Frances Nicoll Holland". exhibitions.nysm.nysed.gov. New York State Museum. Retrieved September 8, 2017. ^ McNamara, John (1991). History in Asphalt. Harrison, NY: Harbor Hill Books. p. 131. ISBN 0-941980-15-4. External links Edward Holland at the New York State Museum Political offices Preceded byStephen Bayard Mayor of New York City 1747–1756 Succeeded byJohn Cruger Jr. Preceded byJohannes de Peyster III Mayor of Albany, New York 1733–1741 Succeeded byJohannes Schuyler Jr. vteMayors of New York City from inception to consolidation (June 12, 1665 – December 31, 1897) T. Willett Delavall T. Willett Van Steenwyk Delavall Nicoll J. Lawrence Dervall De Mayer S. Van Cortlandt Delavall Rombouts Dyre Van Steenwyk Minvielle N. Bayard S. Van Cortlandt Delanoy J. Lawrence A. de Peyster Lodwik Merritt J. de Peyster Provost De Reimer Noell French Peartree Wilson J. Van Cortlandt Heathcote Johnstone J. Van Cortlandt Walters Jansen Lurting Richard Cruger S. Bayard Holland Cruger Jr Hicks Mathews Duane Varick Livingston Clinton M. Willett Clinton Radcliff Clinton Ferguson Radcliff Colden Allen Paulding Hone Paulding Bowne Lee C. Lawrence Clark Varian Morris Harper Havemeyer Mickle Brady Havemeyer Woodhull Kingsland Westervelt Wood Tiemann Wood Opdyke Gunther Hoffman Coman Hall Havemeyer Vance Wickham Ely Cooper Grace Edson Grace Hewitt Grant Gilroy Strong	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Edward Holland (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Holland_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_people"},{"link_name":"Albany, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albany,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Mayor of New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_New_York_City"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EHnysm-1"}],"text":"For other people of this name, see Edward Holland (disambiguation).Edward Holland (baptized September 6, 1702 – November 10, 1756) was the first English Mayor of Albany, New York, from 1733 to 1740. He was the 40th Mayor of New York City from 1747 to 1756, becoming the only man to serve as mayor of both Albany and New York City.[1]","title":"Edward Holland (mayor)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Albany, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albany,_New_York"},{"link_name":"née","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9e"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EHnysm-1"},{"link_name":"garrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garrison"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HHnysm-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JSHnysm-3"},{"link_name":"Justice of the Peace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice_of_the_Peace"},{"link_name":"Chancery Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Court_of_Chancery"},{"link_name":"Sheriff of Albany County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheriff_of_Albany_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Johannes Martense Beekman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayaderossera_patent"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HHJrnysm-4"}],"text":"Holland was born in 1702 in Albany, New York. He was the son of English-born Henry Holland (1661–1736) and Irish-born Jenny (née Seeley) Edwards (1676–1756).[1] His father was a commissioned officer of the garrison company in Albany. Over thirty years, he became a lieutenant, captain, and then Commander of the Albany fort.[2] His mother was a widow who met his father when he was stationed in Ireland and the two them married and emigrated to the American Colonies.[3]His brother was Henry Holland Jr. (b. 1704) who received royal appointments as Justice of the Peace, Master of the Chancery Court, and Sheriff of Albany County, and who married Alida Beekman (b. 1702), daughter of Johannes Martense Beekman.[4]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hudson River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson_River"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EHnysm-1"},{"link_name":"Commissioners of Indian Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commissioners_for_Indian_Affairs"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rhoden2014-5"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_people"},{"link_name":"Mayor of Albany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_Albany,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DAR1901-6"},{"link_name":"Mohawk River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohawk_River"},{"link_name":"Schoharie Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schoharie_Creek"},{"link_name":"1686 Albany City Charter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dongan_Charter"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EHnysm-1"},{"link_name":"Mayor of New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_New_York_City"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyc-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Council1853-8"},{"link_name":"Gov.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_New_York"},{"link_name":"George Clinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Clinton_(Royal_Navy_officer)"},{"link_name":"Advisory Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Executive_Council"},{"link_name":"Chancery Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Court_of_Chancery"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EHnysm-1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Council1905-9"}],"text":"During his youth, Holland was a part-time soldier at a time of peace on the northern frontier and, therefore, focused on his father's business, running errands between the frontier outposts and down the Hudson River to New York City.[1]From 1728 to 1733, he served as an Alderman of Albany and was known as an active member of the Commissioners of Indian Affairs.[5] In 1733, he was appointed the first English Mayor of Albany, and presiding over the city until 1741.[6] During his long tenure as mayor, he negotiated a deed with the Indians for the tract of land at the junction of the Mohawk River and the Schoharie Creek that was included in the 1686 Albany City Charter but was not yet incorporated.[1]By the mid-1740s, Holland moved to Manhattan where he owned several ships, becoming quite prosperous and prominent. In 1747, he was appointed the 40th Mayor of New York City, serving 1747 until his death in 1756.[7][8] In 1748, he was named to Gov. George Clinton's Advisory Council and was appointed to the Provincial Chancery Court, serving from 1748 to 1750.[1][9]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"née","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9e"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MBHnysm-10"},{"link_name":"Pieter Schuyler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Schuyler"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reynolds-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NHS1918-12"},{"link_name":"Yale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale"},{"link_name":"Kings College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NHS1918-12"},{"link_name":"Rev. Dr. Samuel Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Johnson_(American_educator)"},{"link_name":"William Nicoll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Nicoll_(speaker)"},{"link_name":"Van Rensselaer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Rensselaer_family"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FNHnysm-13"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NHS1918-12"},{"link_name":"Speaker of the New York General Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaker_of_the_New_York_General_Assembly"},{"link_name":"Jeremias van Rensselaer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremias_van_Rensselaer"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NHS1918-12"},{"link_name":"Matthias Nicoll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthias_Nicoll"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FNHnysm-13"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EHnysm-1"},{"link_name":"Trinity Church Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_Church_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NHS1918-12"},{"link_name":"house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem_House"},{"link_name":"Bethlehem, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FNHnysm-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"On June 24, 1726, he married Magdalena Bayeux (1706–1737), the daughter of Thomas and Magdalene (née Boudinot) Bayeux, a prominent business family.[10] Magdalena's older sister, Susanna Bayeux (1704–1747), married Jeremias Schuyler (b. 1698), son of Pieter Schuyler, the first mayor of Albany.[11] They had several children, four of whom survived to maturity, including:[12]Mary Magdalen Holland, who married Benjamin Nicolls Jr. (1718–1760), a Yale lawyer who became an incorporator, trustee, and governor of Kings College in New York. Nicolls was a grandson of William Nicoll and, therefore, a nephew of his mother-in-law, Frances Nicoll Holland.[12] He was the son of Benjamin and Charity Floly Nicoll, who after her husband's death, married the Rev. Dr. Samuel Johnson, President of King's College.In 1739, two years after the death of his first wife, Holland was married to Frances Nicoll (1704–1787), the daughter of William Nicoll and Anna (née Van Rensselaer) Nicoll.[13][12] Her father was Speaker of the New York General Assembly from 1702 to 1718, her maternal grandfather was Col. Jeremias van Rensselaer[12] and her paternal grandfather was Matthias Nicoll, the 6th Mayor of New York City.[13]Holland died on November 10, 1756, in New York City, New York.[1] He was buried at Trinity Church Cemetery.[12] After his death, his widow moved to her brother Rensselaer Nicoll's house in Bethlehem, New York.[13] A street in the Bronx is named in his honor (Holland Avenue).[14]","title":"Personal life"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Bielinski, Stefan. \"Edward Holland\". exhibitions.nysm.nysed.gov. New York State Museum. Retrieved September 8, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://exhibitions.nysm.nysed.gov/albany/bios/h/edholland.html","url_text":"\"Edward Holland\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Museum","url_text":"New York State Museum"}]},{"reference":"Bielinski, Stefan. \"Henry Holland\". exhibitions.nysm.nysed.gov. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Willard_Ragsdale	J. Willard Ragsdale	["1 See also","2 Sources"]	American politician James Willard RagsdaleMember of the U.S. House of Representativesfrom South Carolina's 6th districtIn officeMarch 4, 1913 – July 23, 1919Preceded byJ. Edwin EllerbeSucceeded byPhilip H. StollMember of the South Carolina SenateIn office1902–1904Member of the South Carolina House of RepresentativesIn office1899–1900 Personal detailsBorn(1872-12-14)December 14, 1872Timmonsville, South CarolinaDiedJuly 23, 1919(1919-07-23) (aged 46)Washington, D.C.Resting placeFlorence, South CarolinaPolitical partyDemocraticAlma materUniversity of South CarolinaProfessionlawyer, politician James Willard Ragsdale (December 14, 1872 – July 23, 1919) was a U.S. Representative from South Carolina. Born in Timmonsville, South Carolina, Ragsdale attended the public schools. He was employed in a railroad office at Wilmington, North Carolina, for several years. He attended the University of South Carolina at Columbia. He studied law. He was admitted to the bar in 1898 and commenced practice in Florence, South Carolina. He engaged in agricultural pursuits and banking. Trustee of the South Carolina Industrial School. He served as member of the State house of representatives 1899-1900. He served as member of the State senate 1902-1904. He was an unsuccessful candidate for attorney general of South Carolina and for election in 1910 to the Sixty-second Congress. Ragsdale was elected as a Democrat to the Sixty-third and to the three succeeding Congresses and served from March 4, 1913, until his death in Washington, D.C., July 23, 1919. He was interred in Mount Hope Cemetery, Florence, South Carolina. See also List of United States Congress members who died in office (1900–49) Sources United States Congress. "J. Willard Ragsdale (id: R000010)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. J. Willard Ragsdale, late a representative from South Carolina, Memorial addresses delivered in the House of Representatives and Senate frontispiece 1921 U.S. House of Representatives Preceded byJ. Edwin Ellerbe Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from South Carolina's 6th congressional district 1913–1919 Succeeded byPhilip H. Stoll vteSouth Carolina's delegation(s) to the 63rd–66th United States Congresses (ordered by seniority) 63rd Senate: ▌B. Tillman (D) ▌E. Smith (D) House: ▌D. Finley (D) ▌J. Johnson (D) ▌A. Lever (D) ▌Wy. Aiken (D) ▌J. Byrnes (D) ▌J. W. Ragsdale (D) ▌R. Whaley (D) 64th Senate: ▌B. Tillman (D) ▌E. Smith (D) House: ▌D. Finley (D) ▌J. Johnson (D) ▌A. Lever (D) ▌Wy. Aiken (D) ▌J. Byrnes (D) ▌J. W. Ragsdale (D) ▌R. Whaley (D) ▌S. Nicholls (D) ▌P. McCorkle (D) 65th Senate: ▌B. Tillman (D) ▌E. Smith (D) ▌C. Benet (D) ▌W. Pollock (D) House: ▌A. Lever (D) ▌J. Byrnes (D) ▌J. W. Ragsdale (D) ▌R. Whaley (D) ▌S. Nicholls (D) ▌F. Dominick (D) ▌W. Stevenson (D) 66th Senate: ▌E. Smith (D) ▌N. Dial (D) House: ▌A. Lever (D) ▌J. Byrnes (D) ▌J. W. Ragsdale (D) ▌R. Whaley (D) ▌S. Nicholls (D) ▌F. Dominick (D) ▌W. Stevenson (D) ▌E. Mann (D) ▌P. Stoll (D) Authority control databases: People US Congress	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. Representative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Timmonsville, South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timmonsville,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Wilmington, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilmington,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"University of South Carolina at Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_South_Carolina_at_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Florence, South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Democrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"Florence, South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence,_South_Carolina"}],"text":"James Willard Ragsdale (December 14, 1872 – July 23, 1919) was a U.S. Representative from South Carolina.Born in Timmonsville, South Carolina, Ragsdale attended the public schools.\nHe was employed in a railroad office at Wilmington, North Carolina, for several years.\nHe attended the University of South Carolina at Columbia.\nHe studied law.\nHe was admitted to the bar in 1898 and commenced practice in Florence, South Carolina.\nHe engaged in agricultural pursuits and banking.\nTrustee of the South Carolina Industrial School.\nHe served as member of the State house of representatives 1899-1900.\nHe served as member of the State senate 1902-1904.\nHe was an unsuccessful candidate for attorney general of South Carolina and for election in 1910 to the Sixty-second Congress.Ragsdale was elected as a Democrat to the Sixty-third and to the three succeeding Congresses and served from March 4, 1913, until his death in Washington, D.C., July 23, 1919.\nHe was interred in Mount Hope Cemetery, Florence, South Carolina.","title":"J. 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Willard Ragsdale, late a representative from South Carolina, Memorial addresses delivered in the House of Representatives and Senate frontispiece 1921","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=loc.ark:/13960/t34178024;view=1up;seq=3"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:USCongRep-start"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:USCongRep-start"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:USCongRep-start"},{"link_name":"South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"United States Congresses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"63rd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/63rd_United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"B. 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Ragsdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"R. Whaley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_S._Whaley"},{"link_name":"S. Nicholls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_J._Nicholls"},{"link_name":"P. McCorkle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_G._McCorkle"},{"link_name":"65th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/65th_United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"B. Tillman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Tillman"},{"link_name":"E. Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellison_D._Smith"},{"link_name":"C. Benet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christie_Benet"},{"link_name":"W. Pollock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_P._Pollock"},{"link_name":"House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"A. Lever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asbury_Francis_Lever"},{"link_name":"J. Byrnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_F._Byrnes"},{"link_name":"J. W. Ragsdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"R. Whaley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_S._Whaley"},{"link_name":"S. Nicholls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_J._Nicholls"},{"link_name":"F. Dominick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_H._Dominick"},{"link_name":"W. Stevenson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Francis_Stevenson"},{"link_name":"66th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/66th_United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"E. Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellison_D._Smith"},{"link_name":"N. Dial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathaniel_B._Dial"},{"link_name":"House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"A. Lever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asbury_Francis_Lever"},{"link_name":"J. Byrnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_F._Byrnes"},{"link_name":"J. W. Ragsdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"R. Whaley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_S._Whaley"},{"link_name":"S. Nicholls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_J._Nicholls"},{"link_name":"F. Dominick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_H._Dominick"},{"link_name":"W. Stevenson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Francis_Stevenson"},{"link_name":"E. Mann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_C._Mann"},{"link_name":"P. Stoll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_H._Stoll"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205598#identifiers"},{"link_name":"US Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=R000010"}],"text":"United States Congress. \"J. Willard Ragsdale (id: R000010)\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.\nJ. Willard Ragsdale, late a representative from South Carolina, Memorial addresses delivered in the House of Representatives and Senate frontispiece 1921vteSouth Carolina's delegation(s) to the 63rd–66th United States Congresses (ordered by seniority)\n\n\n\n\n63rd\n\nSenate: \n▌B. Tillman (D)\n▌E. Smith (D)\n\n\nHouse: \n▌D. Finley (D)\n▌J. Johnson (D)\n▌A. Lever (D)\n▌Wy. Aiken (D)\n▌J. Byrnes (D)\n▌J. W. Ragsdale (D)\n▌R. Whaley (D)\n\n\n\n64th\n\nSenate: \n▌B. Tillman (D)\n▌E. Smith (D)\n\n\nHouse: \n▌D. Finley (D)\n▌J. Johnson (D)\n▌A. Lever (D)\n▌Wy. Aiken (D)\n▌J. Byrnes (D)\n▌J. W. Ragsdale (D)\n▌R. Whaley (D)\n▌S. Nicholls (D)\n▌P. McCorkle (D)\n\n\n\n65th\n\nSenate: \n▌B. Tillman (D)\n▌E. Smith (D)\n▌C. Benet (D)\n▌W. Pollock (D)\n\n\nHouse: \n▌A. Lever (D)\n▌J. Byrnes (D)\n▌J. W. Ragsdale (D)\n▌R. Whaley (D)\n▌S. Nicholls (D)\n▌F. Dominick (D)\n▌W. Stevenson (D)\n\n\n\n66th\n\nSenate: \n▌E. Smith (D)\n▌N. Dial (D)\n\n\nHouse: \n▌A. Lever (D)\n▌J. Byrnes (D)\n▌J. W. Ragsdale (D)\n▌R. Whaley (D)\n▌S. Nicholls (D)\n▌F. Dominick (D)\n▌W. Stevenson (D)\n▌E. Mann (D)\n▌P. Stoll (D)Authority control databases: People \nUS Congress","title":"Sources"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of United States Congress members who died in office (1900–49)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Congress_members_who_died_in_office_(1900%E2%80%9349)"}]	[{"reference":"United States Congress. \"J. Willard Ragsdale (id: R000010)\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aakhri_Sach	Aakhri Sach	["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Episodes","4 Release","5 Accolades","6 Notes","7 References","8 External links"]	2023 series by Robbie Grewal Aakhri SachPosterGenreCrime thrillerBased onBurari deathsWritten bySaurav DeyDirected byRobbie GrewalStarring Tamannaah Bhatia Abhishek Banerjee Shivin Narang Gehna Seth Country of originIndiaOriginal languageHindiNo. of seasons1No. of episodes6ProductionProducers Preeti Simoes Neeti Simoes Nikhil Nanda EditorRajesh G. PandeyRunning time31–50 minutesProduction companyNirvikar FilmsOriginal releaseNetworkDisney+ HotstarRelease25 August (2023-08-25) –22 September 2023 (2023-09-22) Aakhri Sach (transl. Final truth) is a 2023 Indian Hindi-language crime investigative thriller television series on Disney+ Hotstar, directed by Robbie Grewal. Produced by Nirvikar Films, the series stars Tamannaah Bhatia in the lead role along with Abhishek Banerjee, Shivin Narang, Danish Iqbal, Gehna Seth, Nishu Dikshit, Kriti Vij and Sanjiv Chopra. The series is loosely based on the Burari deaths, with Tamannaah playing the role of the lead investigative officer, Anya. Aakhri Sach was broadcast from 25 August to 22 September 2023. The series was well-received by audiences, and Tamannaah's notable performance earned her the Best Actor of the Year - Female (Series) award at the Bollywood Hungama OTT India Fest. Plot The series commences by introducing Anya, a determined police officer, as she successfully apprehends a cunning individual involved in a credit card scam. However, her trajectory takes a somber shift when her superior assigns her to investigate a perplexing case where 11 family members have tragically died together. Initially appearing as a collective act of suicide, the situation becomes progressively eerie as Anya probes further into the circumstances. As the story unfolds, the show employs flashbacks to unveil the Rajawat family's past. The family's patriarch, a former police officer, conceals a shadowed history. The seemingly trivial incident involving his son, Bhuvan, emerges as a pivotal event that contributed to his downfall. At the heart of the narrative are the Rajawat siblings: Aadesh, Bhuvan, Babita, and Kavita. The unsettling incident transpires a mere week after Babita's daughter, Anshika, becomes engaged. Initial suspicions focus on Aman, Anshika's fiancé, as investigators strive to decode the riddle surrounding the family's tragic demise. Yet, the tale's layers are intricate, uncovering that there is more beneath the surface. As the series advances, the story weaves a tapestry of the past and present, painting a haunting portrait of a family burdened by secrets, unforeseen turns, and concealed motives. The quest for the truth evolves into a psychological exploration, compelling the characters to confront their own inner conflicts while untangling the enigma shrouding the Rajawat family. Cast Tamannaah Bhatia as Inspector Anya Swaroop Abhishek Banerjee as "Lalit" Bhuvan Shivin Narang as Aman Rahul Bagga as Raghav Danish Iqbal as "Bhuvnesh" Aadesh Gehna Seth as Karuna Nishu Dikshit as Poonam Kriti Vij as "Priyanka" Anshika Sanjiv Chopra as Jawahar Singh Firdaus Hassan as Subodh Sunny Saini as Jairaj friend Episodes EpisodeTitleDirected ByWritten ByDate of Broadcast1"Breaking News: Ek Rahasya"Robbie GrewalSaurav Dey25 August 2023 (2023-08-25) The city of Delhi awakens to a chilling report of an entire family of eleven members discovered deceased. Absent of any suicide note or indications of familial issues, Inspector Anya is inclined to consider the possibility of foul play. 2"Guilty Heart: Ek Saaya"Robbie GrewalSaurav Dey25 August 2023 (2023-08-25) Bhuvan Rajawat, one of the late brothers, carried a haunting tragic history. Now, Anya is faced with two potential suspects for investigation: the fiancé of a deceased woman and a notorious criminal gang. 3"Shadows of the Past: Vahem"Robbie GrewalSaurav Dey1 September 2023 (2023-09-01) Aman's journey to Teetari village uncovers surprising truths, while Anya's investigation reveals shocking information about the Rajawats. Bhuvan's unexpected encounter with fate astonishes his family. 4"Blurring the Lines: Ardh Satya"Robbie GrewalSaurav Dey8 September 2023 (2023-09-08) Anya discovers the unusual lifestyle of the Rajawat family and Bhuvan's significant impact on them through the revelations of Chamatkari Baba. Simultaneously, Aman's inquiry uncovers unexpected findings. 5"Revelations: Khulasa"Robbie GrewalSaurav Dey15 September 2023 (2023-09-15) After their initial triumphs, the family begins to encounter challenges once more. Bhuvan discloses the strategies left behind by his deceased father, while Anya's investigation uncovers concealed hints about the Rajawats. 6"Final Countdown: Sadhana"Robbie GrewalSaurav Dey22 September 2023 (2023-09-22) Following Bhuvan's revelation to the family about the solution to their problems, they begin to ponder the associated expenses. It is only when Anya unearths the truth that her world is profoundly rattled. Release Disney+ Hotstar released the trailer of the series on 11 August 2023. Before its official release, they organized a private premiere of the show exclusively for a selected audience. The streaming service broadcast the six-episode series in languages including Hindi, Tamil, Telugu, Marathi, Bengali, Kannada, and Malayalam from 25 August to 22 September 2023. Accolades Award Year Category Recipient Result Ref. Bollywood Hungama OTT India Fest 2023 Best Actor of The Year Female (Series) Tamannaah Bhatia Won Notes ^ a b Tied with Jee Karda. References ^ "Aakhri Sach trailer: Tamannaah Bhatia plays dedicated cop who is trying to find the 'missing element' in case which shook the nation". The Indian Express. 11 August 2023. Archived from the original on 11 August 2023. Retrieved 11 August 2023. ^ Asian, Urban (25 August 2023). "Tamannaah Bhatia's stellar performance in 'Aakhri Sach' leaves the audience spellbound". Urban Asian. Archived from the original on 25 August 2023. Retrieved 25 August 2023. ^ "Aakhri Sach Twitter Review: Netizens laud Tamannaah Bhatia's fierce cop avatar in this bone-chilling thriller". PINKVILLA. 27 August 2023. Archived from the original on 28 August 2023. Retrieved 27 August 2023. ^ a b c d e f Watch Aakhri Sach Web series, retrieved 25 August 2023 ^ "'Aakhri Sach' trailer: Tamannaah Bhatia plays an investigative officer in this thriller". The Hindu. 11 August 2023. ISSN 0971-751X. Archived from the original on 11 August 2023. Retrieved 11 August 2023. ^ "Aakhri Sach screening: Tamannaah Bhatia, Vijay Varma, Sunil Grover, Kabir Khan and others attend". PINKVILLA. 24 August 2023. Archived from the original on 23 August 2023. Retrieved 24 August 2023. ^ "Aakhri Sach". The Times of India. ISSN 0971-8257. Archived from the original on 25 August 2023. Retrieved 26 August 2023. ^ "Netflix and Amazon Prime Video win big at the Bollywood Hungama India Entertainment Awards; take a look at the complete winners' list : Bollywood News". News जन मंथन. 20 October 2023. Archived from the original on 21 October 2023. Retrieved 21 October 2023. External links Aakhri Sach at IMDb Aakhri Sach on Disney+ Hotstar	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"crime investigative thriller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_thriller"},{"link_name":"Disney+ Hotstar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney%2B_Hotstar"},{"link_name":"Tamannaah Bhatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamannaah_Bhatia"},{"link_name":"Abhishek Banerjee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abhishek_Banerjee_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Shivin Narang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shivin_Narang"},{"link_name":"Burari deaths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burari_deaths"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BH-2"},{"link_name":"Bollywood Hungama OTT India Fest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollywood_Hungama_OTT_India_Fest"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Aakhri Sach (transl. Final truth) is a 2023 Indian Hindi-language crime investigative thriller television series on Disney+ Hotstar, directed by Robbie Grewal. Produced by Nirvikar Films, the series stars Tamannaah Bhatia in the lead role along with Abhishek Banerjee, Shivin Narang, Danish Iqbal, Gehna Seth, Nishu Dikshit, Kriti Vij and Sanjiv Chopra. The series is loosely based on the Burari deaths, with Tamannaah playing the role of the lead investigative officer, Anya.[1]Aakhri Sach was broadcast from 25 August to 22 September 2023. The series was well-received by audiences, and Tamannaah's notable performance earned her the Best Actor of the Year - Female (Series) award[a] at the Bollywood Hungama OTT India Fest.[2][3]","title":"Aakhri Sach"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The series commences by introducing Anya, a determined police officer, as she successfully apprehends a cunning individual involved in a credit card scam. However, her trajectory takes a somber shift when her superior assigns her to investigate a perplexing case where 11 family members have tragically died together. Initially appearing as a collective act of suicide, the situation becomes progressively eerie as Anya probes further into the circumstances.As the story unfolds, the show employs flashbacks to unveil the Rajawat family's past. The family's patriarch, a former police officer, conceals a shadowed history. The seemingly trivial incident involving his son, Bhuvan, emerges as a pivotal event that contributed to his downfall.At the heart of the narrative are the Rajawat siblings: Aadesh, Bhuvan, Babita, and Kavita. The unsettling incident transpires a mere week after Babita's daughter, Anshika, becomes engaged. Initial suspicions focus on Aman, Anshika's fiancé, as investigators strive to decode the riddle surrounding the family's tragic demise. Yet, the tale's layers are intricate, uncovering that there is more beneath the surface.As the series advances, the story weaves a tapestry of the past and present, painting a haunting portrait of a family burdened by secrets, unforeseen turns, and concealed motives. The quest for the truth evolves into a psychological exploration, compelling the characters to confront their own inner conflicts while untangling the enigma shrouding the Rajawat family.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tamannaah Bhatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamannaah_Bhatia"},{"link_name":"Abhishek Banerjee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abhishek_Banerjee_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Shivin Narang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shivin_Narang"}],"text":"Tamannaah Bhatia as Inspector Anya Swaroop\nAbhishek Banerjee as \"Lalit\" Bhuvan\nShivin Narang as Aman\nRahul Bagga as Raghav\nDanish Iqbal as \"Bhuvnesh\" Aadesh\nGehna Seth as Karuna\nNishu Dikshit as Poonam\nKriti Vij as \"Priyanka\" Anshika\nSanjiv Chopra as Jawahar Singh\nFirdaus Hassan as Subodh\nSunny Saini as Jairaj friend","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Disney+ Hotstar released the trailer of the series on 11 August 2023.[5] Before its official release, they organized a private premiere of the show exclusively for a selected audience.[6] The streaming service broadcast the six-episode series in languages including Hindi, Tamil, Telugu, Marathi, Bengali, Kannada, and Malayalam from 25 August to 22 September 2023.[7]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Accolades"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-BH_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-BH_2-1"},{"link_name":"Jee Karda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jee_Karda"}],"text":"^ a b Tied with Jee Karda.","title":"Notes"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Aakhri Sach trailer: Tamannaah Bhatia plays dedicated cop who is trying to find the 'missing element' in case which shook the nation\". The Indian Express. 11 August 2023. Archived from the original on 11 August 2023. Retrieved 11 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/aakhri-sach-trailer-tamannaah-bhatia-plays-dedicated-cop-8888167/","url_text":"\"Aakhri Sach trailer: Tamannaah Bhatia plays dedicated cop who is trying to find the 'missing element' in case which shook the nation\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230811160118/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/aakhri-sach-trailer-tamannaah-bhatia-plays-dedicated-cop-8888167/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Asian, Urban (25 August 2023). \"Tamannaah Bhatia's stellar performance in 'Aakhri Sach' leaves the audience spellbound\". Urban Asian. Archived from the original on 25 August 2023. Retrieved 25 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://urbanasian.com/news/2023/08/tamannaah-bhatias-stellar-performance-in-aakhri-sach-leaves-the-audience-spellbound/","url_text":"\"Tamannaah Bhatia's stellar performance in 'Aakhri Sach' leaves the audience spellbound\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230825121945/https://urbanasian.com/news/2023/08/tamannaah-bhatias-stellar-performance-in-aakhri-sach-leaves-the-audience-spellbound/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Aakhri Sach Twitter Review: Netizens laud Tamannaah Bhatia's fierce cop avatar in this bone-chilling thriller\". PINKVILLA. 27 August 2023. Archived from the original on 28 August 2023. Retrieved 27 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/aakhri-sach-twitter-review-netizens-laud-tamannaah-bhatias-fierce-cop-avatar-in-this-bone-chilling-thriller-1238842","url_text":"\"Aakhri Sach Twitter Review: Netizens laud Tamannaah Bhatia's fierce cop avatar in this bone-chilling thriller\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230828013305/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/aakhri-sach-twitter-review-netizens-laud-tamannaah-bhatias-fierce-cop-avatar-in-this-bone-chilling-thriller-1238842","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Watch Aakhri Sach Web series, retrieved 25 August 2023","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hotstar.com/in/shows/aakhri-sach/1260147613","url_text":"Watch Aakhri Sach Web series"}]},{"reference":"\"'Aakhri Sach' trailer: Tamannaah Bhatia plays an investigative officer in this thriller\". The Hindu. 11 August 2023. ISSN 0971-751X. Archived from the original on 11 August 2023. Retrieved 11 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/aakhri-sach-trailer-tamannaah-bhatia-plays-an-investigative-officer-in-this-thriller/article67184103.ece","url_text":"\"'Aakhri Sach' trailer: Tamannaah Bhatia plays an investigative officer in this thriller\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X","url_text":"0971-751X"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230811172330/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/aakhri-sach-trailer-tamannaah-bhatia-plays-an-investigative-officer-in-this-thriller/article67184103.ece","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Aakhri Sach screening: Tamannaah Bhatia, Vijay Varma, Sunil Grover, Kabir Khan and others attend\". PINKVILLA. 24 August 2023. Archived from the original on 23 August 2023. Retrieved 24 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/aakhri-sach-screening-vijay-varma-joins-gf-tamannaah-bhatia-sunil-grover-kabir-khan-and-others-attend-1237951","url_text":"\"Aakhri Sach screening: Tamannaah Bhatia, Vijay Varma, Sunil Grover, Kabir Khan and others attend\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230823230819/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/aakhri-sach-screening-vijay-varma-joins-gf-tamannaah-bhatia-sunil-grover-kabir-khan-and-others-attend-1237951","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Aakhri Sach\". The Times of India. ISSN 0971-8257. Archived from the original on 25 August 2023. Retrieved 26 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/aakhri-sach/seriesreview/103009320.cms?from=mdr","url_text":"\"Aakhri Sach\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0971-8257","url_text":"0971-8257"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230825185927/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/aakhri-sach/seriesreview/103009320.cms?from=mdr","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Netflix and Amazon Prime Video win big at the Bollywood Hungama India Entertainment Awards; take a look at the complete winners' list : Bollywood News\". News जन मंथन. 20 October 2023. Archived from the original on 21 October 2023. Retrieved 21 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.news.jan-manthan.com/netflix-and-amazon-prime-video-win-big-at-the-bollywood-hungama-india-entertainment-awards-take-a-look-at-the-complete-winners-list-bollywood-news/","url_text":"\"Netflix and Amazon Prime Video win big at the Bollywood Hungama India Entertainment Awards; take a look at the complete winners' list : Bollywood News\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231021072047/https://www.news.jan-manthan.com/netflix-and-amazon-prime-video-win-big-at-the-bollywood-hungama-india-entertainment-awards-take-a-look-at-the-complete-winners-list-bollywood-news/","url_text":"Archived"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/aakhri-sach-trailer-tamannaah-bhatia-plays-dedicated-cop-8888167/","external_links_name":"\"Aakhri Sach trailer: Tamannaah Bhatia plays dedicated cop who is trying to find the 'missing element' in case which shook the nation\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230811160118/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/aakhri-sach-trailer-tamannaah-bhatia-plays-dedicated-cop-8888167/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://urbanasian.com/news/2023/08/tamannaah-bhatias-stellar-performance-in-aakhri-sach-leaves-the-audience-spellbound/","external_links_name":"\"Tamannaah Bhatia's stellar performance in 'Aakhri Sach' leaves the audience spellbound\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230825121945/https://urbanasian.com/news/2023/08/tamannaah-bhatias-stellar-performance-in-aakhri-sach-leaves-the-audience-spellbound/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/aakhri-sach-twitter-review-netizens-laud-tamannaah-bhatias-fierce-cop-avatar-in-this-bone-chilling-thriller-1238842","external_links_name":"\"Aakhri Sach Twitter Review: Netizens laud Tamannaah Bhatia's fierce cop avatar in this bone-chilling thriller\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230828013305/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/aakhri-sach-twitter-review-netizens-laud-tamannaah-bhatias-fierce-cop-avatar-in-this-bone-chilling-thriller-1238842","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.hotstar.com/in/shows/aakhri-sach/1260147613","external_links_name":"Watch Aakhri Sach Web series"},{"Link":"https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/aakhri-sach-trailer-tamannaah-bhatia-plays-an-investigative-officer-in-this-thriller/article67184103.ece","external_links_name":"\"'Aakhri Sach' trailer: Tamannaah Bhatia plays an investigative officer in this thriller\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X","external_links_name":"0971-751X"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230811172330/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/aakhri-sach-trailer-tamannaah-bhatia-plays-an-investigative-officer-in-this-thriller/article67184103.ece","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/aakhri-sach-screening-vijay-varma-joins-gf-tamannaah-bhatia-sunil-grover-kabir-khan-and-others-attend-1237951","external_links_name":"\"Aakhri Sach screening: Tamannaah Bhatia, Vijay Varma, Sunil Grover, Kabir Khan and others attend\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230823230819/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/aakhri-sach-screening-vijay-varma-joins-gf-tamannaah-bhatia-sunil-grover-kabir-khan-and-others-attend-1237951","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/aakhri-sach/seriesreview/103009320.cms?from=mdr","external_links_name":"\"Aakhri Sach\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0971-8257","external_links_name":"0971-8257"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230825185927/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/aakhri-sach/seriesreview/103009320.cms?from=mdr","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.news.jan-manthan.com/netflix-and-amazon-prime-video-win-big-at-the-bollywood-hungama-india-entertainment-awards-take-a-look-at-the-complete-winners-list-bollywood-news/","external_links_name":"\"Netflix and Amazon Prime Video win big at the Bollywood Hungama India Entertainment Awards; take a look at the complete winners' list : Bollywood News\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231021072047/https://www.news.jan-manthan.com/netflix-and-amazon-prime-video-win-big-at-the-bollywood-hungama-india-entertainment-awards-take-a-look-at-the-complete-winners-list-bollywood-news/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt28638031/","external_links_name":"Aakhri Sach"},{"Link":"https://www.hotstar.com/1260147613","external_links_name":"Aakhri Sach"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Gloster_Sullivan	Martin Sullivan (priest)	["1 References"]	New Zealand Anglican dean (1910–1980) Christianity portal Martin Gloster Sullivan KCVO (30 March 1910 – 5 September 1980) was an Anglican dean from New Zealand. He was born in Auckland and was educated at Auckland Grammar School and the University of Auckland. He was ordained in 1934 and began his career with a curacy at St Matthew's, Auckland. After that he held incumbencies at Grey Lynn and Te Awamutu. During the Second World War he was a Chaplain to the Forces, serving as Battalion Padre of the NZ 22nd Battalion and when peace returned Principal of College House, Christchurch. In 1950 he was appointed Dean of Christchurch and vicar-general (1951–1961). Moving to London he was appointed Rector of St Mary's, Bryanston Square in 1962, then Archdeacon of London the following year. In 1967 he became Dean of St Paul's, a post he held for a decade. An eminent author; amongst others he wrote “Children Listen”, 1955; “On Calvary’s Tree”, 1957; “Approach With Joy”, 1961; “A Dean Speaks to New Zealand”, 1962; and “A Funny Thing Happened to me on the way to St Paul’s”, 1968. In 1965, he was made a Freeman of the City of London. In the 1979 Queen's Birthday Honours, Sullivan was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George. He had married Doris Rosie Grant Cowen in 1934 (daughter of Canon Grant Cowan, she died 1972) and remarried Elizabeth Roberton in St Paul's Cathedral in 1973. He had no children. He wrote Notes of an Army Chaplain for The Spectator magazine. Sullivan died in 1980 at a function held by the Auckland University Rugby Club where he was a key guest speaker. References ^ “Who was Who”1897-1990 London, A & C Black, 1991 ISBN 0-7136-3457-X ^ Crockford's Clerical Directory Lambeth, Church House, 1976 0108153674 ^ Church web site Archived 20 December 2009 at the Wayback Machine ^ The Times, Friday, Jun 21, 1963; pg. 14; Issue 55733; col E Ecclesiastical News New Archdeacon Of London ^ ”The Deans”, Beeson,T.R: London, SCM, 2004 ISBN 0-334-02987-2 ^ Davidson, Allan K. "Martin Gloster Sullivan". Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Retrieved 23 April 2017. ^ "Queen's Birthday honours list 1978" (PDF). Supplement to the New Zealand Gazette. No. 57. 26 June 1979. p. 1953. ^ Zealand, National Library of New. "OBITUARY (Evening Post, 1934-07-13)". paperspast.natlib.govt.nz. Retrieved 30 August 2016. ^ https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/notes-from-an-army-chaplain/ ^ "Story: Sullivan, Martin Gloster" The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 2017-6-05. "Sullivan, Martin Gloster". Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. Retrieved 30 December 2012. vteDeans of Christchurch Henry Jacobs Walter Harper Charles Carrington Awdry Julius Alwyn Warren Martin Sullivan Allan Pyatt Maurice Goodall David Coles John Bluck Peter Beck Lynda Patterson Lawrence Kimberley vteArchdeacons of London and of Charing CrossHigh Medieval Edward Reinger William de Beaumis Hugh de Mareni Nicholas Peter de Waltham Alard de Burnham Peter of Blois Walter Gilbert de Plesseto William of Sainte-Mère-Église Geoffrey de Lucy William de Rising Peter de Newport John Chishull William Passemer Geoffrey de Mortuo Mari Richard Swinefield Robert de Ros Richard de Gravesend Late Medieval John de Bedford John de Sancto Claro Peter de Dene Bego de Cavomonte Reginald de Sancto Albano Hélie de Talleyrand-Périgord Richard de Aston Pontius de Podio Barzaco Itherius de Concoreto Edmund Howard John of Thoresby Richard Kilvington Peter Cardinal du Cros James de Beaufort John Barnet Fortanerius Vassalli, Patriarch of Grado Adam de Hertington Thomas Baketon Thomas Stowe Reginald Kentwood John Snell Richard Moresby William Fallan Richard Martyn John de Gigliis John Forster Pedro de Ayala William Horsey John Young, suffragan bishop Geoffrey Wharton William Cliffe Thomas Bedyll Richard Gwent Early modern Edward Moylle John Wymmesley John Harpsfield John Mullins Theophilus Aylmer Thomas Paske John Dolben Thomas Lamplugh Edward Stillingfleet Thomas Tenison William Stanley Robert Tyrwhit Edward Cobden John Jortin Anthony Hamilton Richard Beadon William Bingham Joseph Pott William Hale Late modern Piers Claughton Edwin Gifford William Sinclair Ernest Holmes Ernest Sharpe Oswin Gibbs-Smith George Appleton Martin Sullivan Sam Woodhouse Frank Harvey George Cassidy Peter Delaney David Meara Nick Mercer Luke Miller Charing Cross John Klyberg Bill Jacob Rosemary Lain-Priestley, Archdeacon for the Two Cities Adam Atkinson Katherine Hedderly (announced) vteSt Paul's CathedralDeansHigh Medieval Wulman Ranulf Flambard (disputed) William de Mareni Ralph de Langford Hugh de Mareni Ralph de Diceto Alard de Burnham Gervase de Howbridge Robert de Watford Martin de Pattishall Geoffrey de Lucy William of Sainte-Mère-Église Henry de Cornhill Walter de Saleron Robert de Barton Peter de Newport Richard Talbot John de Ebulo Geoffrey de Fering John Chishull Hervey de Boreham Thomas Ingoldsthorpe Roger de La Legh William de Montfort Ralph Baldock Late Medieval Arnald Frangerius de Cantilupo John Sandale Richard Newport Roger Northburgh Vitalis de Testa John de Everdon Gilbert de Bruera Richard de Kilvington Walter de Alderbury Thomas Trilleck John de Appleby Thomas de Eure Thomas Stowe Thomas More Reginald Kentwood Thomas Lisieux Lawrence Booth William Say Roger Radclyffe Thomas Wynterbourne William Worsley Early modern Robert Sherborne John Colet Richard Pace Richard Sampson John Incent William May John Feckenham Henry Cole William May (again) Alexander Nowell John Overall Valentine Cary John Donne Thomas Winniffe Richard Steward Matthew Nicholas John Barwick William Sancroft Edward Stillingfleet John Tillotson William Sherlock Henry Godolphin Francis Hare Joseph Butler Thomas Secker John Hume Frederick Cornwallis Thomas Newton Thomas Thurlow Late modern George Pretyman Tomline William Van Mildert Charles Sumner Edward Copleston Henry Hart Milman Henry Longueville Mansel Richard William Church Robert Gregory William Ralph Inge Walter Matthews Martin Sullivan Alan Webster Eric Evans John Moses Graeme Knowles Michael Colclough (acting) David Ison Andrew Tremlett Clergy(current) Paula Gooder (Canon Chancellor) James Milne (Canon Precentor) Tricia Hillas (Canon Pastor) Vacant (Canon Treasurer)Rosemary Morton (Minor Canon Succentor) Helen O'Sullivan (Priest Vicar Chaplain) Rachel Weir (Minor Canon) Related Burials Christopher Wren Minor Canons Old St Paul's Cathedral Paul's walk St Paul's Cross St Paul's Churchyard St Paul's Cathedral School St Paul's Survives Surveyor of the Fabric of St Paul's Cathedral Category Commons Authority control databases International FAST VIAF WorldCat National United States This biographical article about a New Zealand religious figure is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about a Church of England dean is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about a Church of England archdeacon in the Province of Canterbury is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg"},{"link_name":"Christianity portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Christianity"},{"link_name":"KCVO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_Commander_of_the_Royal_Victorian_Order"},{"link_name":"Anglican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglican"},{"link_name":"dean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_(Christianity)"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Auckland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Auckland Grammar School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland_Grammar_School"},{"link_name":"University of Auckland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Auckland"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"curacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curate"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"incumbencies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicar"},{"link_name":"Grey Lynn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey_Lynn"},{"link_name":"Te Awamutu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te_Awamutu"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"Chaplain to the Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaplain"},{"link_name":"Christchurch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christchurch"},{"link_name":"Dean of Christchurch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_of_Christchurch"},{"link_name":"Rector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rector_(ecclesiastical)"},{"link_name":"St Mary's, Bryanston Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Mary%27s,_Bryanston_Square"},{"link_name":"Archdeacon of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archdeacon_of_London"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Dean of St Paul's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_of_St_Paul%27s"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DNZB_Sullivan-6"},{"link_name":"1979 Queen's Birthday Honours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979_Birthday_Honours_(New_Zealand)"},{"link_name":"Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_Commander_of_the_Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Roberton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberton,_Lanarkshire#The_Barony"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Christianity portalMartin Gloster Sullivan KCVO (30 March 1910 – 5 September 1980) was an Anglican dean from New Zealand.He was born in Auckland[1] and was educated at Auckland Grammar School and the University of Auckland. He was ordained in 1934[2] and began his career with a curacy at St Matthew's, Auckland.[3] After that he held incumbencies at Grey Lynn and Te Awamutu. During the Second World War he was a Chaplain to the Forces, serving as Battalion Padre of the NZ 22nd Battalion and when peace returned Principal of College House, Christchurch. In 1950 he was appointed Dean of Christchurch and vicar-general (1951–1961).Moving to London he was appointed Rector of St Mary's, Bryanston Square in 1962, then Archdeacon of London the following year.[4] In 1967 he became Dean of St Paul's,[5] a post he held for a decade. An eminent author; amongst others he wrote “Children Listen”, 1955; “On Calvary’s Tree”, 1957; “Approach With Joy”, 1961; “A Dean Speaks to New Zealand”, 1962; and “A Funny Thing Happened to me on the way to St Paul’s”, 1968.[6] In 1965, he was made a Freeman of the City of London. In the 1979 Queen's Birthday Honours, Sullivan was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George.[7]He had married Doris Rosie Grant Cowen in 1934 (daughter of Canon Grant Cowan,[8] she died 1972) and remarried Elizabeth Roberton in St Paul's Cathedral in 1973. He had no children.He wrote Notes of an Army Chaplain for The Spectator magazine.[9]Sullivan died in 1980 at a function held by the Auckland University Rugby Club where he was a key guest speaker.[10]","title":"Martin Sullivan (priest)"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Davidson, Allan K. \"Martin Gloster Sullivan\". Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Retrieved 23 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/5s51","url_text":"\"Martin Gloster Sullivan\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_New_Zealand_Biography","url_text":"Dictionary of New Zealand Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_for_Culture_and_Heritage","url_text":"Ministry for Culture and Heritage"}]},{"reference":"\"Queen's Birthday honours list 1978\" (PDF). Supplement to the New Zealand Gazette. No. 57. 26 June 1979. p. 1953.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nzlii.org/nz/other/nz_gazette/1979/57.pdf","url_text":"\"Queen's Birthday honours list 1978\""}]},{"reference":"Zealand, National Library of New. \"OBITUARY (Evening Post, 1934-07-13)\". paperspast.natlib.govt.nz. Retrieved 30 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/EP19340713.2.146","url_text":"\"OBITUARY (Evening Post, 1934-07-13)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sullivan, Martin Gloster\". Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. Retrieved 30 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/5s51/1","url_text":"\"Sullivan, Martin Gloster\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.stmatthews.org.nz/index.php","external_links_name":"Church web site"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091220153855/http://www.stmatthews.org.nz/index.php","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/5s51","external_links_name":"\"Martin Gloster Sullivan\""},{"Link":"http://www.nzlii.org/nz/other/nz_gazette/1979/57.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Queen's Birthday honours list 1978\""},{"Link":"https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/EP19340713.2.146","external_links_name":"\"OBITUARY (Evening Post, 1934-07-13)\""},{"Link":"https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/notes-from-an-army-chaplain/","external_links_name":"https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/notes-from-an-army-chaplain/"},{"Link":"https://www.teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/5s51/sullivan-martin-gloster","external_links_name":"\"Story: Sullivan, Martin Gloster\""},{"Link":"https://www.teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/5s51/1","external_links_name":"\"Sullivan, Martin Gloster\""},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1950254/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/88506253","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJqFK9TVfHM6WmtxWyYMfq","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2009074348","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martin_Sullivan_(priest)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martin_Sullivan_(priest)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martin_Sullivan_(priest)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Railroad_class_BB3	Pennsylvania Railroad class B1	["1 References"]	PRR B15690 preserved in Railroad Museum of PennsylvaniaType and originPower typeElectricBuilderAltoona Works In association with:WestinghouseAllis-ChalmersBuild date1926-1935Total producedBB1: 2 (paired)BB2: 12 (paired)BB3: 14 (paired)B1: 14 Total: 42SpecificationsConfiguration: • Whyte6wOE • AARC • UICCoGauge4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) standard gaugeDriver dia.62 in (1,575 mm)Length31 ft 6 in (9.60 m)Height15 ft 0 in (4.57 m)Loco weight157,000 lb (71,000 kilograms; 71 metric tons)Electric system/s11 kV 25 hz ACCatenary650 V DCThird rail (BB2)Current pickup(s)Pantograph, Contact shoe (BB2)Traction motors3× 233 hp (174 kW)TransmissionResistance controlled DC or tap changer controlled AC supplied to AC-DC universal motors directly geared to the axlesPerformance figuresMaximum speed25 mph (40 km/h)Power output700 hp (520 kW)Tractive effort39,250 lbf (174.6 kN) The Pennsylvania Railroad's class B1 comprised 42 electric switcher locomotives built between 1926 and 1935. They were of 0-6-0 wheel arrangement in the Whyte notation with 700 horsepower. As built, the first 28 locomotives in the 1926 order formed semi-permanently coupled pairs grouped in three classes. The first, class BB1, were AC powered and served as prototypes. The second, class BB2, were DC powered and served in the New York Terminal district, specifically between Sunnyside Yard and New York Penn Station. The third, class BB3, was AC powered and built for the Long Island Rail Road's electrified freight operation on the Bay Ridge Branch. In 1934 a follow-up order of 14 locomotives were built as single unit class B1 for the expanding main line AC electrification system. In addition to these new units all previous BB classes were split into single units and the BB2 class were re-powered for AC operation as that system replaced the old 650 V DC system in the New York terminal. At this point all 42 units were re-classed as PRR B1. Most of the B1 fleet spent its time shuttling trains around Sunnyside Yard or between there and Penn Station. Other B1s were assigned to the Penn Coach Yard at Philadelphia 30th Street Station and a few units even made their way to the PRR Harrisburg Station. As passenger traffic decreased in the 1950s and 1960s the need for dedicated electric switchers diminished with only the Sunnyside B1s surviving into the Penn Central era. After retirement all B1s were scrapped except for a single example preserved at the Railroad Museum of Pennsylvania. BB2 with sections No. 3914 and 3915 fitted at delivery with 3rd rail equipment. Long Island BB3 with section No. 328-A and 328-B used for freight trains on the Bay Ridge Branch. References ^ a b c Staufer & Pennypacker (1962), p. 260. Staufer, Alvin F.; Pennypacker, Bert (1962). Pennsy Power: Steam and Electric Locomotives of the Pennsylvania Railroad, 1900-1957. Research by Martin Flattley. Carollton, Ohio: Alvin F. Staufer. pp. 260–263. ISBN 978-0-9445-1304-0. Pennsylvania Railroad. "B1". PRR Locomotive Diagrams. Retrieved 2006-01-05. (simple drawing and specifications, for general reference by railroad staff). vtePennsylvania Railroad locomotives A (0-4-0): A1 A2 A3 A4 A5s B (0-6-0): B1 (s) B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 B8 B1 (e) C (0-8-0): C1 C29 C30 C31 D (4-4-0): D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 D8 D9 D10 D11 D12 D13 D14 D15 D16 D21 D22 D23 D24 D25 D26 D30 D31 D32 D33 D34 D35 D36 D37 D38 D39 D61 "Odd D" #10003 E (4-4-2): E1 E2 E3 E4 E5 E6 E7 E21 E22 E23 E28 de Glehn F (2-6-0): F1 F2 F3 F21 F22 F23 F24 F25 F26 F27 F30 F31 F61 G (4-6-0): G1 G2 G3 G4 G5 G6 G53 H (2-8-0): H1 H2 H3 H4 H5 H6 H8 H9 H10 I (2-10-0): I1 J (2-6-2 and 2-10-4): J1 J28 K (4-6-2): K1 K2 K3s K4s K5 K21s K28 K29s L (2-8-2): L1s L2s L5 L6 M (4-8-2): M1 N (2-10-2): N1s N2s O (4-4-4): O1 P (4-6-4): P5 Q (4-6-4-4 and 4-4-6-4): Q1 Q2 R (4-8-4): R1 S (6-4-4-6 and 6-8-6): S1 S2 T (4-4-4-4): T1 Articulated steam locomotives: CC1s CC2s HC1s HH1 HH1s HH2s Articulated electric locomotives: AA1 BB1 BB2 BB3 DD1 DD2 FF1 FF2 GG1 Non-standard: E2b E2c E3b E44 This electric locomotive-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This United States rail–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pennsylvania Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Railroad"},{"link_name":"electric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_locomotive"},{"link_name":"switcher locomotives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switcher_locomotive"},{"link_name":"1926","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1926_in_rail_transport"},{"link_name":"1935","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1935_in_rail_transport"},{"link_name":"0-6-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/0-6-0"},{"link_name":"wheel arrangement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheel_arrangement"},{"link_name":"Whyte notation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whyte_notation"},{"link_name":"pairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Married_pair"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStauferPennypacker1962260-1"},{"link_name":"Sunnyside Yard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunnyside_Yard"},{"link_name":"New York Penn Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Station_(1910%E2%80%931963)"},{"link_name":"Long Island Rail Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Island_Rail_Road"},{"link_name":"Bay Ridge Branch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_Ridge_Branch"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStauferPennypacker1962260-1"},{"link_name":"30th Street Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/30th_Street_Station"},{"link_name":"Harrisburg Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrisburg_Transportation_Center"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStauferPennypacker1962260-1"},{"link_name":"Penn Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penn_Central"},{"link_name":"scrapped","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrap"},{"link_name":"Railroad Museum of Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railroad_Museum_of_Pennsylvania"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PRR_BB2_3914_3915.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PRR_BB3_328.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bay Ridge Branch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_Ridge_Branch"}],"text":"The Pennsylvania Railroad's class B1 comprised 42 electric switcher locomotives built between 1926 and 1935. They were of 0-6-0 wheel arrangement in the Whyte notation with 700 horsepower. As built, the first 28 locomotives in the 1926 order formed semi-permanently coupled pairs grouped in three classes.[1]The first, class BB1, were AC powered and served as prototypes. The second, class BB2, were DC powered and served in the New York Terminal district, specifically between Sunnyside Yard and New York Penn Station. The third, class BB3, was AC powered and built for the Long Island Rail Road's electrified freight operation on the Bay Ridge Branch. In 1934 a follow-up order of 14 locomotives were built as single unit class B1 for the expanding main line AC electrification system. In addition to these new units all previous BB classes were split into single units and the BB2 class were re-powered for AC operation as that system replaced the old 650 V DC system in the New York terminal. At this point all 42 units were re-classed as PRR B1.[1]Most of the B1 fleet spent its time shuttling trains around Sunnyside Yard or between there and Penn Station. Other B1s were assigned to the Penn Coach Yard at Philadelphia 30th Street Station and a few units even made their way to the PRR Harrisburg Station. As passenger traffic decreased in the 1950s and 1960s the need for dedicated electric switchers diminished[1] with only the Sunnyside B1s surviving into the Penn Central era. After retirement all B1s were scrapped except for a single example preserved at the Railroad Museum of Pennsylvania.BB2 with sections No. 3914 and 3915 fitted at delivery with 3rd rail equipment.Long Island BB3 with section No. 328-A and 328-B used for freight trains on the Bay Ridge Branch.","title":"Pennsylvania Railroad class B1"}]	[{"image_text":"BB2 with sections No. 3914 and 3915 fitted at delivery with 3rd rail equipment.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/PRR_BB2_3914_3915.jpg/440px-PRR_BB2_3914_3915.jpg"},{"image_text":"Long Island BB3 with section No. 328-A and 328-B used for freight trains on the Bay Ridge Branch.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/PRR_BB3_328.jpg/440px-PRR_BB3_328.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Staufer, Alvin F.; Pennypacker, Bert (1962). Pennsy Power: Steam and Electric Locomotives of the Pennsylvania Railroad, 1900-1957. Research by Martin Flattley. Carollton, Ohio: Alvin F. Staufer. pp. 260–263. ISBN 978-0-9445-1304-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9445-1304-0","url_text":"978-0-9445-1304-0"}]},{"reference":"Pennsylvania Railroad. \"B1\". PRR Locomotive Diagrams. Retrieved 2006-01-05.","urls":[{"url":"http://prr.railfan.net/diagrams/PRRdiagrams.html?diag=b1_ac.gif&sel=ele&sz=sm&fr=","url_text":"\"B1\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://prr.railfan.net/diagrams/PRRdiagrams.html?diag=b1_ac.gif&sel=ele&sz=sm&fr=","external_links_name":"\"B1\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pennsylvania_Railroad_class_B1&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pennsylvania_Railroad_class_B1&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melton_Town_F.C.	Melton Town F.C.	["1 History","2 Ground","3 Honours","4 Records","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]	Coordinates: 52°45′19″N 0°52′26″W / 52.755393°N 0.87397903°W / 52.755393; -0.87397903Association football club in England Football clubMelton TownFull nameMelton Town Football ClubNickname(s)The RedsFounded2004GroundMelton Sports Village, Melton MowbrayChairmanMatt CurtisManagerTom ManshipLeagueUnited Counties League Premier Division North2023–24United Counties League Premier Division North, 4th of 18 Home colours Melton Town Football Club is a football club based in Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire, England. They are currently members of the United Counties League Premier Division North and play at the Melton Sports Village. History The club was established in 2004 and joined Division Two of the Leicester & District League. In 2006–07 season they were Division Two champions, and were promoted to Division One. In 2009 they moved up to Division One of the Leicestershire Senior League. After finishing as runners-up in 2012–13, the club were promoted to the Premier Division. They went on to finish as runners-up in the Premier Division in 2013–14 and 2014–15, but were unable to take promotion due to failing ground grading regulations. A third-place finish in 2015–16 and a move to a new ground saw the club promoted to Division One of the United Counties League, with the club also being renamed Melton Town. In 2021 Melton were promoted to the Premier Division North based on their results in the abandoned 2019–20 and 2020–21 seasons. Ground In 2013 the club moved to nearby Asfordby. They returned to Melton Mowbray in April 2016 when the club moved to the Melton Sports Village. The new ground included a 135-seat stand. In autumn 2021 an artificial pitch was installed. Honours Leicester & District League Division Two champions 2006–07 Records Best FA Vase performance: Second qualifying round, 2017–18 See also Melton Town F.C. players Melton Town F.C. managers References ^ Melton Mowbray Leics Football ^ Leicester & District League Football Club History Database ^ a b c Melton Mowbray at the Football Club History Database ^ a b c d Melton Mowbray FC set to play first fixture at new home Melton Times, 15 April 2016 ^ Boss says new pitch will take Melton Town to the next level Melton Times, 23 September 2021 External links Official website vteUnited Counties League2024–25 clubsPremier Division North AFC Mansfield Ashby Ivanhoe Belper United Boston Town Bourne Town Deeping Rangers Eastwood Gresley Rovers Harrowby United Heanor Town Hucknall Town Kimberley Miners Welfare Lincoln United Melton Town Newark and Sherwood United Shirebrook Town Skegness Town Sleaford Town Wisbech Town Premier Division South Aylestone Park Bugbrooke St Michaels Cogenhoe United Coventry United Daventry Town Easington Sports Eynesbury Rovers GNG Oadby Town Godmanchester Rovers Hinckley Histon Leicester Nirvana Lutterworth Town March Town United Newport Pagnell Town Northampton ON Chenecks Northampton Sileby Rangers Rugby Borough St Neots Town Yaxley Division One Blackstones Clay Cross Town Clifton All Whites Clipstone Coalville Town Dunkirk Gedling Miners Welfare Holwell Sports Newark Town Pinxton Radford Rainworth Miners Welfare Retford Retford United Sandiacre Town Selston Stapleford Town Staveley Miners Welfare Southwell City West Bridgford Seasonsas Northamptonshire League 1895–96 1896–97 1897–98 1898–99 1899–00 1900–01 1901–02 1902–03 1903–04 1904–05 1905–06 1906–07 1907–08 1908–09 1909–10 1910–11 1911–12 1912–13 1913–14 1914–15 1915–16 1916–17 1917–18 1918–19 1919–20 1920–21 1921–22 1922–23 1923–24 1924–25 1925–26 1926–27 1927–28 1928–29 1929–30 1930–31 1931–32 1932–33 1933–34 as United Counties League 1934–35 1935–36 1936–37 1937–38 1938–39 1939–40 1940–41 1941–42 1942–43 1943–44 1944–45 1945–46 1946–47 1947–48 1948–49 1949–50 1950–51 1951–52 1952–53 1953–54 1954–55 1955–56 1956–57 1957–58 1958–59 1959–60 1960–61 1961–62 1962–63 1963–64 1964–65 1965–66 1966–67 1967–68 1968–69 1969–70 1970–71 1971–72 1972–73 1973–74 1974–75 1975–76 1976–77 1977–78 1978–79 1979–80 1980–81 1981–82 1982–83 1983–84 1984–85 1985–86 1986–87 1987–88 1988–89 1989–90 1990–91 1991–92 1992–93 1993–94 1994–95 1995–96 1996–97 1997–98 1998–99 1999–00 2000–01 2001–02 2002–03 2003–04 2004–05 2005–06 2006–07 2007–08 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 2021–22 2022–23 2023–24 2024–25 52°45′19″N 0°52′26″W / 52.755393°N 0.87397903°W / 52.755393; -0.87397903	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Melton Mowbray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melton_Mowbray"},{"link_name":"Leicestershire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicestershire"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"United Counties League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Counties_League"}],"text":"Association football club in EnglandFootball clubMelton Town Football Club is a football club based in Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire, England. They are currently members of the United Counties League Premier Division North and play at the Melton Sports Village.","title":"Melton Town F.C."},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Leicester & District League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicester_and_District_Football_League"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LF-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Leicestershire Senior League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicestershire_Senior_League"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FCHD1-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FCHD1-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MT-4"},{"link_name":"United Counties League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Counties_League"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FCHD1-3"},{"link_name":"2019–20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_United_Counties_League"},{"link_name":"2020–21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_United_Counties_League"}],"text":"The club was established in 2004 and joined Division Two of the Leicester & District League.[1] In 2006–07 season they were Division Two champions,[2] and were promoted to Division One. In 2009 they moved up to Division One of the Leicestershire Senior League.[3] After finishing as runners-up in 2012–13, the club were promoted to the Premier Division. They went on to finish as runners-up in the Premier Division in 2013–14 and 2014–15,[3] but were unable to take promotion due to failing ground grading regulations.[4] A third-place finish in 2015–16 and a move to a new ground saw the club promoted to Division One of the United Counties League, with the club also being renamed Melton Town.[3]In 2021 Melton were promoted to the Premier Division North based on their results in the abandoned 2019–20 and 2020–21 seasons.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Asfordby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asfordby"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MT-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MT-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MT-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"In 2013 the club moved to nearby Asfordby.[4] They returned to Melton Mowbray in April 2016 when the club moved to the Melton Sports Village.[4] The new ground included a 135-seat stand.[4] In autumn 2021 an artificial pitch was installed.[5]","title":"Ground"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Leicester & District League\nDivision Two champions 2006–07","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FA Vase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Vase"}],"text":"Best FA Vase performance: Second qualifying round, 2017–18","title":"Records"}]	[]	[{"title":"Melton Town F.C. players","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Melton_Town_F.C._players"},{"title":"Melton Town F.C. managers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Melton_Town_F.C._managers"}]	[]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Melton_Town_F.C.&params=52.755393_N_0.87397903_W_","external_links_name":"52°45′19″N 0°52′26″W / 52.755393°N 0.87397903°W / 52.755393; -0.87397903"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080518021528/http://www.leicsfootball.co.uk/team-123.html","external_links_name":"Melton Mowbray"},{"Link":"http://fchd.info/lghist/leicsdist.htm","external_links_name":"Leicester & District League"},{"Link":"https://www.fchd.info/MELTONMO.HTM","external_links_name":"Melton Mowbray"},{"Link":"https://www.meltontimes.co.uk/sport/football/melton-mowbray-fc-set-to-play-first-fixture-at-new-home-1-7327316","external_links_name":"Melton Mowbray FC set to play first fixture at new home"},{"Link":"https://www.meltontimes.co.uk/sport/football/boss-says-new-pitch-will-take-melton-town-to-the-next-level-3393447","external_links_name":"Boss says new pitch will take Melton Town to the next level"},{"Link":"http://www.pitchero.com/clubs/meltontownfc","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Melton_Town_F.C.&params=52.755393_N_0.87397903_W_","external_links_name":"52°45′19″N 0°52′26″W / 52.755393°N 0.87397903°W / 52.755393; -0.87397903"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro_Machines_2:_Turbo_Tournament	Micro Machines 2: Turbo Tournament	["1 Gameplay","2 Development","3 Reception","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]	1994 video game 1994 video gameMicro Machines 2: Turbo TournamentMega Drive cover artDeveloper(s)Supersonic SoftwareMerit Studios (SNES)Codemasters (GG & GB)Publisher(s)CodemastersOcean Software (SNES & GB)GameTek (MS-DOS)Producer(s)Pat StanleyProgrammer(s)Peter WilliamsonSeriesMicro MachinesPlatform(s)Mega Drive, MS-DOS, Game Gear, Super NES, Game BoyReleaseMega Drive EU: November 1994MS-DOSEU: July 1995NA: 31 May 1996Game GearEU: 1995SNESEU: 1996Game BoyEU: 1996Genre(s)RacingMode(s)Single-player, Multiplayer Micro Machines 2: Turbo Tournament is a 1994 racing video game developed by Supersonic Software and published by Codemasters for the Sega Mega Drive. The sequel to Micro Machines, the game is themed around Galoob's Micro Machines toys, and players race around environments in miniature toy vehicles. Micro Machines 2: Turbo Tournament adds new vehicles and game modes, and the Mega Drive version was released on J-Cart, enabling up to eight players without a multitap. Development began after the release of the Mega Drive version of the original, and there was a focus on graphics and driving physics. Violet Berlin of Bad Influence! makes a cameo appearance as a new character. Codemasters did not develop the game because the programmer of the first Micro Machines was not available, though they did develop the Game Gear and Game Boy versions. Micro Machines 2: Turbo Tournament was ported to various systems, including the Game Gear and MS-DOS, the latter of which features a track editor. The MS-DOS version is the only version of the game released in North America, where it was published by GameTek. An update, Micro Machines Turbo Tournament '96, was released for the Mega Drive in 1995, which added the track editor, new race tracks, and a new soundtrack. Reception was positive, with reviewers praising the additional tracks and vehicles providing replay value, but some criticised the graphics of some versions. The Mega Drive update was also well received, but some reviewers criticised it for being too similar to the original. Due to the game's success, a spin-off, Micro Machines Military was produced and released in 1996, and a sequel, Micro Machines V3, in 1997. Gameplay See also: Micro Machines (video game) § Gameplay A typical race in progress, Mega Drive version Gameplay is identical to the previous instalment: races are viewed from a top-down perspective, and players race in environments such as bathrooms and pool tables (many tracks contain obstacles such as common household objects) in vehicles including powerboats and helicopters. The game adds sixteen vehicles. Like the original, there are the challenge and head-to-head game modes. In challenge mode, players play a series of races against three opponents and must finish first or second to progress to the next race. If a good enough lap time on any of the earlier levels is achieved, players automatically win the race. Placing first three times in a row earns players the chance to win an extra life by playing a special round to collect vehicles within a time limit. Head-to-head is a game which involves one opponent achieving enough distance from opponents to be the only racer on the screen. This earns that player a point, represented by coloured lights on the screen: one light turns the colour of that player. If all eight lights are one colour, the player of that colour wins. If after three laps, the colours are mixed, the player with the most lights wins. Players are given three lives in both modes. Players select a character, whose stats only affect computer-controlled players, to play as before racing. Micro Machines 2: Turbo Tournament adds new modes: Leagues, Time Trials, Single Race, and Tournaments. In League mode, players compete for points in divisions. Seasons consist of four races. Players with the most points at the end of the season are promoted to the next division, and players with the least are relegated. In Time Trial mode players race alone (although some tracks have a Shadow Racer representing the best time) for the best time, or to practice driving. Single Race is where players compete in a series of rounds in which vehicles begin at the centre of the screen, and get further apart as the race progresses. If a vehicle goes off the screen, they are out of the race unless they have travelled the furthest. The game ends when only one player remains. Tournaments are a fixed race series played in the same manner as Single Races. The winner is the first player to win a set number of times. There are two multiplayer-only modes: Knockout and Share Games. Knockout involves a series of races similar to tournament mode, with winners progressing to the next round and losers knocked out. Share Games is similar to Single Race, but cars are coloured according to team, with each team's finishing position depending on which member performs the best. The Mega Drive J-Cart provides two controller ports, enabling up to eight players in multiplayer by two players sharing the controllers. The Game Gear version retains the console sharing (two player sharing one console) function of the original, and two units can be linked. The MS-DOS version includes a track editor, included in an updated Mega Drive release. Development The J-Cart was created to enable four players without an adaptor. Andrew Graham, programmer of the original game, had returned to university after its completion, and David Darling, co-founder of Codemasters, decided that they could not wait for him to finish his degree. Codemasters approached Peter Williamson of Supersonic Software and had him produce the sequel. Williamson had just completed Cosmic Spacehead and wanted to do something new. It was intended for the sequel to reproduce the feeling of the original and add as many new features as possible. The original was used for reference, and the code and graphics were produced from the beginning. Williamson explained that it was hoped that they could capture and go beyond that the original game offered, and the game's success was anticipated. Darling wanted it to be more than a mere continuation of the first. Development began in 1993, just after the release of the Mega Drive version of the first game. The release date was set at November 1994, and, according to Williamson, there was pressure to meet it. Early decisions focused on vehicle physics such as heavier vehicles being slow. According to Williamson, slow vehicles were considered "boring" and that the team "made the game for ourselves". He stated that the team wanted more variety and depth than the original, so variables such as tyre friction and wheel lock were programmed to modify the behaviours of the vehicles. These additions increased the size of the game to double that of the original, but compression techniques were used to avoid the need for high capacity storage. This also allowed the production of the J-Cart, enabling four controllers to be plugged in without extra hardware. Williamson believed that increasing the number of players would make the game more fun, and stated that the J-Cart played a major role in establishing it as a "party game". David and Richard Darling came up with the idea of the J-Cart. Although not initially involved with it, Supersonic Software's team were excited on hearing about the J-Cart because they thought it had potential. Richard was also the project manager, and visited Supersonic Software's offices weekly. His primary concern was how much fun the game was. David also thought of the idea of players sharing controllers, increasing the total number of players supported to eight. Williamson said that the team were not concerned with the difficulty increasing too quickly, or having a target audience. Supersonic's focus was on the graphics and game modes for smaller vehicles. As the Mega Drive was considered the leading platform, an 8-bit look was impossible. David Darling was not happy with early efforts, and had Supersonic redraw the graphics. He said the perspective was wrong and there was slowdown. He also said that getting the game running at 50 frames per second (FPS) in eight-player mode was difficult. Supersonic asked Big Red Software to assist with the graphics. Most of the background graphics were produced by Mark Neesam, using an Amiga 500. He stated that some graphics were hard, despite having access to the originals, and believed that additional colours enabled him to "muddy up" graphics, but also used the increased colour palette to clean some up. Richard Darling encouraged tweaking, giving the game a personality. Journalists frequently visited to check on progress. Violet Berlin, co-presenter of the television programme Bad Influence!, made a cameo appearance as a character: she made one such visit and Richard Eddy of Codemasters asked to take her picture to put in the game. She agreed on the condition that she was made the fastest character, although it was already decided that another character would be. She was instead made the second fastest character. Micro Machines 2: Turbo Tournament features greater background interaction than the original, such as levels in the dark. Williamson's favourite addition to the game was the sponge in the kitchen, which forced players to time their entry onto and exit from a platform. He also liked the toilet seat track. David Darling initially disliked the physics, stating he liked the way the first game achieved skids without feeling like a train manoeuvring. It was worked on until it was similar to the original, and ultimately it worked "perfectly". According to Williamson, the team spent "enormous amounts of time" testing the game. Micro Machines 2: Turbo Tournament was released for the Mega Drive in 1994. The cartridge features a non-volatile memory (NVR) chip that stores lap times and game achievements. The game was ported to MS-DOS, Game Gear, Super Nintendo Entertainment System (SNES), and Game Boy. An Amiga version was also planned. Codemasters handled development for the Game Gear version, which began in September 1994, and the port was released in spring 1995. The MS-DOS version was published in North America by GameTek on 31 May 1996. The European PC release was by Codemasters in July 1995. The SNES and Game Boy versions were published by Ocean Software. After over quarter of a million copies sold, an update, called Micro Machines Turbo Tournament '96, was released for the Mega Drive in PAL regions in October 1995, which added tracks, a track editor, and a new soundtrack. It was released on J-Cart format, and its NVR chip also stores tracks. The track editor had been featured in the PC version of Micro Machines 2: Turbo Tournament, and Williamson explained that it "seemed like an obvious thing to do", and that it was not possible for the original Mega Drive version because the team were going for a Christmas release date. He also stated that the USA was a difficult market to compete in. The sequel was produced in six months. Due to its success, Supersonic was asked to develop Micro Machines Military, released in 1996 for the Mega Drive, which featured military vehicles with weapons. Graham returned to develop Micro Machines V3, released in 1997. Micro Machines 2: Turbo Tournament was bundled with the original and released for the Game Boy Color in 2000. Reception ReceptionReview scoresPublicationScoreComputer and Video Games94% (Mega Drive)90% (Turbo Tournament 96)Edge8/10 (Mega Drive)GameSpot8/10 (MS-DOS)Next Generation (MS-DOS)GamesMaster97% (Mega Drive)Mean Machines Sega95% (Mega Drive)93% (Game Gear)92% (Turbo Tournament 96)Player One97% (Mega Drive)92% (Game Gear)95% (Turbo Tournament 96)Consoles +90% (Game Gear)93% (SNES)Mega Fun75% (Game Gear)83% (Turbo Tournament 96)Joypad 86% (SNES)81% (Turbo Tournament 96)Power Play79% (MS-DOS)Coming Soon Magazine91% (MS-DOS)Computer Games Strategy Plus (MS-DOS)Sega Saturn Magazine92% (Turbo Tournament 96)Sega Magazine96% (Mega Drive)PC Zone92% (MS-DOS) Micro Machines 2: Turbo Tournament was well received. Critics were impressed with the J-Cart and the extra tracks and vehicles. Mark Patterson of Computer and Video Games praised the Mega Drive version's J-Cart enabling more than two players without extra hardware, and described the game as "bloody brilliant!". Edge's reviewer commented that the extra vehicles, tracks, and game modes increase re-playability of both single-player and multiplayer. The reviewers of GamesMaster lauded its addictiveness and commented that it is amongst the best or highest-rated games they have played. A reviewer from Mean Machines Sega believed the game exceeded their expectations, and echoed other opinions by praising the re-playability provided by the extra levels and vehicles. Player One's reviewer eulogised the animation, saying it lacks slowdown, and playability. Reviewers from Sega Magazine were highly positive: Richard Leadbetter and Tom Guise lauded the multiplayer mode, saying it is "untouchable". The playability were also given high praise, and was described as "superb". Leadbetter believed the game is "totally brilliant and well worth the asking price". The Game Gear version received positive reviews, with some comparing it to the Mega Drive version. A reviewer from Consoles + describes its music as reminiscent of the Mega Drive soundtrack, and lauded the animation, saying its speed is "incredible". Mean Machines Sega's reviewer described the Game Gear version as "every bit as playable as the Mega Drive classic", but criticised the screen update, saying it "makes things a bit muddy". Player One's reviewer praised the originality of the circuits, but described the sound as average. A reviewer from Mega Fun thought that multiplayer is better with two units linked than with two players sharing one. Similar compliments were made of the other versions. A reviewer from Consoles + praised the SNES version's simultaneous four-player function and the addition of game modes and tracks. Joypad 's reviewer praised the multiplayer, saying it is "simply excellent", and gave the vehicles' manoeuvrability a similar description. Power Play's reviewer praised the MS-DOS version's variety. Vince Broady of GameSpot praised the "excellent" gameplay, but complained that the CD soundtrack is repetitive, and that the graphics were not as good as competitors. Coming Soon Magazine's reviewer complimented its "terrific" gameplay and praised the track editor, saying it was "a tremendous idea" and that it increases playability. Steve Bauman of Computer Games Strategy Plus had mixed feelings: he believed the game is "shallow as hell", but also described it as "surprisingly entertaining". PC Zone's Charlie Brooker liked the graphics and sound, describing them as "cute" and "neat" respectively, and praised the game's "timeless console-style action". The game was named a PC Zone classic. A reviewer for Next Generation remarked that "if you're just interested in simple, arcade-style racing that even runs fine on a 386, well, you've hit the mother lode". He felt the game seemed designed more for consoles, since it is plainly focused on the multiplayer mode but lacks support for networked play, thus requiring the players to crowd around a single PC, but was pleased with the cuteness of the cars and the inventiveness of the tracks. The updated Mega Drive version was also well received, although some questioned its worth as a separate title. The track editor was described by Gary Lord of Computer and Video Games as "a novel idea", but stated that there is not a lot else to it compared to the original game, describing the extra tracks as "more of the same". A reviewer from Joypad concurred by complimenting the track editor and the extra tracks and saying the game gave "an impression of déjà vu". Mean Machines Sega's reviewer took a different position: he believed that the track editor adds "a whole new dimension", but raised the issue of whether players would want it if they already own the original game. Player One's reviewer gave the opinion that it introduces innovations that add to the game's interest. A reviewer of Mega Fun praised the "exemplary" gameplay, but said track editor was the only renovation. Ed Lomas of Sega Saturn Magazine compared the track editor to the MS-DOS version's, and thought it "severely limited" and not as comprehensive, and also criticised Codemasters for releasing the game as a standalone title rather than an add-on cartridge. Nevertheless, he praised the game in general, saying it is one of the most playable games he has played, but, although he described it as "better", said the improvements over the original are not enough to make it essential. In 1996, GamesMaster ranked the Mega Drive version 6th on their "The GamesMaster Mega Drive Top 10." In the same issue, they also ranked the game 61st on its "Top 100 Games of All Time." See also Ignition (video game) References ^ a b c d e f g h i j "The Making Of: Micro Machines 2 & Turbo Tournament". Retro Gamer. No. 151. Bournemouth: Imagine Publishing. pp. 70–75. ISSN 1742-3155. ^ a b c "Micro Machines 2" (PDF). Computer and Video Games. No. 155. Peterborough: EMAP. October 1994. p. 48. ISSN 0261-3697. Retrieved 20 December 2016. ^ Codemasters (1996). Micro Machines 2: Turbo Tournament Instruction Manual (PC ed.). p. 7. ^ Codemasters (1995). Micro Machines Turbo Tournament 96 Instruction Manual (Mega Drive ed.). p. 4. ^ Codemasters (1996). Micro Machines 2: Turbo Tournament Instruction Manual (PC ed.). p. 10. ^ Codemasters (1995). Micro Machines Turbo Tournament 96 Instruction Manual (Mega Drive ed.). p. 3. ^ Codemasters (1996). Micro Machines 2: Turbo Tournament Instruction Manual (PC ed.). pp. 12–14. ^ Codemasters (1995). Micro Machines Turbo Tournament 96 Instruction Manual (Mega Drive ed.). pp. 5–9. ^ a b c d e f g "A Small History Of Micro Machines". Retro Gamer. No. 113. Bournemouth: Imagine Publishing. pp. 60–67. ISSN 1742-3155. ^ a b c "Micro Machines 2 Turbo Tournament" (PDF). Mean Machines Sega. No. 31. Peterborough: Emap International Limited. May 1995. pp. 66, 67. ISSN 0967-9014. Retrieved 20 December 2016. ^ Codemasters (1996). Micro Machines 2: Turbo Tournament Instruction Manual (PC ed.). pp. 18–27. ^ Codemasters (1995). Micro Machines Turbo Tournament 96 Instruction Manual (Mega Drive ed.). pp. 12–18. ^ a b c d e f GamesTM (2012). "Behind The Scenes Micro Machines 2: Turbo Tournament". Retro Volume 5. Bournemouth: Imagine Publishing. pp. 216–221. ISBN 978-1-908-95547-0. ^ Micro Machines 2: Turbo Tournament Box (Mega Drive J-Cart ed.). Codemasters. 1994. p. back. ^ "Micro Machines 2" (PDF). Computer and Video Games. No. 160. Peterborough: EMAP. March 1995. p. 50. ISSN 0261-3697. Retrieved 20 December 2016. ^ a b c Vince Broady (27 June 1996). "Micro Machines 2". GameSpot. Archived from the original on 21 December 2003. Retrieved 20 December 2016. ^ a b c d Charlie Brooker (August 1995). "Micro Machines 2". PC Zone. No. 29. London: Dennis Publishing. pp. 78–80. ISSN 0967-8220. ^ a b c "Micro Machines 2". Joypad (in French). No. 48. December 1995. p. 60. ISSN 1163-586X. ^ "Micro Machines 2 - Game Boy". IGN. Retrieved 21 December 2016. ^ a b c Ed Lomas (November 1995). "Micro Machines 96" (PDF). Sega Saturn Magazine. No. 1. Peterborough: Emap International Limited. p. 87. ISSN 1360-9424. Retrieved 20 December 2016. ^ Codemasters (1995). Micro Machines Turbo Tournament 96 Instruction Manual (Mega Drive ed.). pp. J–Cart, Contents, 11. ^ Frank Provo (3 April 2000). "Micro Machines 1 and 2: Twin Turbo Review". GameSpot. Retrieved 20 December 2016. ^ a b "micro machines 2" (PDF). Computer and Video Games. No. 156. Peterborough: EMAP. November 1994. pp. 100, 101. ISSN 0261-3697. Retrieved 20 December 2016. ^ a b "Micro Machines Turbo ztournament '96" (PDF). Computer and Video Games. No. 168. Peterborough: EMAP. November 1995. p. 52. ISSN 0261-3697. Retrieved 21 December 2016. ^ a b "Micro Machines 2" (PDF). Testscreen. Edge. No. 15. Bath: Future plc. December 1994. p. 78. ISSN 1350-1593. Retrieved 20 December 2016. ^ a b "Micro Machines 2 Turbo Tournament" (PDF). GamesMaster. No. 23. Bath: Future plc. November 1994. pp. 52, 53. ISSN 0967-9855. Retrieved 20 December 2016. ^ a b "Micro Machines 2 Turbo Tournament" (PDF). Mean Machines Sega. No. 25. Peterborough: Emap International Limited. November 1994. pp. 86–89. ISSN 0967-9014. Retrieved 20 December 2016. ^ a b "Micro Machines Turbo Tournament '96" (PDF). Mean Machines Sega. No. 37. Peterborough: Emap International Limited. November 1995. pp. 84, 85. ISSN 0967-9014. Retrieved 21 December 2016. ^ a b "Micro Machines 2". Next Generation. No. 21. Imagine Media. September 1996. p. 156. ISSN 1078-9693. ^ a b "Micro Machines 2" (PDF). Player One (in French). No. 47. November 1994. pp. 90–93. ISSN 1153-4451. Retrieved 20 December 2016. ^ a b "Micro Machines 2" (PDF). Player One (in French). No. 52. April 1995. pp. 110, 111. ISSN 1153-4451. Retrieved 20 December 2016. ^ a b "Micro Machines 96" (PDF). Player One (in French). No. 57. October 1995. pp. 118, 119. ISSN 1153-4451. Retrieved 21 December 2016. ^ a b "Micro Machines 2" (PDF). Consoles +. No. 42. April 1995. p. 136. ISSN 1162-8669. Retrieved 20 December 2016. ^ a b "Micro Machines 2". Consoles +. No. 49. December 1995. p. 172. ISSN 1162-8669. ^ a b "Micro Machines 2". Mega Fun (in German). April 1995. ISSN 0946-6282. ^ a b "Micro Machines 96". Mega Fun (in German). September 1995. pp. 62, 63. ISSN 0946-6282. ^ a b "Micro Machines 96" (PDF). Joypad (in French). No. 46. October 1995. pp. 64, 65. ISSN 1163-586X. Retrieved 21 December 2016. ^ a b "Micro Machines 2". Power Play (in German). July 1995. p. 103. ISSN 0937-9754. ^ a b "Micro Machines 2 by Codemasters". Coming Soon Magazine. Retrieved 20 December 2016. ^ a b Steve Bauman. "Micro Machines 2: Turbo Tournament". Computer Games Strategy Plus. Archived from the original on 24 October 2003. Retrieved 20 December 2016. ^ a b "Micro Machines 2 Turbo Tournament". Sega Magazine. No. 11. EMAP. November 1994. pp. 92, 93. ^ "The GamesMaster Mega Drive Top 10" (PDF). GamesMaster (44): 74. July 1996. ^ "Top 100 Games of All Time" (PDF). GamesMaster (44): 76. July 1996. External links Micro Machines 2: Turbo Tournament at MobyGames Micro Machines Turbo Tournament '96 at MobyGames vteMicro Machines seriesGamesMain series Micro Machines 2: Turbo Tournament V3 V4 World Series Spin-offs Micro Maniacs See also Hasbro Galoob Codemasters	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"racing video game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racing_video_game"},{"link_name":"Supersonic Software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supersonic_Software"},{"link_name":"Codemasters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codemasters"},{"link_name":"Sega Mega Drive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sega_Mega_Drive"},{"link_name":"Micro Machines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro_Machines_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"Galoob","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galoob"},{"link_name":"Micro Machines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro_Machines"},{"link_name":"J-Cart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J-Cart"},{"link_name":"multitap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multitap"},{"link_name":"Violet Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violet_Berlin"},{"link_name":"Bad Influence!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Influence!"},{"link_name":"Game Gear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Gear"},{"link_name":"MS-DOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS"},{"link_name":"track editor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Level_editor"},{"link_name":"GameTek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameTek"}],"text":"1994 video game1994 video gameMicro Machines 2: Turbo Tournament is a 1994 racing video game developed by Supersonic Software and published by Codemasters for the Sega Mega Drive. The sequel to Micro Machines, the game is themed around Galoob's Micro Machines toys, and players race around environments in miniature toy vehicles. Micro Machines 2: Turbo Tournament adds new vehicles and game modes, and the Mega Drive version was released on J-Cart, enabling up to eight players without a multitap.Development began after the release of the Mega Drive version of the original, and there was a focus on graphics and driving physics. Violet Berlin of Bad Influence! makes a cameo appearance as a new character. Codemasters did not develop the game because the programmer of the first Micro Machines was not available, though they did develop the Game Gear and Game Boy versions. Micro Machines 2: Turbo Tournament was ported to various systems, including the Game Gear and MS-DOS, the latter of which features a track editor. The MS-DOS version is the only version of the game released in North America, where it was published by GameTek. An update, Micro Machines Turbo Tournament '96, was released for the Mega Drive in 1995, which added the track editor, new race tracks, and a new soundtrack.Reception was positive, with reviewers praising the additional tracks and vehicles providing replay value, but some criticised the graphics of some versions. The Mega Drive update was also well received, but some reviewers criticised it for being too similar to the original. Due to the game's success, a spin-off, Micro Machines Military was produced and released in 1996, and a sequel, Micro Machines V3, in 1997.","title":"Micro Machines 2: Turbo Tournament"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Micro Machines (video game) § Gameplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro_Machines_(video_game)#Gameplay"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MicroMachines2Gameplay.png"},{"link_name":"top-down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top-down_perspective"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Making-1"},{"link_name":"powerboats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powerboat"},{"link_name":"helicopters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicopter"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CVGPrev-2"},{"link_name":"lives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_(video_games)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"J-Cart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J-Cart"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History-9"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CVGPrev-2"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MMSGGRev-10"},{"link_name":"track editor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Level_editor"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History-9"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History-9"}],"text":"See also: Micro Machines (video game) § GameplayA typical race in progress, Mega Drive versionGameplay is identical to the previous instalment: races are viewed from a top-down perspective, and players race in environments such as bathrooms and pool tables (many tracks contain obstacles such as common household objects[1]) in vehicles including powerboats and helicopters. The game adds sixteen vehicles.[2]Like the original, there are the challenge and head-to-head game modes. In challenge mode, players play a series of races against three opponents and must finish first or second to progress to the next race. If a good enough lap time on any of the earlier levels is achieved, players automatically win the race. Placing first three times in a row earns players the chance to win an extra life by playing a special round to collect vehicles within a time limit. Head-to-head is a game which involves one opponent achieving enough distance from opponents to be the only racer on the screen. This earns that player a point, represented by coloured lights on the screen: one light turns the colour of that player. If all eight lights are one colour, the player of that colour wins. If after three laps, the colours are mixed, the player with the most lights wins. Players are given three lives in both modes.[3][4] Players select a character, whose stats only affect computer-controlled players, to play as before racing.[5][6]Micro Machines 2: Turbo Tournament adds new modes: Leagues, Time Trials, Single Race, and Tournaments. In League mode, players compete for points in divisions. Seasons consist of four races. Players with the most points at the end of the season are promoted to the next division, and players with the least are relegated. In Time Trial mode players race alone (although some tracks have a Shadow Racer representing the best time) for the best time, or to practice driving. Single Race is where players compete in a series of rounds in which vehicles begin at the centre of the screen, and get further apart as the race progresses. If a vehicle goes off the screen, they are out of the race unless they have travelled the furthest. The game ends when only one player remains. Tournaments are a fixed race series played in the same manner as Single Races. The winner is the first player to win a set number of times. There are two multiplayer-only modes: Knockout and Share Games. Knockout involves a series of races similar to tournament mode, with winners progressing to the next round and losers knocked out. Share Games is similar to Single Race, but cars are coloured according to team, with each team's finishing position depending on which member performs the best.[7][8] The Mega Drive J-Cart provides two controller ports, enabling up to eight players in multiplayer by two players sharing the controllers.[9] The Game Gear version retains the console sharing (two player sharing one console) function of the original,[2] and two units can be linked.[10]The MS-DOS version includes a track editor,[11][9] included in an updated Mega Drive release.[12][9]","title":"Gameplay"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mega_drive_j-cart.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cosmic Spacehead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_Spacehead"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Making-1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History-9"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Making-1"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BTS-13"},{"link_name":"J-Cart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J-Cart"},{"link_name":"party game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party_video_game"},{"link_name":"David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Darling_(entrepreneur)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Making-1"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BTS-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BTS-13"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Making-1"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BTS-13"},{"link_name":"8-bit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_video_games_(8-bit_era)"},{"link_name":"frames per second","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frames_per_second"},{"link_name":"Big Red Software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Red_Software"},{"link_name":"Amiga 500","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiga_500"},{"link_name":"Violet Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violet_Berlin"},{"link_name":"Bad Influence!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Influence!"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Making-1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History-9"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Making-1"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BTS-13"},{"link_name":"non-volatile memory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-volatile_memory"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"MS-DOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS"},{"link_name":"Game Gear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Gear"},{"link_name":"Super Nintendo Entertainment System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Nintendo_Entertainment_System"},{"link_name":"Game Boy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Boy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Making-1"},{"link_name":"Amiga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiga"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CVGPrev-2"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CVGGGPrev-15"},{"link_name":"GameTek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameTek"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GSRev-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PCZoneRev-17"},{"link_name":"Ocean Software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_Software"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JPRev-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SSMRev-20"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Making-1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History-9"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BTS-13"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Making-1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History-9"},{"link_name":"Game Boy Color","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Boy_Color"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"The J-Cart was created to enable four players without an adaptor.Andrew Graham, programmer of the original game, had returned to university after its completion, and David Darling, co-founder of Codemasters, decided that they could not wait for him to finish his degree. Codemasters approached Peter Williamson of Supersonic Software and had him produce the sequel. Williamson had just completed Cosmic Spacehead and wanted to do something new. It was intended for the sequel to reproduce the feeling of the original and add as many new features as possible. The original was used for reference, and the code and graphics were produced from the beginning. Williamson explained that it was hoped that they could capture and go beyond that the original game offered, and the game's success was anticipated. Darling wanted it to be more than a mere continuation of the first.[1][9]Development began in 1993, just after the release of the Mega Drive version of the first game. The release date was set at November 1994, and, according to Williamson, there was pressure to meet it. Early decisions focused on vehicle physics such as heavier vehicles being slow.[1] According to Williamson, slow vehicles were considered \"boring\" and that the team \"made the game for ourselves\".[13] He stated that the team wanted more variety and depth than the original, so variables such as tyre friction and wheel lock were programmed to modify the behaviours of the vehicles. These additions increased the size of the game to double that of the original, but compression techniques were used to avoid the need for high capacity storage. This also allowed the production of the J-Cart, enabling four controllers to be plugged in without extra hardware. Williamson believed that increasing the number of players would make the game more fun, and stated that the J-Cart played a major role in establishing it as a \"party game\". David and Richard Darling came up with the idea of the J-Cart.[1] Although not initially involved with it, Supersonic Software's team were excited on hearing about the J-Cart because they thought it had potential.[13] Richard was also the project manager, and visited Supersonic Software's offices weekly. His primary concern was how much fun the game was.[13] David also thought of the idea of players sharing controllers, increasing the total number of players supported to eight.[1] Williamson said that the team were not concerned with the difficulty increasing too quickly, or having a target audience.[13]Supersonic's focus was on the graphics and game modes for smaller vehicles. As the Mega Drive was considered the leading platform, an 8-bit look was impossible. David Darling was not happy with early efforts, and had Supersonic redraw the graphics. He said the perspective was wrong and there was slowdown. He also said that getting the game running at 50 frames per second (FPS) in eight-player mode was difficult. Supersonic asked Big Red Software to assist with the graphics. Most of the background graphics were produced by Mark Neesam, using an Amiga 500. He stated that some graphics were hard, despite having access to the originals, and believed that additional colours enabled him to \"muddy up\" graphics, but also used the increased colour palette to clean some up. Richard Darling encouraged tweaking, giving the game a personality. Journalists frequently visited to check on progress. Violet Berlin, co-presenter of the television programme Bad Influence!, made a cameo appearance as a character: she made one such visit and Richard Eddy of Codemasters asked to take her picture to put in the game. She agreed on the condition that she was made the fastest character, although it was already decided that another character would be. She was instead made the second fastest character.[1][9]Micro Machines 2: Turbo Tournament features greater background interaction than the original, such as levels in the dark. Williamson's favourite addition to the game was the sponge in the kitchen, which forced players to time their entry onto and exit from a platform. He also liked the toilet seat track. David Darling initially disliked the physics, stating he liked the way the first game achieved skids without feeling like a train manoeuvring. It was worked on until it was similar to the original, and ultimately it worked \"perfectly\".[1] According to Williamson, the team spent \"enormous amounts of time\" testing the game.[13]Micro Machines 2: Turbo Tournament was released for the Mega Drive in 1994. The cartridge features a non-volatile memory (NVR) chip that stores lap times and game achievements.[14] The game was ported to MS-DOS, Game Gear, Super Nintendo Entertainment System (SNES), and Game Boy.[1] An Amiga version was also planned.[2] Codemasters handled development for the Game Gear version, which began in September 1994, and the port was released in spring 1995.[15] The MS-DOS version was published in North America by GameTek on 31 May 1996.[16] The European PC release was by Codemasters in July 1995.[17] The SNES and Game Boy versions were published by Ocean Software.[18][19]After over quarter of a million copies sold, an update, called Micro Machines Turbo Tournament '96, was released for the Mega Drive in PAL regions in October 1995,[20] which added tracks, a track editor, and a new soundtrack.[1][9] It was released on J-Cart format, and its NVR chip also stores tracks.[21] The track editor had been featured in the PC version of Micro Machines 2: Turbo Tournament, and Williamson explained that it \"seemed like an obvious thing to do\", and that it was not possible for the original Mega Drive version because the team were going for a Christmas release date.[13] He also stated that the USA was a difficult market to compete in. The sequel was produced in six months. Due to its success, Supersonic was asked to develop Micro Machines Military, released in 1996 for the Mega Drive, which featured military vehicles with weapons. Graham returned to develop Micro Machines V3, released in 1997.[1][9] Micro Machines 2: Turbo Tournament was bundled with the original and released for the Game Boy Color in 2000.[22]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Computer and Video Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_and_Video_Games"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CVGMDRev-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CVGTTRev-24"},{"link_name":"Edge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edge_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EDGERev-25"},{"link_name":"GameSpot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GSRev-16"},{"link_name":"Next Generation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Next_Generation_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NGen21-29"},{"link_name":"GamesMaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GamesMaster_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GMRev-26"},{"link_name":"Mean Machines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mean_Machines"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MMSMDRev-27"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MMSGGRev-10"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MMSTTRev-28"},{"link_name":"Player One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Player_One_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-POMDRev-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-POGGRev-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-POTTRev-32"},{"link_name":"Consoles +","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consoles_%2B"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CPRev-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CPSNESRev-34"},{"link_name":"Mega Fun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mega_Fun"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MFRev-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MFTTRev-36"},{"link_name":"Joypad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joypad_(magazine)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joypad_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JPRev-18"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JPTTRev-37"},{"link_name":"Power Play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_Play_(Zeitschrift)"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PPRev-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CSMRev-39"},{"link_name":"Computer Games Strategy Plus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Games_Strategy_Plus"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CGSPRev-40"},{"link_name":"Sega Saturn Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sega_Saturn_Magazine"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SSMRev-20"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SMRev-41"},{"link_name":"PC Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_Zone"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PCZoneRev-17"},{"link_name":"Computer and Video 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+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consoles_%2B"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CPRev-33"},{"link_name":"Mean Machines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mean_Machines"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MMSGGRev-10"},{"link_name":"Player One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Player_One_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-POGGRev-31"},{"link_name":"Mega Fun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mega_Fun"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MFRev-35"},{"link_name":"Consoles +","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consoles_%2B"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CPSNESRev-34"},{"link_name":"Joypad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joypad_(magazine)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joypad_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JPRev-18"},{"link_name":"Power Play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_Play_(Zeitschrift)"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PPRev-38"},{"link_name":"GameSpot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GSRev-16"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CSMRev-39"},{"link_name":"Computer Games Strategy Plus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Games_Strategy_Plus"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CGSPRev-40"},{"link_name":"PC Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_Zone"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PCZoneRev-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PCZoneRev-17"},{"link_name":"Next Generation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Next_Generation_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"386","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_80386"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NGen21-29"},{"link_name":"Computer and Video Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_and_Video_Games"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CVGTTRev-24"},{"link_name":"Joypad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joypad_(magazine)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joypad_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"déjà vu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9j%C3%A0_vu"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JPTTRev-37"},{"link_name":"Mean Machines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mean_Machines"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MMSTTRev-28"},{"link_name":"Player One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Player_One_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-POTTRev-32"},{"link_name":"Mega Fun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mega_Fun"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MFTTRev-36"},{"link_name":"Sega Saturn Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sega_Saturn_Magazine"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SSMRev-20"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"}],"text":"ReceptionReview scoresPublicationScoreComputer and Video Games94% (Mega Drive)[23]90% (Turbo Tournament 96)[24]Edge8/10 (Mega Drive)[25]GameSpot8/10 (MS-DOS)[16]Next Generation (MS-DOS)[29]GamesMaster97% (Mega Drive)[26]Mean Machines Sega95% (Mega Drive)[27]93% (Game Gear)[10]92% (Turbo Tournament 96)[28]Player One97% (Mega Drive)[30]92% (Game Gear)[31]95% (Turbo Tournament 96)[32]Consoles +90% (Game Gear)[33]93% (SNES)[34]Mega Fun75% (Game Gear)[35]83% (Turbo Tournament 96)[36]Joypad [fr]86% (SNES)[18]81% (Turbo Tournament 96)[37]Power Play79% (MS-DOS)[38]Coming Soon Magazine91% (MS-DOS)[39]Computer Games Strategy Plus (MS-DOS)[40]Sega Saturn Magazine92% (Turbo Tournament 96)[20]Sega Magazine96% (Mega Drive)[41]PC Zone92% (MS-DOS)[17]Micro Machines 2: Turbo Tournament was well received. Critics were impressed with the J-Cart and the extra tracks and vehicles. Mark Patterson of Computer and Video Games praised the Mega Drive version's J-Cart enabling more than two players without extra hardware, and described the game as \"bloody brilliant!\".[23] Edge's reviewer commented that the extra vehicles, tracks, and game modes increase re-playability of both single-player and multiplayer.[25] The reviewers of GamesMaster lauded its addictiveness and commented that it is amongst the best or highest-rated games they have played.[26] A reviewer from Mean Machines Sega believed the game exceeded their expectations, and echoed other opinions by praising the re-playability provided by the extra levels and vehicles.[27] Player One's reviewer eulogised the animation, saying it lacks slowdown, and playability.[30] Reviewers from Sega Magazine were highly positive: Richard Leadbetter and Tom Guise lauded the multiplayer mode, saying it is \"untouchable\". The playability were also given high praise, and was described as \"superb\". Leadbetter believed the game is \"totally brilliant and well worth the asking price\".[41]The Game Gear version received positive reviews, with some comparing it to the Mega Drive version. A reviewer from Consoles + describes its music as reminiscent of the Mega Drive soundtrack, and lauded the animation, saying its speed is \"incredible\".[33] Mean Machines Sega's reviewer described the Game Gear version as \"every bit as playable as the Mega Drive classic\", but criticised the screen update, saying it \"makes things a bit muddy\".[10] Player One's reviewer praised the originality of the circuits, but described the sound as average.[31] A reviewer from Mega Fun thought that multiplayer is better with two units linked than with two players sharing one.[35]Similar compliments were made of the other versions. A reviewer from Consoles + praised the SNES version's simultaneous four-player function and the addition of game modes and tracks.[34] Joypad [fr]'s reviewer praised the multiplayer, saying it is \"simply excellent\", and gave the vehicles' manoeuvrability a similar description.[18] Power Play's reviewer praised the MS-DOS version's variety.[38] Vince Broady of GameSpot praised the \"excellent\" gameplay, but complained that the CD soundtrack is repetitive, and that the graphics were not as good as competitors.[16] Coming Soon Magazine's reviewer complimented its \"terrific\" gameplay and praised the track editor, saying it was \"a tremendous idea\" and that it increases playability.[39] Steve Bauman of Computer Games Strategy Plus had mixed feelings: he believed the game is \"shallow as hell\", but also described it as \"surprisingly entertaining\".[40] PC Zone's Charlie Brooker liked the graphics and sound, describing them as \"cute\" and \"neat\" respectively, and praised the game's \"timeless console-style action\".[17] The game was named a PC Zone classic.[17] A reviewer for Next Generation remarked that \"if you're just interested in simple, arcade-style racing that even runs fine on a 386, well, you've hit the mother lode\". He felt the game seemed designed more for consoles, since it is plainly focused on the multiplayer mode but lacks support for networked play, thus requiring the players to crowd around a single PC, but was pleased with the cuteness of the cars and the inventiveness of the tracks.[29]The updated Mega Drive version was also well received, although some questioned its worth as a separate title. The track editor was described by Gary Lord of Computer and Video Games as \"a novel idea\", but stated that there is not a lot else to it compared to the original game, describing the extra tracks as \"more of the same\".[24] A reviewer from Joypad [fr] concurred by complimenting the track editor and the extra tracks and saying the game gave \"an impression of déjà vu\".[37] Mean Machines Sega's reviewer took a different position: he believed that the track editor adds \"a whole new dimension\", but raised the issue of whether players would want it if they already own the original game.[28] Player One's reviewer gave the opinion that it introduces innovations that add to the game's interest.[32] A reviewer of Mega Fun praised the \"exemplary\" gameplay, but said track editor was the only renovation.[36] Ed Lomas of Sega Saturn Magazine compared the track editor to the MS-DOS version's, and thought it \"severely limited\" and not as comprehensive, and also criticised Codemasters for releasing the game as a standalone title rather than an add-on cartridge. Nevertheless, he praised the game in general, saying it is one of the most playable games he has played, but, although he described it as \"better\", said the improvements over the original are not enough to make it essential.[20] In 1996, GamesMaster ranked the Mega Drive version 6th on their \"The GamesMaster Mega Drive Top 10.\"[42] In the same issue, they also ranked the game 61st on its \"Top 100 Games of All Time.\"[43]","title":"Reception"}]	[{"image_text":"A typical race in progress, Mega Drive version","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1a/MicroMachines2Gameplay.png/220px-MicroMachines2Gameplay.png"},{"image_text":"The J-Cart was created to enable four players without an adaptor.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Mega_drive_j-cart.jpg/170px-Mega_drive_j-cart.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Ignition (video game)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignition_(video_game)"}]	[{"reference":"\"The Making Of: Micro Machines 2 & Turbo Tournament\". Retro Gamer. No. 151. Bournemouth: Imagine Publishing. pp. 70–75. ISSN 1742-3155.","urls":[{"url":"https://issuu.com/roylazarovich/docs/retro_gamer_151/1?ff","url_text":"\"The Making Of: Micro Machines 2 & Turbo Tournament\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retro_Gamer","url_text":"Retro Gamer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagine_Publishing","url_text":"Imagine Publishing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1742-3155","url_text":"1742-3155"}]},{"reference":"\"Micro Machines 2\" (PDF). Computer and Video Games. No. 155. Peterborough: EMAP. October 1994. p. 48. ISSN 0261-3697. Retrieved 20 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://retrocdn.net/images/1/14/CVG_UK_155.pdf#page=48","url_text":"\"Micro Machines 2\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_and_Video_Games","url_text":"Computer and Video Games"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMAP","url_text":"EMAP"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3697","url_text":"0261-3697"}]},{"reference":"Codemasters (1996). Micro Machines 2: Turbo Tournament Instruction Manual (PC ed.). p. 7.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Codemasters (1995). Micro Machines Turbo Tournament 96 Instruction Manual (Mega Drive ed.). p. 4.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Codemasters (1996). Micro Machines 2: Turbo Tournament Instruction Manual (PC ed.). p. 10.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Codemasters (1995). Micro Machines Turbo Tournament 96 Instruction Manual (Mega Drive ed.). p. 3.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Codemasters (1996). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samantha_Stephens	List of Bewitched characters	["1 Cast","1.1 Main","1.2 Recurring","2 Main characters","2.1 Samantha Stephens","2.2 Darrin Stephens","2.3 Endora","2.4 Larry Tate","3 Supporting characters","3.1 Louise Tate","3.2 Gladys Kravitz","3.3 Abner Kravitz","3.4 Aunt Clara","3.5 Tabitha Stephens","3.6 Adam Stephens","3.7 Serena","3.8 Uncle Arthur","3.9 Dr. Bombay","3.10 Esmeralda","3.11 Phyllis Stephens","3.12 Frank Stephens","3.13 Maurice","3.14 Aunt Enchantra, Aunt Hagatha, Aunt Grimalda and other family members","3.15 Apothecary","3.16 Betty","3.17 Sheila Sommers","3.18 Howard McMann","3.19 Charlie Leach","3.20 Other historical and fictional characters","4 References"]	This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "List of Bewitched characters" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Agnes Moorehead as Endora, Dick York as Darrin Stephens and Elizabeth Montgomery as Samantha This is a list of characters in Bewitched, an American fantasy television sitcom which aired from 1964 to 1972. Cast Main Summary of character appearances Character Portrayed by Seasons 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Samantha Stephens Elizabeth Montgomery Main Darrin Stephens Dick York Main — Dick Sargent — Main Endora Agnes Moorehead Main Larry Tate David White Recurring Main Recurring Summary of character appearances Character Portrayed by Seasons 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Tabitha Stephens Cynthia Black, Heidi and Laura Gentry, Julie and Tamar Young — Recurring — Erin and Diane Murphy — Recurring Gladys Kravitz Alice Pearce Recurring — Sandra Gould — Recurring — Abner Kravitz George Tobias Recurring — Louise Tate Irene Vernon Recurring — Kasey Rogers — Recurring Aunt Clara Marion Lorne Recurring — Serena Elizabeth Montgomery — Guest — Recurring Adam Stephens unknown — Recurring — David and Greg Lawrence — Recurring Phyllis Stephens Mabel Albertson Recurring Guest Recurring — Dr. Bombay Bernard Fox — Guest Recurring Esmeralda Alice Ghostley — Recurring Frank Stephens Robert F. Simon Recurring Guest — Guest — Roy Roberts — Recurring — Maurice Maurice Evans Guest — Recurring — Recurring Uncle Arthur Paul Lynde — Guest Recurring Guest Recurring Guest — Cast notes: ^ The two sets of twins and one non-twin who portrayed Tabitha in season 2 were not credited onscreen. ^ While both twins appeared as Tabitha in seasons 3 and 4, only Erin Murphy was credited onscreen. Diane Murphy appeared in one solo episode in season 5 in which she received onscreen credit, which was her last appearance as Tabitha. Main characters Samantha Stephens Samantha Stephens (Elizabeth Montgomery) is a good witch and the show's protagonist. She is married to a mortal named Darrin Stephens and has two children by him. The daughter, Tabitha is magical. The son, Adam, is magical as well, as demonstrated in "Adam, Warlock or Washout" (Season 8, Episode 14) Samantha often has difficulty adjusting to mortal life, even though she is trying to give up using her powers. She is perhaps the most sensible character in the show; she enjoys her mother's company and is able to take her jabs at mortal life with ease. She is optimistic and treats everyone with respect, be they magical creatures, powerful witches and warlocks, or ordinary people. Dick Sargent was the second actor to portray Darrin Stephens, Samantha's long suffering husband Darrin Stephens Darrin Stephens, son of Frank and Phyllis Stephens, (originally Dick York, seasons 1–5; later Dick Sargent, seasons 6–8) is a mortal married to Samantha. He did not know she was a witch until she told him after they got married, and tries to dissuade her from using witchcraft as much as possible, preferring to live an ordinary, mortal life. He works as a Vice President/Account Executive at the McMann & Tate Advertising agency. Dick York was unable to continue his role as Darrin because of a severe back condition, the result of an accident during the filming of They Came to Cordura in 1959. Starting during the third season, York's disability caused ongoing shooting delays and script rewrites. After collapsing while filming the episode "Daddy Does His Thing" and being rushed to the hospital in January 1969, York left the show. Dick Sargent was cast for the role that same month, and went on to play Darrin in the sixth through eighth seasons. Endora Agnes Moorehead as Endora Endora (Agnes Moorehead) is Samantha's mother and Darrin's chief antagonist in the series. Like all witches, she never reveals her surname, indicating to Darrin that he would be unable to pronounce it. However the name she uses might be related to the Biblical Witch of Endor. Endora finds mortals dull and disapproves of Darrin, as do many of Samantha's relatives. Endora refuses even to speak Darrin's name correctly, alternately calling him "Derwood", "What's-his-name", "Darwin", "Dum-Dum", etc., all much to his annoyance. She refers to him as "Darrin" only eight times during the entire series. Endora's ploys to provoke a breakup always fail, as Samantha's and Darrin's love overcomes every obstacle. Even though Endora casts countless farcical spells on Darrin, she never attempts to destroy him outright. During the first season, Endora threatens her warlock husband Maurice, after he destroys Darrin, saying that she will not have a human being on her conscience. It was one of the few times when Endora went out of her way to protect Darrin from Maurice (see episode 1–10). Endora once let Maurice kiss her. But when she realizes that, after he has kissed her and disappeared, she has contracted an illness which leaves her unable to use her powers, she is furious—until Maurice returns to gives her an antidote, and take her to "the place we used to go to on the Milky Way" to have dinner. As the series continued, Endora and Maurice's hostility to Darrin mellows to a grudging tolerance. She doesn't get along with Darrin's mother, Phyllis Stephens, because she gets along too well with Phyllis' husband, Frank. But they are civil to one another in what Samantha calls "killing one another with kindness". Endora does dote on her grandchildren, Tabitha and Adam; they call her "Grandmama". Numerous references imply that Endora is hundreds of years old. It is noted at one point (see episode 8–2) that she was "not even born yet" in the 16th century, as an explanation for why her witchcraft didn't work when she went back to the time of Henry VIII; however, a few episodes later (see episode 8–6) she states that she was there when the cornerstone was laid at the Louvre 900 years previously. (As witches are capable of time travel, however, this is not necessarily a continuity error.) Larry Tate Larry Tate (David White) is Darrin's profit-obsessed boss and friend. Tate is a regular character. Tate's opinions turn on a dime to appease a client in an attempt to land a deal. However, there are three episodes that show evidence that Larry has deep feelings as well as having a sense of integrity. In the first season installment, "And Something Makes Three", Larry realizes he is to become a father for the first time and is almost overcome with joyful emotion. In the second-season episode, "The Magic Cabin", he sells his run-down cabin to a newlywed couple for only the price of its down payment, one fifth of his original asking price, to which they had agreed. In the seventh season Christmas episode "Sisters at Heart", Larry turns down work from a potential important client when he realizes the client is a racist. Supporting characters Louise Tate Louise Tate (Irene Vernon, and, after Vernon's departure from the show, Kasey Rogers) is Larry's wife and Samantha's closest mortal friend. Louise Tate was played by Irene Vernon during the first two seasons and then replaced by Kasey Rogers, who wore a short black wig to appear similar to Vernon. According to Rogers, Bill Asher noticed her tugging at the wig and asked why she was wearing it. She laughed and said, "because you told me to." He replied, "Why don't you take it off?" and she did, playing Louise with red hair for the show's final three seasons. Gladys Kravitz Alice Pearce (left) and Sandra Gould (right) as Gladys Kravitz. Gladys Kravitz (née Gruber) (Alice Pearce, Sandra Gould after Pearce's death) is Samantha and Darrin's nosy neighbor who lives across the street. She often witnesses incidents of witchcraft, but never can convince her husband Abner of what she saw. The Alice Pearce version of Gladys Kravitz was nosy and confused, but generally good-hearted and was often friends with the Stephenses. The Sandra Gould version was more mean-spirited and very much an antagonist to the Stephenses. Despite being a secondary character, the name "Gladys Kravitz" has gained wide societal use as a synonym for an annoying busybody. Abner Kravitz Abner Kravitz (George Tobias) is Gladys's retired husband. He doesn't believe the stories his wife tells about Samantha being a witch. By the time she gets him to come to the window to see some magic she has just witnessed, it is all over. His sister, Harriet (Mary Grace Canfield), stayed with him once while Gladys was out of town (around the time Alice Pearce died). Harriet also witnessed some behavior that caused her to share her sister-in-law's opinion of their neighbors. Abner again disagreed just as he always did with his wife. The Kravitzes did not appear in the final season (Season 8), but they were referenced. Aunt Clara Marion Lorne played much-loved Aunt Clara Aunt Clara (Marion Lorne) is the only one of Samantha's relatives who had a truly good relationship with Darrin. She is Samantha's bumbling, elderly, and absent-minded but lovable aunt. The well-meaning Aunt Clara's spells usually backfire, and her entrances and exits are often a grand fumble, such as entering via a chimney or colliding with a wall. She has a collection of over 3,000 doorknobs (inspired by Lorne's real-life collection). Rather than recast the role after Marion Lorne died at the end of the fourth season, she was replaced in season six with Samantha's bumbling new housekeeper Esmeralda. Tabitha Stephens Tabitha Stephens (Erin Murphy) (spelled Tabatha in production credits until season 5) is the older child of Samantha and Darrin. She is born in season 2. She has supernatural powers. Tabitha Stephens' birth in the season 2 episode "And Then There Were Three" featured infant Cynthia Black in the role. For the remainder of the season, Tabitha was played by twins Heidi and Laura Gentry, followed by twins Tamar and Julie Young. Fraternal twin toddlers Diane Murphy and Erin Murphy were cast for the role at the beginning of season 3. In time, they began to look less alike, so Diane was dropped during season 4. Diane made several guest appearances in other roles, and filled in as Tabitha one last time in season 5's "Samantha Fights City Hall", because Erin had the mumps. The character was the focus of a spin-off series, Tabitha, initially played by Liberty Williams in the 1976 pilot and by Lisa Hartman in the short-lived 1977 series. Despite airing only five years after the end of the original series, and being set in the 1970s as were the final seasons of Bewitched, Tabitha is depicted as a 20-something college graduate in the spin-off. Adam Stephens Adam Stephens (David Lawrence) is the younger child of Samantha and Darrin. Just like his mother and older sister, he has supernatural powers. In the Tabitha TV show pilot, he is played by Bruce Kimmel and he also possessed warlock powers and a mischievous nature, but in the series itself, he was played by David Ankrum, and was often the disapproving mortal figure of the family, much like their father, Darrin was. Despite his entreaties to his sister to not use her powers, and his dismay when their Aunt Minerva (Karen Morrow) encouraged her to use them, he really does love his sister very much. A continuity error switched the birth order of Tabitha and Adam (in Bewitched, Tabitha is older and Adam is younger; in Tabitha, Adam is older and Tabitha is younger). Serena Serena (Elizabeth Montgomery) is Samantha's cousin on Maurice's side. Serena is egocentric and looks like Samantha (except for a tattoo under her left eye. The tattoo changes from one episode to another, often referencing the theme of the episode). Also played by Montgomery, Serena is credited as "Pandora Spocks" (a spin on the phrase "Pandora's box") in many of her appearances from 1969 to 1971. Serena is first seen in episode, #54, "And Then There Were Three". Serena is the antithesis of Samantha, in most episodes sporting a beauty mark on her cheek, raven-black cropped hair and mod mini-skirts. Ever mischievous, irresponsible, and somewhat bawdy, Serena often flirts with Larry Tate (calling the white-haired Tate "Cotton-Top") just for sport. She occasionally dates mortals, and has been known to flirt with Darrin, while pretending to be Samantha. Despite her conduct and frequent co-plotting with Endora, Serena has been known to assist Samantha and Darrin, although she finds them "both a bit square". Uncle Arthur Samantha and Uncle Arthur in the 1968 episode "No Harm Charm" Uncle Arthur (Paul Lynde), Endora's prank-loving, joke & pun telling brother, makes several appearances. Despite many practical jokes at Darrin's expense, Uncle Arthur has a less antagonistic relationship with him than Endora does. In one episode, both Serena and Uncle Arthur go head-to-head with the Witches Council to support the Stephenses' union, only to have their own powers suspended. Samantha is clearly very fond of her uncle, and vice versa. Dr. Bombay Dr. Bombay (Bernard Fox) is a witch doctor and womanizer, almost always accompanied by a buxom assistant in a nurse's outfit. He constantly cracks stale jokes. A strange occurrence or condition caused by a supernatural illness is occasionally used as a plot device, and his assistance is often sought. He could be summoned by the phrase: "Calling Dr. Bombay, calling Dr. Bombay. Emergency, come right away." His first name, Hubert, was revealed in the final episode of the spinoff series Tabitha where he marries his mortal nurse. Esmeralda Esmeralda (Alice Ghostley) is the Stephenses' anxiety-ridden and magically inept "Yoo-Hoo" maid. She is prone to uncontrolled bursts of magic (especially when she sneezes) and becomes invisible when she's nervous. Like Clara, her magic is unpredictable but, because her powers are weak, the manifestations usually fade away in time. Esmeralda was introduced in 1969 after Lorne's death. Ghostley stated that she did not consider her character as a replacement for Clara. Phyllis Stephens Phyllis Stephens (Mabel Albertson) is Darrin's straight-laced mother who visits occasionally but never learns of Samantha's supernatural powers. Phyllis makes inopportune surprise visits (which often cause Samantha to use magic to clean up the house quickly). Phyllis often becomes discombobulated and complains of "a sick headache" after accidentally witnessing something inexplicable. She and Endora do not get along, as Endora often displays contempt for her mortal counterpart. Phyllis also once thought her husband was having an affair with Endora, which did not help relations between the two. They are civil to one another in what Samantha refers to as "killing each other with kindness". Frank Stephens Frank Stephens (Robert F. Simon, Roy Roberts) is Darrin's laid-back father. He loves musicals and operas and once, during the first season, he and Endora go together to a musical, from which he doesn't come back that night. He and his wife, Phyllis, get near to a divorce, until Samantha and Endora use their magic to bring them back together. Maurice Maurice (Maurice Evans) is Samantha's father, an urbane thespian, and the only warlock in the House of Lords. Insisting that his name is pronounced "Maw-REESE", he bristles with indignation at hearing it pronounced "Morris" (whereas actor Maurice Evans' real attitude was the exact opposite). He often embellishes his entrances and exits with strained Shakespearean verse. Bewitched is unique for pre-1970s sitcoms in that it portrays Endora and Maurice in, as Maurice describes to his private secretary, "an informal marriage". Maurice once introduces Endora as "her (Samantha's) mother", and Endora twice threatens, if she doesn't get what she wants, to "move back in" with Maurice, a prospect that terrifies him. In the episode "Samantha's Good News", Endora threatens to file for an "ectoplasmic interlocutory" (i.e. "divorce"), only to wrangle Maurice's affection. He is also a member of the Warlock's Club in London. Maurice refers to Darrin with incorrect names (like Endora), including "Duncan" and "Dustbin", with Endora going so far as to "correct" him, saying "that's Durwood". Once in the series he kisses Endora, and after takes her to "the little place, we used to go to on the Milky Way" (episode: "A Plague on Maurice and Samantha"). Like Endora, he dotes on his grandchildren, Tabitha and Adam, who call him "Grandpapa". Aunt Enchantra, Aunt Hagatha, Aunt Grimalda and other family members Apart from those members of Samantha's family who made up some of the supporting characters on the show (parents Endora and Maurice, Aunt Clara, Cousin Serena and Uncle Arthur), the vast majority of the members of her extended family (Cousin Panda, Cousin Lucretia, Great-Uncle Lorenzo, et al.) were mentioned in passing or in cursory lists of relatives rather than actually appearing on the show. Aunt Hagatha was frequently mentioned as a back-up babysitter for Tabitha when Endora or Aunt Clara were not available, whereas Enchantra was mentioned now and again when Samantha rattled off a litany of other witch-relatives. Aunt Hagatha and Aunt Enchantra, seemingly maternal aunts (or possibly great-aunts) given their familiar interactions with Endora and more formal ones with Maurice, made a limited number of actual appearances on the show. Hagatha made several solo appearances (as a baby-sitter), but often appeared along with Enchantra, the two of them and Endora making up a coven to conduct official witch business including putting Aunt Clara on trial for her foul-ups and declining abilities and testing Tabitha's magical potential. The two aunts arrived in a supernatural, antique car called “Macbeth” that passed through walls into the Stephenses’ living room (sometimes driven by Rasputin, other times operating without a chauffeur). Hagatha, viewers learned in the episode regarding Tabitha, ran a school for the training of young witches, a school that Samantha attended as a girl. When Adam's powers were tested by Hagatha, Enchantra was absent and, instead, she arrived with Grimalda, presumably another maternal aunt or great-aunt. Like many minor characters on the show, Hagatha and Enchantra were portrayed by different actresses over the course of the series. Enchantra was played by three women (Estelle Winwood, Ottola Nesmith and Diana Chesney), whereas six women had the role of Hagatha (Reta Shaw, Nancy Andrews, Doreen McLean, Kay Elliot, Diana Chesney, and Ysabel MacCloskey. Note that Diana Chesney played both Hagatha and Enchantra in different episodes. Shaw also appeared as Bertha, inconsistently portrayed as yet another aunt or, perhaps, a long-time family friend). Actress Maryesther Denver was Aunt Grimalda for the character's single appearance. Apothecary A witches' apothecary named Postlethwaite (“Postlethwaite‘s Potent Potions”) (Bernie Kopell) is an amorous old warlock from whom help for supernatural illnesses is occasionally sought. He appears in four episodes. Betty Betty, the secretary at McMann and Tate, was played by various actresses, including Jill Foster (ten appearances) and Marcia Wallace. Sheila Sommers Sheila Sommers (Nancy Kovack) is Darrin's wealthy former fiancée and Samantha's nemesis. She appeared three times in the series: in the pilot episode ("I, Darrin, Take This Witch, Samantha"), and in "Snob in the Grass", where she tries to seduce Darrin, only to be publicly humiliated by Samantha's witchcraft. She also appeared in the 1968 episode "If They Never Met". Nancy Kovack also appears as the character Clio Vanita, Darrin's beautiful and flirtatious female client from Italy in the two-part episode "Cousin Serena Strikes Again". Howard McMann Howard McMann (Roland Winters, Leon Ames) is Larry Tate's business partner, and appears only twice during the series, in "Man of the Year" and "What Makes Darrin Run". Charlie Leach Charlie Leach (Robert Strauss) is a conniving private investigator who attempts to blackmail Samantha, with disastrous results, in "Follow that Witch" and "Catnapped". In the former episode, he was working for a client of Darrin's who was considering hiring the advertising firm. In the latter episode, he caught Samantha using her powers. The Leaches were the reverse of the Kravitzes with Charlie convinced that Samantha was a witch, while his wife, Charmaine (Virginia Martin) was convinced that her husband was crazy. However, unlike the Kravitzes, Charlie used blackmail to get Samantha to give him what he wants, but it always backfired when Samantha used her powers to defeat him. After "Catnapped", despite Charlie's vow to return, he and Charmaine were never seen or spoken of again. Other historical and fictional characters Thanks to witchcraft, a number of interesting characters were seen, including Benjamin Franklin, Franklin Pierce, George and Martha Washington, Paul Revere, Sigmund Freud, Julius Caesar, Queen Victoria and Prince Albert, Leonardo da Vinci, Napoleon, King Henry VIII, Cleopatra, Bonanno Pisano, Santa Claus, Jack of Jack and the Beanstalk, Mother Goose, The Artful Dodger, Hansel and Gretel, The Tooth Fairy, the Loch Ness Monster, a leprechaun, Prince Charming, Sleeping Beauty, Willie Mays (playing himself), and Boyce and Hart (playing themselves), Wood Nymph References ^ ""Bewitched" Adam, Warlock or Washout (TV Episode 1971) - Plot". IMDb. 21 May 2023. Retrieved 21 May 2023. ^ Episode, "Just One Happy Family," 1964 ^ "Sargent Replaces Bewitched Costar". Los Angeles Times. January 31, 1969. p. G14. ^ "Nicknames". Bewitched @ Harpies Bizarre. Retrieved May 25, 2009. ^ "Interview with Kasey Rogers and Mark Wood - Bewitched @ Harpies Bizarre". ^ Episode 5.20, "Mrs. Stephens, Where Are You?" Aired 1969-02-13. ^ "Serena's Style - Bewitched @ Harpies Bizarre". harpiesbizarre.com. Retrieved 18 January 2015. ^ Eisner, Joel The Official Batman Batbook Contemporary Books, Inc. 1986 ISBN 0-8092-5035-7 quoting Alan Napier ^ Lance, Steven (1996). Written Out of Television: A TV Lover's Guide to Cast Changes, 1945–1994. Madison Books. p. 63. ISBN 1-56833-071-5. vteBewitchedEpisodes "I, Darrin, Take This Witch, Samantha" "Sisters at Heart" Other media Tabitha 2005 film Related Characters	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Agnes_Moorehead_Dick_York_Elizabeth_Montgomery_Bewitched_1964.JPG"},{"link_name":"Agnes Moorehead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnes_Moorehead"},{"link_name":"Dick York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_York"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Montgomery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Montgomery"},{"link_name":"Bewitched","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bewitched"},{"link_name":"fantasy television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantasy_television"},{"link_name":"sitcom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitcom"}],"text":"Agnes Moorehead as Endora, Dick York as Darrin Stephens and Elizabeth Montgomery as SamanthaThis is a list of characters in Bewitched, an American fantasy television sitcom which aired from 1964 to 1972.","title":"List of Bewitched characters"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Main","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"}],"sub_title":"Recurring","text":"Cast notes:^ The two sets of twins and one non-twin who portrayed Tabitha in season 2 were not credited onscreen.\n\n^ While both twins appeared as Tabitha in seasons 3 and 4, only Erin Murphy was credited onscreen. Diane Murphy appeared in one solo episode in season 5 in which she received onscreen credit, which was her last appearance as Tabitha.","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Main characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Elizabeth Montgomery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Montgomery"},{"link_name":"good witch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_witch"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dick_Sargent_headshot.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Samantha Stephens","text":"Samantha Stephens (Elizabeth Montgomery) is a good witch and the show's protagonist. She is married to a mortal named Darrin Stephens and has two children by him. The daughter, Tabitha is magical. The son, Adam, is magical as well, as demonstrated in \"Adam, Warlock or Washout\" (Season 8, Episode 14)[1] Samantha often has difficulty adjusting to mortal life, even though she is trying to give up using her powers. She is perhaps the most sensible character in the show; she enjoys her mother's company and is able to take her jabs at mortal life with ease. She is optimistic and treats everyone with respect, be they magical creatures, powerful witches and warlocks, or ordinary people.Dick Sargent was the second actor to portray Darrin Stephens, Samantha's long suffering husband","title":"Main characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Dick York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_York"},{"link_name":"Dick Sargent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Sargent"},{"link_name":"They Came to Cordura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/They_Came_to_Cordura"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Darrin Stephens","text":"Darrin Stephens, son of Frank and Phyllis Stephens,[2] (originally Dick York, seasons 1–5; later Dick Sargent, seasons 6–8) is a mortal married to Samantha. He did not know she was a witch until she told him after they got married, and tries to dissuade her from using witchcraft as much as possible, preferring to live an ordinary, mortal life. He works as a Vice President/Account Executive at the McMann & Tate Advertising agency. Dick York was unable to continue his role as Darrin because of a severe back condition, the result of an accident during the filming of They Came to Cordura in 1959. Starting during the third season, York's disability caused ongoing shooting delays and script rewrites. After collapsing while filming the episode \"Daddy Does His Thing\" and being rushed to the hospital in January 1969, York left the show. Dick Sargent was cast for the role that same month,[3] and went on to play Darrin in the sixth through eighth seasons.","title":"Main characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Agnes_Moorehead_Bewitched_1969.JPG"},{"link_name":"Agnes Moorehead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnes_Moorehead"},{"link_name":"Witch of Endor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witch_of_Endor"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Endora","text":"Agnes Moorehead as EndoraEndora (Agnes Moorehead) is Samantha's mother and Darrin's chief antagonist in the series. Like all witches, she never reveals her surname, indicating to Darrin that he would be unable to pronounce it. However the name she uses might be related to the Biblical Witch of Endor. Endora finds mortals dull and disapproves of Darrin, as do many of Samantha's relatives. Endora refuses even to speak Darrin's name correctly, alternately calling him \"Derwood\", \"What's-his-name\", \"Darwin\", \"Dum-Dum\", etc., all much to his annoyance. She refers to him as \"Darrin\" only eight times during the entire series.[4] Endora's ploys to provoke a breakup always fail, as Samantha's and Darrin's love overcomes every obstacle. Even though Endora casts countless farcical spells on Darrin, she never attempts to destroy him outright. During the first season, Endora threatens her warlock husband Maurice, after he destroys Darrin, saying that she will not have a human being on her conscience. It was one of the few times when Endora went out of her way to protect Darrin from Maurice (see episode 1–10). Endora once let Maurice kiss her. But when she realizes that, after he has kissed her and disappeared, she has contracted an illness which leaves her unable to use her powers, she is furious—until Maurice returns to gives her an antidote, and take her to \"the place we used to go to on the Milky Way\" to have dinner. As the series continued, Endora and Maurice's hostility to Darrin mellows to a grudging tolerance.She doesn't get along with Darrin's mother, Phyllis Stephens, because she gets along too well with Phyllis' husband, Frank. But they are civil to one another in what Samantha calls \"killing one another with kindness\". Endora does dote on her grandchildren, Tabitha and Adam; they call her \"Grandmama\".Numerous references imply that Endora is hundreds of years old. It is noted at one point (see episode 8–2) that she was \"not even born yet\" in the 16th century, as an explanation for why her witchcraft didn't work when she went back to the time of Henry VIII; however, a few episodes later (see episode 8–6) she states that she was there when the cornerstone was laid at the Louvre 900 years previously. (As witches are capable of time travel, however, this is not necessarily a continuity error.)","title":"Main characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"David White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_White_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Sisters at Heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisters_at_Heart"}],"sub_title":"Larry Tate","text":"Larry Tate (David White) is Darrin's profit-obsessed boss and friend. Tate is a regular character. Tate's opinions turn on a dime to appease a client in an attempt to land a deal. However, there are three episodes that show evidence that Larry has deep feelings as well as having a sense of integrity. In the first season installment, \"And Something Makes Three\", Larry realizes he is to become a father for the first time and is almost overcome with joyful emotion. In the second-season episode, \"The Magic Cabin\", he sells his run-down cabin to a newlywed couple for only the price of its down payment, one fifth of his original asking price, to which they had agreed. In the seventh season Christmas episode \"Sisters at Heart\", Larry turns down work from a potential important client when he realizes the client is a racist.","title":"Main characters"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Supporting characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Irene Vernon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irene_Vernon"},{"link_name":"Kasey Rogers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasey_Rogers"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Louise Tate","text":"Louise Tate (Irene Vernon, and, after Vernon's departure from the show, Kasey Rogers) is Larry's wife and Samantha's closest mortal friend. Louise Tate was played by Irene Vernon during the first two seasons and then replaced by Kasey Rogers, who wore a short black wig to appear similar to Vernon. According to Rogers,[5] \nBill Asher noticed her tugging at the wig and asked why she was wearing it. She laughed and said, \"because you told me to.\" He replied, \"Why don't you take it off?\" and she did, playing Louise with red hair for the show's final three seasons.","title":"Supporting characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alice_Pearce_Gladys_Kravitz_Bewitched_1966.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sandra_Gould_1966.JPG"},{"link_name":"Alice Pearce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Pearce"},{"link_name":"Sandra Gould","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandra_Gould"},{"link_name":"Alice Pearce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Pearce"},{"link_name":"Sandra Gould","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandra_Gould"}],"sub_title":"Gladys Kravitz","text":"Alice Pearce (left) and Sandra Gould (right) as Gladys Kravitz.Gladys Kravitz (née Gruber) (Alice Pearce, Sandra Gould after Pearce's death) is Samantha and Darrin's nosy neighbor who lives across the street. She often witnesses incidents of witchcraft, but never can convince her husband Abner of what she saw. The Alice Pearce version of Gladys Kravitz was nosy and confused, but generally good-hearted and was often friends with the Stephenses. The Sandra Gould version was more mean-spirited and very much an antagonist to the Stephenses.Despite being a secondary character, the name \"Gladys Kravitz\" has gained wide societal use as a synonym for an annoying busybody.","title":"Supporting characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"George Tobias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Tobias"},{"link_name":"Mary Grace Canfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Grace_Canfield"},{"link_name":"Alice Pearce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Pearce"}],"sub_title":"Abner Kravitz","text":"Abner Kravitz (George Tobias) is Gladys's retired husband. He doesn't believe the stories his wife tells about Samantha being a witch. By the time she gets him to come to the window to see some magic she has just witnessed, it is all over. His sister, Harriet (Mary Grace Canfield), stayed with him once while Gladys was out of town (around the time Alice Pearce died). Harriet also witnessed some behavior that caused her to share her sister-in-law's opinion of their neighbors. Abner again disagreed just as he always did with his wife. The Kravitzes did not appear in the final season (Season 8), but they were referenced.","title":"Supporting characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marion_Lorne_Sally_1957.JPG"},{"link_name":"Marion Lorne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marion_Lorne"},{"link_name":"Marion Lorne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marion_Lorne"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Aunt Clara","text":"Marion Lorne played much-loved Aunt ClaraAunt Clara (Marion Lorne) is the only one of Samantha's relatives who had a truly good relationship with Darrin. She is Samantha's bumbling, elderly, and absent-minded but lovable aunt. The well-meaning Aunt Clara's spells usually backfire, and her entrances and exits are often a grand fumble, such as entering via a chimney or colliding with a wall. She has a collection of over 3,000 doorknobs (inspired by Lorne's real-life collection).[citation needed] Rather than recast the role after Marion Lorne died at the end of the fourth season, she was replaced in season six with Samantha's bumbling new housekeeper Esmeralda.","title":"Supporting characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Erin Murphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erin_Murphy"},{"link_name":"Diane Murphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diane_Murphy"},{"link_name":"Erin Murphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erin_Murphy"},{"link_name":"Tabitha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabitha_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Liberty Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_Williams"},{"link_name":"Lisa Hartman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Hartman"}],"sub_title":"Tabitha Stephens","text":"Tabitha Stephens (Erin Murphy) (spelled Tabatha in production credits until season 5) is the older child of Samantha and Darrin. She is born in season 2. She has supernatural powers. Tabitha Stephens' birth in the season 2 episode \"And Then There Were Three\" featured infant Cynthia Black in the role. For the remainder of the season, Tabitha was played by twins Heidi and Laura Gentry, followed by twins Tamar and Julie Young. Fraternal twin toddlers Diane Murphy and Erin Murphy were cast for the role at the beginning of season 3. In time, they began to look less alike, so Diane was dropped during season 4. Diane made several guest appearances in other roles, and filled in as Tabitha one last time in season 5's \"Samantha Fights City Hall\", because Erin had the mumps. The character was the focus of a spin-off series, Tabitha, initially played by Liberty Williams in the 1976 pilot and by Lisa Hartman in the short-lived 1977 series. Despite airing only five years after the end of the original series, and being set in the 1970s as were the final seasons of Bewitched, Tabitha is depicted as a 20-something college graduate in the spin-off.","title":"Supporting characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Karen Morrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Morrow"},{"link_name":"continuity error","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuity_error"}],"sub_title":"Adam Stephens","text":"Adam Stephens (David Lawrence) is the younger child of Samantha and Darrin. Just like his mother and older sister, he has supernatural powers. In the Tabitha TV show pilot, he is played by Bruce Kimmel and he also possessed warlock powers and a mischievous nature, but in the series itself, he was played by David Ankrum, and was often the disapproving mortal figure of the family, much like their father, Darrin was. Despite his entreaties to his sister to not use her powers, and his dismay when their Aunt Minerva (Karen Morrow) encouraged her to use them, he really does love his sister very much. A continuity error switched the birth order of Tabitha and Adam (in Bewitched, Tabitha is older and Adam is younger; in Tabitha, Adam is older and Tabitha is younger).","title":"Supporting characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Pandora's box","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandora%27s_box"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"mini-skirts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miniskirt"},{"link_name":"square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_(slang)"}],"sub_title":"Serena","text":"Serena (Elizabeth Montgomery) is Samantha's cousin on Maurice's side.[6] Serena is egocentric and looks like Samantha (except for a tattoo under her left eye. The tattoo changes from one episode to another, often referencing the theme of the episode). Also played by Montgomery, Serena is credited as \"Pandora Spocks\" (a spin on the phrase \"Pandora's box\") in many of her appearances from 1969 to 1971. Serena is first seen in episode, #54, \"And Then There Were Three\".[7] Serena is the antithesis of Samantha, in most episodes sporting a beauty mark on her cheek, raven-black cropped hair and mod mini-skirts. Ever mischievous, irresponsible, and somewhat bawdy, Serena often flirts with Larry Tate (calling the white-haired Tate \"Cotton-Top\") just for sport. She occasionally dates mortals, and has been known to flirt with Darrin, while pretending to be Samantha. Despite her conduct and frequent co-plotting with Endora, Serena has been known to assist Samantha and Darrin, although she finds them \"both a bit square\".","title":"Supporting characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Uncle_arthur_bewitched_1968.JPG"},{"link_name":"Paul Lynde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Lynde"}],"sub_title":"Uncle Arthur","text":"Samantha and Uncle Arthur in the 1968 episode \"No Harm Charm\"Uncle Arthur (Paul Lynde), Endora's prank-loving, joke & pun telling brother, makes several appearances. Despite many practical jokes at Darrin's expense, Uncle Arthur has a less antagonistic relationship with him than Endora does. In one episode, both Serena and Uncle Arthur go head-to-head with the Witches Council to support the Stephenses' union, only to have their own powers suspended. Samantha is clearly very fond of her uncle, and vice versa.","title":"Supporting characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bernard Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Fox_(actor)"},{"link_name":"witch doctor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witch_doctor"}],"sub_title":"Dr. Bombay","text":"Dr. Bombay (Bernard Fox) is a witch doctor and womanizer, almost always accompanied by a buxom assistant in a nurse's outfit. He constantly cracks stale jokes. A strange occurrence or condition caused by a supernatural illness is occasionally used as a plot device, and his assistance is often sought. He could be summoned by the phrase: \"Calling Dr. Bombay, calling Dr. Bombay. Emergency, come right away.\" His first name, Hubert, was revealed in the final episode of the spinoff series Tabitha where he marries his mortal nurse.","title":"Supporting characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alice Ghostley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Ghostley"}],"sub_title":"Esmeralda","text":"Esmeralda (Alice Ghostley) is the Stephenses' anxiety-ridden and magically inept \"Yoo-Hoo\" maid. She is prone to uncontrolled bursts of magic (especially when she sneezes) and becomes invisible when she's nervous. Like Clara, her magic is unpredictable but, because her powers are weak, the manifestations usually fade away in time. Esmeralda was introduced in 1969 after Lorne's death. Ghostley stated that she did not consider her character as a replacement for Clara.","title":"Supporting characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mabel Albertson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mabel_Albertson"},{"link_name":"a sick headache","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migraine"}],"sub_title":"Phyllis Stephens","text":"Phyllis Stephens (Mabel Albertson) is Darrin's straight-laced mother who visits occasionally but never learns of Samantha's supernatural powers. Phyllis makes inopportune surprise visits (which often cause Samantha to use magic to clean up the house quickly). Phyllis often becomes discombobulated and complains of \"a sick headache\" after accidentally witnessing something inexplicable. She and Endora do not get along, as Endora often displays contempt for her mortal counterpart. Phyllis also once thought her husband was having an affair with Endora, which did not help relations between the two. They are civil to one another in what Samantha refers to as \"killing each other with kindness\".","title":"Supporting characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robert F. Simon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_F._Simon"},{"link_name":"Roy Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Roberts"}],"sub_title":"Frank Stephens","text":"Frank Stephens (Robert F. Simon, Roy Roberts) is Darrin's laid-back father. He loves musicals and operas and once, during the first season, he and Endora go together to a musical, from which he doesn't come back that night. He and his wife, Phyllis, get near to a divorce, until Samantha and Endora use their magic to bring them back together.","title":"Supporting characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Maurice Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Evans_(actor)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Maurice","text":"Maurice (Maurice Evans) is Samantha's father, an urbane thespian, and the only warlock in the House of Lords. Insisting that his name is pronounced \"Maw-REESE\", he bristles with indignation at hearing it pronounced \"Morris\" (whereas actor Maurice Evans' real attitude was the exact opposite).[8] He often embellishes his entrances and exits with strained Shakespearean verse. Bewitched is unique for pre-1970s sitcoms in that it portrays Endora and Maurice in, as Maurice describes to his private secretary, \"an informal marriage\". Maurice once introduces Endora as \"her (Samantha's) mother\", and Endora twice threatens, if she doesn't get what she wants, to \"move back in\" with Maurice, a prospect that terrifies him. In the episode \"Samantha's Good News\", Endora threatens to file for an \"ectoplasmic interlocutory\" (i.e. \"divorce\"), only to wrangle Maurice's affection. He is also a member of the Warlock's Club in London. Maurice refers to Darrin with incorrect names (like Endora), including \"Duncan\" and \"Dustbin\", with Endora going so far as to \"correct\" him, saying \"that's Durwood\". Once in the series he kisses Endora, and after takes her to \"the little place, we used to go to on the Milky Way\" (episode: \"A Plague on Maurice and Samantha\"). Like Endora, he dotes on his grandchildren, Tabitha and Adam, who call him \"Grandpapa\".","title":"Supporting characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Estelle Winwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estelle_Winwood"},{"link_name":"Ottola Nesmith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottola_Nesmith"},{"link_name":"Reta Shaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reta_Shaw"},{"link_name":"Nancy Andrews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Andrews_(actress)"},{"link_name":"Ysabel MacCloskey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ysabel_MacCloskey"}],"sub_title":"Aunt Enchantra, Aunt Hagatha, Aunt Grimalda and other family members","text":"Apart from those members of Samantha's family who made up some of the supporting characters on the show (parents Endora and Maurice, Aunt Clara, Cousin Serena and Uncle Arthur), the vast majority of the members of her extended family (Cousin Panda, Cousin Lucretia, Great-Uncle Lorenzo, et al.) were mentioned in passing or in cursory lists of relatives rather than actually appearing on the show. Aunt Hagatha was frequently mentioned as a back-up babysitter for Tabitha when Endora or Aunt Clara were not available, whereas Enchantra was mentioned now and again when Samantha rattled off a litany of other witch-relatives. Aunt Hagatha and Aunt Enchantra, seemingly maternal aunts (or possibly great-aunts) given their familiar interactions with Endora and more formal ones with Maurice, made a limited number of actual appearances on the show. Hagatha made several solo appearances (as a baby-sitter), but often appeared along with Enchantra, the two of them and Endora making up a coven to conduct official witch business including putting Aunt Clara on trial for her foul-ups and declining abilities and testing Tabitha's magical potential. The two aunts arrived in a supernatural, antique car called “Macbeth” that passed through walls into the Stephenses’ living room (sometimes driven by Rasputin, other times operating without a chauffeur). Hagatha, viewers learned in the episode regarding Tabitha, ran a school for the training of young witches, a school that Samantha attended as a girl. When Adam's powers were tested by Hagatha, Enchantra was absent and, instead, she arrived with Grimalda, presumably another maternal aunt or great-aunt. Like many minor characters on the show, Hagatha and Enchantra were portrayed by different actresses over the course of the series. Enchantra was played by three women (Estelle Winwood, Ottola Nesmith and Diana Chesney), whereas six women had the role of Hagatha (Reta Shaw, Nancy Andrews, Doreen McLean, Kay Elliot, Diana Chesney, and Ysabel MacCloskey. Note that Diana Chesney played both Hagatha and Enchantra in different episodes. Shaw also appeared as Bertha, inconsistently portrayed as yet another aunt or, perhaps, a long-time family friend). Actress Maryesther Denver was Aunt Grimalda for the character's single appearance.","title":"Supporting characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bernie Kopell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Kopell"}],"sub_title":"Apothecary","text":"A witches' apothecary named Postlethwaite (“Postlethwaite‘s Potent Potions”) (Bernie Kopell) is an amorous old warlock from whom help for supernatural illnesses is occasionally sought. He appears in four episodes.","title":"Supporting characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marcia Wallace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcia_Wallace"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Written_Out-11"}],"sub_title":"Betty","text":"Betty, the secretary at McMann and Tate, was played by various actresses, including Jill Foster (ten appearances) and Marcia Wallace.[9]","title":"Supporting characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nancy Kovack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Kovack"}],"sub_title":"Sheila Sommers","text":"Sheila Sommers (Nancy Kovack) is Darrin's wealthy former fiancée and Samantha's nemesis. She appeared three times in the series: in the pilot episode (\"I, Darrin, Take This Witch, Samantha\"), and in \"Snob in the Grass\", where she tries to seduce Darrin, only to be publicly humiliated by Samantha's witchcraft. She also appeared in the 1968 episode \"If They Never Met\".\nNancy Kovack also appears as the character Clio Vanita, Darrin's beautiful and flirtatious female client from Italy in the two-part episode \"Cousin Serena Strikes Again\".","title":"Supporting characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roland Winters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_Winters"},{"link_name":"Leon Ames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Ames_(actor)"}],"sub_title":"Howard McMann","text":"Howard McMann (Roland Winters, Leon Ames) is Larry Tate's business partner, and appears only twice during the series, in \"Man of the Year\" and \"What Makes Darrin Run\".","title":"Supporting characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robert Strauss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Strauss_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Virginia Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Martin"}],"sub_title":"Charlie Leach","text":"Charlie Leach (Robert Strauss) is a conniving private investigator who attempts to blackmail Samantha, with disastrous results, in \"Follow that Witch\" and \"Catnapped\". In the former episode, he was working for a client of Darrin's who was considering hiring the advertising firm. In the latter episode, he caught Samantha using her powers. The Leaches were the reverse of the Kravitzes with Charlie convinced that Samantha was a witch, while his wife, Charmaine (Virginia Martin) was convinced that her husband was crazy. However, unlike the Kravitzes, Charlie used blackmail to get Samantha to give him what he wants, but it always backfired when Samantha used her powers to defeat him. After \"Catnapped\", despite Charlie's vow to return, he and Charmaine were never seen or spoken of again.","title":"Supporting characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Benjamin Franklin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin"},{"link_name":"Franklin Pierce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Pierce"},{"link_name":"George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington"},{"link_name":"Martha Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_Washington"},{"link_name":"Paul Revere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Revere"},{"link_name":"Sigmund Freud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud"},{"link_name":"Julius Caesar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Caesar"},{"link_name":"Queen Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Prince Albert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert,_Prince_Consort"},{"link_name":"Leonardo da Vinci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci"},{"link_name":"Napoleon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon"},{"link_name":"King Henry VIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England"},{"link_name":"Cleopatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleopatra"},{"link_name":"Bonanno Pisano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonanno_Pisano"},{"link_name":"Santa Claus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Claus"},{"link_name":"Jack and the Beanstalk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_and_the_Beanstalk"},{"link_name":"Mother Goose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother_Goose"},{"link_name":"The Artful Dodger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Artful_Dodger"},{"link_name":"Hansel and Gretel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hansel_and_Gretel"},{"link_name":"Tooth Fairy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tooth_Fairy"},{"link_name":"Loch Ness Monster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loch_Ness_Monster"},{"link_name":"leprechaun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leprechaun"},{"link_name":"Prince Charming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Charming"},{"link_name":"Sleeping Beauty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleeping_Beauty"},{"link_name":"Willie Mays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie_Mays"},{"link_name":"Boyce and Hart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyce_and_Hart"}],"sub_title":"Other historical and fictional characters","text":"Thanks to witchcraft, a number of interesting characters were seen, including Benjamin Franklin, Franklin Pierce, George and Martha Washington, Paul Revere, Sigmund Freud, Julius Caesar, Queen Victoria and Prince Albert, Leonardo da Vinci, Napoleon, King Henry VIII, Cleopatra, Bonanno Pisano, Santa Claus, Jack of Jack and the Beanstalk, Mother Goose, The Artful Dodger, Hansel and Gretel, The Tooth Fairy, the Loch Ness Monster, a leprechaun, Prince Charming, Sleeping Beauty, Willie Mays (playing himself), and Boyce and Hart (playing themselves), Wood Nymph","title":"Supporting characters"}]	[{"image_text":"Agnes Moorehead as Endora, Dick York as Darrin Stephens and Elizabeth Montgomery as Samantha","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Agnes_Moorehead_Dick_York_Elizabeth_Montgomery_Bewitched_1964.JPG/170px-Agnes_Moorehead_Dick_York_Elizabeth_Montgomery_Bewitched_1964.JPG"},{"image_text":"Dick Sargent was the second actor to portray Darrin Stephens, Samantha's long suffering husband","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Dick_Sargent_headshot.jpg/170px-Dick_Sargent_headshot.jpg"},{"image_text":"Agnes Moorehead as Endora","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Agnes_Moorehead_Bewitched_1969.JPG/190px-Agnes_Moorehead_Bewitched_1969.JPG"},{"image_text":"Marion Lorne played much-loved Aunt Clara","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Marion_Lorne_Sally_1957.JPG/170px-Marion_Lorne_Sally_1957.JPG"},{"image_text":"Samantha and Uncle Arthur in the 1968 episode \"No Harm Charm\"","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Uncle_arthur_bewitched_1968.JPG/190px-Uncle_arthur_bewitched_1968.JPG"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"\"Bewitched\" Adam, Warlock or Washout (TV Episode 1971) - Plot\". IMDb. 21 May 2023. Retrieved 21 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0523049/plotsummary/","url_text":"\"\"Bewitched\" Adam, Warlock or Washout (TV Episode 1971) - Plot\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sargent Replaces Bewitched Costar\". Los Angeles Times. January 31, 1969. p. G14.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Nicknames\". Bewitched @ Harpies Bizarre. Retrieved May 25, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.harpiesbizarre.com/nickname.htm","url_text":"\"Nicknames\""}]},{"reference":"\"Interview with Kasey Rogers and Mark Wood - Bewitched @ Harpies Bizarre\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.harpiesbizarre.com/interviewmarkasey.htm","url_text":"\"Interview with Kasey Rogers and Mark Wood - Bewitched @ Harpies Bizarre\""}]},{"reference":"\"Serena's Style - Bewitched @ Harpies Bizarre\". harpiesbizarre.com. Retrieved 18 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.harpiesbizarre.com/serenasstyle.htm","url_text":"\"Serena's Style - Bewitched @ Harpies Bizarre\""}]},{"reference":"Lance, Steven (1996). Written Out of Television: A TV Lover's Guide to Cast Changes, 1945–1994. Madison Books. p. 63. ISBN 1-56833-071-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56833-071-5","url_text":"1-56833-071-5"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22List+of+Bewitched+characters%22","external_links_name":"\"List of Bewitched characters\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22List+of+Bewitched+characters%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22List+of+Bewitched+characters%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22List+of+Bewitched+characters%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22List+of+Bewitched+characters%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22List+of+Bewitched+characters%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0523049/plotsummary/","external_links_name":"\"\"Bewitched\" Adam, Warlock or Washout (TV Episode 1971) - Plot\""},{"Link":"http://www.harpiesbizarre.com/nickname.htm","external_links_name":"\"Nicknames\""},{"Link":"http://www.harpiesbizarre.com/interviewmarkasey.htm","external_links_name":"\"Interview with Kasey Rogers and Mark Wood - Bewitched @ Harpies Bizarre\""},{"Link":"http://www.harpiesbizarre.com/serenasstyle.htm","external_links_name":"\"Serena's Style - Bewitched @ Harpies Bizarre\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_Alberti	Johann Friedrich Alberti	["1 List of selected works","2 External links"]	German composer and organist Johann Friedrich Alberti (11 January 1642 – 14 June 1710) was a German composer and organist. Alberti was born in Tönning, Schleswig. He received his musical training in Leipzig from Werner Fabricius and in Dresden from Vincenzo Albrici. Then he worked as an organist in Merseburg cathedral until his departure in 1698 caused by the paralysis of his right hand because of a stroke. His pupil Georg Friedrich Kauffmann succeeded him as a princely Saxon townsman and cathedral organist at the court of the Saxon duke and Merseburg Cathedral. Alberti's works include chorale preludes, 35 choral arrangements, 12 ricercati (lost) and various sacred works. He died, aged 68, in Merseburg, Saxony-Anhalt. List of selected works Gelobet seist du Herzlich lieb hab ich dich, o Herr, on Schalling's hymn O lux beata Trinitas or Der du bist drei in Einigkeit Te Deum External links German Wikisource has original text related to this article: ADB:Alberti, Johann Friedrich Sound carrier of Johann Friedrich Alberti in the German National Library catalogue Biography at bach-cantatas.com Free scores by Johann Friedrich Alberti at the International Music Score Library Project (IMSLP) Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Spain France BnF data Germany United States Latvia Czech Republic Netherlands Poland Artists MusicBrainz People Deutsche Biographie Other RISM SNAC IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tönning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B6nning"},{"link_name":"Schleswig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schleswig"},{"link_name":"Leipzig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig"},{"link_name":"Werner Fabricius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Fabricius"},{"link_name":"Dresden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresden"},{"link_name":"Vincenzo Albrici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincenzo_Albrici"},{"link_name":"stroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroke"},{"link_name":"Georg Friedrich Kauffmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Friedrich_Kauffmann"},{"link_name":"Merseburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merseburg"},{"link_name":"Saxony-Anhalt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxony-Anhalt"}],"text":"Johann Friedrich Alberti (11 January 1642 – 14 June 1710) was a German composer and organist.Alberti was born in Tönning, Schleswig. He received his musical training in Leipzig from Werner Fabricius and in Dresden from Vincenzo Albrici. Then he worked as an organist in Merseburg cathedral until his departure in 1698 caused by the paralysis of his right hand because of a stroke. His pupil Georg Friedrich Kauffmann succeeded him as a princely Saxon townsman and cathedral organist at the court of the Saxon duke and Merseburg Cathedral.Alberti's works include chorale preludes, 35 choral arrangements, 12 ricercati (lost) and various sacred works. He died, aged 68, in Merseburg, Saxony-Anhalt.","title":"Johann Friedrich Alberti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Schalling's hymn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herzlich_lieb_hab_ich_dich,_o_Herr"}],"text":"Gelobet seist du\nHerzlich lieb hab ich dich, o Herr, on Schalling's hymn\nO lux beata Trinitas or Der du bist drei in Einigkeit\nTe Deum","title":"List of selected works"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://portal.dnb.de/opac.htm?method=simpleSearch&cqlMode=true&query=idn%3D102509654","external_links_name":"Sound carrier of Johann Friedrich Alberti"},{"Link":"http://www.bach-cantatas.com/Lib/Alberti-Johann-Friedrich.htm","external_links_name":"Biography at bach-cantatas.com"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000081518901","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/71660015","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJj4vBh4HHP6Qmxy9hQjG3","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX5637088","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb148284116","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb148284116","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/102509654","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n97016871","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000046412&P_CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Latvia"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0048967&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p148309372","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810549981805606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/28f53e29-5c3a-4a4a-8de7-8259d13408b2","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd102509654.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://rism.online/people/30017932","external_links_name":"RISM"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w61r721n","external_links_name":"SNAC"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/252679997","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_A._and_Ada_Green_House	Bitar Mansion	["1 Features","2 History","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]	Coordinates: 45°31′18″N 122°37′45″W / 45.5218°N 122.6293°W / 45.5218; -122.6293Historic building in Portland, Oregon, U.S. Bitar MansionThe house in 2011Former namesHarry A. Green House, Harry A. and Ada Green HouseGeneral informationTypeHouseArchitectural styleByzantine-Romanesque, Mediterranean RevivalLocationPortland, Oregon, U.S.Coordinates45°31′18″N 122°37′45″W / 45.5218°N 122.6293°W / 45.5218; -122.6293Construction started1927Technical detailsFloor areac. 12,000 sq ft (1,100 m2)Design and constructionArchitect(s)Herman BrookmanOther informationNumber of rooms17 Harry A. and Ada Green HouseU.S. National Register of Historic Places Location3316 SE Ankeny StreetPortland, OregonNRHP reference No.13000805Added to NRHPSeptember 30, 2013 Bitar Mansion, also known as Harry A. Green House or the Harry A. and Ada Green House, is a mansion in the Laurelhurst neighborhood of Portland, Oregon, United States. The 12,000-square-foot (1,100 m2) and 17-room structure was designed by architect Herman Brookman and built in 1927 for $410,000, equivalent to $7.19 million today. The Mediterranean-style house contains a grand ballroom and many elaborate details. The mansion has views of the Tualatin Mountains and adjacent Laurelhurst Park. Robert and Mable Bitar purchased the house in 1951. Robert later became an honorary consul to Lebanon and lived in the mansion until his death in 2000. The house went on the real estate market for the first time in 55 years in 2006 and was purchased in December 2006 for $1.825 million. As of 2011, the house remains the most expensive home sold in southeast Portland. The house was put on the market again and is up for auction in August 2011. Features The Mediterranean-style mansion is on a property "the equivalent of seven standard city lots" adjacent to Laurelhurst Park and offers views of the Tualatin Mountains. The house contains a round tower, multiple chimneys, a red-tiled roof, bronzed iron gates, and Art Deco accents with a peacock motif. A bell-cast entrance tower, which contains a curved stairway and a vestibule, anchors "sweeping and curved low-pitched roofs". Next to the tower is the living room's fireplace chimney. To the right of the entrance hall is the formal living room that opens to the parterre overlooking Laurelhurst Park. To the entrance hall's left is the dining room, followed by a curved wing housing the kitchen, service areas and garages. The interior features a marble-floored ballroom, heated pool, servants wing, and elaborate woodwork, tile, metalwork and sculpture. Surrounding the French doors leading outside from the entrance hall are columns supporting paired peacocks cast in stone. The house plan is influenced by English Arts and Crafts tradition. Italian influences are evidenced by the garden parterre in the backyard as well as the "medieval style" columns and arches at the breakfast room windows. Decorative embellishments along the main garden door suggest Art Deco and Spanish Plasteresque styles. Stuccoed walls, tiled roofs and metal-framed windows showcase Mediterranean style. The windows are three-paned vertically within each casement; feature windows have columns supporting Moorish-arched openings. The living and dining rooms contain large bay windows. Outside, an arcade leads to the swimming pool, where privacy from the street is provided by a pyramid-roofed bath house and garden walls. According to William J. Hawkins, III and William F. Willingham, these elements "add to the unity of the entire architectural composition, giving a handsome facade to the public street, yet providing a great variety of private spaces behind the house and walled gardens to the rear." The architect, Herman Brookman, also designed the Congregation Beth Israel and Fir Acres, the M. Lloyd Frank Estate that became Lewis & Clark College, both in Portland. Brookman mixed architectural styles, as evidenced by the many influences seen in Bitar Mansion. History The mansion following foreclosure, April 2012 Robert and Mable Bitar purchased the house in 1951. Robert recalled that as a young boy he vowed to one day own the house. A grocery store owner and real estate investor, Robert later became an honorary consul to Lebanon and lived in the mansion until his death in 2000. While owned by the Bitar family, the home hosted First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt, pianist Van Cliburn and many state governors and U.S. senators. The house was placed on the real estate market in 2006, the first time in 55 years, and sold for $1.825 million after being valued at $3.99 million by an assessor for Multnomah County. The new owners began to restore the mansion to its original condition with building renovations and searching for furnishings in the original Doernbecher style. Since 2010, the house has fallen into disrepair and been foreclosed. On August 22, 2011, the house was auctioned off at the Multnomah County Courthouse. The property was purchased by ReconTrust Company, an affiliate of Bank of America, for $1.605 million. In December 2011 the home sold for $870,000. Willamette Week included the house on their "Best of Portland 2012" list as the "Best Barometer of the Real Estate Market", signifying the bottom of the economic market. As of 2011, the house remains the most expensive sold in Southeast Portland. See also Architecture of Portland, Oregon National Register of Historic Places listings in Southeast Portland, Oregon Pittock Mansion, a 1909 Portland mansion References ^ National Park Service (October 18, 2013). "National Register of Historic Places Program: Weekly List". Archived from the original on March 12, 2016. Retrieved October 18, 2013. ^ 1634–1699: McCusker, J. J. (1997). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1700–1799: McCusker, J. J. (1992). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1800–present: Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–". Retrieved February 29, 2024. ^ a b c d e f Jaquiss, Nigel (July 20, 2011). "Bad Neighbor". Willamette Week. Portland, Oregon: City of Roses Newspapers. Archived from the original on July 23, 2011. Retrieved July 22, 2011. ^ Otto, Bridget A. (July 29, 2010). "The Heritage Home Tour opens the door to a range of Portland architecture". The Oregonian. Portland, Oregon: Advance Publications. Archived from the original on October 11, 2010. Retrieved July 24, 2011. ^ King, Bart (2001). An Architectural Guide to Portland. Gibbs Smith. pp. 244–245. ISBN 9780879059910. Archived from the original on October 18, 2017. Retrieved August 1, 2011. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Hawkins, William John; Willingham, William F. (1999). Classic Houses of Portland, Oregon: 1850–1950. Timber Press. pp. 328, 343–346. ISBN 9780881924336. Archived from the original on May 15, 2022. Retrieved July 28, 2011. ^ a b c Foster, Laura O. (2008). Portland City Walks: Twenty Explorations in and Around Town. Timber Press. p. 108. ISBN 9780881928853. Archived from the original on May 15, 2022. Retrieved July 24, 2011. ^ a b c Jacquiss, Nigel (July 25, 2012). "Best of Portland 2012: Best Sights". Willamette Week. Vol. 38, no. 38. Portland, Oregon: City of Roses Newspapers. p. 18. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved July 28, 2012. ^ "Murmurs: Condoleezza's Speaking Fee and Illegal Wastewater Dumping". Willamette Week. Portland, Oregon: City of Roses Newspapers. September 28, 2011. Archived from the original on October 1, 2011. Retrieved September 29, 2011. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bitar Mansion. Harry A. Green Residence Photographic Collection circa 1928-1951, Northwest Digital Archives Historic images of the Harry A. Green House from the University of Oregon digital collections Images of the Harry A. Green House from author Bart King via Flickr vteLaurelhurst, Portland, OregonBuildings Alfred C. and Nettie Ruby House Bitar Mansion Brick House Beautiful H. Russell Albee House Louis J. Bader House and Garden Paul C. Murphy House Geography Laurelhurst Park Public art Equestrian statue of Joan of Arc Triad Category Commons Portals: Architecture National Register of Historic Places Oregon	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mansion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansion"},{"link_name":"Laurelhurst neighborhood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurelhurst,_Portland,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Portland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon"},{"link_name":"Herman Brookman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman_Brookman"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inflation-US-2"},{"link_name":"Tualatin Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tualatin_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Laurelhurst Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurelhurst_Park"},{"link_name":"consul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consul_(representative)"},{"link_name":"Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon"}],"text":"Historic building in Portland, Oregon, U.S.Bitar Mansion, also known as Harry A. Green House or the Harry A. and Ada Green House, is a mansion in the Laurelhurst neighborhood of Portland, Oregon, United States. The 12,000-square-foot (1,100 m2) and 17-room structure was designed by architect Herman Brookman and built in 1927 for $410,000, equivalent to $7.19 million today.[2] The Mediterranean-style house contains a grand ballroom and many elaborate details. The mansion has views of the Tualatin Mountains and adjacent Laurelhurst Park.Robert and Mable Bitar purchased the house in 1951. Robert later became an honorary consul to Lebanon and lived in the mansion until his death in 2000. The house went on the real estate market for the first time in 55 years in 2006 and was purchased in December 2006 for $1.825 million. As of 2011, the house remains the most expensive home sold in southeast Portland. The house was put on the market again and is up for auction in August 2011.","title":"Bitar Mansion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Laurelhurst Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurelhurst_Park"},{"link_name":"Tualatin Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tualatin_Mountains"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jaquiss-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Otto-4"},{"link_name":"bronzed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronzing"},{"link_name":"Art Deco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Deco"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-King-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Classic-6"},{"link_name":"vestibule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestibule_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Classic-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Classic-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Classic-6"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jaquiss-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Classic-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Classic-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Classic-6"},{"link_name":"bay windows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_window"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Classic-6"},{"link_name":"arcade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcade_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Classic-6"},{"link_name":"Herman Brookman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman_Brookman"},{"link_name":"Congregation Beth Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregation_Beth_Israel_(Portland,_Oregon)"},{"link_name":"M. Lloyd Frank Estate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._Lloyd_Frank_Estate"},{"link_name":"Lewis & Clark College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_%26_Clark_College"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jaquiss-3"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Walks-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Classic-6"}],"text":"The Mediterranean-style mansion is on a property \"the equivalent of seven standard city lots\" adjacent to Laurelhurst Park and offers views of the Tualatin Mountains.[3][4] The house contains a round tower, multiple chimneys, a red-tiled roof, bronzed iron gates, and Art Deco accents with a peacock motif.[5][6] A bell-cast entrance tower, which contains a curved stairway and a vestibule, anchors \"sweeping and curved low-pitched roofs\".[6] Next to the tower is the living room's fireplace chimney. To the right of the entrance hall is the formal living room that opens to the parterre overlooking Laurelhurst Park.[6] To the entrance hall's left is the dining room, followed by a curved wing housing the kitchen, service areas and garages.[6] The interior features a marble-floored ballroom, heated pool, servants wing, and elaborate woodwork, tile, metalwork and sculpture.[3] Surrounding the French doors leading outside from the entrance hall are columns supporting paired peacocks cast in stone.[6]The house plan is influenced by English Arts and Crafts tradition.[6] Italian influences are evidenced by the garden parterre in the backyard as well as the \"medieval style\" columns and arches at the breakfast room windows. Decorative embellishments along the main garden door suggest Art Deco and Spanish Plasteresque styles.[6] Stuccoed walls, tiled roofs and metal-framed windows showcase Mediterranean style. The windows are three-paned vertically within each casement; feature windows have columns supporting Moorish-arched openings. The living and dining rooms contain large bay windows.[6] Outside, an arcade leads to the swimming pool, where privacy from the street is provided by a pyramid-roofed bath house and garden walls. According to William J. Hawkins, III and William F. Willingham, these elements \"add to the unity of the entire architectural composition, giving a handsome facade to the public street, yet providing a great variety of private spaces behind the house and walled gardens to the rear.\"[6] The architect, Herman Brookman, also designed the Congregation Beth Israel and Fir Acres, the M. Lloyd Frank Estate that became Lewis & Clark College, both in Portland.[3][7] Brookman mixed architectural styles, as evidenced by the many influences seen in Bitar Mansion.[6]","title":"Features"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bitar_Mansion,_Portland,_Oregon,_April_2012.JPG"},{"link_name":"foreclosure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreclosure"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Walks-7"},{"link_name":"real estate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_estate"},{"link_name":"consul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consul_(representative)"},{"link_name":"Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon"},{"link_name":"Eleanor Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"Van Cliburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Cliburn"},{"link_name":"state governors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Oregon"},{"link_name":"U.S. senators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jaquiss-3"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Walks-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Best-8"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jaquiss-3"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Best-8"},{"link_name":"Willamette Week","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willamette_Week"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Best-8"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jaquiss-3"}],"text":"The mansion following foreclosure, April 2012Robert and Mable Bitar purchased the house in 1951.[7] Robert recalled that as a young boy he vowed to one day own the house. A grocery store owner and real estate investor, Robert later became an honorary consul to Lebanon and lived in the mansion until his death in 2000. While owned by the Bitar family, the home hosted First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt, pianist Van Cliburn and many state governors and U.S. senators.[3]The house was placed on the real estate market in 2006, the first time in 55 years,[7] and sold for $1.825 million after being valued at $3.99 million by an assessor for Multnomah County.[8] The new owners began to restore the mansion to its original condition with building renovations and searching for furnishings in the original Doernbecher style. Since 2010, the house has fallen into disrepair and been foreclosed. On August 22, 2011, the house was auctioned off at the Multnomah County Courthouse.[3] The property was purchased by ReconTrust Company, an affiliate of Bank of America, for $1.605 million.[9] In December 2011 the home sold for $870,000.[8] Willamette Week included the house on their \"Best of Portland 2012\" list as the \"Best Barometer of the Real Estate Market\", signifying the bottom of the economic market.[8]As of 2011, the house remains the most expensive sold in Southeast Portland.[3]","title":"History"}]	[{"image_text":"The mansion following foreclosure, April 2012","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Bitar_Mansion%2C_Portland%2C_Oregon%2C_April_2012.JPG/220px-Bitar_Mansion%2C_Portland%2C_Oregon%2C_April_2012.JPG"}]	[{"title":"Architecture of Portland, Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_Portland,_Oregon"},{"title":"National Register of Historic Places listings in Southeast Portland, Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Southeast_Portland,_Oregon"},{"title":"Pittock Mansion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittock_Mansion"}]	[{"reference":"National Park Service (October 18, 2013). \"National Register of Historic Places Program: Weekly List\". Archived from the original on March 12, 2016. Retrieved October 18, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"},{"url":"http://www.nps.gov/nr/listings/20131018.htm","url_text":"\"National Register of Historic Places Program: Weekly List\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160312121947/http://www.nps.gov/nr/listings/20131018.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"McCusker, J. J. (1997). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda (PDF). American Antiquarian Society.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_J._McCusker","url_text":"McCusker, J. J."},{"url":"https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44525121.pdf","url_text":"How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Antiquarian_Society","url_text":"American Antiquarian Society"}]},{"reference":"McCusker, J. J. (1992). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States (PDF). American Antiquarian Society.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_J._McCusker","url_text":"McCusker, J. J."},{"url":"https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44517778.pdf","url_text":"How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Antiquarian_Society","url_text":"American Antiquarian Society"}]},{"reference":"Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. \"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–\". Retrieved February 29, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.minneapolisfed.org/about-us/monetary-policy/inflation-calculator/consumer-price-index-1800-","url_text":"\"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–\""}]},{"reference":"Jaquiss, Nigel (July 20, 2011). \"Bad Neighbor\". Willamette Week. Portland, Oregon: City of Roses Newspapers. Archived from the original on July 23, 2011. Retrieved July 22, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigel_Jaquiss","url_text":"Jaquiss, Nigel"},{"url":"http://wweek.com/portland/article-17757-bad_neighbor.html","url_text":"\"Bad Neighbor\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willamette_Week","url_text":"Willamette Week"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110723103433/http://www.wweek.com/portland/article-17757-bad_neighbor.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Otto, Bridget A. (July 29, 2010). \"The Heritage Home Tour opens the door to a range of Portland architecture\". The Oregonian. Portland, Oregon: Advance Publications. Archived from the original on October 11, 2010. Retrieved July 24, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oregonlive.com/hg/index.ssf/2010/07/the_heritage_home_tour_opens_t_1.html","url_text":"\"The Heritage Home Tour opens the door to a range of Portland architecture\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Oregonian","url_text":"The Oregonian"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advance_Publications","url_text":"Advance Publications"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101011183747/http://www.oregonlive.com/hg/index.ssf/2010/07/the_heritage_home_tour_opens_t_1.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"King, Bart (2001). An Architectural Guide to Portland. Gibbs Smith. pp. 244–245. ISBN 9780879059910. Archived from the original on October 18, 2017. Retrieved August 1, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=49NPAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"An Architectural Guide to Portland"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780879059910","url_text":"9780879059910"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171018130712/https://books.google.com/books?id=49NPAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Hawkins, William John; Willingham, William F. (1999). Classic Houses of Portland, Oregon: 1850–1950. Timber Press. pp. 328, 343–346. ISBN 9780881924336. Archived from the original on May 15, 2022. Retrieved July 28, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Cee5WVmIzy8C&pg=PA343","url_text":"Classic Houses of Portland, Oregon: 1850–1950"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780881924336","url_text":"9780881924336"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220515234619/https://books.google.com/books?id=Cee5WVmIzy8C&pg=PA343","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Foster, Laura O. (2008). Portland City Walks: Twenty Explorations in and Around Town. Timber Press. p. 108. ISBN 9780881928853. Archived from the original on May 15, 2022. Retrieved July 24, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=cSw2FC270nwC&pg=PA108","url_text":"Portland City Walks: Twenty Explorations in and Around Town"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780881928853","url_text":"9780881928853"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220515234619/https://books.google.com/books?id=cSw2FC270nwC&pg=PA108","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Jacquiss, Nigel (July 25, 2012). \"Best of Portland 2012: Best Sights\". Willamette Week. Vol. 38, no. 38. Portland, Oregon: City of Roses Newspapers. p. 18. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved July 28, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wweek.com/portland/article-19463-best_of_portland_2012_best_sights.html","url_text":"\"Best of Portland 2012: Best Sights\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304054249/http://www.wweek.com/portland/article-19463-best_of_portland_2012_best_sights.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Murmurs: Condoleezza's Speaking Fee and Illegal Wastewater Dumping\". Willamette Week. Portland, Oregon: City of Roses Newspapers. September 28, 2011. Archived from the original on October 1, 2011. Retrieved September 29, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wweek.com/portland/article-18013-murmurs_condoleezzas_speaking_fee_and_illegal_wastewater_dumping.html","url_text":"\"Murmurs: Condoleezza's Speaking Fee and Illegal Wastewater Dumping\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111001014846/http://www.wweek.com/portland/article-18013-murmurs_condoleezzas_speaking_fee_and_illegal_wastewater_dumping.html","url_text":"Archived"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bitar_Mansion&params=45.5218_N_122.6293_W_region:US-OR_type:landmark","external_links_name":"45°31′18″N 122°37′45″W / 45.5218°N 122.6293°W / 45.5218; -122.6293"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bitar_Mansion&params=45.5218_N_122.6293_W_region:US-OR_type:landmark","external_links_name":"45°31′18″N 122°37′45″W / 45.5218°N 122.6293°W / 45.5218; -122.6293"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/13000805","external_links_name":"13000805"},{"Link":"http://www.nps.gov/nr/listings/20131018.htm","external_links_name":"\"National Register of Historic Places Program: Weekly List\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160312121947/http://www.nps.gov/nr/listings/20131018.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44525121.pdf","external_links_name":"How Much Is That in Real Money? 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A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States"},{"Link":"https://www.minneapolisfed.org/about-us/monetary-policy/inflation-calculator/consumer-price-index-1800-","external_links_name":"\"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–\""},{"Link":"http://wweek.com/portland/article-17757-bad_neighbor.html","external_links_name":"\"Bad Neighbor\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110723103433/http://www.wweek.com/portland/article-17757-bad_neighbor.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonlive.com/hg/index.ssf/2010/07/the_heritage_home_tour_opens_t_1.html","external_links_name":"\"The Heritage Home Tour opens the door to a range of Portland architecture\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101011183747/http://www.oregonlive.com/hg/index.ssf/2010/07/the_heritage_home_tour_opens_t_1.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=49NPAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"An Architectural Guide to Portland"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171018130712/https://books.google.com/books?id=49NPAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Cee5WVmIzy8C&pg=PA343","external_links_name":"Classic Houses of Portland, Oregon: 1850–1950"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220515234619/https://books.google.com/books?id=Cee5WVmIzy8C&pg=PA343","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=cSw2FC270nwC&pg=PA108","external_links_name":"Portland City Walks: Twenty Explorations in and Around Town"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220515234619/https://books.google.com/books?id=cSw2FC270nwC&pg=PA108","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.wweek.com/portland/article-19463-best_of_portland_2012_best_sights.html","external_links_name":"\"Best of Portland 2012: Best Sights\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304054249/http://www.wweek.com/portland/article-19463-best_of_portland_2012_best_sights.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.wweek.com/portland/article-18013-murmurs_condoleezzas_speaking_fee_and_illegal_wastewater_dumping.html","external_links_name":"\"Murmurs: Condoleezza's Speaking Fee and Illegal Wastewater Dumping\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111001014846/http://www.wweek.com/portland/article-18013-murmurs_condoleezzas_speaking_fee_and_illegal_wastewater_dumping.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://nwda.orbiscascade.org/ark:/80444/xv85397","external_links_name":"Harry A. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Macomb_Daily	The Macomb Daily	["1 Operations","2 In popular culture","3 References","4 External links"]	Daily newspaper in Clinton Township, Michigan The April 25, 2010, front pageof The Macomb DailyTypeDaily newspaperFormatBroadsheetOwner(s)Digital First MediaHeadquartersClinton Township, Macomb County, Michigan United StatesWebsitemacombdaily.com The Macomb Daily is a daily newspaper with its headquarters in Clinton Township, Macomb County, Michigan in Metro Detroit. It is the only daily newspaper serving Macomb County, making the county the largest in Michigan in terms of population with only one daily newspaper. It is owned by Digital First Media. The Macomb Daily is co-owned with the Oakland Press and the (Royal Oak) Daily Tribune, both in Oakland County, the (Southgate) News-Herald and The Voice in northern Macomb and St. Clair counties. As a result of their co-ownership, staff writers from those newspapers often appear in The Macomb Daily, and staff writers of the Macomb Daily appear in those same newspapers in return. The Macomb Daily was formed by the merger of The Mt. Clemens Monitor Leader, The South Macomb News and The Tri City Progress in 1964. Panax Newspapers owned the newly merged paper until owner John McGoff got into legal problems accepting money from the South African government. The Macomb Daily was part of Global Communications and later SEM Newspapers in the late 1970s and 1980s. The Macomb Daily operated Monday thru Saturday and grew rapidly from 38,000 to 56,000 newspapers daily. The Macomb Daily was one of the first daily newspapers to automate its circulation onto computers. The paper has a large fleet of 20 delivery vans that date back to 1977, with the Ford Macomb Daily Blue with White strips. In 1982 The Macomb Daily decided to make The Community News its TMC edition in the south end and The Advisor in the northern end of the county. The Macomb Daily leased a new editorial and business operation center at 100 Macomb Daily Lane on the shores of the Clinton River in Mt. Clemens, just outside the city's downtown core in 1994. In 2013, the paper moved to 19176 Hall Rd. in Clinton Township. Operations The newspaper was previously headquartered in Mount Clemens. In popular culture The Macomb Daily is the newspaper which appears at the end of the current policy trailer for MJR Theaters, a regional movie theater chain. References ^ "Contact Us" (Archive). The Macomb Daily. Retrieved on July 5, 2015. "The Macomb Daily 19176 Hall Road, 2nd Fl. Clinton Township, MI 48038" ^ "Contact Us" (Archive). The Macomb Daily. February 18, 2012. Retrieved on July 5, 2015. "100 Macomb Daily Drive Mount Clemens, MI 48043" External links Official website (Mobile version) vteClinton Township, Macomb County, MichiganPrimary and secondary schools Chippewa Valley Schools Chippewa Valley High School Clintondale Community Schools Clintondale High School Fraser Public Schools L'Anse Creuse Public Schools Mount Clemens Community Schools International Academy of Macomb Other education Clinton-Macomb Public Library Macomb Community College Landmarks The Mall at Partridge Creek Media The Macomb Daily Transportation SMART This list is incomplete. vteDigital First MediavteMediaNews GroupBay Area News Group1 East Bay Times Marin Independent Journal The Mercury News Southern CaliforniaNews Group1 The Beach Reporter Daily Breeze Inland Valley Daily Bulletin Los Angeles Daily News Orange County Register Pasadena Star-News The Press-Enterprise Press-Telegram Redlands Daily Facts The San Bernardino Sun San Gabriel Valley Tribune Whittier Daily News MediaOne New England Boston Herald Nashoba Publishing Sentinel & Enterprise The Sun Northern California1 Chico Enterprise-Record Daily Democrat Daily News Lake County Record-Bee The Mendocino Beacon The Monterey County Herald Oroville Mercury-Register Paradise Post The Reporter Santa Cruz Sentinel Times-Standard Ukiah Daily Journal Vallejo Times Herald Prairie Mountain Publishing Akron News-Reporter Broomfield Enterprise Brush News-Tribune Burlington Record Cañon City Daily Record Colorado Daily Daily Camera Estes Park Trail-Gazette Fort Morgan Times Journal-Advocate Julesburg Advocate Lamar Ledger Longmont Times-Call Reporter-Herald Other newspapers The Denver Post The Detroit News St. Paul Pioneer Press 1Operated by California Newspapers Partnership, a joint venture with Stephens Media; all or most newspapers in this group are owned by the partnership vte21st Century MediaDaily newspapers Daily Freeman Daily Local News Delaware County Daily Times The Macomb Daily The Mercury The Morning Journal The News-Herald The Oakland Press The Oneida Dispatch The Record The Saratogian The Trentonian Weekly newspapers Ypsilanti Courier All properties List of newspapers published by 21st Century Media	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"daily newspaper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_newspaper"},{"link_name":"Clinton Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinton_Township,_Macomb_County,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Macomb County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macomb_County"},{"link_name":"Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan"},{"link_name":"Metro Detroit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_Detroit"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan"},{"link_name":"Digital First Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_First_Media"},{"link_name":"Oakland Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland_Press"},{"link_name":"Royal Oak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Oak,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Daily Tribune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daily_Tribune_(Royal_Oak)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Oakland County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland_County,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Southgate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southgate,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"News-Herald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_News-Herald_(Southgate,_Michigan)"}],"text":"The Macomb Daily is a daily newspaper with its headquarters in Clinton Township, Macomb County, Michigan in Metro Detroit.[1] It is the only daily newspaper serving Macomb County, making the county the largest in Michigan in terms of population with only one daily newspaper. It is owned by Digital First Media.The Macomb Daily is co-owned with the Oakland Press and the (Royal Oak) Daily Tribune, both in Oakland County, the (Southgate) News-Herald and The Voice in northern Macomb and St. Clair counties. As a result of their co-ownership, staff writers from those newspapers often appear in The Macomb Daily, and staff writers of the Macomb Daily appear in those same newspapers in return.The Macomb Daily was formed by the merger of The Mt. Clemens Monitor Leader, The South Macomb News and The Tri City Progress in 1964. Panax Newspapers owned the newly merged paper until owner John McGoff got into legal problems accepting money from the South African government. The Macomb Daily was part of Global Communications and later SEM Newspapers in the late 1970s and 1980s. The Macomb Daily operated Monday thru Saturday and grew rapidly from 38,000 to 56,000 newspapers daily. The Macomb Daily was one of the first daily newspapers to automate its circulation onto computers. The paper has a large fleet of 20 delivery vans that date back to 1977, with the Ford Macomb Daily Blue with White strips. In 1982 The Macomb Daily decided to make The Community News its TMC edition in the south end and The Advisor in the northern end of the county.The Macomb Daily leased a new editorial and business operation center at 100 Macomb Daily Lane on the shores of the Clinton River in Mt. Clemens, just outside the city's downtown core in 1994. In 2013, the paper moved to 19176 Hall Rd. in Clinton Township.","title":"The Macomb Daily"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mount Clemens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Clemens,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The newspaper was previously headquartered in Mount Clemens.[2]","title":"Operations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MJR Theaters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MJR_Theaters&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The Macomb Daily is the newspaper which appears at the end of the current policy trailer for MJR Theaters, a regional movie theater chain. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatherland_League_(Norway)	Fatherland League (Norway)	["1 History","1.1 Mass movement","1.2 Party attempt and decline","1.3 National Congresses","2 Gallery","3 Electoral results","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]	Norwegian political party from 1925 to 1940 Fatherland League FedrelandslagetChairmanJoakim Lehmkuhl (1925–38)Victor Mogens (1938–40)Founded25 January 1925Banned25 September 1940NewspaperNorges Fremtid (1927–32)ABC (1932–40)Membership100,000 (1930)IdeologyConservatismNational conservatismAnti-communismNorwegian nationalismCorporatismPolitical positionRight-wingColorsRed, white, blue (flag of Norway)Politics of NorwayPolitical partiesElections The Fatherland League (Norwegian: Fedrelandslaget) was a Norwegian right-wing, anti-communist and nationalist political organisation in the interwar period. Founded in 1925, the movement aimed to unite all centre-to-right forces against the rise of the revolutionary Marxist labour movement. At its peak of popular support and political influence around 1930 it was the single largest mass movement ever organised on the political right in Norway, with an estimated 100,000 members. The movement began to decline through the 1930s, followed by some unsuccessful attempts to gain direct influence as a political party. The Fatherland League was banned and dissolved after the German occupation of Norway in 1940. History Mass movement Nansen on his 1929 campaign tour on the ship Stella Polaris, with rallies held from Bergen to Nordkapp. Rally in rural Haukeliseter, with speech by Nansen ("N"). It was often the first centre-right group to establish local activity in more remote places. By the initiative of young industrialist Joakim Lehmkuhl, the organisation was co-founded with national hero Fridtjof Nansen and Norway's first Prime Minister Christian Michelsen. Former Prime Minister Jens Bratlie also joined the organisation. The Fatherland League's goal was a national coalition of all centre-to-right "bourgeoise" (borgerlige) and nationally minded forces, in opposition to the emerging revolutionary Marxist labour movement. The organisation gained particular support from the Free-minded Liberal Party and the Farmers' Party, while it was met with scepticism by the Conservative Party, and largely rejection by the Liberal Party. The labour movement in turn saw the organisation as a "seeding ground" for a fascist movement. After the government crisis of 1926 and continued division among the centre-right parties, a "Nansen-petition" was launched by several influential people of different political backgrounds for a national unity government to be led by Nansen, an idea that was eventually endorsed by Nansen himself and by Lehmkuhl. The proposal fell through as Conservative and Liberal politicians reacted coldly to the idea, and quickly came to a new government agreement. Following a strong surge of support and victory for the Labour Party (which had adopted a revolutionary ideology in 1918) in the 1927 parliamentary election, the Fatherland League launched a "thousand day's election campaign" towards the 1930 parliamentary election, a period which is considered the most important and successful in the history of the movement. The 1930 election resulted in Labour Party setbacks amid record voter turnouts, which the League assigned to its own credit, a view that was echoed by the Labour Party's Haakon Lie and Halvard Lange. The organisation peaked the same year with around 100,000 members and more than 400 local chapters. Party attempt and decline Increasingly seen as a political rival rather than a unifying force by the centre-right parties, the organisation effectively reorganised into a political party in 1933 after pressure from its young activists. At the same time it launched a more radical political program titled "A Norwegian program", and entered into secret, eventually unsuccessful negotiations of a "national block" with the Farmers' Party and the Free-minded People's Party (and briefly Nasjonal Samling which dropped out as it did not consider itself a borgerlig party). Following the onset of the Great Depression, Lehmkuhl and the party developed an economic ideology in part inspired by the American New Deal social program, emphasising a more planned economy. For the 1936 parliamentary election the party contested electoral lists in a few districts, both independently and together with the Free-minded, but did not win any representation. The group declined in the late 1930s, partly due to the Labour Party abandoning its revolutionary ideology dating from 1918, and partly as an effect of the Nazi German-friendly attitude exhibited by several of its leading members as segments of the movement came under the influence of Italian fascism and German national socialism. In 1933, in response to the labour movement's long-standing use of uniforms, some of its young members marched in "greyshirts" for the first time at a local rally after the uniform had been launched by the party newspaper ABC. While the labour movement's uniforms had been tolerated for years, political use of uniforms was swiftly banned by the Liberal government the day after the rally. After the German invasion of Norway in April 1940, the remnants of the organisation attempted to establish a political alternative against the Quisling regime. The new chairman, Victor Mogens' secret talks and negotiations with the Germans remained unsuccessful. The organisation, like all other parties but Nasjonal Samling, was banned by Reichskommissar Josef Terboven on 25 September 1940. The Fatherland League was not reorganised after the war. As the archives of the organisation were burned after its dissolution, limited historical material remains of it despite being the single largest mass movement ever organised on the political right in Norway. Anders Lange, founder of the modern Progress Party was active as the secretary of the organisation in Kristiansand and in Oslo until 1938. National Congresses This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (April 2024) 1. landsmøte 1927 23-24 October Oslo Gallery Representatives for the organisation in 1932. "Show your colour. Vote labour up, and the Labour Party down." 1933 election poster. Fatherland League rally under the parole "Against Marxism". Victor Mogens speaking at a rally in Kristiansand in 1935. “Alarm” – wall newspaper with slogans and propaganda from the Fatherland League from 1929. Electoral results Storting Date Votes Seats Position Size # % ± pp # ± 1936 19,236 1.3 New 0 / 150 New Extra-parliamentary 8th See also Nasjonal Samling Progress Party Democrats in Norway References ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Sjulseth, Daniel; Sejersted, Francis (13 April 2015). "Fedrelandslaget". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). ^ a b c d e Blinkhorn, Martin (2003). Fascists and Conservatives: The Radical Right and the Establishment in Twentieth-Century Europe. Routledge. pp. 253–254. ISBN 9781134997121. ^ a b c d e f Salvatore Garau (2015). Fascism and Ideology: Italy, Britain, and Norway. Routledge. pp. 215–224. ISBN 9781317909460. ^ Sjølyst-Jackson, Peter (2010). Troubling Legacies: Migration, Modernism and Fascism in the Case of Knut Hamsun. Bloomsbury Academic. ^ Norland, Andreas (1973). Hårde tider: Fedrelandslaget i norsk politikk (in Norwegian). Dreyer. p. 86. ISBN 8209011065. ^ Norland (1973) p. 33. ^ a b c Sørensen, Øystein (1995). "Fedrelandslaget". Norsk krigsleksikon 1940-45 (in Norwegian). ^ a b Norland (1973) pp. 52–62. ^ Norland (1973) p. 170. ^ "Fedrelandslaget". Caplex (in Norwegian). Retrieved 26 February 2011. ^ Friis, Jacob; Hegna, Trond, eds. (1933). "Fedrelandslaget". Arbeidernes Leksikon (in Norwegian). Vol. 2. Oslo: Arbeidermagasinets forlag. ^ Norland (1973) p. 66. ^ Norland (1973) pp. 226–228. ^ Norland (1973) pp. 232–259. ^ a b Norland (1973) pp. 216–217. ^ Norland (1973) p. 7. ^ "Anders Lange". Norsk biografisk leksikon. 13 February 2009. ^ "Norges Fremtid 1927.10.29". Norge; Oslo. 29 October 1927. p. 1. External links "De nationale instinkter" (in Norwegian), speech by Michelsen at the inaugural rally in Bergen on 25 January 1925 "Ved stiftelsen av Fedrelandslaget" (in Norwegian), speech by Nansen at the inaugural rally in Oslo on 29 January 1925 "Et nytt Norge" (in Norwegian), speech by Nansen at major rally in Tønsberg on 26 August 1928 "Nansen stevne i Tønsberg. 26 august 1928" (YouTube), original newsreel of the event Authority control databases VIAF	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Norwegian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_language"},{"link_name":"right-wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right-wing_politics"},{"link_name":"anti-communist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-communism"},{"link_name":"nationalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_nationalism"},{"link_name":"interwar period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interwar_period"},{"link_name":"revolutionary Marxist labour movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutionary_socialism"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-snl-1"},{"link_name":"German occupation of Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_occupation_of_Norway"}],"text":"The Fatherland League (Norwegian: Fedrelandslaget) was a Norwegian right-wing, anti-communist and nationalist political organisation in the interwar period. Founded in 1925, the movement aimed to unite all centre-to-right forces against the rise of the revolutionary Marxist labour movement. At its peak of popular support and political influence around 1930 it was the single largest mass movement ever organised on the political right in Norway, with an estimated 100,000 members.[1] The movement began to decline through the 1930s, followed by some unsuccessful attempts to gain direct influence as a political party. The Fatherland League was banned and dissolved after the German occupation of Norway in 1940.","title":"Fatherland League (Norway)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fridtjof_Nansen_on_a_lecturing_tour_for_Fedrelandslaget.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bergen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergen_(city)"},{"link_name":"Nordkapp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordkapp_Municipality"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Haukeliseter,_Fridtjof_Nansen_p%C3%A5_talerstolen,_Kyrkeneset_-_no-nb_digifoto_20150121_00225_NB_MIT_FNR_19772.jpg"},{"link_name":"Haukeliseter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haukeli"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Joakim Lehmkuhl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joakim_Lehmkuhl"},{"link_name":"Fridtjof Nansen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen"},{"link_name":"Christian Michelsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Michelsen"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Garau-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-snl-1"},{"link_name":"Jens Bratlie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jens_Bratlie"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Blinkhorn-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-snl-1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-krigsleksikon-7"},{"link_name":"Free-minded Liberal Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free-minded_Liberal_Party"},{"link_name":"Farmers' Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_Party_(Norway)"},{"link_name":"Conservative Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(Norway)"},{"link_name":"Liberal Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Norway)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-snl-1"},{"link_name":"fascist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascism"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-snl-1"},{"link_name":"national unity government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_unity_government"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Norland52-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Norland52-8"},{"link_name":"Labour Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(Norway)"},{"link_name":"revolutionary ideology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutionary_socialism"},{"link_name":"1927 parliamentary election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1927_Norwegian_parliamentary_election"},{"link_name":"1930 parliamentary election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1930_Norwegian_parliamentary_election"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-snl-1"},{"link_name":"Haakon Lie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haakon_Lie"},{"link_name":"Halvard Lange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halvard_Lange"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-capx-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-arblex-11"}],"sub_title":"Mass movement","text":"Nansen on his 1929 campaign tour on the ship Stella Polaris, with rallies held from Bergen to Nordkapp.Rally in rural Haukeliseter, with speech by Nansen (\"N\"). It was often the first centre-right group to establish local activity in more remote places.[5]By the initiative of young industrialist Joakim Lehmkuhl, the organisation was co-founded with national hero Fridtjof Nansen and Norway's first Prime Minister Christian Michelsen.[3][1] Former Prime Minister Jens Bratlie also joined the organisation.[2][6] The Fatherland League's goal was a national coalition of all centre-to-right \"bourgeoise\" (borgerlige) and nationally minded forces, in opposition to the emerging revolutionary Marxist labour movement.[1][7] The organisation gained particular support from the Free-minded Liberal Party and the Farmers' Party, while it was met with scepticism by the Conservative Party, and largely rejection by the Liberal Party.[1] The labour movement in turn saw the organisation as a \"seeding ground\" for a fascist movement.[1]After the government crisis of 1926 and continued division among the centre-right parties, a \"Nansen-petition\" was launched by several influential people of different political backgrounds for a national unity government to be led by Nansen, an idea that was eventually endorsed by Nansen himself and by Lehmkuhl.[8] The proposal fell through as Conservative and Liberal politicians reacted coldly to the idea, and quickly came to a new government agreement.[8]Following a strong surge of support and victory for the Labour Party (which had adopted a revolutionary ideology in 1918) in the 1927 parliamentary election, the Fatherland League launched a \"thousand day's election campaign\" towards the 1930 parliamentary election, a period which is considered the most important and successful in the history of the movement.[1] The 1930 election resulted in Labour Party setbacks amid record voter turnouts, which the League assigned to its own credit, a view that was echoed by the Labour Party's Haakon Lie and Halvard Lange.[9] The organisation peaked the same year with around 100,000 members and more than 400 local chapters.[10][11]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Nasjonal Samling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasjonal_Samling"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-snl-1"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Great Depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression"},{"link_name":"New Deal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Deal"},{"link_name":"planned economy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planned_economy"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Garau-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-snl-1"},{"link_name":"1936 parliamentary election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936_Norwegian_parliamentary_election"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-snl-1"},{"link_name":"Nazi German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-snl-1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-krigsleksikon-7"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Norland216-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Norland216-15"},{"link_name":"German invasion of Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_Campaign"},{"link_name":"Quisling regime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quisling_regime"},{"link_name":"Victor Mogens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Mogens"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-krigsleksikon-7"},{"link_name":"Josef Terboven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Terboven"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-snl-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-snl-1"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Anders Lange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anders_Lange"},{"link_name":"Progress Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progress_Party_(Norway)"},{"link_name":"Kristiansand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristiansand_(town)"},{"link_name":"Oslo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Party attempt and decline","text":"Increasingly seen as a political rival rather than a unifying force by the centre-right parties,[12] the organisation effectively reorganised into a political party in 1933 after pressure from its young activists.[13] At the same time it launched a more radical political program titled \"A Norwegian program\", and entered into secret, eventually unsuccessful negotiations of a \"national block\" with the Farmers' Party and the Free-minded People's Party (and briefly Nasjonal Samling which dropped out as it did not consider itself a borgerlig party).[1][14] Following the onset of the Great Depression, Lehmkuhl and the party developed an economic ideology in part inspired by the American New Deal social program, emphasising a more planned economy.[3][1] For the 1936 parliamentary election the party contested electoral lists in a few districts, both independently and together with the Free-minded, but did not win any representation.[1]The group declined in the late 1930s, partly due to the Labour Party abandoning its revolutionary ideology dating from 1918, and partly as an effect of the Nazi German-friendly attitude exhibited by several of its leading members as segments of the movement came under the influence of Italian fascism and German national socialism.[1][7] In 1933, in response to the labour movement's long-standing use of uniforms, some of its young members marched in \"greyshirts\" for the first time at a local rally after the uniform had been launched by the party newspaper ABC.[15] While the labour movement's uniforms had been tolerated for years, political use of uniforms was swiftly banned by the Liberal government the day after the rally.[15] After the German invasion of Norway in April 1940, the remnants of the organisation attempted to establish a political alternative against the Quisling regime. The new chairman, Victor Mogens' secret talks and negotiations with the Germans remained unsuccessful.[7] The organisation, like all other parties but Nasjonal Samling, was banned by Reichskommissar Josef Terboven on 25 September 1940.[1]The Fatherland League was not reorganised after the war.[1] As the archives of the organisation were burned after its dissolution, limited historical material remains of it despite being the single largest mass movement ever organised on the political right in Norway.[16] Anders Lange, founder of the modern Progress Party was active as the secretary of the organisation in Kristiansand and in Oslo until 1938.[17]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oslo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"National Congresses","text":"1. landsmøte 1927 23-24 October Oslo[18]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fedrelandslaget_1932.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fedrelandslaget_vis_din_farge.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fedrelandslagets_valgplakat_1933.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fedrelandslaget_Mot_Marxismen.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fedrelandslaget_Victor_Mogens_1935.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fedrelandslaget_posters_and_slogans_1929.jpg"}],"text":"Representatives for the organisation in 1932.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\"Show your colour. Vote labour up, and the Labour Party down.\"\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t1933 election poster.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFatherland League rally under the parole \"Against Marxism\".\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tVictor Mogens speaking at a rally in Kristiansand in 1935.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t“Alarm” – wall newspaper with slogans and propaganda from the Fatherland League from 1929.","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Electoral results"}]	[{"image_text":"Nansen on his 1929 campaign tour on the ship Stella Polaris, with rallies held from Bergen to Nordkapp.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Fridtjof_Nansen_on_a_lecturing_tour_for_Fedrelandslaget.jpg/220px-Fridtjof_Nansen_on_a_lecturing_tour_for_Fedrelandslaget.jpg"},{"image_text":"Rally in rural Haukeliseter, with speech by Nansen (\"N\"). It was often the first centre-right group to establish local activity in more remote places.[5]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Haukeliseter%2C_Fridtjof_Nansen_p%C3%A5_talerstolen%2C_Kyrkeneset_-_no-nb_digifoto_20150121_00225_NB_MIT_FNR_19772.jpg/220px-Haukeliseter%2C_Fridtjof_Nansen_p%C3%A5_talerstolen%2C_Kyrkeneset_-_no-nb_digifoto_20150121_00225_NB_MIT_FNR_19772.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Nasjonal Samling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasjonal_Samling"},{"title":"Progress Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progress_Party_(Norway)"},{"title":"Democrats in Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democrats_in_Norway"}]	[{"reference":"Sjulseth, Daniel; Sejersted, Francis (13 April 2015). \"Fedrelandslaget\". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian).","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Sejersted","url_text":"Sejersted, Francis"},{"url":"http://www.snl.no/Fedrelandslaget","url_text":"\"Fedrelandslaget\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Store_norske_leksikon","url_text":"Store norske leksikon"}]},{"reference":"Blinkhorn, Martin (2003). Fascists and Conservatives: The Radical Right and the Establishment in Twentieth-Century Europe. Routledge. pp. 253–254. ISBN 9781134997121.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zr6JAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA253","url_text":"Fascists and Conservatives: The Radical Right and the Establishment in Twentieth-Century Europe"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134997121","url_text":"9781134997121"}]},{"reference":"Salvatore Garau (2015). Fascism and Ideology: Italy, Britain, and Norway. Routledge. pp. 215–224. ISBN 9781317909460.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fA-UBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT214","url_text":"Fascism and Ideology: Italy, Britain, and Norway"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317909460","url_text":"9781317909460"}]},{"reference":"Sjølyst-Jackson, Peter (2010). Troubling Legacies: Migration, Modernism and Fascism in the Case of Knut Hamsun. Bloomsbury Academic.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Norland, Andreas (1973). Hårde tider: Fedrelandslaget i norsk politikk (in Norwegian). Dreyer. p. 86. ISBN 8209011065.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_Norland","url_text":"Norland, Andreas"},{"url":"http://urn.nb.no/URN:NBN:no-nb_digibok_2012050208007","url_text":"Hårde tider: Fedrelandslaget i norsk politikk"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/8209011065","url_text":"8209011065"}]},{"reference":"Sørensen, Øystein (1995). \"Fedrelandslaget\". Norsk krigsleksikon 1940-45 (in Norwegian).","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%98ystein_S%C3%B8rensen","url_text":"Sørensen, Øystein"},{"url":"http://urn.nb.no/URN:NBN:no-nb_digibok_2010113005006","url_text":"\"Fedrelandslaget\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fedrelandslaget\". Caplex (in Norwegian). Retrieved 26 February 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.caplex.no/Web/ArticleView.aspx?id=9310142","url_text":"\"Fedrelandslaget\""}]},{"reference":"Friis, Jacob; Hegna, Trond, eds. (1933). \"Fedrelandslaget\". Arbeidernes Leksikon (in Norwegian). Vol. 2. Oslo: Arbeidermagasinets forlag.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakob_Friis","url_text":"Friis, Jacob"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trond_Hegna","url_text":"Hegna, Trond"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbeidernes_Leksikon","url_text":"Arbeidernes Leksikon"}]},{"reference":"\"Anders Lange\". Norsk biografisk leksikon. 13 February 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://nbl.snl.no/Anders_Lange","url_text":"\"Anders Lange\""}]},{"reference":"\"Norges Fremtid 1927.10.29\". Norge; Oslo. 29 October 1927. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"http://urn.nb.no/URN:NBN:no-nb_digavis_norgesfremtid_null_null_19271029_4_44_1","url_text":"\"Norges Fremtid 1927.10.29\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fatherland_League_(Norway)&action=edit","external_links_name":"adding missing items"},{"Link":"http://www.snl.no/Fedrelandslaget","external_links_name":"\"Fedrelandslaget\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zr6JAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA253","external_links_name":"Fascists and Conservatives: The Radical Right and the Establishment in Twentieth-Century Europe"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fA-UBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT214","external_links_name":"Fascism and Ideology: Italy, Britain, and Norway"},{"Link":"http://urn.nb.no/URN:NBN:no-nb_digibok_2012050208007","external_links_name":"Hårde tider: Fedrelandslaget i norsk politikk"},{"Link":"http://urn.nb.no/URN:NBN:no-nb_digibok_2010113005006","external_links_name":"\"Fedrelandslaget\""},{"Link":"http://www.caplex.no/Web/ArticleView.aspx?id=9310142","external_links_name":"\"Fedrelandslaget\""},{"Link":"https://nbl.snl.no/Anders_Lange","external_links_name":"\"Anders Lange\""},{"Link":"http://urn.nb.no/URN:NBN:no-nb_digavis_norgesfremtid_null_null_19271029_4_44_1","external_links_name":"\"Norges Fremtid 1927.10.29\""},{"Link":"http://virksommeord.uib.no/taler?id=73","external_links_name":"\"De nationale instinkter\""},{"Link":"http://virksommeord.uib.no/taler?id=336","external_links_name":"\"Ved stiftelsen av Fedrelandslaget\""},{"Link":"http://virksommeord.uib.no/taler?id=1943","external_links_name":"\"Et nytt Norge\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2IqT1Y1Kglo","external_links_name":"\"Nansen stevne i Tønsberg. 26 august 1928\" (YouTube)"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/3510149198330274940006","external_links_name":"VIAF"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudia_Lee	Claudia Lee	["1 Early life","2 Career","2.1 Acting","2.2 Singing","3 Filmography","4 References","5 External links"]	American actress This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Claudia Lee" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (June 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's notability guideline for biographies. Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted.Find sources: "Claudia Lee" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Claudia LeeClaudia Lee in 2011BornClaudia Lee MirkowskiLafayette, Indiana, U.S.OccupationsActresssingerYears active2009–present Claudia Lee (born Claudia Lee Mirkowski) is an American actress and singer who is best known for her roles as Magnolia Breeland on Hart of Dixie, as Bridget on Zeke and Luther, and as Whitney in The Outcasts. Early life Lee was born Claudia Lee Mirkowski in Lafayette, Indiana, to Denise and Klaudius Mirkowski. At the age of 3, her parents enrolled her in dance classes, where she studied ballet, jazz and tap-dancing for 10 years. When she was 8 years old, Lee expressed a desire to learn her father’s native language, Polish, so her parents sent her to school in Poznań, Poland for one month every summer for five years. Claudia also has an older brother with whom she shares a "great bond" and influences her characters. Long interested in music, Lee began taking piano lessons when she was 10. At age 13, she attended the School of Creative and Performing Arts (SOCAPA) summer camp in Vermont. There, her roommate introduced Lee to an agent from Hollywood who was instrumental in bringing her to Los Angeles. Career Acting Lee and her family arrived in Hollywood in January 2010. Within her first few weeks, Lee landed a role in a national TV commercial for Comcast with actor Zachary Levi (Chuck, Less Than Perfect). She was then cast in a short film, The Circus Girl, as Elizaveta, a young Russian villain who is traveling with a struggling circus family. Following The Circus Girl, Lee went on to television series Zeke and Luther and Hart of Dixie. In August 2012, Lee was cast in the Universal Studios film Kick-Ass 2, which was based on the second volume of the Kick-Ass comic book series by Mark Millar and John Romita, Jr. The film, directed by Jeff Wadlow, was released in August 2013. In 2014, Lee appeared in the Fox comedy series Surviving Jack. Singing In 2010 Lee began working with music producer Max DiCarlo. In November of that year, Lee released her first song and music video, "It Gets Better", inspired by a national campaign aimed at stopping bullying. Lee's debut album, Here Right Now, was released in February 2012. "Hollywood Sunset", a song on the album, had previously been released in September 2011. The next two singles from the album, the country-rap song "3 Leaf Clover", and "Take My Hand" that Lee performed on Hart of Dixie, were released in 2012. Filmography Film roles Year Title Role Notes 2010 The Circus Girl Elizaveta Short film 2013 Kick-Ass 2 Brooke 2015 The Girl in the Photographs Colleen 2017 The Outcasts Whitney 2018 Haunting on Fraternity Row Liza 2021 Wild Indian Rebecca 2021 Send It! Sky Television roles Year Title Role Notes 2011 Zeke and Luther Bridget 4 episodes 2011–2015 Hart of Dixie Magnolia Breeland Recurring role, 29 episodes 2014 Surviving Jack Rachel Recurring role, 7 episodes 2016 Girl Meets World Francesca Episodes: "Girl Meets High School: Parts One and Two" 2018 Famous in Love Billy Recurring role (season 2) References Footnotes ^ "About Claudia - Claudia Lee's official website". ClaudiaLeeLive.com. Archived from the original on April 2, 2012. Retrieved March 5, 2012. ^ Linda Ge (February 1, 2016). "'Girl Meets World' Casts Luke Benward, Ashley Argota, Claudia Lee for Season 3 (Exclusive)". The Wrap. Retrieved June 4, 2016. General sources Article in Billboard.com Article in Faze Magazine Article in Seventeen Magazine Article in Talk TV World Article in Talk Tunes World Article in The Hollywood Reporter Article in ClevverTV Article in Character Grades External links Official website Claudia Lee at IMDb Claudia Lee on FanAccess Hollywood Sunset on YouTube It Gets Better on YouTube 3 Leaf Clover on YouTube Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National Norway Israel United States Japan Korea Croatia Netherlands Portugal Academics CiNii Other RISM IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hart of Dixie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hart_of_Dixie"},{"link_name":"Zeke and Luther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeke_and_Luther"},{"link_name":"The Outcasts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Outcasts_(2017_film)"}],"text":"Claudia Lee (born Claudia Lee Mirkowski) is an American actress and singer who is best known for her roles as Magnolia Breeland on Hart of Dixie, as Bridget on Zeke and Luther, and as Whitney in The Outcasts.","title":"Claudia Lee"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lafayette, Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lafayette,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Polish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_language"},{"link_name":"Poznań","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozna%C5%84"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"School of Creative and Performing Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=School_of_Creative_and_Performing_Arts_(Vermont)&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Lee was born Claudia Lee Mirkowski in Lafayette, Indiana,[1] to Denise and Klaudius Mirkowski. At the age of 3, her parents enrolled her in dance classes, where she studied ballet, jazz and tap-dancing for 10 years. When she was 8 years old, Lee expressed a desire to learn her father’s native language, Polish, so her parents sent her to school in Poznań, Poland for one month every summer for five years. Claudia also has an older brother with whom she shares a \"great bond\" and influences her characters.Long interested in music, Lee began taking piano lessons when she was 10. At age 13, she attended the School of Creative and Performing Arts (SOCAPA) summer camp in Vermont. There, her roommate introduced Lee to an agent from Hollywood who was instrumental in bringing her to Los Angeles.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Comcast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comcast"},{"link_name":"Zachary Levi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zachary_Levi"},{"link_name":"Zeke and Luther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeke_and_Luther"},{"link_name":"Hart of Dixie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hart_of_Dixie"},{"link_name":"Universal Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Studios"},{"link_name":"Kick-Ass 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kick-Ass_2_(film)"},{"link_name":"Mark Millar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Millar"},{"link_name":"John Romita, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Romita,_Jr."},{"link_name":"Jeff Wadlow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Wadlow"},{"link_name":"Surviving Jack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surviving_Jack"}],"sub_title":"Acting","text":"Lee and her family arrived in Hollywood in January 2010. Within her first few weeks, Lee landed a role in a national TV commercial for Comcast with actor Zachary Levi (Chuck, Less Than Perfect). She was then cast in a short film, The Circus Girl, as Elizaveta, a young Russian villain who is traveling with a struggling circus family.Following The Circus Girl, Lee went on to television series Zeke and Luther and Hart of Dixie. In August 2012, Lee was cast in the Universal Studios film Kick-Ass 2, which was based on the second volume of the Kick-Ass comic book series by Mark Millar and John Romita, Jr. The film, directed by Jeff Wadlow, was released in August 2013.In 2014, Lee appeared in the Fox comedy series Surviving Jack.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hart of Dixie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hart_of_Dixie"}],"sub_title":"Singing","text":"In 2010 Lee began working with music producer Max DiCarlo. In November of that year, Lee released her first song and music video, \"It Gets Better\", inspired by a national campaign aimed at stopping bullying. Lee's debut album, Here Right Now, was released in February 2012. \"Hollywood Sunset\", a song on the album, had previously been released in September 2011. The next two singles from the album, the country-rap song \"3 Leaf Clover\", and \"Take My Hand\" that Lee performed on Hart of Dixie, were released in 2012.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"About Claudia - Claudia Lee's official website\". ClaudiaLeeLive.com. Archived from the original on April 2, 2012. Retrieved March 5, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120402121813/http://claudialeelive.com/about-claudia.html","url_text":"\"About Claudia - Claudia Lee's official website\""},{"url":"http://claudialeelive.com/about-claudia.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Linda Ge (February 1, 2016). \"'Girl Meets World' Casts Luke Benward, Ashley Argota, Claudia Lee for Season 3 (Exclusive)\". The Wrap. Retrieved June 4, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thewrap.com/girl-meets-world-casts-luke-benward-ashley-argota-claudia-lee-for-season-3-exclusive/","url_text":"\"'Girl Meets World' Casts Luke Benward, Ashley Argota, Claudia Lee for Season 3 (Exclusive)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wrap","url_text":"The Wrap"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Claudia+Lee%22","external_links_name":"\"Claudia Lee\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Claudia+Lee%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Claudia+Lee%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Claudia+Lee%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Claudia+Lee%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Claudia+Lee%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Claudia+Lee%22","external_links_name":"\"Claudia Lee\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Claudia+Lee%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Claudia+Lee%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Claudia+Lee%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Claudia+Lee%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Claudia+Lee%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120402121813/http://claudialeelive.com/about-claudia.html","external_links_name":"\"About Claudia - 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrajan_Castle	Arrajan Castle	["1 References"]	Castle in Khuzestan Province, Iran Arrajan castleقلعه ارجانGeneral informationTypeCastleTown or cityBehbahanCountry IranArrajan castle (Persian: قلعه ارجان) is a historical castle located in Behbahan County in Khuzestan Province, The longevity of this fortress dates back to the historical Arrajan town of the Sasanian Empire. References ^ "جاذبه‌هاي گردشگري بهبهان ميزبان مهمانان نوروزي". Islamic Republic News Agency. Archived from the original on 2021-08-03. Retrieved 17 February 2021. ^ "مروری بر قلعه‌های ارجان". Iranian Students News Agency. Retrieved 17 February 2021. vte Castles in IranEast Azerbaijan Arg of Tabriz Avarsin Castle Babak Fort Bakhtak Leylan Castle Dokhtaran Castle Hulagu Khan Castle Poshtab Castle Jushin Castle Kordasht Castle Naryn Castle, Sardrud Razliq Castle Sen Sarud Castle Qal'eh Dokhtar, Mianeh Qal'eh Dokhtar, Khosrowshah Qal'eh Dokhtar, Qez Qaleh Qiz Castle, Osku Qiz Castle Daghi Zahhak Castle Sherbit Castle Dag Castle West Azerbaijan Takht-e Soleymān Chehriq Dimdim Castle Kafar Qaleh Si Qiz Castle, Khoy Kol Kharabeh Castle Asgarabad Castle Isfahan Abyaneh Arg of Murcheh Khvort Ali Ahmad Domab Castle Atashgah Castle, Qehi Bayazeh Castle Gouged Stronghold Qurtan Castle Jalali Castle Naryn Castle, Nain Karshahi Castle Kheshti Castle Tarq Castle Tabreh Castle Yengejeh Castle Qal'eh Bozi Qunakh Qiran Castle Shojaabad Castles Murchan Castle Qameshlu Castle Ab Sefid Ab Castle Khanabad Castle Ardabil Bar Bar Castle Buyni Yugun Castle Div Castle Golshekanan Castle Kohneh Qal'eh, Meshginshahr Naryn Castle, Ardabil Khosrow Castle Owltan Castle Qahqaheh Castle Qal'eh Dokhtar, Bileh Savar Qez Qaleh Si, Abadeh Qez Qaleh Si, Bileh Savar Alborz Gabaran Castle Gahur Castle Falis Castle Bushehr Agha Khan Liravi-ye Castle Bardestan Castle Kalat Ahram Castle Borazjan Castle Khormoj Castle Nasori Castle Zendan Castle Dutch Castle Hesar Castle Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Kak Kahzad Castle, Dana Golestan Jiq Qareh Tapeh Daz castle Qiz Castle Kondeskuh Sar Tapeh Castle Gilan Bandbon Castle Chimarud Castle Rudkhan Castle Lisar Castle Kalisham Castle Tak Aghaj Castle Shindan Castle Ispahbudhan Castle Shah Neshin Gorj Castle Tehran Firuzkuh Castle Gabri Castle, Ray Iraj Castle Rashkan Castle Rey Castle Deh Shad Castle Ammameh Castle Kheyrabad Castle Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Ardal Castle Dezak Castle Junqan Castle Chaleshtar Castle Faradonbeh Castle North Khorasan Arg of Alma Dushen Belqeys Castle Bidvaz Castle Jalal al-Din Castle Gurkanan Castle Kohneh Castle, Nuk Kohneh Castle, Nasrabad Kohneh Castle, Kariz Dar Kohneh Castle, Guren Kohneh Castle, Ardein Kohneh Castle, Agdash Qasem Khan Castle Sangar Castle Qelich Castle Kafar Qaleh, Esfarayen Qazlar Qaleh Kafaran Castle Qoshun Castle Qarloq Castle Arg Bala Castle Razavi Khorasan Arg of Kashmar Atashgah Castle Bezanjerd Castle Gabar Hesar Castle Rig Castle Bardarud Castle Mikal Castle Mojahedabad Castle Kohneh Castle, Zendeh Jan Nameq Castle Qal'eh Dokhtar, Doruneh Qal'eh Dokhtar, Khooshab Qal'eh Dokhtar, Kuhsorkh Qal'eh Dokhtar, Shurab Rahmanniyeh Castle Tus Citadel Zibad Castle Forud Castle Kondor Castle Kohneh Qal'eh, Zafaraniyeh South Khorasan Arg of Kolah Farangi Arg of Tabas Chehel Dokhtar Castle, Qaen Bidesgan Castle Shahdiz Birjand Castle Howgend Castle Howz Gholam Kesh Castle Rostam Castle Rostam Castle, Khusf Furg Citadel Khvor Castle Khanik Castle Kol Hassan Sabbah Castle Kuh Qaen Castle Kuh Zardan Castle Qal'eh Dokhtar, Ferdows Qal'eh Kuh of Ferdows Qadamgah Castle Qala Castle, Shadan Qala Castle, Nowzad Qala Castle, Mud Qala Castle, Chahkand Qala Castle, Sarayan Qala Castle, Ark Azizabad Castle Raqqeh Castle Yahn Castle Nowferest Castle Nughab Castle Masen Castle Kuh Shakhen Castle Kamar Qala Castle Aliabad Castle, Birjand Dezh Estakhr Castle Qal'eh Dokhtar, Mark Qal'eh Dokhtar, Asiab Khorashad Castle Chahkanduk Castle Babuk Castle Asu Castle Khuzestan Arrajan Castle Mahtabi Castle Shush Castle Selasal Castle Kuran Castle Razeh Castle Hosseini Castle Bardel Castle Garmez Castle Kazhdom Castle School Castle 1 Kurdistan Ziwiyeh Castle Kani Now Castle Qomchoqay castle Qujileh Castle Shargeh Castle Surin Castle Do Sineh Castle Barvish Kani Castle Aghli Beg Castle Kan shir Kesh Olya Castle Qala Qureh Castle Qadimi Castle Salavatabad Castle Khan Baghi Castle Akh Kand Bala Castle Akh Kand Pain Castle Semnan Estanavand Naruheh castle Gerdkuh Saru Castles Shir Qal'eh Pa Deh Castle Kafar Castle Kafar Qaleh, Mehdishahr Mansur Kuh Castle Mehrnegar Castle Zard Castle Sistan and Baluchestan Bampur Castle Baloch Got castle Chanef Castle Espakeh Castle Firuzabad Castle Irandegan Castle Heriduk Castle Timur Castle Tis Castle Ramrud Castle Sam Castle, Hamun Sarbaz Castle Seh Kohye Castle Sib and Suran Castle Nik Shahr Castle Kak Kahzad Castle, Hamun Machi Castle Pirouz Got Castle Daman Castle Chehel Dokhtaran castle Chehel Dokhtar Castle, Iranshahr Espidezh Castle Abtar Castle Naseri Castle Fars Arg of Karim Khan Ashpaz Khaneh Zahhak castle Azhdeha Peykar Castle Gachi Castle Qal'eh Dokhtar Izad-Khast Castle Tabar Castle Mazayjan Castle Qal'eh Dokhtar, Bishapur Hamzehkhani Castle Puskan Castle Parvizeh Evaz Castle Angosht Gabri Castle Eshkanan Castle S.P.R (Castle) Gabri Dehdaq Castle Do Qolleh Castle Qalat Castle, Kavar Qalat Castle, Qir and Karzin Mehr Ali Farsi Castle Kohneh Castle, Jafarabad Kafarha Castle Qal'eh Dokhtar, Estahban Qalat Khawari Castle Gud Qalat Castle Afrasiab Khan Castle Shah Neshin Castle Simakan Castle Tutangi Meseh Castle Tang Lorun Castle Bazm Castle Sarvestan Palace Qazvin Alamut Castle Sasan Castle Semiran Castle Shirkuh Castle Meimoon Ghal'eh Lambsar Castle Maymun-Diz Kafar Qaleh, Qazvin Kuchar Castle Lawajik Castle Qari Daqu Castle Faizabad Castle Qom Qal'eh Dokhtar, Qom Geli Castle Mozaffarabad Castle Qermez Castle Qomrud Castle Samabad Castle Zar Bolagh Castle Qiz Castle, Jamkaran Kerman Anar Castle Kohneh Castle, Shaab Jereh Qal'eh Dokhtar, Kerman Arg-e Bam Qal'eh Dokhtar II Shafiabad Castle Hoshoun Castle Davudabad Castle Manujan Castle Ardeshir Castle Keshit Castle Rayen Castle Sang Castle Semoran Castle Qahqah Castle Qanj Ali Khan Afshar Castle Ziaratgah Castle Ganj Ali Khan Castle Remuk Castle Doran Castle Bahaabad Castle Deh-e Khvajeh Castle Malekabad Zakht Castle Dashtab Castles Esfandaqeh Castle Kermanshah Ban Qaleh Bard Zanjir Castle Maryam Castle Sarmaj Castle Yazdegerd Castle, Zardeh Shian Castle Sar Firuzabad Castle Akbar Khan Castle Mazandaran Arudasht Lar Castle Chehel Dar Castle Malek Bahman Castle Markuh Castle Kangelo Castle Poulad Castle Owlad Castle Molk Kioumars Castle Palangan Castle Shah Neshin Asiab Sar Castle Kati Abu ol Hasan Kola Castle Markazi Qal'eh Dokhtar, Saveh Jamshidi Castle Milajerd Castle Moghuyeh Castle Khandan Bahadori Castle Haj Wakil Castle Lorestan Arbabi Castle Azna Castle Bajul Ab Barik Castle Bajul Castle Rumyan Castle Nakam Castle Shapur Khast Aq Bolagh Castle Deh Kord Castle Ilam Abdanan Castle Hezar Darb Castle Sam Castle, Chardavol Sheikh Makan Fort Valy Castle Mir Ghulam Hashemi Castle Posht Qaleh Chavar Qala Qiran Castle Kolm Castle Chavar Qala Castle Chakor Buli Chavar Castle Tut Castle Pur Ashraf Sheykh Makan Castle Panj Berar Murmuri Castle Posht Qaleh Abdanan Castle Paqala Hezarani Castle Anjir Dehloran Castle Ismail Khan Castle Hezarani Castle Qala Castle Nu Guria Castle Shemiran Castle Hormozgan Aamaj Castle Siba Castle Siba Castle Fin Castle Hezareh Castle Tawseelah Castle Leshtan Castle Fort of Our Lady of the Conception Qeshm Castle Khamir Castle Laft Castle Ilud Castle Qalat Castle, Bastak Larak Castle Kuhij Castle Kamiz Castle Qalat Jenah Castle Fatuyeh Castle Didehban Castle Hajjiabad Castle Kong Portuguese Castle Rudbar Castle Dulab Castle Khan Bastak Castle Eshgaft-e Moneh Castle Hamadan Ardalan Castle Chobin Castle Nahavand Castle Noushijan Saheb Ekhtiarieh Castle Hasan Abdal Castle Yazd Sefid Castle, Nadushan Naryn Castle, Meybod Baqerabad Castle Hoseynabad Castle Khavidak Castle Sar Yazd Fortress Kharanaq Castle Khosrowabad Castle Ernan Castle Shavvaz Castle Reshkuiyeh Castle Robat Castle Pahlavan Badi Castle Rahmatabad Castle Marvast Castle Abarndabad Castle Mehrjerd Castle Mehrpadin Castle Haruni Castle Sonni Castle Roknabad Castle Tizak Castle Bedaf Castle Bagh Tirjerd Castle Ardi Castle Ahmadabad Castle Sarv-e Olya Castle Sarv-e Sofla Castle Zardak Castle Chah Nu Castle Chah Afzal Castle Allahabad Castle Asil Castle Deh Asgar Castle Chowgan Castle Aliabad Castle, Pish Kuh Zanjan Abhar Castle Aghur Castle Behestan Castle Biuk Khan Castle Hoz Leh Castle Navader Castle Sarv-e Jahan Castle Soltaniyeh Castle Qezlar Qaleh Si castle Qizlar Qaleh Si castle Qiz Castle Si Aq Qaleh Golabar Castle Also See: Castles in Iran vte Sasanian castlesAzerbaijanBaku Chirag Gala Maiden Tower Nakhchivan Yazdegerd Castle GeorgiaLazica Onoguris IraqDiyala Qal'at Sefid IranArdabil Kohneh Qal'eh, Meshginshahr Qez Qaleh Si, Bileh Savar Qunakh Qiran castle Bushehr Zendan castle East Azerbaijan Province Babak Fort Dag Castle Hulagu Khan Castle Jushin Castle Poshtab Castle Qiz Castle Daghi Fars Angosht Gabri Castle Ashpaz Khaneh Zahhak Castle Azhdeha Peykar Castle Gud Qalat Castle Izad-Khast Castle Parvizeh Evaz Castle Puskan Castle Qal'eh Dokhtar Qal'eh Dokhtar, Bishapur Qalat Castle, Kavar Qalat Castle, Qir and Karzin Qalat Khawari Castle Sarvestan Palace Shah Neshin Castle Tang Lorun Castle Tutangi Meseh Castle Gilan Rudkhan Castle Hamadan Chobin Castle Nahavand Castle Hormozgan Aamaj Castle Dulab Castle Eshgaft-e Moneh Castle Siba Castle Tawseelah Castle Ilam Abdanan Castle Anjir Dehloran Castle Guria Castle Heliveh Castle Hezarani Castle Hezar Darb Castle Paqala Hezarani Castle Posht Qaleh Abdanan Castle Sheikh Makan Fort Shemiran Castle Isfahan Abyaneh Bayazeh Castle Karshahi Castle Qal'eh Bozi Qurtan Castle Tabreh Castle Kerman Ardeshir Castle Arg of Anar Qahqah Castle Rayen Castle Sang Castle Kermanshah Ban Qaleh Maryam Castle Sar Firuzabad Castle Sarmaj Castle Khuzestan Arrajan Castle Castle of Oblivion Garmez Castle Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province Kak Kahzad Castle, Dana Lorestan Falak-ol-Aflak Markazi Jamshidi Castle Qal'eh Dokhtar, Saveh Mazandaran Kangelo Castle Malek Bahman Castle Owlad Castle North Khorasan Province Belqeys Castle Sangar Castle Qazvin Lambsar Castle Meimoon Ghal'eh Semiran Castle Shirkuh Castle Qom Qal'eh Dokhtar, Qom Qiz Castle, Jamkaran Razavi Khorasan Atashgah Castle Qal'eh Dokhtar, Shurab Tus Citadel Semnan Shir Qal'eh Sistan and Baluchestan Province Bampur Castle Chehel Dokhtar Castle, Iranshahr Chehel Dokhtaran castle Kak Kahzad Castle, Hamun Mount Khajeh Pirouz Got Castle South Khorasan Rostam Castle, Khusf Tehran Gabri castle Iraj Castle West Azerbaijan Takht-e Soleymān Yazd Abarndabad castle Bedaf Castle Haruni Castle Khavidak Castle Naryn Castle, Meybod Sar Yazd Fortress Shavvaz Castle Zanjan Behestan Castle OmanAl Batinah Region Nakhal Fort RussiaDagestan Naryn Kala Castle Saudi ArabiaQatif Qal'at al-Qatif Also See: Sasanian castles This article about a castle in Iran is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle"},{"link_name":"Behbahan County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behbahan_County"},{"link_name":"Khuzestan Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khuzestan_Province"},{"link_name":"Arrajan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrajan"},{"link_name":"Sasanian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasanian_Empire"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Arrajan castle (Persian: قلعه ارجان) is a historical castle located in Behbahan County in Khuzestan Province, The longevity of this fortress dates back to the historical Arrajan town of the Sasanian Empire.[1][2]","title":"Arrajan Castle"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"جاذبه‌هاي گردشگري بهبهان ميزبان مهمانان نوروزي\". 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Iranian Students News Agency. Retrieved 17 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.isna.ir/news/91050100360/%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C-%D8%A8%D8%B1-%D9%82%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%87-%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86","url_text":"\"مروری بر قلعه‌های ارجان\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Students_News_Agency","url_text":"Iranian Students News Agency"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.irna.ir/news/83247969/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B0%D8%A8%D9%87-%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%8A-%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%B4%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A-%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%85%D9%87%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A","external_links_name":"\"جاذبه‌هاي گردشگري بهبهان ميزبان مهمانان نوروزي\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210803125018/https://www.irna.ir/news/83247969/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B0%D8%A8%D9%87-%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%8A-%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%B4%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A-%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%85%D9%87%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.isna.ir/news/91050100360/%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C-%D8%A8%D8%B1-%D9%82%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%87-%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86","external_links_name":"\"مروری بر قلعه‌های ارجان\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arrajan_Castle&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veli_Saltikgil	Veli Saltikgil	["1 See also","2 References"]	Veli SaltikgilNickname(s)VeliddinBorn1880Buldan, Ottoman EmpireDied21 March 1935(1935-03-21) (aged 55)Aydın, TurkeyAllegiance Ottoman Empire (1902–1919) Turkey (1919–1924)Years of service1902–1924RankGeneralCommands heldCommander of the Eastern FrontBattles/warsWorld War ITurkish War of IndependenceOther workMember of the TBMM (Aydın) Veli Saltikgil (1880 – 21 March 1935), also known as Veli Bey and Veliddin, was a Turkish general and politician. He was the commander of the Eastern Army of Turkey & a signatory of the Treaty of Kars, he later served in the justice department in Aydın, he was a member of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey. See also Treaty of Kars References ^ "Türki̇ye Büyük Mi̇llet Mecli̇si̇ Kataloğu". ^ Mazbatası “Veliddin” adına düzenlenmiş, İsim defteri ve tutanaklara “Veli” olarak geçmiştir. TBMM Albümü Dip Not 66	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Turkish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_people"},{"link_name":"Eastern Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Front_(Turkey)"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Kars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Kars"},{"link_name":"Aydın","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayd%C4%B1n"},{"link_name":"Grand National Assembly of Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_National_Assembly_of_Turkey"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Veli Saltikgil (1880 – 21 March 1935), also known as Veli Bey and Veliddin, was a Turkish general and politician. He was the commander of the Eastern Army of Turkey & a signatory of the Treaty of Kars, he later served in the justice department in Aydın, he was a member of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey.[1][2]","title":"Veli Saltikgil"}]	[]	[{"title":"Treaty of Kars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Kars"}]	[{"reference":"\"Türki̇ye Büyük Mi̇llet Mecli̇si̇ Kataloğu\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tbmm.gov.tr/TBMM_Album/Cilt1/index.html","url_text":"\"Türki̇ye Büyük Mi̇llet Mecli̇si̇ Kataloğu\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.tbmm.gov.tr/TBMM_Album/Cilt1/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Türki̇ye Büyük Mi̇llet Mecli̇si̇ Kataloğu\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodrigo_de_la_Rosa	Rodrigo de la Rosa	["1 External links"]	Mexican actor (born 1977) This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (January 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Rodrigo de la Rosa (born August 30, 1977) is a Mexican actor, best known for appearing in several telenovelas. He starred in three successful Mexican telenovas, Daniela 2002, El Alma Herida 2003, and La Ley del Silencio 2005, although he has appeared in musicals such as "Man of La Mancha" (1999), "Jesus Christ Superstar" (2000) and "Les Miserables" (2002-2003) playing the role of "Marius". He also appeared in an episode of Inspector Mom, and in the 2007 American straight to DVD film Walking Tall: Lone Justice opposite Kevin Sorbo. Also in 2007, he hosted the Mexican talk-show Sin tapujos. In 2010, he starred in the new version of the novela "Perro Amor" and in 2011 in novela "Alguien te mira" as Pedro Pablo Peñafiel. In 2012, he starred ``El Rostro de la Venganza´´ as a prisoner called Leyton alongside David Chocarro, Marlene Favela and Saul Lisazo. External links Rodrigo de la Rosa at IMDb Daniela El Alma herida IMDB entry for ley del Silencio This article about a Mexican actor is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"telenovelas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telenovela"},{"link_name":"Daniela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniela_(telenovela)"},{"link_name":"El Alma Herida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Alma_Herida"},{"link_name":"Inspector Mom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inspector_Mom"},{"link_name":"Walking Tall: Lone Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walking_Tall:_Lone_Justice"},{"link_name":"Kevin Sorbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Sorbo"},{"link_name":"Perro Amor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perro_Amor"},{"link_name":"Alguien te mira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alguien_te_mira_(U.S._TV_series)"},{"link_name":"El Rostro de la Venganza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Rostro_de_la_Venganza"},{"link_name":"David Chocarro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Chocarro"},{"link_name":"Marlene Favela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marlene_Favela"},{"link_name":"Saul Lisazo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saul_Lisazo"}],"text":"Rodrigo de la Rosa (born August 30, 1977) is a Mexican actor, best known for appearing in several telenovelas. He starred in three successful Mexican telenovas, Daniela 2002, El Alma Herida 2003, and La Ley del Silencio 2005, although he has appeared in musicals such as \"Man of La Mancha\" (1999), \"Jesus Christ Superstar\" (2000) and \"Les Miserables\" (2002-2003) playing the role of \"Marius\".He also appeared in an episode of Inspector Mom, and in the 2007 American straight to DVD film Walking Tall: Lone Justice opposite Kevin Sorbo. Also in 2007, he hosted the Mexican talk-show Sin tapujos. In 2010, he starred in the new version of the novela \"Perro Amor\" and in 2011 in novela \"Alguien te mira\" as Pedro Pablo Peñafiel. In 2012, he starred ``El Rostro de la Venganza´´ as a prisoner called Leyton alongside David Chocarro, Marlene Favela and Saul Lisazo.","title":"Rodrigo de la Rosa"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1148391/","external_links_name":"Rodrigo de la Rosa"},{"Link":"http://telenovelasonline.8m.com/daniela.html","external_links_name":"Daniela"},{"Link":"http://www.alma-latina.net/111USA/AlmaHeridaEl/AlmaHeridaEl.shtml","external_links_name":"El Alma herida"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0366048/","external_links_name":"IMDB entry for ley del Silencio"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rodrigo_de_la_Rosa&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juanfri	Juanfri	["1 Club career","1.1 Early years and Málaga","1.2 Sporting Goa","1.3 Later career","2 Career statistics","3 References","4 External links"]	Spanish footballer In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is García and the second or maternal family name is Peña. JuanfriPersonal informationFull name Juan Francisco García PeñaDate of birth (1989-10-01) 1 October 1989 (age 34)Place of birth Fuengirola, SpainHeight 1.81 m (5 ft 11 in)Position(s) StrikerTeam informationCurrent team St Joseph'sYouth career2005–2006 Fuengirola2006–2007 Murcia2007–2008 FuengirolaSenior careerYears Team Apps (Gls)2006 Fuengirola 7 (5)2007–2008 Fuengirola 9 (0)2008–2009 Estepona 35 (13)2009–2012 Málaga B 94 (40)2010 Málaga 0 (0)2012–2013 Écija 10 (1)2013 Sporting Goa 9 (2)2013–2014 Écija 29 (5)2014–2015 San Pedro 33 (18)2015–2016 Marbella 31 (9)2016 Lincoln Red Imps 0 (0)2016–2017 Saburtalo 11 (2)2017–2018 Antequera 49 (15)2018–2022 St Joseph's 80 (81)2022–2024 Lincoln Red Imps 37 (38)2024– St Joseph's 0 (0) Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 08:50, 10 May 2024 (UTC) Juan Francisco García Peña (born 1 October 1989), known as Juanfri, is a Spanish footballer who plays for Gibraltarian club St Joseph's as a striker. Club career Early years and Málaga Born in Fuengirola, Province of Málaga, Juanfri made his senior debut at the age of just 16 with local club UD Fuengirola Los Boliches in the Tercera División, scoring a hat-trick in a 9–0 win against Úbeda CF. In the 2008–09 season he moved to another modest side in Andalusia, Unión Estepona CF, partnering former Málaga CF legend Catanha up front, and both were instrumental as they first promoted to Segunda División B; in the process, he netted the team's first-ever goal in the fourth tier of Spanish football. Juanfri signed with Málaga in July 2009, being assigned to the reserves in division four. He made his first-team debut on 7 January 2010, in a 2–1 home defeat of Getafe CF in the round of 16 of the Copa del Rey. Sporting Goa Juanfri did not appear in any more competitive games for Málaga and, in summer 2012, left for neighbouring Écija Balompié in the third division. On 31 January 2013, however, he moved abroad and joined I-League franchise Sporting Clube de Goa until the end of the season. Juanfri made his first appearance for his new team on 1 February 2013, being replaced in the 81st minute of the fixture against Churchill Brothers SC (1–0 home victory). He scored his first goal on 20 March, equalising an eventual 3–1 win at Salgaocar FC through a penalty. In June 2013, Juanfri was released. He went on to resume his career in his country's lower leagues. Later career Early into the 2017 January transfer window, Juanfri left FC Saburtalo Tbilisi from Georgia and joined Tercera División club Antequera CF. On 3 August 2018, he signed for St Joseph's in Gibraltar, where he formed an efficient attacking partnership with his compatriot Salva Boro; in 2020, he led a list of Spanish players abroad by scoring 21 goals in a calendar year. Career statistics As of match played on 27 May 2018 Club Season League Cup Other Total Division Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Fuengirola 2005–06 Tercera División 7 5 0 0 — 7 5 2007–08 Tercera División 9 0 0 0 — 9 0 Total 16 5 0 0 — 16 5 Estepona 2008–09 Tercera División 35 13 0 0 — 35 3 Málaga B 2009–10 Tercera División 32 13 — — 32 13 2010–11 Tercera División 32 13 — 2 0 34 13 2011–12 Tercera División 30 14 — — 30 14 Total 94 40 — 2 0 96 40 Málaga 2010–11 La Liga 0 0 1 0 — 1 0 Écija 2012–13 Segunda División B 10 1 0 0 — 10 1 Sporting Goa 2012–13 I-League 9 2 0 0 — 9 2 Écija 2013–14 Segunda División B 29 5 1 0 — 30 5 San Pedro 2014–15 Tercera División 33 18 0 0 6 3 39 21 Marbella 2015–16 Segunda División B 31 9 0 0 — 31 9 Lincoln Red Imps 2016–17 Gibraltar Premier Division 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 Saburtalo 2016 Umaglesi Liga 11 2 1 0 — 12 2 Antequera 2016–17 Tercera División 16 2 0 0 3 1 19 3 2017–18 Tercera División 33 13 1 0 2 0 36 13 Total 49 15 1 0 5 1 54 16 Career total 317 110 4 0 14 4 335 114 ^ a b c d Appearances in Relegation Play-offs ^ Appearance in UEFA Europa League References ^ El Caravaca y La Unión buscan fuera de casa subir de categoría (Caravaca and La Unión looking to promote away from home); La Verdad, 31 May 2009 (in Spanish) ^ Spanish striker for Sporting; The Times of India, 31 January 2013 ^ a b El delantero Juanfri (19 años), nuevo fichaje del Atlético Malagueño (Forward Juanfri (19), new Atlético Malagueño signing) Archived 27 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine; Join Futbol, 23 July 2009 (in Spanish) ^ (2–1) El 'Málaga B' y el Geta se la jugarán en la vuelta ((2–1) 'Málaga B' and Geta leave it all for second leg); El Desmarque, 7 January 2010 (in Spanish) ^ Plata y Juanfri fichan por el Écija (Plata and Juanfri sign with Écija) Archived 22 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine; Écija Deportiva, 8 August 2012 (in Spanish) ^ Sporting recruit third Spaniard; O Heraldo, 31 January 2013 ^ Sporting, Churchill have score to settle; The Times of India, 1 February 2013 ^ Sporting beat 10-man Churchill Brothers 1–0 in I-League; The Times of India, 1 February 2013 ^ Sporting rally to beat Salgaocar 3–1; Sportskeeda, 20 March 2013 ^ Juanfri: goles con acento hindú (Juanfri: goals with hindu accent); Málaga Hoy, 28 July 2013 (in Spanish) ^ Vuelve Juanfri y se va Mane (Juanfri returns and Mane leaves); Écija al Día, 9 August 2013 (in Spanish) ^ El Marbella ficha al delantero Juanfri, el goleador del San Pedro (Marbella sign forward Juanfri, San Pedro scorer); Marbella 24 Horas, 6 July 2015 (in Spanish) ^ Juanfri, el galáctico que le faltaba al Antequera (Juanfri, the galáctico that Antequera were missing); El Desmarque, 6 January 2017 (in Spanish) ^ @Juanfri_9 Signs for St Joseph’s FC from @AntequeraCF.; Twitter, 3 August 2018 ^ Juanfri-Boro, el dúo español que hace sombra a Haaland (Juanfri-Boro, the Spanish duo that steals the limelight from Haaland); Diario AS, 3 December 2019 (in Spanish) ^ Los máximos goleadores españoles en el extranjero de 2020 (The top Spanish scorers abroad of 2020); Migrantes del Balón, 9 January 2021 (in Spanish) ^ Juanfri at FootballDatabase.eu ^ a b c d e f g h Juanfri at LaPreferente.com (in Spanish) ^ a b c d e Juanfri at BDFutbol ^ a b c Juanfri at Soccerway External links Juanfri at BDFutbol Juanfri at Futbolme (in Spanish)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spanish name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_name"},{"link_name":"surname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"St Joseph's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Joseph%27s_F.C."},{"link_name":"striker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_(association_football)#Striker"}],"text":"In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is García and the second or maternal family name is Peña.Juan Francisco García Peña (born 1 October 1989), known as Juanfri, is a Spanish footballer who plays for Gibraltarian club St Joseph's as a striker.","title":"Juanfri"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fuengirola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuengirola"},{"link_name":"Province of Málaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_M%C3%A1laga"},{"link_name":"UD Fuengirola Los Boliches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UD_Fuengirola_Los_Boliches"},{"link_name":"Tercera División","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tercera_Divisi%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"hat-trick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hat-trick"},{"link_name":"Úbeda CF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Abeda_CF"},{"link_name":"2008–09 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_Tercera_Divisi%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Andalusia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia"},{"link_name":"Unión Estepona CF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uni%C3%B3n_Estepona_CF"},{"link_name":"Málaga CF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1laga_CF"},{"link_name":"Catanha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catanha"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Segunda División B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segunda_Divisi%C3%B3n_B"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"fourth tier of Spanish football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_football_league_system"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JF-3"},{"link_name":"the reserves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atl%C3%A9tico_Malague%C3%B1o"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JF-3"},{"link_name":"Getafe CF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Getafe_CF"},{"link_name":"round of 16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_Copa_del_Rey"},{"link_name":"Copa del Rey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copa_del_Rey"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Early years and Málaga","text":"Born in Fuengirola, Province of Málaga, Juanfri made his senior debut at the age of just 16 with local club UD Fuengirola Los Boliches in the Tercera División, scoring a hat-trick in a 9–0 win against Úbeda CF. In the 2008–09 season he moved to another modest side in Andalusia, Unión Estepona CF, partnering former Málaga CF legend Catanha up front,[1] and both were instrumental as they first promoted to Segunda División B;[2] in the process, he netted the team's first-ever goal in the fourth tier of Spanish football.[3]Juanfri signed with Málaga in July 2009, being assigned to the reserves in division four.[3] He made his first-team debut on 7 January 2010, in a 2–1 home defeat of Getafe CF in the round of 16 of the Copa del Rey.[4]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Écija Balompié","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cija_Balompi%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"I-League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-League"},{"link_name":"Sporting Clube de Goa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporting_Clube_de_Goa"},{"link_name":"the season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_I-League"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Churchill Brothers SC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Churchill_Brothers_FC_Goa"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Salgaocar FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salgaocar_FC"},{"link_name":"penalty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_kick_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Sporting Goa","text":"Juanfri did not appear in any more competitive games for Málaga and, in summer 2012, left for neighbouring Écija Balompié in the third division.[5] On 31 January 2013, however, he moved abroad and joined I-League franchise Sporting Clube de Goa until the end of the season.[6][7]Juanfri made his first appearance for his new team on 1 February 2013, being replaced in the 81st minute of the fixture against Churchill Brothers SC (1–0 home victory).[8] He scored his first goal on 20 March, equalising an eventual 3–1 win at Salgaocar FC through a penalty.[9]In June 2013, Juanfri was released.[10] He went on to resume his career in his country's lower leagues.[11][12]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"transfer window","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfer_window"},{"link_name":"FC Saburtalo Tbilisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Saburtalo_Tbilisi"},{"link_name":"Tercera División","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tercera_Divisi%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Antequera CF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antequera_CF"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"St Joseph's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Joseph%27s_F.C."},{"link_name":"Gibraltar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltar"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Later career","text":"Early into the 2017 January transfer window, Juanfri left FC Saburtalo Tbilisi from Georgia and joined Tercera División club Antequera CF.[13] On 3 August 2018, he signed for St Joseph's in Gibraltar,[14] where he formed an efficient attacking partnership with his compatriot Salva Boro;[15] in 2020, he led a list of Spanish players abroad by scoring 21 goals in a calendar year.[16]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-RPO_19-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-RPO_19-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-RPO_19-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-RPO_19-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-UEL_22-0"},{"link_name":"UEFA Europa League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Europa_League"}],"text":"As of match played on 27 May 2018[17]^ a b c d Appearances in Relegation Play-offs\n\n^ Appearance in UEFA Europa League","title":"Career statistics"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.laverdad.es/murcia/20090531/deportes/futbol/caravaca-union-buscan-plaza-200905311142.html","external_links_name":"El Caravaca y La Unión buscan fuera de casa subir de categoría (Caravaca and La Unión looking to promote away from 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leg)"},{"Link":"http://www.ecijadeportiva.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2627:plata-y-juanfri-fichan-por-el-ecija&catid=13:ecija-balompie-2ob&Itemid=100003","external_links_name":"Plata y Juanfri fichan por el Écija (Plata and Juanfri sign with Écija)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140222225707/http://www.ecijadeportiva.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2627%3Aplata-y-juanfri-fichan-por-el-ecija&catid=13%3Aecija-balompie-2ob&Itemid=100003","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.heraldgoa.in/Sports/sporting-recruit-third-spaniard/46942","external_links_name":"Sporting recruit third Spaniard"},{"Link":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/i-league/sporting-churchill-have-score-to-settle/articleshow/18281482.cms","external_links_name":"Sporting, Churchill have score to 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scorer)"},{"Link":"http://malaga.eldesmarque.com/futbol-provincial/49926-juanfri-el-galatico-que-le-faltaba-al-antequera","external_links_name":"Juanfri, el galáctico que le faltaba al Antequera (Juanfri, the galáctico that Antequera were missing)"},{"Link":"https://twitter.com/StJosephsFCGib/status/1025358186356858881","external_links_name":"@Juanfri_9 Signs for St Joseph’s FC from @AntequeraCF."},{"Link":"https://as.com/futbol/2019/12/03/internacional/1575369394_353629.html","external_links_name":"Juanfri-Boro, el dúo español que hace sombra a Haaland (Juanfri-Boro, the Spanish duo that steals the limelight from Haaland)"},{"Link":"http://migrantesdelbalon.com/los-maximos-goleadores-espanoles-en-el-extranjero-de-2020/","external_links_name":"Los máximos goleadores españoles en el extranjero de 2020 (The top Spanish scorers abroad of 2020)"},{"Link":"https://www.footballdatabase.eu/en/player/details/92937","external_links_name":"Juanfri"},{"Link":"https://www.lapreferente.com/J10294/.html#marcoCentral","external_links_name":"Juanfri"},{"Link":"https://www.bdfutbol.com/en/j/j10158.html","external_links_name":"Juanfri"},{"Link":"https://int.soccerway.com/players/-/132910/","external_links_name":"Juanfri"},{"Link":"https://www.bdfutbol.com/en/j/j10158.html","external_links_name":"Juanfri"},{"Link":"https://futbolme.com/jugador.php?id=9992#pestaTemporada","external_links_name":"Juanfri"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayles_Memorial_Hall	Sayles Memorial Hall	["1 History","2 Structure","2.1 Organ","2.2 Portraits","3 Gallery","4 References"]	Coordinates: 41°49′35″N 71°24′09″W / 41.82625°N 71.40258°W / 41.82625; -71.40258United States historic placeSayles Memorial HallU.S. Historic districtContributing property LocationBrown University Providence, Rhode IslandCoordinates41°49′35″N 71°24′09″W / 41.82625°N 71.40258°W / 41.82625; -71.40258Built1879–1881ArchitectAlpheus C. MorseArchitectural styleRichardsonian RomanesquePart ofCollege Hill Historic District Sayles Memorial Hall is a Richardsonian Romanesque hall on the central campus of Brown University in Providence, Rhode Island. The granite structure was designed by Alpheus C. Morse and constructed from 1879 to 1881. History Sayles Hall was built in memoriam of William Clark Sayles, who entered Brown in 1874 and died in 1876. In 1878 Sayles' father gifted the school $50,000 for the construction of a building in his sons' honor “which shall be exclusively and forever devoted to lectures and recitations, and to meetings on academic occasions.” Structure The building is constructed of rock-faced Westerly granite with Longmeadow brownstone trim. The structure follows a T-shaped plan. The front section measures 35 by 75 feet and is topped by a hipped roof; the rear of the building has a gabled roof. The main auditorium of the building is characterized by pine roof trusses. Organ The building is home to a 1903 Hutchings-Votey organ gifted to the university by Lucian Sharpe. Today, the organ is the largest remaining Hutchings-Votey organ of its type. The organ is used for an annual Halloween concert which begins at midnight. Portraits The main auditorium of the structure is adorned with 35 historical and contemporary portraits of leaders and benefactors of the university. In 1997, a portrait of Sarah Elizabeth Doyle was stolen from the building. In 2016, the university installed a portrait of President Emerita Ruth Simmons, making her the first and only Black woman represented in the collection. Gallery References ^ a b c d "Encyclopedia Brunoniana \| Sayles Hall". www.brown.edu. Retrieved 2021-05-08. ^ "Sayles Hall // Guide to Providence Architecture". guide.ppsri.org. Retrieved 2021-05-08. ^ "Makana Tavares '17: Sayles Memorial Hall – Archaeology of Brown University and College Hill". Retrieved 2021-05-08. ^ Toledano, Elizabeth (2016-11-02). "Steinbach plays Halloween Midnight Organ Concert". Brown Daily Herald. Retrieved 2021-05-08. ^ Omori, Maya. "Repainting Tradition: Sayles Hall Portraits". Rhode Tour. Retrieved 2021-05-08. ^ "A Portrait of a Lady Disappears From Brown University". www.chronicle.com. October 3, 1997. Retrieved 2021-05-08. ^ Center, Julianne (2016-01-28). "Simmons portrait hung in Sayles". Brown Daily Herald. Retrieved 2021-05-08. vteBrown UniversitySchools College Graduate School Alpert Medical School School of Engineering School of Public Health Centers Annenberg Institute Arts Institute Carney Institute ICERM Joukowsky Institute Pembroke Center Political Theory Project Watson Institute Athletics Ivy League Brown Bears Football Baseball Men's basketball Women's basketball Men's lacrosse Men's soccer Men's ice hockey Women's ice hockey Sailing Gouse Field Marvel Gymnasium Meehan Auditorium Murray Stadium Pizzitola Sports Center Stevenson Field Campus Buildings Statues Angell Street Andrews House Annmary Brown Memorial Bell Gallery Computing Laboratory Corliss–Brackett House Granoff Center Haffenreffer Museum Hay Library Joseph Haile House John Carter Brown Library Ladd Observatory Lindemann Performing Arts Center Nightingale–Brown House Jerimoth Hill Rockefeller Library Sayles Hall Sciences Library Slavery Memorial South Street Landing Thayer Street University Hall Van Wickle Gates Wickenden Street History History Open Curriculum In popular culture Alumni Faculty Presidents Coat of Arms Anne S. K. Brown Military Collection Josiah S. Carberry Student Life Alma Mater WBRU Brown Student & Community Radio Program in Liberal Medical Education International Mentoring Program Spring Weekend Publications Brown Daily Herald Brown Journal of World Affairs The Brown Jug The Brown Noser The College Hill Independent Cardinal Points Critical Review Encyclopedia Brunoniana Modernist Journals Project Philosophy and Phenomenological Research Brown Political Review The Brown Spectator Studies in Comparative International Development Women Writers Project Organizations Band Bear Necessities Bootstrap Brownbrokers Center for Students of Color Debating Union Derbies Ivy Film Festival Jabberwocks Orchestra Production Workshop Rhode Island Innovative Policy Lab Rites and Reason Theatre Sarah Doyle Women's Center Societas Domi Pacificae Zeta Delta Xi	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Richardsonian Romanesque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richardsonian_Romanesque"},{"link_name":"Brown University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_University"},{"link_name":"Providence, Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Providence,_Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"Alpheus C. Morse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpheus_C._Morse"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"United States historic placeSayles Memorial Hall is a Richardsonian Romanesque hall on the central campus of Brown University in Providence, Rhode Island. The granite structure was designed by Alpheus C. Morse and constructed from 1879 to 1881.[1]","title":"Sayles Memorial Hall"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"Sayles Hall was built in memoriam of William Clark Sayles, who entered Brown in 1874 and died in 1876.[2] In 1878 Sayles' father gifted the school $50,000 for the construction of a building in his sons' honor “which shall be exclusively and forever devoted to lectures and recitations, and to meetings on academic occasions.”[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Westerly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westerly,_Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"Longmeadow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longmeadow,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"brownstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brownstone"},{"link_name":"hipped roof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_roof"},{"link_name":"gabled roof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gable"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"roof trusses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truss"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The building is constructed of rock-faced Westerly granite with Longmeadow brownstone trim.The structure follows a T-shaped plan. The front section measures 35 by 75 feet and is topped by a hipped roof; the rear of the building has a gabled roof.[1] The main auditorium of the building is characterized by pine roof trusses.[3]","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hutchings-Votey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Farrand_%26_Votey_Organ_Company&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Organ","text":"The building is home to a 1903 Hutchings-Votey organ gifted to the university by Lucian Sharpe. Today, the organ is the largest remaining Hutchings-Votey organ of its type.[1] The organ is used for an annual Halloween concert which begins at midnight.[4]","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Sarah Elizabeth Doyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Elizabeth_Doyle"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Ruth Simmons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Simmons"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Portraits","text":"The main auditorium of the structure is adorned with 35 historical and contemporary portraits of leaders and benefactors of the university.[5] In 1997, a portrait of Sarah Elizabeth Doyle was stolen from the building.[6] In 2016, the university installed a portrait of President Emerita Ruth Simmons, making her the first and only Black woman represented in the collection.[7]","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sayles_Hall,_April_2021.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sayles_Hall_interior,_Brown_University.jpg"}],"title":"Gallery"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Encyclopedia Brunoniana \| Sayles Hall\". www.brown.edu. Retrieved 2021-05-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.brown.edu/Administration/News_Bureau/Databases/Encyclopedia/search.php?serial=S0050","url_text":"\"Encyclopedia Brunoniana \| Sayles Hall\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sayles Hall // Guide to Providence Architecture\". guide.ppsri.org. Retrieved 2021-05-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://guide.ppsri.org/property/sayles-hall","url_text":"\"Sayles Hall // Guide to Providence Architecture\""}]},{"reference":"\"Makana Tavares '17: Sayles Memorial Hall – Archaeology of Brown University and College Hill\". Retrieved 2021-05-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://blogs.brown.edu/archaeology250/2014/10/21/makana-tavares-17-sayles-memorial-hall/","url_text":"\"Makana Tavares '17: Sayles Memorial Hall – Archaeology of Brown University and College Hill\""}]},{"reference":"Toledano, Elizabeth (2016-11-02). \"Steinbach plays Halloween Midnight Organ Concert\". Brown Daily Herald. Retrieved 2021-05-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.browndailyherald.com/2016/11/02/steinbach-plays-halloween-midnight-organ-concert/","url_text":"\"Steinbach plays Halloween Midnight Organ Concert\""}]},{"reference":"Omori, Maya. \"Repainting Tradition: Sayles Hall Portraits\". Rhode Tour. Retrieved 2021-05-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://rhodetour.org/items/show/343?tour=40&index=0","url_text":"\"Repainting Tradition: Sayles Hall Portraits\""}]},{"reference":"\"A Portrait of a Lady Disappears From Brown University\". www.chronicle.com. October 3, 1997. Retrieved 2021-05-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chronicle.com/article/a-portrait-of-a-lady-disappears-from-brown-university/","url_text":"\"A Portrait of a Lady Disappears From Brown University\""}]},{"reference":"Center, Julianne (2016-01-28). \"Simmons portrait hung in Sayles\". Brown Daily Herald. Retrieved 2021-05-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.browndailyherald.com/2016/01/28/simmons-portrait-hung-in-sayles/","url_text":"\"Simmons portrait hung in Sayles\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sayles_Memorial_Hall&params=41.82625_N_71.40258_W_type:landmark_region:US","external_links_name":"41°49′35″N 71°24′09″W / 41.82625°N 71.40258°W / 41.82625; -71.40258"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sayles_Memorial_Hall&params=41.82625_N_71.40258_W_type:landmark_region:US","external_links_name":"41°49′35″N 71°24′09″W / 41.82625°N 71.40258°W / 41.82625; -71.40258"},{"Link":"https://www.brown.edu/Administration/News_Bureau/Databases/Encyclopedia/search.php?serial=S0050","external_links_name":"\"Encyclopedia Brunoniana \| Sayles Hall\""},{"Link":"https://guide.ppsri.org/property/sayles-hall","external_links_name":"\"Sayles Hall // Guide to Providence Architecture\""},{"Link":"https://blogs.brown.edu/archaeology250/2014/10/21/makana-tavares-17-sayles-memorial-hall/","external_links_name":"\"Makana Tavares '17: Sayles Memorial Hall – Archaeology of Brown University and College Hill\""},{"Link":"https://www.browndailyherald.com/2016/11/02/steinbach-plays-halloween-midnight-organ-concert/","external_links_name":"\"Steinbach plays Halloween Midnight Organ Concert\""},{"Link":"https://rhodetour.org/items/show/343?tour=40&index=0","external_links_name":"\"Repainting Tradition: Sayles Hall Portraits\""},{"Link":"https://www.chronicle.com/article/a-portrait-of-a-lady-disappears-from-brown-university/","external_links_name":"\"A Portrait of a Lady Disappears From Brown University\""},{"Link":"https://www.browndailyherald.com/2016/01/28/simmons-portrait-hung-in-sayles/","external_links_name":"\"Simmons portrait hung in Sayles\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Chertkov	Mikhail Chertkov	["1 Sources"]	Mikhail ChertkovChertkov as General of the cavalry, Portrait by Aleksandr Makovsky (1897).Born(1829-08-14)14 August 1829Died19 October 1905(1905-10-19) (aged 76)Allegiance Russian EmpireRankGeneral of the CavalryCommands heldKiev Military DistrictGovernor-general of Warsaw Mikhail Ivanovich Chertkov (Russian: Михаил Иванович Чертков) (St. Petersburg, August 14, 1829 - Paris, October 19, 1905) was a Russian Cavalry General and statesman who served as Governor-General of Warsaw in Poland between 1900 and 1905. He joined the Tsarist Army in December 1851 a lieutenant and he took part in the Crimean War. In 1859–1860, he fought against insurgents in the Caucasus. In 1861-64 he was governor and military commander of the Voronezh Governorate and between 1864 and 1866 of the Volhynian Governorate. In 1867-68 he was deputy governor-general of Vilna, Kaunas, Grodno, and Minsk, and the chief of the Vitebsk and Mogilev provinces. In 1868 he received the rank of lieutenant general. In 1868-74 he was the military ataman of the Don Army. In 1877, during the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78, he accompanied Emperor Alexander II to Chisinau. Between April 16, 1878, and January 13, 1881, he was General Governor and Military Governor of the Southwestern Krai and the Kiev Military District. From January 1881 he was a member of the State Council and from October to November 1881, he was a member of the Special Meeting for the Reorganization of Military Administration. From March 1901 until the end of his life he was Governor-General of Warsaw and Commander of the Warsaw Military District. In September 1902, he received the highest Prussian Award, the Order of the Black Eagle, when he visited Posen for German army maneuvers. He died at the age of 76. The Chertkovsky District, Chertkovo village and Chertkovo railway station were named after him. Sources Tchertkoff memorial KV.COM (in Russian) DLIB.RSL (in Russian) vte Governors-general of Warsaw Kotzebue Albedinsky Gourko Shuvalov Imeretinsky Chertkov Maximovich Skalon Zhilinsky Yengalychev	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"Governor-General of Warsaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namiestnik_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"Crimean War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimean_War"},{"link_name":"Voronezh Governorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voronezh_Governorate"},{"link_name":"Volhynian Governorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volhynian_Governorate"},{"link_name":"Southwestern Krai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwestern_Krai"},{"link_name":"Kiev Military District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiev_Military_District"},{"link_name":"Governor-General of Warsaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor-General_of_Warsaw"},{"link_name":"Order of the Black Eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Black_Eagle"},{"link_name":"Chertkovsky District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chertkovsky_District"},{"link_name":"Chertkovo village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chertkovo,_Rostov_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Chertkovo railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chertkovo_railway_station"}],"text":"Mikhail Ivanovich Chertkov (Russian: Михаил Иванович Чертков) (St. Petersburg, August 14, 1829 - Paris, October 19, 1905) was a Russian Cavalry General and statesman who served as Governor-General of Warsaw in Poland between 1900 and 1905.He joined the Tsarist Army in December 1851 a lieutenant and he took part in the Crimean War. In 1859–1860, he fought against insurgents in the Caucasus.In 1861-64 he was governor and military commander of the Voronezh Governorate and between 1864 and 1866 of the Volhynian Governorate.\nIn 1867-68 he was deputy governor-general of Vilna, Kaunas, Grodno, and Minsk, and the chief of the Vitebsk and Mogilev provinces.In 1868 he received the rank of lieutenant general. In 1868-74 he was the military ataman of the Don Army. \nIn 1877, during the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78, he accompanied Emperor Alexander II to Chisinau. Between April 16, 1878, and January 13, 1881, he was General Governor and Military Governor of the Southwestern Krai and the Kiev Military District.From January 1881 he was a member of the State Council and from October to November 1881, he was a member of the Special Meeting for the Reorganization of Military Administration.From March 1901 until the end of his life he was Governor-General of Warsaw and Commander of the Warsaw Military District.\nIn September 1902, he received the highest Prussian Award, the Order of the Black Eagle, when he visited Posen for German army maneuvers.He died at the age of 76.\nThe Chertkovsky District, Chertkovo village and Chertkovo railway station were named after him.","title":"Mikhail Chertkov"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tchertkoff memorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.tchertkoffmemorial.org/biographies/m-i-tchertkoff-1829-1905/"},{"link_name":"KV.COM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20150815235404/http://www.kv.com.ua/archive/8607/kyiv/8651.html"},{"link_name":"DLIB.RSL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//dlib.rsl.ru/viewer/01004161228#?page=132"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Governors-general_of_Warsaw"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Governors-general_of_Warsaw"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Governors-general_of_Warsaw"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Governors-general of Warsaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namiestnik_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"Kotzebue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Demetrius_Kotzebue"},{"link_name":"Albedinsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyotr_Albedinsky"},{"link_name":"Gourko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iosif_Gurko"},{"link_name":"Shuvalov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavel_Andreyevich_Shuvalov"},{"link_name":"Imeretinsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Imeretinsky"},{"link_name":"Chertkov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Maximovich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Konstantin_Maximovich&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Skalon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgi_Skalon"},{"link_name":"Zhilinsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakov_Zhilinsky"},{"link_name":"Yengalychev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavel_Yengalychev"}],"text":"Tchertkoff memorial\nKV.COM (in Russian)\nDLIB.RSL (in Russian)vte Governors-general of Warsaw\nKotzebue\nAlbedinsky\nGourko\nShuvalov\nImeretinsky\nChertkov\nMaximovich\nSkalon\nZhilinsky\nYengalychev","title":"Sources"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"http://www.tchertkoffmemorial.org/biographies/m-i-tchertkoff-1829-1905/","external_links_name":"Tchertkoff memorial"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150815235404/http://www.kv.com.ua/archive/8607/kyiv/8651.html","external_links_name":"KV.COM"},{"Link":"https://dlib.rsl.ru/viewer/01004161228#?page=132","external_links_name":"DLIB.RSL"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happiness_(Red_Velvet_song)	Happiness (Red Velvet song)	["1 Background and composition","2 Reception","3 Music video","3.1 Background","3.2 Synopsis and reception","3.3 Controversy","4 Live performances","5 Credits and personnel","6 Charts","6.1 Weekly charts","6.2 Monthly charts","7 Release history","8 References"]	2014 single by Red Velvet "Happiness"Single by Red VelvetLanguageKoreanReleasedAugust 4, 2014Studio SM Booming System (Seoul) SM Yellow Tail Studio (Seoul) GenreEuro-popLength3:41Label SM KT Composer(s)Will SimmsChad HugoAnne Judith WikChris HolstenLyricist(s)Yoo Young-jinProducer(s)Will SimmsChad HugoRed Velvet singles chronology "Happiness" (2014) "Be Natural" (2014) Music video"Happiness" on YouTube "Happiness" (Korean: 행복; RR: Haengbok) is the debut single recorded by South Korean girl group Red Velvet. The song was written by Yoo Young-jin, Will Simms, Chad Hugo, Anne Judith Wik, and Chris Holsten, with the production was handled by Hugo and Simms. It was released digitally by SM Entertainment on August 4, 2014, in South Korea. The song also marked their first release under the Red Velvet moniker and their first as a quartet, introducing the four members Irene, Seulgi, Wendy, and Joy to the public. An urban Euro-pop track, it is about how you can feel empowered and love yourself more by appreciating the small joys in life. Upon its release, "Happiness" received mixed reviews from music critics for its mish-mash of different sounds and styles and not much satisfaction with just this one song. The song charted moderately in South Korea, becoming the group's first top five entry on both the Gaon Digital Chart and Billboard's World Digital Songs chart. An accompanying music video was released on August 3, 2014, but a new version was reuploaded due to references to the Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and the September 11 attacks. Red Velvet's debut stage for the song was a performance on Music Bank and further promotion was held on several South Korean music programs. Background and composition Through SM Entertainment's trainee group SM Rookies, members Irene, Seulgi, and Wendy were introduced initially to the public. Rumors soon sparked out that the three members were to debut as a group in July 2014, which was then confirmed by SM Entertainment. A music video teaser for "Happiness" was then uploaded on July 28, 2014, being the group's first song, including the three aforementioned members and new member Joy, who would debut together as Red Velvet. The then-quarter girl group was SM Entertainment's new group since the introduction of Exo in 2012. "Happiness" "Happiness" is a vibrant urban Euro-pop song with fusion of "an intense synth sound" and elements from African music beat. Problems playing this file? See media help. Musically, "Happiness" was described as a vibrant urban Euro-pop song that fuses "an intense synth sound" and elements from African tribal beat. Lee Ga-young of People Today described its "electronic sounds", which can be interpreted as SM Entertainment's intention to stick to experimental music styles. The song was produced by Will Simms and Chad Hugo, with the latter being known as one half of American production duo the Neptunes, and is composed in the key of B♭ minor with a tempo of 121 beats per minute. Lyrically, Simms and Hugo written the song's music with songwriter Anne Judith Wik (Dsign Music) and Chris Holsten, while Yoo Young-jin penned the Korean lyrics. The lyrics convey a message of how you can feel empowered and love yourself more by appreciating the small joys in life. Reception Following its initial release, "Happiness" was met with mixed reviews from music critics. Jacques Petersen of Popdust called the track a "mish-mash of different sounds and styles that you wouldn't expect to work, but somehow does". On another song review, writers Kim Sung-Dae, Kim Sung-Hwan, Park Byung-Woon, and Park Sang-Joon of Y-Magazine described the track as featuring "four-dimensional messages mixed with Korean and English", further adding that "the individuality and charm of the vocals of the members have not yet been clearly revealed", while rating the track with three stars out of five. Writing for Hankook Ilbo, Lee Ho-yeon reported that "Happiness" was included on the songs that were on the music charts for the new year of 2020 due to positive energy from the title. In an individual song review, Yoo Je-sang of Idology magazine opined that "the frivolous melody and the lyrics that pour out without context are that of f(x)" since it was "relatively more organized and experienced than them", while writer Cho Sung-min of the same magazine viewed the track as a "little early to judge", further noticing how "there's not much satisfaction with just this one song". The song was featured on Weiv magazine's "Weiv Writer's 2014 Singles of the Year". It received a nomination for Digital Bonsang at the 29th Golden Disk Awards, held in the year of 2015. On the week of August 3, 2014, "Happiness" debuted and peaked at number five on South Korea's Gaon Digital Chart, marking Red Velvet's first top-five entry on the chart. It also debuted at number three and number 22 on the Gaon Download Chart and Gaon Streaming Chart, respectively. In addition, the song debuted at number four on Billboard's World Digital Song Sales chart and has since sold 15,000 copies in the United States. Music video Background Directed by Kim Sung-wook, the music video for "Happiness" was released on August 3, 2014, one day before the digital release of the song on all South Korean digital streaming platforms. The video was initially released on August 1, 2014, but then experienced a re-release due to the controversial imagery concerning the Japan bombing. The beginning of the music video also featured a few then-SM trainees, including Yeri, who would join the group shortly after. The original music video for "Happiness" was replaced with an edited version, which became the second-most viewed K-pop music video worldwide for the month of August 2014.The music video is set in a jungle-inspired background that uses motion graphic techniques to exude separation of the fantasy world from the reality. Synopsis and reception The music video is set in a jungle-inspired background with geometric patterns, combination of live action and animation, and various split screens. In addition, similarly to being led on a roller coaster at an amusement park, it has dynamic camera movements separating the fantasy world from reality, overcoming adult greed to gain happiness like in a fantasy world. Following the music video's release, Song Hyung-geun of E Today noted Red Velvet's "eye-catching charm", further praising the video for its "differentiated visual beauty using various imaging techniques such as motion graphics and collage". Kim Sun-min of News Way noted Red Velvet's "glamorous outfits and striking hairstyles" in the music video. On December 3, 2020, the music video for the track reached 100 million views on YouTube, with them becoming the first SM Entertainment group to have over a hundred million views debut music video, while it was the ninth music video of Red Velvet to reach this mark. Controversy In August 2014, after the release of the music video for "Happiness", Japanese media reported that images referencing the Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, as well as the September 11 attacks, were seen in the background of the video. SM Entertainment responded to the reports, stating: "When I inquired with the music video director, it was said that there was no intention because it was simply using the image source of the collage technique." The representative added that the label removed the content and will take care to prevent the situation from happening in the future. SM later uploaded a new version of the music video without the controversial images. Live performances Red Velvet started the promotion for "Happiness" first with a performance on Music Bank, making it their debut stage. For the performance, choreography by Japanese-born choreographer Ayako Takeuchi was commissioned, with participation from SM performance director Shim Jae-won. Following the release of the song, Red Velvet performed "Happiness" on several South Korean music programs. On September 15, 2014, Red Velvet performed the song for SM Town Live World Tour IV at the Seoul World Cup Stadium in Seoul, South Korea. Credits and personnel Credits adapted from the liner notes of "Happiness". Studio SM Booming System – recording, additional vocal editing SM Yellow Tail Studio – recording, mixing SM Big Shot Studio – recording assistant Doobdoob Studio – additional vocal editing JFS Mastering – mastering Personnel SM Entertainment – executive producer Lee Soo-man – producer Kim Young-min – executive supervisor Red Velvet (Irene, Seulgi, Wendy, Joy) – vocals, background vocals Yoo Young-jin – lyrics, vocal directing, recording, additional vocal editing Will Simms – producer, composition, arrangement Chad Hugo – producer, composition, arrangement Anne Judith Wik – composition, arrangement, background vocals Chris Holsten – composition, arrangement Maxx Song – vocal directing, Pro Tools operating, additional vocal editing Koo Jong-pil – recording, mixing Lee Min-kyu – recording assistant Lee Ji-hong – additional vocal editing Seong Ji-hoon – mastering Charts Weekly charts Weekly chart performance for "Happiness" Chart (2014) Peakposition South Korea (Gaon) 5 US World Digital Song Sales (Billboard) 4 Monthly charts August 2014 monthly chart performance for "Happiness" Chart (August 2014) Position South Korea (Gaon) 14 Release history Release dates and formats for "Happiness" Region Date Format(s) Label(s) Ref. 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Retrieved March 7, 2021. vteRed Velvet Irene Seulgi Wendy Joy Yeri Sub-unitRed Velvet – Irene & SeulgiStudio albumsKorean The Red Perfect Velvet Chill Kill Japanese Bloom Compilation album The ReVe Festival: Finale Extended playsKorean Ice Cream Cake The Velvet Russian Roulette Rookie The Red Summer Summer Magic RBB The ReVe Festival: Day 1 The ReVe Festival: Day 2 Queendom The ReVe Festival 2022 – Feel My Rhythm The ReVe Festival 2022 – Birthday Japanese Cookie Jar Sappy SinglesKorean "Happiness" "Be Natural" "Automatic" "Ice Cream Cake" "Dumb Dumb" "One of These Nights" "Russian Roulette" "Rookie" "Red Flavor" "Peek-a-Boo" "Bad Boy" "Power Up" "RBB (Really Bad Boy)" "Zimzalabim" "Umpah Umpah" "Psycho" "Queendom" "Feel My Rhythm" "Birthday" "Chill Kill" Japanese "#Cookie Jar" "Sappy" "Wildside" Featured singles "Close to Me (Red Velvet Remix)" Other songs "Wish Tree" "Would U" "You Better Know" "Zoo" "Rebirth" "See the Stars" "Milky Way" "Pose" Concert tours Red Room Redmare R to V Filmography Level Up Project! Related topics SMTOWN SM Entertainment SM Rookies Discography Videography Songs Awards and nominations Live performances Category Commons Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group MusicBrainz work	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Korean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_language"},{"link_name":"RR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean"},{"link_name":"Red Velvet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Velvet_(group)"},{"link_name":"Yoo Young-jin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoo_Young-jin"},{"link_name":"Chad Hugo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad_Hugo"},{"link_name":"Anne Judith Wik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Judith_Wik"},{"link_name":"Chris Holsten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Holsten"},{"link_name":"digitally","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_download"},{"link_name":"SM Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Irene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irene_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Seulgi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seulgi_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Wendy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendy_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Joy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joy_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Euro-pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europop"},{"link_name":"music critics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_journalism"},{"link_name":"Gaon Digital Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaon_Digital_Chart"},{"link_name":"Billboard's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"World Digital Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Digital_Song_Sales"},{"link_name":"music video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_video"},{"link_name":"Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki"},{"link_name":"September 11 attacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11_attacks"},{"link_name":"Music Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Bank_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"South Korean music programs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_programs_of_South_Korea"}],"text":"2014 single by Red Velvet\"Happiness\" (Korean: 행복; RR: Haengbok) is the debut single recorded by South Korean girl group Red Velvet. The song was written by Yoo Young-jin, Will Simms, Chad Hugo, Anne Judith Wik, and Chris Holsten, with the production was handled by Hugo and Simms. It was released digitally by SM Entertainment on August 4, 2014, in South Korea. The song also marked their first release under the Red Velvet moniker and their first as a quartet, introducing the four members Irene, Seulgi, Wendy, and Joy to the public.An urban Euro-pop track, it is about how you can feel empowered and love yourself more by appreciating the small joys in life. Upon its release, \"Happiness\" received mixed reviews from music critics for its mish-mash of different sounds and styles and not much satisfaction with just this one song. The song charted moderately in South Korea, becoming the group's first top five entry on both the Gaon Digital Chart and Billboard's World Digital Songs chart. An accompanying music video was released on August 3, 2014, but a new version was reuploaded due to references to the Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and the September 11 attacks. Red Velvet's debut stage for the song was a performance on Music Bank and further promotion was held on several South Korean music programs.","title":"Happiness (Red Velvet song)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SM Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"SM Rookies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_Rookies"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-3"},{"link_name":"music video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_video"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Exo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exo_(group)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"\"Happiness\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Red_Velvet_-_Happiness.ogg"},{"link_name":"Euro-pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europop"},{"link_name":"synth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthesizer"},{"link_name":"African music beat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worldbeat"},{"link_name":"media help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Media"},{"link_name":"Euro-pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europop"},{"link_name":"synth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthesizer"},{"link_name":"African tribal beat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worldbeat"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-8"},{"link_name":"Chad Hugo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad_Hugo"},{"link_name":"the Neptunes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Neptunes"},{"link_name":"key","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_(music)"},{"link_name":"B♭ minor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-flat_minor"},{"link_name":"tempo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Dsign Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dsign_Music"},{"link_name":"Chris Holsten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Holsten"},{"link_name":"Yoo Young-jin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoo_Young-jin"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-9"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-6"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-8"}],"text":"Through SM Entertainment's trainee group SM Rookies, members Irene, Seulgi, and Wendy were introduced initially to the public.[1] Rumors soon sparked out that the three members were to debut as a group in July 2014, which was then confirmed by SM Entertainment.[2][3] A music video teaser for \"Happiness\" was then uploaded on July 28, 2014, being the group's first song, including the three aforementioned members and new member Joy, who would debut together as Red Velvet.[4] The then-quarter girl group was SM Entertainment's new group since the introduction of Exo in 2012.[5]\"Happiness\"\n\n\"Happiness\" is a vibrant urban Euro-pop song with fusion of \"an intense synth sound\" and elements from African music beat.\nProblems playing this file? See media help.Musically, \"Happiness\" was described as a vibrant urban Euro-pop song that fuses \"an intense synth sound\" and elements from African tribal beat.[6][7] Lee Ga-young of People Today described its \"electronic sounds\", which can be interpreted as SM Entertainment's intention to stick to experimental music styles.[8] The song was produced by Will Simms and Chad Hugo, with the latter being known as one half of American production duo the Neptunes, and is composed in the key of B♭ minor with a tempo of 121 beats per minute.[9][10] Lyrically, Simms and Hugo written the song's music with songwriter Anne Judith Wik (Dsign Music) and Chris Holsten, while Yoo Young-jin penned the Korean lyrics.[9] The lyrics convey a message of how you can feel empowered and love yourself more by appreciating the small joys in life.[6][8]","title":"Background and composition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"music critics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_journalism"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Hankook Ilbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hankook_Ilbo"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-15"},{"link_name":"Golden Disk Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Disk_Awards"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Gaon Digital Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaon_Digital_Chart"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-17"},{"link_name":"Gaon Download Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaon_Music_Chart"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-19"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"World Digital Song Sales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Digital_Song_Sales"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"Following its initial release, \"Happiness\" was met with mixed reviews from music critics. Jacques Petersen of Popdust called the track a \"mish-mash of different sounds and styles that you wouldn't expect to work, but somehow does\".[11] On another song review, writers Kim Sung-Dae, Kim Sung-Hwan, Park Byung-Woon, and Park Sang-Joon of Y-Magazine described the track as featuring \"four-dimensional messages mixed with Korean and English\", further adding that \"the individuality and charm of the vocals of the members have not yet been clearly revealed\", while rating the track with three stars out of five.[12] Writing for Hankook Ilbo, Lee Ho-yeon reported that \"Happiness\" was included on the songs that were on the music charts for the new year of 2020 due to positive energy from the title.[13] In an individual song review, Yoo Je-sang of Idology magazine opined that \"the frivolous melody and the lyrics that pour out without context are that of f(x)\" since it was \"relatively more organized and experienced than them\", while writer Cho Sung-min of the same magazine viewed the track as a \"little early to judge\", further noticing how \"there's not much satisfaction with just this one song\".[14]The song was featured on Weiv magazine's \"Weiv Writer's 2014 Singles of the Year\".[15] It received a nomination for Digital Bonsang at the 29th Golden Disk Awards, held in the year of 2015.[16]On the week of August 3, 2014, \"Happiness\" debuted and peaked at number five on South Korea's Gaon Digital Chart, marking Red Velvet's first top-five entry on the chart.[17] It also debuted at number three and number 22 on the Gaon Download Chart and Gaon Streaming Chart, respectively.[18][19] In addition, the song debuted at number four on Billboard's World Digital Song Sales chart and has since sold 15,000 copies in the United States.[20][21]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Music video"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"imagery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagery"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-23"},{"link_name":"Yeri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeri_(singer)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Red_Velvet_-_Happiness_(music_video_screenshot).png"},{"link_name":"music video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_video"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-6"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-28"}],"sub_title":"Background","text":"Directed by Kim Sung-wook, the music video for \"Happiness\" was released on August 3, 2014, one day before the digital release of the song on all South Korean digital streaming platforms.[22][23][24] The video was initially released on August 1, 2014, but then experienced a re-release due to the controversial imagery concerning the Japan bombing.[23] The beginning of the music video also featured a few then-SM trainees, including Yeri, who would join the group shortly after.[25] The original music video for \"Happiness\" was replaced with an edited version, which became the second-most viewed K-pop music video worldwide for the month of August 2014.[26][27]The music video is set in a jungle-inspired background that uses motion graphic techniques to exude separation of the fantasy world from the reality.[6][28]","title":"Music video"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-28"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-6"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"YouTube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-31"}],"sub_title":"Synopsis and reception","text":"The music video is set in a jungle-inspired background with geometric patterns, combination of live action and animation, and various split screens.[28] In addition, similarly to being led on a roller coaster at an amusement park, it has dynamic camera movements separating the fantasy world from reality, overcoming adult greed to gain happiness like in a fantasy world.[6] Following the music video's release, Song Hyung-geun of E Today noted Red Velvet's \"eye-catching charm\", further praising the video for its \"differentiated visual beauty using various imaging techniques such as motion graphics and collage\".[29] Kim Sun-min of News Way noted Red Velvet's \"glamorous outfits and striking hairstyles\" in the music video.[30] On December 3, 2020, the music video for the track reached 100 million views on YouTube, with them becoming the first SM Entertainment group to have over a hundred million views debut music video, while it was the ninth music video of Red Velvet to reach this mark.[31]","title":"Music video"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki"},{"link_name":"September 11 attacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11_attacks"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-23"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-26"}],"sub_title":"Controversy","text":"In August 2014, after the release of the music video for \"Happiness\", Japanese media reported that images referencing the Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, as well as the September 11 attacks, were seen in the background of the video.[23] SM Entertainment responded to the reports, stating: \"When I inquired with the music video director, it was said that there was no intention because it was simply using the image source of the collage technique.\"[32] The representative added that the label removed the content and will take care to prevent the situation from happening in the future.[33] SM later uploaded a new version of the music video without the controversial images.[26]","title":"Music video"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Music Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Bank_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"South Korean music programs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_programs_of_South_Korea"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"SM Town Live World Tour IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_Town_Live_World_Tour_IV"},{"link_name":"Seoul World Cup Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul_World_Cup_Stadium"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"}],"text":"Red Velvet started the promotion for \"Happiness\" first with a performance on Music Bank, making it their debut stage.[34] For the performance, choreography by Japanese-born choreographer Ayako Takeuchi was commissioned, with participation from SM performance director Shim Jae-won.[35][36] Following the release of the song, Red Velvet performed \"Happiness\" on several South Korean music programs.[37][38][39] On September 15, 2014, Red Velvet performed the song for SM Town Live World Tour IV at the Seoul World Cup Stadium in Seoul, South Korea.[40]","title":"Live performances"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-notes-41"},{"link_name":"recording","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_recording"},{"link_name":"mixing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_mixing"},{"link_name":"mastering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_mastering"},{"link_name":"SM Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"executive producer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_producer"},{"link_name":"Lee Soo-man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Soo-man"},{"link_name":"producer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_producer"},{"link_name":"Red Velvet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Velvet_(group)"},{"link_name":"Irene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irene_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Seulgi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seulgi_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Wendy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendy_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Joy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joy_(singer)"},{"link_name":"background vocals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Background_vocals"},{"link_name":"Yoo Young-jin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoo_Young-jin"},{"link_name":"composition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_composition"},{"link_name":"arrangement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrangement"},{"link_name":"Chad Hugo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad_Hugo"},{"link_name":"Anne Judith Wik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Judith_Wik"},{"link_name":"Chris Holsten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Holsten"},{"link_name":"Pro Tools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro_Tools"},{"link_name":"Seong Ji-hoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%B1%EC%A7%80%ED%9B%88"}],"text":"Credits adapted from the liner notes of \"Happiness\".[41]StudioSM Booming System – recording, additional vocal editing\nSM Yellow Tail Studio – recording, mixing\nSM Big Shot Studio – recording assistant\nDoobdoob Studio – additional vocal editing\nJFS Mastering – masteringPersonnelSM Entertainment – executive producer\nLee Soo-man – producer\nKim Young-min – executive supervisor\nRed Velvet (Irene, Seulgi, Wendy, Joy) – vocals, background vocals\nYoo Young-jin – lyrics, vocal directing, recording, additional vocal editing\nWill Simms – producer, composition, arrangement\nChad Hugo – producer, composition, arrangement\nAnne Judith Wik – composition, arrangement, background vocals\nChris Holsten – composition, arrangement\nMaxx Song – vocal directing, Pro Tools operating, additional vocal editing\nKoo Jong-pil – recording, mixing\nLee Min-kyu – recording assistant\nLee Ji-hong – additional vocal editing\nSeong Ji-hoon – mastering","title":"Credits and personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Happiness_(Red_Velvet_song)&action=edit&section=10"},{"link_name":"Gaon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaon_Digital_Chart"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-17"},{"link_name":"World Digital Song Sales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Digital_Song_Sales"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_charts"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-20"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Happiness_(Red_Velvet_song)&action=edit&section=11"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"}],"text":"Weekly charts[edit]\n\nWeekly chart performance for \"Happiness\"\n\n\nChart (2014)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nSouth Korea (Gaon)[17]\n\n5\n\n\nUS World Digital Song Sales (Billboard)[20]\n\n4\n\n\n\nMonthly charts[edit]\n\nAugust 2014 monthly chart performance for \"Happiness\"\n\n\nChart (August 2014)\n\nPosition\n\n\nSouth Korea (Gaon)[42]\n\n14","title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Release history"}]	[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png"},{"image_text":"The music video is set in a jungle-inspired background that uses motion graphic techniques to exude separation of the fantasy world from the reality.[6][28]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/76/Red_Velvet_-_Happiness_%28music_video_screenshot%29.png/271px-Red_Velvet_-_Happiness_%28music_video_screenshot%29.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"SM루키즈 웬디 슬기 아이린, 청순 미모 대단해 '예찬' [SM Rookies' Wendy, Seulgi, and Irene Have a Great 'Youthful' Innocent Looks]. ETN News (in Korean). July 23, 2014. Archived from the original on January 13, 2021. Retrieved January 13, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://m.etnews.com/20140723000103?obj=Tzo4OiJzdGRDbGFzcyI6Mjp7czo3OiJyZWZlcmVyIjtOO3M6NzoiZm9yd2FyZCI7czoxMzoid2ViIHRvIG1vYmlsZSI7fQ%3D%3D#cb","url_text":"SM루키즈 웬디 슬기 아이린, 청순 미모 대단해 '예찬'"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210113064331/https://m.etnews.com/20140723000103?obj=Tzo4OiJzdGRDbGFzcyI6Mjp7czo3OiJyZWZlcmVyIjtOO3M6NzoiZm9yd2FyZCI7czoxMzoid2ViIHRvIG1vYmlsZSI7fQ%3D%3D","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Park, Chang-woo (July 23, 2014). SM 신인 걸그룹, 왜 4인조일까? [SM Rookie Girl Group, Why is it a four-member group?]. OhmyNews (in Korean). Archived from the original on January 18, 2021. Retrieved January 18, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://star.ohmynews.com/NWS_Web/OhmyStar/at_pg.aspx?CNTN_CD=A0002016318","url_text":"SM 신인 걸그룹, 왜 4인조일까?"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OhmyNews","url_text":"OhmyNews"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210118054847/http://star.ohmynews.com/NWS_Web/OhmyStar/at_pg.aspx?CNTN_CD=A0002016318","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"레드벨벳…'SM 신인 걸그룹' 데뷔일 전격 공개, '슬기·아이린·웬디·조이' [Red Velvet, The \"SM New Girl Group\" Debut Day, 'Seulgi, Irene, Wendy, and Joy']. Asia Business Daily (in Korean). July 28, 2014. Archived from the original on January 13, 2021. Retrieved January 13, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://cm.asiae.co.kr/article/2014072813210735392","url_text":"레드벨벳…'SM 신인 걸그룹' 데뷔일 전격 공개, '슬기·아이린·웬디·조이'"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210113070016/https://cm.asiae.co.kr/article/2014072813210735392","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Yoon, Hye-young (July 28, 2014). SM 레드벨벳 '행복' 뮤직비디오 티저 공개, 아이린-웬디-슬기-조이 '발랄' [SM's Red Velvet 'Happiness' Music Video Teaser Release, 'Cheerful' Irene, Wendy, Seulgi, Joy]. TV Daily (in Korean). Archived from the original on January 13, 2021. Retrieved January 13, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mk.co.kr/star/hot-issues-1/view/2015/03/235060/","url_text":"SM 레드벨벳 '행복' 뮤직비디오 티저 공개, 아이린-웬디-슬기-조이 '발랄'"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210113030251/http://tvdaily.asiae.co.kr/read.php3?aid=1406479789737865010","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Park, Jung-min (July 28, 2014). SM 레드벨벳, 소시-에프엑스 이어 새로운 걸그룹 탄생 '눈길' [SM's Red Velvet Currently on 'Attention', Girls' Generation, f(x) Followed by a New Girl Group]. Women News (in Korean). Archived from the original on January 13, 2021. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald_Green_(economist)	Reginald Green (economist)	["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Personal life","4 Select works","5 References","6 External links"]	American development economist (1935–2021) Reginald GreenBornReginald Herbold Green(1935-05-04)May 4, 1935Walla Walla, Washington, USDiedOctober 16, 2021(2021-10-16) (aged 86)Louth, Lincolnshire, United KingdomAcademic careerInstitutionsHarvard University, University of Ghana, Institute of Development StudiesFieldDevelopment economics; African studies; Pan-Africanism Reginald Herbold Green (May 4, 1935 – October 16, 2021) was an American development economist who focused on African economic issues. His research focus included studying the economies of eastern and southern Africa, South African Development Community (SADC), international organizations and aid disbursement, and the Economic Commission on Africa, specializing in poverty alleviation, development enablement, and economic liberalization. His study for UNICEF of the economic impact of South Africa's apartheid policies on children in countries such as Angola and Mozambique was influential in stimulating western countries to put pressure on South Africa to end the apartheid regime. Early life Reginald Herbold Green was born on May 4, 1935, in Walla Walla, Washington, to Marcia Herbold and Reginald Green. His father was a professor and a clergyman. Green studied at the Whitman College, a private liberal arts college in Walla Walla, and then went on to Harvard University, from which he received his doctorate in 1961. Career Green started his career at the Economic Growth Center in Yale University and later at the University of Ghana and then at the Makerere University, a public university in Uganda. Between 1966 and 1974, he worked at the Treasury of Tanzania. During this time, he was also the advisor to Julius Nyerere, the first president of Tanzania, and also served as the honorary professor of economics at the University of Dar es Salaam, in the capital city of Tanzania. He became the professorial fellow at the Institute of Development Studies, a research institute at the University of Sussex in the United Kingdom, where he served until his retirement in 2000. As a development economist, Green's focus was on studying the economies of eastern and southern Africa, specifically those of Tanzania, Mozambique, and Namibia. He also focused on studying the South African Development Community (SADC), an organization focused on socio-economic cooperation between 16 countries in Southern Africa. He also studied international organizations and aid disbursement, and the Economic Commission on Africa, specializing on poverty alleviation, development enablement, and economic liberalization. Through the 1960s and early 1970s, Green was the advisor to Julius Nyerere, the first president of Tanzania. During the 1980s, he served as an economic advisor to the South West Africa People’s Organisation (SWAPO), a liberation organization based in Namibia, and also served with the United Nations Institute of Namibia leading up to the country's independence in 1991. Green's 1968 book, Unity or Poverty: The Economics of Pan Africanism, cowritten with economist Ann Seidman, emphasized the notion of pan-Africanism, and argued for development aid flowing into the countries to be linked to social and economic unity between the countries. The book was built on a paper that was published at the Cairo Conference of the Organisation of African Unity in 1964. One of Green's most influential works was a study that he did for UNICEF in the 1980s. In a paper titled Children on the Front Line in 1987, he estimated that South Africa's apartheid-linked economic and social policies targeted at countries like Angola and Mozambique, had resulted in the death of more than two million children under the age of five. The study brought worldwide attention to the apartheid policies in the country. It was cited in the US Congress and helped drive changes in attitudes of some of the western countries to the South African apartheid regime. During this period, he also focused on studying the political economy of conflicts, conflict regions, and rehabilitation. His work continued to string together themes of poverty alleviation, conflict economics, and broad-based development. Green served as an advisor to many developmental organizations including Economic Commission for Africa, the UNICEF, UNCTAD, WFP, ILO and the UNDP. He was also associated with the Southern African Development Community and had served as a consultant for the African Centre for Monetary Studies. Personal life Green was married to Bliss Griffiths, a marriage that ended in a divorce. He moved to the United Kingdom in 1975, and in later life he lived in Lewes, East Sussex. Green died on October 16, 2021, at Madeira House Nursing Home in Louth, Lincolnshire. He was aged 86. Select works Green, Reginald H. (1963). "Multi-Purpose Economic Institutions in Africa". The Journal of Modern African Studies. 1 (2): 163–184. doi:10.1017/S0022278X0000104X. ISSN 0022-278X. JSTOR 159027. S2CID 153538548. Green, Reginald H. (1964). "Toward African Economic Integration? Problems and Perspectives ". African Studies Bulletin. 7 (4): 24. doi:10.2307/523288. ISSN 0568-1537. JSTOR 523288. Green, Reginald H. (1965). "Four African Development Plans: Ghana, Kenya, Nigeria, and Tanzania". The Journal of Modern African Studies. 3 (2): 249–279. doi:10.1017/S0022278X0002365X. ISSN 1469-7777. S2CID 154803689. Green, R. H.; Hymer, S. H. (1966). "Cocoa in the Gold Coast: A Study in the Relations between African Farmers and Agricultural Experts". The Journal of Economic History. 26 (3): 299–319. doi:10.1017/S002205070006839X. ISSN 1471-6372. S2CID 153660064. Green, Reginald H. (1967). "U.N.C.T.A.D. and after: Anatomy of a Failure". The Journal of Modern African Studies. 5 (2): 243–267. doi:10.1017/S0022278X00019121. ISSN 0022-278X. JSTOR 159228. S2CID 153364129. Green, Reginald Herbold; Seidman, Ann Willcox (1968). Unity Or Poverty?: The Economics of Pan-Africanism. Penguin. Green, Reginald Herbold (1980), Pajestka, Jozef; Feinstein, C. H. (eds.), "Accumulation, Efficiency, Equity and Basic Human Needs", The Relevance of Economic Theories, London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp. 88–116, doi:10.1007/978-1-349-16443-1_7, ISBN 978-1-349-16445-5, retrieved November 10, 2021 Green, Reginald Herbold; Kadhani, Xavier (1986). "Zimbabwe: transition to economic crises, 1981–1983: retrospect and prospect". World Development. 14 (8): 1059–1083. doi:10.1016/0305-750X(86)90010-0. Green, Reginald Herbold (1986). "Hunger, poverty and food aid in Sub-Saharan Africa: Retrospect and potential". Disasters. 10 (4): 288–302. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7717.1986.tb00603.x. PMID 20958641. Green, Reginald Herbold (1987), Clay, Edward; Shaw, John (eds.), "Sub-Saharan Africa: Poverty of Development, Development of Poverty", Poverty, Development and Food, London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp. 78–111, doi:10.1007/978-1-349-09214-7_6, ISBN 978-1-349-09216-1, retrieved November 10, 2021 Green, Reginald Herbold; Singer, Hans (1984). "Sub-Saharan Africa in depression: The impact on the welfare of children". World Development. 12 (3): 283–295. doi:10.1016/0305-750X(84)90064-0. Green, Reginald Herbold (1981). ""A Time of Struggle": Exogenous Shocks, Structural Transformation and Crisis in Tanzania". Millennium: Journal of International Studies. 10 (1): 29–41. doi:10.1177/03058298810100010401. ISSN 0305-8298. S2CID 144815031. Green, Reginald Herbold (1981). "Brandt on an end to poverty and hunger". Third World Quarterly. 3 (1): 96–103. doi:10.1080/01436598108419546. ISSN 0143-6597. Green, Reginald Herbold (1983). "'Things fall apart': The world economy in the 1980s". Third World Quarterly. 5 (1): 72–94. doi:10.1080/01436598308419680. ISSN 0143-6597. Green, Reginald H. (1988). "Ghana: Progress, Problematics and Limitations of the Success Story". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires \|journal= (help) Green, Reginald Herbold (1991). "Politics, power and poverty: Health for all in 2000 in the Third World?". Social Science & Medicine. 32 (7): 745–755. doi:10.1016/0277-9536(91)90300-2. PMID 2028269. Green, Reginald Herbold (1992). "Southern Africa: that the people may be fed". Food Policy. 17 (6): 455–464. doi:10.1016/0306-9192(92)90077-B. Green, Reginald Herbold (1993). "The political economy of drought in Southern Africa 1991–1993". Health Policy and Planning. 8 (3): 256–266. doi:10.1093/heapol/8.3.256. ISSN 0268-1080. Green, Reginald (1993). "Calamities and Catastrophes: Extending the UN Response". Third World Quarterly. 14: 31–55. doi:10.1080/01436599308420312. References ^ a b c d e f g h i "Reginald Green obituary". The Guardian. November 5, 2021. Archived from the original on November 9, 2021. Retrieved November 9, 2021. ^ a b c d e "Institute of Development Studies United Kingdom - Open Docs - Reginald H Green Biography" (PDF). Institute of Development Studies. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 9, 2021. Retrieved November 9, 2021. ^ Serra, G. (2014). "Continental Visions: Ann Seidman, Reginald H. Green and the Economics of African Unity In 1960s Ghana". doi:10.2139/ssrn.2422366. hdl:10419/149720. S2CID 16313896. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires \|journal= (help) ^ TEGHEN, Yunga (1980). "Review of UNITY OR POVERTY? THE ECONOMICS OF PAN-AFRICANISM". Présence Africaine (115): 238–241. ISSN 0032-7638. JSTOR 24350110. Archived from the original on November 9, 2021. Retrieved November 9, 2021. ^ a b "Reginald Herbold Green: An obituary". Institute of Development Studies. Archived from the original on November 8, 2021. Retrieved November 9, 2021. External links The Reginald H. Green Archive - IDS OpenDocs Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway Germany Israel United States Czech Republic Australia Netherlands Poland Academics CiNii Scopus Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"development economist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Development_economics"},{"link_name":"South African Development Community (SADC)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_Development_Community"},{"link_name":"Economic Commission on Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_Commission_on_Africa"},{"link_name":"economic liberalization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_liberalization"},{"link_name":"UNICEF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNICEF"},{"link_name":"apartheid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid"}],"text":"Reginald Herbold Green (May 4, 1935 – October 16, 2021) was an American development economist who focused on African economic issues. His research focus included studying the economies of eastern and southern Africa, South African Development Community (SADC), international organizations and aid disbursement, and the Economic Commission on Africa, specializing in poverty alleviation, development enablement, and economic liberalization.His study for UNICEF of the economic impact of South Africa's apartheid policies on children in countries such as Angola and Mozambique was influential in stimulating western countries to put pressure on South Africa to end the apartheid regime.","title":"Reginald Green (economist)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Walla Walla, Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walla_Walla,_Washington"},{"link_name":"clergyman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clergyman"},{"link_name":"Whitman College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitman_College"},{"link_name":"Harvard University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"Reginald Herbold Green was born on May 4, 1935, in Walla Walla, Washington, to Marcia Herbold and Reginald Green. His father was a professor and a clergyman. Green studied at the Whitman College, a private liberal arts college in Walla Walla, and then went on to Harvard University, from which he received his doctorate in 1961.[1]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yale University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University"},{"link_name":"University of Ghana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Ghana"},{"link_name":"Makerere University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makerere_University"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Treasury of Tanzania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzania"},{"link_name":"Julius Nyerere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Nyerere"},{"link_name":"honorary professor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorary_professor"},{"link_name":"University of Dar es Salaam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Dar_es_Salaam"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"professorial fellow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professorial_Fellow"},{"link_name":"Institute of Development Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Development_Studies"},{"link_name":"University of Sussex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Sussex"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-2"},{"link_name":"development economist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Development_economics"},{"link_name":"South African Development Community (SADC)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_Development_Community"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-2"},{"link_name":"Economic Commission on Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_Commission_on_Africa"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Julius Nyerere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Nyerere"},{"link_name":"South West Africa People’s Organisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SWAPO"},{"link_name":"independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibian_independence"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Unity or Poverty: The Economics of Pan Africanism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Unity_or_Poverty:_The_Economics_of_Pan_Africanism&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ann Seidman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Seidman"},{"link_name":"pan-Africanism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-Africanism"},{"link_name":"Organisation of African Unity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_of_African_Unity"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"UNICEF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNICEF"},{"link_name":"apartheid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid"},{"link_name":"US Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Congress"},{"link_name":"apartheid regime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_apartheid"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-2"},{"link_name":"Economic Commission for Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_Commission_for_Africa"},{"link_name":"Southern African Development Community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_African_Development_Community"},{"link_name":"African Centre for Monetary Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=African_Centre_for_Monetary_Studies&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-2"}],"text":"Green started his career at the Economic Growth Center in Yale University and later at the University of Ghana and then at the Makerere University, a public university in Uganda.[1] Between 1966 and 1974, he worked at the Treasury of Tanzania. During this time, he was also the advisor to Julius Nyerere, the first president of Tanzania, and also served as the honorary professor of economics at the University of Dar es Salaam, in the capital city of Tanzania.[1] He became the professorial fellow at the Institute of Development Studies, a research institute at the University of Sussex in the United Kingdom, where he served until his retirement in 2000.[1][2]As a development economist, Green's focus was on studying the economies of eastern and southern Africa, specifically those of Tanzania, Mozambique, and Namibia. He also focused on studying the South African Development Community (SADC), an organization focused on socio-economic cooperation between 16 countries in Southern Africa.[1][2] He also studied international organizations and aid disbursement, and the Economic Commission on Africa, specializing on poverty alleviation, development enablement, and economic liberalization.[1][3]Through the 1960s and early 1970s, Green was the advisor to Julius Nyerere, the first president of Tanzania. During the 1980s, he served as an economic advisor to the South West Africa People’s Organisation (SWAPO), a liberation organization based in Namibia, and also served with the United Nations Institute of Namibia leading up to the country's independence in 1991.[1]Green's 1968 book, Unity or Poverty: The Economics of Pan Africanism, cowritten with economist Ann Seidman, emphasized the notion of pan-Africanism, and argued for development aid flowing into the countries to be linked to social and economic unity between the countries. The book was built on a paper that was published at the Cairo Conference of the Organisation of African Unity in 1964.[2][4]One of Green's most influential works was a study that he did for UNICEF in the 1980s. In a paper titled Children on the Front Line in 1987, he estimated that South Africa's apartheid-linked economic and social policies targeted at countries like Angola and Mozambique, had resulted in the death of more than two million children under the age of five. The study brought worldwide attention to the apartheid policies in the country. It was cited in the US Congress and helped drive changes in attitudes of some of the western countries to the South African apartheid regime.[5] During this period, he also focused on studying the political economy of conflicts, conflict regions, and rehabilitation. His work continued to string together themes of poverty alleviation, conflict economics, and broad-based development.[2]Green served as an advisor to many developmental organizations including Economic Commission for Africa, the UNICEF, UNCTAD, WFP, ILO and the UNDP. He was also associated with the Southern African Development Community and had served as a consultant for the African Centre for Monetary Studies.[2]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Lewes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewes"},{"link_name":"East Sussex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Sussex"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Louth, Lincolnshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louth,_Lincolnshire"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"}],"text":"Green was married to Bliss Griffiths, a marriage that ended in a divorce.[1] He moved to the United Kingdom in 1975, and in later life he lived in Lewes, East Sussex.[1]Green died on October 16, 2021, at Madeira House Nursing Home in Louth, Lincolnshire. He was aged 86.[5]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Multi-Purpose Economic Institutions in Africa\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/159027"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1017/S0022278X0000104X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1017%2FS0022278X0000104X"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0022-278X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0022-278X"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"159027","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/159027"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"153538548","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153538548"},{"link_name":"\"Toward African Economic Integration? 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(1963). \"Multi-Purpose Economic Institutions in Africa\". The Journal of Modern African Studies. 1 (2): 163–184. doi:10.1017/S0022278X0000104X. ISSN 0022-278X. JSTOR 159027. S2CID 153538548.\nGreen, Reginald H. (1964). \"Toward African Economic Integration? Problems and Perspectives [Abstract]\". African Studies Bulletin. 7 (4): 24. doi:10.2307/523288. ISSN 0568-1537. JSTOR 523288.\nGreen, Reginald H. (1965). \"Four African Development Plans: Ghana, Kenya, Nigeria, and Tanzania\". The Journal of Modern African Studies. 3 (2): 249–279. doi:10.1017/S0022278X0002365X. ISSN 1469-7777. S2CID 154803689.\nGreen, R. H.; Hymer, S. H. (1966). \"Cocoa in the Gold Coast: A Study in the Relations between African Farmers and Agricultural Experts\". The Journal of Economic History. 26 (3): 299–319. doi:10.1017/S002205070006839X. ISSN 1471-6372. S2CID 153660064.\nGreen, Reginald H. (1967). \"U.N.C.T.A.D. and after: Anatomy of a Failure\". The Journal of Modern African Studies. 5 (2): 243–267. doi:10.1017/S0022278X00019121. ISSN 0022-278X. JSTOR 159228. S2CID 153364129.\nGreen, Reginald Herbold; Seidman, Ann Willcox (1968). Unity Or Poverty?: The Economics of Pan-Africanism. Penguin.Green, Reginald Herbold (1980), Pajestka, Jozef; Feinstein, C. H. (eds.), \"Accumulation, Efficiency, Equity and Basic Human Needs\", The Relevance of Economic Theories, London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp. 88–116, doi:10.1007/978-1-349-16443-1_7, ISBN 978-1-349-16445-5, retrieved November 10, 2021\nGreen, Reginald Herbold; Kadhani, Xavier (1986). \"Zimbabwe: transition to economic crises, 1981–1983: retrospect and prospect\". World Development. 14 (8): 1059–1083. doi:10.1016/0305-750X(86)90010-0.\nGreen, Reginald Herbold (1986). \"Hunger, poverty and food aid in Sub-Saharan Africa: Retrospect and potential\". Disasters. 10 (4): 288–302. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7717.1986.tb00603.x. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Tobias_Krebs	Johann Tobias Krebs	["1 References","2 External links"]	German organist and composer (1690 - 1762) Not to be confused with another Johann Tobias Krebs (1718–1782), an author. Johann Tobias Krebs (7 July 1690 – 11 February 1762) was a German organist and composer, today best remembered as the father of Johann Ludwig Krebs, one of Bach's most accomplished pupils. Krebs was born in Heichelheim and went to school in the nearby Weimar. Nothing is known about his early musical training, but at age 20 Krebs was proficient enough at the keyboard to be invited to become organist at Buttelstedt, another town in the same area. Krebs accepted, but continued his music studies in Weimar, travelling there twice a week to study with Johann Gottfried Walther, and later with Johann Sebastian Bach. In 1721 he was accepted a position at Buttstädt, where he played the organ of Michaeliskirche and taught at the school. Krebs remained in Buttstädt for the rest of his life. He had three sons, and the eldest, Johann Ludwig Krebs, became a well-known composer. Krebs' surviving works are scarce. A few chorale preludes preserved in manuscripts show a marked fondness for counterpoint. Two of the lesser known pieces from the Bach-Werke-Verzeichnis catalogue may have been composed by Krebs: Chorale prelude Nun komm, der Heiden Heiland, BWV 660b, an arrangement of one of Bach's Leipzig Chorales, Nun komm, der Heiden Heiland, BWV 660 Trio in C minor, BWV Anh. 46, a contrapuntal trio which bears some similarity to Bach's organ trio sonatas In addition, the Eight Short Preludes and Fugues, BWV 553–560, once attributed to Bach, are now considered to be the work of either Johann Tobias Krebs, or his eldest son. References McLean, Hugh J. "Krebs. 1. Johann Tobias Krebs". In L. Root, Deane. Grove Music Online. Oxford Music Online. Oxford University Press. External links Free scores by Johann Tobias Krebs at the International Music Score Library Project (IMSLP) Brief biography Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany United States Artists MusicBrainz People BMLO Deutsche Biographie Other RISM SNAC This article about a German classical musician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article on an organist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about a German composer is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Johann Tobias Krebs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Tobias_Krebs_(1718%E2%80%931782)"},{"link_name":"organist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organist"},{"link_name":"composer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composer"},{"link_name":"Johann Ludwig Krebs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Ludwig_Krebs"},{"link_name":"Bach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach"},{"link_name":"Heichelheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heichelheim"},{"link_name":"Weimar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weimar"},{"link_name":"Buttelstedt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buttelstedt"},{"link_name":"Johann Gottfried Walther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Walther"},{"link_name":"Johann Sebastian Bach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach"},{"link_name":"Buttstädt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buttst%C3%A4dt"},{"link_name":"Johann Ludwig Krebs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Ludwig_Krebs"},{"link_name":"Bach-Werke-Verzeichnis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bach-Werke-Verzeichnis"},{"link_name":"Leipzig Chorales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig_Chorales"},{"link_name":"organ trio sonatas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_Sonatas_(Bach)"},{"link_name":"Eight Short Preludes and Fugues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eight_Short_Preludes_and_Fugues"}],"text":"Not to be confused with another Johann Tobias Krebs (1718–1782), an author.Johann Tobias Krebs (7 July 1690 – 11 February 1762) was a German organist and composer, today best remembered as the father of Johann Ludwig Krebs, one of Bach's most accomplished pupils.Krebs was born in Heichelheim and went to school in the nearby Weimar. Nothing is known about his early musical training, but at age 20 Krebs was proficient enough at the keyboard to be invited to become organist at Buttelstedt, another town in the same area. Krebs accepted, but continued his music studies in Weimar, travelling there twice a week to study with Johann Gottfried Walther, and later with Johann Sebastian Bach. In 1721 he was accepted a position at Buttstädt, where he played the organ of Michaeliskirche and taught at the school. Krebs remained in Buttstädt for the rest of his life. He had three sons, and the eldest, Johann Ludwig Krebs, became a well-known composer.Krebs' surviving works are scarce. A few chorale preludes preserved in manuscripts show a marked fondness for counterpoint. Two of the lesser known pieces from the Bach-Werke-Verzeichnis catalogue may have been composed by Krebs:Chorale prelude Nun komm, der Heiden Heiland, BWV 660b, an arrangement of one of Bach's Leipzig Chorales, Nun komm, der Heiden Heiland, BWV 660\nTrio in C minor, BWV Anh. 46, a contrapuntal trio which bears some similarity to Bach's organ trio sonatasIn addition, the Eight Short Preludes and Fugues, BWV 553–560, once attributed to Bach, are now considered to be the work of either Johann Tobias Krebs, or his eldest son.","title":"Johann Tobias Krebs"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"http://www.bach-cantatas.com/Lib/Krebs-Johann-Tobias.htm","external_links_name":"Brief biography"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000040149820","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/15038271","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJfrT8PGty7fR37fBPV6Kd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14828016t","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14828016t","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/130635642","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no95032428","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/2b23e690-043d-4cbb-b20e-c6233815083d","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"},{"Link":"https://bmlo.de/k0913","external_links_name":"BMLO"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd130635642.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://rism.online/people/30009010","external_links_name":"RISM"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6dj6jcw","external_links_name":"SNAC"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johann_Tobias_Krebs&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johann_Tobias_Krebs&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johann_Tobias_Krebs&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Brodie	Matthew Brodie	["1 Early life","2 Priesthood","3 Episcopacy","4 Public concern","5 Death","6 Notes","7 See also"]	The Right ReverendMatthew Joseph Brodie2nd Bishop of ChristchurchBishop Brodie at the consecration for St Joseph's Church, DarfieldChurchCatholic ChurchArchdioceseWellingtonDioceseChristchurchAppointed27 November 1915Installed27 February 1916Term ended11 October 1943PredecessorJohn Joseph GrimesSuccessorPatrick Francis LyonsOrdersOrdination20 December 1896by George LenihanConsecration27 February 1916by Bonaventura CerrettiPersonal detailsBorn1871Coromandel, New ZealandDied11 October 1943 (aged 72)Christchurch, New ZealandBuriedMount Magdala Cemetery Matthew Joseph Brodie (1871 – 11 October 1943) was the second Catholic bishop of Christchurch, New Zealand. He was appointed by Pope Benedict XV on 27 November 1915 and died in office on 11 October 1943. He was the first New Zealander by birth to be made a Catholic bishop. He was noted for his interest in promoting the general well-being of all. Early life Brodie was born in Coromandel, New Zealand in 1871. His parents were Irish immigrants to New Zealand. He received his early education in Coromandel and at the "Pitt St School" (St Peter's School). He was then sent to Sydney for his secondary education at St Joseph's College, Hunters Hill and he then trained as a priest at St Patrick's College, Manly where one of his professors was Michael Verdon. He was ordained a priest for the Diocese of Auckland in St Patrick's Cathedral, Auckland by Bishop Lenihan on 20 December 1896. Priesthood Brodie first served as curate at St Benedict's Church, Newton, Auckland and then at the village of Puhoi. He was the first Parish Priest at Waihi. Brodie was at Waihi at the time of the 1912 Waihi miners' strike and he made personal efforts which contributed to its settlement. He was effective because he was respected by all the parties. After leaving Waihi, he was Administrator at St Patrick's Cathedral and then Parish Priest at Parnell. He was also latterly the Vicar general of the Auckland Diocese. Episcopacy Brodie was consecrated a bishop on 27 February 1916 in the Cathedral of the Blessed Sacrament, Christchurch by the Apostolic delegate, Cardinal Cerretti, assisted by Archbishop Redwood and Bishop Verdon. His appointment there was received with joy. However, as the first secular bishop in what had been regarded as a Marist diocese, he had lengthy disputes with Marist superiors about the order's tenure of parishes. His relations with individual Marists, however, were at all times courteous. Brodie was notable for his keen interest and support of Catholic education, especially of St Bede's College, Christchurch. Brodie also supported Nazareth House and the Sisters of the Good Shepherd at Mt Magdala, especially their orphanage of St Joseph. Brodie introduced the Carmelite nuns to Christchurch and he advanced the Holy Name Society, the Legion of Mary and the Catholic Women's League. He also encouraged the establishment of the Grail movement for women. Brodie proved to be a popular, long-serving and hard-working prelate in Christchurch. Public concern As Bishop, Brodie always "showed himself in the front rank in any movement connected with the well-being of the community in general". This was especially in the context of the Great depression. He also supported the Order of St John. Brodie, cooperating with the Anglican Archbishop West-Watson, mediated to promote the settlement of the Tramway Strike of 1932. He met with the parties till dawn in working for a peaceful settlement. In 1935, he was awarded the King George V Silver Jubilee Medal. Death Brodie was a patient at Lewisham Hospital (later called Calvary Hospital) from April 1943 until his death on 11 October 1943, aged 79. His body lay in state on 13 October and thousands of passed through the cathedral. Brodie's requiem mass was celebrated by Bishop Liston and his Panagyric was preached by Archbishop O'Shea. Bishop O'Neill assisted at the Mass. Brodie was interred at Mt Magdala at the St John of God Chapel. Notes ^ a b c d e f g h Death of Bishop Brodie, The Press, Tuesday, 12 October 1943, p. 4. ^ Sacred Heart College Auckland 75 Year's Jubilee 1903-1978, Auckland, 1978, p. 19. ^ a b c "The Late Bishop Brodie: Requiem Mass celebrated", The Press, Friday 15 October 1943, p. 6 ^ a b c d "Death Claims a Great Prelate", Zealandia, 14 October 1943, pp. 1 and 6 ^ a b c Michael King, God's Farthest Outpost: A History of Catholics in New Zealand, Penguin Books, Auckland, 1997, p. 142 ^ "Official jubilee medals". The Evening Post. 6 May 1935. p. 4. Retrieved 2 July 2013. ^ "Death of Bishop Brodie: Large Crowds Pay Tribute", The Press, 14 October 1943, p. 4 ^ "St John of God Chapel". New Zealand Heritage List/Rārangi Kōrero. Heritage New Zealand. Retrieved 2 October 2011. See also Catholic Hierarchy website, Bishop Matthew Joseph Brodie (retrieved 21 January 2011). Catholic Church titles Preceded byJohn Grimes Bishop of Christchurch 1915–1943 Succeeded byPatrick Lyons vteCatholic bishops in New Zealand John Adams Brian Ashby Leonard Boyle Matthew Brodie Denis Browne Colin Campbell Henry Cleary Thomas Croke Peter Cullinane John Cunneen Reginald Delargey John Dew Owen Dolan Michael Dooley Paul Donoghue SM Charles Drennan Patrick Dunn Edward Gaines Michael Gielen John Grimes SM Denis Hanrahan Barry Jones Edward Joyce John Kavanagh Richard Laurenson Robin Leamy SM George Lenihan OSB James Liston Stephen Lowe John Luck OSB Patrick Lyons John Mackey Paul Martin SM Max Mariu SM Peter McKeefry Basil Meeking Patrick Moran Stuart O'Connell SM Hugh O'Neill Thomas O'Shea SM Jean-Baptiste Pompallier Francis Redwood SM John Rodgers SM Owen Snedden Walter Steins Bisschop SJ Michael Verdon Philippe Viard SM Thomas Williams James Whyte Catholic Church portal	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Christchurch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Christchurch"},{"link_name":"Pope Benedict XV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XV"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Press-1"}],"text":"Matthew Joseph Brodie (1871 – 11 October 1943) was the second Catholic bishop of Christchurch, New Zealand. He was appointed by Pope Benedict XV on 27 November 1915 and died in office on 11 October 1943. He was the first New Zealander by birth to be made a Catholic bishop.[1] He was noted for his interest in promoting the general well-being of all.","title":"Matthew Brodie"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Coromandel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coromandel,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"St Peter's School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Peter%27s_College,_Auckland#The_original_schools"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"St Joseph's College, Hunters Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Joseph%27s_College,_Hunters_Hill"},{"link_name":"St Patrick's College, Manly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Patrick%27s_College,_Manly"},{"link_name":"Michael Verdon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Verdon"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Auckland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Auckland"},{"link_name":"St Patrick's Cathedral, Auckland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Patrick%27s_Cathedral,_Auckland"},{"link_name":"Bishop Lenihan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Lenihan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Press-1"}],"text":"Brodie was born in Coromandel, New Zealand in 1871. His parents were Irish immigrants to New Zealand. He received his early education in Coromandel and at the \"Pitt St School\" (St Peter's School).[2] He was then sent to Sydney for his secondary education at St Joseph's College, Hunters Hill and he then trained as a priest at St Patrick's College, Manly where one of his professors was Michael Verdon. He was ordained a priest for the Diocese of Auckland in St Patrick's Cathedral, Auckland by Bishop Lenihan on 20 December 1896.[1]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"curate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curate"},{"link_name":"Newton, Auckland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Puhoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puhoi,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Parish Priest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parish_Priest"},{"link_name":"Waihi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waihi"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Press-1"},{"link_name":"1912 Waihi miners' strike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waihi_miners%27_strike"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Press1-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zealandia-4"},{"link_name":"St Patrick's Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Patrick%27s_Cathedral,_Auckland"},{"link_name":"Parnell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parnell,_Auckland"},{"link_name":"Vicar general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicar_general"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Press-1"}],"text":"Brodie first served as curate at St Benedict's Church, Newton, Auckland and then at the village of Puhoi. He was the first Parish Priest at Waihi.[1] Brodie was at Waihi at the time of the 1912 Waihi miners' strike and he made personal efforts which contributed to its settlement.[3] He was effective because he was respected by all the parties.[4] After leaving Waihi, he was Administrator at St Patrick's Cathedral and then Parish Priest at Parnell. He was also latterly the Vicar general of the Auckland Diocese.[1]","title":"Priesthood"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cathedral of the Blessed Sacrament, Christchurch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral_of_the_Blessed_Sacrament,_Christchurch"},{"link_name":"Apostolic delegate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostolic_delegate"},{"link_name":"Cardinal Cerretti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonaventura_Cerretti"},{"link_name":"Archbishop Redwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Redwood"},{"link_name":"Bishop Verdon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Verdon"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Press-1"},{"link_name":"secular bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secular_clergy"},{"link_name":"Marist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Mary_(Marists)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-King-5"},{"link_name":"St Bede's College, Christchurch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Bede%27s_College,_Christchurch"},{"link_name":"Nazareth House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazareth_House"},{"link_name":"Sisters of the Good Shepherd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisters_of_the_Good_Shepherd"},{"link_name":"Mt Magdala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mt_Magdala&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Press-1"},{"link_name":"Carmelite nuns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmelite"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Press1-3"},{"link_name":"Holy Name Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Name_Society"},{"link_name":"Legion of Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legion_of_Mary"},{"link_name":"Catholic Women's League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Women%27s_League"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zealandia-4"},{"link_name":"Grail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grail_(women%27s_movement)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-King-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-King-5"}],"text":"Brodie was consecrated a bishop on 27 February 1916 in the Cathedral of the Blessed Sacrament, Christchurch by the Apostolic delegate, Cardinal Cerretti, assisted by Archbishop Redwood and Bishop Verdon.[1] His appointment there was received with joy. However, as the first secular bishop in what had been regarded as a Marist diocese, he had lengthy disputes with Marist superiors about the order's tenure of parishes. His relations with individual Marists, however, were at all times courteous.[5]Brodie was notable for his keen interest and support of Catholic education, especially of St Bede's College, Christchurch. Brodie also supported Nazareth House and the Sisters of the Good Shepherd at Mt Magdala, especially their orphanage of St Joseph.[1] Brodie introduced the Carmelite nuns to Christchurch[3] and he advanced the Holy Name Society, the Legion of Mary and the Catholic Women's League.[4] He also encouraged the establishment of the Grail movement for women.[5] Brodie proved to be a popular, long-serving and hard-working prelate in Christchurch.[5]","title":"Episcopacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zealandia-4"},{"link_name":"Great depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_depression"},{"link_name":"Order of St John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venerable_Order_of_Saint_John"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Press-1"},{"link_name":"Archbishop West-Watson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campbell_West-Watson"},{"link_name":"Tramway Strike of 1932","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tramway_Strike_of_1932&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zealandia-4"},{"link_name":"King George V Silver Jubilee Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_George_V_Silver_Jubilee_Medal"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EP-6"}],"text":"As Bishop, Brodie always \"showed himself in the front rank in any movement connected with the well-being of the community in general\".[4] This was especially in the context of the Great depression. He also supported the Order of St John.[1] Brodie, cooperating with the Anglican Archbishop West-Watson, mediated to promote the settlement of the Tramway Strike of 1932. He met with the parties till dawn in working for a peaceful settlement.[4]In 1935, he was awarded the King George V Silver Jubilee Medal.[6]","title":"Public concern"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Press-1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Bishop Liston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Liston"},{"link_name":"Panagyric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panagyric"},{"link_name":"Archbishop O'Shea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_O%27Shea_(Archbishop_of_Wellington)"},{"link_name":"Bishop O'Neill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_John_O%27Neill"},{"link_name":"St John of God Chapel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_John_of_God_Halswell#Location"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Press1-3"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Brodie was a patient at Lewisham Hospital (later called Calvary Hospital) from April 1943 until his death on 11 October 1943, aged 79.[1] His body lay in state on 13 October and thousands of passed through the cathedral.[7] Brodie's requiem mass was celebrated by Bishop Liston and his Panagyric was preached by Archbishop O'Shea. Bishop O'Neill assisted at the Mass. Brodie was interred at Mt Magdala at the St John of God Chapel.[3][8]","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Press_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Press_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Press_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Press_1-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Press_1-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Press_1-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Press_1-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Press_1-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Press1_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Press1_3-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Press1_3-2"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Zealandia_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Zealandia_4-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Zealandia_4-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Zealandia_4-3"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-King_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-King_5-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-King_5-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EP_6-0"},{"link_name":"\"Official jubilee medals\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=search&d=EP19350506.2.12"},{"link_name":"The Evening Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Evening_Post_(New_Zealand)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"\"St John of God Chapel\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.heritage.org.nz/list-details/4393/4393"},{"link_name":"Heritage New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heritage_New_Zealand"}],"text":"^ a b c d e f g h Death of Bishop Brodie, The Press, Tuesday, 12 October 1943, p. 4.\n\n^ Sacred Heart College Auckland 75 Year's Jubilee 1903-1978, Auckland, 1978, p. 19.\n\n^ a b c \"The Late Bishop Brodie: Requiem Mass celebrated\", The Press, Friday 15 October 1943, p. 6\n\n^ a b c d \"Death Claims a Great Prelate\", Zealandia, 14 October 1943, pp. 1 and 6\n\n^ a b c Michael King, God's Farthest Outpost: A History of Catholics in New Zealand, Penguin Books, Auckland, 1997, p. 142\n\n^ \"Official jubilee medals\". The Evening Post. 6 May 1935. p. 4. Retrieved 2 July 2013.\n\n^ \"Death of Bishop Brodie: Large Crowds Pay Tribute\", The Press, 14 October 1943, p. 4\n\n^ \"St John of God Chapel\". New Zealand Heritage List/Rārangi Kōrero. Heritage New Zealand. Retrieved 2 October 2011.","title":"Notes"}]	[]	[{"title":"Catholic Hierarchy website, Bishop Matthew Joseph Brodie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bbrodie.html"},{"title":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Catholic_bishops_in_New_Zealand"},{"title":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Catholic_bishops_in_New_Zealand"},{"title":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic_bishops_in_New_Zealand"},{"title":"Catholic bishops in New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Catholic_bishops_in_New_Zealand"},{"title":"John Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Adams_(bishop)"},{"title":"Brian Ashby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Ashby"},{"title":"Leonard Boyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Boyle_(bishop)"},{"title":"Matthew Brodie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"title":"Denis Browne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis_Browne_(bishop)"},{"title":"Colin Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Campbell_(New_Zealand_bishop)"},{"title":"Henry Cleary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Cleary"},{"title":"Thomas Croke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Croke"},{"title":"Peter Cullinane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Cullinane"},{"title":"John Cunneen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cunneen_(bishop)"},{"title":"Reginald Delargey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald_Delargey"},{"title":"John Dew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dew_(cardinal)"},{"title":"Owen Dolan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owen_Dolan"},{"title":"Michael Dooley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Dooley"},{"title":"Paul Donoghue SM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Donoghue"},{"title":"Charles Drennan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Drennan"},{"title":"Patrick Dunn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Dunn_(bishop)"},{"title":"Edward Gaines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Gaines"},{"title":"Michael Gielen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Gielen_(bishop)"},{"title":"John Grimes SM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Grimes_(New_Zealand_bishop)"},{"title":"Denis Hanrahan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis_Hanrahan"},{"title":"Barry Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Jones_(bishop)"},{"title":"Edward Joyce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Joyce"},{"title":"John Kavanagh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Kavanagh_(bishop)"},{"title":"Richard Laurenson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Laurenson"},{"title":"Robin Leamy SM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Leamy_(bishop)"},{"title":"George Lenihan OSB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Lenihan"},{"title":"James Liston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Liston"},{"title":"Stephen Lowe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Lowe_(bishop_of_Hamilton)"},{"title":"John Luck OSB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Luck"},{"title":"Patrick Lyons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Lyons"},{"title":"John Mackey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Mackey_(bishop)"},{"title":"Paul Martin SM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Martin_(archbishop)"},{"title":"Max Mariu SM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Mariu"},{"title":"Peter McKeefry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_McKeefry"},{"title":"Basil Meeking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil_Meeking"},{"title":"Patrick Moran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Moran_(bishop)"},{"title":"Stuart O'Connell SM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_O%27Connell"},{"title":"Hugh O'Neill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_O%27Neill_(bishop)"},{"title":"Thomas O'Shea SM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_O%27Shea_(bishop)"},{"title":"Jean-Baptiste Pompallier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Pompallier"},{"title":"Francis Redwood SM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Redwood"},{"title":"John Rodgers SM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Rodgers_(New_Zealand_bishop)"},{"title":"Owen Snedden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owen_Snedden"},{"title":"Walter Steins Bisschop SJ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Steins_Bisschop"},{"title":"Michael Verdon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Verdon"},{"title":"Philippe Viard SM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_Viard"},{"title":"Thomas Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Williams_(cardinal)"},{"title":"James Whyte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Whyte_(bishop)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg"},{"title":"Catholic Church portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Catholic_Church"}]	[{"reference":"\"Official jubilee medals\". The Evening Post. 6 May 1935. p. 4. Retrieved 2 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=search&d=EP19350506.2.12","url_text":"\"Official jubilee medals\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Evening_Post_(New_Zealand)","url_text":"The Evening Post"}]},{"reference":"\"St John of God Chapel\". New Zealand Heritage List/Rārangi Kōrero. Heritage New Zealand. Retrieved 2 October 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.heritage.org.nz/list-details/4393/4393","url_text":"\"St John of God Chapel\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heritage_New_Zealand","url_text":"Heritage New Zealand"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=search&d=EP19350506.2.12","external_links_name":"\"Official jubilee medals\""},{"Link":"https://www.heritage.org.nz/list-details/4393/4393","external_links_name":"\"St John of God Chapel\""},{"Link":"http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bbrodie.html","external_links_name":"Catholic Hierarchy website, Bishop Matthew Joseph Brodie"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alban_Bensa	Alban Bensa	["1 Publications","1.1 Books","1.2 Collections","2 References"]	French anthropologist (1948–2021) Alban BensaBorn18 September 1948Paris, FranceDied10 October 2021(2021-10-10) (aged 73)Paris, FranceNationalityFrenchOccupationAnthropologist Alban Bensa (18 September 1948 – 10 October 2021) was a French anthropologist. He was director of studies at the School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences and specialized in the study of New Caledonia and Kanak people. Publications Books Les Chemins de l'alliance : l'organisation sociale et ses représentations en Nouvelle-Calédonie, région de Touho, aire linguistique cèmuhî (1982) Chroniques Kanak : l'ethnologie en marche (1995) Nouvelle-Calédonie, vers l’émancipation (1998) Ethnologie et architecture : le Centre culturel Tjibaou, Nouméa, Nouvelle-Calédonie (2000) La fin de l'exotisme : essais d'anthropologie critique (2006) Après Lévi-Strauss : pour une anthropologie à taille humaine (2010) Les sanglots de l'aigle pêcheur. Nouvelle-Calédonie : la Guerre kanak de 1917 (2015) Collections Les filles du rocher Até : contes et récits paicî (1995) 1878 : carnets de campagne en Nouvelle-Calédonie (2004) Histoire d'une chefferie kanak, 1740-1878 (2005) Les politiques de l'enquête (2008) References ^ Roger, Patrick (11 October 2021). "L'anthropologue Alban Bensa, spécialiste de la Nouvelle-Calédonie, est mort". Le Monde (in French). Retrieved 11 October 2021. ^ "Bensa, Alban (1948-....)". BnF Catalogue général (in French). ^ "Les politiques de l'enquête". Cairn.info (in French). 2008. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway France BnF data Germany Israel Belgium United States Czech Republic Netherlands Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_for_Advanced_Studies_in_the_Social_Sciences"},{"link_name":"New Caledonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Caledonia"},{"link_name":"Kanak people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanak_people"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Alban Bensa (18 September 1948 – 10 October 2021) was a French anthropologist.[1] He was director of studies at the School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences and specialized in the study of New Caledonia and Kanak people.[2]","title":"Alban Bensa"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Books","text":"Les Chemins de l'alliance : l'organisation sociale et ses représentations en Nouvelle-Calédonie, région de Touho, aire linguistique cèmuhî (1982)\nChroniques Kanak : l'ethnologie en marche (1995)\nNouvelle-Calédonie, vers l’émancipation (1998)\nEthnologie et architecture : le Centre culturel Tjibaou, Nouméa, Nouvelle-Calédonie (2000)\nLa fin de l'exotisme : essais d'anthropologie critique (2006)\nAprès Lévi-Strauss : pour une anthropologie à taille humaine (2010)\nLes sanglots de l'aigle pêcheur. Nouvelle-Calédonie : la Guerre kanak de 1917 (2015)","title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Collections","text":"Les filles du rocher Até : contes et récits paicî (1995)\n1878 : carnets de campagne en Nouvelle-Calédonie (2004)\nHistoire d'une chefferie kanak, 1740-1878 (2005)\nLes politiques de l'enquête (2008)[3]","title":"Publications"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Roger, Patrick (11 October 2021). \"L'anthropologue Alban Bensa, spécialiste de la Nouvelle-Calédonie, est mort\". Le Monde (in French). Retrieved 11 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lemonde.fr/disparitions/article/2021/10/11/l-anthropologue-alban-bensa-specialiste-de-la-nouvelle-caledonie-est-mort_6097938_3382.html","url_text":"\"L'anthropologue Alban Bensa, spécialiste de la Nouvelle-Calédonie, est mort\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Monde","url_text":"Le Monde"}]},{"reference":"\"Bensa, Alban (1948-....)\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alojz_Benac	Alojz Benac	["1 Biography","2 Historiography","3 References"]	Alojz BenacBorn(1914-10-20)20 October 1914Derventa, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Austria-HungaryDied6 March 1992(1992-03-06) (aged 77)Sarajevo, Bosnia and HerzegovinaAlma materUniversity of BelgradeLjubljana UniversityKnown forResearch on Prehistory of the BalkansDirector of Centre for Balkan Studies, Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and HerzegovinaScientific careerFieldsArchaeologyInstitutionsUniversity of SarajevoAcademy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina Alojz Benac (20 October 1914 – 6 March 1992) was a Bosnian and Yugoslav archaeologist and historian. Biography Benac studied classical philology and archaeology in Belgrade's Philosophy Faculty (1937), and received his doctorate from Ljubljana University (1951). He worked in the National Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina from 1947 to 1967 (in the role of Director from 1957 to 1967). He then left to assume a professorship in archaeology and ancient history in the Faculty of Philosophy of the University of Sarajevo (1968–78). He later became the founder and first Director of the Centre for Balkan Studies, within the Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina (ANUBiH), of which he was General Secretary from 1971 to 1977 and President from 1977 to 1981 Benac focused his research on prehistory within the Western Balkans, and undertook numerous systematic archaeological excavations on sites including Arnautovići (Visoko), Crvena Stijena (Montenegro), Hrustovača in Hrustovo (Sanski Most), Obre I and II (Kakanj), Zecovi (Prijedor), Zelena Pećina in Blagaj (Mostar) and others. He became Chief Editor of the five-volume series "Praistorija jugoslavenskih zemlja" (Prehistory of the Yugoslavian countries) (1979–86), as well as several books and articles, including the following: • Obre II – neolitsko naselje butmirske grupe na Gornjem polju (Obre II – A Neolithic Settlement of the Butmir Group on the Gornje plain) (1971) • Prehistorijsko naselje Nebo i problem butmirske kulture (The prehistoric settlement of Nebo and the problem of the Butmir Culture) (1952) • Glasinac Vols I & II (1957; 1959) • Studien zur Stein und Kupferzeit im nordwestlichen Balkan (Studies on stone and copper age in north-western Balkans) (1962) In 1967, Benac was inducted as a regular member of ANUBiH. During his lifetime, he also became a corresponding member of the Yugoslav/Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts, and a member of numerous other international scientific institutions. Historiography Nada Miletić and Benac dated the phenomenon of the stećak to the thirteenth century, but this dating has been debated, in particular by Šefik Bešlagić and Dubravko Lovrenović, who date the tombstones to the mid-twelfth century. References ^ "BH-LEKSIKON - Alojz Benac". Archived from the original on 2015-01-31. Retrieved 2015-01-03. ^ Lozny, Ludomir R (Ed.) Comparative Archaeologies: A Sociological View of the Science of the Past p.405 New York: Springer ^ Lozny, Ludomir R (Ed.) Comparative Archaeologies: A Sociological View of the Science of the Past p.407 New York: Springer ^ Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina "Centar za balkanološka ispitivanja" Archived 2013-10-28 at the Wayback Machine (in Bosnian) ^ Lozny, Ludomir R (Ed.) Comparative Archaeologies: A Sociological View of the Science of the Past p.409 New York: Springer ^ "BH-LEKSIKON - Alojz Benac". Archived from the original on 2015-01-31. Retrieved 2015-01-03. ^ Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina "Former Presidents" Archived 2015-09-23 at the Wayback Machine ^ Lozny, Ludomir R (Ed.) Comparative Archaeologies: A Sociological View of the Science of the Past p.406 New York: Springer ^ "The Archeological Site of Crvena Stijena (Red Rock Cave)". 26 March 2014. ^ Obre II – Neolitsko naselje butmirske grupe na Gornjem polju (1971) ^ Commission to Preserve National Monuments "The archaeologial (sic) site of Zelena pećina" Archived 2014-10-30 at the Wayback Machine, 21 November 2007 ^ Praistorija jugoslavenskih zemalja. ^ Lozny, Ludomir R (Ed.) Comparative Archaeologies: A Sociological View of the Science of the Past p.408 New York: Springer ^ Begović, Azra (2020-09-06). "Echoes of the Culture of Remembrance in the Posthumous Memorialisation of the Bosnian Nobility". Südost-Forschungen (in German). 79 (1): 151–169. doi:10.1515/sofo-2020-790110. ISSN 2364-9321. S2CID 237506126. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Czech Republic Netherlands Poland Portugal People Deutsche Biographie Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Alojz Benac (20 October 1914 – 6 March 1992)[1] was a Bosnian and Yugoslav archaeologist and historian.","title":"Alojz Benac"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Belgrade's Philosophy Faculty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Belgrade_Faculty_of_Philosophy"},{"link_name":"Ljubljana University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljubljana_University"},{"link_name":"National Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"University of Sarajevo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Sarajevo"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Visoko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visoko"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Montenegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegro"},{"link_name":"Sanski Most","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanski_Most"},{"link_name":"Obre I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakanj_culture"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Prijedor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prijedor"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Blagaj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blagaj,_Mostar"},{"link_name":"Mostar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mostar"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Yugoslav/Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts"},{"link_name":"Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts"},{"link_name":"Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenian_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts"}],"text":"Benac studied classical philology and archaeology in Belgrade's Philosophy Faculty (1937), and received his doctorate from Ljubljana University (1951). He worked in the National Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina from 1947 to 1967[2] (in the role of Director from 1957 to 1967). He then left to assume a professorship in archaeology and ancient history in the Faculty of Philosophy of the University of Sarajevo[3] (1968–78). He later became the founder and first Director of the Centre for Balkan Studies,[4] within the Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina (ANUBiH),[5] of which he was General Secretary from 1971 to 1977 and President from 1977 to 1981[6][7]Benac focused his research on prehistory within the Western Balkans,[8] and undertook numerous systematic archaeological excavations on sites including Arnautovići (Visoko), Crvena Stijena[9] (Montenegro), Hrustovača in Hrustovo (Sanski Most), Obre I and II[10] (Kakanj), Zecovi (Prijedor), Zelena Pećina[11] in Blagaj (Mostar) and others.He became Chief Editor of the five-volume series \"Praistorija jugoslavenskih zemlja\"[12][13] (Prehistory of the Yugoslavian countries) (1979–86), as well as several books and articles, including the following:• Obre II – neolitsko naselje butmirske grupe na Gornjem polju (Obre II – A Neolithic Settlement of the Butmir Group on the Gornje plain) (1971)• Prehistorijsko naselje Nebo i problem butmirske kulture (The prehistoric settlement of Nebo and the problem of the Butmir Culture) (1952)• Glasinac Vols I & II (1957; 1959)• Studien zur Stein und Kupferzeit im nordwestlichen Balkan (Studies on stone and copper age in north-western Balkans) (1962)In 1967, Benac was inducted as a regular member of ANUBiH. During his lifetime, he also became a corresponding member of the Yugoslav/Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts, and a member of numerous other international scientific institutions.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"stećak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ste%C4%87ak"},{"link_name":"Šefik Bešlagić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0efik_Be%C5%A1lagi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Dubravko Lovrenović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubravko_Lovrenovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Nada Miletić and Benac dated the phenomenon of the stećak to the thirteenth century, but this dating has been debated, in particular by Šefik Bešlagić and Dubravko Lovrenović, who date the tombstones to the mid-twelfth century.[14]","title":"Historiography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"BH-LEKSIKON - Alojz Benac\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theobald_of_Ostia	Theobald of Ostia	["1 References","2 Sources"]	Theobald of Ostia (French: Thibaut de Vermandois or Thibaut de Nanteuil, Italian: Teodobaldo di Vermandois; died 4 November 1188) was a French cardinal. He entered the Order of Benedictines of the Congregation of Cluny in his youth. He was prior of the monastery of Saint-Arnoult-de-Crepy by 1169 and then abbot of Cluny from 1180 until 1183. In 1184 pope Lucius III named him Cardinal-Bishop of Ostia e Velletri; as such, he signed the papal bulls between 21 May 1184 and 29 October 1188. He served as papal legate in southern Germany in 1187. He participated in the papal election of 1185, of October 1187 and of December 1187; in the last one, he was elected to the papacy but declined in favour of Paolo Scolari, who was elected Pope Clement III. Shortly before his death, pope appointed him legate in England, but he was unable to fulfill this mission. He was buried in the Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls, Rome. References ^ Robert Branner (1971). Review of Cluny, Les Églises Et La Maison Du Chef D'ordre. The Art Bulletin 53 (2): 246–48. doi:10.2307/3048840. (subscription required), at p. 247. ^ Elfriede Kartusch: Das Kardinalskollegium in der Zeit von 1181–1227. Wien 1948, pp. 411–413 no. 105 Sources Elfriede Kartusch: Das Kardinalskollegium in der Zeit von 1181–1227. Wien 1948, pp. 411–413 no. 105 Catholic Church titles Preceded byUbaldo Allucingoli Bishop of Ostia 1184–1188 Succeeded byOttaviano di Paoli Preceded byWilliam I of Cluny Abbot of Cluny 1179-1183 Succeeded byHugh de Clermont This biographical article about a French religious figure is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about a Roman Catholic cardinal from France is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Benedictines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedictines"},{"link_name":"Congregation of Cluny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregation_of_Cluny"},{"link_name":"abbot of Cluny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbot_of_Cluny"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Lucius III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucius_III"},{"link_name":"Cardinal-Bishop of Ostia e Velletri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal-Bishop_of_Ostia_e_Velletri"},{"link_name":"papal election of 1185","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_election,_1185"},{"link_name":"of October 1187","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_election,_October_1187"},{"link_name":"of December 1187","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_election,_December_1187"},{"link_name":"Pope Clement III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Clement_III"},{"link_name":"Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint_Paul_Outside_the_Walls"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"He entered the Order of Benedictines of the Congregation of Cluny in his youth. He was prior of the monastery of Saint-Arnoult-de-Crepy by 1169 and then abbot of Cluny from 1180 until 1183.[1] In 1184 pope Lucius III named him Cardinal-Bishop of Ostia e Velletri; as such, he signed the papal bulls between 21 May 1184 and 29 October 1188. He served as papal legate in southern Germany in 1187. He participated in the papal election of 1185, of October 1187 and of December 1187; in the last one, he was elected to the papacy but declined in favour of Paolo Scolari, who was elected Pope Clement III. Shortly before his death, pope appointed him legate in England, but he was unable to fulfill this mission. He was buried in the Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls, Rome.[2]","title":"Theobald of Ostia"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_France.svg"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theobald_of_Ostia&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:France-reli-bio-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:France-reli-bio-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:France-reli-bio-stub"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:External_Ornaments_of_a_Cardinal_Bishop.svg"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theobald_of_Ostia&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:France-RC-cardinal-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:France-RC-cardinal-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:France-RC-cardinal-stub"}],"text":"Elfriede Kartusch: Das Kardinalskollegium in der Zeit von 1181–1227. Wien 1948, pp. 411–413 no. 105This biographical article about a French religious figure is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vteThis article about a Roman Catholic cardinal from France is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Sources"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3048840","external_links_name":"Review of Cluny, Les Églises Et La Maison Du Chef D'ordre"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3048840","external_links_name":"10.2307/3048840"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theobald_of_Ostia&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theobald_of_Ostia&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Glob	Peter Glob	["1 Biography","2 Personal life","3 Select bibliography","4 References","5 Other sources"]	Danish archaeologist P. V. GlobGlob in a Danish peat fieldBorn20 February 1911Kalundborg, DenmarkDied20 July 1985(1985-07-20) (aged 74)Djursland, DenmarkNationalityDanishAlma materUniversity of CopenhagenOccupationArchaeologistSpouseHarriet Glob (née Roepstorff)ChildrenLotte Glob, Anders Glob, Martin Glob, Henriette Glob, Elsebeth GlobParentJohannes Glob Peter Vilhelm Glob (20 February 1911 – 20 July 1985), also known as P. V. Glob, was a Danish archaeologist. Glob was most noted for his investigations of Denmark's bog bodies such as the Tollund Man and Grauballe Man, mummified remains of Iron and Bronze Age people found preserved within peat bogs. His anthropological works include The Bog People: Iron Age Man Preserved, Denmark: An Archaeological History from the Stone Age to the Vikings, and Mound People: Danish Bronze-Age Man Preserved. Biography Glob was a student of archeology at the University of Copenhagen. He published his dissertation and was awarded his PhD in 1944. He worked for the National Museum of Denmark from 1937 to 1949, then as a professor at Aarhus University from 1949 until 1960, and then as Director General of Museums and Antiquities for the state of Denmark (Riksantikvaren) from 1960 to 1981. He was co-founder of the Scandinavian Institute of Comparative Vandalism, an institution which studied the history of graffiti. His most famous investigation was that of the Tollund Man. Glob was also heavily engaged in archaeology of the Middle East and led several scientific expeditions there. In the 1950s he discovered and excavated the ruins of the ancient Dilmun civilization on the island country of Bahrain. In 1954 he and his team uncovered the Barbar Temple, considered to be part of the Dilmun culture. Personal life Peter Glob was born at Kalundborg on the Danish island of Zealand, the son of the Danish painter Johannes Glob (1882–1955). He later got married to Harriet Roepstorff and they had five children, including the ceramic artist Lotte Glob. He died at Djursland in 1985. Select bibliography Mosefolket – Jernalderens mennesker bevaret i 2000 år, Gyldendal, 1965 The Bog People: Iron-Age Man Preserved, translated from the Danish by Rupert Bruce-Mitford. Faber and Faber, 1969, 304 pg. (New York Review Books, 2004). Denmark: An Archaeological History from the Stone Age to the Vikings, Cornell University Press, 1971, 351 pg, ISBN 0-8014-0641-2 Danish Prehistoric Monuments, Faber and Faber, 1971, 351, ISBN 0-571-08782-5 (The two previous book editions derive from the same original book written in Danish: Danske Oltidsminder, best translated as Memorials of Ancient Denmark. See American Anthropologist, Volume 75, Issue 6, page 1940.) Mound People: Danish Bronze-Age Man Preserved, Cornell University Press, 1974, 184 pg, ISBN 978-0-8014-0800-7 Danefæ. Til Hendes Majestaet Dronning Margrethe II, 16 April 1980. References ^ "P.V. Glob". Den Store Danske. Retrieved September 1, 2020. ^ Flemming Højlund (1999). Glob og Paradisets have. De danske ekspeditioner til Den Arabiske Golf (in Danish). Moesgård Museum. ISBN 87-87334-32-1. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 5 October 2014.. Translated to English by Peter Crabb ("Glob and the Garden of Eden") and Arabic by Mohammed Bander ("Ghūlub wa-jannat al-firdaws"). ^ "The Dane in Bahrain whose findings brought him fame". Copenhagen Post. Retrieved September 1, 2020. ^ "Johannes Glob". Dansk Biografisk Leksikon. Retrieved September 1, 2020. Other sources Højlund, Flemming (1999): Glob and the Garden of Eden: the Danish expeditions to the Arabian Gulf (Moesgård Museum, trans. Peter Crabb) Bibby, Geoffrey (1969) Looking for Dilmun (Alfred A. Knopf) Fischer, Christian (2007) Tollundmanden: gaven til guderne: mosefund fra Danmarks forhistorie (Silkeborg: Silkeborg Museum) ISBN 978-87-7739-966-4 Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Spain France BnF data Catalonia Germany Israel Belgium United States Sweden Czech Republic Netherlands Poland Artists Photographers' Identities People Deutsche Biographie Trove Other IdRef This biographical article about an archaeologist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about a Danish scientist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Danish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"bog bodies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bog_body"},{"link_name":"Tollund Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tollund_Man"},{"link_name":"Grauballe Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grauballe_Man"},{"link_name":"Iron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Age"},{"link_name":"Bronze Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Age"},{"link_name":"The Bog People: Iron Age Man Preserved","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bog_People"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Peter Vilhelm Glob (20 February 1911 – 20 July 1985), also known as P. V. Glob, was a Danish archaeologist.Glob was most noted for his investigations of Denmark's bog bodies such as the Tollund Man and Grauballe Man, mummified remains of Iron and Bronze Age people found preserved within peat bogs. His anthropological works include The Bog People: Iron Age Man Preserved, Denmark: An Archaeological History from the Stone Age to the Vikings, and Mound People: Danish Bronze-Age Man Preserved.[1]","title":"Peter Glob"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Copenhagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Copenhagen"},{"link_name":"PhD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PhD"},{"link_name":"National Museum of Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_Denmark"},{"link_name":"Aarhus University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aarhus_University"},{"link_name":"Scandinavian Institute of Comparative Vandalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandinavian_Institute_of_Comparative_Vandalism"},{"link_name":"Tollund Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tollund_Man"},{"link_name":"Middle East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East"},{"link_name":"Dilmun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilmun"},{"link_name":"Bahrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain"},{"link_name":"Barbar Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbar_Temple"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Glob was a student of archeology at the University of Copenhagen. He published his dissertation and was awarded his PhD in 1944. He worked for the National Museum of Denmark from 1937 to 1949, then as a professor at Aarhus University from 1949 until 1960, and then as Director General of Museums and Antiquities for the state of Denmark (Riksantikvaren) from 1960 to 1981. He was co-founder of the Scandinavian Institute of Comparative Vandalism, an institution which studied the history of graffiti. His most famous investigation was that of the Tollund Man.Glob was also heavily engaged in archaeology of the Middle East and led several scientific expeditions there. In the 1950s he discovered and excavated the ruins of the ancient Dilmun civilization on the island country of Bahrain. In 1954 he and his team uncovered the Barbar Temple, considered to be part of the Dilmun culture.[2][3]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kalundborg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalundborg"},{"link_name":"Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zealand"},{"link_name":"Lotte Glob","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotte_Glob"},{"link_name":"Djursland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djursland"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Peter Glob was born at Kalundborg on the Danish island of Zealand, the son of the Danish painter Johannes Glob (1882–1955). He later got married to Harriet Roepstorff and they had five children, including the ceramic artist Lotte Glob. He died at Djursland in 1985.[4]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rupert Bruce-Mitford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupert_Bruce-Mitford"},{"link_name":"Faber and Faber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faber_and_Faber"},{"link_name":"New York Review Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Review_Books"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8014-0641-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-0641-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-571-08782-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-571-08782-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8014-0800-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-0800-7"}],"text":"Mosefolket – Jernalderens mennesker bevaret i 2000 år, Gyldendal, 1965\nThe Bog People: Iron-Age Man Preserved, translated from the Danish by Rupert Bruce-Mitford. Faber and Faber, 1969, 304 pg. (New York Review Books, 2004).\nDenmark: An Archaeological History from the Stone Age to the Vikings, Cornell University Press, 1971, 351 pg, ISBN 0-8014-0641-2\nDanish Prehistoric Monuments, Faber and Faber, 1971, 351, ISBN 0-571-08782-5(The two previous book editions derive from the same original book written in Danish: Danske Oltidsminder, best translated as Memorials of Ancient Denmark. See American Anthropologist, Volume 75, Issue 6, page 1940.)Mound People: Danish Bronze-Age Man Preserved, Cornell University Press, 1974, 184 pg, ISBN 978-0-8014-0800-7\nDanefæ. Til Hendes Majestaet Dronning Margrethe II, 16 April 1980.","title":"Select bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Glob and the Garden of Eden: the Danish expeditions to the Arabian Gulf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/48635980"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-87-7739-966-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-87-7739-966-4"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1369099#identifiers"},{"link_name":"FAST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//id.worldcat.org/fast/1716521/"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000110850170"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/115164485"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJmtCwWBX9Hx9GX4TPX8G3"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1285590"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12963014n"},{"link_name":"BnF data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12963014n"},{"link_name":"Catalonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058526376806706"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/115708146"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007279745705171"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/21566378"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/n50030591"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//libris.kb.se/42gjjmwn3h9d9ds"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000601887&CON_LNG=ENG"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p072335246"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810691850705606"},{"link_name":"Photographers' Identities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pic.nypl.org/constituents/278768"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Biographie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd115708146.html?language=en"},{"link_name":"Trove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//trove.nla.gov.au/people/834900"},{"link_name":"IdRef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.idref.fr/050603094"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Venus_von_Willendorf_01.jpg"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Glob&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Archaeologist-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Archaeologist-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Archaeologist-stub"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Denmark.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Scientist.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Science-symbol-2.svg"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Glob&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Denmark-scientist-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Denmark-scientist-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Denmark-scientist-stub"}],"text":"Højlund, Flemming (1999): Glob and the Garden of Eden: the Danish expeditions to the Arabian Gulf (Moesgård Museum, trans. Peter Crabb)\nBibby, Geoffrey (1969) Looking for Dilmun (Alfred A. Knopf)\nFischer, Christian (2007) Tollundmanden: gaven til guderne: mosefund fra Danmarks forhistorie (Silkeborg: Silkeborg Museum) ISBN 978-87-7739-966-4Authority control databases International\nFAST\nISNI\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nSpain\nFrance\nBnF data\nCatalonia\nGermany\nIsrael\nBelgium\nUnited States\nSweden\nCzech Republic\nNetherlands\nPoland\nArtists\nPhotographers' Identities\nPeople\nDeutsche Biographie\nTrove\nOther\nIdRefThis biographical article about an archaeologist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vteThis article about a Danish scientist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Other sources"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"P.V. Glob\". Den Store Danske. Retrieved September 1, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://denstoredanske.lex.dk/P.V._Glob","url_text":"\"P.V. Glob\""}]},{"reference":"Flemming Højlund (1999). Glob og Paradisets have. De danske ekspeditioner til Den Arabiske Golf (in Danish). Moesgård Museum. ISBN 87-87334-32-1. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 5 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150924005854/http://www.fagboginfo.dk/mutotre/mtotreo.htm","url_text":"Glob og Paradisets have. De danske ekspeditioner til Den Arabiske Golf"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/87-87334-32-1","url_text":"87-87334-32-1"},{"url":"http://www.fagboginfo.dk/mutotre/mtotreo.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Dane in Bahrain whose findings brought him fame\". Copenhagen Post. Retrieved September 1, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://cphpost.dk/?p=5178","url_text":"\"The Dane in Bahrain whose findings brought him fame\""}]},{"reference":"\"Johannes Glob\". Dansk Biografisk Leksikon. Retrieved September 1, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://biografiskleksikon.lex.dk/Johannes_Glob","url_text":"\"Johannes Glob\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://denstoredanske.lex.dk/P.V._Glob","external_links_name":"\"P.V. Glob\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150924005854/http://www.fagboginfo.dk/mutotre/mtotreo.htm","external_links_name":"Glob og Paradisets have. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_Netherlands	Miss Nederland	["1 History","1.1 Former pageant","1.2 Organizers","1.3 Miss Nederland Organisation","2 Titleholders","3 Results","4 Past titleholders under Miss Nederland org.","4.1 Miss Universe Nederland","4.2 Miss World Nederland","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]	National beauty pageant competition in the Netherlands Not to be confused with Miss Universe Netherlands. Miss Nederland OrganisatieMiss Nederland OrganisatieFormation1929; 95 years ago (1929)TypeBeauty pageantHeadquartersAmsterdamLocationNetherlandsOfficial language DutchPresidentMonica van Ee (Hannah)Websitewww.missnederland.nl The Miss Nederland is a national Beauty pageant in the Netherlands. The pageant was founded in 1929 in Amsterdam. History Former pageant From 1929 to 1931, the Netherlands held a national pageant in Amsterdam for the first time called "Miss Holland". From 1932 to 1949 the pageant was briefly discontinued and later recommenced in 1951 by the Miss Holland Organization. In 1951 the Netherlands debuted at the Miss World pageant and the Miss Universe pageant in 1956. The national beauty pageant was called "Miss Holland" from 1950 until 1990, since that year the winner competed at the Miss Universe, while runners-up traditionally competed at the Miss World pageant and the Miss International pageant. Since 1991 it became known as "Miss Nederland" whose winner went on to the Miss World pageant. From 1991 to 2008 the Miss Universe representatives were selected from "Miss Universe Netherlands" pageant. The program was televised live on Veronica television. Organizers 1929–1976 — “Het Leven” (the Life) 1977–1978 — Corinne Rottschaefer (De Telegraph) 1989–2008 — Hans Konings(CEO) Miss Nederland 0rganisatie in cooperation with RTL4 and SBS6 1991–1994 — Miss Universe Nederland by Veronica TV 2009–2019 — Kim Kötter 2020–Present — Monica van Ee (Hannah) Miss Nederland Organisation In 2009, Kim Kötter became the national director of the Netherlands. She competed at the Miss Universe 2002 in San Juan, Puerto Rico. Usually, the Miss Nederland titleholder will compete at both the Miss Universe and the Miss World pageant. In 2013, two winners were crowned as the Miss Netherlands Universe and Miss Netherlands World pageant to represent their country at the Miss Universe and Miss World pageants, respectively. In 2016, the Miss Nederland only had the Miss Universe franchise. In 2024, the Miss Nederland gave up the Miss Universe franchise and a new Miss Universe Netherlands pageant was established. Titleholders The magazine “Het Leven” (the Life) organised the first Miss Holland pageant. The winners of Miss Holland between 1929 and 1935 attended International Pageant of Pulchritude (Miss Universe) in Galveston, USA. Later from 1991 to 2008 the Miss Universe Nederland pageant was broadcast live on Veronica television. In 2009 Kim Kötter got also the right to send a girl to the Miss World pageant. She also took over the Miss Nederland franchise. Since that year Miss Nederland winner goes to Miss Universe pageant. Year Miss Nederland Province Notes 1929 Johanna Koopman — Miss Holland pageant — “Het Leven” (the Life) directorship 1930 Emmy Kuster — The winner, Emmy Kuster had to be disqualified as she was not honest about her age. The new winner and the second Miss Holland in the Dutch history is therefore Rie van der Rest 1931 Marie van Lelyveld — Mary was just 17 when she won the pageant. She was a student but because she missed too many classes because of her duties as Miss Holland she was dispelled from school 1932 Carolina Geels — 1934 Sonja Coers — 1935 Stella Elte — 1936 Mia Kramer — 1937 Elisa Schimpf — 1948 Mary Jochemse — 1950 Hilda Lesman — 1951 Elisabeth van Proosdij — Did not enter the Miss World pageant in 1952 because she got married during her reign as Miss Holland 1952 Yvonne Meyer — 1954 Conny Harteveld — 1955 Angelina Kalkhoven — 1956 Rita Schmidt North Holland Rita called the dutch Marilyn Monroe. Unfortunately this did not make her a semi-finalist. When Rita got married in January 1957, Ans took over the duties of Miss Holland 1956 1957 Corine Rottschäfer North Holland Miss Europe 1957, Miss World 1959 1958 Luciënne Struve — 1959 Peggy Erwich North Holland 1960 Ans Schoon North Holland 1961 Anne Marie Brink — 1962 Catharina Lodders North Holland Miss World 1962 1963 Godelieve Sassen — 1964 Elly Koot North Holland Miss Europe 1964 1965 Anja Maria Schuit North Holland 1966 Margo Domen South Holland 1967 Irene van Campenhout South Holland 1968 Marjolein Abbing — 1969 Welmoed Hollenberg — 1970 Maureen Renzen — 1971 Laura Mulder-Smid North Holland 1972 Jenny ten Wolde Groningen 1973 Yildiz de Kat — 1974 Nicoline Broeckx North Brabant 1975 Lynda Snippe North Holland 1976 Lucie Visser — Dethroned 1977 Ineke Berends North Holland Miss Holland - Corinne Rottschaefer (De Telegraph) directorship 1978 Karin Gustafsson North Holland 1979 Eunice Bharatsing South Holland 1980 Karin Gooyer Gelderland 1981 Ingrid Schouten South Holland 1982 Brigitte Dierickx North Holland 1983 Nancy Lalleman-Heijnis North Holland 1984 Nancy Neede North Holland 1985 Pasquale Somers — Dethroned later retained title 1986 Janny Tervelde Overijssel 1987 Angelique Cremers — 1988 Angela Visser South Holland Miss Universe 1989 1989 Stephanie Halenbeek North Holland The last Miss Holland 1989 and renamed as Miss Universe Nederland in 1991 Liesbeth Caspers — Miss Netherlands Organization 1990 Gabriëlle Stap — 1991 Paulien Huizinga Utrecht Miss Universe Nederland — Veronica TV Linda Egging — 1992 Vivian Jansen North Brabant Gaby van Nimwegen — 1993 Angelique van Zalen North Holland Hilda Vermeulen Friesland 1994 Irene van der Laar South Holland Yoshka Bon North Holland 1995 Chantal van Woensel Zeeland Miss Universe Nederland — Corinne Rottschaefer (De Telegraph) directorship Didie Schackman Gelderland 1996 Marja de Graaf Drenthe Petra Hoost North Holland 1997 Sonja Silva — 1998 Jacqueline Rotteveel North Holland Miss Universe Nederland — SBS6 directorship Nerena Ruinemans — 2000 Chantal van Roessel North Brabant Raja Moussaoui Limburg 2001 Reshma Roopram South Holland Irena Pantelic — 2002 Kim Kötter Overijssel President of Miss Nederland Elise Boulogne South Holland 2003 Tessa Brix South Holland Sanne de Regt — 2004 Lindsay Grace Pronk North Brabant Miranda Slabber Zeeland 2005 Sharita Sopacua Utrecht 2006 Sheryl Lynn Baas South Holland Mrs Globe 2012 2007 Melissa Sneekes South Holland 2008 Charlotte Labee South Holland Miss Universe Top Beauty Netherlands — Shaida Wever directorship Deniz Akkoyun Utrecht 2009 Avalon-Chanel Weyzig Flevoland Miss Nederland — Kim Kötter directorship 2010 Desirée van den Berg North Holland 2011 Kelly Weekers Limburg 2012 Nathalie den Dekker North Holland 2013 Stephanie Tency North Holland 2014 Yasmin Verheijen North Holland 2015 Jessie Jazz Vuijk North Holland 2016 Zoey Ivory Flevoland 2017 Nicky Opheij Utrecht 2018 Rahima Ayla Dirkse South Holland 2019 Sharon Pieksma South Holland 2020 Denise Speelman Groningen Monica van Ee (Hannah) directorship 2021 Julia Sinning North Holland 2022 Ona Moody North Holland 2023 Rikkie Kollé North Brabant Results Year Miss Nederland 1st Runner-up 2nd Runner-up 3rd Runner-up 4th Runner-up 5th Runner-up 1929 Johanna Koopman Lydie Maschmeijer Beppie Zadlick M.C. de Wilde J. Westerman — 1930 Elly Kuster Rie van der Rest — — — — 1931 Marie van Lelyveld — — — — — 1932 Carolina Geels Mouchette Alard Marguerite de Vries — — — 1934 Sonja Coers — — — — — 1935 Stella Elte — — — — — 1936 Mia Kramer — — — — — 1937 Elisa Schimpf — — — — — 1948 Mary Jochemse — — — — — 1950 Hilda Lesman — — — — — 1951 Elisabeth van Proosdij Sanny Weitner Riet van der Aa Elly Manvis J. Sandifort — 1952 Yvonne Meyer Joyce van Laar Manon van Waay — — — 1954 Conny Harteveld — — — — — 1955 Angelina Kalkhoven — — — — — 1956 Rita Schmidt Ans van Pothoven Maud Hoyer Nicole Kiks Maria de Wilde — 1957 Corine Rottschäfer Debbie Posno Christina van der Zijp Sonja Tenge Ria Burry — 1958 Luciënne Struve Peggy Erwich — — — — 1959 Peggy Erwich Yvonne Smid Ansje Schoon Petra Paul Fransje Meyer Mimi Methorst 1960 Ans Schoon Katinka Bleeker Ada Stuyt Carina Verbeek — — 1961 Anne Marie Brink Gita Gamman Constance (Stanny) Baer Rita van Zuiden Sylvia Glas — 1962 Catharina Lodders Marjan van der Heijden Trudi van Sark Roza van der Lee Manny Horselenberg — 1963 Godelieve Sassen Juno Onink Elsa Onstenk Hanny IJsebrands Els Kaptein — 1964 Elly Koot Els kaptein Renske van den Berg Henny Deul Marjan Puyk — 1965 Anja Maria Schuit Elaine Bollen Janny de Knecht Femke van de Bos Marijke van de Pol — 1966 Margo Domen Sandrina van Senus Simone Arentz Anneke Geerts Gerda Wijma — 1967 Irene van Campenhout Nente van der Vliet Monica van Beelen — — — 1968 Marjolein Abbing Nathalie Heyl Ada Grootenboer Cecile van der Lelie — — 1969 Welmoed Hollenberg Nente van der Vliet Olga Westmaas Maria Lingen Patricia Hollman — 1970 Maureen Renzen Patricia Hollman Stephanie Flatow Anja Brand — — 1971 Laura Mulder-Smid Mieke Grishaver Pia Solleveld Monica Strottman Ans Krupp — 1972 Jenny ten Wolde Monica Strotmann Marga Scheide Monique Borgeld Marga Kramer — 1973 Yildiz de Kat Anke Groot Conja Mosk Marie-Louis Ultee Charlotte Jautze — 1974 Nicoline Broeckx Gerarda Sophia Balm Lise van Dort Nanna Beetstra Tilla van Mullekom — 1975 Lynda Snippe Cora Kitz Barbara Ann Neefs Nanny Nielen Ellen Soeters — 1976 Lucie Visser Nanny Nielen Stephanie Flatow Barbara Ann Neefs Willy Leedekerke — 1977 Ineke Berends Willie Muis Caroline Hooft Petra Roest Conny Geurdes — 1978 Karin Gustafsson Ans van Haaster Nicole Cohen Nanny Nielen — — 1979 Eunice Bharatsing Marlene Vemeulen Nanny Nielen Mary Kruyssen Hetty van Koningsbergen — 1980 Karin Gooyer Desiree Geelen Inge Klok Jacqueline Boertien Jeanette Akker — 1981 Ingrid Schouten Saskia Lemmers Ine Hoedemaeckers Donna Melief Shirley Mescher Mandy de Ruijter 1982 Brigitte Dierickx Irene Schell Dingena Andriessen Diana Timmers Debby Plugers — 1983 Nancy Lalleman-Heijnis Brigitte Bergman Marion van de Stolpe Nicole Bennink Carina Serrarens — 1984 Nancy Neede Rosalie van Breemen Jacomina Versteeg Tineke van Altena Pearl MacNack — 1985 Pasquale Somers Mandy Jacobs Caroline Veldkamp Bonita Baarda — — 1986 Janny Tervelde Sophia de Boer Angelique Erens Angelique Cremers Monique Stiphout — 1987 Angelique Cremers Jacqueline van Staa Ellis Adriaensen Annebet Berendsen Mascha ten Haaf Margriet de Vries 1988 Angela Visser Nandy Hendrikx Deborah Kiela Saskia van Marrelo Manou Bleeker Ghislaine Niewold 1989 Stephanie Halenbeek↓"Miss Holland" Yvonne Lokers Francis Potkamp Monique Flinkevleugel Esther den Otter Elizabeth Bijl Liesbeth Caspers↓"Miss Nederland" Karin van der Gaarden Carina Jongkind — — — 1990 Gabriëlle Stap Meliza Garmers Jill Nayci — — — 1991 Paulien Huizinga↓"Miss Universe Nederland" — — — — — Linda Egging↓"Miss Nederland" — — — — — 1992 Vivian Jansen↓"Miss Universe Nederland" — — — — — Gaby van Nimwegen↓"Miss Nederland" Unknown Nancy Lammers — — — 1993 Angelique van Zalen↓"Miss Universe Nederland" — — — — — Hilda Vermeulen↓"Miss Nederland" Patricia Brok Mariëlle Jansen Ilona van Hunen Noëlle ter Woerds Monique Sterchel 1994 Irene van der Laar↓"Miss Universe Nederland" Sabine te Vrede Natascha Louwen — — — Yoshka Bon↓"Miss Nederland" Manon Ellérie Mirelle Cloosterman Sharon Mafficioli Kirsten Kretz Natasja Ploeger 1995 Chantal van Woensel↓"Miss Universe Nederland" Kaysa de Haan Nathalie van den Dungen — — — Didie Schackman↓"Miss Nederland" Devi van Huijstee Viveke van de Broek Dominique Weerwind Joyce Wegman Nancy van der Beek 1996 Marja de Graaf↓"Miss Universe Nederland" Leoni Boon Virginia Koopmans — — — Petra Hoost↓"Miss Nederland" Jenina Smink Evelien Nuijlen Tooske Breugem Jessica Veenhuis — 1997 Sonja Silva Dunja Muskens Nadine Ben Moussa — — — 1998 Jacqueline Rotteveel↓"Miss Universe Nederland" Mirjam Bouwman Jessica Veenhuis — — — Nerena Ruinemans↓"Miss Nederland" Angela du Bois Marlouke van Heijningen — — — 2000 Chantal van Roessel↓"Miss Universe Nederland" Caroline Heyboer Maya Havelaar — — — Raja Moussaoui↓"Miss Nederland" Reshma Roopram Sharon Looyen — — — 2001 Reshma Roopram↓"Miss Universe Nederland" Touriya Haoud Monique van Bokkum — — — Irena Pantelic↓"Miss Nederland" Jacobijn Slegtkamp Sara-Lynn Dijkhof — — — 2002 Kim Kötter↓"Miss Universe Nederland" Hyke Bierman Bibiënne Vossepoel — — — Elise Boulogne↓"Miss Nederland" Saskia van der Molen Nadine de Vries — — — 2003 Tessa Brix↓"Miss Universe Nederland" Marloes van der Stadt Nianga Niang — — — Sanne de Regt↓"Miss Nederland" Nathalie Hassink Femke Fredriks — — — 2004 Lindsay Grace Pronk↓"Miss Universe Nederland" Lianne Langkamp Marina Poldervaart — — — Miranda Slabber↓"Miss Nederland" Anna Marie Hendriks Sharita Sopacua — — — 2005 Sharita Sopacua Monique Plat Eveline Jansen — — — 2006 Sheryl Lynn Baas Florencia Mulder Leoni Lammers — — — 2007 Melissa Sneekes Aya Spijkerman Liesbeth Faber — — — 2008 Charlotte Labee↓"Miss Universe Top Beauty Netherlands by Sheida Wever" Jelena Petrova Milou Verhoeks — — — Deniz Akkoyun↓"Miss Nederland" Maaike Heethaar Desirée van den Berg — — — 2009 Avalon-Chanel Weyzig Stephanie Bos Stephanie Hartmann Jolanda van Zeeland Shanna Moes Renee Trompert 2010 Desirée van den Berg Jana Voyvodich Gladys Fraenk Bojoura Verwey Petra Smits Sevtap Ergec 2011 Kelly Weekers Jill de Robles Jill Duijves Mary-Anne Kammeron Pinar Arslan Luna Voce 2012 Stephanie Tency Jacqueline Steenbeek Lauraine van der Werff Chanel Feikens Wendy-Kristy Hoogerbrugge Tari Herzenberg 2013 Yasmin Verheijen Tatjana Maul Brendalina van Dorp Fay Tholen Laura van Rees Christiana Terwilliger 2015 Jessie Jazz Vuijk Margot Hanekamp Janike Altena — — — 2016 Zoey Ivory Denise Swier Kelly van den Dungen — — — 2017 Nicky Opheij Farrieda Smit — — — — 2018 Rahima Ayla Dirkse Nina van den Broek — — — — 2019 Sharon Pieksma Fabiënne Davelaar — — — — 2020 Denise Speelman Sophie Alink — — — — 2021 Julia Sinning Eleanor Dingemans — — — — 2022 Ona Moody Eva van de Wetering — — — — 2023 Rikkie Kollé Nathalie Mogbelzada — — — — Past titleholders under Miss Nederland org. Miss Universe Nederland Main article: Miss Universe Netherlands : Declared as Winner : Ended as runner-up or top 5/6 qualification : Ended as one of the finalists or semifinalists : Ended as special awards winner The winner of Miss Nederland former: "Miss Holland" represents her country at the Miss Universe pageant. On occasion, when the winner does not qualify (due to age) for either contest, a runner-up is sent. Year Province Miss Universe Nederland Placement at Miss Universe Special Awards 2023 North Holland Rikkie Kollé Unplaced 2022 North Holland Ona Moody Unplaced 2021 North Holland Julia Sinning Unplaced 2020 Groningen Denise Speelman Unplaced 2019 South Holland Sharon Pieksma Unplaced 2018 South Holland Rahima Ayla Dirkse Unplaced 2017 Utrecht Nicky Opheij Unplaced 2016 Flevoland Zoey Ivory Unplaced 2015 North Holland Jessie Jazz Vuijk Unplaced 2014 North Holland Yasmin Verheijen 3rd Runner-up 2013 North Holland Stephanie Tency Unplaced 2012 North Holland Nathalie den Dekker Unplaced Best National Costume (2nd Runner-up) 2011 Limburg Kelly Weekers Top 16 2010 North Holland Desirée van den Berg Unplaced 2009 Flevoland Avalon-Chanel Weyzig Unplaced Miss Universe Top Beauty Netherlands 2008 South Holland Charlotte Labee Unplaced Miss Universe Nederland Did not compete between 2006—2007 2005 Utrecht Sharita Sopacua Unplaced 2004 North Brabant Lindsay Grace Pronk Unplaced 2003 South Holland Tessa Brix Unplaced 2002 Overijssel Kim Kötter Unplaced 2001 South Holland Reshma Roopram Unplaced 2000 North Brabant Chantal van Roessel Unplaced 1999 Did not compete 1998 North Holland Jacqueline Rotteveel Unplaced 1997 Did not compete 1996 Drenthe Marja de Graaf Unplaced 1995 Zealand Chantal van Woensel Unplaced 1994 South Holland Irene van der Laar Unplaced 1993 North Holland Angelique van Zalen Unplaced 1992 North Brabant Vivian Jansen Top 6 1991 Utrecht Paulien Huizinga 1st Runner-up Miss Holland 1990 North Holland Stephanie Halenbeek Unplaced 1989 South Holland Angela Visser Miss Universe 1989 1988 North Holland Annabet Berendsen Unplaced 1987 Overijssel Janny Tervelde Unplaced 1986 North Holland Caroline Veldkamp Unplaced 1985 Utrecht Brigitte Bergman Unplaced 1984 North Holland Nancy Neede Top 10 1983 North Holland Nancy Lalleman-Heijnis Unplaced 1982 North Holland Brigitte Dierickx Unplaced 1981 South Holland Ingrid Schouten Top 12 1980 Gelderland Karin Gooyer Unplaced 1979 South Holland Eunice Bharatsing Unplaced 1978 North Holland Karin Gustafsson Top 12 1977 North Holland Ineke Berends Top 12 1976 North Holland Nannetje Nielen Unplaced 1975 North Holland Lynda Snippe Unplaced 1974 North Brabant Nicoline Broeckx Unplaced 1973 — Monique Borgeld Unplaced 1972 Groningen Jenny Ten Wolde Unplaced 1971 North Holland Laura Mulder-Smid Unplaced 1970 — Maureen Renzen Unplaced 1969 — Welmoed Hollenberg Unplaced 1968 — Nathalie Heyl Unplaced 1967 South Holland Irene van Campenhout Top 15 1966 South Holland Margo Domen Top 15 1965 North Holland Anja Maria Schuit 4th Runner-up 1964 — Henny Deul Unplaced Best National Costume 1963 Gelderland Elsa Onstenk Unplaced 1962 — Marjan van der Heijden Unplaced 1961 — Gita Kamman Unplaced 1960 — Carinna Verbeck Unplaced 1959 North Holland Peggy Erwich Unplaced 1958 North Holland Corine Rottschafer Top 16 1957 Did not compete 1956 North Holland Rita Schmidt Unplaced Miss World Nederland : Declared as Winner : Ended as runner-up or top 5/6 qualification : Ended as one of the finalists or semifinalists : Ended as special awards winner Between 1951-1990 Netherlands was competed at the Miss World contest by Miss Holland 1st Runner-up or sometimes, Winner. While in 1991-2008 the Miss Netherlands selected the official candidate to the Miss World pageant. Between 1990 and 2008 Miss World Netherlands had selected by Miss Netherlands (Another agency Hans Konings). Between 2009 and 2015 Miss Nederland by Kim Kötter selects a runner-up to Miss World. Since 2016 the Miss World Netherlands is holding an official pageant to select a national winner for Miss World. The new franchise holder in the Netherlands, Katia Maes produced several successful Dutch young women in different pageants worldwide. Year Province Miss World Nederland Placement at Miss World Special Awards 2015 Gelderland Margot Hanekamp Top 20 Miss World Top Model (Top 30) 2014 South Holland Tatjana Maul Top 25 Miss World Multimedia (Top 5) Beauty With a Purpose (Top 10) 2013 North Brabant Jacqueline Steenbeek Top 20 Miss World Sport 2012 North Holland Nathalie den Dekker Top 15 Miss World Sport (Top 24) Miss World Beach Beauty (Top 40) 2011 Drenthe Jill Lauren de Robles Unplaced 2010 North Holland Desirée van den Berg Top 25 Miss World Beach Beauty (Top 20) 2009 Flevoland Avalon-Chanel Weyzig Unplaced Miss World Netherlands — official selection 2008 — Carmen Selina Kool Unplaced Miss Nederland (World) 2007 South Holland Melissa Sneekes Unplaced 2006 South Holland Sheryl Lynn Baas Unplaced 2005 — Monique Plat Unplaced 2004 Zeeland Miranda Slabber Unplaced 2003 — Sanne de Regt Unplaced 2002 South Holland Elise Boulogne Top 20 2001 — Irena Pantelic Unplaced 2000 Limburg Raja Moussaoui Unplaced 1999 — Ilona Marilyn van Veldhuisen Unplaced 1998 — Nerena Ruinemans Unplaced 1997 — Sonja Silva Unplaced 1996 North Holland Petra Hoost Unplaced 1995 Gelderland Didie Schackman Unplaced 1994 North Holland Yoshka Bon Unplaced 1993 Friesland Hilda Vermeulen Unplaced 1992 — Gaby van Nimwegen Unplaced 1991 — Linda Egging Unplaced 1990 — Gabriëlle Stap Top 10 1989 — Liesbeth Caspers Unplaced Dutch Representatives from Miss Holland 1988 South Holland Angela Visser Unplaced 1987 — Angelique Johanna Gerarda Cremers Top 12 1986 Overijssel Janny Tervelde Unplaced 1985 — Brigitte Bergman Unplaced 1984 North Holland Nancy Neede Top 15 1983 North Holland Nancy Lalleman-Heijnis Unplaced 1982 — Irene Maria Petronnella Heinrichs Schell Unplaced 1981 — Elena Andreou Unplaced 1980 — Desiree Maria Johanna Nicole Geelen Unplaced 1979 — Nannetje Johanna Nielen Unplaced 1978 — Ans van Haaster Unplaced 1977 North Holland Ineke Berends 1st Runner-up 1976 — Stephanie Flatow 5th Runner-up 1975 — Barbara Ann Neefs Unplaced 1974 — Gerarda Sophia Balm Unplaced 1973 — Anna Maria Groot Top 15 1972 — Monique Borgeld Unplaced 1971 — Monica Strotmann Unplaced 1970 — Patricia Hollman Unplaced 1969 — Nente van der Vliet Unplaced 1968 — Alida Grootenboer Unplaced 1967 — Monica van Beelen Unplaced 1966 — Anneke Geerts Unplaced 1965 — Janny de Knegt Unplaced 1964 — Renske van den Berg Unplaced 1963 — Hanny Ijsbrants Unplaced 1962 North Holland Catharina Johanna Lodders Miss World 1962 1961 — Ria van Zuiden Unplaced 1960 — Carina Verbeck Unplaced 1959 North Holland Corine Rottschäfer Miss World 1959 1958 — Luciënne Struve 4th Runner-up 1957 — Christina van Zijp Unplaced 1956 — Ans van Pothoven Unplaced 1955 — Angelina Kalkhoven Unplaced 1954 — Conny Harteveld Unplaced 1953 — Yvonne Meijer Unplaced 1952 — Sanny Weitner Unplaced 1951 — Sabine Aime di Angelo 3rd Runner-up See also Miss Universe Netherlands Miss International Netherlands References ^ "Miss Holland History". misshollandnow.com. Retrieved 9 April 2015. ^ "Miss Universe Netherlands 1991-1999". misshollandnow.com. Retrieved 9 April 2015. ^ "Miss Universe Netherlands 2000-2008". misshollandnow.com. Retrieved 9 April 2015. ^ "25-jarige Amsterdamse Ona Moody is Miss Nederland 2022". RTL Boulevard (in Dutch). 2022-09-04. Retrieved 2022-09-04. ^ "22-jarige Amsterdamse Rikkie Kolle is Miss Nederland 2023". Telegraaf (in Dutch). 2023-07-08. Retrieved 2023-07-01. ^ "Trans model and actor is crowned Miss Netherlands and will compete for Miss Universe". NBC News. 10 July 2023. Retrieved 11 July 2023. External links Miss Nederlandp	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Miss Universe Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_Universe_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Beauty pageant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beauty_pageant"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"}],"text":"National beauty pageant competition in the NetherlandsNot to be confused with Miss Universe Netherlands.The Miss Nederland is a national Beauty pageant in the Netherlands. The pageant was founded in 1929 in Amsterdam.","title":"Miss Nederland"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Miss World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_World"},{"link_name":"Miss Universe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_Universe"},{"link_name":"Miss Universe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_Universe"},{"link_name":"Miss World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_World"},{"link_name":"Miss International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_International"},{"link_name":"Miss World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_World"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Former pageant","text":"From 1929 to 1931, the Netherlands held a national pageant in Amsterdam for the first time called \"Miss Holland\". From 1932 to 1949 the pageant was briefly discontinued and later recommenced in 1951 by the Miss Holland Organization.[1]In 1951 the Netherlands debuted at the Miss World pageant and the Miss Universe pageant in 1956. The national beauty pageant was called \"Miss Holland\" from 1950 until 1990, since that year the winner competed at the Miss Universe, while runners-up traditionally competed at the Miss World pageant and the Miss International pageant. Since 1991 it became known as \"Miss Nederland\" whose winner went on to the Miss World pageant. From 1991 to 2008 the Miss Universe representatives were selected from \"Miss Universe Netherlands\" pageant. The program was televised live on Veronica television.[2][3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Organizers","text":"1929–1976 — “Het Leven” (the Life)\n1977–1978 — Corinne Rottschaefer (De Telegraph)\n1989–2008 — Hans Konings(CEO) Miss Nederland 0rganisatie in cooperation with RTL4 and SBS6\n1991–1994 — Miss Universe Nederland by Veronica TV\n2009–2019 — Kim Kötter\n2020–Present — Monica van Ee (Hannah)","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kim Kötter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_K%C3%B6tter"},{"link_name":"Miss Universe 2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_Universe_2002"},{"link_name":"San Juan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Juan,_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"Miss Universe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_Universe"},{"link_name":"Miss World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_World"},{"link_name":"Miss Universe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_Universe"},{"link_name":"Miss World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_World"},{"link_name":"Miss Universe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_Universe"},{"link_name":"Miss Universe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_Universe"},{"link_name":"Miss Universe Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_Universe_Netherlands"}],"sub_title":"Miss Nederland Organisation","text":"In 2009, Kim Kötter became the national director of the Netherlands. She competed at the Miss Universe 2002 in San Juan, Puerto Rico. Usually, the Miss Nederland titleholder will compete at both the Miss Universe and the Miss World pageant. In 2013, two winners were crowned as the Miss Netherlands Universe and Miss Netherlands World pageant to represent their country at the Miss Universe and Miss World pageants, respectively. In 2016, the Miss Nederland only had the Miss Universe franchise. In 2024, the Miss Nederland gave up the Miss Universe franchise and a new Miss Universe Netherlands pageant was established.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Miss Universe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_Universe"}],"text":"The magazine “Het Leven” (the Life) organised the first Miss Holland pageant. The winners of Miss Holland between 1929 and 1935 attended International Pageant of Pulchritude (Miss Universe) in Galveston, USA. Later from 1991 to 2008 the Miss Universe Nederland pageant was broadcast live on Veronica television. In 2009 Kim Kötter got also the right to send a girl to the Miss World pageant. She also took over the Miss Nederland franchise. Since that year Miss Nederland winner goes to Miss Universe pageant.","title":"Titleholders"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Past titleholders under Miss Nederland org."},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Miss Universe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_Universe"}],"sub_title":"Miss Universe Nederland","text":": Declared as Winner\n : Ended as runner-up or top 5/6 qualification\n : Ended as one of the finalists or semifinalists\n : Ended as special awards winnerThe winner of Miss Nederland former: \"Miss Holland\" represents her country at the Miss Universe pageant. On occasion, when the winner does not qualify (due to age) for either contest, a runner-up is sent.","title":"Past titleholders under Miss Nederland org."},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Miss World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_World"},{"link_name":"Miss World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_World"},{"link_name":"Miss World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_World"}],"sub_title":"Miss World Nederland","text":": Declared as Winner\n : Ended as runner-up or top 5/6 qualification\n : Ended as one of the finalists or semifinalists\n : Ended as special awards winnerBetween 1951-1990 Netherlands was competed at the Miss World contest by Miss Holland 1st Runner-up or sometimes, Winner. While in 1991-2008 the Miss Netherlands selected the official candidate to the Miss World pageant. Between 1990 and 2008 Miss World Netherlands had selected by Miss Netherlands (Another agency Hans Konings). Between 2009 and 2015 Miss Nederland by Kim Kötter selects a runner-up to Miss World. Since 2016 the Miss World Netherlands is holding an official pageant to select a national winner for Miss World. The new franchise holder in the Netherlands, Katia Maes produced several successful Dutch young women in different pageants worldwide.","title":"Past titleholders under Miss Nederland org."}]	[]	[{"title":"Miss Universe Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_Universe_Netherlands"},{"title":"Miss International Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_International_Netherlands"}]	[{"reference":"\"Miss Holland History\". misshollandnow.com. Retrieved 9 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://misshollandnow.com/miss-holland-the-early-years/","url_text":"\"Miss Holland History\""}]},{"reference":"\"Miss Universe Netherlands 1991-1999\". misshollandnow.com. Retrieved 9 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://misshollandnow.com/miss-universe-90-99/","url_text":"\"Miss Universe Netherlands 1991-1999\""}]},{"reference":"\"Miss Universe Netherlands 2000-2008\". misshollandnow.com. Retrieved 9 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://misshollandnow.com/miss-universe-00-10/","url_text":"\"Miss Universe Netherlands 2000-2008\""}]},{"reference":"\"25-jarige Amsterdamse Ona Moody is Miss Nederland 2022\". RTL Boulevard (in Dutch). 2022-09-04. Retrieved 2022-09-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rtlboulevard.nl/entertainment/artikel/5331119/25-jarige-amsterdamse-ona-moody-miss-nederland-2022","url_text":"\"25-jarige Amsterdamse Ona Moody is Miss Nederland 2022\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RTL_Boulevard","url_text":"RTL Boulevard"}]},{"reference":"\"22-jarige Amsterdamse Rikkie Kolle is Miss Nederland 2023\". Telegraaf (in Dutch). 2023-07-08. Retrieved 2023-07-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraaf.nl/entertainment/89256679/22-jarige-amsterdamse-rikkie-kolle-is-miss-nederland-2023","url_text":"\"22-jarige Amsterdamse Rikkie Kolle is Miss Nederland 2023\""}]},{"reference":"\"Trans model and actor is crowned Miss Netherlands and will compete for Miss Universe\". NBC News. 10 July 2023. Retrieved 11 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nbcnews.com/nbc-out/nbc-out-proud/trans-model-actress-crowned-miss-netherlands-will-compete-miss-univers-rcna93554","url_text":"\"Trans model and actor is crowned Miss Netherlands and will compete for Miss Universe\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC_News","url_text":"NBC News"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.missnederland.nl/","external_links_name":"www.missnederland.nl"},{"Link":"http://misshollandnow.com/miss-holland-the-early-years/","external_links_name":"\"Miss Holland History\""},{"Link":"http://misshollandnow.com/miss-universe-90-99/","external_links_name":"\"Miss Universe Netherlands 1991-1999\""},{"Link":"http://misshollandnow.com/miss-universe-00-10/","external_links_name":"\"Miss Universe Netherlands 2000-2008\""},{"Link":"https://www.rtlboulevard.nl/entertainment/artikel/5331119/25-jarige-amsterdamse-ona-moody-miss-nederland-2022","external_links_name":"\"25-jarige Amsterdamse Ona Moody is Miss Nederland 2022\""},{"Link":"https://www.telegraaf.nl/entertainment/89256679/22-jarige-amsterdamse-rikkie-kolle-is-miss-nederland-2023","external_links_name":"\"22-jarige Amsterdamse Rikkie Kolle is Miss Nederland 2023\""},{"Link":"https://www.nbcnews.com/nbc-out/nbc-out-proud/trans-model-actress-crowned-miss-netherlands-will-compete-miss-univers-rcna93554","external_links_name":"\"Trans model and actor is crowned Miss Netherlands and will compete for Miss Universe\""},{"Link":"http://missnederland.nl/","external_links_name":"Miss Nederland"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964%E2%80%9365_Copa_del_General%C3%ADsimo	1964–65 Copa del Generalísimo	["1 First round","2 Round of 32","3 Round of 16","4 Quarter-finals","5 Semi-finals","6 Final","7 External links"]	This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "1964–65 Copa del Generalísimo" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Football tournament season 1964–65 Copa del Generalísimo63rd Copa del ReyTournament detailsCountry SpainTeams48Defending championsReal ZaragozaFinal positionsChampionsClub Atlético de Madrid (3rd title)Runner-upReal ZaragozaTournament statisticsMatches played99← 1963–641965–66 → The 1964–65 Copa del Generalísimo was the 63rd staging of the Spanish Cup. The competition began on 15 November 1964 and ended on 4 July 1965 with the final. First round Team 1 Agg.Tooltip Aggregate score Team 2 1st leg 2nd leg CD Abarán 3–9 Real Santander 3–3 0–6 CA Ceuta 3–6 Real Sociedad 3–2 0–4 Baracaldo CF 4–3 Cádiz CF 4–1 0–2 Burgos CF 10–4 Melilla CF 5–0 5–4 Calvo Sotelo CF 3–1 CD Europa 2–1 1–0 Celta Vigo 3–0 Hércules CF 2–0 1–0 Real Gijón 8–3 Real Valladolid 4–1 4–2 Granada CF 6–2 UP Langreo 6–1 0–1 CD Málaga 0–2 Pontevedra CF 0–1 0–1 RCD Mallorca 3–0 CD Sabadell CF 2–0 1–0 CD Mestalla 6–2 SD Indauchu 5–1 1–1 CD Orense 2–5 Onteniente CF 1–3 1–2 CA Osasuna 2–1 CD Constancia 2–1 0–0 Real Unión 4–1 Algeciras CF 4–0 0–1 Recreativo de Huelva 3–0 CD Hospitalet 3–0 0–0 CD Tenerife 2–2 CF Badalona 2–2 0–0 Tiebreaker Team 1 Score Team 2 CD Tenerife 2–2 CF Badalona Second tiebreaker Team 1 Score Team 2 CD Tenerife 4–0 CF Badalona Round of 32 Team 1 Agg.Tooltip Aggregate score Team 2 1st leg 2nd leg Baracaldo CF 5–6 Levante UD 3–1 2–5 Real Betis Balompié 1–4 Real Sociedad 1–2 0–2 Burgos CF 2–3 Córdoba CF 1–0 1–3 Real Gijón 3–3 RCD Español 3–1 0–2 Granada CF 1–2 Deportivo La Coruña 1–2 0–0 Recreativo de Huelva 1–3 Club Atlético de Bilbao 1–0 0–3 UD Las Palmas 2–2 CD Tenerife 2–0 0–2 RCD Mallorca 3–0 Sevilla CF 1–0 2–0 CD Mestalla 2–7 Real Madrid CF 2–1 0–6 Real Murcia 4–3 Calvo Sotelo CF 3–1 1–2 Onteniente CF 1–6 Club Atlético de Madrid 0–1 1–5 CA Osasuna 4–2 Real Oviedo 3–1 1–1 Pontevedra CF 2–1 Elche CF 0–0 2–1 Real Santander 1–8 CF Barcelona 1–4 0–4 Valencia CF 2–0 Celta Vigo 1–0 1–0 Real Zaragoza 9–1 Real Unión 5–1 4–0 Tiebreaker Team 1 Score Team 2 Real Gijón 3–3 RCD Español UD Las Palmas 0–0 CD Tenerife Second tiebreaker Team 1 Score Team 2 Real Gijón 2–1 RCD Español UD Las Palmas 1–0 CD Tenerife Round of 16 Team 1 Agg.Tooltip Aggregate score Team 2 1st leg 2nd leg Club Atlético de Bilbao 4–3 UD Las Palmas 2–2 2–1 CF Barcelona 4–2 Real Murcia 4–1 0–1 Deportivo La Coruña 1–2 Real Gijón 0–2 1–0 Real Madrid CF 1–4 Club Atlético de Madrid 1–0 0–4 RCD Mallorca 0–2 Pontevedra CF 0–0 0–2 CA Osasuna 2–5 Real Sociedad 2–1 0–4 Valencia CF 2–1 Córdoba CF 2–1 0–0 Real Zaragoza CD 9–5 Levante UD 7–2 2–3 Quarter-finals Team 1 Agg.Tooltip Aggregate score Team 2 1st leg 2nd leg Pontevedra CF 0–4 Club Atlético de Bilbao 0–3 0–1 Real Sociedad 3–2 Real Gijón 3–2 0–0 Valencia CF 0–3 Club Atlético de Madrid 0–1 0–2 Real Zaragoza CD 7–4 CF Barcelona 6–4 1–0 Semi-finals Team 1 Agg.Tooltip Aggregate score Team 2 1st leg 2nd leg Club Atlético de Madrid 11–4 Real Sociedad de Fútbol 8–1 3–3 Real Zaragoza CD 7–2 Club Atlético de Bilbao 5–0 2–2 Final Main article: 1965 Copa del Generalísimo Final Team 1 Score Team 2 Club Atlético de Madrid 1–0 Real Zaragoza CD Copa del Generalísimowinners Club Atlético de Madrid3rd title External links (in English) rsssf.com (in Spanish) linguasport.com vte1964–65 in Spanish football « 1963–64 1965–66 » Domestic leagues Primera División Segunda División Tercera División Domestic cups Copa del Generalísimo European competitions European Cup Fairs Cup Cup Winners' Cup Club seasonsPrimera Athletic Barcelona Real Madrid Summer transfers Winter transfers vte1964–65 in European football (UEFA) « 1963–64 1965–66 » Domestic leagues Albania Austria Belgium Bulgaria Cyprus Czechoslovakia Denmark '64 '65 England Faroe Islands '64 '65 Finland '64 '65 France East Germany West Germany Greece Hungary '64 '65 Iceland '64 '65 Israel Italy Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway '64 '65 Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland Romania Scotland Soviet Union '64 '65 Spain Sweden '64 '65 Switzerland Turkey Yugoslavia Domestic cups Albania Austria Belgium Bulgaria Cyprus Czechoslovakia Denmark England Faroe Islands '64 '65 Finland '64 '65 France East Germany West Germany Greece Hungary '64 '65 Iceland '64 '65 Israel Italy Liechtenstein Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway '64 '65 Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland Romania San Marino Scotland Soviet Union Spain Switzerland Turkey Wales Yugoslavia League cups England Scotland UEFA competitions European Cup (Final) Cup Winners' Cup (Final) Non-UEFA competitions Inter-Cities Fairs Cup (Final) Intertoto Cup Balkans Cup '63–'64 '64–'66 Mitropa Cup '64 '65 vteCopa del ReySeasons 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1928–29 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1944–45 1946 1947 1947–48 1948–49 1949–50 1951 1952 1952–53 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1958–59 1959–60 1960–61 1961–62 1962–63 1963–64 1964–65 1965–66 1966–67 1967–68 1969 1969–70 1970–71 1971–72 1972–73 1973–74 1974–75 1975–76 1976–77 1977–78 1978–79 1979–80 1980–81 1981–82 1982–83 1983–84 1984–85 1985–86 1986–87 1987–88 1988–89 1989–90 1990–91 1991–92 1992–93 1993–94 1994–95 1995–96 1996–97 1997–98 1998–99 1999–2000 2000–01 2001–02 2002–03 2003–04 2004–05 2005–06 2006–07 2007–08 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 2021–22 2022–23 2023–24 2024–25 Finals 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 (FECF & UECF) 1911 1912 1913 (FECF & UECF) 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Related Finals 1902 Copa de la Coronación Final 1937 Copa de la España Libre Aragón Championship Asturias Championship Central (Castille) Championship Catalonia Championship Gipuzkoa Championship North (Biscay) Championship South (Andalusia) Championship Real Madrid 11–1 FC Barcelona (1943) AD Alcorcón 4–0 Real Madrid (2009) Portals: Association 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grasbrunn	Grasbrunn	["1 References"]	Coordinates: 48°4′44″N 11°44′37″E / 48.07889°N 11.74361°E / 48.07889; 11.74361Municipality in Bavaria, GermanyGrasbrunn MunicipalityChurch of Saint Ulrich Coat of armsLocation of Grasbrunn within Munich district Grasbrunn Show map of GermanyGrasbrunn Show map of BavariaCoordinates: 48°4′44″N 11°44′37″E / 48.07889°N 11.74361°E / 48.07889; 11.74361CountryGermanyStateBavariaAdmin. regionOberbayern DistrictMunich Subdivisions5 GemeindeteileGovernment • Mayor (2020–26) Klaus Korneder (SPD)Area • Total23.59 km2 (9.11 sq mi)Elevation556 m (1,824 ft)Population (2022-12-31) • Total6,749 • Density290/km2 (740/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)Postal codes85630Dialling codes089Vehicle registrationMWebsitewww.grasbrunn.de Grasbrunn is a municipality in the district of Munich in Bavaria in Germany. References ^ Liste der ersten Bürgermeister/Oberbürgermeister in kreisangehörigen Gemeinden, Bayerisches Landesamt für Statistik, 15 July 2021. ^ Genesis Online-Datenbank des Bayerischen Landesamtes für Statistik Tabelle 12411-003r Fortschreibung des Bevölkerungsstandes: Gemeinden, Stichtag (Einwohnerzahlen auf Grundlage des Zensus 2011). vteTowns and municipalities in Munich district Aschheim Aying Baierbrunn Brunnthal Feldkirchen Garching Gräfelfing Grasbrunn Grünwald Haar Hohenbrunn Höhenkirchen-Siegertsbrunn Ismaning Kirchheim bei München Neubiberg Neuried Oberhaching Oberschleißheim Ottobrunn Planegg Pullach Putzbrunn Sauerlach Schäftlarn Straßlach-Dingharting Taufkirchen Unterföhring Unterhaching Unterschleißheim Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National Germany Geographic MusicBrainz area This Munich district location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"Munich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich_(district)"},{"link_name":"Bavaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavaria"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"}],"text":"Municipality in Bavaria, GermanyGrasbrunn is a municipality in the district of Munich in Bavaria in Germany.","title":"Grasbrunn"}]	[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Grasbrunn_in_M.svg/240px-Grasbrunn_in_M.svg.png"}]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Grasbrunn&params=48_4_44_N_11_44_37_E_type:city(6749)_region:DE-BY","external_links_name":"48°4′44″N 11°44′37″E / 48.07889°N 11.74361°E / 48.07889; 11.74361"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Grasbrunn&params=48_4_44_N_11_44_37_E_type:city(6749)_region:DE-BY","external_links_name":"48°4′44″N 11°44′37″E / 48.07889°N 11.74361°E / 48.07889; 11.74361"},{"Link":"http://www.grasbrunn.de/","external_links_name":"www.grasbrunn.de"},{"Link":"https://www.statistik.bayern.de/wahlen/kommunalwahlen/bgm/","external_links_name":"Liste der ersten Bürgermeister/Oberbürgermeister in kreisangehörigen Gemeinden"},{"Link":"https://www.statistikdaten.bayern.de/genesis/online?operation=result&code=12411-003r&leerzeilen=false&language=de","external_links_name":"Genesis Online-Datenbank des Bayerischen Landesamtes für Statistik Tabelle 12411-003r Fortschreibung des Bevölkerungsstandes: Gemeinden, Stichtag"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/246547718","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJqfDXHdjdy3DXBywvGbVC","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4093891-8","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/area/b88b9df8-eac1-4809-abd7-2cc224b1e9ad","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz area"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grasbrunn&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_%27n%27_Money	Sex 'n' Money	["1 Music video","2 Track listing","3 Charts","3.1 Weekly charts","3.2 Year-end charts","4 References"]	2006 single by Oakenfold featuring Pharrell"Sex 'n' Money"Single by Oakenfold featuring Pharrellfrom the album A Lively Mind Released27 November 2006GenreBreakbeat, hip houseLabelPerfectoMaverickSongwriter(s)Anthony CrawfordIan Copeland GreenPaul OakenfoldPharrell WilliamsProducer(s)OakenfoldIan GreenOakenfold singles chronology "Faster Kill Pussycat" (2006) "Sex 'n' Money" (2006) "Firefly" (2010) Pharrell singles chronology "That Girl"(2006) "Sex 'n' Money"(2006) "Give It Up"(2007) "Sex 'n' Money" is a song by DJ Oakenfold from his second solo artist release A Lively Mind, featuring the vocals of Pharrell Williams. Music video The animated music video based on the fable of Cupid and Psyche, and directed by Christopher Heary, shows Cupid (seen in the CD cover) arriving next to a limousine to a party at "Club Perfecto". The club is full of silhouettes of woman dancing and doorways with half opened doors with hints of seedy goings on. Eventually one beautiful woman "Psyche" (non silhouette) follows Cupid and eventually starts a fight on top of the limousine as it moves through an infinite club. Cupid fires a machine gun that shoots golden coins. The woman fires her pistol, which shoots lipstick, that turns into lips, which grow hair and fangs. At the very end Cupid gets bitten by the fangs and the limousine they battle on explodes and both, Cupid and Psyche, lay in front of Graffiti covered wall that reads "What we desire Destroys US!". Track listing CD single "Sex 'n' Money" (Radio Edit) "Sex 'n' Money" (Benny Benassi Radio Edit) "Sex 'n' Money" (Club Mix) "Sex 'n' Money" (Benny Benassi Pump-Kin Club) "Sex 'n' Money" (Benny Benassi Pump-Kin Dub) "Sex 'n' Money" (Kenneth Thomas Distorted Values Mix) "Sex 'n' Money" (Nat Monday Mix) Charts Weekly charts Chart (2006) PeakPosition U.S. Billboard Hot Dance Club Play 10 Year-end charts Year-end chart performance for "Sex 'n' Money" Chart (2007) Position Russia Airplay (TopHit) 174 References ^ Track listing ^ "Top Radio Hits Russia Annual Chart: 2007". TopHit. Archived from the original on April 26, 2024. Retrieved April 26, 2024. vtePaul OakenfoldDiscographyStudio albums Bunkka A Lively Mind Trance Mission Mix albums The Goa Mix Journeys By DJ, Vol. 5: Journey Through the Spectrum A Voyage into Trance Essential Mix Perfecto Fluoro Global Underground 004: Live in Oslo Global Underground 007: New York Tranceport Resident. Two Years of Oakenfold at Cream Perfecto Presents: Travelling Perfecto Presents: Another World Perfecto Presents: Ibiza Creamfields Perfecto Presents: The Club A Lively Mix Oakenfold Anthems Compilation albums Greatest Hits & Remixes Soundtracks Swordfish Original Soundtrack The Matrix Reloaded: The Album Vexille Singles "Big Brother UK TV Theme" "Starry Eyed Surprise" "Southern Sun" / "Ready Steady Go" "The Harder They Come" "Faster Kill Pussycat" "Sex 'N' Money" Related articles Electra Elementfour Movement 98 Grace Perfecto Records Planet Perfecto vtePharrell Williams Awards and nominations Discography Production discography Studio albums In My Mind (2006) Girl (2014) The Lion King (2019) Singles "Frontin'" "Can I Have It Like That" "Angel" "Number One" "That Girl" "My Drive Thru" "Happy" "Marilyn Monroe" "Come Get It Bae" "Gust of Wind" "It Girl" "Freedom" "Sangria Wine" "Just a Cloud Away" "Cash In Cash Out" "Stay with Me" "Down in Atlanta" "Doctor (Work It Out)" "Double Life" Featured songs "I Just Wanna Love U (Give It 2 Me)" "Formal Invite" "Nothin'" "Boys (The Co-Ed Remix)" "When the Last Time" "Pass the Courvoisier, Part II" "Beautiful" "Excuse Me Miss" "Belly Dancer" "Change Clothes" "Drop It Like It's Hot" "Let's Get Blown" "Wanna Love You Girl" "Margarita" "Mr. Me Too" "Money Maker" "Yummy" "Sex 'n' Money" "Give It Up" "Blue Magic" "I Know" "Zock On!" "Universal Mind Control" "Announcement" "Work That!" "I'm Good" "ADD SUV" "One (Your Name)" "Celebrate" "Blurred Lines" "IFHY" "Get Lucky" "Feds Watching" "Get Like Me" "Lose Yourself to Dance" "ATM Jam" "Move That Dope" "Aerosol Can" "Hugs" "Tacky" "Shine" "WTF (Where They From)" "Safari" "Surfin'" "Heatstroke" "Feels" "Skeletons" "Juggernaut" "Neck & Wrist" "At the Party" Concert tours Dear Girl Tour Businesses I Am Other Billionaire Boys Club Related articles The Neptunes N.E.R.D. Child Rebel Soldier The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (soundtrack) Hidden Figures (soundtrack) Hidden Figures (score) Piece by Piece (film) Category vteCupid and PsycheCharacters Cupid/Eros Erotes Psyche Opera Psyche (1675, Locke) Psyché (1678, Lully) Les fêtes de Paphos (1751, Cassanéa de Mondonville) Amor und Psyche (1800, Abeille) Sculpture Marlborough gem (c. 1st century AD) Cupid and Psyche (1st or 2nd century copy) Psyche Revived by Cupid's Kiss (1787, Canova) Cupid and Psyche (1807, Thorvaldsen) Paintings Feast of the Gods Bacchus, Venus and Cupid (16th century, Fiorentino) The Feast of Venus (1636, Rubens) Cupid and Psyche (1640, van Dyck) Landscape with Psyche Outside the Palace of Cupid (1664, Lorrain) Psyche Showing Her Sisters Her Gifts from Cupid (1753, Fragonard) Cupid Crowned by Psyche (1790, Greuze) Psyche Abandoned (1795, David) Cupid and Psyche (1798, Gérard) Love and Psyche (1817, David) Psyche Looking at Love (1885, Rodin) L'Amour et Psyché, enfants (1890, Bouguereau) The Bath of Psyche (1890, Leighton) Stage Psyché (1671 play) Poetry Ode to Psyche (1819) Eros and Psyche (1885) Novels The Golden Ass (1650) The Robber Bridegroom (1942) Till We Have Faces (1956) Music "Sex 'n' Money" (2006) Story within a story The Visitors Old Woman Telling the Tale of Psyche Related Metamorphoses (play) The Widow from Valencia The Green Serpent This 2000s British single-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oakenfold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakenfold"},{"link_name":"A Lively Mind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Lively_Mind"},{"link_name":"Pharrell Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharrell_Williams"}],"text":"\"Sex 'n' Money\" is a song by DJ Oakenfold from his second solo artist release A Lively Mind, featuring the vocals of Pharrell Williams.","title":"Sex 'n' Money"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cupid and Psyche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cupid_and_Psyche"}],"text":"The animated music video based on the fable of Cupid and Psyche, and directed by Christopher Heary, shows Cupid (seen in the CD cover) arriving next to a limousine to a party at \"Club Perfecto\". The club is full of silhouettes of woman dancing and doorways with half opened doors with hints of seedy goings on. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viorica_Ursuleac	Viorica Ursuleac	["1 Life and career","2 Selected discography","3 Bibliography","4 References","5 External links"]	Romanian soprano This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Viorica Ursuleac" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Ursuleac as Fiordiligi, Così fan tutte, Salzburg 1932 Viorica Ursuleac (26 March 1894 – 22 October 1985) was a Romanian operatic dramatic soprano. Life and career Ursuleac was born the daughter of a Greek Orthodox archdeacon, in Chernivtsi, which is now in Ukraine. Following training in Vienna, she made her operatic debut in Zagreb (Agram), as Charlotte in Massenet's Werther, in 1922. The soprano then appeared at the Vienna Volksoper (1924–1926), Frankfurt Opera (1926–1930), Vienna State Opera (1930–1935), Berlin State Opera (1935–1937), and Bavarian State Opera (1937–1944). She married the Austrian conductor Clemens Krauss in Frankfurt during her time there. She was Richard Strauss's favorite soprano, and he called her die treueste aller Treuen ("the most faithful of all the faithful"). She sang in the world premieres of four of his operas: Arabella (1933), Friedenstag (which was dedicated to Ursuleac and Krauss, 1938), Capriccio (1942), and the public dress-rehearsal of Die Liebe der Danae (1944). She appeared at the Salzburg Festival (1930–1934 and 1942–1943) and in one season at Covent Garden (1934) where she sang in the first performances in England of Jaromír Weinberger's Schwanda the Bagpiper and Arabella (her favorite role). She also appeared as Desdemona in Verdi's Otello at the Royal Opera, with Lauritz Melchior in the name part, and Sir Thomas Beecham conducting. Ursuleac sang at La Scala in Strauss's Die Frau ohne Schatten (as the Empress), and Elektra (as Chrysothemis), Mozart's Così fan tutte, and Wagner's Die Walküre (as Sieglinde). Her only American appearances were at the Teatro Colón in Buenos Aires, as Brangäne in Wagner's Tristan und Isolde, opposite Kirsten Flagstad, in 1948. Also in her repertory were the Countess Almaviva (The Marriage of Figaro), Donna Elvira (Don Giovanni), Leonore (Fidelio), Senta (Der fliegende Holländer, with Hans Hotter), Amelia Grimaldi (Simon Boccanegra), Amelia (Un ballo in maschera), Leonora (La forza del destino), Élisabeth de Valois (Don Carlos), Tosca, Minnie (La fanciulla del West), Suor Angelica (opposite Luise Willer), Turandot (opposite Erna Berger's Liù), Der Rosenkavalier, Ariadne auf Naxos (first as the Composer, then as Ariadne), Die ägyptische Helena, etc. She was awarded the title of an Austrian Kammersängerin in 1934, a Prussian Kammersängerin in 1935. She gave her farewell in 1953 in Wiesbaden in Der Rosenkavalier. She was appointed professor at the Salzburg Mozarteum in 1964. The soprano recorded for Deutsche Grammophon in 1933, 1936, and 1943, with excerpts from Arabella, Le nozze di Figaro, Tosca, Turandot, Der Rosenkavalier, Il trovatore, and Capriccio, as well as two Lieder of Strauss. She was included in Volume III of EMI's The Record of Singing, in an excerpt from Arabella (1933). Ursuleac's voice was not of great beauty, at least as recorded, but she was reckoned a great musician and actress. In the words of one colleague, the soprano Hildegard Ranczak, "Although she had a lovely, facile top, I was constantly amazed at the two hours' vocalizing she went through before each performance. Hers was, in my opinion, a marvelously constructed, not really natural voice which she used with uncanny intelligence". In the 1930s Ursuleac and her husband were involved in helping Jews escape from Germany. After befriending British opera fans, the novelist Ida Cook and her sister Louise Cook, they instigated their rescue operation which started after Ursuleac asked the Cooks to assist a Jewish friend. Krauss gave cover to their smuggling operation and Munich Opera House shows were arranged around the times and cities that the Cooks needed to make contact with escapees. At least 29 Jews were saved by this operation. Ursuleac died at the age of ninety-one in the village of Ehrwald in Tyrol where she had resided since before the death in 1954 of her husband, Clemens Krauss. Ursuleac is interviewed on the 1984 documentary, Richard Strauss Remembered, narrated by Sir John Gielgud. Selected discography Strauss: Ariadne auf Naxos (Berger, Rosvaenge; Krauss, 1935) Strauss: Friedenstag (Hotter; Krauss, 1939) Strauss: Arabella (Krauss, 1942) Strauss: Capriccio: excerpts (Schock, Braun, Schmitt-Walter, Töpper; Krauss, 1942) Wagner: Der fliegende Holländer (Hotter; Krauss, 1944) Strauss: Der Rosenkavalier (Kern, Milinkovič, Weber; Krauss, 1944) Wagner: Tristan und Isolde (Flagstad, Svanholm, Hotter; Erich Kleiber, 1948) Strauss: Lieder (Krauss, 1952) Bibliography Safe Passage, by Ida Cook, Harlequin, 1950/76/08. ISBN 978-0-373-89201-3 Richard Strauss und seine Sänger, by Signe von Scanzoni, Munich, 1961. The Last Prima Donnas, by Lanfranco Rasponi, Alfred A. Knopf, 1982. ISBN 0-394-52153-6 "Viorica Ursuleac", by Ulrich Dahmen; "The Recordings of Viorica Ursuleac," by Richard Copeman, The Record Collector, November/December 1990. References ^ BBC News: The opera-loving sisters who 'stumbled' into heroism (28/1/2017) ^ "Richard Strauss Remembered", BBC Two, 8 January 1984 External links Media related to Viorica Ursuleac at Wikimedia Commons Viorica Ursuleac in an excerpt from Capriccio (1942, audio only) on YouTube Photograph of Ursuleac in Die Frau ohne Schatten in Austria-Forum (in German) (at AEIOU) Portals: Biography Opera Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway France BnF data Germany Israel Belgium United States Latvia Netherlands Poland Academics CiNii People BMLO Deutsche Biographie Other SNAC	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Viorica_Ursuleac_(1894%E2%80%931985)_Fiordiligi_Salzburg_1932_%C2%A9_Franz_Xaver_Setzer_(1886%E2%80%931939).jpg"},{"link_name":"dramatic soprano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dramatic_soprano"}],"text":"Ursuleac as Fiordiligi, Così fan tutte, Salzburg 1932Viorica Ursuleac (26 March 1894 – 22 October 1985) 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und Isolde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tristan_und_Isolde"},{"link_name":"Kirsten Flagstad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirsten_Flagstad"},{"link_name":"The Marriage of Figaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Marriage_of_Figaro"},{"link_name":"Don Giovanni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Giovanni"},{"link_name":"Fidelio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidelio"},{"link_name":"Der fliegende Holländer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_fliegende_Holl%C3%A4nder"},{"link_name":"Hans Hotter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Hotter"},{"link_name":"Simon Boccanegra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Boccanegra"},{"link_name":"Un ballo in maschera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Un_ballo_in_maschera"},{"link_name":"La forza del destino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_forza_del_destino"},{"link_name":"Don Carlos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Carlos"},{"link_name":"Tosca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tosca"},{"link_name":"La fanciulla del West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_fanciulla_del_West"},{"link_name":"Suor Angelica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suor_Angelica"},{"link_name":"Luise Willer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luise_Willer"},{"link_name":"Turandot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turandot"},{"link_name":"Erna Berger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erna_Berger"},{"link_name":"Der Rosenkavalier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Rosenkavalier"},{"link_name":"Ariadne auf Naxos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariadne_auf_Naxos"},{"link_name":"Die ägyptische Helena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_%C3%A4gyptische_Helena"},{"link_name":"Kammersängerin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kammers%C3%A4nger"},{"link_name":"Salzburg Mozarteum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozarteum_University_of_Salzburg"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Grammophon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Grammophon"},{"link_name":"EMI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMI"},{"link_name":"The Record of Singing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Record_of_Singing"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Hildegard Ranczak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hildegard_Ranczak"},{"link_name":"This quote needs a citation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Inline_citation#When_you_must_use_inline_citations"},{"link_name":"Ida Cook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Burchell"},{"link_name":"Louise Cook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_Cook_(humanitarian)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Ehrwald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehrwald"},{"link_name":"Tyrol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrol_(state)"},{"link_name":"John Gielgud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Gielgud"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Ursuleac was born the daughter of a Greek Orthodox archdeacon, in Chernivtsi, which is now in Ukraine. Following training in Vienna, she made her operatic debut in Zagreb (Agram), as Charlotte in Massenet's Werther, in 1922. The soprano then appeared at the Vienna Volksoper (1924–1926), Frankfurt Opera (1926–1930), Vienna State Opera (1930–1935), Berlin State Opera (1935–1937), and Bavarian State Opera (1937–1944). She married the Austrian conductor Clemens Krauss in Frankfurt during her time there.\nShe was Richard Strauss's favorite soprano, and he called her die treueste aller Treuen (\"the most faithful of all the faithful\").[This quote needs a citation] She sang in the world premieres of four of his operas: Arabella (1933), Friedenstag (which was dedicated to Ursuleac and Krauss, 1938), Capriccio (1942), and the public dress-rehearsal of Die Liebe der Danae (1944).She appeared at the Salzburg Festival (1930–1934 and 1942–1943) and in one season at Covent Garden (1934) where she sang in the first performances in England of Jaromír Weinberger's Schwanda the Bagpiper and Arabella (her favorite role). She also appeared as Desdemona in Verdi's Otello at the Royal Opera, with Lauritz Melchior in the name part, and Sir Thomas Beecham conducting.Ursuleac sang at La Scala in Strauss's Die Frau ohne Schatten (as the Empress), and Elektra (as Chrysothemis), Mozart's Così fan tutte, and Wagner's Die Walküre (as Sieglinde). Her only American appearances were at the Teatro Colón in Buenos Aires, as Brangäne in Wagner's Tristan und Isolde, opposite Kirsten Flagstad, in 1948. Also in her repertory were the Countess Almaviva (The Marriage of Figaro), Donna Elvira (Don Giovanni), Leonore (Fidelio), Senta (Der fliegende Holländer, with Hans Hotter), Amelia Grimaldi (Simon Boccanegra), Amelia (Un ballo in maschera), Leonora (La forza del destino), Élisabeth de Valois (Don Carlos), Tosca, Minnie (La fanciulla del West), Suor Angelica (opposite Luise Willer), Turandot (opposite Erna Berger's Liù), Der Rosenkavalier, Ariadne auf Naxos (first as the Composer, then as Ariadne), Die ägyptische Helena, etc.She was awarded the title of an Austrian Kammersängerin in 1934, a Prussian Kammersängerin in 1935. She gave her farewell in 1953 in Wiesbaden in Der Rosenkavalier. She was appointed professor at the Salzburg Mozarteum in 1964. The soprano recorded for Deutsche Grammophon in 1933, 1936, and 1943, with excerpts from Arabella, Le nozze di Figaro, Tosca, Turandot, Der Rosenkavalier, Il trovatore, and Capriccio, as well as two Lieder of Strauss. She was included in Volume III of EMI's The Record of Singing,[citation needed] in an excerpt from Arabella (1933).Ursuleac's voice was not of great beauty, at least as recorded, but she was reckoned a great musician and actress. In the words of one colleague, the soprano Hildegard Ranczak, \"Although she had a lovely, facile top, I was constantly amazed at the two hours' vocalizing she went through before each performance. Hers was, in my opinion, a marvelously constructed, not really natural voice which she used with uncanny intelligence\".[This quote needs a citation]In the 1930s Ursuleac and her husband were involved in helping Jews escape from Germany. After befriending British opera fans, the novelist Ida Cook and her sister Louise Cook, they instigated their rescue operation which started after Ursuleac asked the Cooks to assist a Jewish friend. Krauss gave cover to their smuggling operation and Munich Opera House shows were arranged around the times and cities that the Cooks needed to make contact with escapees.[1] At least 29 Jews were saved by this operation.Ursuleac died at the age of ninety-one in the village of Ehrwald in Tyrol where she had resided since before the death in 1954 of her husband, Clemens Krauss.Ursuleac is interviewed on the 1984 documentary, Richard Strauss Remembered, narrated by Sir John Gielgud.[2]","title":"Life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Berger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erna_Berger"},{"link_name":"Rosvaenge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helge_Rosvaenge"},{"link_name":"Krauss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clemens_Krauss"},{"link_name":"Hotter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Hotter"},{"link_name":"Schock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Schock"},{"link_name":"Braun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Braun_(baritone)"},{"link_name":"Schmitt-Walter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Schmitt-Walter"},{"link_name":"Töpper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertha_T%C3%B6pper"},{"link_name":"Kern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adele_Kern"},{"link_name":"Milinkovič","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgine_von_Milinkovi%C4%8D"},{"link_name":"Weber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Weber"},{"link_name":"Flagstad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirsten_Flagstad"},{"link_name":"Svanholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set_Svanholm"},{"link_name":"Erich Kleiber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Kleiber"}],"text":"Strauss: Ariadne auf Naxos [without Prologue] (Berger, Rosvaenge; Krauss, 1935) [live]\nStrauss: Friedenstag (Hotter; Krauss, 1939) [live]\nStrauss: Arabella (Krauss, 1942) [live]\nStrauss: Capriccio: excerpts (Schock, Braun, Schmitt-Walter, Töpper; Krauss, 1942) [live]\nWagner: Der fliegende Holländer (Hotter; Krauss, 1944) [live]\nStrauss: Der Rosenkavalier (Kern, Milinkovič, Weber; Krauss, 1944) [live]\nWagner: Tristan und Isolde [as Brangäne] (Flagstad, Svanholm, Hotter; Erich Kleiber, 1948) [live]\nStrauss: Lieder (Krauss, 1952)","title":"Selected discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ida Cook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida_Cook"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-373-89201-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-373-89201-3"},{"link_name":"Lanfranco Rasponi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanfranco_Rasponi"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-394-52153-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-52153-6"}],"text":"Safe Passage, by Ida Cook, Harlequin, 1950/76/08. ISBN 978-0-373-89201-3\nRichard Strauss und seine Sänger, by Signe von Scanzoni, Munich, 1961.\nThe Last Prima Donnas, by Lanfranco Rasponi, Alfred A. Knopf, 1982. ISBN 0-394-52153-6\n\"Viorica Ursuleac\", by Ulrich Dahmen; \"The Recordings of Viorica Ursuleac,\" by Richard Copeman, The Record Collector, November/December 1990.","title":"Bibliography"}]	[{"image_text":"Ursuleac as Fiordiligi, Così fan tutte, Salzburg 1932","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Viorica_Ursuleac_%281894%E2%80%931985%29_Fiordiligi_Salzburg_1932_%C2%A9_Franz_Xaver_Setzer_%281886%E2%80%931939%29.jpg/220px-Viorica_Ursuleac_%281894%E2%80%931985%29_Fiordiligi_Salzburg_1932_%C2%A9_Franz_Xaver_Setzer_%281886%E2%80%931939%29.jpg"}]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Viorica+Ursuleac%22","external_links_name":"\"Viorica Ursuleac\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Viorica+Ursuleac%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Viorica+Ursuleac%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Viorica+Ursuleac%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Viorica+Ursuleac%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Viorica+Ursuleac%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-tyne-38732779","external_links_name":"BBC News: The opera-loving sisters who 'stumbled' into heroism"},{"Link":"https://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/df11e783f82f471a8a13a2116094e56f","external_links_name":"\"Richard Strauss Remembered\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C5CLMST07_4","external_links_name":"Viorica Ursuleac in an excerpt from Capriccio (1942, audio only)"},{"Link":"https://austria-forum.org/af/AEIOU/Ursuleac%2C_Viorica","external_links_name":"Photograph of Ursuleac in Die Frau ohne Schatten"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/132038/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000083763054","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/42026948","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJyMbyMXd3kcrVCh7KH3cP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/33402","external_links_name":"Norway"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13900650b","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13900650b","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/118803581","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987011045719905171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14588731","external_links_name":"Belgium"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n84105545","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000174040&P_CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Latvia"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p074285610","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810553729905606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA12041504?l=en","external_links_name":"CiNii"},{"Link":"https://bmlo.de/u0067","external_links_name":"BMLO"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118803581.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6zd2m53","external_links_name":"SNAC"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talavera_de_la_Reina_(Toledo)	Talavera de la Reina	["1 Toponymy","2 History","2.1 Foundation","2.2 Roman Empire and Visigothic Age","2.3 Middle ages","2.4 Early Modern history","2.5 19th and 20th centuries","2.6 Recent developments","3 Main sights","4 Geography","4.1 Climate","5 Culture","5.1 Pottery","6 Transportation","7 International relations","8 See also","9 References","10 External links"]	Coordinates: 39°57′30″N 4°49′58″W / 39.95833°N 4.83278°W / 39.95833; -4.83278For other uses, see Talavera (disambiguation). Municipality in Castile-La Mancha, SpainTalavera de la ReinaMunicipalityClockwise from top: Basilica of Nuestra Señora del Prado, albarrana tower, general view from the North, San Prudencio, Church of Santa María la Mayor FlagCoat of armsLocation of Talavera de la ReinaCoordinates: 39°57′30″N 4°49′58″W / 39.95833°N 4.83278°W / 39.95833; -4.83278CountrySpainAutonomous communityCastile-La ManchaProvinceToledoGovernment • MayorJosé Julián Gregorio (PP)Area • Total185.83 km2 (71.75 sq mi)Elevation373 m (1,224 ft)Population (2018) • Total83,009 • Density450/km2 (1,200/sq mi)DemonymTalaveranosTime zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Postal code45600Websitewww.talavera.org Talavera de la Reina (Spanish pronunciation: ) is a city and municipality of Spain, part of the autonomous community of Castile–La Mancha. Its population of 83,303 makes it the second most populated municipality of the province of Toledo and the fourth largest in the region. Although the city straddles both banks of the Tagus, a few kilometres downstream from the junction of the former with the Alberche, most of the urbanisation concentrates on the right (northern) bank. There are two islands in the centre of the city called Isla Grande and Chamelo Island. Three bridges cross the Tagus in Talavera. The city is well known for its pottery craft. The Talavera de la Reina pottery was declared intangible cultural heritage by UNESCO in 2019. Toponymy There are remnants of prehistoric cultures in the area. The village was founded by the Celts as a ford of the Tagus. The first mention of the city (with the name Aebura) occurs in Livy's description of a battle between the Romans and the Carpetanoi, a Celtiberian tribe. After the Roman conquest of Hispania, it was known as Caesarobriga, one of many Celtic toponyms preserved in Roman Hispania, with a name connoting "fortified" that was extended to many non-fortified towns: "Caesarburg". Caesarobriga served as an important centre for agriculture and ceramics in the 3rd and 4th centuries BCE. During the Visigothic period, Talavera reverted to a variant of its Celtiberian name: Elbora or Ebora. Its modern name is derived from Talabayra, the Muslim rendering of this Visigothic name. The city was conquered by Muslim forces in 713 and conquered by Christian forces under Alfonso VI of Castile in 1083. History Foundation Talavera de la Reina was founded at the confluence of the rivers Alberche and Tagus. This area of great ecological wealth was the settlement of Celtic people who built the most ancient ruins of the area. Roman Empire and Visigothic Age During the time of the Roman Empire, the name of the city was Caesarobriga. In 182 BCE, Quintus Fulvius Flaccus conquered the city, establishing it as part of the Roman province of Lusitania as a city that would pay a stipend, and as the capital of an extended area included in the legal convent of the city of Emerita Augusta. The leader Viriato, in his war against the Romans, lived in this territory between 145 and 139 BCE. In this period, Talavera de la Reina was a rich city with cattle markets and commercial exchange. Christianity came early to the city, and with the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the Visigoths established themselves in the city. Talavera was known then as Aküis or Aibura. In the year 602, King Liuva II made a present to the city: the sculpture of the Virgin Mary, who was from then to the present day the symbol of the Christians in Talavera de la Reina, and the substitute for the goddess Ceres. In honour of the goddess Ceres, Talaverian Romans celebrated the spring festival called Mondas, which is still celebrated for the Virgin Mary. Middle ages An albarrana tower of the ancient city walls The Muslims conquered Talavera in 712. They built new walls and a castle in Talavera. They also brought the use of fountains, water mills and new products brought from Africa and Asia. The fertile soil produced quality vegetables, fruits and grass for animal feed. The markets gained new strength, and the population, a mixture of Christians, Muslims and Jews, lived in harmony for some centuries. Medina Al Talavayra took part in different wars between the kingdoms of Spain, becoming allied with Córdoba and Badajoz. Alfonso VI of León-Castile seized the city in 1083. The city was retaken temporarily by Muslims in 1109. 12th-century geographer Al-Idrisi reflects on Talavera describing it as a "large town by the riverside of the Tagus", "with a great number of watermills" and "surrounded of fertile fields". The countryside of Talavera endured Almohad algaras in the early 1170s. Violence resumed after a truce in 1177, as answer to the simultaneous Castilian siege on Cuenca. In 1182, an Almohad army set up a camp near Talavera. Following the Almohad victory at Alarcos by Abu Yusuf Yaqub in 1195, Almohad forces ravaged the countryside of Talavera by 1197, yet apparently the well-fortified city (at least the citadel) stood still. Following the battle of Las Navas in 1212, the territory north of the Montes de Toledo became secure from Muslim incursions for good. Talaveran militias reportedly launched unsuccessful raids in Southern Iberia for the remaining of the 13th century. The repopulation of the territory after the Christian conquest was led by Castilians, Franks and Mozarabs. Also a number of Moors from the south would increase the preexisting Muslim population of Talavera. Until 1290, Castilians and Mozarabs lived under the aegis of different law regimes. By the mid 13th century, Talavera and Plasencia sealed the creation of a brotherhood seeking to counter the territorial push southwards of the powerful concejo of Ávila. Formerly a realengo town, sometimes property of queens, such as Maria of Portugal, Talavera was transferred by Henry II of Castile on 25 June 1369 to Gómez Manrique (the transfer was confirmed in the 1371 Cortes of Toro), the Archbishop of Toledo, as payment for the latter's support in the Castilian Civil War, and, since then, the town became attached to the Archbishops of Toledo. The change from the concejo abierto towards a regimiento system of municipal government in Talavera should have happened by the second half of the 14th century. Unlike other locations the chief municipal public offices (regidurías) in Talavera were not subject to transfer from father to son, so the nobiliary elite relied in an alternative strategy to ensure its supremacy, based on a system that allowed them to control the candidates to the regidoría. King Sancho IV gave the royal privilege to hold two royal markets each year. Early Modern history View of Talavera by Anton van den Wyngaerde (c. 1567). By the late third of the 16th century the city reached a population of 10,000. Upon the death of King Charles II in November 1700, two powerful nations fought for the Spanish Crown. Talavera supported Philip V's French faction, which was the winner. In the mid-18th century, by 1748, as part of the economic policies enforced by the Spanish Bourbons, the Royal Factory of Silk, Silver and Gold Fabric, was opened in the city, during the reign of Ferdinand VI. The number of hidalgos reduced during the 18th century. The clergy retained an important socioeconomic importance. Towards the end of the century, a number of religious French emigrees would arrive to Talavera after the triumph of the Revolution. During the second half of the century, the bulk of the working population comprised the non-specialised workers and textile workers, ceramics workers (with a diminishing importance compared to previous centuries) and those dedicated to services, followed by the food industry, leather and the shoemaking sector. 19th and 20th centuries The Peninsular War had great consequences for Talavera. On 27 and 28 July 1809 the Battle of Talavera took place between the Anglo-Spanish army and the French. The Duke of Wellington's army expelled the French from the city. Opening of the Iron Bridge in October 1908 The manufacturing complex of the Royal Silk Factory closed towards 1851. Talavera was granted the title of city (ciudad) in 1876. Following the September 1923 coup d'etat and the ensuing installment of the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera, the local branch of the Patriotic Union (UP) formed in the city in March 1924 and the paramilitary Somatén in December 1924, during an event scheduled by Duchess of Talavera. A number of public events and demonstrations took place as part of the legitimization of the regime. The good connections of Mayor Justiniano López Brea with provincial and national officeholders fostered several projects of public works in the later part of the dictatorial period. The railroad brought new opportunities for improvement. Talavera changed its name to Talavera del Tajo. The city had a population of 16,654 in 1936. The city had a population of 18,631 in 1940. During the Francoist dictatorship the Instituto Nacional de Colonización promoted a large irrigated zone in the surroundings of Talavera, following which two new settlements were created, called Talavera la Nueva and Alberche del Caudillo, the latter located in the neighboring Calera y Chozas municipality. During the 1960s a baby boom caused an increase in the population, added to by the immigrants coming from the nearby villages and poor areas of Extremadura. Recent developments View of the city centre In 1975, Franco died, and democracy came to Spain. Talavera's first democratic mayor tried to create the province of Talavera, but the idea was not successful. The next mayor, Pablo Tello from the Socialist Party, made large contributions such as the Alameda Park. In 1989, a feeling of marginalisation enveloped the city, and a group of people called "Nosotros Talavera" (We Talavera) started fighting for the creation of a university campus and other projects for the city. A Centre for University Studies was opened in the city in 1994. It was fully integrated as a campus of the University of Castile-La Mancha (UCLM) four years later, in 1998. Main sights Rising over 192 metres, the Puente de Castilla-La Mancha , built in the outskirts of the city, was the highest bridge in Spain at the time of its completion. Given the enormous cost and limited use, it is considered a wasteful investment. Spanning over 318 m over the main channel of the Tagus, the cable-stayed bridge it is nonetheless one of the city's most distinctive features. Basilica of Nuestra Señora del Prado Bridge of Castilla–La Mancha See also: Iron Bridge (Talavera de la Reina) Geography Climate Climate data for Talavera de la Reina; Granja Escuela 371 m (data from a 1984 study) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Daily mean °C (°F) 5.6(42.1) 7.5(45.5) 9.3(48.7) 13.3(55.9) 16.6(61.9) 21.7(71.1) 26.2(79.2) 24.2(75.6) 20.6(69.1) 16.9(62.4) 9.9(49.8) 5.3(41.5) 14.8(58.6) Average rainfall mm (inches) 89(3.5) 84(3.3) 67(2.6) 51(2.0) 56(2.2) 26(1.0) 4(0.2) 8(0.3) 33(1.3) 60(2.4) 68(2.7) 70(2.8) 616(24.3) Source: Oliver (1984) Culture Pottery Main article: Talavera de la Reina pottery The city is internationally known for its ceramics, which Philip II of Spain used as tiled revetments in many of his works, such as the monastery of El Escorial. The nickname of Talavera de la Reina is 'The City of Pottery' (La Ciudad de la Cerámica, in Spanish). Mexico's famous Talavera pottery was named after the city. An example of the Talavera pottery Ornamental menhirs Talaveran girls dressed with folk costumes Transportation Façade of the Talavera de la Reina railway station The city is located at the intersection of Autovía A-5 (part of European route E90) and N-502. Located on the route between Madrid and Badajoz, it has a railway station. Talavera de la Reina's city bus system is Eborabus. International relations Twin cities—Sister towns Talavera de la Reina is twinned with: Bron, France. Faenza, Italy. Santiago del Estero, Argentina Puebla, Mexico Plasencia, Spain Daira of Guelta, Western Sahara Talavera de la Reyna, Peru Other partnerships Radom, Poland, since 2006 See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Spain See also El Casar de Talavera References References ^ Municipal Register of Spain 2018. National Statistics Institute. ^ Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Spanish National Statistics Institute. ^ "La cerámica de Talavera, declarada como Patrimonio Cultural Inmaterial de la Humanidad". RTVE. 12 December 209. ^ García Alonso 2008. ^ Torres Montealegre & López Vázquez 1998, p. 476. ^ García Fitz 2001, p. 164. ^ Pacheco Jiménez 2014, p. 229. ^ Martínez 1996, p. 85. ^ a b Martínez 1996, p. 86. ^ Martínez 1996, p. 88. ^ Martínez 1996, p. 90. ^ Martínez 1996, pp. 90–91. ^ a b Moreno Moreno 2015, p. 62. ^ Moreno Moreno 2015, p. 64. ^ Moreno Moreno 2015, pp. 67–68. ^ Pacheco Jiménez 2001, pp. 177–178. ^ Sánchez González 1992, p. 79. ^ Lozano Castellanos 2015, p. 40. ^ Lozano Castellanos 2015, pp. 37–38. ^ Pacheco Jiménez 1999, p. 201. ^ Peñalver Ramos 1996, p. 359. ^ Blanco 1997, p. 37. ^ Blanco 1997, p. 39. ^ Blanco 1997, p. 40. ^ Blanco 1997, p. 44. ^ Blanco 1997, p. 43. ^ Peñalver Ramos 1996, p. 366. ^ Díaz 1994, p. 78. ^ a b c Morales Díaz 2016, pp. 52–82. ^ a b Atenza Fernández, Mirón González & Díaz Díaz 2019, p. 10. ^ "Cumple 20 años el campus de Talavera de la Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha y lo van a celebrar". El Digital Castilla-La Mancha. 16 October 2014. ^ a b Simón, Pedro (29 September 2014). "Un puente a ningún sitio". El Mundo. ^ Sánchez de León, Bernal Pérez & Sánchez de León 2012, p. 7. ^ Jiménez 1996, p. 13. ^ a b c d Rincón, M. "Talavera estrecha lazos con las ciudades hermanas". La Voz de Talavera. ^ Fernández, Javier (23 April 2014). "Talavera de la Reina recibió a sus hermanos de Bron, Faenza, Talavera de la Reyna y el Pueblo Saharaui". La Voz del Tajo. ^ "Radom - Miasta partnerskie" . Miasto Radom (in Polish). Archived from the original on 2013-04-03. Retrieved 2013-08-07. ^ "Radom - miasta partnerskie" (in Polish). radom.naszestrony.pl. Archived from the original on 2007-07-26. Retrieved 2013-08-07. Bibliography Atenza Fernández, Juan; Mirón González, Rubén; Díaz Díaz, Benito (2019). "Asistencia sanitaria y salud pública en Talavera de la Reina durante la Guerra Civil (1936-1939)". Asclepio. 71 (2): 282. doi:10.3989/asclepio.2019.23. ISSN 0210-4466. Blanco, Miguel Ángel (1997). "Panorámica social de Talavera de la Reina en el siglo XVIII: las clases privilegiadas y la estructura socio-profesional". Cuaderna. 5. Talavera de la Reina: Colectivo Arrabal: 36–46. ISSN 1134-8895. Díaz, Benito (1994). "La protesta popular en Talavera: el motín del pan de 1898". Cuaderna: Revista de Estudios Humanísticos de Talavera y su Antigua Tierra (1): 76–90. ISSN 1134-8895. García Alonso, Juan Luis (2008). "-Briga Toponyms in the Iberian Peninsula". e-Keltoi. 6 (1). García Fitz, Francisco (2001). "Una frontera caliente la guerra en las fronteras castellano-musulmanas (siglos XI-XII)". In Ayala Martínez, Carlos de; Buresi, Pascal; Josserand, Philippe (eds.). Identidad y representación de la frontera en la España medieval, siglos XI-XIV: seminario celebrado en la Casa de Velázquez y la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 14-15 de diciembre de 1998. Madrid: Casa de Velázquez. pp. 159–180. ISBN 8495555212. Jiménez, Juan Carlos (1996). "Geografía física en los alrededores de Talavera de la Reina. Geomorfología Cuaternaria". Cuaderna. Revistas de Estudios Humanísticos de Talavera y Su Antigua Tierra (3). Colectivo Arrabal. ISSN 1134-8895. Lozano Castellanos, Alicia (2015). "Controlando el regimiento. La nobleza de Talavera de la Reina y sus métodos de intervención política en el concejo en la Baja Edad Media". En la España Medieval. 38 (38): 37–55. doi:10.5209/rev_ELEM.2015.v38.49037. ISSN 0214-3038. Martínez, Sergio (1996). "Talavera de la Reina en las fuentes medievales" (PDF). Cuaderna. 4. Talavera de la Reina: Colectivo Arrabal: 66–91. ISSN 1134-8895 – via Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha. Morales Díaz, David (2016). "Propaganda y nacionalización durante la dictadura de Primo de Rivera en Talavera de la Reina" (PDF). Alcalibe (16). Talavera de la Reina: Centro Asociado a la UNED «Ciudad de la Cerámica». ISSN 1579-9875. Moreno Moreno, María Yolanda (2015). Los mudéjares de Talavera de la Reina en la baja edad media (PDF). Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia. Pacheco Jiménez, César (1999). "La industria del cuero en Talavera de la Reina (siglos XVI-XVII): las Ordenanzas de zapateros y curtidores de 1600" (PDF). Espacio, Tiempo y Forma. Serie IV, Historia Moderna (12). Madrid: Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia: 199–221. ISSN 1131-768X. Pacheco Jiménez, César (2001). "Símbolos de poder y su expresión en el mundo urbano del siglo XVI: la villa de Talavera y su señor el arzobispo de Toledo". Espacio, Tiempo y Forma. Serie IV, Historia Moderna (14). Madrid: Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia: 173–196. doi:10.5944/etfiv.14.2001.3422. ISSN 1131-768X. Pacheco Jiménez, César (2014). "Santa María la Mayor de Talavera: de mezquita aljama a iglesia mayor (ss. X-XV)" (PDF). Libro homenaje a Ramón Gonzálvez Ruiz. Toledo: Real Academia de Bellas Artes y Ciencias Históricas de Toledo. Peñalver Ramos, Luis Francisco (1996). "El complejo manufacturero de la Real Fábrica de Seda de Talavera de la Reina (1785). Cesión que hace la Corona a los Cinco Gremios Mayores de Madrid". Espacio Tiempo y Forma. Serie IV, Historia Moderna. 9. Madrid: UNED: 359–389. Sánchez de León, Ramón; Bernal Pérez, Cristian; Sánchez de León, Francisco (2012). "Puente atirantado de Talavera de la Reina". Hormigón y Acero. 63 (263): 7–47. Sánchez González, Ramón (1992). "Ordenanzas de la Comunidad de villa y tierra de Talavera de la Reina, 1519" (PDF). Anales Toledanos (29): 77–132. ISSN 0538-1983. Torres Montealegre, María José; López Vázquez, Luis B. (1998). "Estudio de las murallas de Talavera de la Reina: deterioro y restauración". II Congreso nacional de historia de la construcción (PDF). pp. 475–482. ISBN 84-89977-44-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-08-29. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Talavera de la Reina. Official website (in Spanish) Talavera, official tourist web site Web oficial del Ayuntamiento de Talavera de la Reina La Guia de Talavera de la Reina Web oficial Turismo Talavera de la Reina El Portal de Talavera de la Reina Talavera se mueve vteMunicipalities in the province of Toledo Ajofrín Alameda de la Sagra Albarreal de Tajo Alcabón Alcaudete de la Jara Alcañizo Alcolea de Tajo Aldea en Cabo Aldeanueva de Barbarroya Aldeanueva de San Bartolomé Almendral de la Cañada Almonacid de Toledo Almorox Arcicóllar Argés Azután Añover de Tajo Barcience Bargas Belvís de la Jara Borox Buenaventura Burguillos de Toledo Burujón Cabañas de Yepes Cabañas de la Sagra Cabezamesada Calera y Chozas Caleruela Calzada de Oropesa Camarena Camarenilla Camuñas Cardiel de los Montes Carmena Carranque Carriches Casarrubios del Monte Casasbuenas Castillo de Bayuela Cazalegas Cebolla Cedillo del Condado Cervera de los Montes Chozas de Canales Chueca Ciruelos Cobeja Cobisa Consuegra Corral de Almaguer Cuerva Domingo Pérez Dosbarrios El Campillo de la Jara El Carpio de Tajo El Casar de Escalona El Puente del Arzobispo El Real de San Vicente El Romeral El Toboso El Viso de San Juan Erustes Escalona Escalonilla Espinoso del Rey Esquivias Fuensalida Garciotum Gerindote Guadamur Gálvez Herreruela de Oropesa Hinojosa de San Vicente Hontanar Hormigos Huecas Huerta de Valdecarábanos Illescas Illán de Vacas La Estrella La Guardia La Iglesuela La Mata La Nava de Ricomalillo La Puebla de Almoradiel La Puebla de Montalbán La Pueblanueva La Torre de Esteban Hambrán La Villa de Don Fadrique Lagartera Las Herencias Las Ventas con Peña Aguilera Las Ventas de Retamosa Las Ventas de San Julián Layos Lillo Lominchar Los Cerralbos Los Navalmorales Los Navalucillos Los Yébenes Lucillos Madridejos Magán Malpica de Tajo Manzaneque Maqueda Marjaliza Marrupe Mascaraque Mazarambroz Mejorada Menasalbas Mesegar de Tajo Miguel Esteban Mocejón Mohedas de la Jara Montearagón Montesclaros Mora Méntrida Nambroca Navahermosa Navalcán Navalmoralejo Navamorcuende Noblejas Noez Nombela Novés Numancia de la Sagra Nuño Gómez Ocaña Olías del Rey Ontígola Orgaz Oropesa Otero Palomeque Pantoja Paredes de Escalona Parrillas Pelahustán Pepino Polán Portillo de Toledo Puerto de San Vicente Pulgar Quero Quintanar de la Orden Quismondo Recas Retamoso de la Jara Rielves Robledo del Mazo San Bartolomé de las Abiertas San Martín de Montalbán San Martín de Pusa San Pablo de los Montes San Román de los Montes Santa Ana de Pusa Santa Cruz de la Zarza Santa Cruz del Retamar Santa Olalla Santo Domingo-Caudilla Sartajada Segurilla Seseña Sevilleja de la Jara Sonseca Sotillo de las Palomas Talavera de la Reina Tembleque Toledo Torralba de Oropesa Torrecilla de la Jara Torrico Torrijos Totanés Turleque Ugena Urda Valdeverdeja Valmojado Velada Villacañas Villafranca de los Caballeros Villaluenga de la Sagra Villamiel de Toledo Villaminaya Villamuelas Villanueva de Alcardete Villanueva de Bogas Villarejo de Montalbán Villarrubia de Santiago Villaseca de la Sagra Villasequilla Villatobas Yeles Yepes Yuncler Yunclillos Yuncos Authority control databases International VIAF 2 WorldCat National Spain France BnF data Germany United States Czech Republic Geographic MusicBrainz area Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Talavera (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talavera_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"[talaˈβeɾa ðe la ˈrejna]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish"},{"link_name":"municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"autonomous community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_communities_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Castile–La Mancha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castile%E2%80%93La_Mancha"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"province of Toledo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Toledo"},{"link_name":"Tagus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagus"},{"link_name":"Alberche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberche"},{"link_name":"Talavera de la Reina pottery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talavera_de_la_Reina_pottery"},{"link_name":"intangible cultural heritage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intangible_cultural_heritage"},{"link_name":"UNESCO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"For other uses, see Talavera (disambiguation).Municipality in Castile-La Mancha, SpainTalavera de la Reina (Spanish pronunciation: [talaˈβeɾa ðe la ˈrejna]) is a city and municipality of Spain, part of the autonomous community of Castile–La Mancha. Its population of 83,303[2] makes it the second most populated municipality of the province of Toledo and the fourth largest in the region.Although the city straddles both banks of the Tagus, a few kilometres downstream from the junction of the former with the Alberche, most of the urbanisation concentrates on the right (northern) bank. There are two islands in the centre of the city called Isla Grande and Chamelo Island. Three bridges cross the Tagus in Talavera.The city is well known for its pottery craft. The Talavera de la Reina pottery was declared intangible cultural heritage by UNESCO in 2019.[3]","title":"Talavera de la Reina"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Celts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celt"},{"link_name":"Livy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livy"},{"link_name":"Romans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome"},{"link_name":"Celtiberian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtiberians"},{"link_name":"toponyms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponym"},{"link_name":"failed verification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarc%C3%ADa_Alonso2008-4"},{"link_name":"Alfonso VI of Castile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_VI_of_Castile"}],"text":"There are remnants of prehistoric cultures in the area. The village was founded by the Celts as a ford of the Tagus. The first mention of the city (with the name Aebura) occurs in Livy's description of a battle between the Romans and the Carpetanoi, a Celtiberian tribe.After the Roman conquest of Hispania, it was known as Caesarobriga, one of many Celtic toponyms preserved in Roman Hispania, with a name connoting \"fortified\" that was extended to many non-fortified towns: \"Caesarburg\".[failed verification][4] Caesarobriga served as an important centre for agriculture and ceramics in the 3rd and 4th centuries BCE. During the Visigothic period, Talavera reverted to a variant of its Celtiberian name: Elbora or Ebora.Its modern name is derived from Talabayra, the Muslim rendering of this Visigothic name. The city was conquered by Muslim forces in 713 and conquered by Christian forces under Alfonso VI of Castile in 1083.","title":"Toponymy"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alberche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberche"},{"link_name":"Tagus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagus"}],"sub_title":"Foundation","text":"Talavera de la Reina was founded at the confluence of the rivers Alberche and Tagus. This area of great ecological wealth was the settlement of Celtic people who built the most ancient ruins of the area.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Quintus Fulvius Flaccus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quintus_Fulvius_Flaccus_(consul_179_BCE)"},{"link_name":"Emerita Augusta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerita_Augusta"},{"link_name":"Viriato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viriathus"},{"link_name":"Western Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Liuva II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liuva_II"},{"link_name":"Mondas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mondas"}],"sub_title":"Roman Empire and Visigothic Age","text":"During the time of the Roman Empire, the name of the city was Caesarobriga. In 182 BCE, Quintus Fulvius Flaccus conquered the city, establishing it as part of the Roman province of Lusitania as a city that would pay a stipend, and as the capital of an extended area included in the legal convent of the city of Emerita Augusta. The leader Viriato, in his war against the Romans, lived in this territory between 145 and 139 BCE.In this period, Talavera de la Reina was a rich city with cattle markets and commercial exchange. Christianity came early to the city, and with the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the Visigoths established themselves in the city. Talavera was known then as Aküis or Aibura.In the year 602, King Liuva II made a present to the city: the sculpture of the Virgin Mary, who was from then to the present day the symbol of the Christians in Talavera de la Reina, and the substitute for the goddess Ceres. In honour of the goddess Ceres, Talaverian Romans celebrated the spring festival called Mondas, which is still celebrated for the Virgin Mary.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Monasterio_de_San_Benito_2_-_Talavera.jpg"},{"link_name":"albarrana tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albarrana_tower"},{"link_name":"Muslims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Andalus"},{"link_name":"Córdoba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Spain"},{"link_name":"Badajoz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badajoz"},{"link_name":"Alfonso VI of León-Castile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_VI_of_Le%C3%B3n_and_Castile"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETorres_MontealegreL%C3%B3pez_V%C3%A1zquez1998476-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarc%C3%ADa_Fitz2001164-6"},{"link_name":"Al-Idrisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Idrisi"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPacheco_Jim%C3%A9nez2014229-7"},{"link_name":"algaras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevauch%C3%A9e"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMart%C3%ADnez199685-8"},{"link_name":"Cuenca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuenca,_Spain"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMart%C3%ADnez199686-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMart%C3%ADnez199686-9"},{"link_name":"victory at Alarcos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Alarcos"},{"link_name":"Abu Yusuf Yaqub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Yusuf_Yaqub_al-Mansur"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMart%C3%ADnez199688-10"},{"link_name":"battle of Las Navas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Las_Navas_de_Tolosa"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMart%C3%ADnez199690-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMart%C3%ADnez199690%E2%80%9391-12"},{"link_name":"Mozarabs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozarabs"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoreno_Moreno201562-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoreno_Moreno201562-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoreno_Moreno201564-14"},{"link_name":"Plasencia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasencia"},{"link_name":"Ávila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81vila,_Spain"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoreno_Moreno201567%E2%80%9368-15"},{"link_name":"realengo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Realengo_(regime)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"es","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/realengo"},{"link_name":"Maria of Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_of_Portugal,_Queen_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"Henry II of Castile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_II_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"Gómez Manrique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B3mez_Manrique_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"Castilian Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castilian_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPacheco_Jim%C3%A9nez2001177%E2%80%93178-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTES%C3%A1nchez_Gonz%C3%A1lez199279-17"},{"link_name":"concejo abierto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concejo_abierto"},{"link_name":"regimiento","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regimiento"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELozano_Castellanos201540-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELozano_Castellanos201537%E2%80%9338-19"},{"link_name":"Sancho IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sancho_IV_of_Castile"}],"sub_title":"Middle ages","text":"An albarrana tower of the ancient city wallsThe Muslims conquered Talavera in 712. They built new walls and a castle in Talavera. They also brought the use of fountains, water mills and new products brought from Africa and Asia. The fertile soil produced quality vegetables, fruits and grass for animal feed. The markets gained new strength, and the population, a mixture of Christians, Muslims and Jews, lived in harmony for some centuries. Medina Al Talavayra took part in different wars between the kingdoms of Spain, becoming allied with Córdoba and Badajoz. Alfonso VI of León-Castile seized the city in 1083.[5] The city was retaken temporarily by Muslims in 1109.[6]12th-century geographer Al-Idrisi reflects on Talavera describing it as a \"large town by the riverside of the Tagus\", \"with a great number of watermills\" and \"surrounded of fertile fields\".[7]The countryside of Talavera endured Almohad algaras in the early 1170s.[8] Violence resumed after a truce in 1177, as answer to the simultaneous Castilian siege on Cuenca.[9] In 1182, an Almohad army set up a camp near Talavera.[9] Following the Almohad victory at Alarcos by Abu Yusuf Yaqub in 1195, Almohad forces ravaged the countryside of Talavera by 1197, yet apparently the well-fortified city (at least the citadel) stood still.[10] Following the battle of Las Navas in 1212, the territory north of the Montes de Toledo became secure from Muslim incursions for good.[11] Talaveran militias reportedly launched unsuccessful raids in Southern Iberia for the remaining of the 13th century.[12]The repopulation of the territory after the Christian conquest was led by Castilians, Franks and Mozarabs.[13] Also a number of Moors from the south would increase the preexisting Muslim population of Talavera.[13] Until 1290, Castilians and Mozarabs lived under the aegis of different law regimes.[14] By the mid 13th century, Talavera and Plasencia sealed the creation of a brotherhood seeking to counter the territorial push southwards of the powerful concejo of Ávila.[15]Formerly a realengo [es] town, sometimes property of queens, such as Maria of Portugal, Talavera was transferred by Henry II of Castile on 25 June 1369 to Gómez Manrique (the transfer was confirmed in the 1371 Cortes of Toro), the Archbishop of Toledo, as payment for the latter's support in the Castilian Civil War, and, since then, the town became attached to the Archbishops of Toledo.[16][17]The change from the concejo abierto towards a regimiento system of municipal government in Talavera should have happened by the second half of the 14th century.[18] Unlike other locations the chief municipal public offices (regidurías) in Talavera were not subject to transfer from father to son, so the nobiliary elite relied in an alternative strategy to ensure its supremacy, based on a system that allowed them to control the candidates to the regidoría.[19]King Sancho IV gave the royal privilege to hold two royal markets each year.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Talavera._Wyngaerde.jpg"},{"link_name":"Anton van den Wyngaerde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_van_den_Wyngaerde"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPacheco_Jim%C3%A9nez1999201-20"},{"link_name":"King Charles II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_II_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Philip V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_V_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_VI_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPe%C3%B1alver_Ramos1996359-21"},{"link_name":"hidalgos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidalgo_(nobility)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlanco199737-22"},{"link_name":"clergy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clergy"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlanco199739-23"},{"link_name":"Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolution"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlanco199740-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlanco199744-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlanco199743-26"}],"sub_title":"Early Modern history","text":"View of Talavera by Anton van den Wyngaerde (c. 1567).By the late third of the 16th century the city reached a population of 10,000.[20]Upon the death of King Charles II in November 1700, two powerful nations fought for the Spanish Crown. Talavera supported Philip V's French faction, which was the winner.In the mid-18th century, by 1748, as part of the economic policies enforced by the Spanish Bourbons, the Royal Factory of Silk, Silver and Gold Fabric, was opened in the city, during the reign of Ferdinand VI.[21]The number of hidalgos reduced during the 18th century.[22] The clergy retained an important socioeconomic importance.[23] Towards the end of the century, a number of religious French emigrees would arrive to Talavera after the triumph of the Revolution.[24] During the second half of the century, the bulk of the working population comprised the non-specialised workers and textile workers, ceramics workers (with a diminishing importance compared to previous centuries)[25] and those dedicated to services, followed by the food industry, leather and the shoemaking sector.[26]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peninsular War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peninsular_War"},{"link_name":"Battle of Talavera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Talavera"},{"link_name":"Duke of Wellington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1908-10-31,_Blanco_y_Negro,_Inauguraci%C3%B3n_del_nuevo_puente_de_hierro_sobre_el_Tajo_en_Talavera_de_la_Reina,_Cifuentes.jpg"},{"link_name":"Iron Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Bridge_(Talavera_de_la_Reina)"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPe%C3%B1alver_Ramos1996366-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTED%C3%ADaz199478-28"},{"link_name":"September 1923 coup d'etat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coup_d%27etat_of_Primo_de_Rivera&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"es","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golpe_de_Estado_de_Primo_de_Rivera"},{"link_name":"dictatorship of Primo de Rivera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictatorship_of_Primo_de_Rivera"},{"link_name":"Patriotic Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Patriotic_Union"},{"link_name":"Somatén","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somat%C3%A9n"},{"link_name":"Duchess of Talavera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infanta_Maria_Luisa,_Duchess_of_Talavera"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorales_D%C3%ADaz201652%E2%80%9382-29"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorales_D%C3%ADaz201652%E2%80%9382-29"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorales_D%C3%ADaz201652%E2%80%9382-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtenza_Fern%C3%A1ndezMir%C3%B3n_Gonz%C3%A1lezD%C3%ADaz_D%C3%ADaz201910-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtenza_Fern%C3%A1ndezMir%C3%B3n_Gonz%C3%A1lezD%C3%ADaz_D%C3%ADaz201910-30"},{"link_name":"Instituto Nacional de Colonización","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instituto_Nacional_de_Colonizaci%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Talavera la Nueva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talavera_la_Nueva"},{"link_name":"Alberche del Caudillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberche_del_Caudillo"},{"link_name":"Calera y Chozas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calera_y_Chozas"},{"link_name":"baby boom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baby_boom"}],"sub_title":"19th and 20th centuries","text":"The Peninsular War had great consequences for Talavera. On 27 and 28 July 1809 the Battle of Talavera took place between the Anglo-Spanish army and the French. The Duke of Wellington's army expelled the French from the city.Opening of the Iron Bridge in October 1908The manufacturing complex of the Royal Silk Factory closed towards 1851.[27]Talavera was granted the title of city (ciudad) in 1876.[28]Following the September 1923 coup d'etat [es] and the ensuing installment of the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera, the local branch of the Patriotic Union (UP) formed in the city in March 1924 and the paramilitary Somatén in December 1924, during an event scheduled by Duchess of Talavera.[29] A number of public events and demonstrations took place as part of the legitimization of the regime.[29] The good connections of Mayor Justiniano López Brea with provincial and national officeholders fostered several projects of public works in the later part of the dictatorial period.[29]The railroad brought new opportunities for improvement. Talavera changed its name to Talavera del Tajo. The city had a population of 16,654 in 1936.[30] The city had a population of 18,631 in 1940.[30]During the Francoist dictatorship the Instituto Nacional de Colonización promoted a large irrigated zone in the surroundings of Talavera, following which two new settlements were created, called Talavera la Nueva and Alberche del Caudillo, the latter located in the neighboring Calera y Chozas municipality. During the 1960s a baby boom caused an increase in the population, added to by the immigrants coming from the nearby villages and poor areas of Extremadura.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Efectos_de_la_verticalizaci%C3%B3n_urbana_en_los_a%C3%B1os_setenta_en_la_plaza_de_la_Trinidad_de_Talavera_de_la_Reina,_2009_(8236596177).jpg"},{"link_name":"University of Castile-La Mancha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Castile-La_Mancha"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"sub_title":"Recent developments","text":"View of the city centreIn 1975, Franco died, and democracy came to Spain. Talavera's first democratic mayor tried to create the province of Talavera, but the idea was not successful. The next mayor, Pablo Tello from the Socialist Party, made large contributions such as the Alameda Park.In 1989, a feeling of marginalisation enveloped the city, and a group of people called \"Nosotros Talavera\" (We Talavera) started fighting for the creation of a university campus and other projects for the city.A Centre for University Studies was opened in the city in 1994. It was fully integrated as a campus of the University of Castile-La Mancha (UCLM) four years later, in 1998.[31]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Puente de Castilla-La Mancha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puente_de_Castilla-La_Mancha"},{"link_name":"es","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puente_de_Castilla-La_Mancha"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elmundo-32"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elmundo-32"},{"link_name":"cable-stayed bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable-stayed_bridge"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTES%C3%A1nchez_de_Le%C3%B3nBernal_P%C3%A9rezS%C3%A1nchez_de_Le%C3%B3n20127-33"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Basilica_Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_del_Prado.jpg"},{"link_name":"Basilica of Nuestra Señora del Prado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica_of_Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_del_Prado"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Puente_talavera.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bridge of Castilla–La Mancha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge_of_Castilla%E2%80%93La_Mancha"},{"link_name":"Iron Bridge (Talavera de la Reina)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Bridge_(Talavera_de_la_Reina)"}],"text":"Rising over 192 metres, the Puente de Castilla-La Mancha [es], built in the outskirts of the city, was the highest bridge in Spain at the time of its completion.[32] Given the enormous cost and limited use, it is considered a wasteful investment.[32] Spanning over 318 m over the main channel of the Tagus, the cable-stayed bridge it is nonetheless one of the city's most distinctive features.[33]Basilica of Nuestra Señora del Prado\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBridge of Castilla–La ManchaSee also: Iron Bridge (Talavera de la Reina)","title":"Main sights"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJim%C3%A9nez199613-34"}],"sub_title":"Climate","text":"Climate data for Talavera de la Reina; Granja Escuela 371 m (data from a 1984 study)\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nDaily mean °C (°F)\n\n5.6(42.1)\n\n7.5(45.5)\n\n9.3(48.7)\n\n13.3(55.9)\n\n16.6(61.9)\n\n21.7(71.1)\n\n26.2(79.2)\n\n24.2(75.6)\n\n20.6(69.1)\n\n16.9(62.4)\n\n9.9(49.8)\n\n5.3(41.5)\n\n14.8(58.6)\n\n\nAverage rainfall mm (inches)\n\n89(3.5)\n\n84(3.3)\n\n67(2.6)\n\n51(2.0)\n\n56(2.2)\n\n26(1.0)\n\n4(0.2)\n\n8(0.3)\n\n33(1.3)\n\n60(2.4)\n\n68(2.7)\n\n70(2.8)\n\n616(24.3)\n\n\nSource: Oliver (1984)[34]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ceramics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramics_(art)"},{"link_name":"Philip II of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"El Escorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Escorial"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Talavera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talavera_(pottery)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TalaveraDeLaReina_Azulejos.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Talaveramenhires.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Talavera_typicalclothes.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Pottery","text":"The city is internationally known for its ceramics, which Philip II of Spain used as tiled revetments in many of his works, such as the monastery of El Escorial. The nickname of Talavera de la Reina is 'The City of Pottery' (La Ciudad de la Cerámica, in Spanish). Mexico's famous Talavera pottery was named after the city.An example of the Talavera pottery\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tOrnamental menhirs\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTalaveran girls dressed with folk costumes","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Estaci%C3%B3n_de_Talavera_de_la_Reina.JPG"},{"link_name":"Talavera de la Reina railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talavera_de_la_Reina_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Autovía A-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autov%C3%ADa_A-5"},{"link_name":"European route E90","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_route_E90"},{"link_name":"Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid"},{"link_name":"Badajoz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badajoz"}],"text":"Façade of the Talavera de la Reina railway stationThe city is located at the intersection of Autovía A-5 (part of European route E90) and N-502. Located on the route between Madrid and Badajoz, it has a railway station. Talavera de la Reina's city bus system is Eborabus.","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"twinned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin_towns_and_sister_cities"},{"link_name":"Bron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bron"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lvt-35"},{"link_name":"Faenza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faenza"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lvt-35"},{"link_name":"Santiago del Estero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_del_Estero"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Puebla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puebla_(city)"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lvt-35"},{"link_name":"Plasencia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasencia"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lvt-35"},{"link_name":"Daira of Guelta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daira_of_Guelta&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Talavera de la Reyna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talavera_de_la_Reyna&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Radom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radom"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Radom_twinnings-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Radom_twins-38"},{"link_name":"List of twin towns and sister cities in Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Spain"}],"text":"Twin cities—Sister townsTalavera de la Reina is twinned with:Bron, France.[35]\nFaenza, Italy.[35]\nSantiago del Estero, Argentina[citation needed]\nPuebla, Mexico[35]\nPlasencia, Spain[35]\nDaira of Guelta, Western Sahara\nTalavera de la Reyna, Peru[36]Other partnershipsRadom, Poland, since 2006[37][38]See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Spain","title":"International relations"}]	[{"image_text":"An albarrana tower of the ancient city walls","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Monasterio_de_San_Benito_2_-_Talavera.jpg/220px-Monasterio_de_San_Benito_2_-_Talavera.jpg"},{"image_text":"View of Talavera by Anton van den Wyngaerde (c. 1567).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Talavera._Wyngaerde.jpg/880px-Talavera._Wyngaerde.jpg"},{"image_text":"Opening of the Iron Bridge in October 1908","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/1908-10-31%2C_Blanco_y_Negro%2C_Inauguraci%C3%B3n_del_nuevo_puente_de_hierro_sobre_el_Tajo_en_Talavera_de_la_Reina%2C_Cifuentes.jpg/220px-1908-10-31%2C_Blanco_y_Negro%2C_Inauguraci%C3%B3n_del_nuevo_puente_de_hierro_sobre_el_Tajo_en_Talavera_de_la_Reina%2C_Cifuentes.jpg"},{"image_text":"View of the city centre","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Efectos_de_la_verticalizaci%C3%B3n_urbana_en_los_a%C3%B1os_setenta_en_la_plaza_de_la_Trinidad_de_Talavera_de_la_Reina%2C_2009_%288236596177%29.jpg/220px-Efectos_de_la_verticalizaci%C3%B3n_urbana_en_los_a%C3%B1os_setenta_en_la_plaza_de_la_Trinidad_de_Talavera_de_la_Reina%2C_2009_%288236596177%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Façade of the Talavera de la Reina railway station","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Estaci%C3%B3n_de_Talavera_de_la_Reina.JPG/220px-Estaci%C3%B3n_de_Talavera_de_la_Reina.JPG"}]	[{"title":"El Casar de Talavera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Casar_de_Talavera"}]	[{"reference":"Municipal Register of Spain 2018. National Statistics Institute.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Statistics_Institute_(Spain)","url_text":"National Statistics Institute"}]},{"reference":"\"La cerámica de Talavera, declarada como Patrimonio Cultural Inmaterial de la Humanidad\". RTVE. 12 December 209.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rtve.es/noticias/20191212/ceramica-talavera-declarada-como-patrimonio-cultural-inmaterial-humanidad/1993624.shtml","url_text":"\"La cerámica de Talavera, declarada como Patrimonio Cultural Inmaterial de la Humanidad\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RTVE","url_text":"RTVE"}]},{"reference":"\"Cumple 20 años el campus de Talavera de la Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha y lo van a celebrar\". El Digital Castilla-La Mancha. 16 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://anterior.eldigitalcastillalamancha.es/articulo_anterior.asp?idarticulo=cumple-20-anos-el-campus-de-talavera-de-la-universidad-de-castillala-mancha-y-lo-van-170350","url_text":"\"Cumple 20 años el campus de Talavera de la Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha y lo van a celebrar\""}]},{"reference":"Simón, Pedro (29 September 2014). \"Un puente a ningún sitio\". El Mundo.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.elmundo.es/espana/2014/09/28/542706e6e2704ec7158b4589.html","url_text":"\"Un puente a ningún sitio\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Mundo_(Spain)","url_text":"El Mundo"}]},{"reference":"Rincón, M. \"Talavera estrecha lazos con las ciudades hermanas\". La Voz de Talavera.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lavozdetalavera.com/noticia/5023/ciudad/talavera-estrecha-lazos-con-las-ciudades-hermanas.html","url_text":"\"Talavera estrecha lazos con las ciudades hermanas\""}]},{"reference":"Fernández, Javier (23 April 2014). \"Talavera de la Reina recibió a sus hermanos de Bron, Faenza, Talavera de la Reyna y el Pueblo Saharaui\". La Voz del Tajo.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lavozdeltajo.com/noticia/4246/nuestra-gente/talavera-de-la-reina-recibio-a-sus-hermanos-de-bron-faenza-talavera-de-la-reyna-y-el-pueblo-saharaui.html","url_text":"\"Talavera de la Reina recibió a sus hermanos de Bron, Faenza, Talavera de la Reyna y el Pueblo Saharaui\""}]},{"reference":"\"Radom - Miasta partnerskie\" [Radom - Partnership cities]. Miasto Radom [City of Radom] (in Polish). Archived from the original on 2013-04-03. Retrieved 2013-08-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130403215958/http://www.radom.pl/page/192,miasta-partnerskie.html","url_text":"\"Radom - Miasta partnerskie\""},{"url":"http://www.radom.pl/page/192,miasta-partnerskie.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Radom - miasta partnerskie\" (in Polish). radom.naszestrony.pl. Archived from the original on 2007-07-26. Retrieved 2013-08-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070726160718/http://radom.naszestrony.pl/?info=miasta_partnerskie","url_text":"\"Radom - miasta partnerskie\""},{"url":"http://radom.naszestrony.pl/?info=miasta_partnerskie","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Atenza Fernández, Juan; Mirón González, Rubén; Díaz Díaz, Benito (2019). \"Asistencia sanitaria y salud pública en Talavera de la Reina durante la Guerra Civil (1936-1939)\". Asclepio. 71 (2): 282. doi:10.3989/asclepio.2019.23. ISSN 0210-4466.","urls":[{"url":"http://asclepio.revistas.csic.es/index.php/asclepio/article/view/922/1524","url_text":"\"Asistencia sanitaria y salud pública en Talavera de la Reina durante la Guerra Civil (1936-1939)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3989%2Fasclepio.2019.23","url_text":"10.3989/asclepio.2019.23"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0210-4466","url_text":"0210-4466"}]},{"reference":"Blanco, Miguel Ángel (1997). \"Panorámica social de Talavera de la Reina en el siglo XVIII: las clases privilegiadas y la estructura socio-profesional\". Cuaderna. 5. Talavera de la Reina: Colectivo Arrabal: 36–46. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweets_from_a_Stranger_(film)	Sweets from a Stranger (film)	["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Production","4 Style","5 Release and reception","6 References","6.1 Sources","7 External links"]	1987 filmSweets from a StrangerDirected byFranco FerriniScreenplay by Franco Ferrini Andrea Giuseppini Story by Franco Ferrini Andrea Giuseppini Produced byClaudio BoniventoStarring Barbara De Rossi Marina Suma Athina Cenci Mara Venier Laura Betti CinematographyGiuseppe BernardiniEdited byFranco FraticelliMusic byUmberto SmailaProductioncompanies Reteitalia Numero Uno Cinematografica Release date 1987 (1987) CountryItalyBudget2 billion lire Sweets from a Stranger (Italian: Caramelle da uno sconosciuto) is a 1987 Italian thriller film directed and co-written by Franco Ferrini. The film is about a serial killer targeting sex workers. The women decided to band together to protect themselves, but their efforts are only partially successful as the killer continues their killing spree. As the police investigate, the sex workers group together to try and find some leads on their own. Ferrini got the idea for the film while writing the film Red Rings of Fear (1978). It was produced with a budget of 2 billion Italian lire. Retrospective reviewers commented on if the film should be considered a proper giallo, noting its subdued nature and attempts at Social realism, while noting its reveal of the killer and violent scenes relate it to the other gialli. Plot In Rome a maniac kills several sex workers, torturing them with a razor. Soon they are informed that the murderer kills the victims not only with a razor, but delivers the deathblow to them with a bolt gun. Stella, a luxury call girl, learns about the murder of Bruna, a fellow streetwalker and old friend. Only Bruna's colleagues attend the funeral. Nadine, an experienced sex worker with a cheerful but tenacious personality, decides to organize a group of her fellow prostitutes in order to protect themselves and to discover the identity of the serial killer before he strikes again. Cast Cast adapted from So Deadly, So Perverse Volume 2. Barbara De Rossi as Lena Marina Suma as Angela Athina Cenci as Nadine Mara Venier as Stella Laura Betti as Jolanda Anny Papa as Monica Ilaria Cecchi as Valentina Production Directo Franco Ferrini got the idea for Sweets From a Stranger while scripting the film Red Rings of Fear (1978). Ferrini stated he was inspired by Fritz Lang's film M (1931) for the film. It was shot with a budget of 2 billion Italian lire. Style In his book Blood & Black Lace, Adrian Luther-Smith described the film as a "subdued thriller with social realism at its core.", while saying "it's clearly a giallo and the revelation of the killer's identity is suitably ridiculous" Troy Howarth, in his book So Deadly, So Perverse stated the films giallo elements are "somewhat muted" and that the film "in some respects more of a social document than a proper thriller, but it warrants inclusion for its novel variation on a standard formula." Release and reception Sweets From a Stranger is released in 1987. Film critic and historian Roberto Curti described the audience and critical reception to the film as being "cold to say the least". From a contemporary review in Corriere della sera, a reviewer stated "for our part, we think Ferrini went way over his head." From retrospective reviews, Howarth stated that "emphasis on the social aspect of the film will likely be off-putting for some more thrill hungry viewers" while stating that "Ferrini paces the material wery well and the actors all give very credible performances" noting that "Ferrini ensures that the film is engaging as both a drama and a thriller." Luther-Smith stated that "despite 's best intentions, I would rather sit through ten times than watch this docu-drama again." Curti stated that the film was an uneasy mixture of violence, patronizing character study, and weak dialogue. References ^ a b c d e f g h i Howarth 2015, p. 140. ^ a b Luther-Smith 1999, p. 17. ^ a b c Luther-Smith 1999, p. 18. ^ a b c d e f Curti 2022, p. 367. ^ Curti 2022, p. 9. Sources Curti, Roberto (2022). Italian Giallo in Film and Television. McFarland. ISBN 978-1-4766-8248-8. Howarth, Troy (2015). So Deadly, So Perverse. Vol. 2. Midnight Marquee Press. ISBN 978-1936168583. Luther-Smith, Adrian (1999). Blood & Black Lace. Stray Cat Publishing. ISBN 0-9533261-1-X. External links Sweets from a Stranger at IMDb	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language"},{"link_name":"1987","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987"},{"link_name":"thriller film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thriller_film"},{"link_name":"Franco Ferrini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco_Ferrini"},{"link_name":"sex workers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_worker"},{"link_name":"Red Rings of Fear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Rings_of_Fear"},{"link_name":"Social realism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_realism"}],"text":"Sweets from a Stranger (Italian: Caramelle da uno sconosciuto) is a 1987 Italian thriller film directed and co-written by Franco Ferrini. The film is about a serial killer targeting sex workers. The women decided to band together to protect themselves, but their efforts are only partially successful as the killer continues their killing spree. As the police investigate, the sex workers group together to try and find some leads on their own.Ferrini got the idea for the film while writing the film Red Rings of Fear (1978). It was produced with a budget of 2 billion Italian lire. Retrospective reviewers commented on if the film should be considered a proper giallo, noting its subdued nature and attempts at Social realism, while noting its reveal of the killer and violent scenes relate it to the other gialli.","title":"Sweets from a Stranger (film)"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"In Rome a maniac kills several sex workers, torturing them with a razor. Soon they are informed that the murderer kills the victims not only with a razor, but delivers the deathblow to them with a bolt gun. Stella, a luxury call girl, learns about the murder of Bruna, a fellow streetwalker and old friend. Only Bruna's colleagues attend the funeral. Nadine, an experienced sex worker with a cheerful but tenacious personality, decides to organize a group of her fellow prostitutes in order to protect themselves and to discover the identity of the serial killer before he strikes again.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowarth2015140-1"},{"link_name":"Barbara De Rossi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_De_Rossi"},{"link_name":"Marina Suma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marina_Suma"},{"link_name":"Athina Cenci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athina_Cenci"},{"link_name":"Mara Venier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mara_Venier"},{"link_name":"Laura Betti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Betti"}],"text":"Cast adapted from So Deadly, So Perverse Volume 2.[1]Barbara De Rossi as Lena\nMarina Suma as Angela\nAthina Cenci as Nadine\nMara Venier as Stella\nLaura Betti as Jolanda\nAnny Papa as Monica\nIlaria Cecchi as Valentina","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Franco Ferrini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco_Ferrini"},{"link_name":"Red Rings of Fear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Rings_of_Fear"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELuther-Smith199918-3"},{"link_name":"Fritz Lang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Lang"},{"link_name":"M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M_(1931_film)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurti2022367-4"},{"link_name":"Italian lire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_lire"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurti2022367-4"}],"text":"Directo Franco Ferrini got the idea for Sweets From a Stranger while scripting the film Red Rings of Fear (1978).[3] Ferrini stated he was inspired by Fritz Lang's film M (1931) for the film.[4]It was shot with a budget of 2 billion Italian lire.[4]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELuther-Smith199918-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowarth2015140-1"}],"text":"In his book Blood & Black Lace, Adrian Luther-Smith described the film as a \"subdued thriller with social realism at its core.\", while saying \"it's clearly a giallo and the revelation of the killer's identity is suitably ridiculous\"[3] Troy Howarth, in his book So Deadly, So Perverse stated the films giallo elements are \"somewhat muted\" and that the film \"in some respects more of a social document than a proper thriller, but it warrants inclusion [in his book giallo] for its novel variation on a standard formula.\"[1]","title":"Style"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurti2022367-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurti20229-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurti2022367-4"},{"link_name":"Corriere della sera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corriere_della_sera"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurti2022367-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowarth2015140-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELuther-Smith199918-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurti2022367-4"}],"text":"Sweets From a Stranger is released in 1987.[4][5] Film critic and historian Roberto Curti described the audience and critical reception to the film as being \"cold to say the least\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._Junius_Brutus	Marcus Junius Brutus	["1 Early life","1.1 Triumvir monetalis","1.2 Cilicia","1.3 Opposition to Pompey","2 Caesar's civil war","3 Assassination of Julius Caesar","3.1 Conspiracy","3.2 Ides of March","3.3 Settlement","4 Liberatores' civil war","4.1 Preparations in the East","4.2 Philippi","5 Chronology","6 Family","7 Legacy","7.1 Ancient views","7.2 Medieval and Renaissance views","7.3 Modern views","8 In popular culture","9 See also","10 Notes","11 References","11.1 Citations","11.2 Sources","12 Further reading","13 External links"]	Roman politician and assassin of Julius Caesar "Brutus" redirects here. For other people with the same name, see Brutus (disambiguation). Marcus Junius BrutusBrutus on the Ides of March coin, issued shortly before his deathBornc. 85 BCDied23 October 42 BC (aged 42/43)Near Philippi, MacedoniaCause of deathSuicideNationalityRomanOther namesQuintus Servilius Caepio BrutusOccupation(s)Politician, orator and generalKnown forAssassination of Julius CaesarOfficeGovernor, Cisalpine Gaul (47–45 BC)Praetor urbanus (44 BC)Proconsul (43–42 BC)Consul designate (41 BC)Spouses(1) Claudia(2) PorciaParent(s)M. Junius Brutus and Servilia Marcus Junius Brutus (/ˈbruːtəs/; Latin pronunciation: ; c. 85 BC – 23 October 42 BC) was a Roman politician, orator, and the most famous of the assassins of Julius Caesar. After being adopted by a relative, he used the name Quintus Servilius Caepio Brutus, which was retained as his legal name. He is often referred to simply as Brutus. Early in his political career, Brutus opposed Pompey, who was responsible for Brutus' father's death. He also was close to Caesar. However, Caesar's attempts to evade accountability in the law courts put him at greater odds with his opponents in the Roman elite and the senate. Brutus eventually came to oppose Caesar and sided with Pompey against Caesar's forces during the ensuing civil war (49–45 BC). Pompey was defeated at the Battle of Pharsalus in 48, after which Brutus surrendered to Caesar, who granted him amnesty. With Caesar's increasingly monarchical and autocratic behaviour after the civil war, several senators who later called themselves liberatores (liberators), plotted to assassinate him. Brutus took a leading role in the assassination, which was carried out successfully on the Ides of March (15 March) of 44 BC. In a settlement between the liberatores and the Caesarians, an amnesty was granted to the assassins while Caesar's acts were upheld for two years. Popular unrest forced Brutus and his brother-in-law, fellow assassin Gaius Cassius Longinus, to leave Rome in April 44. After a complex political realignment, Octavian – Caesar's adopted son – made himself consul and, with his colleague, passed a law retroactively making Brutus and the other conspirators murderers. This led to a second civil war, in which Mark Antony and Octavian fought the liberatores led by Brutus and Cassius. The Caesarians decisively defeated the outnumbered armies of Brutus and Cassius at the two battles at Philippi in October 42. After the defeat Brutus took his own life. His name has been condemned for betrayal of Caesar, his friend and benefactor, and in this respect is perhaps rivalled only by the name of Judas Iscariot, with whom he is portrayed in Dante's Inferno. He also has been praised in various narratives, both ancient and modern, as a virtuous and committed republican who fought – however futilely – for freedom and against tyranny. Early life The Capitoline Brutus, supposedly depicting Brutus' ancestor Lucius Junius Brutus, who expelled the kings from Rome. Marcus Junius Brutus belonged to the illustrious plebeian gens Junia. Its semi-legendary founder was Lucius Junius Brutus, who played a pivotal role during the overthrow of Tarquinius Superbus, the last Roman king, and was afterward one of the two first consuls of the new Roman Republic in 509 BC, taking the opportunity also to have the people swear an oath never to have another king in Rome. Brutus' homonymous father was tribune of the plebs in 83 BC, but he was targeted by Sulla during his proscription. He later served as legate in the rebellion of Marcus Aemilius Lepidus and was killed by Pompey in 77. He had married Servilia of the Servilii Caepiones who was the half-sister of Cato the Younger, and later Julius Caesar's mistress. Some ancient sources refer to the possibility of Caesar being Brutus' real father, despite Caesar being only fifteen years old when Brutus was born. Ancient historians were sceptical of this possibility, and the theory is largely rejected by modern scholars as chronologically improbable. As a result of his father's proscription, Brutus could not start a political career. Around 59, Brutus lifted this restriction by being posthumously adopted by one of his relatives, Quintus Servilius Caepio; he was therefore known officially as Quintus Servilius Caepio Brutus, though he hardly used his legal name. In 59, when Caesar was consul, Brutus also was implicated by Lucius Vettius in the Vettius affair as a member of a conspiracy plotting to assassinate Pompey in the forum. Vettius was detained for admitting possession of a weapon within the city, and quickly changed this story the next day, dropping Brutus' name from his accusations. Brutus' first appearance in public life was as an assistant to Cato, when the latter was appointed by the senate acting at the bequest of Publius Clodius Pulcher, as governor of Cyprus in 58. According to Plutarch, Brutus was instrumental in assisting the administration of the province (specifically by converting treasure of the former king of the island into usable money); his role in administering the province, however, has "almost certainly been exaggerated". Triumvir monetalis Denarius minted by Brutus, 54 BC, with the portraits of Lucius Junius Brutus (obverse) and Gaius Servilius Ahala (reverse). Denarius of Brutus, 44 BC, depicting the personification of Libertas and Lucius Junius Brutus with lictors. In 54 BC, Brutus served as triumvir monetalis, one of the three men appointed annually for producing coins, even though only another colleague is known: Quintus Pompeius Rufus. Moneyers in Brutus' day frequently issued coins commemorating their ancestors; Pompeius Rufus thus put the portraits of his two grandfathers (the dictator Sulla and Pompeius Rufus) on his denarii. Brutus, like his colleague, designed a denarius with the portraits of his paternal ancestor Lucius Junius Brutus and maternal ancestor Gaius Servilius Ahala, both of whom were widely recognised in the late Republic as defenders of liberty (for, respectively, expelling the kings and killing Spurius Maelius). He also made a second type featuring Libertas, the goddess of liberty, and Lucius Brutus. These coins show Brutus' admiration for the tyrannicides of the early republic, already mentioned by Cicero as early as 59 BC. In addition, Brutus' denarii and their message against tyranny participated in the propaganda against Pompey and his ambitions to rule alone or become dictator. Cilicia Brutus married Appius Claudius Pulcher's daughter Claudia, likely in 54 during Pulcher's consulship. He was elected as quaestor (and automatically enrolled in the senate) in 53. Brutus then travelled with his father-in-law to Cilicia during the latter's proconsulship in the next year. While in Cilicia, he spent some time as a money-lender, which was discovered two years later when Cicero was appointed proconsul between 51 and 50 BC. Brutus asked Cicero to help collect two debts which Brutus had made: one to Ariobarzanes, the king of Cappadocia, and one to the town of Salamis. Brutus' loan to Ariobarzanes was bundled with a loan also made by Pompey and both received some repayment on the debt. The loan to Salamis was more complex: officially, the loan was made by two of Brutus' friends, who requested repayment at 48 per cent per annum, which was far in excess of Cicero's previously imposed interest cap of 12 per cent. The loan dated back to 56, shortly after Brutus returned to Rome from Cyprus. Salamis had sent a delegation asking to borrow money, but under the lex Gabinia it was illegal for Romans to lend to provincials in the capital, but Brutus was able to find "friends" to loan this money on his behalf, which was approved under his influence in the senate. Because the lex Gabinia also invalidated such contracts, Brutus also had his contract – officially his friends' contract – confirmed by the senate. One of Brutus' friends in whose name the debt was officially issued, Marcus Scaptius, was in Cilicia during Cicero's proconsulship using force to coerce repayment, which Cicero stopped; Cicero, not seeking to endanger his friendship with Brutus, but also disappointed and angry at Brutus' mischaracterisation of the loan and the exorbitant interest rate attached, was persuaded by Scaptius to defer a decision on the loan to the next governor. Opposition to Pompey In 52, in the aftermath of the death of his uncle-in-law, Publius Clodius Pulcher (brother of his wife's father), he wrote a pamphlet, De Dictatura Pompei (On the Dictatorship of Pompey), opposing demands for Pompey to be made dictator, writing "it is better to rule no one than to be another man's slave, for one can live honourably without power but to live as a slave is impossible". He was in this episode more radical than Cato the Younger, who supported Pompey's elevation as sole consul for 52, saying "any government at all is better than no government". Soon after Pompey was made sole consul, Pompey passed the lex Pompeia de vi, which targeted Titus Annius Milo, for which Cicero would write a speech pro Milone. Brutus also wrote for Milo, writing (a now lost) pro T Annio Milone, in which he connected Milo's killing of Clodius explicitly to the welfare of the state and possibly also criticising what he saw as Pompey's abuses of power. This speech or pamphlet was very well received and positively viewed by later teachers of rhetoric. In the late 50s, Brutus was elected as a pontifex, one of the public priests in charge of supervising the calendar and maintaining Rome's peaceful relationship with the gods. It is likely that Caesar supported his election. Caesar had previously invited Brutus, after his quaestorship, to join him as a legate in Gaul, but Brutus declined, instead going with Appius Pulcher to Cilicia, possibly out of loyalty thereto. During the 50s, Brutus also was involved in some major trials, working alongside famous advocates like Cicero and Quintus Hortensius. In 50, he – with Pompey and Hortensius – played a significant role in defending Brutus' father-in-law Appius Claudius from charges of treason and electoral malpractice. In the political crisis running up to Caesar's Civil War in 49, Brutus' views are mostly unknown. While he did oppose Pompey until 52, Brutus may have simply taken a tactical silence. Cicero's letters also indicate that Brutus may have been courted by Caesar – who is said to have spoken about avenging the death of Brutus' father – in the run-up to the civil war. Caesar's civil war Marble bust, so-called Brutus, at the Palazzo Massimo alle Terme in the National Museum of Rome When Caesar's Civil War broke out in January 49 BC between Pompey and Caesar, Brutus faced a choice between one or the other. Pompey and his allies fled the city before Caesar's army arrived in March. Brutus decided to support his father's killer, Pompey; this choice may have had mostly to do with Brutus' closest allies – Appius Claudius, Cato, Cicero, etc. – also all joining Pompey. He did not, however, immediately join Pompey, instead travelling to Cilicia as legate for Publius Sestius before joining Pompey in winter 49 or spring 48. It is not known whether Brutus fought in the ensuing battles at Dyrrhachium and Pharsalus. Plutarch says that Caesar ordered his officers to take Brutus prisoner if he gave himself up voluntarily, but to leave him alone and do him no harm if he persisted in fighting against capture. After the massive Pompeian defeat at Pharsalus on 9 August 48, Brutus fled through marshland to Larissa, where he wrote to Caesar, who welcomed him graciously into his camp. Plutarch also implies that Brutus told Caesar of Pompey's withdrawal plans to Egypt, but this is unlikely, as Brutus was not present when Pompey's decision to go to Egypt was made. While Caesar followed Pompey to Alexandria in 48–47, Brutus worked to effect a reconciliation between various Pompeians and Caesar. He arrived back in Rome in December 47. Caesar appointed Brutus as governor (likely as legatus pro praetore) for Cisalpine Gaul while he left for Africa in pursuit of Cato and Metellus Scipio. After Cato's suicide following defeat at the battle of Thapsus on 6 April 46, Brutus was one of Cato's eulogisers writing a pamphlet entitled Cato in which he reflected positively both on Cato's life while highlighting Caesar's clementia. After Caesar's last battle against the republican remnant in March 45, Brutus divorced his wife Claudia in June and promptly remarried his cousin Porcia, Cato's daughter, late in the same month. According to Cicero the marriage caused a semi-scandal as Brutus failed to state a valid reason for his divorce from Claudia other than he wished to marry Porcia. Brutus' reasons for marrying Porcia are unclear, he may have been in love or it could have been a politically motivated marriage to position Brutus as heir to Cato's supporters, although Brutus still had good relations with Caesar at this point. Porcia did not get along with Brutus’ mother, Servilia, and Cicero stated that both were very open in their resentment for each other. Brutus also was promised the prestigious urban praetorship for 44 BC and possibly earmarked for the consulship in 41. Assassination of Julius Caesar Main article: Assassination of Julius Caesar Death of Caesar (1804–05) by Vincenzo Camuccini. The Death of Caesar (1867) by Jean-Léon Gérôme. There are various different traditions describing the way in which Brutus arrived to the decision to assassinate Caesar. Plutarch, Appian, and Cassius Dio, all writing in the imperial period, focused on peer pressure and Brutus' perceived philosophical duty to his country and his family's reputation. Conspiracy By autumn 45, public opinion of Caesar was starting to sour: Plutarch, Appian, and Dio all reported graffiti glorifying Brutus' ancestor Lucius Junius Brutus, panning Caesar's kingly ambitions, and derogatory comments made to Marcus Junius Brutus in Rome's open-air courts that he was failing to live up to his ancestors. Dio reports this public support came from the people of Rome; Plutarch however has the graffiti created by elites to shame Brutus into action. Regardless of the specific impetus, modern historians believe that at least some portion of popular opinion had turned against Caesar by early 44. Caesar deposed two plebeian tribunes in late January 44 for removing a crown from one of his statues; this attack on the tribunes undermined one of his main arguments – defending the rights of the tribunes – for going to civil war in 49. In February 44, Caesar thrice rejected a crown from Marcus Antonius to cheering crowds, but later accepted the title dictator perpetuo, which in Latin translated either to dictator for life or as dictator for an undetermined term. Cicero also wrote letters asking Brutus to reconsider his association with Caesar. Cassius Dio claims that Brutus' wife Porcia spurred Brutus' conspiracy, but evidence is unclear as to the extent of her influence. Gaius Cassius Longinus, also one of the praetors for that year and a former legate of Caesar's, also was involved in the formation of the conspiracy. Plutarch has Brutus approach Cassius at his wife's urging, while Appian and Dio have Cassius approaching Brutus (and in Dio, Cassius does so after opposing further honours for Caesar publicly). The extent of Caesar's control over the political system also stymied the ambitions of many aristocrats of Brutus' generation: Caesar's dictatorship precluded many of the avenues for success which Romans recognised. The reduction of the senate to a rubber stamp ended political discussion in Caesar's senate; there was no longer any room for anyone to shape policy except by convincing Caesar; political success became a grant of Caesar's rather than something won competitively from the people. The Platonian philosophical tradition, of which Brutus was an active writer and thinker, also emphasised a duty to restore justice and to overthrow tyrants. Regardless of how the conspiracy was initially formed, Brutus and Cassius, along with Brutus' cousin and close ally of Caesar's, Decimus Junius Brutus, started to recruit to the conspiracy in late February 44. They recruited men including Gaius Trebonius, Publius Servilius Casca, Servius Sulpicius Galba, and others. There was a discussion late in the conspiracy as to whether Antony should be killed, which Brutus forcefully rejected: Plutarch says Brutus thought Antony could be turned to the tyrannicides; Appian says Brutus thought of the optics of purging the Caesarian elite rather than only removing a tyrant. Various plans were proposed – an ambush on the via sacra, an attack at the elections, or killing at a gladiator match – eventually, however, the conspiracy settled on a senate meeting on the Ides of March. The specific date carried symbolic importance, as consuls until the mid-2nd century BC had assumed their offices on that day (instead of early January). The reasons for choosing the Ides are unclear: Nicolaus of Damascus (writing in the Augustan period) assumed that a senate meeting would isolate Caesar from support; Appian reports on the possibility of other senators coming to the assassins' aid. Both possibilities "are unlikely" due to Caesar's expansion of the senate and the low number of conspirators relative to the whole senate body. More likely is Dio's suggestion that a senate meeting would give the conspirators a tactical advantage as, by smuggling weapons, only the conspirators would be armed. Ides of March The ancient sources embellish the Ides with omens ignored, soothsayers spurned, and notes to Caesar spilling the conspiracy unread, all contributing to the dramatic and tragic propagandic stories of Caesar's death. The specific implementation of the conspiracy had Trebonius detain Antony – then serving as co-consul with Caesar – outside the senate house; Caesar was then stabbed to death almost immediately. The specific details of the assassination vary between authors: Nicolaus of Damascus reports some eighty conspirators, Appian only listed fifteen, the number of wounds on Caesar ranges from twenty-three to thirty-five. Plutarch reports that Caesar yielded to the attack after seeing Brutus' participation; Dio reported that Caesar shouted in Greek kai su teknon ("You too, child?"). Suetonius' account, however, also cites Lucius Cornelius Balbus, a friend of Caesar's, as saying that the dictator fell in silence, with the possibility that Caesar spoke kai su teknon as a postscript. As dramatic death quotes were a staple of Roman literature, the historicity of the quote is unclear. The use of kai su, however, indicates the possibility of a curse, per classicists James Russell and Jeffrey Tatum. Immediately after Caesar's death, senators fled the chaos. None attempted to aid Caesar or to move his body. Cicero reported that Caesar fell at the foot of the statue of Pompey. His body was only moved after night fell, carried home to Caesar's wife Calpurnia. The conspirators travelled to the Capitoline hill; Caesar's deputy in the dictatorship, Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, moved a legion of troops from the Tiber Island into the city and surrounded the forum. Suetonius reports that Brutus and Cassius initially planned to seize Caesar's property and revoke his decrees, but stalled out of fear of Lepidus and Antony. Before Lepidus' troops arrived to the forum, Brutus spoke before the people in a contio. The text of that speech is lost. Dio says the liberatores promoted their support of democracy and liberty and told the people not to expect harm; Appian says the liberatores merely congratulated each other and recommended the recall of Sextus Pompey and the tribunes Caesar had recently deposed. The support of the people was tepid, even though other speeches followed supporting the tyrannicide. Publius Cornelius Dolabella, who was to become consul in a few days on the 18th, decided immediately to assume the consulship illegally, expressed his support of Brutus and Cassius before the people, and joined the liberatores on the Capitoline. Cicero urged the tyrannicides to call a meeting of the senate to gather its support; but instead Brutus sent a delegation to the Caesarians, asking for a negotiated settlement. This may have been due to family connections: Lepidus was married to one of Brutus' sisters; or perhaps Brutus believed that Antony could be won over. The Caesarians delayed for a day, moving troops and gathering weapons and supplies for a possible conflict. After Caesar's death, Dio reports a series of prodigies and miraculous occurrences which are "self-evidently fantastic" and likely fictitious. Some of the supposed prodigies did in fact occur, but were actually unrelated to Caesar's death: Cicero's statue was knocked over but only in the next year, Mt Etna in Sicily did erupt but not contemporaneously, a comet was seen in the sky but only months later. Settlement The initial plan from Brutus and Cassius seems to have been to establish a period of calm and then to work towards a general reconciliation. While the Caesarians had troops near the capital at hand, the liberatores were soon to assume control of vast provincial holdings in the east which would provide them, within the year, with large armies and resources. Seeing that the military situation was initially problematic, the liberatores decided then to ratify Caesar's decrees so that they could hold on to their magistracies and provincial assignments to protect themselves and rebuild the republican front. Cicero acted as an honest broker and hammered out a compromise solution: general amnesty for the assassins, ratification of Caesar's acts and appointments for the next two years, and guarantees to Caesar's veterans that they would receive their promised land grants. Caesar also was to receive a public funeral. If the settlement had held, there would have been a general resumption of the republic: Decimus would go to Gaul that year and be confirmed as consul in 42, where he would then hold elections for 41. The people celebrated the reconciliation but some of the hard-core Caesarians were convinced that civil war would follow. Caesar's funeral occurred on 20 March, with a rousing speech by Antony mourning the dictator and energising opposition against the tyrannicides. Various ancient sources report that the crowd set the senate house on fire and started a witch-hunt for the tyrannicides, but these may have been spurious embellishments added by Livy, according to T P Wiseman. Contrary to what is reported by Plutarch, the assassins stayed in Rome for a few weeks after the funeral until April 44, indicating some support among the population for the tyrannicides. A person calling himself Marius, claiming he was a descendant of Gaius Marius, started a plan to ambush Brutus and Cassius. Brutus, as urban praetor in charge of the city's courts, was able to get a special dispensation to leave the capital for more than 10 days, and he withdrew to one of his estates in Lanuvium, 20 miles south-east of Rome. This fake Marius, for his threats to the tyrannicides (and to Antony's political base), was executed by being thrown from the Tarpeian Rock in mid- or late April. Dolabella, the other consul, acting on his own initiative, took down an altar and column dedicated to Caesar. By early May, Brutus was considering exile. Octavian's arrival, along with the fake Marius, caused Antony to lose some of the support of his veterans, he responded by touring Campania – officially to settle Caesar's veterans – but actually to buttress military support. Dolabella at this time was on the side of the liberatores and also was the only consul at Rome; Antony's brother Lucius Antonius helped Octavian to announce publicly that he was to fulfil the conditions of Caesar's will, handing an enormous amount of wealth to the citizenry. Brutus also wrote a number of speeches disseminated to the public defending his actions, emphasising how Caesar had invaded Rome, killed prominent citizens, and suppressed the popular sovereignty of the people. By mid-May, Antony started on designs against Decimus Brutus' governorship in Cisalpine Gaul. He bypassed the senate and took the matter to the popular assemblies in June and enacted the reassignment of the Gallic province by law. At the same time, he proposed reassigning Brutus and Cassius from their provinces to instead purchase grain in Asia and Sicily. There was a meeting at Brutus' house attended by Cicero, Brutus and Cassius (and wives), and Brutus' mother, in which Cassius announced his intention to go to Syria while Brutus wanted to return to Rome, but ended up going to Greece. His initial plan to go to Rome, however, was to put on games in early July commemorating his ancestor Lucius Junius Brutus and promoting his cause; he instead delegated the games to a friend. Octavian also held games commemorating Caesar late in the month; around this time also, the liberatores started to prepare in earnest for civil war. Liberatores' civil war Main article: Liberators' civil war Ides of March coin minted by Brutus in 43–42 BC. The daggers and pileus celebrate the assassination of Julius Caesar. Preparations in the East The senate assigned Brutus to Crete (and Cassius to Cyrene) in early August, both small and insignificant provinces with few troops. Later in the month, Brutus left Italy for the east. He was acclaimed in Greece by the younger Romans there and recruited many supporters from the young Roman aristocrats being educated in Athens. He discussed with the governor of Macedonia handing the province over to him; while Antony in Rome allocated the province to his brother Gaius, Brutus travelled north with an army to Macedonia, buoyed by funds collected by two outgoing quaestores at the end of the year. In January 43, Brutus entered Macedonia with his army, and took Antony's brother Gaius captive. At the same time, the political situation in Rome turned against Antony, as Cicero was delivering his Phillipics. Over the next few months, Brutus spent his time in Greece building strength. In Italy, the senate at Cicero's urging fought against Antony at the battle of Mutina, where both consuls (Hirtius and Pansa) were killed. During this time, the republicans enjoyed the support of the senate, which confirmed Brutus and Cassius' commands in Macedonia and Syria, respectively. Dolabella switched sides in 43, killing Trebonius in Syria and raising an army against Cassius. Brutus decamped for Syria in early May, writing letters to Cicero criticising Cicero's policy to support Octavian against Antony; at the same time, the senate had declared Antony an enemy of the state. In late May, Lepidus (married to Brutus' half-sister) – possibly forced by his own troops – joined Antony against Cicero, Octavian, and the senate, leading Brutus to write to Cicero asking him to protect both his own and Lepidus' family. The next month, Brutus' wife Porcia died. Cicero's policy of attempting to unify Octavian with the senate against Antony and Lepidus started to fail in May; he requested Brutus to take his forces and march to his aid in Italy in mid-June. It seems that Brutus and Cassius in the east had substantial communications delays and failed to recognise that Antony had not been defeated, contra earlier assurances after Mutina. Over the next few months from June to 19 August, Octavian marched on Rome and forced his election as consul. Shortly afterwards, Octavian and his colleague, Quintus Pedius, passed the lex Pedia making the murder of a dictator retroactively illegal, and convicting Brutus and the assassins in absentia. The new consuls also lifted the senate's decrees against Lepidus and Antony, clearing the way for a general Caesarian rapprochement. Under that law, Decimus was killed in the west some time in autumn, defeating the republican cause in the west; by 27 November 43, the Caesarians had fully settled their differences and passed the lex Titia, forming the Second Triumvirate and instituting a series of brutal proscriptions. The proscriptions claimed many lives, including that of Cicero. When news of the triumvirate and their proscriptions reached Brutus in the east, he marched across the Hellespont into Macedonia to quell rebellion and conquered a number of cities in Thrace. After meeting Cassius in Smyrna in January 42, both generals also went on a campaign through southern Asia minor sacking cities which had aided their enemies. Brutus' depiction among certain authors, like Appian, suffered considerably from this eastern campaign, in which Brutus marched into cities like Xanthus enslaving their populations and plundering their wealth. Other ancient historians, including Plutarch, take a more apologetic tone, having Brutus regret with tears the violence done; this was common ancient literary device to excuse and praise morally condemnable actions, such as pillaging. The campaign continued with less sacking but more coerced payments; the ancient tradition on this turn also is divided, with Appian seeing eastern willingness to surrender emerging from stories of Xanthus' destruction contra Cassius Dio and Plutarch viewing the later portions of the campaign as emblematic of Brutus' virtues of moderation, justice, and honour. By the end of the campaign in Asia minor, both Brutus and Cassius were tremendously rich. They reconvened at Sardis and marched into Thrace in August 42. Philippi Further information: Battle of Philippi Brutus and his companions after the battle of Philippi The Caesarians also marched into Greece, evading the naval patrols of Sextus Pompey, Lucius Staius Murcus , and Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus. The liberatores had positioned themselves west of Neapolis with clear lines of communication back to their supplies in the east. Octavian and Antony, leading the Caesarian forces, were not so lucky, as their supply lines were harassed by the superior republican fleets, leading the liberatores to adopt a strategy of attrition. Octavian and Antony had some 95,000 infantry with 13,000 horsemen, while Brutus and Cassius had some 85,000 infantry and 20,000 cavalry. Flush with cash, the liberatores also had a substantial financial advantage, paying their soldiers in advance of the battle with 1,500 denarii a man and more for officers. Antony moved quickly to force an engagement immediately, building a causeway under cover of darkness into the swamps that anchored the republican left flank; Cassius, commanding the republican left, countered with a wall to cut off Antony from his men and to defend his own flank. In the ensuing first battle of Philippi, the start of the battle is unclear. Appian says Antony attacked Cassius whereas Plutarch reports battle was joined more-or-less simultaneously. Brutus' forces defeated Octavian's troops on the republican right flank, sacking Octavian's camp and forcing the young Caesar to withdraw. Cassius' troops fared poorly against Antony's men, forcing Cassius to withdraw to a hill. Two stories then follow: Appian reports that Cassius heard of Brutus' victory, and killed himself out of shame; but all other sources describe how one of Cassius' legates failed to relay the news of Brutus' victory, causing Cassius to believe that Brutus had been defeated, and leading to his suicide. Following the first battle, Brutus assumed command of Cassius' army with the promise of a substantial cash reward. He also possibly promised his soldiers that he would allow them to plunder Thessalonica and Sparta after victory, as the cities had supported the triumvirs in the conflict. Fearful of defections among his troops and the possibility of Antony cutting his supply lines, Brutus joined battle after attempting for some time to continue the original strategy of starving the enemy out. The resulting second battle of Philippi was a head-to-head struggle in which the sources report few tactical manoeuvres but heavy casualties, especially among eminent republican families. After the defeat, Brutus fled into the nearby hills with about four legions. Knowing his army had been defeated and that he would be captured, he took his own life by falling on his sword. Among his last words were, according to Plutarch, "By all means must we fly, but with our hands, not our feet". Brutus reportedly also uttered the well-known verse calling down a curse quoted from Euripides' Medea: "O Zeus, do not forget who has caused all these woes". It is, however, unclear whether Brutus was referring to Antony, as claimed by Appian, or otherwise Octavian, as Kathryn Tempest believes. Also according to Plutarch, he praised his friends for not deserting him before encouraging them to save themselves. Some sources report that Antony, upon discovering Brutus' body, as a show of great respect, ordered it to be wrapped in Antony's most expensive purple mantle and cremated, with the ashes to be sent to Brutus' mother, Servilia. Suetonius, however, reports that Octavian had Brutus' head cut off and planned to have it displayed before a statue of Caesar until it was thrown overboard during a storm in the Adriatic. Chronology 85 BC: Brutus is born to Marcus Junius Brutus and Servilia. 58 BC: Serves as assistant to Cato, the governor of Cyprus, helping him start his political career. 54 BC: Marries Claudia, daughter of Appius Claudius Pulcher. 53 BC: Quaestorship in Cilicia, where his father-in-law is governor. 52 BC: Opposes Pompey and defends Milo after the death of Publius Clodius Pulcher. 49 BC: The Civil War begins in January. Brutus joins the Pompeian party against Caesar, serving as legate to Publius Sestius in Cilicia, then joining Pompey in Greece late in the year. 48 BC: Pompey is defeated at Pharsalus on 9 August; Brutus is pardoned by Caesar. 46 BC: Caesar appoints Brutus governor of Cisalpine Gaul, before defeating the remnants of the Pompeians at Thapsus in April. 45 BC: Caesar appoints him praetor urbanus for 44. 44 BC: Caesar takes title of dictator perpetuo. Brutus and the other liberatores assassinate Caesar on the ides of March. He leaves Italy for Athens in late August, thence travels to Macedonia. 42 BC: Brutus campaigns successfully in southern Asia minor in January. In September and October his forces are defeated by the triumvirs, and he commits suicide. Family vteBrutus family tree This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Salonia (2)Cato the ElderLicinia (1) Marcus Porcius Cato SalonianusMarcus Porcius Cato LicinianusMarcus Livius Drusus Marcus Porcius Cato (2)LiviaQuintus Servilius Caepio (1)Marcus Livius Drusus Atilia (1)Cato the YoungerMarcus Livius Drusus Claudianus,adopted son Marcus Junius Brutus (1)ServiliaDecimus Junius Silanus (2)ServiliaGnaeus Servilius Caepio Marcus Porcius CatoPorciaMarcus Junius Brutus†Junia PrimaJunia TertiaGaius Cassius Longinus x Junia SecundaMarcus Aemilius Lepidus (triumvir) Descendant ofPompey and Sullason Manius Aemilius LepidusAemilia Lepida II (1): 1st spouse (2): 2nd spouse †: assassin of Caesar Notes: Legacy This was the noblest Roman of them all:All the conspirators save only heDid that they did in envy of great Caesar;He only, in a general honest thoughtAnd common good to all, made one of them.His life was gentle, and the elementsSo mix'd in him that Nature might stand upAnd say to all the world "This was a man!" Shakespeare, Julius Caesar, 5.5.69–76. Brutus' historical character has undergone numerous revisions and remains divisive. Dominant views of Brutus vary by time and geography. Ancient views In the ancient world, Brutus' legacy was a topic of substantial debate. Starting from his own times and shortly after his death, he was already viewed as having killed Caesar for virtuous reasons rather than envy or hatred. For example, Plutarch, in his "Life of Brutus" from Parallel Lives, mentions that Brutus' enemies respected him, recounting that Antony once said that "Brutus was the only man to have slain Caesar because he was driven by the splendour and nobility of the deed, while the rest conspired against the man because they hated and envied him". Even when he was still alive, Brutus' literary output, especially the pamphlets of 52 BC against Pompey's dictatorship (De dictatura Pompei) and in support of Milo (Pro T. Annio Milone) coloured him as philosophically consistent, and motivated only by principle. Cicero, in his De Officiis, expressed that the act of the conspirators, including Brutus, was a moral duty. The main charge against him in the ancient world was that of ingratitude, viewing Brutus as ungrateful in taking Caesar's goodwill and support and then killing him. An even more negative historiographical tradition viewed Brutus and his compatriots as criminal murderers. Still, during the Augustan age, historians were said to have written about Brutus and the other conspirators respectfully. Even Augustus himself was alleged to tolerate positive views of Brutus. However, the Forum of Augustus, which included statues of various republican heroes, omitted men such as Cato the Younger, Cicero, Brutus, and Cassius. The divisive views of Brutus in the early Principate had little changed by the reign of Tiberius; in fact, the atmosphere became more intolerant. The historian Cremutius Cordus was charged with treason for having written a history too friendly to Brutus and Cassius. Around the same time, Valerius Maximus, writing with the support of the imperial regime, believed Brutus' memory suffered from "irreversible curses". During this time, "admiration of Brutus and Cassius was more sinisterly interpreted as a cry of protest against the imperial system". The stoic, Seneca the Younger, argued that since Caesar was a good king, Brutus' fear was unfounded, and that he did not think through the consequences of Caesar's death. But by the time that Plutarch was actually writing his Life of Brutus, "the oral and written tradition had been worked over to create a streamlined, and largely positive, narrative of Brutus' motives". Some high imperial writers also admired his rhetorical skills, especially Pliny the Younger and Tacitus, with the latter writing, "in my opinion, Brutus alone among them laid bare the convictions of his heart frankly and ingeniously, with neither ill-will nor spite". Medieval and Renaissance views In the 12th century, English writer John of Salisbury, who owned a copy of De Officis, emulated Cicero’s beliefs by defending tyrannicide as a moral obligation. Thomas Aquinas also initially agreed with Cicero’s defense of Brutus. However, he later changed his beliefs, expressing that while tyrants should be overthrown under certain circumstances, mild tyrants ought to be tolerated out of possible unintended consequences. Dante Alighieri's Inferno notably placed Brutus in the lowest circle of Hell for his betrayal of Caesar, where he (along with Cassius and Judas Iscariot) is personally tortured by Satan. Dante's views gave a further theological bent as well: by killing Caesar, Brutus "was resisting God's 'historical design'": the development of the Roman Empire with its fusion with Christianity and the Christianised monarchies of his day. Renaissance writers, however, tended to view him more positively, as Brutus' assassination of Caesar symbolised ancient republican ideology. Various men in the renaissance and early modern periods were called or adopted the name Brutus: In 1537, the "Florentine Brutus", Lorenzino de' Medici, killed his cousin Duke Alessandro allegedly to free Florence; the French pamphlet Vindiciae contra tyrannos (Defences against tyrants) was published in 1579 under the pseudonym Stephanus Junius Brutus; the "British Brutus" Algernon Sidney was executed in 1683 for allegedly plotting against Charles II. Brutus was also present in the arts during the early modern period, particularly in Shakespeare's Julius Caesar, which depicted him "more of a troubled soul than a public symbol... often sympathetic". Modern views Views of Brutus as a symbol of republicanism have remained through the modern period. For example, the Anti-Federalist Papers in 1787 were written under the pseudonym "Brutus". Similar anti-federalist letters and pamphlets were written by other Roman republican names such as Cato and Poplicola. Conyers Middleton and Edward Gibbon, writing in the late 18th century, had negative views. Middleton believed Brutus' vacillations in correspondence with Cicero betrayed his claims to philosophical consistency. Gibbon conceived of Brutus' actions in terms of their results: the destruction of the republic, civil war, death, and future tyranny. More teleological views of Brutus' actions are viewed sceptically by historians today: Ronald Syme, for example, pointed out "to judge Brutus because he failed is simply to judge from the results". The influential History of Rome by Theodor Mommsen in the late 19th century "cast a damning verdict on Brutus" by ending with Caesar's reforms in 46 BC, along with advancing a view that Caesar "had some sort of solution to the problem of how to deal with Rome's growing empire" (of which there is no surviving description). Similarly, views of Brutus are also bound up with assessment of the republic: those who believe the republic was not worth saving or in an inevitable decline, views perhaps coloured by hindsight, view him more negatively. There remains little consensus on Brutus' actions as a whole. In popular culture In Jonathan Swift's 1726 satire Gulliver's Travels, Gulliver arrives at the island of Glubbdubdrib and is invited by a sorcerer to visit with several historical figures brought back from the dead. Among them, Caesar and Brutus are evoked, and Caesar confesses that all his glory doesn't equal the glory Brutus gained by murdering him. In the Masters of Rome novels of Colleen McCullough, Brutus is portrayed as a timid intellectual whose relationship with Caesar is deeply complex. He resents Caesar for breaking his marriage arrangement with Caesar's daughter, Julia, whom Brutus deeply loved so that she could be married instead to Pompey the Great. However, Brutus enjoys Caesar's favor after he receives a pardon for fighting with Republican forces against Caesar at the Battle of Pharsalus. In the lead-up to the Ides of March, Cassius and Trebonius use him as a figurehead because of his family connections to the founder of the Republic. He appears in Fortune's Favourites, Caesar's Women, Caesar and The October Horse. Brutus is an occasional supporting character in Asterix comics, most notably Asterix and Son in which he is the main antagonist. The character appears in the first three live Asterix film adaptations – though briefly in the first two – Asterix and Obelix vs Caesar (played by Didier Cauchy) and Asterix at the Olympic Games. In the latter film, he is portrayed as a comical villain by Belgian actor Benoît Poelvoorde: he is a central character to the film, even though he was not depicted in the original Asterix at the Olympic Games comic book. He is implied in that film to be Julius Caesar's biological son. In the TV series Rome, Brutus, portrayed by Tobias Menzies, is depicted as a young man torn between what he believes is right, and his loyalty to and love of a man who has been like a father to him. In the series, his personality and motives are somewhat inaccurate, as Brutus is portrayed as an unwilling participant in politics. In the earlier episodes, he is frequently inebriated and easily ruled by emotion. Brutus' relationship to Cato is not mentioned; his three sisters and wife, Porcia, are omitted. The Hives' song "B is for Brutus" contains titular and lyrical references to Junius Brutus. Red Hot Chili Peppers song "Even You Brutus?" from their 2011 album I'm with You makes reference to Brutus and Judas Iscariot. The video game Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood features a small side story in the form of the "Scrolls of Romulus" written by Brutus, which reveals that Caesar was a Templar, and Brutus and the conspirators were members of the Roman Brotherhood of Assassins. At the end of the side quest, the player is able to get Brutus' armour and dagger. Later at Assassin's Creed Origins, Brutus and Cassius make an appearance as Aya's earliest recruits and is the one who give the killing blow to Caesar, though his armour from Brotherhood does not make an appearance here. See also Junia gens Notes ^ Cicero, Brutus, 324 says he was born ten years after the debut of Hortensius, in 95 BC, but Velleius Paterculus has Brutus aged 36 at death. Velleius's date would make Brutus too young to hold the offices he is known to have held. Tempest 2017, pp. 262–263. ^ Possibly Ariobarzanes II. Cicero's time as governor overlaps with the death of Ariobarzanes II and the accession of Ariobarzanes III. ^ The speech Brutus wrote for Milo is also called the exercitatio Bruti pro Milone. Balbo 2013, p. 320. ^ Cicero made the proposal, "referring to Brutus by his official name", "that as proconsul Quintus Caepio Brutus shall protect, defend, guard, and keep safe Macedonia, Illyricum, and the whole of Greece; that he will command the army which he himself has established and raised... and see to it that, together with his army, he be as close as possible to Italy". Tempest 2017, p. 150. ^ "Evidently there was little understanding in the east of the effect of Lepidus' defection and the potential crisis awaiting Rome; likewise, in the west, the problem of Dolabella was remote and incomprehensible". Tempest 2017, p. 168. References Citations ^ Broughton 1952, p. 576. "M. Iunius Brutus ... (53) Monetal. ca. 60 ... Q. 53 (Cilicia), Leg., Lieut. 49, 48 ?, Propr. ? or Leg., Lieut. ? Gall. Cisalp. 46–45 (early), Pr. Urb. 44, Cur. annon. 44, Procos. Crete 44, Procos. (with imperium maius) Macedonia and the East 43–42". ^ Balbo 2013, p. 317. ^ Tempest 2017, pp. 25, 150. ^ a b Tempest 2017, p. 50. ^ a b Tempest 2017, p. 238. ^ Tempest 2017, pp. 58–59. ^ a b c d e f g h i Tempest 2017, p. 239. ^ Tempest 2017, pp. 1–3. ^ Tempest 2017, pp. 97–104. ^ Tempest 2017, p. 241. ^ Tempest 2017, p. 117. ^ a b c Tempest 2017, p. 169. ^ Tempest 2017, pp. 200–208. ^ a b c d e Tempest 2017, p. 208. ^ Tempest 2017, p. 218. ^ Tempest 2017, pp. 229–230. ^ Tempest 2017, Plate 3. ^ Tempest 2017, pp. 17–18. ^ Broughton 1952, p. 63. ^ Treggiari, Susan (2019). "Adolescence and Marriage to Brutus (c. 88–78)". Servilia and her Family. Oxford University Press. pp. 70–87. doi:10.1093/oso/9780198829348.003.0004. ISBN 978-0-19-186792-7. ^ Hinard 1985, pp. 361–362. ^ Valerius Maximus (2004). Memorable deeds and sayings : one thousand tales from ancient Rome. Translated by Walker, Henry J. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing. p. 205. ISBN 0-87220-675-0. OCLC 53231884. Pompey killed Marcus Junius Brutus, a rebel legate in northern Italy, in 77 BC. ^ Tempest 2017, p. 24. ^ Tempest 2017, p. 25. ^ Flower, Harriet (7 March 2016). "Servilia". Oxford Classical Dictionary. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.5854. ISBN 978-0199381135. Retrieved 21 May 2021. ^ Plut. Brut., 5.2. ^ Tempest 2017, p. 102, noting the "almost universally accepted" treatment rejecting Caesar's parentage at Fluß, Max (1923). "Servilius 101" . Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft (in German). Vol. II A, 2. Stuttgart: Butcher. cols. 1817–21 – via Wikisource. ^ Syme, Ronald (1960). "Bastards in the Roman Aristocracy". Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 104 (3): 326. ISSN 0003-049X. JSTOR 985248. Chronology is against Caesar's paternity. ^ Syme, Ronald (1980). "No Son for Caesar?". Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte. 29 (4): 426. ISSN 0018-2311. JSTOR 4435732. Caesar is excluded by plain fact. ^ Hinard 1985, pp. 185–186, 361–362. ^ Tempest 2017, p. 25, citing Cic. Att., 2.24.3. ^ Tempest 2017, p. 36. ^ Tempest 2017, p. 37, citing Cicero's allegation of a "nocturnal intervention" altering Vettius' testimony at Cic. Att., 2.24.3. ^ Tempest 2017, p. 40. ^ Tempest 2017, p. 40, citing Plut. Brut., 3.1–4. ^ a b c Crawford 1974, p. 455. ^ Tempest 2017, Plate 5. ^ Tempest 2017, Plate 4. ^ Crawford 1974, pp. 456, 734. Quintus Pompeius Rufus was a supporter of Pompey. ^ Tempest 2017, p. 41. ^ Crawford 1974, pp. 455, 456, 734, also mentioning other moneyers minting coins for and against Pompey in the 50s BC. ^ Tempest 2017, p. 43, citing Cic. Fam., 3.4.2 (relation to Appius) and Broughton 1952, p. 229 (dating of quaestorship). ^ Tempest 2017, pp. 42–43. ^ Tempest 2017, p. 45. ^ a b c Tempest 2017, p. 46. ^ a b Tempest 2017, p. 47. ^ Tempest 2017, pp. 48–49. ^ a b Tempest 2017, p. 51. ^ Tempest 2017, p. 52. ^ Balbo 2013, p. 319. ^ Tempest 2017, p. 53, noting also that Broughton 1952, p. 254 dates elevation to 51 BC. ^ Tempest 2017, p. 53. ^ Tempest 2017, pp. 43–44. ^ Tempest 2017, pp. 53–54, citing Cic. Att., 3.11.1–3 and 3.12.1. ^ Tempest 2017, p. 59. ^ Tempest 2017, p. 60, citing Cic. Att., 8.14.2. ^ a b Tempest 2017, p. 60. ^ a b Tempest 2017, p. 61. ^ Plut. Brut., 5.1. ^ a b Tempest 2017, p. 63. ^ a b c Tempest 2017, p. 70. ^ Tempest 2017, p. 71. ^ Tempest 2017, p. 74. ^ Tempest 2017, p. 75. ^ Cic. Att. 13.16. ^ a b c Tempest 2017, p. 76. ^ Clarke 1981, pp. 29–30. ^ Cic. Att. 13.22. ^ a b Tempest 2017, p. 84. ^ Tempest 2017, p. 86. ^ a b Tempest 2017, p. 87. ^ a b Tempest 2017, p. 81. ^ a b Tempest 2017, p. 82. ^ Tempest 2017, pp. 87–88. ^ Tempest 2017, pp. 89–90. ^ Tempest 2017, p. 91. ^ Tempest 2017, p. 93. ^ Tempest 2017, pp. 95–99. ^ Tempest 2017, pp. 97–98. ^ Tempest 2017, p. 98. ^ Tempest 2017, p. 99. ^ Tempest 2017, pp. 99–100. ^ a b c d Tempest 2017, p. 100. ^ Tempest 2017, p. 101. ^ Tempest 2017, pp. 3–4, citing at Tempest 2017, p. 261 n. 1 the various ancient accounts: Nic. Dam., 58–106; Plut. Caes., 60–68; Plut. Brut., 8–20; Suet. Iul., 76–85; App. B Civ., 2.106–147; Cass. Dio, 44.9–19. ^ Tempest 2017, p. 3. ^ Tempest 2017, p. 101, citing Suet. Iul., 81–82. ^ Tempest 2017, p. 102. ^ Tempest 2017, p. 103. ^ a b Tempest 2017, p. 107. ^ a b Tempest 2017, p. 108. ^ Tempest 2017, p. 109. ^ a b c Tempest 2017, p. 110. ^ a b Tempest 2017, p. 106. ^ a b Tempest 2017, p. 113. ^ Tempest 2017, pp. 112–113. ^ a b Tempest 2017, p. 114. ^ Tempest 2017, pp. 114–115. ^ Tempest 2017, pp. 119. ^ Tempest 2017, pp. 119–120. ^ Tempest 2017, pp. 116–117. ^ a b Tempest 2017, p. 124. ^ Tempest 2017, pp. 126–127. ^ Tempest 2017, pp. 127. ^ Tempest 2017, p. 129. ^ Tempest 2017, p. 132. ^ Tempest 2017, p. 133. ^ Tempest 2017, pp. 134–135. ^ Tempest 2017, p. 137. ^ Crawford 1974, p. 518. ^ Tempest 2017, p. 140. ^ Tempest 2017, p. 142. ^ Tempest 2017, pp. 144–146. ^ a b c d Tempest 2017, p. 243. ^ Tempest 2017, p. 150. ^ Tempest 2017, p. 161. ^ Tempest 2017, pp. 243–244. ^ a b Tempest 2017, p. 244. ^ a b Tempest 2017, p. 166. ^ Tempest 2017, pp. 244–245. ^ Tempest 2017, p. 170. ^ a b Tempest 2017, p. 245. ^ Tempest 2017, p. 171. ^ Tempest 2017, p. 177. ^ Tempest 2017, p. 178. ^ Tempest 2017, p. 179. ^ Tempest 2017, p. 182. ^ Tempest 2017, pp. 183–184. ^ Tempest 2017, pp. 189–191. ^ Tempest 2017, p. 191. ^ Tempest 2017, p. 193. ^ a b c Tempest 2017, p. 197. ^ Tempest 2017, p. 198. ^ Tempest 2017, p. 200. ^ a b Tempest 2017, p. 201. ^ Tempest 2017, p. 202. ^ Tempest 2017, p. 203. ^ Tempest 2017, p. 204. ^ Tempest 2017, p. 205. ^ Tempest 2017, p. 206. ^ a b c Tempest 2017, p. 207. ^ Tempest 2017, p. 209. ^ Tempest 2017, pp. 248–258. ^ Tempest 2017, p. 211. ^ a b Tempest 2017, p. 213. ^ Clarke 1981, p. 79. ^ Tempest 2017, pp. 216–217. ^ Tempest 2017, p. 175. ^ a b Tempest 2017, p. 5. ^ Clarke 1981, p. 80. ^ Gowing 2005, p. 145. ^ Gowing 2005, p. 26. ^ Gowing 2005, p. 55. ^ a b Tempest 2017, p. 219. ^ Tempest 2017, p. 215. ^ Clarke 1981, p. 86–87. ^ Tempest 2017, p. 218, citing Piccolomini, Manfredi (1991). The Brutus revival: parricide and tyrannicide during the Renaissance. Carbondale and Edwardsville: Southern Illinois University Press. pp. 2–5. ISBN 978-0-8093-1649-6. ^ Parker, Deborah (1993). Commentary and ideology: Dante in the Renaissance. Duke University Press. pp. 65, 82–83. ISBN 978-0-8223-1281-9. Both writers emphasize that Caesar symbolizes the universal monarch and Brutus and Cassius represent the assassins of the true universal emperor. ^ a b Tempest 2017, p. 230. ^ a b Tempest 2017, p. 231. ^ Dry, Murray; Storing, Herbert J, eds. (1985). The anti-Federalist: an abridgement. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-77562-3. OCLC 698669562. ^ Tempest 2017, p. 10. ^ a b Tempest 2017, p. 220. Sources Balbo, Andrea (2013). "Marcus Junius Brutus the orator: between philosophy and rhetoric". In Steel, Catherine; van der Blom, Henriette (eds.). Community and communication: oratory and politics in republican Rome. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-964189-5. Broughton, Thomas Robert Shannon (1952). The magistrates of the Roman republic. Vol. 2. New York: American Philological Association. Clarke, Martin Lowther (1981). The Noblest Roman: Marcus Brutus and His Reputation. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-801-41393-3. Crawford, Michael Hewson (1974). Roman republican coinage. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-07492-6. Gowing, Alain M (2005). Empire and memory: the representation of the Roman republic in imperial culture. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511610592. ISBN 0-511-12792-8. OCLC 252514679. Hinard, François (1985). Les proscriptions de la Rome républicaine (in French). Rome: Ecole française de Rome. ISBN 2728300941. Plutarch (1918) . "Life of Brutus". Parallel Lives. Loeb Classical Library. Vol. 6. Translated by Perrin, Bernadotte. Harvard University Press. OCLC 40115288 – via Perseus Digital Library. Tempest, Kathryn (2017). Brutus: the noble conspirator. London: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-18009-1. Further reading Badian, Ernst (2012). "Iunius Brutus (2), Marcus". In Hornblower, Simon; et al. (eds.). The Oxford classical dictionary (4th ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.3440. ISBN 978-0-19-954556-8. OCLC 959667246. Syme, Ronald (1939). The Roman revolution. Oxford University Press. Volk, Katharina (2018). "Review of 'Brutus: the noble conspirator'". Bryn Mawr Classical Review. ISSN 1055-7660. Wistrand, Erik (1981). The policy of Brutus the tyrannicide. Goteborg: Kungl. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Marcus Junius Brutus. Wikiquote has quotations related to Marcus Junius Brutus. Marcus Junius Brutus in the Digital Prosopography of the Roman Republic. Brutus on Livius.org (archived 6 December 2013) vteWorks of PlutarchWorks Parallel Lives Moralia "De genio Socratis" "On the Malice of Herodotus" Pseudo-Plutarch Lives Alcibiades and Coriolanus1 Alexander the Great and Julius Caesar (life) Aratus of Sicyon / Artaxerxes and Galba / Otho2 Aristides and Cato the Elder1 Crassus and Nicias1 Demetrius and Antony1 Demosthenes and Cicero1 Dion and Brutus1 Fabius and Pericles1 Lucullus and Cimon1 Lysander and Sulla1 Numa and Lycurgus1 Pelopidas and Marcellus1 Philopoemen and Flamininus1 Phocion and Cato the Younger Pompey and Agesilaus1 Poplicola and Solon1 Pyrrhus and Gaius Marius Romulus and Theseus1 Sertorius and Eumenes1 Agis / Cleomenes1 and Tiberius Gracchus / Gaius Gracchus Timoleon and Aemilius Paulus1 Themistocles and Camillus Translators and editors Jacques Amyot Arthur Hugh Clough John Dryden Philemon Holland Thomas North 1 Comparison extant 2 Four unpaired Lives vteJulius CaesarMajor life events Early life and career First Triumvirate Gallic wars Caesar's civil war Crossing the Rubicon Assassination Military campaigns Mytilene Gallic Wars Arar Bibracte Vosges Axona Sabis Atuatuci Octodurus Morbihan Invasions of Britain Ambiorix's revolt Avaricum Gergovia Alesia Uxellodunum Civil War Corfinium Brundisium Ilerda Dyrrhachium Pharsalus Alexandrian war Siege Battle of the Nile Zela Ruspina Corduba Thapsus Munda Planned invasion of the Parthian Empire Legislation Lex Julia de maiestate Lex Roscia Constitutional reforms Dictator perpetuo Works Laudatio Iuliae amitae Anticato Commentarii de Bello Civili Commentarii de Bello Gallico De analogia Poems by Julius Caesar Quotes Alea iacta est Veni, vidi, vici Ut est rerum omnium magister usus Last words Buildings Forum of Caesar Curia Julia Basilica Julia Temple of Venus Genetrix Caesar's Rhine bridges Portraits Tusculum portrait Chiaramonti Caesar Green Caesar Arles bust FamilyWives Cossutia (disputed) Cornelia Pompeia Calpurnia Children Julia Caesarion Augustus (adopted) Other Gaius Julius Caesar (father) Aurelia (mother) Julia Major (sister) Julia Minor (sister) Legacy Life of Caesar by Plutarch Cultural depictions of Julius Caesar Temple of Caesar Caesar's Comet Caesarism Julio-Claudian dynasty Caesar (title) Related Julia gens Mark Antony Cleopatra Servilia Marcus Junius Brutus Curia of Pompey Category Authority control databases International FAST ISNI National Norway Spain France BnF data Germany Italy Israel Finland United States Sweden Czech Republic Australia Greece Netherlands Vatican People Deutsche Biographie Trove Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brutus (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brutus_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"/ˈbruːtəs/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"[ˈmaːrkʊs juːniʊs ˈbruːtʊs]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Latin"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBalbo2013317-3"},{"link_name":"the 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Antony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Antony"},{"link_name":"Philippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Philippi"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest2017200%E2%80%93208-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest2017208-15"},{"link_name":"Judas Iscariot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judas_Iscariot"},{"link_name":"Dante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dante"},{"link_name":"Inferno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferno_(Dante)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest2017218-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest2017229%E2%80%93230-17"}],"text":"\"Brutus\" redirects here. For other people with the same name, see Brutus (disambiguation).Marcus Junius Brutus (/ˈbruːtəs/; Latin pronunciation: [ˈmaːrkʊs juːniʊs ˈbruːtʊs]; c. 85 BC – 23 October 42 BC) was a Roman politician, orator,[2] and the most famous of the assassins of Julius Caesar. After being adopted by a relative, he used the name Quintus Servilius Caepio Brutus, which was retained as his legal name. He is often referred to simply as Brutus.[3]Early in his political career, Brutus opposed Pompey,[4] who was responsible for Brutus' father's death.[5] He also was close to Caesar. However, Caesar's attempts to evade accountability in the law courts put him at greater odds with his opponents in the Roman elite and the senate.[6] Brutus eventually came to oppose Caesar and sided with Pompey against Caesar's forces during the ensuing civil war (49–45 BC). Pompey was defeated at the Battle of Pharsalus in 48, after which Brutus surrendered to Caesar, who granted him amnesty.[7]With Caesar's increasingly monarchical and autocratic behaviour after the civil war, several senators who later called themselves liberatores (liberators), plotted to assassinate him. Brutus took a leading role in the assassination, which was carried out successfully on the Ides of March (15 March) of 44 BC.[8][9] In a settlement between the liberatores and the Caesarians, an amnesty was granted to the assassins while Caesar's acts were upheld for two years.[10]Popular unrest forced Brutus and his brother-in-law, fellow assassin Gaius Cassius Longinus, to leave Rome in April 44.[11] After a complex political realignment, Octavian – Caesar's adopted son – made himself consul and, with his colleague, passed a law retroactively making Brutus and the other conspirators murderers.[12] This led to a second civil war, in which Mark Antony and Octavian fought the liberatores led by Brutus and Cassius. The Caesarians decisively defeated the outnumbered armies of Brutus and Cassius at the two battles at Philippi in October 42.[13] After the defeat Brutus took his own life.[14]His name has been condemned for betrayal of Caesar, his friend and benefactor, and in this respect is perhaps rivalled only by the name of Judas Iscariot, with whom he is portrayed in Dante's Inferno.[15] He also has been praised in various narratives, both ancient and modern, as a virtuous and committed republican who fought – however futilely – for freedom and against tyranny.[16]","title":"Marcus Junius Brutus"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Capitoline_Brutus_Musei_Capitolini_MC1183.jpg"},{"link_name":"Capitoline Brutus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitoline_Brutus"},{"link_name":"Lucius Junius Brutus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucius_Junius_Brutus"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest2017Plate_3-18"},{"link_name":"plebeian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plebeian"},{"link_name":"gens Junia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junia_gens"},{"link_name":"Lucius Junius Brutus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucius_Junius_Brutus"},{"link_name":"overthrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overthrow_of_the_Roman_monarchy"},{"link_name":"Tarquinius Superbus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucius_Tarquinius_Superbus"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest201717%E2%80%9318-19"},{"link_name":"homonymous father","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Junius_Brutus_(tribune_83_BC)"},{"link_name":"tribune of the plebs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribune_of_the_plebs"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughton195263-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Sulla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulla"},{"link_name":"proscription","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulla%27s_proscription"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHinard1985361%E2%80%93362-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Marcus Aemilius Lepidus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Aemilius_Lepidus_(consul_78_BC)"},{"link_name":"Pompey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompey"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest201724-24"},{"link_name":"Servilia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servilia_(mother_of_Brutus)"},{"link_name":"Servilii Caepiones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servilii_Caepiones"},{"link_name":"Cato the Younger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cato_the_Younger"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest201725-25"},{"link_name":"Julius Caesar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Caesar"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlut._''Brut.''5.2-27"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Quintus Servilius Caepio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quintus_Servilius_Caepio_(adoptive_father_of_Brutus)"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHinard1985185%E2%80%93186,_361%E2%80%93362-31"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Vettius affair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vettius_affair"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest201736-33"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_senate"},{"link_name":"Publius Clodius Pulcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publius_Clodius_Pulcher"},{"link_name":"Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest201740-35"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"text":"The Capitoline Brutus, supposedly depicting Brutus' ancestor Lucius Junius Brutus, who expelled the kings from Rome.[17]Marcus Junius Brutus belonged to the illustrious plebeian gens Junia. Its semi-legendary founder was Lucius Junius Brutus, who played a pivotal role during the overthrow of Tarquinius Superbus, the last Roman king, and was afterward one of the two first consuls of the new Roman Republic in 509 BC, taking the opportunity also to have the people swear an oath never to have another king in Rome.[18]Brutus' homonymous father was tribune of the plebs in 83 BC,[19][20] but he was targeted by Sulla during his proscription.[21] He later served as legate[22] in the rebellion of Marcus Aemilius Lepidus and was killed by Pompey in 77.[23] He had married Servilia of the Servilii Caepiones who was the half-sister of Cato the Younger,[24] and later Julius Caesar's mistress.[25] Some ancient sources refer to the possibility of Caesar being Brutus' real father,[26] despite Caesar being only fifteen years old when Brutus was born. Ancient historians were sceptical of this possibility, and the theory is largely rejected by modern scholars as chronologically improbable.[27][28][29]As a result of his father's proscription, Brutus could not start a political career. Around 59, Brutus lifted this restriction by being posthumously adopted by one of his relatives, Quintus Servilius Caepio;[30] he was therefore known officially as Quintus Servilius Caepio Brutus, though he hardly used his legal name.[31] In 59, when Caesar was consul, Brutus also was implicated by Lucius Vettius in the Vettius affair as a member of a conspiracy plotting to assassinate Pompey in the forum.[32] Vettius was detained for admitting possession of a weapon within the city, and quickly changed this story the next day, dropping Brutus' name from his accusations.[33]Brutus' first appearance in public life was as an assistant to Cato, when the latter was appointed by the senate acting at the bequest of Publius Clodius Pulcher, as governor of Cyprus in 58.[34] According to Plutarch, Brutus was instrumental in assisting the administration of the province (specifically by converting treasure of the former king of the island into usable money); his role in administering the province, however, has \"almost certainly been exaggerated\".[35]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Q._Servilius_Caepio_(M._Junius)_Brutus,_denarius,_54_BC,_RRC_433-2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lucius Junius Brutus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucius_Junius_Brutus"},{"link_name":"Gaius Servilius Ahala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_Servilius_Ahala"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrawford1974455-37"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest2017Plate_5-38"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Q._Servilius_Caepio_(M._Junius)_Brutus,_denarius,_54_BC,_RRC_433-1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Libertas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertas"},{"link_name":"lictors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lictor"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrawford1974455-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest2017Plate_4-39"},{"link_name":"triumvir monetalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triumvir_monetalis"},{"link_name":"Quintus Pompeius Rufus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quintus_Pompeius_Rufus_(grandson_of_Sulla)"},{"link_name":"Sulla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulla"},{"link_name":"Pompeius Rufus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quintus_Pompeius_Rufus_(consul_88_BC)"},{"link_name":"denarii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denarius"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Lucius Junius Brutus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucius_Junius_Brutus"},{"link_name":"Gaius Servilius Ahala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_Servilius_Ahala"},{"link_name":"Spurius Maelius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spurius_Maelius"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest201741-41"},{"link_name":"Libertas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertas"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrawford1974455-37"},{"link_name":"Cicero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicero"},{"link_name":"Pompey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompey"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"}],"sub_title":"Triumvir monetalis","text":"Denarius minted by Brutus, 54 BC, with the portraits of Lucius Junius Brutus (obverse) and Gaius Servilius Ahala (reverse).[36][37]Denarius of Brutus, 44 BC, depicting the personification of Libertas and Lucius Junius Brutus with lictors.[36][38]In 54 BC, Brutus served as triumvir monetalis, one of the three men appointed annually for producing coins, even though only another colleague is known: Quintus Pompeius Rufus. Moneyers in Brutus' day frequently issued coins commemorating their ancestors; Pompeius Rufus thus put the portraits of his two grandfathers (the dictator Sulla and Pompeius Rufus) on his denarii.[39] Brutus, like his colleague, designed a denarius with the portraits of his paternal ancestor Lucius Junius Brutus and maternal ancestor Gaius Servilius Ahala, both of whom were widely recognised in the late Republic as defenders of liberty (for, respectively, expelling the kings and killing Spurius Maelius).[40] He also made a second type featuring Libertas, the goddess of liberty, and Lucius Brutus.[36] These coins show Brutus' admiration for the tyrannicides of the early republic, already mentioned by Cicero as early as 59 BC. In addition, Brutus' denarii and their message against tyranny participated in the propaganda against Pompey and his ambitions to rule alone or become dictator.[41]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Appius Claudius Pulcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appius_Claudius_Pulcher_(consul_54_BC)"},{"link_name":"quaestor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaestor"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"proconsulship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proconsul"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest201742%E2%80%9343-44"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest201745-45"},{"link_name":"Ariobarzanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariobarzanes_III_of_Cappadocia"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Salamis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salamis,_Cyprus"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest201746-47"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest201746-47"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest201746-47"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest201747-48"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest201748%E2%80%9349-49"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest201747-48"}],"sub_title":"Cilicia","text":"Brutus married Appius Claudius Pulcher's daughter Claudia, likely in 54 during Pulcher's consulship. He was elected as quaestor (and automatically enrolled in the senate) in 53.[42] Brutus then travelled with his father-in-law to Cilicia during the latter's proconsulship in the next year.[43] While in Cilicia, he spent some time as a money-lender, which was discovered two years later when Cicero was appointed proconsul between 51 and 50 BC.[44] Brutus asked Cicero to help collect two debts which Brutus had made: one to Ariobarzanes,[b] the king of Cappadocia, and one to the town of Salamis.[45] Brutus' loan to Ariobarzanes was bundled with a loan also made by Pompey and both received some repayment on the debt.[45]The loan to Salamis was more complex: officially, the loan was made by two of Brutus' friends, who requested repayment at 48 per cent per annum, which was far in excess of Cicero's previously imposed interest cap of 12 per cent. The loan dated back to 56, shortly after Brutus returned to Rome from Cyprus.[45] Salamis had sent a delegation asking to borrow money, but under the lex Gabinia it was illegal for Romans to lend to provincials in the capital, but Brutus was able to find \"friends\" to loan this money on his behalf, which was approved under his influence in the senate. Because the lex Gabinia also invalidated such contracts, Brutus also had his contract – officially his friends' contract – confirmed by the senate.[46] One of Brutus' friends in whose name the debt was officially issued, Marcus Scaptius, was in Cilicia during Cicero's proconsulship using force to coerce repayment, which Cicero stopped; Cicero, not seeking to endanger his friendship with Brutus, but also disappointed and angry at Brutus' mischaracterisation of the loan and the exorbitant interest rate attached,[47] was persuaded by Scaptius to defer a decision on the loan to the next governor.[46]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Publius Clodius Pulcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publius_Clodius_Pulcher"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest201750-5"},{"link_name":"Cato the Younger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cato_the_Younger"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest201751-50"},{"link_name":"Titus Annius Milo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titus_Annius_Milo"},{"link_name":"pro Milone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro_Milone"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest201751-50"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest201752-52"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBalbo2013319-53"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest201753-55"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest201743%E2%80%9344-56"},{"link_name":"Cicero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicero"},{"link_name":"Quintus Hortensius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quintus_Hortensius"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"Caesar's Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesar%27s_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest201759-58"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"}],"sub_title":"Opposition to Pompey","text":"In 52, in the aftermath of the death of his uncle-in-law, Publius Clodius Pulcher (brother of his wife's father), he wrote a pamphlet, De Dictatura Pompei (On the Dictatorship of Pompey), opposing demands for Pompey to be made dictator, writing \"it is better to rule no one than to be another man's slave, for one can live honourably without power but to live as a slave is impossible\".[4] He was in this episode more radical than Cato the Younger, who supported Pompey's elevation as sole consul for 52, saying \"any government at all is better than no government\".[48] Soon after Pompey was made sole consul, Pompey passed the lex Pompeia de vi, which targeted Titus Annius Milo, for which Cicero would write a speech pro Milone.[48] Brutus also wrote for Milo, writing (a now lost) pro T Annio Milone,[c] in which he connected Milo's killing of Clodius explicitly to the welfare of the state and possibly also criticising what he saw as Pompey's abuses of power.[49] This speech or pamphlet was very well received and positively viewed by later teachers of rhetoric.[50]In the late 50s, Brutus was elected as a pontifex, one of the public priests in charge of supervising the calendar and maintaining Rome's peaceful relationship with the gods.[51] It is likely that Caesar supported his election.[52] Caesar had previously invited Brutus, after his quaestorship, to join him as a legate in Gaul, but Brutus declined, instead going with Appius Pulcher to Cilicia, possibly out of loyalty thereto.[53] During the 50s, Brutus also was involved in some major trials, working alongside famous advocates like Cicero and Quintus Hortensius. In 50, he – with Pompey and Hortensius – played a significant role in defending Brutus' father-in-law Appius Claudius from charges of treason and electoral malpractice.[54]In the political crisis running up to Caesar's Civil War in 49, Brutus' views are mostly unknown. While he did oppose Pompey until 52, Brutus may have simply taken a tactical silence.[55] Cicero's letters also indicate that Brutus may have been courted by Caesar – who is said to have spoken about avenging the death of Brutus' father – in the run-up to the civil war.[56]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Portrait_Brutus_Massimo.jpg"},{"link_name":"Palazzo Massimo alle Terme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palazzo_Massimi_alle_Terme"},{"link_name":"National Museum of Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_Rome"},{"link_name":"Caesar's Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesar%27s_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest2017239-8"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest201760-60"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest2017239-8"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest201760-60"},{"link_name":"Publius Sestius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publius_Sestius"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest201761-61"},{"link_name":"Pharsalus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Pharsalus"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest201761-61"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlut._''Brut.''5.1-62"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest201763-63"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest201763-63"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest201770-64"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest201770-64"},{"link_name":"Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa"},{"link_name":"Metellus Scipio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quintus_Caecilius_Metellus_Pius_Scipio_Nasica"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest201770-64"},{"link_name":"battle of Thapsus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Thapsus"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest201771-65"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest201774-66"},{"link_name":"Porcia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porcia_(wife_of_Brutus)"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest201775-67"},{"link_name":"Porcia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porcia_(wife_of_Brutus)"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest201776-69"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke198129%E2%80%9330-70"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest201776-69"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest201776-69"}],"text":"Marble bust, so-called Brutus, at the Palazzo Massimo alle Terme in the National Museum of RomeWhen Caesar's Civil War broke out in January 49 BC[7] between Pompey and Caesar, Brutus faced a choice between one or the other.[57] Pompey and his allies fled the city before Caesar's army arrived in March.[7] Brutus decided to support his father's killer, Pompey; this choice may have had mostly to do with Brutus' closest allies – Appius Claudius, Cato, Cicero, etc. – also all joining Pompey.[57] He did not, however, immediately join Pompey, instead travelling to Cilicia as legate for Publius Sestius before joining Pompey in winter 49 or spring 48.[58]It is not known whether Brutus fought in the ensuing battles at Dyrrhachium and Pharsalus.[58] Plutarch says that Caesar ordered his officers to take Brutus prisoner if he gave himself up voluntarily, but to leave him alone and do him no harm if he persisted in fighting against capture.[59] After the massive Pompeian defeat at Pharsalus on 9 August 48, Brutus fled through marshland to Larissa, where he wrote to Caesar, who welcomed him graciously into his camp.[60] Plutarch also implies that Brutus told Caesar of Pompey's withdrawal plans to Egypt, but this is unlikely, as Brutus was not present when Pompey's decision to go to Egypt was made.[60]While Caesar followed Pompey to Alexandria in 48–47, Brutus worked to effect a reconciliation between various Pompeians and Caesar.[61] He arrived back in Rome in December 47.[61] Caesar appointed Brutus as governor (likely as legatus pro praetore) for Cisalpine Gaul while he left for Africa in pursuit of Cato and Metellus Scipio.[61] After Cato's suicide following defeat at the battle of Thapsus on 6 April 46,[62] Brutus was one of Cato's eulogisers writing a pamphlet entitled Cato in which he reflected positively both on Cato's life while highlighting Caesar's clementia.[63]After Caesar's last battle against the republican remnant in March 45, Brutus divorced his wife Claudia in June and promptly remarried his cousin Porcia, Cato's daughter, late in the same month.[64] According to Cicero the marriage caused a semi-scandal as Brutus failed to state a valid reason for his divorce from Claudia other than he wished to marry Porcia.[65] Brutus' reasons for marrying Porcia are unclear, he may have been in love or it could have been a politically motivated marriage to position Brutus as heir to Cato's supporters,[66] although Brutus still had good relations with Caesar at this point.[67] Porcia did not get along with Brutus’ mother, Servilia,[66] and Cicero stated that both were very open in their resentment for each other.[68]Brutus also was promised the prestigious urban praetorship for 44 BC and possibly earmarked for the consulship in 41.[66]","title":"Caesar's civil war"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vincenzo_Camuccini_-_La_morte_di_Cesare.jpg"},{"link_name":"Vincenzo Camuccini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincenzo_Camuccini"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_-_The_Death_of_Caesar_-_Walters_37884.jpg"},{"link_name":"The Death of Caesar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Death_of_Caesar_(G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me)"},{"link_name":"Jean-Léon Gérôme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest201784-72"}],"text":"Death of Caesar (1804–05) by Vincenzo Camuccini.The Death of Caesar (1867) by Jean-Léon Gérôme.There are various different traditions describing the way in which Brutus arrived to the decision to assassinate Caesar. Plutarch, Appian, and Cassius Dio, all writing in the imperial period, focused on peer pressure and Brutus' perceived philosophical duty to his country and his family's reputation.[69]","title":"Assassination of Julius Caesar"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest201786-73"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest201787-74"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest201787-74"},{"link_name":"plebeian tribunes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plebeian_tribunes"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest201781-75"},{"link_name":"Marcus Antonius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Antonius"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest201781-75"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest201782-76"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest201787%E2%80%9388-77"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest201789%E2%80%9390-78"},{"link_name":"Gaius Cassius Longinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_Cassius_Longinus"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest201782-76"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest201791-79"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest201793-80"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest201795%E2%80%9399-81"},{"link_name":"Decimus Junius Brutus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decimus_Junius_Brutus_Albinus"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest201797%E2%80%9398-82"},{"link_name":"Gaius Trebonius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_Trebonius"},{"link_name":"Publius Servilius Casca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publius_Servilius_Casca"},{"link_name":"Servius Sulpicius Galba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servius_Sulpicius_Galba_(praetor_54_BC)"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest201798-83"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest201799-84"},{"link_name":"via sacra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Via_sacra"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest201799%E2%80%93100-85"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest2017100-86"},{"link_name":"Nicolaus of Damascus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaus_of_Damascus"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest2017100-86"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest2017100-86"}],"sub_title":"Conspiracy","text":"By autumn 45, public opinion of Caesar was starting to sour: Plutarch, Appian, and Dio all reported graffiti glorifying Brutus' ancestor Lucius Junius Brutus, panning Caesar's kingly ambitions, and derogatory comments made to Marcus Junius Brutus in Rome's open-air courts that he was failing to live up to his ancestors.[70] Dio reports this public support came from the people of Rome; Plutarch however has the graffiti created by elites to shame Brutus into action.[71] Regardless of the specific impetus, modern historians believe that at least some portion of popular opinion had turned against Caesar by early 44.[71]Caesar deposed two plebeian tribunes in late January 44 for removing a crown from one of his statues; this attack on the tribunes undermined one of his main arguments – defending the rights of the tribunes – for going to civil war in 49.[72] In February 44, Caesar thrice rejected a crown from Marcus Antonius to cheering crowds,[72] but later accepted the title dictator perpetuo, which in Latin translated either to dictator for life or as dictator for an undetermined term.[73]Cicero also wrote letters asking Brutus to reconsider his association with Caesar.[74] Cassius Dio claims that Brutus' wife Porcia spurred Brutus' conspiracy, but evidence is unclear as to the extent of her influence.[75] Gaius Cassius Longinus, also one of the praetors for that year and a former legate of Caesar's,[73] also was involved in the formation of the conspiracy. Plutarch has Brutus approach Cassius at his wife's urging, while Appian and Dio have Cassius approaching Brutus (and in Dio, Cassius does so after opposing further honours for Caesar publicly).[76]The extent of Caesar's control over the political system also stymied the ambitions of many aristocrats of Brutus' generation: Caesar's dictatorship precluded many of the avenues for success which Romans recognised. The reduction of the senate to a rubber stamp ended political discussion in Caesar's senate; there was no longer any room for anyone to shape policy except by convincing Caesar; political success became a grant of Caesar's rather than something won competitively from the people.[77] The Platonian philosophical tradition, of which Brutus was an active writer and thinker, also emphasised a duty to restore justice and to overthrow tyrants.[78]Regardless of how the conspiracy was initially formed, Brutus and Cassius, along with Brutus' cousin and close ally of Caesar's, Decimus Junius Brutus, started to recruit to the conspiracy in late February 44.[79] They recruited men including Gaius Trebonius, Publius Servilius Casca, Servius Sulpicius Galba, and others.[80] There was a discussion late in the conspiracy as to whether Antony should be killed, which Brutus forcefully rejected: Plutarch says Brutus thought Antony could be turned to the tyrannicides; Appian says Brutus thought of the optics of purging the Caesarian elite rather than only removing a tyrant.[81]Various plans were proposed – an ambush on the via sacra, an attack at the elections, or killing at a gladiator match – eventually, however, the conspiracy settled on a senate meeting on the Ides of March.[82] The specific date carried symbolic importance, as consuls until the mid-2nd century BC had assumed their offices on that day (instead of early January).[83] The reasons for choosing the Ides are unclear: Nicolaus of Damascus (writing in the Augustan period) assumed that a senate meeting would isolate Caesar from support; Appian reports on the possibility of other senators coming to the assassins' aid. Both possibilities \"are unlikely\" due to Caesar's expansion of the senate and the low number of conspirators relative to the whole senate body.[83] More likely is Dio's suggestion that a senate meeting would give the conspirators a tactical advantage as, by smuggling weapons, only the conspirators would be armed.[83]","title":"Assassination of Julius Caesar"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest2017100-86"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest2017101-87"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"kai su teknon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_words_of_Julius_Caesar"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest20173-89"},{"link_name":"Lucius Cornelius Balbus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucius_Cornelius_Balbus_(consul_40_BC)"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest2017102-91"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest2017103-92"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest2017107-93"},{"link_name":"Calpurnia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calpurnia_(wife_of_Caesar)"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest2017107-93"},{"link_name":"Capitoline hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitoline_hill"},{"link_name":"Marcus Aemilius Lepidus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Aemilius_Lepidus_(triumvir)"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest2017108-94"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest2017108-94"},{"link_name":"Sextus Pompey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sextus_Pompey"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest2017109-95"},{"link_name":"Publius Cornelius Dolabella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publius_Cornelius_Dolabella_(consul_44_BC)"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest2017110-96"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest2017110-96"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest2017110-96"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest2017106-97"},{"link_name":"Mt Etna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mt_Etna"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest2017106-97"}],"sub_title":"Ides of March","text":"The ancient sources embellish the Ides with omens ignored, soothsayers spurned, and notes to Caesar spilling the conspiracy unread, all contributing to the dramatic and tragic propagandic stories of Caesar's death.[83] The specific implementation of the conspiracy had Trebonius detain Antony – then serving as co-consul with Caesar – outside the senate house; Caesar was then stabbed to death almost immediately.[84] The specific details of the assassination vary between authors: Nicolaus of Damascus reports some eighty conspirators, Appian only listed fifteen, the number of wounds on Caesar ranges from twenty-three to thirty-five.[85]Plutarch reports that Caesar yielded to the attack after seeing Brutus' participation; Dio reported that Caesar shouted in Greek kai su teknon (\"You too, child?\").[86] Suetonius' account, however, also cites Lucius Cornelius Balbus, a friend of Caesar's, as saying that the dictator fell in silence,[87] with the possibility that Caesar spoke kai su teknon as a postscript.[88] As dramatic death quotes were a staple of Roman literature, the historicity of the quote is unclear. The use of kai su, however, indicates the possibility of a curse, per classicists James Russell and Jeffrey Tatum.[89]Immediately after Caesar's death, senators fled the chaos. None attempted to aid Caesar or to move his body. Cicero reported that Caesar fell at the foot of the statue of Pompey.[90] His body was only moved after night fell, carried home to Caesar's wife Calpurnia.[90] The conspirators travelled to the Capitoline hill; Caesar's deputy in the dictatorship, Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, moved a legion of troops from the Tiber Island into the city and surrounded the forum.[91] Suetonius reports that Brutus and Cassius initially planned to seize Caesar's property and revoke his decrees, but stalled out of fear of Lepidus and Antony.[91]Before Lepidus' troops arrived to the forum, Brutus spoke before the people in a contio. The text of that speech is lost. Dio says the liberatores promoted their support of democracy and liberty and told the people not to expect harm; Appian says the liberatores merely congratulated each other and recommended the recall of Sextus Pompey and the tribunes Caesar had recently deposed.[92] The support of the people was tepid, even though other speeches followed supporting the tyrannicide. Publius Cornelius Dolabella, who was to become consul in a few days on the 18th, decided immediately to assume the consulship illegally, expressed his support of Brutus and Cassius before the people, and joined the liberatores on the Capitoline.[93]Cicero urged the tyrannicides to call a meeting of the senate to gather its support; but instead Brutus sent a delegation to the Caesarians, asking for a negotiated settlement. This may have been due to family connections: Lepidus was married to one of Brutus' sisters; or perhaps Brutus believed that Antony could be won over.[93] The Caesarians delayed for a day, moving troops and gathering weapons and supplies for a possible conflict.[93]After Caesar's death, Dio reports a series of prodigies and miraculous occurrences which are \"self-evidently fantastic\" and likely fictitious.[94] Some of the supposed prodigies did in fact occur, but were actually unrelated to Caesar's death: Cicero's statue was knocked over but only in the next year, Mt Etna in Sicily did erupt but not contemporaneously, a comet was seen in the sky but only months later.[94]","title":"Assassination of Julius Caesar"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest2017113-98"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest2017112%E2%80%93113-99"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest2017113-98"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest2017114-100"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest2017114-100"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest2017114%E2%80%93115-101"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest2017119-102"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest2017119%E2%80%93120-103"},{"link_name":"Gaius Marius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_Marius"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest2017116%E2%80%93117-104"},{"link_name":"Tarpeian Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarpeian_Rock"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest2017124-105"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest2017124-105"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest2017126%E2%80%93127-106"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest2017127-107"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest2017129-108"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest2017132-109"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest2017133-110"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest2017134%E2%80%93135-111"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest2017137-112"}],"sub_title":"Settlement","text":"The initial plan from Brutus and Cassius seems to have been to establish a period of calm and then to work towards a general reconciliation.[95] While the Caesarians had troops near the capital at hand, the liberatores were soon to assume control of vast provincial holdings in the east which would provide them, within the year, with large armies and resources.[96] Seeing that the military situation was initially problematic, the liberatores decided then to ratify Caesar's decrees so that they could hold on to their magistracies and provincial assignments to protect themselves and rebuild the republican front.[95]Cicero acted as an honest broker and hammered out a compromise solution: general amnesty for the assassins, ratification of Caesar's acts and appointments for the next two years, and guarantees to Caesar's veterans that they would receive their promised land grants. Caesar also was to receive a public funeral.[97] If the settlement had held, there would have been a general resumption of the republic: Decimus would go to Gaul that year and be confirmed as consul in 42, where he would then hold elections for 41.[97] The people celebrated the reconciliation but some of the hard-core Caesarians were convinced that civil war would follow.[98]Caesar's funeral occurred on 20 March, with a rousing speech by Antony mourning the dictator and energising opposition against the tyrannicides. Various ancient sources report that the crowd set the senate house on fire and started a witch-hunt for the tyrannicides, but these may have been spurious embellishments added by Livy, according to T P Wiseman.[99] Contrary to what is reported by Plutarch, the assassins stayed in Rome for a few weeks after the funeral until April 44, indicating some support among the population for the tyrannicides.[100] A person calling himself Marius, claiming he was a descendant of Gaius Marius, started a plan to ambush Brutus and Cassius. Brutus, as urban praetor in charge of the city's courts, was able to get a special dispensation to leave the capital for more than 10 days, and he withdrew to one of his estates in Lanuvium, 20 miles south-east of Rome.[101] This fake Marius, for his threats to the tyrannicides (and to Antony's political base), was executed by being thrown from the Tarpeian Rock in mid- or late April.[102] Dolabella, the other consul, acting on his own initiative, took down an altar and column dedicated to Caesar.[102]By early May, Brutus was considering exile. Octavian's arrival, along with the fake Marius, caused Antony to lose some of the support of his veterans, he responded by touring Campania – officially to settle Caesar's veterans – but actually to buttress military support.[103] Dolabella at this time was on the side of the liberatores and also was the only consul at Rome; Antony's brother Lucius Antonius helped Octavian to announce publicly that he was to fulfil the conditions of Caesar's will,[104] handing an enormous amount of wealth to the citizenry. Brutus also wrote a number of speeches disseminated to the public defending his actions, emphasising how Caesar had invaded Rome, killed prominent citizens, and suppressed the popular sovereignty of the people.[105]By mid-May, Antony started on designs against Decimus Brutus' governorship in Cisalpine Gaul. He bypassed the senate and took the matter to the popular assemblies in June and enacted the reassignment of the Gallic province by law. At the same time, he proposed reassigning Brutus and Cassius from their provinces to instead purchase grain in Asia and Sicily.[106] There was a meeting at Brutus' house attended by Cicero, Brutus and Cassius (and wives), and Brutus' mother, in which Cassius announced his intention to go to Syria while Brutus wanted to return to Rome, but ended up going to Greece.[107] His initial plan to go to Rome, however, was to put on games in early July commemorating his ancestor Lucius Junius Brutus and promoting his cause; he instead delegated the games to a friend.[108] Octavian also held games commemorating Caesar late in the month; around this time also, the liberatores started to prepare in earnest for civil war.[109]","title":"Assassination of Julius Caesar"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ides_of_March_coin_(2).jpg"},{"link_name":"Ides of March coin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ides_of_March_coin"},{"link_name":"pileus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pileus_(hat)"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrawford1974518-113"}],"text":"Ides of March coin minted by Brutus in 43–42 BC. The daggers and pileus celebrate the assassination of Julius Caesar.[110]","title":"Liberatores' civil war"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest2017140-114"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest2017142-115"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest2017144%E2%80%93146-116"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest2017243-117"},{"link_name":"Phillipics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phillipics"},{"link_name":"Hirtius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aulus_Hirtius"},{"link_name":"Pansa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_Vibius_Pansa_Caetronianus"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest2017243-117"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest2017150-118"},{"link_name":"[d]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest2017243-117"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest2017161-120"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest2017243%E2%80%93244-121"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest2017244-122"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest2017244-122"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest2017166-123"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest2017166-123"},{"link_name":"[e]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-124"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest2017244%E2%80%93245-125"},{"link_name":"Quintus Pedius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quintus_Pedius"},{"link_name":"lex Pedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lex_Pedia"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest2017169-13"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest2017170-126"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest2017169-13"},{"link_name":"lex Titia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lex_Titia"},{"link_name":"Second Triumvirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Triumvirate"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest2017245-127"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest2017171-128"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest2017177-129"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest2017178-130"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest2017179-131"},{"link_name":"Xanthus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanthos"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest2017182-132"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest2017183%E2%80%93184-133"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest2017189%E2%80%93191-134"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest2017191-135"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest2017193-136"}],"sub_title":"Preparations in the East","text":"The senate assigned Brutus to Crete (and Cassius to Cyrene) in early August, both small and insignificant provinces with few troops.[111] Later in the month, Brutus left Italy for the east.[112] He was acclaimed in Greece by the younger Romans there and recruited many supporters from the young Roman aristocrats being educated in Athens.[113] He discussed with the governor of Macedonia handing the province over to him; while Antony in Rome allocated the province to his brother Gaius, Brutus travelled north with an army to Macedonia, buoyed by funds collected by two outgoing quaestores at the end of the year.[114]In January 43, Brutus entered Macedonia with his army, and took Antony's brother Gaius captive. At the same time, the political situation in Rome turned against Antony, as Cicero was delivering his Phillipics. Over the next few months, Brutus spent his time in Greece building strength. In Italy, the senate at Cicero's urging fought against Antony at the battle of Mutina, where both consuls (Hirtius and Pansa) were killed.[114] During this time, the republicans enjoyed the support of the senate, which confirmed Brutus and Cassius' commands in Macedonia and Syria, respectively.[115][d]Dolabella switched sides in 43, killing Trebonius in Syria and raising an army against Cassius.[114] Brutus decamped for Syria in early May, writing letters to Cicero criticising Cicero's policy to support Octavian against Antony;[116] at the same time, the senate had declared Antony an enemy of the state.[117] In late May, Lepidus (married to Brutus' half-sister) – possibly forced by his own troops – joined Antony against Cicero, Octavian, and the senate, leading Brutus to write to Cicero asking him to protect both his own and Lepidus' family.[118] The next month, Brutus' wife Porcia died.[118]Cicero's policy of attempting to unify Octavian with the senate against Antony and Lepidus started to fail in May; he requested Brutus to take his forces and march to his aid in Italy in mid-June.[119] It seems that Brutus and Cassius in the east had substantial communications delays and failed to recognise that Antony had not been defeated, contra earlier assurances after Mutina.[119][e] Over the next few months from June to 19 August, Octavian marched on Rome and forced his election as consul.[120] Shortly afterwards, Octavian and his colleague, Quintus Pedius, passed the lex Pedia making the murder of a dictator retroactively illegal, and convicting Brutus and the assassins in absentia.[12] The new consuls also lifted the senate's decrees against Lepidus and Antony, clearing the way for a general Caesarian rapprochement.[121] Under that law, Decimus was killed in the west some time in autumn, defeating the republican cause in the west;[12] by 27 November 43, the Caesarians had fully settled their differences and passed the lex Titia, forming the Second Triumvirate and instituting a series of brutal proscriptions.[122] The proscriptions claimed many lives, including that of Cicero.[123]When news of the triumvirate and their proscriptions reached Brutus in the east, he marched across the Hellespont into Macedonia to quell rebellion and conquered a number of cities in Thrace.[124] After meeting Cassius in Smyrna in January 42,[125] both generals also went on a campaign through southern Asia minor sacking cities which had aided their enemies.[126]Brutus' depiction among certain authors, like Appian, suffered considerably from this eastern campaign, in which Brutus marched into cities like Xanthus enslaving their populations and plundering their wealth.[127] Other ancient historians, including Plutarch, take a more apologetic tone, having Brutus regret with tears the violence done; this was common ancient literary device to excuse and praise morally condemnable actions, such as pillaging.[128] The campaign continued with less sacking but more coerced payments; the ancient tradition on this turn also is divided, with Appian seeing eastern willingness to surrender emerging from stories of Xanthus' destruction contra Cassius Dio and Plutarch viewing the later portions of the campaign as emblematic of Brutus' virtues of moderation, justice, and honour.[129]By the end of the campaign in Asia minor, both Brutus and Cassius were tremendously rich.[130] They reconvened at Sardis and marched into Thrace in August 42.[131]","title":"Liberatores' civil war"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Battle of Philippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Philippi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brutus_and_his_companions_after_the_battle_of_Philippi.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sextus Pompey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sextus_Pompey"},{"link_name":"Lucius Staius Murcus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lucius_Staius_Murcus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucius_Staius_Murcus"},{"link_name":"Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnaeus_Domitius_Ahenobarbus_(consul_32_BC)"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest2017197-137"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest2017197-137"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest2017197-137"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest2017198-138"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest2017200-139"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest2017201-140"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest2017201-140"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest2017202-141"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest2017203-142"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest2017204-143"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest2017205-144"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest2017206-145"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest2017207-146"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest2017208-15"},{"link_name":"Plutarch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutarch"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest2017208-15"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest2017207-146"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest2017207-146"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest2017208-15"},{"link_name":"Servilia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servilia_(mother_of_Marcus_Junius_Brutus)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest2017208-15"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest2017209-147"}],"sub_title":"Philippi","text":"Further information: Battle of PhilippiBrutus and his companions after the battle of PhilippiThe Caesarians also marched into Greece, evading the naval patrols of Sextus Pompey, Lucius Staius Murcus [de], and Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus.[132] The liberatores had positioned themselves west of Neapolis with clear lines of communication back to their supplies in the east.[132] Octavian and Antony, leading the Caesarian forces, were not so lucky, as their supply lines were harassed by the superior republican fleets, leading the liberatores to adopt a strategy of attrition.[132]Octavian and Antony had some 95,000 infantry with 13,000 horsemen, while Brutus and Cassius had some 85,000 infantry and 20,000 cavalry. Flush with cash, the liberatores also had a substantial financial advantage, paying their soldiers in advance of the battle with 1,500 denarii a man and more for officers.[133] Antony moved quickly to force an engagement immediately, building a causeway under cover of darkness into the swamps that anchored the republican left flank; Cassius, commanding the republican left, countered with a wall to cut off Antony from his men and to defend his own flank.[134]In the ensuing first battle of Philippi, the start of the battle is unclear. Appian says Antony attacked Cassius whereas Plutarch reports battle was joined more-or-less simultaneously. [135] Brutus' forces defeated Octavian's troops on the republican right flank, sacking Octavian's camp and forcing the young Caesar to withdraw.[135] Cassius' troops fared poorly against Antony's men, forcing Cassius to withdraw to a hill. Two stories then follow: Appian reports that Cassius heard of Brutus' victory, and killed himself out of shame; but all other sources describe how one of Cassius' legates failed to relay the news of Brutus' victory, causing Cassius to believe that Brutus had been defeated, and leading to his suicide.[136]Following the first battle, Brutus assumed command of Cassius' army with the promise of a substantial cash reward.[137] He also possibly promised his soldiers that he would allow them to plunder Thessalonica and Sparta after victory, as the cities had supported the triumvirs in the conflict.[138] Fearful of defections among his troops and the possibility of Antony cutting his supply lines, Brutus joined battle after attempting for some time to continue the original strategy of starving the enemy out.[139] The resulting second battle of Philippi was a head-to-head struggle in which the sources report few tactical manoeuvres but heavy casualties, especially among eminent republican families.[140]After the defeat, Brutus fled into the nearby hills with about four legions.[141] Knowing his army had been defeated and that he would be captured, he took his own life by falling on his sword.[14] Among his last words were, according to Plutarch, \"By all means must we fly, but with our hands, not our feet\".[14] Brutus reportedly also uttered the well-known verse calling down a curse quoted from Euripides' Medea: \"O Zeus, do not forget who has caused all these woes\".[141] It is, however, unclear whether Brutus was referring to Antony, as claimed by Appian, or otherwise Octavian, as Kathryn Tempest believes.[141] Also according to Plutarch, he praised his friends for not deserting him before encouraging them to save themselves.[14]Some sources report that Antony, upon discovering Brutus' body, as a show of great respect, ordered it to be wrapped in Antony's most expensive purple mantle and cremated, with the ashes to be sent to Brutus' mother, Servilia.[14] Suetonius, however, reports that Octavian had Brutus' head cut off and planned to have it displayed before a statue of Caesar until it was thrown overboard during a storm in the Adriatic.[142]","title":"Liberatores' civil war"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest2017238-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest2017239-8"},{"link_name":"Quaestorship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaestor"},{"link_name":"Cilicia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cilicia"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest2017239-8"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest2017239-8"},{"link_name":"pardoned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pardon"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest2017239-8"},{"link_name":"Cisalpine Gaul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaul"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest2017239-8"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest2017239-8"},{"link_name":"assassinate Caesar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_Julius_Caesar"},{"link_name":"Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens"},{"link_name":"Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonia_(Roman_province)"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest2017243-117"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest2017245-127"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest2017248%E2%80%93258-148"}],"text":"85 BC: Brutus is born to Marcus Junius Brutus and Servilia.\n58 BC: Serves as assistant to Cato, the governor of Cyprus, helping him start his political career.[5]\n54 BC: Marries Claudia, daughter of Appius Claudius Pulcher.[7]\n53 BC: Quaestorship in Cilicia, where his father-in-law is governor.\n52 BC: Opposes Pompey and defends Milo after the death of Publius Clodius Pulcher.[7]\n49 BC: The Civil War begins in January. Brutus joins the Pompeian party against Caesar, serving as legate to Publius Sestius in Cilicia, then joining Pompey in Greece late in the year.[7]\n48 BC: Pompey is defeated at Pharsalus on 9 August; Brutus is pardoned by Caesar.[7]\n46 BC: Caesar appoints Brutus governor of Cisalpine Gaul, before defeating the remnants of the Pompeians at Thapsus in April.[7]\n45 BC: Caesar appoints him praetor urbanus for 44.\n44 BC: Caesar takes title of dictator perpetuo.[7] Brutus and the other liberatores assassinate Caesar on the ides of March. He leaves Italy for Athens in late August, thence travels to Macedonia.[114]\n42 BC: Brutus campaigns successfully in southern Asia minor in January.[122] In September and October his forces are defeated by the triumvirs, and he commits suicide.[143]","title":"Chronology"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shakespeare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare"},{"link_name":"Julius Caesar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Caesar_(play)"}],"text":"This was the noblest Roman of them all:All the conspirators save only heDid that they did in envy of great Caesar;He only, in a general honest thoughtAnd common good to all, made one of them.His life was gentle, and the elementsSo mix'd in him that Nature might stand upAnd say to all the world \"This was a man!\"\n\nShakespeare, Julius Caesar, 5.5.69–76.Brutus' historical character has undergone numerous revisions and remains divisive. Dominant views of Brutus vary by time and geography.","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Plutarch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutarch"},{"link_name":"Parallel Lives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_Lives"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest2017211-149"},{"link_name":"Pompey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompey"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest2017213-150"},{"link_name":"De Officiis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Officiis"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke198179-151"},{"link_name":"[147]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest2017216%E2%80%93217-152"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest2017175-153"},{"link_name":"Augustan age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus#Sole_ruler_of_Rome"},{"link_name":"Augustus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest20175-154"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke198180-155"},{"link_name":"Forum of Augustus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forum_of_Augustus"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGowing2005145-156"},{"link_name":"Tiberius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiberius"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGowing200526-157"},{"link_name":"Valerius Maximus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valerius_Maximus"},{"link_name":"[153]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGowing200555-158"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest20175-154"},{"link_name":"stoic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoicism"},{"link_name":"Seneca the Younger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger"},{"link_name":"[154]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest2017219-159"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest201784-72"},{"link_name":"Pliny the Younger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliny_the_Younger"},{"link_name":"Tacitus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest2017213-150"}],"sub_title":"Ancient views","text":"In the ancient world, Brutus' legacy was a topic of substantial debate. Starting from his own times and shortly after his death, he was already viewed as having killed Caesar for virtuous reasons rather than envy or hatred. For example, Plutarch, in his \"Life of Brutus\" from Parallel Lives, mentions that Brutus' enemies respected him, recounting that Antony once said that \"Brutus was the only man to have slain Caesar because he was driven by the splendour and nobility of the deed, while the rest conspired against the man because they hated and envied him\".[144]Even when he was still alive, Brutus' literary output, especially the pamphlets of 52 BC against Pompey's dictatorship (De dictatura Pompei) and in support of Milo (Pro T. Annio Milone) coloured him as philosophically consistent, and motivated only by principle.[145] Cicero, in his De Officiis, expressed that the act of the conspirators, including Brutus, was a moral duty.[146] The main charge against him in the ancient world was that of ingratitude, viewing Brutus as ungrateful in taking Caesar's goodwill and support and then killing him.[147] An even more negative historiographical tradition viewed Brutus and his compatriots as criminal murderers.[148] Still, during the Augustan age, historians were said to have written about Brutus and the other conspirators respectfully. Even Augustus himself was alleged to tolerate positive views of Brutus.[149][150] However, the Forum of Augustus, which included statues of various republican heroes, omitted men such as Cato the Younger, Cicero, Brutus, and Cassius.[151]The divisive views of Brutus in the early Principate had little changed by the reign of Tiberius; in fact, the atmosphere became more intolerant. The historian Cremutius Cordus was charged with treason for having written a history too friendly to Brutus and Cassius.[152] Around the same time, Valerius Maximus, writing with the support of the imperial regime, believed Brutus' memory suffered from \"irreversible curses\".[153] During this time, \"admiration of Brutus and Cassius was more sinisterly interpreted as a cry of protest against the imperial system\".[149] The stoic, Seneca the Younger, argued that since Caesar was a good king, Brutus' fear was unfounded, and that he did not think through the consequences of Caesar's death.[154]But by the time that Plutarch was actually writing his Life of Brutus, \"the oral and written tradition had been worked over to create a streamlined, and largely positive, narrative of Brutus' motives\".[69] Some high imperial writers also admired his rhetorical skills, especially Pliny the Younger and Tacitus, with the latter writing, \"in my opinion, Brutus alone among them laid bare the convictions of his heart frankly and ingeniously, with neither ill-will nor spite\".[145]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John of Salisbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_of_Salisbury"},{"link_name":"Thomas Aquinas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas"},{"link_name":"[155]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest2017215-160"},{"link_name":"[156]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke198186%E2%80%9387-161"},{"link_name":"Dante Alighieri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dante_Alighieri"},{"link_name":"Inferno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferno_(Dante)"},{"link_name":"Hell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hell"},{"link_name":"Judas Iscariot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judas_Iscariot"},{"link_name":"Satan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satan"},{"link_name":"Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity"},{"link_name":"[157]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-162"},{"link_name":"[158]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-163"},{"link_name":"[159]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest2017230-164"},{"link_name":"Lorenzino de' Medici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenzino_de%27_Medici"},{"link_name":"Alessandro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_de%27_Medici,_Duke_of_Florence"},{"link_name":"Vindiciae contra tyrannos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vindiciae_contra_tyrannos"},{"link_name":"Algernon Sidney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algernon_Sidney"},{"link_name":"Charles II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_II_of_England"},{"link_name":"[159]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest2017230-164"},{"link_name":"Shakespeare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespeare"},{"link_name":"Julius Caesar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Caesar_(play)"},{"link_name":"[160]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest2017231-165"}],"sub_title":"Medieval and Renaissance views","text":"In the 12th century, English writer John of Salisbury, who owned a copy of De Officis, emulated Cicero’s beliefs by defending tyrannicide as a moral obligation. Thomas Aquinas also initially agreed with Cicero’s defense of Brutus. However, he later changed his beliefs, expressing that while tyrants should be overthrown under certain circumstances, mild tyrants ought to be tolerated out of possible unintended consequences.[155][156]Dante Alighieri's Inferno notably placed Brutus in the lowest circle of Hell for his betrayal of Caesar, where he (along with Cassius and Judas Iscariot) is personally tortured by Satan. Dante's views gave a further theological bent as well: by killing Caesar, Brutus \"was resisting God's 'historical design'\": the development of the Roman Empire with its fusion with Christianity and the Christianised monarchies of his day.[157][158]Renaissance writers, however, tended to view him more positively, as Brutus' assassination of Caesar symbolised ancient republican ideology.[159] Various men in the renaissance and early modern periods were called or adopted the name Brutus: In 1537, the \"Florentine Brutus\", Lorenzino de' Medici, killed his cousin Duke Alessandro allegedly to free Florence; the French pamphlet Vindiciae contra tyrannos (Defences against tyrants) was published in 1579 under the pseudonym Stephanus Junius Brutus; the \"British Brutus\" Algernon Sidney was executed in 1683 for allegedly plotting against Charles II.[159] Brutus was also present in the arts during the early modern period, particularly in Shakespeare's Julius Caesar, which depicted him \"more of a troubled soul than a public symbol... [and] often sympathetic\".[160]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anti-Federalist Papers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Federalist_Papers"},{"link_name":"[161]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-166"},{"link_name":"Conyers Middleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conyers_Middleton"},{"link_name":"Edward Gibbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Gibbon"},{"link_name":"[162]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest201710-167"},{"link_name":"Ronald Syme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Syme"},{"link_name":"[154]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest2017219-159"},{"link_name":"Theodor Mommsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Mommsen"},{"link_name":"[163]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest2017220-168"},{"link_name":"[163]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest2017220-168"},{"link_name":"[160]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest2017231-165"}],"sub_title":"Modern views","text":"Views of Brutus as a symbol of republicanism have remained through the modern period. For example, the Anti-Federalist Papers in 1787 were written under the pseudonym \"Brutus\". Similar anti-federalist letters and pamphlets were written by other Roman republican names such as Cato and Poplicola.[161]Conyers Middleton and Edward Gibbon, writing in the late 18th century, had negative views. Middleton believed Brutus' vacillations in correspondence with Cicero betrayed his claims to philosophical consistency. Gibbon conceived of Brutus' actions in terms of their results: the destruction of the republic, civil war, death, and future tyranny.[162] More teleological views of Brutus' actions are viewed sceptically by historians today: Ronald Syme, for example, pointed out \"to judge Brutus because he failed is simply to judge from the results\".[154]The influential History of Rome by Theodor Mommsen in the late 19th century \"cast a damning verdict on Brutus\" by ending with Caesar's reforms in 46 BC, along with advancing a view that Caesar \"had some sort of solution to the problem of how to deal with Rome's growing empire\" (of which there is no surviving description).[163] Similarly, views of Brutus are also bound up with assessment of the republic: those who believe the republic was not worth saving or in an inevitable decline, views perhaps coloured by hindsight, view him more negatively.[163]There remains little consensus on Brutus' actions as a whole.[160]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jonathan Swift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Swift"},{"link_name":"satire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satire"},{"link_name":"Gulliver's Travels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulliver%27s_Travels"},{"link_name":"Gulliver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemuel_Gulliver"},{"link_name":"Glubbdubdrib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glubbdubdrib"},{"link_name":"Masters of Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masters_of_Rome"},{"link_name":"Colleen McCullough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colleen_McCullough"},{"link_name":"Julia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_(daughter_of_Caesar)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Pharsalus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Pharsalus"},{"link_name":"Cassius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_Cassius_Longinus"},{"link_name":"Trebonius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trebonius"},{"link_name":"Fortune's Favourites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortune%27s_Favourites"},{"link_name":"Caesar's Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesar%27s_Women"},{"link_name":"Caesar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesar_(McCullough_novel)"},{"link_name":"The October Horse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_October_Horse"},{"link_name":"Asterix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asterix"},{"link_name":"Asterix and Son","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asterix_and_Son"},{"link_name":"Asterix and Obelix vs Caesar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asterix_and_Obelix_vs_Caesar"},{"link_name":"Didier Cauchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Didier_Cauchy&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Asterix at the Olympic Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asterix_at_the_Olympic_Games_(film)"},{"link_name":"Belgian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Benoît Poelvoorde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beno%C3%AEt_Poelvoorde"},{"link_name":"Asterix at the Olympic Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asterix_at_the_Olympic_Games"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Brutus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Junius_Brutus_(character_of_Rome)"},{"link_name":"Tobias Menzies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobias_Menzies"},{"link_name":"The Hives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hives"},{"link_name":"Red Hot Chili Peppers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Hot_Chili_Peppers"},{"link_name":"I'm with You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27m_with_You_(album)"},{"link_name":"Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassin%27s_Creed:_Brotherhood"},{"link_name":"Assassin's Creed Origins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassin%27s_Creed_Origins"}],"text":"In Jonathan Swift's 1726 satire Gulliver's Travels, Gulliver arrives at the island of Glubbdubdrib and is invited by a sorcerer to visit with several historical figures brought back from the dead. Among them, Caesar and Brutus are evoked, and Caesar confesses that all his glory doesn't equal the glory Brutus gained by murdering him.\nIn the Masters of Rome novels of Colleen McCullough, Brutus is portrayed as a timid intellectual whose relationship with Caesar is deeply complex. He resents Caesar for breaking his marriage arrangement with Caesar's daughter, Julia, whom Brutus deeply loved so that she could be married instead to Pompey the Great. However, Brutus enjoys Caesar's favor after he receives a pardon for fighting with Republican forces against Caesar at the Battle of Pharsalus. In the lead-up to the Ides of March, Cassius and Trebonius use him as a figurehead because of his family connections to the founder of the Republic. He appears in Fortune's Favourites, Caesar's Women, Caesar and The October Horse.\nBrutus is an occasional supporting character in Asterix comics, most notably Asterix and Son in which he is the main antagonist. The character appears in the first three live Asterix film adaptations – though briefly in the first two – Asterix and Obelix vs Caesar (played by Didier Cauchy) and Asterix at the Olympic Games. In the latter film, he is portrayed as a comical villain by Belgian actor Benoît Poelvoorde: he is a central character to the film, even though he was not depicted in the original Asterix at the Olympic Games comic book. He is implied in that film to be Julius Caesar's biological son.\nIn the TV series Rome, Brutus, portrayed by Tobias Menzies, is depicted as a young man torn between what he believes is right, and his loyalty to and love of a man who has been like a father to him. In the series, his personality and motives are somewhat inaccurate, as Brutus is portrayed as an unwilling participant in politics. In the earlier episodes, he is frequently inebriated and easily ruled by emotion. Brutus' relationship to Cato is not mentioned; his three sisters and wife, Porcia, are omitted.\nThe Hives' song \"B is for Brutus\" contains titular and lyrical references to Junius Brutus.\nRed Hot Chili Peppers song \"Even You Brutus?\" from their 2011 album I'm with You makes reference to Brutus and Judas Iscariot.\nThe video game Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood features a small side story in the form of the \"Scrolls of Romulus\" written by Brutus, which reveals that Caesar was a Templar, and Brutus and the conspirators were members of the Roman Brotherhood of Assassins. At the end of the side quest, the player is able to get Brutus' armour and dagger. Later at Assassin's Creed Origins, Brutus and Cassius make an appearance as Aya's earliest recruits and is the one who give the killing blow to Caesar, though his armour from Brotherhood does not make an appearance here.","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Cicero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicero"},{"link_name":"Brutus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brutus_(Cicero)"},{"link_name":"Hortensius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quintus_Hortensius"},{"link_name":"Velleius Paterculus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velleius_Paterculus"},{"link_name":"Tempest 2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFTempest2017"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-46"},{"link_name":"Ariobarzanes II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariobarzanes_II_of_Cappadocia"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-51"},{"link_name":"Balbo 2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBalbo2013"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-119"},{"link_name":"Tempest 2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFTempest2017"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-124"},{"link_name":"Tempest 2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFTempest2017"}],"text":"^ Cicero, Brutus, 324 says he was born ten years after the debut of Hortensius, in 95 BC, but Velleius Paterculus has Brutus aged 36 at death. Velleius's date would make Brutus too young to hold the offices he is known to have held. Tempest 2017, pp. 262–263.\n\n^ Possibly Ariobarzanes II. Cicero's time as governor overlaps with the death of Ariobarzanes II and the accession of Ariobarzanes III.\n\n^ The speech Brutus wrote for Milo is also called the exercitatio Bruti pro Milone. Balbo 2013, p. 320.\n\n^ Cicero made the proposal, \"referring to Brutus by his official name\", \"that as proconsul Quintus Caepio Brutus shall protect, defend, guard, and keep safe Macedonia, Illyricum, and the whole of Greece; that he will command the army which he himself has established and raised... and see to it that, together with his army, he be as close as possible to Italy\".\nTempest 2017, p. 150.\n\n\n^ \"Evidently there was little understanding in the east of the effect of Lepidus' defection [by 30 May 43] and the potential crisis awaiting Rome; likewise, in the west, the problem of Dolabella [who was posing an immediate threat to Cassius and Brutus' forces] was remote and incomprehensible\". Tempest 2017, p. 168.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.3440","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199381135.013.3440"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-19-954556-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954556-8"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"959667246","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/959667246"},{"link_name":"Syme, Ronald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Syme"},{"link_name":"The Roman revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.73667"},{"link_name":"\"Review of 'Brutus: the noble conspirator'\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2018/2018.01.40/"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1055-7660","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/1055-7660"}],"text":"Badian, Ernst (2012). \"Iunius Brutus (2), Marcus\". In Hornblower, Simon; et al. (eds.). The Oxford classical dictionary (4th ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.3440. ISBN 978-0-19-954556-8. OCLC 959667246.\nSyme, Ronald (1939). The Roman revolution. Oxford University Press.\nVolk, Katharina (2018). \"Review of 'Brutus: the noble conspirator'\". Bryn Mawr Classical Review. ISSN 1055-7660.\nWistrand, Erik (1981). The policy of Brutus the tyrannicide. Goteborg: Kungl.","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"The Capitoline Brutus, supposedly depicting Brutus' ancestor Lucius Junius Brutus, who expelled the kings from Rome.[17]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Capitoline_Brutus_Musei_Capitolini_MC1183.jpg/220px-Capitoline_Brutus_Musei_Capitolini_MC1183.jpg"},{"image_text":"Denarius minted by Brutus, 54 BC, with the portraits of Lucius Junius Brutus (obverse) and Gaius Servilius Ahala (reverse).[36][37]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Q._Servilius_Caepio_%28M._Junius%29_Brutus%2C_denarius%2C_54_BC%2C_RRC_433-2.jpg/300px-Q._Servilius_Caepio_%28M._Junius%29_Brutus%2C_denarius%2C_54_BC%2C_RRC_433-2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Denarius of Brutus, 44 BC, depicting the personification of Libertas and Lucius Junius Brutus with lictors.[36][38]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Q._Servilius_Caepio_%28M._Junius%29_Brutus%2C_denarius%2C_54_BC%2C_RRC_433-1.jpg/300px-Q._Servilius_Caepio_%28M._Junius%29_Brutus%2C_denarius%2C_54_BC%2C_RRC_433-1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Marble bust, so-called Brutus, at the Palazzo Massimo alle Terme in the National Museum of Rome","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Portrait_Brutus_Massimo.jpg/220px-Portrait_Brutus_Massimo.jpg"},{"image_text":"Death of Caesar (1804–05) by Vincenzo Camuccini.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Vincenzo_Camuccini_-_La_morte_di_Cesare.jpg/220px-Vincenzo_Camuccini_-_La_morte_di_Cesare.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Death of Caesar (1867) by Jean-Léon Gérôme.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_-_The_Death_of_Caesar_-_Walters_37884.jpg/220px-Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_-_The_Death_of_Caesar_-_Walters_37884.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ides of March coin minted by Brutus in 43–42 BC. The daggers and pileus celebrate the assassination of Julius Caesar.[110]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Ides_of_March_coin_%282%29.jpg/220px-Ides_of_March_coin_%282%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Brutus and his companions after the battle of Philippi","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Brutus_and_his_companions_after_the_battle_of_Philippi.jpg/220px-Brutus_and_his_companions_after_the_battle_of_Philippi.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Junia gens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junia_gens"}]	[{"reference":"Treggiari, Susan (2019). \"Adolescence and Marriage to Brutus (c. 88–78)\". Servilia and her Family. Oxford University Press. pp. 70–87. doi:10.1093/oso/9780198829348.003.0004. ISBN 978-0-19-186792-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://oxford.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.1093/oso/9780198829348.001.0001/oso-9780198829348-chapter-4","url_text":"Servilia and her Family"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foso%2F9780198829348.003.0004","url_text":"10.1093/oso/9780198829348.003.0004"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-186792-7","url_text":"978-0-19-186792-7"}]},{"reference":"Valerius Maximus (2004). Memorable deeds and sayings : one thousand tales from ancient Rome. Translated by Walker, Henry J. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing. p. 205. ISBN 0-87220-675-0. OCLC 53231884. Pompey killed Marcus Junius Brutus, a rebel legate in northern Italy, in 77 BC.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/53231884","url_text":"Memorable deeds and sayings : one thousand tales from ancient Rome"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87220-675-0","url_text":"0-87220-675-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/53231884","url_text":"53231884"}]},{"reference":"Flower, Harriet (7 March 2016). \"Servilia\". Oxford Classical Dictionary. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.5854. ISBN 978-0199381135. Retrieved 21 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://oxfordre.com/classics/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.001.0001/acrefore-9780199381135-e-5854","url_text":"\"Servilia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199381135.013.5854","url_text":"10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.5854"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199381135","url_text":"978-0199381135"}]},{"reference":"Fluß, Max (1923). \"Servilius 101\" . Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft (in German). Vol. II A, 2. Stuttgart: Butcher. cols. 1817–21 – via Wikisource.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/de:RE:Servilius_101","url_text":"\"Servilius 101\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikisource","url_text":"Wikisource"}]},{"reference":"Syme, Ronald (1960). \"Bastards in the Roman Aristocracy\". Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 104 (3): 326. ISSN 0003-049X. JSTOR 985248. Chronology is against Caesar's paternity.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/985248","url_text":"\"Bastards in the Roman Aristocracy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0003-049X","url_text":"0003-049X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/985248","url_text":"985248"}]},{"reference":"Syme, Ronald (1980). \"No Son for Caesar?\". Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte. 29 (4): 426. ISSN 0018-2311. JSTOR 4435732. Caesar is excluded by plain fact","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/4435732","url_text":"\"No Son for Caesar?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0018-2311","url_text":"0018-2311"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/4435732","url_text":"4435732"}]},{"reference":"Piccolomini, Manfredi (1991). The Brutus revival: parricide and tyrannicide during the Renaissance. Carbondale and Edwardsville: Southern Illinois University Press. pp. 2–5. ISBN 978-0-8093-1649-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FF26oJVET2cC","url_text":"The Brutus revival: parricide and tyrannicide during the Renaissance"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8093-1649-6","url_text":"978-0-8093-1649-6"}]},{"reference":"Parker, Deborah (1993). Commentary and ideology: Dante in the Renaissance. Duke University Press. pp. 65, 82–83. ISBN 978-0-8223-1281-9. Both writers emphasize that Caesar symbolizes the universal monarch and Brutus and Cassius represent the assassins of the true universal emperor.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=S0ZdAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Commentary and ideology: Dante in the Renaissance"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-1281-9","url_text":"978-0-8223-1281-9"}]},{"reference":"Dry, Murray; Storing, Herbert J, eds. (1985). The anti-Federalist: an abridgement. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-77562-3. OCLC 698669562.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/698669562","url_text":"The anti-Federalist: an abridgement"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-77562-3","url_text":"978-0-226-77562-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/698669562","url_text":"698669562"}]},{"reference":"Balbo, Andrea (2013). \"Marcus Junius Brutus the orator: between philosophy and rhetoric\". In Steel, Catherine; van der Blom, Henriette (eds.). Community and communication: oratory and politics in republican Rome. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-964189-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://oxford.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199641895.001.0001/acprof-9780199641895-chapter-19","url_text":"Community and communication: oratory and politics in republican Rome"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-964189-5","url_text":"978-0-19-964189-5"}]},{"reference":"Broughton, Thomas Robert Shannon (1952). The magistrates of the Roman republic. Vol. 2. New York: American Philological Association.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Robert_Shannon_Broughton","url_text":"Broughton, Thomas Robert Shannon"}]},{"reference":"Clarke, Martin Lowther (1981). The Noblest Roman: Marcus Brutus and His Reputation. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-801-41393-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=xB4aAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"The Noblest Roman: Marcus Brutus and His Reputation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-801-41393-3","url_text":"978-0-801-41393-3"}]},{"reference":"Crawford, Michael Hewson (1974). Roman republican coinage. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-07492-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=w0pmAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Roman republican coinage"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-07492-6","url_text":"978-0-521-07492-6"}]},{"reference":"Gowing, Alain M (2005). Empire and memory: the representation of the Roman republic in imperial culture. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511610592. ISBN 0-511-12792-8. OCLC 252514679.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9780511610592","url_text":"10.1017/CBO9780511610592"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-511-12792-8","url_text":"0-511-12792-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/252514679","url_text":"252514679"}]},{"reference":"Hinard, François (1985). Les proscriptions de la Rome républicaine (in French). Rome: Ecole française de Rome. ISBN 2728300941.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.persee.fr/doc/efr_0000-0000_1985_ths_83_1","url_text":"Les proscriptions de la Rome républicaine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2728300941","url_text":"2728300941"}]},{"reference":"Plutarch (1918) [2nd century AD]. \"Life of Brutus\". Parallel Lives. Loeb Classical Library. Vol. 6. Translated by Perrin, Bernadotte. Harvard University Press. OCLC 40115288 – via Perseus Digital Library.","urls":[{"url":"http://data.perseus.org/texts/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0007.tlg061.perseus-eng1","url_text":"\"Life of Brutus\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/40115288","url_text":"40115288"}]},{"reference":"Tempest, Kathryn (2017). Brutus: the noble conspirator. London: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-18009-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mmo3DwAAQBAJ","url_text":"Brutus: the noble conspirator"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-18009-1","url_text":"978-0-300-18009-1"}]},{"reference":"Badian, Ernst (2012). \"Iunius Brutus (2), Marcus\". In Hornblower, Simon; et al. (eds.). The Oxford classical dictionary (4th ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.3440. ISBN 978-0-19-954556-8. OCLC 959667246.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199381135.013.3440","url_text":"10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.3440"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954556-8","url_text":"978-0-19-954556-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/959667246","url_text":"959667246"}]},{"reference":"Syme, Ronald (1939). The Roman revolution. Oxford University Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Syme","url_text":"Syme, Ronald"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.73667","url_text":"The Roman revolution"}]},{"reference":"Volk, Katharina (2018). \"Review of 'Brutus: the noble conspirator'\". Bryn Mawr Classical Review. ISSN 1055-7660.","urls":[{"url":"https://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2018/2018.01.40/","url_text":"\"Review of 'Brutus: the noble conspirator'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1055-7660","url_text":"1055-7660"}]},{"reference":"Wistrand, Erik (1981). The policy of Brutus the tyrannicide. Goteborg: Kungl.","urls":[]}]	[{"Link":"https://oxford.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.1093/oso/9780198829348.001.0001/oso-9780198829348-chapter-4","external_links_name":"Servilia and her Family"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foso%2F9780198829348.003.0004","external_links_name":"10.1093/oso/9780198829348.003.0004"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/53231884","external_links_name":"Memorable deeds and sayings : one thousand tales from ancient Rome"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/53231884","external_links_name":"53231884"},{"Link":"https://oxfordre.com/classics/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.001.0001/acrefore-9780199381135-e-5854","external_links_name":"\"Servilia\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199381135.013.5854","external_links_name":"10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.5854"},{"Link":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/de:RE:Servilius_101","external_links_name":"\"Servilius 101\""},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/985248","external_links_name":"\"Bastards in the Roman Aristocracy\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0003-049X","external_links_name":"0003-049X"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/985248","external_links_name":"985248"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/4435732","external_links_name":"\"No Son for Caesar?\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0018-2311","external_links_name":"0018-2311"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/4435732","external_links_name":"4435732"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FF26oJVET2cC","external_links_name":"The Brutus revival: parricide and tyrannicide during the Renaissance"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=S0ZdAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Commentary and ideology: Dante in the Renaissance"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/698669562","external_links_name":"The anti-Federalist: an 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liouvillian_function	Liouvillian function	["1 Examples","2 See also","3 References","4 Further reading"]	Elementary functions and their finitely iterated integrals In mathematics, the Liouvillian functions comprise a set of functions including the elementary functions and their repeated integrals. Liouvillian functions can be recursively defined as integrals of other Liouvillian functions. More explicitly, a Liouvillian function is a function of one variable which is the composition of a finite number of arithmetic operations (+, −, ×, ÷), exponentials, constants, solutions of algebraic equations (a generalization of nth roots), and antiderivatives. The logarithm function does not need to be explicitly included since it is the integral of 1 / x {\displaystyle 1/x} . It follows directly from the definition that the set of Liouvillian functions is closed under arithmetic operations, composition, and integration. It is also closed under differentiation. It is not closed under limits and infinite sums. Liouvillian functions were introduced by Joseph Liouville in a series of papers from 1833 to 1841. Examples All elementary functions are Liouvillian. Examples of well-known functions which are Liouvillian but not elementary are the nonelementary antiderivatives, for example: The error function, e r f ( x ) = 2 π ∫ 0 x e − t 2 d t , {\displaystyle \mathrm {erf} (x)={\frac {2}{\sqrt {\pi }}}\int _{0}^{x}e^{-t^{2}}\,dt,} The exponential (Ei), logarithmic (Li or li) and Fresnel (S and C) integrals. All Liouvillian functions are solutions of algebraic differential equations, but not conversely. Examples of functions which are solutions of algebraic differential equations but not Liouvillian include: the Bessel functions (except special cases); the hypergeometric functions (except special cases). Examples of functions which are not solutions of algebraic differential equations and thus not Liouvillian include all transcendentally transcendental functions, such as: the gamma function; the zeta function. See also Closed-form expression – Mathematical formula involving a given set of operations Differential Galois theory – Study of Galois symmetry groups of differential fields Liouville's theorem (differential algebra) – Says when antiderivatives of elementary functions can be expressed as elementary functions Nonelementary integral – Integrals not expressible in closed-form from elementary functions Picard–Vessiot theory – Study of differential field extensions induced by linear differential equations References ^ L. Chan, E.S. Cheb-Terrab, "Non-liouvillian solutions for second order Linear ODEs", Proceedings of the 2004 international symposium on Symbolic and algebraic computation (ISSAC '04), 2004, pp. 80–86 doi:10.1145/1005285.1005299 Further reading Davenport, J. H. (2007). "What Might 'Understand a Function' Mean". In Kauers, M.; Kerber, M.; Miner, R.; Windsteiger, W. (eds.). Towards Mechanized Mathematical Assistants. Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer. pp. 55–65. ISBN 978-3-540-73083-5.	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Liouvillian functions can be recursively defined as integrals of other Liouvillian functions.More explicitly, a Liouvillian function is a function of one variable which is the composition of a finite number of arithmetic operations (+, −, ×, ÷), exponentials, constants, solutions of algebraic equations (a generalization of nth roots), and antiderivatives. The logarithm function does not need to be explicitly included since it is the integral of \n \n \n \n 1\n \n /\n \n x\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 1/x}\n \n.It follows directly from the definition that the set of Liouvillian functions is closed under arithmetic operations, composition, and integration. It is also closed under differentiation. It is not closed under limits and infinite sums. [example needed]Liouvillian functions were introduced by Joseph Liouville in a series of papers from 1833 to 1841.","title":"Liouvillian function"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"elementary functions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary_function"},{"link_name":"nonelementary antiderivatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonelementary_integral"},{"link_name":"error function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Error_function"},{"link_name":"exponential","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponential_integral"},{"link_name":"logarithmic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logarithmic_integral"},{"link_name":"Fresnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresnel_integral"},{"link_name":"algebraic differential equations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraic_differential_equation"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Bessel functions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bessel_function"},{"link_name":"hypergeometric functions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypergeometric_function"},{"link_name":"transcendentally transcendental functions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcendentally_transcendental_function"},{"link_name":"gamma function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma_function"},{"link_name":"zeta function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeta_function"}],"text":"All elementary functions are Liouvillian.Examples of well-known functions which are Liouvillian but not elementary are the nonelementary antiderivatives, for example:The error function, \n \n \n \n \n e\n r\n f\n \n (\n x\n )\n =\n \n \n 2\n \n π\n \n \n \n \n ∫\n \n 0\n \n \n x\n \n \n \n e\n \n −\n \n t\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n d\n t\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathrm {erf} (x)={\\frac {2}{\\sqrt {\\pi }}}\\int _{0}^{x}e^{-t^{2}}\\,dt,}\n \n\nThe exponential (Ei), logarithmic (Li or li) and Fresnel (S and C) integrals.All Liouvillian functions are solutions of algebraic differential equations, but not conversely. Examples of functions which are solutions of algebraic differential equations but not Liouvillian include:[1]the Bessel functions (except special cases);\nthe hypergeometric functions (except special cases).Examples of functions which are not solutions of algebraic differential equations and thus not Liouvillian include all transcendentally transcendental functions, such as:the gamma function;\nthe zeta function.","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Towards Mechanized Mathematical Assistants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/towardsmechanize00kaue"},{"link_name":"55","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/towardsmechanize00kaue/page/n65"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-540-73083-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-73083-5"}],"text":"Davenport, J. H. (2007). \"What Might 'Understand a Function' Mean\". In Kauers, M.; Kerber, M.; Miner, R.; Windsteiger, W. (eds.). Towards Mechanized Mathematical Assistants. Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer. pp. 55–65. ISBN 978-3-540-73083-5.","title":"Further reading"}]	[]	[{"title":"Closed-form expression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed-form_expression"},{"title":"Differential Galois theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_Galois_theory"},{"title":"Liouville's theorem (differential algebra)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liouville%27s_theorem_(differential_algebra)"},{"title":"Nonelementary integral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonelementary_integral"},{"title":"Picard–Vessiot theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picard%E2%80%93Vessiot_theory"}]	[{"reference":"Davenport, J. H. (2007). \"What Might 'Understand a Function' Mean\". In Kauers, M.; Kerber, M.; Miner, R.; Windsteiger, W. (eds.). Towards Mechanized Mathematical Assistants. Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer. pp. 55–65. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_(tug)	Baltimore (tug)	["1 Description","1.1 Boiler","1.2 Engine","1.3 Auxiliaries and pumps","1.4 Superstructure","2 History","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]	Coordinates: 39°16′28″N 76°36′1″W / 39.27444°N 76.60028°W / 39.27444; -76.60028Steam-powered tugboat Baltimore Baltimore in 1989 History United States NameBaltimore NamesakeBaltimore, MD BuilderSkinner Shipbuilding Company Launched1906 StatusMuseum ship General characteristics Tonnage81 tons (gross), 55 tons (net) Length84.5 ft (25.8 m) Installed powerCompound reciprocating steam engine Baltimore (tug)U.S. National Register of Historic PlacesU.S. National Historic Landmark LocationBaltimore Museum of Industry, Baltimore, MarylandCoordinates39°16′28″N 76°36′1″W / 39.27444°N 76.60028°W / 39.27444; -76.60028Built1906ArchitectSkinner ShipbuildingNRHP reference No.93001613Significant datesAdded to NRHP4 November 1993Designated NHL4 November 1993 Baltimore is a preserved steam-powered tugboat, built in 1906 by the Skinner Shipbuilding Company of Baltimore, Maryland. She is formerly the oldest operating steam tugboat in the United States, but at present does not hold an operating license issued by the US Coast Guard, so is unable to leave her dock at the Baltimore Museum of Industry on Key Highway, Baltimore. Her hull is not capable of operating on open water. Baltimore was built and operated as a harbor inspection tug, capable of acting as a municipal tugboat for city barges, as well as an official welcoming vessel and VIP launch, an auxiliary fireboat, and as a light icebreaker. She was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1993, and is part of the Baltimore Museum of Industry. The Baltimore and Chesapeake Steamboat Co., a nonprofit organization, was established to maintain the tugboat. Description Baltimore is equipped with a compound reciprocating steam engine, fed by a Scotch marine boiler. Hull construction is rivetted iron, with a wooden deckhouse. The 84.5 feet (25.8 m) wrought iron hull has proven to be more durable than steel or wood. Displacement measures 81 gross tons and 55 net tons. The hull form is typical for its time, with an upright stem, moderate sheer and elliptical stern. Bulwarks are vertical about the stern rather than inwardly-sloped as in more modern designs. Boiler The boiler was a replacement for the original, fitted in 1922, but is similar to the original. The cylindrical boiler measures 9.5 feet (2.9 m) by 10.25 feet (3.12 m), with two Morrison furnaces connecting to a combustion chamber at the rear. The fire tubes pass from the back to the front of the boiler. Exhaust passes through an annular steam dryer/superheater on its way to the smokestack. Originally designed to burn coal, the boiler was converted to oil in 1957. The boiler has since been converted back to coal and the original coal bunkers restored by the Baltimore Museum of Industry as part of their conservation and restoration work. Steam pressure as designed was 150 psi (1,000 kPa), however it is limited to 115 psi (790 kPa) by the boiler rating. Engine The tug is powered by a compound double-acting, vertical-inverted steam reciprocating engine, a common type for tugboats. A 12 inches (30 cm) high-pressure cylinder operates at 150 psi (1,000 kPa) (now 115 psi (790 kPa)), while a 25 inches (64 cm) low-pressure cylinder takes the high-pressure cylinder's exhaust at 17psi. Both cylinders have a stroke of 22 inches (56 cm), offset by 90 degrees to keep the engine from being stuck on center. A manual jacking gear acts as a further measure to prevent sticking on center. Stephenson valve gear permits reversing, aided by a steam reversing engine or ram to adjust eccentric rods. The propeller has a diameter of 6.75 feet (2.06 m) with a pitch of 8.66 feet (2.64 m). Auxiliaries and pumps Baltimore has a rotative duplex donkey pump, duplex feed pump, duplex sanitary pump and a centrifugal circulating pump. The pump system provides a moderate fire fighting capability through two hose standpipes on top of the pilothouse. Piping runs to each compartment allow water to be forced out through air pressure in the event of flooding. A 5.5 kW Westinghouse dynamo provides electrical power, driven by an American Blocwer steam engine at 500 RPM. A Pyle National 5 kW reserve generator was installed in 1957. The electrical system was unusual in 1906, and was fitted when the yard was able to build the tug for substantially less than the estimated cost. Superstructure The full-length deckhouse is built of Georgia pine, with a similarly constructed pilothouse on top, set slightly back from the front of the deckhouse. Both are sheathed with tongue-and-groove planking. Windows are sash units designed to drop into self-draining metal pockets in the bulkheads. A saloon fills the front of the deckhouse, finished with oak match board. Aft of a bulkhead a companionway ladder leads to the pilothouse. The middle of the deckhouse covers the boiler and engine room spaces. The rear of the deckhouse contains the galley, provided with a Shipmate coal-burning stove. The deckhouse ends at toilets, officers to port and crew to starboard. The pilothouse has an elliptical forward face and a flat rear. A steam radiator provides heat, and a ladder provides access to the pilothouse roof. The large wheel dominates the house, its size dictated by the entirely manual steering gear, an anachronistic feature for the time. Voice pipes run to the engine room and saloon. Bells provide additional communication to the engine room. Whistles are fitted for signals to ships and shore. A 20 feet (6.1 m) Kallenweller metal lifeboat for eleven people is carried on chocks above the engine room skylight on the deckhouse, lifted by pipe davits. History Baltimore acted as a general-purpose harbor vessel, taking on roles as needed in her capacity as a representative of the city. The tug took on school tours, carried VIPs and attended ceremonies. On one occasion in 1922, a newly launched ship capsized onto Baltimore, damaging her pilothouse. The city took advantage of the repair period to replace Baltimore's boiler. In her capacity as an official welcoming vessel for the City of Baltimore, Baltimore met the German unarmed merchant submarine Deutschland on her first voyage to America, prior to the United States' entry into World War I. Baltimore and the city quarantine tug Thomas F. Timmins patrolled the vicinity of Deutschland's berth to ensure American neutrality. In 1956 the Baltimore Harbor Board was dissolved and its assets, including Baltimore, transferred to the Maryland Port Authority. In 1963 the state sold Baltimore to Alexander Luckton Jr., owner of Baltimore's Poe Bookstore. Luckton proposed to use Baltimore as a tow vessel for a barge carrying 100,000 books bound for Puerto Rico. With the failure of Luckton's health the project was called off and Baltimore was sold to the Harbor Towing Company of Baltimore, which in turn sold her the same year to Samuel F. and Joanna J. DuPont, who had her repaired and certified as a steam yacht. In 1979 Baltimore sank at her dock on the Sassafras River in fifteen feet of water. In 1981 DuPont offered the tug to the Baltimore Museum of Industry. After several tries the tug was raised, and has been undergoing repair and conservation ever since. In 2009 the project was awarded federal funding for further restoration work, and additional funding in 2011 through a Maryland Heritage Areas Authority grant. See also Wikimedia Commons has media related to Baltimore (tugboat, 1906). Sergeant Floyd (towboat), a similar vessel for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, also a National Historic Landmark List of National Historic Landmarks in Maryland National Register of Historic Places listings in South and Southeast Baltimore References ^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. April 15, 2008. ^ a b c "Baltimore (Tug)". National Historic Landmarks Program. National Park Service. Retrieved June 9, 2008. ^ "Baltimore". Baltimore:A National Register of Historic Places Travel Itinerary. National Park Service. Retrieved March 16, 2009. ^ Gencer, Arin (November 26, 2006). "Tug needs help, soon, to survive". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved December 6, 2011. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Foster, Kevin J. (April 30, 1993). "National Historic Landmark Nomination: Baltimore, Harbor Inspection Tug / Baltimore, official number 203700" (pdf). National Park Service. Retrieved October 23, 2012."Accompanying eight photos, exterior and interior, from 1988, 1989, and undated" (pdf). National Park Service. Retrieved October 23, 2012. ^ a b "Federal Funds Save Baltimore's Steam Tug". CBS Corporation, WJZ-TV. Retrieved March 16, 2009. ^ "Maryland Historical Trust". National Register of Historic Places: Properties in Baltimore City. Maryland Historical Trust. June 8, 2008. Retrieved October 23, 2012. ^ "Maryland Heritage Areas Authority Grants Awards for Fiscal Year 2011" (pdf). Maryland Historical Trust. Retrieved December 6, 2011. External links Baltimore & Chesapeake Steamboat Company Baltimore (tug), Baltimore City, including photo from 1995, at Maryland Historical Trust vteU.S. National Register of Historic Places in MarylandTopics Contributing property Keeper of the Register Historic district History of the National Register of Historic Places National Park Service Property types Listsby county Allegany Anne Arundel Baltimore County Calvert Caroline Carroll Cecil Charles Dorchester Frederick Garrett Harford Howard Kent Montgomery Prince George's Queen Anne's Somerset St. Mary's Talbot Washington Wicomico Worcester Lists by city Baltimore: (Central North and Northwest West and Southwest East and Northeast South and Southeast) Other lists Bridges National Historic Landmarks Category:National Register of Historic Places in Maryland Portal:National Register of Historic Places vteSurviving ships launched before 1919operational⛵ preserved⚓Pre-1800 Pesse canoe⚓ (8040–7510 BC) Dufuna canoe⚓ (6550 BC) Bibongho canoe⚓ (6000 BC) Pirogues de Bercy⚓ (4500 BC) Khufu ship⚓ (2500 BC) Carnegie boat⚓ (1870–1831 BC) Chicago boat⚓ (1870–1831 BC) Red boat⚓ (1870–1831 BC) White boat⚓ (1870–1831 BC) Appleby logboat⚓ (1500–1300 BC) Dover Bronze Age Boat⚓ (1500 BC) Hanson Log Boat⚓ (1500 BC) Hasholme Logboat⚓ (c. 750-390 BC) Ma'agan Michael Ship⚓ (c. 450 BC) Fiskerton log boat⚓ (457–300 BC) Hjortspring boat⚓ (c. 350 BC) Kyrenia ship⚓ (c. 350 BC) Poole Logboat⚓ (c. 300 BC) Sea of Galilee Boat⚓ (c. 85 BC) Alkedo⚓ (1st century AD) De Meern 1⚓ (148 AD) Arles Rhône 3⚓ (c. 150 AD) Bevaix boat⚓ (c. 182 AD) Roman ship of Marausa⚓ (3rd century AD) Nydam Boat⚓ (c. 320 AD) Oseberg Ship⚓ (820 AD) Gokstad ship⚓ (900 AD) Tune ship⚓ (900 AD) Utrecht ship⚓ (997–1030 AD) Skuldelev ships⚓ (1030–1042 AD) Quanzhou ship⚓ (1272 AD) Bremen cog⚓ (c. 1380 AD) Newport Ship⚓ (1449) Mary Rose⚓ (1509) Tarihi Kadırga⚓ (c. 1600) Vasa⚓ (1627) Sparrow Hawk⚓ (1628) St. Nicholas⚓ (1640) State Barge of Charles II⚓ (1670) La Belle⚓ (1684) Queen Mary's Shallop⚓ (1689) Prince Frederick's Barge⚓ (1732) Victory⚓ (1765) Philadelphia⚓ (1776) Peggy⚓ (c. 1789) Constitution⛵ (1797) 1800–1879 Zetland⚓ (1802) Ticonderoga⚓ (1814) Trincomalee⚓ (1817) Unicorn⚓ (1824) Charles W. Morgan⛵ (1841) Dom Fernando II e Glória⚓ (1843) Bertha⚓ (1844) Great Britain⚓ (1845) Brandtaucher⚓ (1850) Radetzky⚓ (1851) Snow Squall⚓ (1851) Edwin Fox⚓ (1853) Constellation⚓ (1854) Santiago⚓ (1856) Skibladner⛵ (1856) Gondola⛵ (1859) Jylland⚓ (1860) Warrior⚓ (1860) Cairo⚓ (1861) Mayflower⚓ (1861) Australia⚓ (1862) Chattahoochee⚓ (1863) Daring⚓ (1863) H. L. Hunley⚓ (1863) Intelligent Whale⚓ (1863) Neuse⚓ (1863) Star of India ⛵ (1863) Sub Marine Explorer⚓️ (1863) City of Adelaide⚓ (1864) Jackson⚓ (1864) Strelets (1864) El Mahrousa⛵ (1865) Huáscar⚓ (1865) Adelaide⛵ (1866) Bjoren⛵ (1866) Emma C. Berry⚓ (1866) Buffel⚓ (1868) Enköping⛵ (1868) Lone Star⚓ (1868) Schorpioen⚓ (1868) Cutty Sark⚓ (1869) Katarina⚓ (1869) Yavari⚓ (1870) Leitha⚓ (1871) Lewis R. French⛵ (1871) Raven⛵ (1871) Stephen Taber⛵ (1871) Puno⛵ (1872) Gjøa⚓ (1872) Meiji Maru⚓ (1873) Rap⚓ (1873) Hero⛵ (1874) James Craig⛵ (1874) Juno⛵ (1874) Uruguay⚓ (1874) Amphibious / Akuna Amphibious⛵️ (1875) Muñoz Gamero (1875) Sölve⚓ (1875) Anna Karoline⚓ (1876) Avoca⚓ (1877) Bonaire⚓ (1877) Elissa⛵ (1877) Gem⚓ (1877) Governor Stone⛵ (1877) Lady of the Lake⛵ (1877) Success⚓ (1877) Decoy⚓ (1878) Enterprise⛵ (1878) Falls of Clyde⚓ (1878) Gannet⚓ (1878) Holland I⚓ (1878) Lady Elizabeth⚓ (1879) Vallejo⛵️ (1879) 1880–1899 Annie⚓ (1880) Fenian Ram⚓ (1881) Mary D. Hume⚓️ (1881) Rothbury⛵️ (1881) George Smeed⛵️ (1882) Grace Bailey⛵ (1882) Joseph Conrad⛵ (1882) Christeen⚓ (1883) Nelcebee⚓ (1883) Abdón Calderón⚓ (1884) Little Jennie ⚓ (1884) Kuna⛵ (1884) PW Mayflower⛵ (1884) Amazon⛵ (1885) Coronet⚓ (1885) Pioneer⛵ (1885) Polly Woodside⚓ (1885) Wavertree⚓ (1885) Balclutha⚓ (1886) L'Almée⚓ (1885) Segwun⛵ (1887) Sigyn⚓ (1887) Tyr⚓ (1887) Akarana⚓ (1888) af Chapman⚓ (1888) Elf⛵ (1888) Equator⚓ (1888) Priscilla⚓ (1888) Anna Kristina⛵ (1889) Arthur Foss⚓ (1889) Edna E Lockwood⛵️ (1889) Peral⚓ (1889) Raven⛵ (1889) "Eureka"⚓ (1890) Persistence⛵️ (1890) Robin⚓ (1890) Alma⚓ (1891) Nellie⚓ (1891) Ruby G. Ford⛵️ (1891) Tern⛵ (1891) Fram⚓ (1892) Kestrel⚓ (1892) Mirosa⛵ (1892) Olympia⚓ (1892) Rona⚓️ (1892) Coya⚓ (1893) El Primero⛵ (1893) Lettie G. Howard⛵ (1893) Maggie S. Myers⛵ (1893) Result⚓ (1893) Viking⚓ (1893) Alfred Corry (ON 353)⚓ (1894) Effie M. Morrissey⛵ (1894) Henry Ramey Upcher⚓ (1894) Turbinia⚓ (1894) Vridni⚓ (1894) Lagaren⚓ (1894) Bessie⛵ (1895) C.A. Thayer⚓ (1895) Centaur⛵ (1895) Gedser Rev⚓ (1895) Hiawatha⛵ (1895) Kitty⛵ (1895) Belem⛵ (1896) Daisy⚓ (1896) Edna G⚓ (1896) Genève⚓ (1896) Glenlee⚓ (1896) Meteor⚓ (1896) Pyap⛵ (1896) Rebecca T. Ruark⚓ (1896) Rickmer Rickmers⚓ (1896) La Dolce Vita⛵ (1897) Keenora⚓ (1897) Marion⛵ (1897) Najaden⚓ (1897) Presidente Sarmiento⚓ (1897) Tarella⚓ (1897) Wyvern⛵ (1897) Carola⚓ (1898) Marjorie⛵ (1898) Niagara⛵ (1898) Berkeley⚓ (1898) Edme⛵ (1898) Etona⛵ (1898) Moyie⚓ (1898) Niagara⛵ (1898) Waimarie⛵️ (1898) Wyvenhoe⛵ (1898) Albatros⛵ (1899) Decima⛵ (1899) Maud⛵ (1899) Stjernen I⛵ (1899) William B. Tennison⚓ (1899) 1900–1907 Aurora⚓ (1900) Edward M. Cotter⛵ (1900) Ena⛵ (1900) Helen McAllister⚓ (1900) Howard L. Shaw⚓ (1900) Ironsides⛵ (1900) Kathleen and May⛵ (1900) Mikasa⚓ (1900) Regina M.⚓️ (1900) Västan⛵ (1900) Victory Chimes⛵ (1900) Cangarda⛵ (1901) Discovery⚓ (1901) Duchesse Anne⚓ (1901) Elsworth⚓ (1901) Gazela⚓ (1901) Holland 1⚓ (1901) Kathryn⚓ (1901) Reaper⛵ (1901) Sigsbee⛵ (1901) Tilikum⚓ c. 1901 Urger⛵ (1901) Basuto⚓ (1902) Columbia⚓ (1902) Jupiter⚓ (1902) Madiz⛵ (1902) Shenandoah⛵ (1902) Solway Lass⛵ (1902) Stanley Norman⚓ (1902) Suomen Joutsen⚓ (1902) Alma Doepel⛵ (1903) Billie P. Hall⛵️ (1903) Celtic⚓ (1903) Finngrundet⚓ (1903) Föri⛵️ (1903) Light Vessel 72⛵ (1903) Maggie Lee⛵ (1903) Normac⚓ (1903) Pommern⚓ (1903) Alose⚓ (1904) Ariki⚓ (1904) Barnegat⚓ (1904) Black Jack⛵ (1904) Fannie L. Daugherty⛵ (1904) J C Madge⚓ (1904) Maple Leaf⛵️ (1904) Juniata⚓ (1904) Medea⚓ (1904) Moshulu⚓ (1904) Sava⚓ (1904) Swiftsure⚓ (1904) Asgard⚓ (1905) Fæmund II⛵ (1905) Hathor⛵ (1905) Hilda M. Willing⛵ (1905) Ridgetown (1905)⚓ (1905) Alexander von Humboldt⛵ (1906) Baltimore⚓ (1906) Blümlisalp⛵ (1906) Cambria⛵ (1906) Edith May⛵ (1906) Ena (1906)⚓️ (1906) Ida May⛵ (1906) Minnehaha⛵ (1906) Minnie V⛵️ (1906) Östanå I⛵ (1906) St. Marys Challenger⛵ (1906) Thalatta⛵ (1906) Ticonderoga⚓ (1906) U-1⚓ (1906) Viola⚓ (1906) Ambrose⚓ (1907) Drazki⚓ (1907) Canally⚓ (1907) F. C. Lewis Jr.⛵ (1907) Henrik Ibsen⛵ (1907) Hercules⚓ (1907) Irene⛵ (1907) Keewatin⚓ (1907) Nyanza⚓ (1907) Rosa⛵ (1907) Ruby⚓ (1907) Tarmo⚓ (1907) Viking⚓ (1907) Yankee⚓ (1907) 1908–1914 Circle Line XIV⛵ (1908) Entiat Princess⛵ (1908) Fehmarnbelt⛵ (1908) Mohican II⛵ (1908) Oscar W⛵ (1908) Oster⛵ (1908) Sabino⛵ (1908) Speeder⛵️ (1908) Storskär⛵ (1908) Ardwina⛵ (1909) Bigwin⛵️ ( 1909) Dar Pomorza⚓ (1909) Duwamish⚓ (1909) Großherzogin Elisabeth⛵ (1909) Lotus⛵ (1909) President⛵ (1909) Stadt Zürich⛵ (1909) Steam Pinnace 199⛵ (1909) Gonca⛵ (1909) E.C. Collier⚓ (1910) Georgios Averof⚓ (1910) Noorderlicht⛵ (1910) Norrskär⛵ (1910) Ste. Claire⚓ (1910) Trillium⛵ (1910) Suriname-Rivier⚓ (1910) Europa⛵ (1911) Eye of the Wind⛵ (1911) Helen Smitton⚓ (1911) Hestmanden⚓ (1911) Industry⛵ (1911) James M. Schoonmaker⚓ (1911) McKeever Brothers⚓ (1911) Nellie L. Byrd⛵ (1911) Nomadic⚓ (1911) Nusret⚓ (1911) Passat⚓ (1911) Peking⚓ (1911) Pevensey⛵ (1911) Tradewind⛵ (1911) Wäiski⚓ (1911) African Queen⚓ (1912) Astoria⛵️ (1912) Canberra⛵ (1912) Cartela⛵ (1912) Chacon⚓ (1912) Earnslaw⛵ (1912) Gustaf III⛵ (1912) Gustafsberg VII⛵ (1912) James Caird⚓ (1912) J. L. Runeberg⛵ (1912) Kwasind⛵ (1912) Lady Denman⚓ (1912) Margaret⛵ (1912) Melbourne⛵ (1912) Sundowner⛵ (1912) Texas⚓ (1912) Wendameen⛵ (1912) Zhongshan⚓ (1912) Miktat Kalkavan⛵ (1912) Acadia⚓ (1913) Adventuress⛵ (1913) Benjamim Guimarães⛵ (1913) Dredge No. 4⚓️ (1913) Jolie Brise⛵ (1913) Kildare⛵ (1913) Kommuna⛵ (1913) Kyle⚓ (1913) North Head⚓ (1913) Rusinga⚓️ (1913) Stord I⛵ (1913) Suur Tõll⛵ (1913) Usoga⛵ (1913) Naramata⚓ (1914) Sicamous⚓ (1914) Stadt Rapperswil⛵ (1914) World War I Belle of Louisville⛵ (1914) Britannia⛵️ (1914) Bustardthorpe⛵ (1914) Caroline⚓ (1914) Hercules⛵ (1914) Horns Rev⚓ (1914) Katahdin⛵ (1914) Libby's No. 23⚓ (1914) Doulos Phos⚓ (1914) Perth⚓ (1914) Pilot⛵ (1914) Statsraad Lehmkuhl⛵ (1914) Zumbrota⛵ (1914) Bradbury⚓ (1915) Graf von Goetzen⛵ (1915) Katie⛵ (1915) Langer Heinrich⛵ (1915) M33⚓ (1915) Mar-Sue⛵ (1915) Miseford⛵ (1915) Peacock⛵ (1915) Sankt Erik⛵ (1915) Wilhelm Carpelan⚓ (1915) Coastal Motor Boat 4⚓ (1916) Krassin⚓ (1916) Mariette⛵️ (1916) Mercantile⛵ (1916) Portsmouth⚓ (1916) UB-46⚓ (1916) Carlisle II⛵ (1917)⚓ (1917) Carpentaria⚓ (1917) Commander⛵ (1917) L'Art de Vivre⛵ (1917) Maud⚓ (1917) St. Julien⛵️ (1917) Valley Camp⚓️ (1917) El Don⛵️ (1918) Felipe Larrazabal ⚓ (1918) Kapitan Borchardt⛵ (1918) Lotus⛵ (1918) Oosterschelde⛵ (1918) President⚓ (1918) Surprise⛵ (1918) W. P. Snyder Jr.⚓ (1918)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tugboat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tugboat"},{"link_name":"Skinner Shipbuilding Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skinner_Shipbuilding_Company"},{"link_name":"Baltimore, Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-baltoitin-3"},{"link_name":"National Historic Landmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nhlsum-2"},{"link_name":"Baltimore Museum of Industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_Museum_of_Industry"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gencer-4"}],"text":"Steam-powered tugboatBaltimore is a preserved steam-powered tugboat, built in 1906 by the Skinner Shipbuilding Company of Baltimore, Maryland. She is formerly the oldest operating steam tugboat in the United States, but at present does not hold an operating license issued by the US Coast Guard, so is unable to leave her dock at the Baltimore Museum of Industry on Key Highway, Baltimore. Her hull is not capable of operating on open water. Baltimore was built and operated as a harbor inspection tug, capable of acting as a municipal tugboat for city barges, as well as an official welcoming vessel and VIP launch, an auxiliary fireboat, and as a light icebreaker.[3]She was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1993,[2] and is part of the Baltimore Museum of Industry. The Baltimore and Chesapeake Steamboat Co., a nonprofit organization, was established to maintain the tugboat.[4]","title":"Baltimore (tug)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scotch marine boiler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotch_marine_boiler"},{"link_name":"rivetted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivet"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nhlsum-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nrhpinv2-5"}],"text":"Baltimore is equipped with a compound reciprocating steam engine, fed by a Scotch marine boiler. Hull construction is rivetted iron, with a wooden deckhouse. The 84.5 feet (25.8 m) wrought iron hull has proven to be more durable than steel or wood. Displacement measures 81 gross tons and 55 net tons. The hull form is typical for its time, with an upright stem, moderate sheer and elliptical stern. Bulwarks are vertical about the stern rather than inwardly-sloped as in more modern designs.[2][5]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"coal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal"},{"link_name":"Baltimore Museum of Industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_Museum_of_Industry"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nrhpinv2-5"}],"sub_title":"Boiler","text":"The boiler was a replacement for the original, fitted in 1922, but is similar to the original. The cylindrical boiler measures 9.5 feet (2.9 m) by 10.25 feet (3.12 m), with two Morrison furnaces connecting to a combustion chamber at the rear. The fire tubes pass from the back to the front of the boiler. Exhaust passes through an annular steam dryer/superheater on its way to the smokestack. Originally designed to burn coal, the boiler was converted to oil in 1957. The boiler has since been converted back to coal and the original coal bunkers restored by the Baltimore Museum of Industry as part of their conservation and restoration work. Steam pressure as designed was 150 psi (1,000 kPa), however it is limited to 115 psi (790 kPa) by the boiler rating.[5]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nrhpinv2-5"}],"sub_title":"Engine","text":"The tug is powered by a compound double-acting, vertical-inverted steam reciprocating engine, a common type for tugboats. A 12 inches (30 cm) high-pressure cylinder operates at 150 psi (1,000 kPa) (now 115 psi (790 kPa)), while a 25 inches (64 cm) low-pressure cylinder takes the high-pressure cylinder's exhaust at 17psi. Both cylinders have a stroke of 22 inches (56 cm), offset by 90 degrees to keep the engine from being stuck on center. A manual jacking gear acts as a further measure to prevent sticking on center. Stephenson valve gear permits reversing, aided by a steam reversing engine or ram to adjust eccentric rods. The propeller has a diameter of 6.75 feet (2.06 m) with a pitch of 8.66 feet (2.64 m).[5]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nrhpinv2-5"},{"link_name":"dynamo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamo"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nrhpinv2-5"}],"sub_title":"Auxiliaries and pumps","text":"Baltimore has a rotative duplex donkey pump, duplex feed pump, duplex sanitary pump and a centrifugal circulating pump. The pump system provides a moderate fire fighting capability through two hose standpipes on top of the pilothouse. Piping runs to each compartment allow water to be forced out through air pressure in the event of flooding.[5]A 5.5 kW Westinghouse dynamo provides electrical power, driven by an American Blocwer steam engine at 500 RPM. A Pyle National 5 kW reserve generator was installed in 1957. The electrical system was unusual in 1906, and was fitted when the yard was able to build the tug for substantially less than the estimated cost.[5]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nrhpinv2-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nrhpinv2-5"},{"link_name":"davits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davit"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nrhpinv2-5"}],"sub_title":"Superstructure","text":"The full-length deckhouse is built of Georgia pine, with a similarly constructed pilothouse on top, set slightly back from the front of the deckhouse. Both are sheathed with tongue-and-groove planking. Windows are sash units designed to drop into self-draining metal pockets in the bulkheads. A saloon fills the front of the deckhouse, finished with oak match board. Aft of a bulkhead a companionway ladder leads to the pilothouse. The middle of the deckhouse covers the boiler and engine room spaces. The rear of the deckhouse contains the galley, provided with a Shipmate coal-burning stove. The deckhouse ends at toilets, officers to port and crew to starboard.[5]The pilothouse has an elliptical forward face and a flat rear. A steam radiator provides heat, and a ladder provides access to the pilothouse roof. The large wheel dominates the house, its size dictated by the entirely manual steering gear, an anachronistic feature for the time. Voice pipes run to the engine room and saloon. Bells provide additional communication to the engine room. Whistles are fitted for signals to ships and shore.[5]A 20 feet (6.1 m) Kallenweller metal lifeboat for eleven people is carried on chocks above the engine room skylight on the deckhouse, lifted by pipe davits.[5]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nrhpinv2-5"},{"link_name":"submarine Deutschland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_submarine_Deutschland"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nrhpinv2-5"},{"link_name":"Maryland Port Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland_Department_of_Transportation"},{"link_name":"Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"Sassafras River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sassafras_River"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WJZ-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nrhpinv2-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WJZ-6"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Baltimore acted as a general-purpose harbor vessel, taking on roles as needed in her capacity as a representative of the city. The tug took on school tours, carried VIPs and attended ceremonies. On one occasion in 1922, a newly launched ship capsized onto Baltimore, damaging her pilothouse. The city took advantage of the repair period to replace Baltimore's boiler.[5]In her capacity as an official welcoming vessel for the City of Baltimore, Baltimore met the German unarmed merchant submarine Deutschland on her first voyage to America, prior to the United States' entry into World War I. Baltimore and the city quarantine tug Thomas F. Timmins patrolled the vicinity of Deutschland's berth to ensure American neutrality.[5]In 1956 the Baltimore Harbor Board was dissolved and its assets, including Baltimore, transferred to the Maryland Port Authority. In 1963 the state sold Baltimore to Alexander Luckton Jr., owner of Baltimore's Poe Bookstore. Luckton proposed to use Baltimore as a tow vessel for a barge carrying 100,000 books bound for Puerto Rico. With the failure of Luckton's health the project was called off and Baltimore was sold to the Harbor Towing Company of Baltimore, which in turn sold her the same year to Samuel F. and Joanna J. DuPont, who had her repaired and certified as a steam yacht. In 1979 Baltimore sank at her dock on the Sassafras River in fifteen feet of water.[6] In 1981 DuPont offered the tug to the Baltimore Museum of Industry. After several tries the tug was raised, and has been undergoing repair and conservation ever since.[5][7] In 2009 the project was awarded federal funding for further restoration work,[6] and additional funding in 2011 through a Maryland Heritage Areas Authority grant.[8]","title":"History"}]	[]	[{"title":"Baltimore (tugboat, 1906)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Baltimore_(tugboat,_1906)"},{"title":"Sergeant Floyd (towboat)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergeant_Floyd_(towboat)"},{"title":"U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Army_Corps_of_Engineers"},{"title":"List of National Historic Landmarks in Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Landmarks_in_Maryland"},{"title":"National Register of Historic Places listings in South and Southeast Baltimore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_South_and_Southeast_Baltimore"}]	[{"reference":"\"National Register Information System\". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. April 15, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","url_text":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places","url_text":"National Register of Historic Places"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]},{"reference":"\"Baltimore (Tug)\". National Historic Landmarks Program. National Park Service. Retrieved June 9, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=2170&ResourceType=Structure","url_text":"\"Baltimore (Tug)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]},{"reference":"\"Baltimore\". Baltimore:A National Register of Historic Places Travel Itinerary. National Park Service. Retrieved March 16, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nps.gov/nr//travel/baltimore/b25.htm","url_text":"\"Baltimore\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]},{"reference":"Gencer, Arin (November 26, 2006). \"Tug needs help, soon, to survive\". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved December 6, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2006-11-26/news/0611230050_1_baltimore-museum-pratt-woodward","url_text":"\"Tug needs help, soon, to survive\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Baltimore_Sun","url_text":"The Baltimore Sun"}]},{"reference":"Foster, Kevin J. (April 30, 1993). \"National Historic Landmark Nomination: Baltimore, Harbor Inspection Tug / Baltimore, official number 203700\" (pdf). National Park Service. Retrieved October 23, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NHLS/93001613_text","url_text":"\"National Historic Landmark Nomination: Baltimore, Harbor Inspection Tug / Baltimore, official number 203700\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]},{"reference":"\"Accompanying eight photos, exterior and interior, from 1988, 1989, and undated\" (pdf). National Park Service. Retrieved October 23, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NHLS/93001613_photos","url_text":"\"Accompanying eight photos, exterior and interior, from 1988, 1989, and undated\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]},{"reference":"\"Federal Funds Save Baltimore's Steam Tug\". CBS Corporation, WJZ-TV. Retrieved March 16, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://wjz.com/seenon/steam.tug.boat.2.917995.html","url_text":"\"Federal Funds Save Baltimore's Steam Tug\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WJZ-TV","url_text":"WJZ-TV"}]},{"reference":"\"Maryland Historical Trust\". National Register of Historic Places: Properties in Baltimore City. Maryland Historical Trust. June 8, 2008. Retrieved October 23, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://apps.mht.maryland.gov/nr/NRDetail.aspx?NRID=1116","url_text":"\"Maryland Historical Trust\""}]},{"reference":"\"Maryland Heritage Areas Authority Grants Awards for Fiscal Year 2011\" (pdf). Maryland Historical Trust. Retrieved December 6, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://mht.maryland.gov/documents/PDF/Grants_MHAA_Awards_2011.pdf","url_text":"\"Maryland Heritage Areas Authority Grants Awards for Fiscal Year 2011\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baltimore_(tug)&params=39_16_28_N_76_36_1_W_type:landmark_region:US-MD","external_links_name":"39°16′28″N 76°36′1″W / 39.27444°N 76.60028°W / 39.27444; -76.60028"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baltimore_(tug)&params=39_16_28_N_76_36_1_W_type:landmark_region:US-MD","external_links_name":"39°16′28″N 76°36′1″W / 39.27444°N 76.60028°W / 39.27444; -76.60028"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/93001613","external_links_name":"93001613"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","external_links_name":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"Link":"http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=2170&ResourceType=Structure","external_links_name":"\"Baltimore (Tug)\""},{"Link":"http://www.nps.gov/nr//travel/baltimore/b25.htm","external_links_name":"\"Baltimore\""},{"Link":"http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2006-11-26/news/0611230050_1_baltimore-museum-pratt-woodward","external_links_name":"\"Tug needs help, soon, to survive\""},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NHLS/93001613_text","external_links_name":"\"National Historic Landmark Nomination: Baltimore, Harbor Inspection Tug / Baltimore, official number 203700\""},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NHLS/93001613_photos","external_links_name":"\"Accompanying eight photos, exterior and interior, from 1988, 1989, and undated\""},{"Link":"http://wjz.com/seenon/steam.tug.boat.2.917995.html","external_links_name":"\"Federal Funds Save Baltimore's Steam Tug\""},{"Link":"https://apps.mht.maryland.gov/nr/NRDetail.aspx?NRID=1116","external_links_name":"\"Maryland Historical Trust\""},{"Link":"http://mht.maryland.gov/documents/PDF/Grants_MHAA_Awards_2011.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Maryland Heritage Areas Authority Grants Awards for Fiscal Year 2011\""},{"Link":"http://www.steamtug.org/","external_links_name":"Baltimore & Chesapeake Steamboat Company"},{"Link":"https://apps.mht.maryland.gov/nr/NRDetail.aspx?NRID=1116","external_links_name":"Baltimore (tug), Baltimore City"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Caminha	Duke of Caminha	["1 List of the Dukes of Caminha (1620)","2 See also","3 Bibliography","4 External links"]	Not to be confused with Duke of Camiña. The coat of arms of the Dukes of Caminha Duke of Caminha (Portuguese: Duque de Caminha) was a title created by royal decree, dated 14 December 1620, by King Philip III of Portugal (also known as Philip IV of Spain) for Dom Miguel Luís de Menezes, 6th Marquis of Vila Real and 8th Count of Vila Real. He was the eldest son of Manuel de Menezes, Duke of Vila Real. The title was later passed on to his nephew Miguel Luís II, who became the 2nd Duke of Caminha. He was executed for high treason, on King John IV of Portugal's instructions, for supporting the right of the Spanish Habsburg kings to the Portuguese throne after the revolution of 1640. List of the Dukes of Caminha (1620) Miguel Luís de Menezes, 1st Duke of Caminha (1565–1637), also 6th Marquis of Vila Real. Miguel Luís de Menezes, 2nd Duke of Caminha (1614–1641). See also Duke of Vila Real Marquis of Vila Real Count of Alcoutim Bibliography ”Nobreza de Portugal e do Brasil" – Vol. II, pages 470/471. Published by Zairol Lda., Lisbon 1989. External links Genealogy of the Dukes of Caminha (in Portuguese)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Duke of Camiña","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Cami%C3%B1a"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Armas_duques_vila_real.png"},{"link_name":"coat of arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms"},{"link_name":"Caminha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caminha"},{"link_name":"Philip IV of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_IV_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Marquis of Vila Real","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquis_of_Vila_Real"},{"link_name":"Count of Vila Real","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_of_Vila_Real"},{"link_name":"Manuel de Menezes, Duke of Vila Real","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_de_Menezes,_Duke_of_Vila_Real"},{"link_name":"John IV of Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_IV_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Habsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habsburg"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Duke of Camiña.The coat of arms of the Dukes of CaminhaDuke of Caminha (Portuguese: Duque de Caminha) was a title created by royal decree, dated 14 December 1620, by King Philip III of Portugal (also known as Philip IV of Spain) for Dom Miguel Luís de Menezes, 6th Marquis of Vila Real and 8th Count of Vila Real. He was the eldest son of Manuel de Menezes, Duke of Vila Real.The title was later passed on to his nephew Miguel Luís II, who became the 2nd Duke of Caminha. He was executed for high treason, on King John IV of Portugal's instructions, for supporting the right of the Spanish Habsburg kings to the Portuguese throne after the revolution of 1640.","title":"Duke of Caminha"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Miguel Luís de Menezes, 1st Duke of Caminha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miguel_Lu%C3%ADs_de_Menezes,_1st_Duke_of_Caminha&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Marquis of Vila Real","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquis_of_Vila_Real"},{"link_name":"Miguel Luís de Menezes, 2nd Duke of Caminha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miguel_Lu%C3%ADs_de_Menezes,_2nd_Duke_of_Caminha&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Miguel Luís de Menezes, 1st Duke of Caminha (1565–1637), also 6th Marquis of Vila Real.\nMiguel Luís de Menezes, 2nd Duke of Caminha (1614–1641).","title":"List of the Dukes of Caminha (1620)"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"”Nobreza de Portugal e do Brasil\" – Vol. II, pages 470/471. Published by Zairol Lda., Lisbon 1989.","title":"Bibliography"}]	[{"image_text":"The coat of arms of the Dukes of Caminha","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Armas_duques_vila_real.png/150px-Armas_duques_vila_real.png"}]	[{"title":"Duke of Vila Real","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Vila_Real"},{"title":"Marquis of Vila Real","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquis_of_Vila_Real"},{"title":"Count of Alcoutim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_of_Alcoutim"}]	[]	[{"Link":"http://www.geneall.net/P/tit_page.php?id=306","external_links_name":"Genealogy of the Dukes of Caminha"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molar_ionization_energies_of_the_elements	Molar ionization energies of the elements	["1 1st-10th Ionization Energies","2 11th–20th ionisation energies","3 21st–30th ionisation energies","4 References"]	Table of molar ionization energies for the chemical elements These tables list values of molar ionization energies, measured in kJ⋅mol−1. This is the energy per mole necessary to remove electrons from gaseous atoms or atomic ions. The first molar ionization energy applies to the neutral atoms. The second, third, etc., molar ionization energy applies to the further removal of an electron from a singly, doubly, etc., charged ion. For ionization energies measured in the unit eV, see Ionization energies of the elements (data page). All data from rutherfordium onwards is predicted. 1st-10th Ionization Energies Number Symbol Name 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 1 H hydrogen 1312.0 2 He helium 2372.3 5250.5 3 Li lithium 520.2 7298.1 11,815.0 4 Be beryllium 899.5 1757.1 14,848.7 21,006.6 5 B boron 800.6 2427.1 3659.7 25,025.8 32,826.7 6 C carbon 1086.5 2352.6 4620.5 6222.7 37,831 47,277.0 7 N nitrogen 1402.3 2856 4578.1 7475.0 9444.9 53,266.6 64,360 8 O oxygen 1313.9 3388.3 5300.5 7469.2 10,989.5 13,326.5 71,330 84,078.0 9 F fluorine 1681.0 3374.2 6050.4 8407.7 11,022.7 15,164.1 17,868 92,038.1 106,434.3 10 Ne neon 2080.7 3952.3 6122 9371 12,177 15,238.90 19,999.0 23,069.5 115,379.5 131,432 11 Na sodium 495.8 4562 6910.3 9543 13,354 16,613 20,117 25,496 28,932 141,362 12 Mg magnesium 737.7 1450.7 7732.7 10,542.5 13,630 18,020 21,711 25,661 31,653 35,458 13 Al aluminium 577.5 1816.7 2744.8 11,577 14,842 18,379 23,326 27,465 31,853 38,473 14 Si silicon 786.5 1577.1 3231.6 4355.5 16,091 19,805 23,780 29,287 33,878 38,726 15 P phosphorus 1011.8 1907 2914.1 4963.6 6273.9 21,267 25,431 29,872 35,905 40,950 16 S sulfur 999.6 2252 3357 4556 7004.3 8495.8 27,107 31,719 36,621 43,177 17 Cl chlorine 1251.2 2298 3822 5158.6 6542 9362 11,018 33,604 38,600 43,961 18 Ar argon 1520.6 2665.8 3931 5771 7238 8781 11,995 13,842 40,760 46,186 19 K potassium 418.8 3052 4420 5877 7975 9590 11,343 14,944 16,963.7 48,610 20 Ca calcium 589.8 1145.4 4912.4 6491 8153 10,496 12,270 14,206 18,191 20,385 21 Sc scandium 633.1 1235.0 2388.6 7090.6 8843 10,679 13,310 15,250 17,370 21,726 22 Ti titanium 658.8 1309.8 2652.5 4174.6 9581 11,533 13,590 16,440 18,530 20,833 23 V vanadium 650.9 1414 2830 4507 6298.7 12,363 14,530 16,730 19,860 22,240 24 Cr chromium 652.9 1590.6 2987 4743 6702 8744.9 15,455 17,820 20,190 23,580 25 Mn manganese 717.3 1509.0 3248 4940 6990 9220 11,500 18,770 21,400 23,960 26 Fe iron 762.5 1561.9 2957 5290 7240 9560 12,060 14,580 22,540 25,290 27 Co cobalt 760.4 1648 3232 4950 7670 9840 12,440 15,230 17,959 26,570 28 Ni nickel 737.1 1753.0 3395 5300 7339 10,400 12,800 15,600 18,600 21,670 29 Cu copper 745.5 1957.9 3555 5536 7700 9900 13,400 16,000 19,200 22,400 30 Zn zinc 906.4 1733.3 3833 5731 7970 10,400 12,900 16,800 19,600 23,000 31 Ga gallium 578.8 1979.3 2963 6180 32 Ge germanium 762 1537.5 3302.1 4411 9020 33 As arsenic 947.0 1798 2735 4837 6043 12,310 34 Se selenium 941.0 2045 2973.7 4144 6590 7880 14,990 35 Br bromine 1139.9 2103 3470 4560 5760 8550 9940 18,600 36 Kr krypton 1350.8 2350.4 3565 5070 6240 7570 10,710 12,138 22,274 25,880 37 Rb rubidium 403.0 2633 3860 5080 6850 8140 9570 13,120 14,500 26,740 38 Sr strontium 549.5 1064.2 4138 5500 6910 8760 10,230 11,800 15,600 17,100 39 Y yttrium 600 1180 1980 5847 7430 8970 11,190 12,450 14,110 18,400 40 Zr zirconium 640.1 1270 2218 3313 7752 9500 41 Nb niobium 652.1 1380 2416 3700 4877 9847 12,100 42 Mo molybdenum 684.3 1560 2618 4480 5257 6640.8 12,125 13,860 15,835 17,980 43 Tc technetium 686.9 1470 2850 44 Ru ruthenium 710.2 1620 2747 45 Rh rhodium 719.7 1740 2997 46 Pd palladium 804.4 1870 3177 47 Ag silver 731.0 2070 3361 48 Cd cadmium 867.8 1631.4 3616 49 In indium 558.3 1820.7 2704 5210 50 Sn tin 708.6 1411.8 2943.0 3930.3 7456 51 Sb antimony 834 1594.9 2440 4260 5400 10,400 52 Te tellurium 869.3 1790 2698 3610 5668 6820 13,200 53 I iodine 1008.4 1845.9 3180 54 Xe xenon 1170.4 2046.4 3099.4 55 Cs caesium 375.7 2234.3 3400 56 Ba barium 502.9 965.2 3600 57 La lanthanum 538.1 1067 1850.3 4819 5940 58 Ce cerium 534.4 1050 1949 3547 6325 7490 59 Pr praseodymium 527 1020 2086 3761 5551 60 Nd neodymium 533.1 1040 2130 3900 61 Pm promethium 540 1050 2150 3970 62 Sm samarium 544.5 1070 2260 3990 63 Eu europium 547.1 1085 2404 4120 64 Gd gadolinium 593.4 1170 1990 4250 65 Tb terbium 565.8 1110 2114 3839 66 Dy dysprosium 573.0 1130 2200 3990 67 Ho holmium 581.0 1140 2204 4100 68 Er erbium 589.3 1150 2194 4120 69 Tm thulium 596.7 1160 2285 4120 70 Yb ytterbium 603.4 1174.8 2417 4203 71 Lu lutetium 523.5 1340 2022.3 4370 6445 72 Hf hafnium 658.5 1440 2250 3216 73 Ta tantalum 761 1500 74 W tungsten 770 1700 75 Re rhenium 760 1260 2510 3640 76 Os osmium 840 1600 77 Ir iridium 880 1600 78 Pt platinum 870 1791 79 Au gold 890.1 1980 80 Hg mercury 1007.1 1810 3300 81 Tl thallium 589.4 1971 2878 82 Pb lead 715.6 1450.5 3081.5 4083 6640 83 Bi bismuth 703 1610 2466 4370 5400 8520 84 Po polonium 812.1 85 At astatine 899.003 86 Rn radon 1037 87 Fr francium 393 88 Ra radium 509.3 979.0 89 Ac actinium 499 1170 1900 4700 90 Th thorium 587 1110 1978 2780 91 Pa protactinium 568 1128 1814 2991 92 U uranium 597.6 1420 1900 3145 93 Np neptunium 604.5 1128 1997 3242 94 Pu plutonium 584.7 1128 2084 3338 95 Am americium 578 1158 2132 3493 96 Cm curium 581 1196 2026 3550 97 Bk berkelium 601 1186 2152 3434 98 Cf californium 608 1206 2267 3599 99 Es einsteinium 619 1216 2334 3734 100 Fm fermium 629 1225 2363 3792 101 Md mendelevium 636 1235 2470 3840 102 No nobelium 639 1254 2643 3956 103 Lr lawrencium 479 1428 2228 4910 104 Rf rutherfordium 580 1390 2300 3080 105 Db dubnium 665 1547 2378 3299 4305 106 Sg seaborgium 757 1733 2484 3416 4562 5716 107 Bh bohrium 740 1690 2570 3600 4730 5990 7230 108 Hs hassium 730 1760 2830 3640 4940 6180 7540 8860 109 Mt meitnerium 800 1820 2900 3900 4900 110 Ds darmstadtium 960 1890 3030 4000 5100 111 Rg roentgenium 1020 2070 3080 4100 5300 112 Cn copernicium 1155 2170 3160 4200 5500 113 Nh nihonium 707.2 2309 3226 4382 5638 114 Fl flerovium 832.2 1600 3370 4400 5850 115 Mc moscovium 538.3 1760 2650 4680 5720 116 Lv livermorium 663.9 1330 2850 3810 6080 117 Ts tennessine 736.9 1435.4 2161.9 4012.9 5076.4 118 Og oganesson 860.1 1560 119 Uue ununennium 463.1 1700 120 Ubn unbinilium 563.3 895– 919 121 Ubu unbiunium 429.4 1110 1710 4270 122 Ubb unbibium 545 1090 1848 2520 11th–20th ionisation energies number symbol name 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th 11 Na sodium 159,076 12 Mg magnesium 169,988 189,368 13 Al aluminium 42,647 201,266 222,316 14 Si silicon 45,962 50,502 235,196 257,923 15 P phosphorus 46,261 54,110 59,024 271,791 296,195 16 S sulfur 48,710 54,460 62,930 68,216 311,048 337,138 17 Cl chlorine 51,068 57,119 63,363 72,341 78,095 352,994 380,760 18 Ar argon 52,002 59,653 66,199 72,918 82,473 88,576 397,605 427,066 19 K potassium 54,490 60,730 68,950 75,900 83,080 93,400 99,710 444,880 476,063 20 Ca calcium 57,110 63,410 70,110 78,890 86,310 94,000 104,900 111,711 494,850 527,762 21 Sc scandium 24,102 66,320 73,010 80,160 89,490 97,400 105,600 117,000 124,270 547,530 22 Ti titanium 25,575 28,125 76,015 83,280 90,880 100,700 109,100 117,800 129,900 137,530 23 V vanadium 24,670 29,730 32,446 86,450 94,170 102,300 112,700 121,600 130,700 143,400 24 Cr chromium 26,130 28,750 34,230 37,066 97,510 105,800 114,300 125,300 134,700 144,300 25 Mn manganese 27,590 30,330 33,150 38,880 41,987 109,480 118,100 127,100 138,600 148,500 26 Fe iron 28,000 31,920 34,830 37,840 44,100 47,206 122,200 131,000 140,500 152,600 27 Co cobalt 29,400 32,400 36,600 39,700 42,800 49,396 52,737 134,810 145,170 154,700 28 Ni nickel 30,970 34,000 37,100 41,500 44,800 48,100 55,101 58,570 148,700 159,000 29 Cu copper 25,600 35,600 38,700 42,000 46,700 50,200 53,700 61,100 64,702 163,700 30 Zn zinc 26,400 29,990 40,490 43,800 47,300 52,300 55,900 59,700 67,300 71,200 36 Kr krypton 29,700 33,800 37,700 43,100 47,500 52,200 57,100 61,800 75,800 80,400 38 Sr strontium 31,270 39 Y yttrium 19,900 36,090 42 Mo molybdenum 20,190 22,219 26,930 29,196 52,490 55,000 61,400 67,700 74,000 80,400 21st–30th ionisation energies number symbol name 21st 22nd 23rd 24th 25th 26th 27th 28th 29th 30th 21 Sc scandium 582,163 22 Ti titanium 602,930 639,294 23 V vanadium 151,440 661,050 699,144 24 Cr chromium 157,700 166,090 721,870 761,733 25 Mn manganese 158,600 172,500 181,380 785,450 827,067 26 Fe iron 163,000 173,600 188,100 195,200 851,800 895,161 27 Co cobalt 167,400 178,100 189,300 204,500 214,100 920,870 966,023 28 Ni nickel 169,400 182,700 194,000 205,600 221,400 231,490 992,718 1,039,668 29 Cu copper 174,100 184,900 198,800 210,500 222,700 239,100 249,660 1,067,358 1,116,105 30 Zn zinc 179,100 36 Kr krypton 85,300 90,400 96,300 101,400 111,100 116,290 282,500 296,200 311,400 326,200 42 Mo molybdenum 87,000 93,400 98,420 104,400 121,900 127,700 133,800 139,800 148,100 154,500 References Ionization energies of the elements (data page) Hoffman, Darleane C.; Lee, Diana M.; Pershina, Valeria (2006). "Transactinides and the future elements". In Morss; Edelstein, Norman M.; Fuger, Jean (eds.). The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements (3rd ed.). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer Science+Business Media. ISBN 1-4020-3555-1. (for predictions) Cotton, Simon (2006). Lanthanide and Actinide Chemistry. John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Fricke, Burkhard (1975). "Superheavy elements: a prediction of their chemical and physical properties". Recent Impact of Physics on Inorganic Chemistry. Structure and Bonding. 21: 89–144. doi:10.1007/BFb0116498. ISBN 978-3-540-07109-9. Retrieved 4 October 2013. (for predictions) ^ Mattolat, C.; Gottwald, T.; Raeder, S.; Rothe, S.; Schwellnus, F.; Wendt, K.; Thörle-Pospiech, P.; Trautmann, N. (24 May 2010). "Determination of the first ionization potential of technetium". Physical Review A. 81: 052513. doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.81.052513. vteChemical elements dataElements List of chemical elements—atomic mass, atomic number, symbol, name Periodic table Data Abundance of the chemical elements in Earth's crust, sea water, Sun and Solar System data page Atomic radius empirical, calculated, van der Waals radius, covalent radius data page Boiling point data page Critical point data page Density solid, liquid, gas data page Elastic properties of the elements: Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio, bulk modulus, shear modulus data page Electrical resistivity data page Electron affinity data page Electron configuration data page Electronegativity (Pauling, Allen scale) data page Hardness: Mohs hardness, Vickers hardness, Brinell hardness data page Heat capacity data page Heat of fusion data page Heat of vaporization data page Ionization energy (in eV) and molar ionization energies (in kJ/mol) data page Melting point data page Molar ionization energy Oxidation state data table Speed of sound data page Standard atomic weight Thermal conductivity data page Thermal expansion data page Vapor pressure data page	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"molar ionization energies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionization_energy"},{"link_name":"kJ⋅mol−1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilojoule_per_mole"},{"link_name":"electrons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrons"},{"link_name":"atoms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atoms"},{"link_name":"Ionization energies of the elements (data page)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionization_energies_of_the_elements_(data_page)"},{"link_name":"rutherfordium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherfordium"}],"text":"These tables list values of molar ionization energies, measured in kJ⋅mol−1. This is the energy per mole necessary to remove electrons from gaseous atoms or atomic ions. The first molar ionization energy applies to the neutral atoms. The second, third, etc., molar ionization energy applies to the further removal of an electron from a singly, doubly, etc., charged ion. For ionization energies measured in the unit eV, see Ionization energies of the elements (data page). All data from rutherfordium onwards is predicted.","title":"Molar ionization energies of the elements"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"1st-10th Ionization Energies"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"11th–20th ionisation energies"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"21st–30th ionisation energies"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Hoffman, Darleane C.; Lee, Diana M.; Pershina, Valeria (2006). \"Transactinides and the future elements\". In Morss; Edelstein, Norman M.; Fuger, Jean (eds.). The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements (3rd ed.). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer Science+Business Media. 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Physical Review A. 81: 052513. doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.81.052513.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevA.81.052513","url_text":"10.1103/PhysRevA.81.052513"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/225672062","external_links_name":"\"Superheavy elements: a prediction of their chemical and physical properties\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBFb0116498","external_links_name":"10.1007/BFb0116498"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevA.81.052513","external_links_name":"10.1103/PhysRevA.81.052513"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATM-1	Type 64 MAT	["1 History","2 Description","2.1 Operational use","3 Similar missile systems","4 See also","5 References","5.1 Biography"]	Japanese MCLOS wire-guided anti-tank missile For the Japanese assault rifle, see Howa Type 64. For the Chinese submachine gun, see Type 64 submachine gun. For the Chinese pistol, see Type 64 pistol. For the Taiwanese light tank, see Type 64 tank. Type 64 MAT Type 60 APC with two Type 64 MATTypeMCLOS wire-guided Anti-tank missilePlace of originJapanService historyIn service1964 - presentUsed byJapanProduction historyDesignerDefense Agency Technical Research and Development InstituteDesigned1957ManufacturerKawasaki Heavy IndustriesProduced1964No. built220SpecificationsMass15.7 kgLength1.02 mDiameter0.12 mCrew3Effective firing range350 to 1,800 mWarheadHollow chargeEngineTwo-stage solid rocket motor - first stage rated at 130 kg static thrust, second stage rated at 15 kg static thrust.Maximum speed 306 km/hGuidancesystemMCLOS system The Type 64 MAT (64式対戦車誘導弾, 64-shiki tai-sensha yūdō-dan) is a Japanese wire-guided anti-tank missile developed during the late 1950s. The missile is a broadly similar to the Swiss/German Cobra and the 9M14 Malyutka. Within the JGSDF, it is also known as 64MAT and KAM-3. History Development of the missile began in 1957, and was adopted as standard equipment for the Japanese Ground Self-Defense Forces with the official designation Type 64 ATM in 1964. Kawasaki Heavy Industries had been responsible for manufacturing the Type 64. Though the Type 64 MAT had been largely phased out and replaced by the Type 79 Jyu-MAT and Type 87 Chu-MAT as front-line anti-tank missiles in the 1970s to the 1990s, a small number are being held as reserve missiles. Description Mitsubishi Type 73 jeep with two Type 64 anti-tank missile pods. The missile is cruciform in cross-section with four large wings. It is powered by a dual thrust rocket motor, which accelerates the missile to its cruising speed in 0.8 seconds. Operational use The missile is launched from an open framed launcher at an angle of 15 degrees. The operator steers the missile using a control box, which sends commands down a wire that is trailed from the missile. A gyroscope in the missile compensates for pitch and yaw. The Type 64 is typically operated by a three-man crew. It can also be deployed from a Mitsubishi Type 73 Jeep, which can carry four missiles and a Type 60 Armoured Personnel Carrier. Similar missile systems 9M14 Malyutka – (Soviet Union) Cobra – (West Germany) See also Type 79 Jyu-MAT – (Japan) Type 87 Chu-MAT – (Japan) Type 01 LMAT – (Japan) References ^ The missile has gradually phased out, although is still kept in reserve ^ a b c 64式対戦車誘導弾 (in Japanese). Archived from the original on January 7, 2009. Retrieved 2009-11-04. ^ "Index of Japanese Military Equipment - Index des équipements militaires japonais" (in English and French). Archived from the original on 2009-01-21. Retrieved 2009-01-12. ^ taisensha yuudoudan = Anti-tank guided missile ^ Andreas Parsch (2004-03-16). "Japanese Military Aircraft Designations (after 1945)". Retrieved 2009-01-12. ^ "Type-87 anti-tank missile". Federation of American Scientists. 1999-08-10. Retrieved 2009-01-12. Kenkyusha's New Japanese-English Dictionary, Kenkyusha Limited, Tokyo 1991, ISBN 4-7674-2015-6 Biography Brassey's Infantry Weapons of the World, J.I.H. Owen. Jane's Infantry Weapons 1991-92, Ian V. Hogg. Brassey's Anti-tank weapons, John Norris Wikimedia Commons has media related to Type 64 MAT. vteJapan Self-Defense Forces missilesAir-to-air missiles AAM-1 AAM-2 AAM-3 AAM-4 AAM-5 Type 69 Type 90 Type 99 Type 04 Air-to-surface missile ASM-1 C ASM-2 ASM-3 Type 80 Type 91 Type 93 Anti-tank missile ATM-1 ATM-2 ATM-3 ATM-4 ATM-5 ATM-6 Type 64 Type 79 Type 87 Type 96 Type 01 MMPM Surface-to-air missile SAM-1 SAM-2 SAM-3 SAM-4 Type 81 Type 91 Type 93 Type 03 Type 11 Surface-to-surface missile SSM-1 B Kai SSM-2 Type 88 Type 90 Type 12 Type 17 HVGP Anti-submarine missile Type 07	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"assault rifle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assault_rifle"},{"link_name":"Howa Type 64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howa_Type_64"},{"link_name":"submachine gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submachine_gun"},{"link_name":"Type 64 submachine gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_64_submachine_gun"},{"link_name":"pistol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handgun"},{"link_name":"Type 64 pistol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_64_pistol"},{"link_name":"Taiwanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"Type 64 tank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_64_tank"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"wire-guided","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wire-guided_missile"},{"link_name":"anti-tank missile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-tank_guided_missile"},{"link_name":"Swiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Cobra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobra_(anti-tank_missile)"},{"link_name":"9M14 Malyutka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9M14_Malyutka"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Names-5"}],"text":"For the Japanese assault rifle, see Howa Type 64. For the Chinese submachine gun, see Type 64 submachine gun. For the Chinese pistol, see Type 64 pistol. For the Taiwanese light tank, see Type 64 tank.The Type 64 MAT (64式対戦車誘導弾, 64-shiki tai-sensha yūdō-dan[4]) is a Japanese wire-guided anti-tank missile developed during the late 1950s. The missile is a broadly similar to the Swiss/German Cobra and the 9M14 Malyutka. Within the JGSDF, it is also known as 64MAT and KAM-3.[5]","title":"Type 64 MAT"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Japanese Ground Self-Defense Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Ground_Self-Defense_Force"},{"link_name":"Kawasaki Heavy Industries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawasaki_Heavy_Industries"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History-6"},{"link_name":"Type 79 Jyu-MAT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_79_Jyu-MAT"},{"link_name":"Type 87 Chu-MAT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_87_Chu-MAT"},{"link_name":"anti-tank missiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-tank_missile"}],"text":"Development of the missile began in 1957, and was adopted as standard equipment for the Japanese Ground Self-Defense Forces with the official designation Type 64 ATM in 1964. Kawasaki Heavy Industries had been responsible for manufacturing the Type 64.[6]Though the Type 64 MAT had been largely phased out and replaced by the Type 79 Jyu-MAT and Type 87 Chu-MAT as front-line anti-tank missiles in the 1970s to the 1990s, a small number are being held as reserve missiles.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Type_73_truck_with_Type_64_ATGM.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mitsubishi Type 73 jeep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsubishi_Type_73_Light_Truck"}],"text":"Mitsubishi Type 73 jeep with two Type 64 anti-tank missile pods.The missile is cruciform in cross-section with four large wings. It is powered by a dual thrust rocket motor, which accelerates the missile to its cruising speed in 0.8 seconds.","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"gyroscope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyroscope"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Missile-2"},{"link_name":"Mitsubishi Type 73","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsubishi_Type_73_Light_Truck"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Missile-2"},{"link_name":"Type 60 Armoured Personnel Carrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_60_Armoured_Personnel_Carrier"}],"sub_title":"Operational use","text":"The missile is launched from an open framed launcher at an angle of 15 degrees. The operator steers the missile using a control box, which sends commands down a wire that is trailed from the missile. A gyroscope in the missile compensates for pitch and yaw.[2]The Type 64 is typically operated by a three-man crew. It can also be deployed from a Mitsubishi Type 73 Jeep, which can carry four missiles[2] and a Type 60 Armoured Personnel Carrier.","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"9M14 Malyutka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9M14_Malyutka"},{"link_name":"Cobra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobra_(missile)"}],"text":"9M14 Malyutka – (Soviet Union)\nCobra – (West Germany)","title":"Similar missile systems"}]	[{"image_text":"Mitsubishi Type 73 jeep with two Type 64 anti-tank missile pods.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Type_73_truck_with_Type_64_ATGM.jpg/200px-Type_73_truck_with_Type_64_ATGM.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Type 79 Jyu-MAT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_79_Jyu-MAT"},{"title":"Type 87 Chu-MAT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_87_Chu-MAT"},{"title":"Type 01 LMAT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_01_LMAT"}]	[{"reference":"64式対戦車誘導弾 (in Japanese). Archived from the original on January 7, 2009. Retrieved 2009-11-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090107143459/http://rightwing.sakura.ne.jp/equipment/jgsdf/infantry/type64mat/type64mat.html","url_text":"64式対戦車誘導弾"},{"url":"http://rightwing.sakura.ne.jp/equipment/jgsdf/firearms/type64mat/type64mat.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Index of Japanese Military Equipment - Index des équipements militaires japonais\" (in English and French). Archived from the original on 2009-01-21. Retrieved 2009-01-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090121051745/http://armyreco.ifrance.com/asie/japon/japon_index_materiel.htm","url_text":"\"Index of Japanese Military Equipment - Index des équipements militaires japonais\""},{"url":"http://armyreco.ifrance.com/asie/japon/japon_index_materiel.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Andreas Parsch (2004-03-16). \"Japanese Military Aircraft Designations (after 1945)\". Retrieved 2009-01-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.designation-systems.net/non-us/japan.html","url_text":"\"Japanese Military Aircraft Designations (after 1945)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Type-87 anti-tank missile\". Federation of American Scientists. 1999-08-10. Retrieved 2009-01-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/missile/row/type-87.htm","url_text":"\"Type-87 anti-tank missile\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_American_Scientists","url_text":"Federation of American Scientists"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090107143459/http://rightwing.sakura.ne.jp/equipment/jgsdf/infantry/type64mat/type64mat.html","external_links_name":"64式対戦車誘導弾"},{"Link":"http://rightwing.sakura.ne.jp/equipment/jgsdf/firearms/type64mat/type64mat.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090121051745/http://armyreco.ifrance.com/asie/japon/japon_index_materiel.htm","external_links_name":"\"Index of Japanese Military Equipment - Index des équipements militaires japonais\""},{"Link":"http://armyreco.ifrance.com/asie/japon/japon_index_materiel.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.designation-systems.net/non-us/japan.html","external_links_name":"\"Japanese Military Aircraft Designations (after 1945)\""},{"Link":"http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/missile/row/type-87.htm","external_links_name":"\"Type-87 anti-tank missile\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maillardville	Maillardville	["1 History","2 Geography","3 Demographics","3.1 Population","3.2 Ethnicity","3.3 Language","4 Media","5 Notable people","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]	Coordinates: 49°14′15″N 122°52′01″W / 49.2374°N 122.867°W / 49.2374; -122.867 Neighbourhood of Coquitlam in Lower Mainland, British Columbia, CanadaMaillardvilleNeighbourhood of CoquitlamNotre Dame de Lourdes Church on Laval SquareLocation of Maillardville within Metro VancouverCoordinates: 49°14′15″N 122°52′01″W / 49.2374°N 122.867°W / 49.2374; -122.867Country CanadaProvince British ColumbiaRegionLower MainlandRegional districtMetro VancouverCityCoquitlamNamed forEdmond MaillardGovernment • MayorRichard Stewart • MP (Fed.)Bonita Zarrillo (NDP) • MLA (Prov.)Selina Robinson (NDP)Population (2016) • Total14,975Time zoneUTC−8 (PST) • Summer (DST)UTC−7 (PDT)Postal code spanV3KArea codes604, 778, 236, 672Websitemaillardville.com Maillardville is a community on the south slope of the city of Coquitlam, British Columbia, Canada. History In 1889, Frank Ross and James McLaren opened what would become Maillardville, a $350,000, modern lumber mill on the north bank of the Fraser River. By 1908, a mill town of 20 houses, a store, post office, hospital, office block, barber shop, pool hall and a Sikh temple had grown around the mill. A mill manager's residence was built that later became Place des Arts. A second mill manager's residence was built in 1909 and is now known as Mackin House, a historic house museum operated by the Coquitlam Heritage Society. In 1909, Ross and McLaren, in search of workers for the Canadian Western Lumber Company, recruited a contingent of 110 French Canadian mill workers from Eastern Ontario and Quebec. Approximately 40 French Canadian families settled in present-day Maillardville in 1909, with another contingent arriving in June 1910. Named for Father Edmond Maillard, a young Oblate from France, it became the largest Francophone centre west of Manitoba. Similarly, in the early 1900s, many Punjabis came to work in the mills and settled on the south slope of Coquitlam. In 1971, the City of Coquitlam and the Village of Fraser Mills were amalgamated, which gave the city a larger tax base. The mill closed in 2001, and is now rezoned into a residential area. Maillardville's past is recognized today in street names, the Francophone education system and French immersion programs, French-language guides and scouts, and celebrations such as Festival du Bois. Maillardville celebrated its 100th birthday in 2009. In 2014, the City of Coquitlam updated the Maillardville neighbourhood plan. The city anticipates a population growth of 6,000 over the next two decades. Geography Maillardville is bordered by Austin Avenue to the north and Lougheed Highway to the south. To the west it is flanked by Blue Mountain Street, while to the east it is bordered by Mundy Road. The town centre of Maillardville is situated in the southwest corner of the neighbourhood, on Brunette Avenue between Lougheed Highway and Woolridge Street. Demographics Population Population historyYearPop.±%200614,014— 201114,500+3.5%201614,975+3.3%Source: Statistics Canada Ethnicity Ethnic groups in Maillardville (2016) Ethnic group Population % European 8,055 54.6% East Asian 2,825 19.2% Southeast Asian 1,275 8.6% South Asian 980 6.6% Aboriginal 620 4.2% Middle Eastern 475 3.2% Latin American 280 1.9% Black 245 1.7% Other 295 2% Total population 14,975 100% Language Languages spoken in Maillardville (2016) Language % English 59.5% Korean 5.1% Mandarin 4.7% Cantonese 4.7% Tagalog 4.1% Punjabi 3.2% Persian 2.4% French 1.8% Other 14.6% Total % 100% Media They Dream, a Canadian feature-length film, set in and around Maillardville, including Place des Arts and Mackin House Museum, was shot over the summer of 2012. Written and directed by Vancouver filmmaker Gord Stanfield, They Dream is the story of a 20-year-old art student, David Dubois, his love affair with a mysterious woman Lisa Reese, and his tragic past. Jean Ory reminds David he can't escape the truth. Lisa and Jean were lifetime residents of Maillardville. They Dream's lead cast includes Jason Mireau, Delia Tatiana and Moishe Teichman. Notable people Lucille Starr, who was inducted to the Canadian Country Music Hall of Fame in 1987 began her musical career in Maillardville with the group Les Hirondelles. A street in Coquitlam "Lucille Starr Way" is named in her honour. Shawn Farquhar, magician See also Franco-Columbian References ^ a b Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (8 February 2017). "Census Profile, 2016 Census - 9330282.01 , British Columbia and Vancouver , British Columbia". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Archived from the original on 31 July 2021. Retrieved 15 November 2022. ^ a b Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (8 February 2017). "Census Profile, 2016 Census - 9330282.02 , British Columbia and Vancouver , British Columbia". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Archived from the original on 31 July 2021. Retrieved 15 November 2022. ^ a b Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (8 February 2017). "Census Profile, 2016 Census - 9330281.02 , British Columbia and Vancouver , British Columbia". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 15 November 2022. ^ a b Eagland, Nick (7 April 2019). "Sikh Heritage Month: The South Asian pioneers of Fraser Mills". Vancouver Sun. Archived from the original on 12 April 2019. Retrieved 18 April 2019. ^ a b Fraser Mills: HistoryArchived 13 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 15 February 2009 ^ a b Kenny, Nicolas (14 June 2019). "Francophones of British Columbia". In Cooper, Celine (ed.). The Canadian Encyclopedia. Historica Canada. Archived from the original on 27 April 2020. Retrieved 23 April 2020. ^ City of Coquitlam: History and Heritage Archived 23 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 15 February 2009 ^ CitySoup.ca: Coquitlam Regional History Archived 5 August 2009 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 15 February 2009 ^ Maillardville100.com: 100 Years of History Archived 28 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 22 February 2009 ^ "Maillardville Neighbourhood Plan". City of Coquitlam. Archived from the original on 30 November 2022. Retrieved 15 November 2022. ^ "Maillardville Community Profile". City of Coquitlam. Archived from the original on 15 November 2022. Retrieved 15 November 2022. ^ "Tri-Cities Community Profile" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 April 2019. Retrieved 18 April 2019. ^ "Census tract profile for 0282.00 (CT), Vancouver (CMA) and British Columbia". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Archived from the original on 31 July 2021. Retrieved 15 November 2022. ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (8 February 2017). "Census Profile, 2016 Census - 9330282.01 , British Columbia and Vancouver , British Columbia". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Archived from the original on 31 July 2021. Retrieved 15 November 2022. ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (8 February 2017). "Census Profile, 2016 Census - 9330282.02 , British Columbia and Vancouver , British Columbia". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Archived from the original on 31 July 2021. Retrieved 15 November 2022. ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (8 February 2017). "Census Profile, 2016 Census - 9330281.02 , British Columbia and Vancouver , British Columbia". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 15 November 2022. ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (8 February 2017). "Census Profile, 2016 Census - 9330282.01 , British Columbia and Vancouver , British Columbia". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Archived from the original on 31 July 2021. Retrieved 15 November 2022. ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (8 February 2017). "Census Profile, 2016 Census - 9330282.02 , British Columbia and Vancouver , British Columbia". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Archived from the original on 15 November 2022. Retrieved 15 November 2022. ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (8 February 2017). "Census Profile, 2016 Census - 9330281.02 , British Columbia and Vancouver , British Columbia". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Archived from the original on 15 November 2022. Retrieved 15 November 2022. External links Official website Maillardville, a francophone community in British Columbia Les Archives Authentiques de Maillardville (in French) vteNeighbourhoods in Coquitlam, British ColumbiaOfficial neighbourhoods Austin Heights Cariboo/Burquitlam Central Coquitlam Cape Horn Eagle Ridge Hockaday Nestor Maillardville Mayfair/Pacific Reach Northeast Coquitlam Ranch Park River Heights Town Centre Westwood Plateau Other areas Canyon Springs Chineside Coleman Dartmoor Essondale Fraser Mills Harbour Chines Harbour Village Highland Park Meadowbrook New Horizons Noons Creek River Springs Westwood Woodland Acres First Nations Kwikwetlem vteCity of CoquitlamFeatures Coat of arms History Fraser Mills Maillardville Geography Brunette River Colony Farm Regional Park Como Lake Coquitlam Lake Coquitlam River Eagle Mountain Fraser River Glen Park Lafarge Lake Minnekhada Regional Park Mundy Park Pinecone Burke Provincial Park Pitt River Town Centre Park Tree Island Politics City Council City Hall Public services Coquitlam Search and Rescue Coquitlam Public Library Education Coquitlam College Douglas College School District 43 Culture Evergreen Cultural Centre Pacific Symphonic Wind Ensemble Stage 43 Theatrical Society Festival du Bois Films shot in Coquitlam Hard Rock Casino Vancouver The Molson Canadian Theatre Place des Arts Tallest buildings Water's Edge Festival Transportation British Columbia Highway 7 British Columbia Highway 7A British Columbia Highway 7B Dewdney Trunk Road Eleanor Ward Bridge Pinetree Way TransLink Bus routes Skytrain West Coast Express Category WikiProject	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Coquitlam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coquitlam"},{"link_name":"British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia"}],"text":"Neighbourhood of Coquitlam in Lower Mainland, British Columbia, CanadaMaillardville is a community on the south slope of the city of Coquitlam, British Columbia, Canada.","title":"Maillardville"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"lumber mill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sawmill"},{"link_name":"Fraser River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraser_River"},{"link_name":"Sikh temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurdwara"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"Place des Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Place_des_Arts_(Coquitlam)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-frasermills-5"},{"link_name":"French Canadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Canadian"},{"link_name":"Eastern Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-canen-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-canen-6"},{"link_name":"Oblate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oblate"},{"link_name":"Francophone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francophone"},{"link_name":"Manitoba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manitoba"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-coqhist-7"},{"link_name":"Punjabis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabis"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"Fraser Mills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraser_Mills"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-frasermills-5"},{"link_name":"French immersion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_immersion"},{"link_name":"guides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girl_Guides"},{"link_name":"scouts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scouting"},{"link_name":"Festival du Bois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festival_du_Bois"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-souphist-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"In 1889, Frank Ross and James McLaren opened what would become Maillardville, a $350,000, modern lumber mill on the north bank of the Fraser River. By 1908, a mill town of 20 houses, a store, post office, hospital, office block, barber shop, pool hall and a Sikh temple[4] had grown around the mill. A mill manager's residence was built that later became Place des Arts.[5] A second mill manager's residence was built in 1909 and is now known as Mackin House, a historic house museum operated by the Coquitlam Heritage Society.In 1909, Ross and McLaren, in search of workers for the Canadian Western Lumber Company, recruited a contingent of 110 French Canadian mill workers from Eastern Ontario and Quebec.[6] Approximately 40 French Canadian families settled in present-day Maillardville in 1909, with another contingent arriving in June 1910.[6] Named for Father Edmond Maillard, a young Oblate from France, it became the largest Francophone centre west of Manitoba.[7] Similarly, in the early 1900s, many Punjabis came to work in the mills and settled on the south slope of Coquitlam.[4]In 1971, the City of Coquitlam and the Village of Fraser Mills were amalgamated, which gave the city a larger tax base. The mill closed in 2001, and is now rezoned into a residential area.[5] Maillardville's past is recognized today in street names, the Francophone education system and French immersion programs, French-language guides and scouts, and celebrations such as Festival du Bois.[8]Maillardville celebrated its 100th birthday in 2009.[9]In 2014, the City of Coquitlam updated the Maillardville neighbourhood plan. The city anticipates a population growth of 6,000 over the next two decades.[10]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lougheed Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lougheed_Highway"},{"link_name":"town centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town_centre"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Maillardville is bordered by Austin Avenue to the north and Lougheed Highway to the south. To the west it is flanked by Blue Mountain Street, while to the east it is bordered by Mundy Road. The town centre of Maillardville is situated in the southwest corner of the neighbourhood, on Brunette Avenue between Lougheed Highway and Woolridge Street.[11]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Population","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Ethnicity","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Language","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"They Dream, a Canadian feature-length film, set in and around Maillardville, including Place des Arts and Mackin House Museum, was shot over the summer of 2012. Written and directed by Vancouver filmmaker Gord Stanfield, They Dream is the story of a 20-year-old art student, David Dubois, his love affair with a mysterious woman Lisa Reese, and his tragic past. Jean Ory reminds David he can't escape the truth. Lisa and Jean were lifetime residents of Maillardville. They Dream's lead cast includes Jason Mireau, Delia Tatiana and Moishe Teichman.","title":"Media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lucille Starr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucille_Starr"},{"link_name":"Canadian Country Music Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Country_Music_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"Shawn Farquhar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shawn_Farquhar"}],"text":"Lucille Starr, who was inducted to the Canadian Country Music Hall of Fame in 1987 began her musical career in Maillardville with the group Les Hirondelles. A street in Coquitlam \"Lucille Starr Way\" is named in her honour.\nShawn Farquhar, magician","title":"Notable people"}]	[]	[{"title":"Franco-Columbian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-Columbian"}]	[{"reference":"Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (8 February 2017). \"Census Profile, 2016 Census - 9330282.01 [Census tract], British Columbia and Vancouver [Census metropolitan area], British Columbia\". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Archived from the original on 31 July 2021. Retrieved 15 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CT&Code1=9330282.01&Geo2=CMACA&Code2=933&Data=Count&SearchText=9330282.01&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&TABID=3","url_text":"\"Census Profile, 2016 Census - 9330282.01 [Census tract], British Columbia and Vancouver [Census metropolitan area], British Columbia\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210731191351/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CT&Code1=9330282.01&Geo2=CMACA&Code2=933&Data=Count&SearchText=9330282.01&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&TABID=3","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (8 February 2017). \"Census Profile, 2016 Census - 9330282.02 [Census tract], British Columbia and Vancouver [Census metropolitan area], British Columbia\". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Archived from the original on 31 July 2021. Retrieved 15 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CT&Code1=9330282.02&Geo2=CMACA&Code2=933&Data=Count&SearchText=9330282.02&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&TABID=3","url_text":"\"Census Profile, 2016 Census - 9330282.02 [Census tract], British Columbia and Vancouver [Census metropolitan area], British Columbia\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210731201016/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CT&Code1=9330282.02&Geo2=CMACA&Code2=933&Data=Count&SearchText=9330282.02&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&TABID=3","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (8 February 2017). \"Census Profile, 2016 Census - 9330281.02 [Census tract], British Columbia and Vancouver [Census metropolitan area], British Columbia\". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 15 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CT&Code1=9330281.02&Geo2=CMACA&Code2=933&Data=Count&SearchText=9330281.02&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&TABID=3","url_text":"\"Census Profile, 2016 Census - 9330281.02 [Census tract], British Columbia and Vancouver [Census metropolitan area], British Columbia\""}]},{"reference":"Eagland, Nick (7 April 2019). \"Sikh Heritage Month: The South Asian pioneers of Fraser Mills\". Vancouver Sun. Archived from the original on 12 April 2019. Retrieved 18 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://vancouversun.com/news/local-news/sikh-heritage-month-the-south-asian-pioneers-of-fraser-mills","url_text":"\"Sikh Heritage Month: The South Asian pioneers of Fraser Mills\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver_Sun","url_text":"Vancouver Sun"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190412010627/https://vancouversun.com/news/local-news/sikh-heritage-month-the-south-asian-pioneers-of-fraser-mills","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kenny, Nicolas (14 June 2019). \"Francophones of British Columbia\". In Cooper, Celine (ed.). The Canadian Encyclopedia. Historica Canada. Archived from the original on 27 April 2020. Retrieved 23 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/francophones-of-british-columbia","url_text":"\"Francophones of British Columbia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Canadian_Encyclopedia","url_text":"The Canadian Encyclopedia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historica_Canada","url_text":"Historica Canada"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200427200753/https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/francophones-of-british-columbia","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Maillardville Neighbourhood Plan\". City of Coquitlam. Archived from the original on 30 November 2022. Retrieved 15 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.coquitlam.ca/DocumentCenter/View/2933/Maillardville-Neighbourhood-Plan-PDF","url_text":"\"Maillardville Neighbourhood Plan\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221130195241/https://coquitlam.ca/DocumentCenter/View/2933/Maillardville-Neighbourhood-Plan-PDF","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Maillardville Community Profile\". City of Coquitlam. Archived from the original on 15 November 2022. Retrieved 15 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.coquitlam.ca/DocumentCenter/View/221/Maillairdville-PDF?bidId=","url_text":"\"Maillardville Community Profile\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221115032214/https://www.coquitlam.ca/DocumentCenter/View/221/Maillairdville-PDF?bidId=","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Tri-Cities Community Profile\" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 April 2019. Retrieved 18 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://tricitiesecd.ca/files/5114/2413/7040/Community_Profile_Tri-Cities-web.pdf","url_text":"\"Tri-Cities Community Profile\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190418002530/http://tricitiesecd.ca/files/5114/2413/7040/Community_Profile_Tri-Cities-web.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Census tract profile for 0282.00 (CT), Vancouver (CMA) and British Columbia\". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Archived from the original on 31 July 2021. Retrieved 15 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/prof/92-597/P3.cfm?Lang=E&CTuid=9330282.00","url_text":"\"Census tract profile for 0282.00 (CT), Vancouver (CMA) and British Columbia\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210731194730/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/prof/92-597/P3.cfm?Lang=E&CTuid=9330282.00","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (8 February 2017). \"Census Profile, 2016 Census - 9330282.01 [Census tract], British Columbia and Vancouver [Census metropolitan area], British Columbia\". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Archived from the original on 31 July 2021. Retrieved 15 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CT&Code1=9330282.01&Geo2=CMACA&Code2=933&Data=Count&SearchText=9330282.01&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&TABID=3","url_text":"\"Census Profile, 2016 Census - 9330282.01 [Census tract], British Columbia and Vancouver [Census metropolitan area], British Columbia\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210731191351/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CT&Code1=9330282.01&Geo2=CMACA&Code2=933&Data=Count&SearchText=9330282.01&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&TABID=3","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (8 February 2017). \"Census Profile, 2016 Census - 9330282.02 [Census tract], British Columbia and Vancouver [Census metropolitan area], British Columbia\". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Archived from the original on 31 July 2021. Retrieved 15 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CT&Code1=9330282.02&Geo2=CMACA&Code2=933&Data=Count&SearchText=9330282.02&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&TABID=3","url_text":"\"Census Profile, 2016 Census - 9330282.02 [Census tract], British Columbia and Vancouver [Census metropolitan area], British Columbia\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210731201016/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CT&Code1=9330282.02&Geo2=CMACA&Code2=933&Data=Count&SearchText=9330282.02&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&TABID=3","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (8 February 2017). \"Census Profile, 2016 Census - 9330281.02 [Census tract], British Columbia and Vancouver [Census metropolitan area], British Columbia\". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 15 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CT&Code1=9330281.02&Geo2=CMACA&Code2=933&Data=Count&SearchText=9330281.02&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&TABID=3","url_text":"\"Census Profile, 2016 Census - 9330281.02 [Census tract], British Columbia and Vancouver [Census metropolitan area], British Columbia\""}]},{"reference":"Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (8 February 2017). \"Census Profile, 2016 Census - 9330282.01 [Census tract], British Columbia and Vancouver [Census metropolitan area], British Columbia\". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Archived from the original on 31 July 2021. Retrieved 15 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CT&Code1=9330282.01&Geo2=CMACA&Code2=933&Data=Count&SearchText=9330282.01&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&TABID=3","url_text":"\"Census Profile, 2016 Census - 9330282.01 [Census tract], British Columbia and Vancouver [Census metropolitan area], British Columbia\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210731191351/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CT&Code1=9330282.01&Geo2=CMACA&Code2=933&Data=Count&SearchText=9330282.01&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&TABID=3","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (8 February 2017). \"Census Profile, 2016 Census - 9330282.02 [Census tract], British Columbia and Vancouver [Census metropolitan area], British Columbia\". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Archived from the original on 15 November 2022. Retrieved 15 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CT&Code1=9330282.02&Geo2=CMACA&Code2=933&SearchText=9330282.02&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=Language&TABID=3&type=0","url_text":"\"Census Profile, 2016 Census - 9330282.02 [Census tract], British Columbia and Vancouver [Census metropolitan area], British Columbia\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221115194414/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CT&Code1=9330282.02&Geo2=CMACA&Code2=933&SearchText=9330282.02&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=Language&TABID=3&type=0","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (8 February 2017). \"Census Profile, 2016 Census - 9330281.02 [Census tract], British Columbia and Vancouver [Census metropolitan area], British Columbia\". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Archived from the original on 15 November 2022. Retrieved 15 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CT&Code1=9330281.02&Geo2=CMACA&Code2=933&SearchText=9330281.02&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=Language&TABID=3&type=0","url_text":"\"Census Profile, 2016 Census - 9330281.02 [Census tract], British Columbia and Vancouver [Census metropolitan area], British Columbia\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221115134829/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CT&Code1=9330281.02&Geo2=CMACA&Code2=933&SearchText=9330281.02&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=Language&TABID=3&type=0","url_text":"Archived"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Maillardville&params=49.2374_N_122.867_W_type:city(14975)_region:CA-BC","external_links_name":"49°14′15″N 122°52′01″W / 49.2374°N 122.867°W / 49.2374; -122.867"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Maillardville&params=49.2374_N_122.867_W_type:city(14975)_region:CA-BC","external_links_name":"49°14′15″N 122°52′01″W / 49.2374°N 122.867°W / 49.2374; -122.867"},{"Link":"https://maillardville.com/","external_links_name":"maillardville.com"},{"Link":"https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CT&Code1=9330282.01&Geo2=CMACA&Code2=933&Data=Count&SearchText=9330282.01&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&TABID=3","external_links_name":"\"Census Profile, 2016 Census - 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bigan	Bi Gan	["1 History","2 Reputation","3 God of Wealth","4 Notes","5 References"]	Chinese noble "Bigan" redirects here. For the village in Iran, see Bigan, Iran. See also: Bi Gan (film director) Prince Bigan, Prime Minister of Shang Prince Bi Gan (Chinese: 比干, Bǐgān) was a prominent Chinese figure during the Shang dynasty. He was a son of King Wen Ding, and an uncle of King Zhou, and served as the Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Shang. He was later worshipped as the God of Wealth. History Prince Bigan was the prime minister of the Kingdom of Shang during the late Shang dynasty, and a member of the Shang royal family. His ancestral name was "Zi" (子). He was the son of King Wen Ding and served his nephew, King Zhou. Zhou, the last king of the Shang dynasty, has been traditionally regarded as notoriously cruel, immoral, and wasteful. According to the account recorded by Sima Qian in his Records of the Grand Historian, King Zhou's minister Prince Weizi admonished him to reform his ways several times, but his admonitions fell on deaf ears. Prince Weizi then decided to withdraw from the court, but Prince Bigan argued that to serve as minister meant doing what was right even if it meant death. Prince Bigan continued to strongly criticise his ruler's conduct, and an enraged King Zhou ordered his execution, proclaiming that he wanted to see if it was true that a sage's heart had seven apertures. David Schaberg has argued that the tendency for later politicians to adopt an indirect style of critique when disagreeing with their rulers was influenced by the gruesome fate of figures like Prince Bigan. Reputation In the Analects, Prince Bigan was honored by Confucius as one of "the three sages" of the Shang dynasty, together with Prince Weizi and Prince Jizi. Prince Bigan later became an exemplar of the loyal advisor willing to lose his life for giving truthful advice. When the Spring and Autumn-era general and politician of Wu, Wu Zixu, was ordered to commit suicide, his last words were, "After my death, later generations will definitely think that I was loyal. They will indeed match me up to the Xia and Yin eras, making me a companion of Longfeng and Bigan”. When Hu Yuan, who served King Min of Qi, was about to be executed, he referenced both Prince Bigan and Wu Zixu: "Yin had its Bigan, Wu had its Zixu, and Qi has its Hu Yuan. not only didn't make use of apt words, it also executed their speaker at its eastern gate. By being executed, I will form a triad with those two masters." The historian Fan Wenlan ranked Prince Bigan alongside Guan Longfeng, Qu Yuan, Zhuge Liang, and Wei Zheng as one of the great frank and courageous patriots of Chinese history. God of Wealth Later accounts of the life of Prince Bigan added details, including that his execution came at request of King Zhou's notorious concubine Daji, because she objected that Prince Bigan had remonstrated with King Zhou for wasting money meant for the common good. These depictions were an influence on Prince Bigan's later deification as a Caishen, or God of Wealth. A notable example of this version of Prince Bigan's story can be seen in the famous Ming dynasty novel The Investiture of the Gods. Notes ^ Guan Longfeng was a similar figure from the semi-mythical Xia dynasty. References ^ Nienhauser, William H., ed. (1994). The Grand Scribe's Records, Volume I: The Basic Annals of Pre-Han China. Translated by Chang, Tsai-fa; Lu, Zongli; Nienhauser, William H.; Reynolds, Roberts. Bloomington & Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. p. 51. ISBN 0253340217. ^ Schaberg, David (2005). "Chapter 6: Playing at Critique: Indirect Remonstrance and the Formation of Shi Identity". In Kern, Martin (ed.). Text and Ritual in Early China. University of Washington Press. pp. 194–225. ISBN 9780295987873. ^ Slingerland, Edward Gilman (2003). Analects: With Selections from Traditional Commentaries. Cambridge: Hackett Publishing. pp. 213–214. ISBN 978-0-87220-635-9. ^ a b Brashier, K.E. (2014). Public Memory in Early China. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard-Yenching Institute. pp. 355–361. ISBN 9780674492035. ^ Laing, Ellen Johnston (2013). "Living Wealth Gods in the Chinese Popular Print Tradition". Artibus Asiae. 73 (2): 343–363. Retrieved 10 January 2022. This Taoism-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bigan, Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bigan,_Iran"},{"link_name":"Bi Gan (film director)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi_Gan_(film_director)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bi_Gan.png"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"Shang dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shang_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Wen Ding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wen_Ding"},{"link_name":"Zhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Zhou_of_Shang"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister"},{"link_name":"Shang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shang"}],"text":"\"Bigan\" redirects here. For the village in Iran, see Bigan, Iran.See also: Bi Gan (film director)Prince Bigan, Prime Minister of ShangPrince Bi Gan (Chinese: 比干, Bǐgān) was a prominent Chinese figure during the Shang dynasty. He was a son of King Wen Ding, and an uncle of King Zhou, and served as the Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Shang. He was later worshipped as the God of Wealth.","title":"Bi Gan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ancestral name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancestral_name"},{"link_name":"Zi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zi_(surname)"},{"link_name":"Sima Qian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sima_Qian"},{"link_name":"Records of the Grand Historian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Records_of_the_Grand_Historian"},{"link_name":"Weizi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weizi_of_Song"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scribe-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-schaberg-2"}],"text":"Prince Bigan was the prime minister of the Kingdom of Shang during the late Shang dynasty, and a member of the Shang royal family. His ancestral name was \"Zi\" (子). He was the son of King Wen Ding and served his nephew, King Zhou. Zhou, the last king of the Shang dynasty, has been traditionally regarded as notoriously cruel, immoral, and wasteful. According to the account recorded by Sima Qian in his Records of the Grand Historian, King Zhou's minister Prince Weizi admonished him to reform his ways several times, but his admonitions fell on deaf ears. Prince Weizi then decided to withdraw from the court, but Prince Bigan argued that to serve as minister meant doing what was right even if it meant death. Prince Bigan continued to strongly criticise his ruler's conduct, and an enraged King Zhou ordered his execution, proclaiming that he wanted to see if it was true that a sage's heart had seven apertures.[1]David Schaberg has argued that the tendency for later politicians to adopt an indirect style of critique when disagreeing with their rulers was influenced by the gruesome fate of figures like Prince Bigan.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Analects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analects"},{"link_name":"Confucius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucius"},{"link_name":"Jizi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jizi"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sanalects-3"},{"link_name":"Spring and Autumn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_and_Autumn_period"},{"link_name":"Wu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Wu"},{"link_name":"Wu Zixu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu_Zixu"},{"link_name":"Xia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xia_dynasty"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brashier-4"},{"link_name":"[note 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-first-5"},{"link_name":"King Min of Qi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Min_of_Qi"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brashier-4"},{"link_name":"Fan Wenlan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fan_Wenlan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"zh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8C%83%E6%96%87%E7%80%BE"},{"link_name":"Qu Yuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu_Yuan"},{"link_name":"Zhuge Liang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhuge_Liang"},{"link_name":"Wei Zheng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wei_Zheng"}],"text":"In the Analects, Prince Bigan was honored by Confucius as one of \"the three sages\" of the Shang dynasty, together with Prince Weizi and Prince Jizi.[3] Prince Bigan later became an exemplar of the loyal advisor willing to lose his life for giving truthful advice. When the Spring and Autumn-era general and politician of Wu, Wu Zixu, was ordered to commit suicide, his last words were, \"After my death, later generations will definitely think that I was loyal. They will indeed match me up to the Xia and Yin [i.e., Shang] eras, making me a companion of Longfeng and Bigan”.[4][note 1] When Hu Yuan, who served King Min of Qi, was about to be executed, he referenced both Prince Bigan and Wu Zixu: \"Yin had its Bigan, Wu had its Zixu, and Qi [now] has its Hu Yuan. [This state] not only didn't make use of apt words, it also executed their speaker at its eastern gate. By being executed, I will form a triad with those two masters.\"[4] The historian Fan Wenlan [zh] ranked Prince Bigan alongside Guan Longfeng, Qu Yuan, Zhuge Liang, and Wei Zheng as one of the great frank and courageous patriots of Chinese history.","title":"Reputation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Daji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daji"},{"link_name":"Caishen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caishen"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-laing-6"},{"link_name":"Ming dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_dynasty"},{"link_name":"The Investiture of the Gods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Investiture_of_the_Gods"}],"text":"Later accounts of the life of Prince Bigan added details, including that his execution came at request of King Zhou's notorious concubine Daji, because she objected that Prince Bigan had remonstrated with King Zhou for wasting money meant for the common good. These depictions were an influence on Prince Bigan's later deification as a Caishen, or God of Wealth.[5] A notable example of this version of Prince Bigan's story can be seen in the famous Ming dynasty novel The Investiture of the Gods.","title":"God of Wealth"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-first_5-0"},{"link_name":"Guan Longfeng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guan_Longfeng&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"zh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%97%9C%E9%BE%8D%E9%80%A2"}],"text":"^ Guan Longfeng [zh] was a similar figure from the semi-mythical Xia dynasty.","title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_text":"Prince Bigan, Prime Minister of Shang","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Bi_Gan.png/250px-Bi_Gan.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"Nienhauser, William H., ed. (1994). The Grand Scribe's Records, Volume I: The Basic Annals of Pre-Han China. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ofek_unit	Ofek unit	["1 References"]	This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Ofek unit" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Unit Ofek 324יחידת אופקFounded2005Country IsraelBranch Israeli Air ForceTypeoperational technology unitPart of Israel Defense ForcesGarrison/HQHaKirya, Tel AvivEquipmentComputersCommandersCurrentcommanderColonel DediMilitary unit Ofek 324 is the IAF's operational technology unit. It is responsible for developing operational system programs and operation of the air force's computer systems. It also carries out research and development, cyber defense, and maintenance work. The unit operates from three different IAF bases and is subordinate to the IAF Equipment Group. Its current head is Colonel Dedi. Ofek was established in December 2005, by merging two former IAF computing units, Unit 180 (founded 1959, responsible for combat support systems) and Mamdas (founded 1967, responsible operational systems). The unit's first battle was about 6 months after its establishment, during the Second Lebanon War, under Colonel Asahel. In 2015, shifted focus to operational technology and intelligence. The units emblem is made up of four components: The IAF wing emblem An owl - a determined animal capable of seeing far into the distance. A circular arrow target - related to its role of providing the IAF with significant operational capabilities A computer network - representing technology. References ^ a b c Peleg, May (2019). "Ofek: Innovation in Technology". The Israeli Air Force. ^ a b Feinsky, Shira (2020). "אתר חיל-האוויר : דצמבר : יחידת "אופק 324" מציינת 15 שנים של עשייה ביטחונית". The Israeli Air Force. ^ "יחידת ממד"ס ויחידת 180 התמזגו". The Israeli Air Force. Retrieved 22 December 2005. ^ "Ofek 324 Unit - IAF". Linkedin.com. vte Israeli Air Force History History of the Israeli Air Force List of Israeli flying aces Sherut Avir Israeli Air Force Museum Branches and components Air Intelligence Group Air Defense Command Air bases Haifa Ramat David Ein Shemer Palmachim Tel Nof Hatzor Sdot Micha Hatzerim Nevatim Ramon Ovda Formations and units Aircraft squadrons Flight academy Shaldag 669 Ofek Equipment Aircraft Munitions	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"operational technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operational_technology"},{"link_name":"research and development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_and_development"},{"link_name":"cyber defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyber_defense"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Peleg2019-1"},{"link_name":"Colonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonel"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Feinsky2020-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Second Lebanon War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Lebanon_War"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Feinsky2020-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Peleg2019-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Peleg2019-1"}],"text":"Military unitOfek 324 is the IAF's operational technology unit. It is responsible for developing operational system programs and operation of the air force's computer systems. It also carries out research and development, cyber defense, and maintenance work.[1]The unit operates from three different IAF bases and is subordinate to the IAF Equipment Group. Its current head is Colonel Dedi.Ofek was established in December 2005, by merging two former IAF computing units, Unit 180 (founded 1959, responsible for combat support systems) and Mamdas (founded 1967, responsible operational systems).[2][3][4]The unit's first battle was about 6 months after its establishment, during the Second Lebanon War, under Colonel Asahel. In 2015, shifted focus to operational technology and intelligence.[2][1]The units emblem is made up of four components:[1]The IAF wing emblem\nAn owl - a determined animal capable of seeing far into the distance.\nA circular arrow target - related to its role of providing the IAF with significant operational capabilities\nA computer network - representing technology.","title":"Ofek unit"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Peleg, May (2019). \"Ofek: Innovation in Technology\". The Israeli Air Force.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iaf.org.il/9080-51462-en/IAF.aspx","url_text":"\"Ofek: Innovation in Technology\""}]},{"reference":"Feinsky, Shira (2020). \"אתר חיל-האוויר : דצמבר : יחידת \"אופק 324\" מציינת 15 שנים של עשייה ביטחונית\". The Israeli Air Force.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iaf.org.il/9308-52641-he/IAF.aspx","url_text":"\"אתר חיל-האוויר : דצמבר : יחידת \"אופק 324\" מציינת 15 שנים של עשייה ביטחונית\""}]},{"reference":"\"יחידת ממד\"ס ויחידת 180 התמזגו\". The Israeli Air Force. Retrieved 22 December 2005.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iaf.org.il/4297-25003-HE/IAF.aspx","url_text":"\"יחידת ממד\"ס ויחידת 180 התמזגו\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ofek 324 Unit - IAF\". Linkedin.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.linkedin.com/company/ofek-unit-iaf/?originalSubdomain=il","url_text":"\"Ofek 324 Unit - IAF\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Ofek+unit%22","external_links_name":"\"Ofek unit\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Ofek+unit%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Ofek+unit%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Ofek+unit%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Ofek+unit%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Ofek+unit%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.iaf.org.il/9080-51462-en/IAF.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Ofek: Innovation in Technology\""},{"Link":"https://www.iaf.org.il/9308-52641-he/IAF.aspx","external_links_name":"\"אתר חיל-האוויר : דצמבר : יחידת \"אופק 324\" מציינת 15 שנים של עשייה ביטחונית\""},{"Link":"http://www.iaf.org.il/4297-25003-HE/IAF.aspx","external_links_name":"\"יחידת ממד\"ס ויחידת 180 התמזגו\""},{"Link":"https://www.linkedin.com/company/ofek-unit-iaf/?originalSubdomain=il","external_links_name":"\"Ofek 324 Unit - IAF\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/106.6_FM	106.6 FM	["1 China","2 Indonesia","3 Malaysia","4 United Kingdom","5 Mongolia","6 References"]	FM radio frequency This is a list of radio stations that broadcast on FM frequency 106.6 MHz: China CNR Business Radio in Guangzhou CNR Music Radio in Qujing CNR Story Radio in Beijing Indonesia Celebrities Radio in Jakarta, Capital Special Region, Indonesia Malaysia Lite in Perlis, Kedah, and Penang United Kingdom Smooth East Midlands in Nottingham BCB 106.6fm in Bradford, West Yorkshire Time 106.6 in East Berkshire and South Buckinghamshire (closed October 2015) Two Lochs Radio 106.6 in Wester Ross (Poolewe relay) Wycombe Sound in High Wycombe, South Buckinghamshire North Manchester FM 106.6 in Manchester Greatest Hits Radio Derbyshire in the Peak District Koast Radio 106.6FM in South East Northumberland Nation Radio South Coast in Bournemouth, Poole and Winchester Greatest Hits Radio Sussex in Midhurst Mongolia Mongolian National Radio Broadcaster FM106.6 (Radio station:Ulaanbaatar, Ulgii, Altai, Dalanzadgad, Choibalsan, Mörön) References ^ "中央人民广播电台经济之声时间表". CNR. Retrieved 24 June 2022. ^ "中央人民广播电台第三套节目（音乐之声）频率表". CNR. 1 January 2009. Retrieved 24 June 2022. ^ "中央人民广播电台第九套节目（文艺之声）频率表". CNR. 1 January 2009. Retrieved 24 June 2022. ^ Frequencies ^ "Imagine Radio Buxton Frequencies". Ofcom. Retrieved 17 August 2020. vteLists of radio stations by frequencyStations that broadcast for public receptionContinuous wave/MorseVLFin kHz 17.2 20.5 23 25 25.1 25.5 LF (LW)Radio clocks 40 50 60 60 60 66.67 68.5 77.5 77.5 100 162 By AMfrequenciesLF (LW)Regions 1 and 3, 9 kHz spacing 153 162 1641 171 1771 180 1831 189 198 207 2091 216 225 2271 234 243 252 261 270 279 MF (MW)Regions 1 and 3, 9 kHz spacing 531 540 549 558 567 576 585 594 603 612 621 630 639 648 657 666 675 684 693 702 711 720 729 738 747 756 765 774 783 792 801 810 819 828 837 846 855 864 873 882 891 900 909 918 927 936 945 954 963 972 981 990 999 1008 1017 1026 1035 1044 1053 1062 1071 1080 1089 1098 1107 1116 1125 1134 1143 1152 1161 1170 1179 1188 1197 1206 1215 1224 1233 1242 1251 1260 1269 1278 1287 1296 1305 1314 1323 1332 1341 1350 1359 1368 1377 1386 1395 1404 1413 1422 1431 1440 1449 1458 1467 1476 1485 1494 1503 1512 1521 1530 1539 1548 1557 1566 1575 1584 1593 1602 1611 1620 1629 1638 1647 1656 1665 1674 1683 1692 1701 1710 Region 2, 10 kHz spacing 530 540 550 560 570 580 590 600 610 620 630 640 650 660 670 680 690 700 710 720 730 740 750 760 770 780 790 800 810 820 830 840 850 860 870 880 890 900 910 920 930 940 950 960 970 980 990 1000 1010 1020 1030 1040 1050 1060 1070 1080 1090 1100 1110 1120 1130 1140 1150 1160 1170 1180 1190 1200 1210 1220 1230 1240 1250 1260 1270 1280 1290 1300 1310 1320 1330 1340 1350 1360 1370 1380 1390 1400 1410 1420 1430 1440 1450 1460 1470 1480 1490 1500 1510 1520 1530 1540 1550 1560 1570 1580 1590 1600 1610 1620 1630 1640 1650 1660 1670 1680 1690 1700 1710 High frequency shortwave frequencies in MHz120 m 2.5 2.5 2.5 90 m 3.2474 3.25 3.33 75 m 3.81 4.015 4.146 4.2075 4.213 4.363 4.372 4.387 4.414 60 m 4.8615 4.996 5 5 5 5 5 5 5.006 5.025 5.13 5.83 49 m 6.03 6.07 6.15 6.16 6.16 6.317 6.318 6.351 6.37 6.51 6.9 41 m 7.49 7.505 7.6 7.646 7.795 7.8 7.85 31 m 8.006 8.113 8.120 8.291 8.421 8.473 8.4785 8.625 8.646 8.686 8.728 8.728 8.746 8.749 8.809 9.265 9.275 9.33 9.395 9.475 9.955 9.835 9.996 10 10 10 10 25 m 12.5815 12.5905 12.6645 12.691 12.857 13.026 13.0425 13.14 13.173 13.146 13.191 19 m 14.67 14.996 15 15 15 15 15 15.42 15.77 16 m 16.809 16.905 16.957 16.9615 17.094 17.257 17.26 15 m 19.6855 20 13 m 22.3835 22.447 22.461 22.735 22.762 22.783 11 m 25 By FMfrequenciesVHF (Band I/ OIRT FM)Regions 1 and 3, 30 kHz spacing3 65.84 74.00 VHF (Band II/ CCIR FM)Regions 1 and 3, 50/100 kHz spacing3 87.5 87.6 87.7 87.8 87.9 88.0 88.2 88.4 88.6 88.8 89.0 89.2 89.4 89.6 89.8 90.0 90.2 90.4 90.6 90.8 91.0 91.2 91.4 91.6 91.8 92.0 92.2 92.4 92.6 92.8 93.0 93.2 93.4 93.6 93.8 94.0 94.2 94.4 94.6 94.8 95.0 95.2 95.4 95.6 95.8 96.0 96.2 96.4 96.6 96.8 97.0 97.2 97.4 97.6 97.8 98.0 98.2 98.4 98.6 98.8 99.0 99.2 99.4 99.6 99.8 100.0 100.2 100.4 100.6 100.8 101.0 101.2 101.4 101.6 101.8 102.0 102.2 102.4 102.6 102.8 103.0 103.2 103.4 103.6 103.8 104.0 104.2 104.4 104.6 104.8 105.0 105.2 105.4 105.6 105.8 106.0 106.2 106.4 106.6 106.8 107.0 107.2 107.4 107.6 107.8 108.0 Region 2, 200 kHz spacing 87.7 87.9 88.1 88.3 88.5 88.7 88.9 89.1 89.3 89.5 89.7 89.9 90.1 90.3 90.5 90.7 90.9 91.1 91.3 91.5 91.7 91.9 92.1 92.3 92.5 92.7 92.9 93.1 93.3 93.5 93.7 93.9 94.1 94.3 94.5 94.7 94.9 95.1 95.3 95.5 95.7 95.9 96.1 96.3 96.5 96.7 96.9 97.1 97.3 97.5 97.7 97.9 98.1 98.3 98.5 98.7 98.9 99.1 99.3 99.5 99.7 99.9 100.1 100.3 100.5 100.7 100.9 101.1 101.3 101.5 101.7 101.9 102.1 102.3 102.5 102.7 102.9 103.1 103.3 103.5 103.7 103.9 104.1 104.3 104.5 104.7 104.9 105.1 105.3 105.5 105.7 105.9 106.1 106.3 106.5 106.7 106.9 107.1 107.3 107.5 107.7 107.9 Japan FM, Brazil eFM 76.1 76.2 76.3 76.4 76.5 76.6 76.7 76.8 76.9 77.0 77.1 77.2 77.3 77.4 77.5 77.6 77.7 77.8 77.9 78.0 78.1 78.2 78.3 78.4 78.5 78.6 78.7 78.8 78.9 79.0 79.1 79.2 79.3 79.4 79.5 79.6 79.7 79.8 79.9 80.0 80.1 80.2 80.3 80.4 80.5 80.6 80.7 80.8 80.9 81.0 81.1 81.2 81.3 81.4 81.5 81.6 81.7 81.8 81.9 82.0 82.1 82.2 82.3 82.4 82.5 82.6 82.7 82.8 82.9 83.0 83.1 83.2 83.3 83.4 83.5 83.6 83.7 83.8 83.9 84.0 84.1 84.2 84.3 84.4 84.5 84.6 84.7 84.8 84.9 85.0 85.1 85.2 85.3 85.4 85.5 85.6 85.7 85.8 85.9 86.0 86.1 86.2 86.3 86.4 86.5 86.6 86.7 86.8 86.9 87.0 87.1 87.2 87.3 87.4 Weather radio 162.400 162.425 162.450 162.475 162.500 162.525 162.550 1 Non-standard frequency 2 Shortwave uses a combination of AM, VSB, USB and LSB, with some NBFM and CW/morse code (in the case of time signal stations) as well as numerous frequencies, depending on the time of day/night, season, and solar activity level. A reasonably full list from 16 kHz to 27MHz can be found at 3 Regions 1 and 3 also use Region 2's frequencies as well, with 50 to 100 kHz spacing. 4 See also: Template:Audio broadcasting, Apex (radio band) and OIRT	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_broadcasting"},{"link_name":"FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FM_broadcasting"}],"text":"This is a list of radio stations that broadcast on FM frequency 106.6 MHz:","title":"106.6 FM"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CNR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_National_Radio"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"CNR Business Radio in Guangzhou[1]\nCNR Music Radio in Qujing[2]\nCNR Story Radio in Beijing[3]","title":"China"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Celebrities Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celebrities_Radio"}],"text":"Celebrities Radio in Jakarta, Capital Special Region, Indonesia","title":"Indonesia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lite_(radio_station)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Lite in Perlis, Kedah, and Penang[4]","title":"Malaysia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Smooth East Midlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smooth_East_Midlands"},{"link_name":"BCB 106.6fm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BCB_106.6fm"},{"link_name":"Time 106.6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_106.6"},{"link_name":"Two Lochs Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_Lochs_Radio"},{"link_name":"Poolewe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poolewe"},{"link_name":"Wycombe Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wycombe_Sound"},{"link_name":"Greatest Hits Radio Derbyshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greatest_Hits_Radio_Midlands"},{"link_name":"Peak District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peak_District"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Northumberland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northumberland"},{"link_name":"Nation Radio South Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nation_Radio_South_Coast"},{"link_name":"Bournemouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bournemouth"},{"link_name":"Poole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poole"},{"link_name":"Winchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winchester"},{"link_name":"Greatest Hits Radio Sussex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greatest_Hits_Radio_West_Sussex"},{"link_name":"Midhurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midhurst"}],"text":"Smooth East Midlands in Nottingham\nBCB 106.6fm in Bradford, West Yorkshire\nTime 106.6 in East Berkshire and South Buckinghamshire (closed October 2015)\nTwo Lochs Radio 106.6 in Wester Ross (Poolewe relay)\nWycombe Sound in High Wycombe, South Buckinghamshire\nNorth Manchester FM 106.6 in Manchester\nGreatest Hits Radio Derbyshire in the Peak District[5]\nKoast Radio 106.6FM in South East Northumberland\nNation Radio South Coast in Bournemouth, Poole and Winchester\nGreatest Hits Radio Sussex in Midhurst","title":"United Kingdom"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mongolian National Radio Broadcaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolian_National_Broadcaster"},{"link_name":"Ulaanbaatar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulaanbaatar"},{"link_name":"Ulgii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96lgii_(city)"},{"link_name":"Altai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altai,_Khovd"},{"link_name":"Dalanzadgad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalanzadgad"},{"link_name":"Choibalsan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choibalsan_(city)"},{"link_name":"Mörön","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B6r%C3%B6n"}],"text":"Mongolian National Radio Broadcaster FM106.6 (Radio station:Ulaanbaatar, Ulgii, Altai, Dalanzadgad, Choibalsan, Mörön)","title":"Mongolia"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"中央人民广播电台经济之声时间表\". CNR. Retrieved 24 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cnr.cn/jmb/erji/jjzs.html","url_text":"\"中央人民广播电台经济之声时间表\""}]},{"reference":"\"中央人民广播电台第三套节目（音乐之声）频率表\". CNR. 1 January 2009. Retrieved 24 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cnr.cn/2009images/plb/erji/erji3.html","url_text":"\"中央人民广播电台第三套节目（音乐之声）频率表\""}]},{"reference":"\"中央人民广播电台第九套节目（文艺之声）频率表\". CNR. 1 January 2009. Retrieved 24 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cnr.cn/2009images/plb/erji/erji9.html","url_text":"\"中央人民广播电台第九套节目（文艺之声）频率表\""}]},{"reference":"\"Imagine Radio Buxton Frequencies\". Ofcom. Retrieved 17 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://static.ofcom.org.uk/static/radiolicensing/html/radio-stations/analogue/al100969ba3imagineradio.htm","url_text":"\"Imagine Radio Buxton Frequencies\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.cnr.cn/jmb/erji/jjzs.html","external_links_name":"\"中央人民广播电台经济之声时间表\""},{"Link":"http://www.cnr.cn/2009images/plb/erji/erji3.html","external_links_name":"\"中央人民广播电台第三套节目（音乐之声）频率表\""},{"Link":"http://www.cnr.cn/2009images/plb/erji/erji9.html","external_links_name":"\"中央人民广播电台第九套节目（文艺之声）频率表\""},{"Link":"https://lite.my/links/frequencies","external_links_name":"Frequencies"},{"Link":"http://static.ofcom.org.uk/static/radiolicensing/html/radio-stations/analogue/al100969ba3imagineradio.htm","external_links_name":"\"Imagine Radio Buxton Frequencies\""},{"Link":"http://www.eibispace.de/dx/freq-a16.txt","external_links_name":"[1]"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Jacob_Rambach_(theologian)	Johann Jacob Rambach (theologian)	["1 Life","2 Works","3 Links","4 References"]	Lutheran theologian (1693–1735) Johann Jakob Rambach, Engraving by Johann Georg Wolfgang Rambach's grave in the old cemetery in Giessen Johann Jacob Rambach, also Johann Jakob Rambach (born 1693 in Halle, Germany; died 1735 in Giessen) was a Lutheran theologian and hymn writer. Life Rambach was the son of Hans Jakob Rambach, a cabinet maker. For a time, he trained with his father, but then attended the University of Halle as a student of medicine, before becoming interested in theology. In 1723 he was appointed as an adjunct of the theological faculty, and in 1727, after August Hermann Francke's death, a professor. After earning a Doctor of Divinity in 1731, he was appointed the first professor of theology at University of Giessen. He was offered a professorship at the University of Göttingen, but decided to remain in Giessen. He died of fever 1735. Rambach's hymns are still in use in German and some have passed into English use. He married twice, first, in 1724 to a daughter of his colleague, Joachim Lange. After her death, he remarried in 1730. His daughter Johanna Dorothea married Conrad Caspar Griesbach, the father of Johann Jakob Griesbach. One of his other daughters married Johann Christian Dietz, who was also a professor at Giessen. Works Erbauliches Handbüchlein für Kinder. Leipzig 1733 (Digitalisat in the Digital Library of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern). Erbauliches Handbüchlein für Kinder. Gießen 1734, hg.v. Stefanie Pfister und Malte van Spankeren, EVA Leipzig 2014, ISBN 978-3-374-03754-4. Geistliche Poesien, in zweyen Theilen Gießen 1735, TU Darmstadt Digital Library Der Heil. Schrift Prof. Ord. in Halle Betrachtungen über das gantze Leiden Christi, Jm Oelgarten, vor dem geistlichen Gericht der Jüden, vor dem weltlichen Gericht Pilati und Herodis, und auf dem Berge Golgatha : Nach der Harmonischen Beschreibung der vier Evangelisten abgehandelt., Digital Library at University of Halle Links "Johann Jacob Rambach, Theologian and Writer". rism.info. Répertoire International des Sources Musicales. 2016-09-05. Retrieved 2022-03-05. Literature by and about Johann Jacob Rambach (theologian) in the German National Library catalogue Works by and about Johann Jacob Rambach in the Deutsche Digitale Bibliothek (German Digital Library) Werke von Johann Jakob Rambach in Project Gutenberg-DE Rambach, Johann Jakob. Hessische Biografie. In: Landesgeschichtliches Informationssystem Hessen (LAGIS). (Stand: 19 April 2020) References ^ a b c Julian, John (1907). "J. J. Rambach". hymnary.org. Hymnary. Archived from the original on 2021-02-10. Retrieved 2022-03-05. ^ "Johann Jacob Rambach". hymnary.org. Hymnary. Archived from the original on 2022-03-05. Retrieved 2022-03-05. ^ Leube, Bernhard. Evang, Martin; Seibt, Ilsabe (eds.). Liederkunde zum Evangelischen Gesangbuch. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. doi:10.13109/9783666503443.9. ISBN 978-3-525-50344-7. 200 – Ich bin getauft auf deinen Namen ^ Carl Bertheau (1888), "Rambach, Johann Jakob", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 27, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 196–200	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JohannJakobRambach.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alter_Friedhof_Gie%C3%9Fen,_Johann_Jakob_Rambach.jpg"},{"link_name":"Halle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halle_(Saale)"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Giessen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giessen"},{"link_name":"Lutheran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutheranism"},{"link_name":"theologian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theology"},{"link_name":"hymn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hymn"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hymnary-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-britishmuseum-2"}],"text":"Johann Jakob Rambach, Engraving by Johann Georg WolfgangRambach's grave in the old cemetery in GiessenJohann Jacob Rambach, also Johann Jakob Rambach (born 1693 in Halle, Germany; died 1735 in Giessen) was a Lutheran theologian and hymn writer.[1][2]","title":"Johann Jacob Rambach (theologian)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Halle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_University_of_Halle-Wittenberg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hymnary-1"},{"link_name":"August Hermann Francke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Hermann_Francke"},{"link_name":"Doctor of Divinity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Divinity"},{"link_name":"University of Giessen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Giessen"},{"link_name":"University of Göttingen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_G%C3%B6ttingen"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hymnary-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Johann Jakob Griesbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Jakob_Griesbach"}],"text":"Rambach was the son of Hans Jakob Rambach, a cabinet maker. For a time, he trained with his father, but then attended the University of Halle as a student of medicine, before becoming interested in theology.[1] In 1723 he was appointed as an adjunct of the theological faculty, and in 1727, after August Hermann Francke's death, a professor. After earning a Doctor of Divinity in 1731, he was appointed the first professor of theology at University of Giessen. He was offered a professorship at the University of Göttingen, but decided to remain in Giessen. He died of fever 1735.Rambach's hymns are still in use in German and some have passed into English use.[1][3]He married twice, first, in 1724 to a daughter of his colleague, Joachim Lange.[4] After her death, he remarried in 1730. His daughter Johanna Dorothea married Conrad Caspar Griesbach, the father of Johann Jakob Griesbach. One of his other daughters married Johann Christian Dietz, who was also a professor at Giessen.","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Digitalisat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:9-g-4881963"},{"link_name":"TU Darmstadt Digital Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//tudigit.ulb.tu-darmstadt.de/show/W-3305"},{"link_name":"Digital Library at University of Halle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//digitale.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/vd18/content/titleinfo/1655568"}],"text":"Erbauliches Handbüchlein für Kinder. Leipzig 1733 (Digitalisat in the Digital Library of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern).\nErbauliches Handbüchlein für Kinder. Gießen 1734, hg.v. Stefanie Pfister und Malte van Spankeren, EVA Leipzig 2014, ISBN 978-3-374-03754-4.\nGeistliche Poesien, in zweyen Theilen Gießen 1735, TU Darmstadt Digital Library\nDer Heil. Schrift Prof. Ord. in Halle Betrachtungen über das gantze Leiden Christi, Jm Oelgarten, vor dem geistlichen Gericht der Jüden, vor dem weltlichen Gericht Pilati und Herodis, und auf dem Berge Golgatha : Nach der Harmonischen Beschreibung der vier Evangelisten abgehandelt., Digital Library at University of Halle","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Johann Jacob Rambach, Theologian and Writer\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//rism.info/new_publications/2016/09/05/johann-jacob-rambach-theologian-and-writer.html"},{"link_name":"Literature by and about Johann Jacob Rambach (theologian)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//portal.dnb.de/opac.htm?method=simpleSearch&cqlMode=true&query=idn%3D119091852"},{"link_name":"German National Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_National_Library"},{"link_name":"Works by and about Johann Jacob Rambach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/entity/119091852"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Digitale Bibliothek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Digitale_Bibliothek"},{"link_name":"Werke von Johann Jakob Rambach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.projekt-gutenberg.org/autoren/namen/rambach.html"},{"link_name":"Rambach, Johann Jakob.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.lagis-hessen.de/pnd/119091852"}],"text":"\"Johann Jacob Rambach, Theologian and Writer\". rism.info. Répertoire International des Sources Musicales. 2016-09-05. Retrieved 2022-03-05.\nLiterature by and about Johann Jacob Rambach (theologian) in the German National Library catalogue\nWorks by and about Johann Jacob Rambach in the Deutsche Digitale Bibliothek (German Digital Library)\nWerke von Johann Jakob Rambach in Project Gutenberg-DE\nRambach, Johann Jakob. Hessische Biografie. In: Landesgeschichtliches Informationssystem Hessen (LAGIS). (Stand: 19 April 2020)","title":"Links"}]	[{"image_text":"Johann Jakob Rambach, Engraving by Johann Georg Wolfgang","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/JohannJakobRambach.jpg/220px-JohannJakobRambach.jpg"},{"image_text":"Rambach's grave in the old cemetery in Giessen","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Alter_Friedhof_Gie%C3%9Fen%2C_Johann_Jakob_Rambach.jpg/220px-Alter_Friedhof_Gie%C3%9Fen%2C_Johann_Jakob_Rambach.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Johann Jacob Rambach, Theologian and Writer\". rism.info. Répertoire International des Sources Musicales. 2016-09-05. Retrieved 2022-03-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://rism.info/new_publications/2016/09/05/johann-jacob-rambach-theologian-and-writer.html","url_text":"\"Johann Jacob Rambach, Theologian and Writer\""}]},{"reference":"Julian, John (1907). \"J. J. Rambach\". hymnary.org. Hymnary. Archived from the original on 2021-02-10. Retrieved 2022-03-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://hymnary.org/person/Rambach_JJ","url_text":"\"J. J. Rambach\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210210214115/https://hymnary.org/person/Rambach_JJ","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Johann Jacob Rambach\". hymnary.org. Hymnary. Archived from the original on 2022-03-05. Retrieved 2022-03-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/BIOG252969","url_text":"\"Johann Jacob Rambach\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220305222434/https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/BIOG252969","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Leube, Bernhard. Evang, Martin; Seibt, Ilsabe (eds.). Liederkunde zum Evangelischen Gesangbuch. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. doi:10.13109/9783666503443.9. ISBN 978-3-525-50344-7. 200 – Ich bin getauft auf deinen Namen","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.13109%2F9783666503443.9","url_text":"10.13109/9783666503443.9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-525-50344-7","url_text":"978-3-525-50344-7"}]},{"reference":"Carl Bertheau (1888), \"Rambach, Johann Jakob\", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 27, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 196–200","urls":[{"url":"https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:ADB:Rambach,_Johann_Jakob_(evangelischer_Theologe)","url_text":"Rambach, Johann Jakob"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allgemeine_Deutsche_Biographie","url_text":"Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:9-g-4881963","external_links_name":"Digitalisat"},{"Link":"https://tudigit.ulb.tu-darmstadt.de/show/W-3305","external_links_name":"TU Darmstadt Digital Library"},{"Link":"https://digitale.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/vd18/content/titleinfo/1655568","external_links_name":"Digital Library at University of Halle"},{"Link":"https://rism.info/new_publications/2016/09/05/johann-jacob-rambach-theologian-and-writer.html","external_links_name":"\"Johann Jacob Rambach, Theologian and Writer\""},{"Link":"https://portal.dnb.de/opac.htm?method=simpleSearch&cqlMode=true&query=idn%3D119091852","external_links_name":"Literature by and about Johann Jacob Rambach (theologian)"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/entity/119091852","external_links_name":"Works by and about Johann Jacob Rambach"},{"Link":"https://www.projekt-gutenberg.org/autoren/namen/rambach.html","external_links_name":"Werke von Johann Jakob Rambach"},{"Link":"http://www.lagis-hessen.de/pnd/119091852","external_links_name":"Rambach, Johann Jakob."},{"Link":"https://hymnary.org/person/Rambach_JJ","external_links_name":"\"J. J. Rambach\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210210214115/https://hymnary.org/person/Rambach_JJ","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/BIOG252969","external_links_name":"\"Johann Jacob Rambach\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220305222434/https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/BIOG252969","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.13109%2F9783666503443.9","external_links_name":"10.13109/9783666503443.9"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenzaccio	Lorenzaccio	["1 Summary","2 Performances","3 References","4 External links"]	For other uses, see Lorenzaccio (film) and Lorenzaccio (horse). Alphonse Mucha poster for Lorenzaccio starring Sarah Bernhardt (1896) Lorenzaccio is a French play of the Romantic period written by Alfred de Musset in 1834, set in 16th-century Florence, and depicting Lorenzino de' Medici, who killed Florence's tyrant, Alessandro de' Medici, his cousin. Having engaged in debaucheries to gain the Duke's confidence, he loses the trust of Florence's citizens, thus earning the insulting surname "Lorenzaccio". Though he kills Alessandro, he knows he will never return to his former state. Since opponents to the tyrant's regime fail to use Alessandro's death as a way to overthrow the dukedom and establish a republic, Lorenzo's action does not appear to aid the people's welfare. Written soon after the July revolution of 1830, at the start of the July Monarchy, when King Louis Philippe I overthrew King Charles X of France, the play contains many cynical comments on the lack of true republican sentiments in the face of violent overthrow. The play was inspired by George Sand's Une conspiration en 1537, in turn inspired by Varchi's chronicles. As much of Romantic tragedy, including plays by Victor Hugo, it was influenced by William Shakespeare's Hamlet. Summary Alessandro de' Medici, Duke of Florence, aided by Lorenzo de' Medici, takes away a girl under her brother's nose. He wishes to complain to the duke, but it is the duke who is taking her away. In Lorenzaccio's palace, his uncle Bindo Altoviti and Venturi, a gentleman, wish to know from Lorenzaccio whether he will join their conspiracy against the duke. But when the duke, as suggested by his cousin, offers them a promotion and privileges, despite their republican talk, they immediately accept. Alessandro serves as model for a portrait, when Lorenzaccio takes his coat of mail and throws it in a well. One of the duke's men, Salviati, covered in blood, appears, saying that Pietro Strozzi and his brother, Tomaso, attacked him. The duke orders their arrest, so that the Strozzi family are up in arms to free them. Lorenzaccio plans to seduce Catherine. Meanwhile, Pietri and Tomaso are freed and learn of their sister's death by poison at the hands of Salviati's servant. The cardinal of Cibo scolds his sister-in-law for not being able to hold her lover for more than three days. Unheeding his appeal to return to him, she reveals to her husband her adultery with the duke. The night he proposes to kill his cousin, Lorenzaccio warns noblemen to prepare for revolt, but none of them believe he'll do it. The cardinal warns the duke of Lorenzaccio, but he dismisses his warnings and follows his cousin to his bedroom, where Lorenzaccio kills him. Cosimo de' Medici is elected as the new duke. With the duke dead, the Strozzi conspiracy does not achieve anything, nor are republican sentiments heard of, except for some massacred students. Lorenzaccio is assassinated and the cardinal gives the ducal crown to Cosimo de' Medici on behalf of Pope Paul III and Emperor Charles V. Performances The play was published in the spirit of a closet drama—intended to be read rather than staged, because of its complexity, length, numerous characters and changes in scenery—so that no production of the play took place during Musset's lifetime. However, it has been staged since, first by Sarah Bernhardt as a star vehicle for herself in 1896, and later with Gérard Philipe in the title role in the 1950s in Paris, a production which reached Broadway in the French version presented by the Théâtre national populaire and directed by Jean Vilar in 1958 for seven performances. The Stratford Festival in Canada staged a production in 1972 that initially toured to the Guthrie Theater in Minneapolis and the National Arts Centre in Ottawa, and then ran for 24 performances during the Festival's summer season. Franco Zeffirelli directed 27 performances of the play at the Comédie-Française, Paris in September - October 1977. The play was performed in 1983 at the National Theatre, London, in a translation by John Fowles, with Greg Hicks in the title role. In 1977, under the title The Lorenzaccio Story, a version of the play by Paul Thompson, was performed at The Other Place, Stratford-upon-Avon, with Peter McEnery in the leading role. A modern re-adaptation of Lorenzaccio, titled Up For Grabs America, was also performed in 2017, at the Medicine Show Theatre, New York. The play was re-written and directed by Rayyan Dabbous and it is described as a "political satire staged in the year of Donald Trump's election." Its main character is named Lorenzo, who is the White House's "Chief of Staff." References ^ https://archive.org/details/completewritings04mussiala English text of Lorenzaccio ^ Sarah Bernhardt: The Art Within the Legend ^ Aston, Elaine. Sarah Bernhardt: a French actress on the English stage p. 116 ^ Lorenzaccio at the Internet Broadway Database ^ J. Alan B. Somerset. 1991. The Stratford Festival Story, 1st edition. Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-27804-4 ^ "Lorenzaccio (1972) production credits". Stratford Festival Archives. Retrieved 2019-06-22. ^ "Up for Grabs America". 12 November 2018. External links (in French) Lorenzaccio - at Athena Authority control databases: National France BnF data	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lorenzaccio (film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenzaccio_(film)"},{"link_name":"Lorenzaccio (horse)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenzaccio_(horse)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alfons_Mucha_-_1896_-_Lorenzaccio.jpg"},{"link_name":"Alphonse Mucha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphonse_Mucha"},{"link_name":"Sarah Bernhardt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Bernhardt"},{"link_name":"play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Play_(theatre)"},{"link_name":"Alfred de Musset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_de_Musset"},{"link_name":"Florence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence"},{"link_name":"Lorenzino de' Medici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenzino_de%27_Medici"},{"link_name":"Alessandro de' Medici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_de%27_Medici,_Duke_of_Florence"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Florence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence_(Italy)"},{"link_name":"July Monarchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_Monarchy"},{"link_name":"Louis Philippe I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Philippe_I"},{"link_name":"Charles X of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_X_of_France"},{"link_name":"George Sand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Sand"},{"link_name":"Une conspiration en 1537","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Une_conspiration_en_1537&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Varchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedetto_Varchi"},{"link_name":"Victor Hugo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Hugo"},{"link_name":"William Shakespeare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespeare"},{"link_name":"Hamlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamlet"}],"text":"For other uses, see Lorenzaccio (film) and Lorenzaccio (horse).Alphonse Mucha poster for Lorenzaccio starring Sarah Bernhardt (1896)Lorenzaccio is a French play of the Romantic period written by Alfred de Musset in 1834, set in 16th-century Florence, and depicting Lorenzino de' Medici, who killed Florence's tyrant, Alessandro de' Medici, his cousin.[1] Having engaged in debaucheries to gain the Duke's confidence, he loses the trust of Florence's citizens, thus earning the insulting surname \"Lorenzaccio\". Though he kills Alessandro, he knows he will never return to his former state. Since opponents to the tyrant's regime fail to use Alessandro's death as a way to overthrow the dukedom and establish a republic, Lorenzo's action does not appear to aid the people's welfare.Written soon after the July revolution of 1830, at the start of the July Monarchy, when King Louis Philippe I overthrew King Charles X of France, the play contains many cynical comments on the lack of true republican sentiments in the face of violent overthrow.The play was inspired by George Sand's Une conspiration en 1537, in turn inspired by Varchi's chronicles. As much of Romantic tragedy, including plays by Victor Hugo, it was influenced by William Shakespeare's Hamlet.","title":"Lorenzaccio"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cosimo de' Medici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosimo_I_de%27_Medici,_Grand_Duke_of_Tuscany"},{"link_name":"Pope Paul III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Paul_III"},{"link_name":"Emperor Charles V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Charles_V"}],"text":"Alessandro de' Medici, Duke of Florence, aided by Lorenzo de' Medici, takes away a girl under her brother's nose. He wishes to complain to the duke, but it is the duke who is taking her away. In Lorenzaccio's palace, his uncle Bindo Altoviti and Venturi, a gentleman, wish to know from Lorenzaccio whether he will join their conspiracy against the duke. But when the duke, as suggested by his cousin, offers them a promotion and privileges, despite their republican talk, they immediately accept. Alessandro serves as model for a portrait, when Lorenzaccio takes his coat of mail and throws it in a well. One of the duke's men, Salviati, covered in blood, appears, saying that Pietro Strozzi and his brother, Tomaso, attacked him. The duke orders their arrest, so that the Strozzi family are up in arms to free them. Lorenzaccio plans to seduce Catherine. Meanwhile, Pietri and Tomaso are freed and learn of their sister's death by poison at the hands of Salviati's servant. The cardinal of Cibo scolds his sister-in-law for not being able to hold her lover for more than three days. Unheeding his appeal to return to him, she reveals to her husband her adultery with the duke. The night he proposes to kill his cousin, Lorenzaccio warns noblemen to prepare for revolt, but none of them believe he'll do it. The cardinal warns the duke of Lorenzaccio, but he dismisses his warnings and follows his cousin to his bedroom, where Lorenzaccio kills him. Cosimo de' Medici is elected as the new duke. With the duke dead, the Strozzi conspiracy does not achieve anything, nor are republican sentiments heard of, except for some massacred students. Lorenzaccio is assassinated and the cardinal gives the ducal crown to Cosimo de' Medici on behalf of Pope Paul III and Emperor Charles V.","title":"Summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"closet drama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closet_drama"},{"link_name":"Sarah Bernhardt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Bernhardt"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Gérard Philipe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Philipe"},{"link_name":"Théâtre national populaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_national_populaire"},{"link_name":"Jean Vilar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Vilar"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Stratford Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratford_Festival"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Guthrie Theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guthrie_Theater"},{"link_name":"Minneapolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis"},{"link_name":"National Arts Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Arts_Centre"},{"link_name":"Ottawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Franco Zeffirelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco_Zeffirelli"},{"link_name":"Comédie-Française","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Com%C3%A9die-Fran%C3%A7aise"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The play was published in the spirit of a closet drama—intended to be read rather than staged, because of its complexity, length, numerous characters and changes in scenery—so that no production of the play took place during Musset's lifetime.However, it has been staged since, first by Sarah Bernhardt as a star vehicle for herself in 1896,[2][3] and later with Gérard Philipe in the title role in the 1950s in Paris, a production which reached Broadway in the French version presented by the Théâtre national populaire and directed by Jean Vilar in 1958 for seven performances.[4]The Stratford Festival in Canada staged a production in 1972 that initially toured to the Guthrie Theater in Minneapolis and the National Arts Centre in Ottawa, and then ran for 24 performances during the Festival's summer season.[5][6]Franco Zeffirelli directed 27 performances of the play at the Comédie-Française, Paris in September - October 1977.The play was performed in 1983 at the National Theatre, London, in a translation by John Fowles, with Greg Hicks in the title role. In 1977, under the title The Lorenzaccio Story, a version of the play by Paul Thompson, was performed at The Other Place, Stratford-upon-Avon, with Peter McEnery in the leading role.A modern re-adaptation of Lorenzaccio, titled Up For Grabs America, was also performed in 2017, at the Medicine Show Theatre, New York. The play was re-written and directed by Rayyan Dabbous and it is described as a \"political satire staged in the year of Donald Trump's election.\" Its main character is named Lorenzo, who is the White House's \"Chief of Staff.\"[7]","title":"Performances"}]	[{"image_text":"Alphonse Mucha poster for Lorenzaccio starring Sarah Bernhardt (1896)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Alfons_Mucha_-_1896_-_Lorenzaccio.jpg/220px-Alfons_Mucha_-_1896_-_Lorenzaccio.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Lorenzaccio (1972) production credits\". Stratford Festival Archives. Retrieved 2019-06-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://archives.stratfordfestival.ca/AIS/Details/productions/150","url_text":"\"Lorenzaccio (1972) production credits\""}]},{"reference":"\"Up for Grabs America\". 12 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scriptrevolution.com/scripts/up-for-grabs-america","url_text":"\"Up for Grabs America\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/completewritings04mussiala","external_links_name":"https://archive.org/details/completewritings04mussiala"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fJd9BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA158","external_links_name":"Sarah Bernhardt: The Art Within the Legend"},{"Link":"https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-show/5550","external_links_name":"Lorenzaccio"},{"Link":"https://archives.stratfordfestival.ca/AIS/Details/productions/150","external_links_name":"\"Lorenzaccio (1972) production credits\""},{"Link":"https://www.scriptrevolution.com/scripts/up-for-grabs-america","external_links_name":"\"Up for Grabs America\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171024055053/http://athena.unige.ch/athena/musset/musset_lorenzaccio.html","external_links_name":"Lorenzaccio - at Athena"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119382499","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119382499","external_links_name":"BnF data"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tooreen_Ambush	Tooreen ambush	["1 Background","2 Ambush","3 Aftermath","4 See also","5 References"]	Coordinates: 51°47′16″N 8°36′34″W / 51.78778°N 8.60944°W / 51.78778; -8.60944IRA ambush during the Irish War of Independence This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Tooreen ambush" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Tooreen ambushPart of the Irish War of IndependenceDate22 October 1920LocationTooreen, County Cork, Ireland51°47′16″N 8°36′34″W / 51.78778°N 8.60944°W / 51.78778; -8.60944Result IRA victoryBelligerents Irish Republic United KingdomCommanders and leaders Tom Barry Lieut. William Alfred Dixon †Strength Irish Republican Army(3rd Cork Brigade) British Army(Essex Regiment)Casualties and losses none 3 killed4 wounded6 captured IRA sources:5 killed4 wounded6 captured vteIrish War of Independence Timeline Soloheadbeg Knocklong Holywell Sack of Balbriggan Rineen Tooreen Ballinalee Piltown Cross Tralee Bloody Sunday (Dublin) Kilmichael Burning of Cork Pickardstown Drumcondra Clonfin Dromkeen Upton Clonmult Coolavokig Sheemore Clonbanin Kilfaul Selton Hill Burgery Crossbarry Headford Scramoge Tourmakeady Kilmeena Custom House Carrowkennedy Rathcoole Coolacrease Bloody Sunday (Belfast) McMahon killings Arnon Street killings Dunmanway killings The Tooreen ambush (also known as the Toureen ambush or Ballinhassig ambush) was an ambush carried out by the Irish Republican Army (IRA) on 22 October 1920, during the Irish War of Independence. It took place near Roberts Farm, Tooreen, near Ballinhassig in County Cork. The IRA ambushed two lorries of British soldiers, killing three and wounding four others. The British surrendered and their weapons and ammunition were seized by the IRA. Later that night, British soldiers went on a rampage in nearby Bandon. Background Up until the Tooreen ambush, the 3rd Cork Brigade had finished its training, but had not previously engaged in battle with British troops stationed in County Cork. The Tooreen was one of the first major ambushes carried out by the West Cork Brigade under Tom Barry. The Essex Regiment of the British Army was deployed to West Cork and had a reputation for violently raiding houses throughout the countryside and arresting people believed to be IRA volunteers. They were also alleged to have tortured their prisoners in order to get information on the whereabouts of the flying columns, so this made them a despised enemy to the West Cork IRA. The Essex Regiment was known to travel on the road from Bandon to Cork City every morning and return in the evenings. The road went through the hamlet of Toureen which the Third West Cork Brigade was stationed at nearby and it was decided to ambush this column of the Essex Regiment as it made its way to Cork city. Ambush Location - farm wall 2014 Location road past farm Location - plaque on farm wall 2014 Thirty-two ambushers, twenty-one being riflemen of the Third West Cork Brigade occupied ambush positions outside Toureen and lay in wait for the approaching Essex. The Essex normally went in two or three lorries to Cork City so the IRA placed a home-made mine on the road for use against them. Scouts signalled the approach of two lorries which were coming down the road towards the ambush site. As the first lorry passed, the order to fire was given and a home-made three-pound bomb was thrown. The bomb landed inside the lorry but did not explode. The mine that was placed on the road also failed to detonate. As the volunteers opened fire, the second lorry stopped and the soldiers inside leaped out and returned fire, but the volunteers were hidden behind a large timber gate which gave them cover. The first lorry continued on to Cork Barracks. As the fight went on, the officer in command of the British troops, Captain Dixon, was shot in the head and killed as well as one of his men. The remaining British soldiers surrendered soon after, and the IRA men ceased firing. The British soldiers were relieved of their weapons and ammunition, but otherwise unharmed. Fourteen rifles, bayonets, equipment, several Mills bombs, around 1,400 rounds of ammunition and a couple of revolvers were taken from them. Aftermath Two British soldiers, Lt Dixon MC of the Suffolk Regiment and Pte Charles William Reid of the Essex Regiment, were killed in the ambush. Five were wounded, including Sergeant Thomas Bennett RASC who died in Cork on the following day. Six were unhurt except for shock. None of the IRA volunteers were killed or wounded during the ambush and aid was given to the wounded soldiers, while the dead were pulled away from the lorry and it was then set on fire by the volunteers. The two soldiers who were not hurt during the ambush were released along with their wounded and they returned to their barracks. Later that night, members of the Essex Regiment went on a violent rampage through Bandon, destroying property and seeking out anyone they believed to be connected to the ambush. It is believed that at least some of the rampaging soldiers were those released unharmed by the IRA earlier in the day. The reprisal attacks were indiscriminate, and included attacks on homes and properties of business owners with "establishment" connections – including the Brennan family of Kilbrogan House. A Military Court of Inquiry into the soldiers killed, was conducted on 28 October 1920. There are mixed references to these proceedings in the Irish Times, and the Irish Independent, both of which contained errors. Lt. Dixon was buried with full military honours in St. Paul's Catholic Church Dover. Sergeant Bennett was buried in St. Peter & St. Paul Church in his home village of Shorne, near Gravesend in Kent. See also Kilmichael ambush Crossbarry ambush Chronology of the Irish War of Independence References ^ a b c d e "Ballinhassig Ambush, 22 Oct 1920". cairogang.com. Archived from the original on 23 July 2021. Retrieved 23 July 2021. ^ Tom Barry: Guerrilla days in Ireland pg.63 ^ a b c "Reprisals (Police And Military) - HC Deb 27 October 1920 Vol 133". api.parliament.uk. UK Parliament (Hansard). Archived from the original on 23 July 2021. Retrieved 4 October 2021. following the Ballinhassig ambush Further extensive damage was done Mr. Joseph Brennan's private residence, Kilbrogan House, was then attacked by soldiers They entered the bedroom of Shaun Brennan, who was an officer and fought in the late European War, and smashed some furniture Joseph Brennan, the son of the owner of Kilbrogan House, is private secretary to Sir John Anderson, one of the Irish Under-Secretaries ^ a b "Toureen ambush". homepage.eircom.net. Archived from the original on 24 March 2016. Retrieved 19 November 2017. ^ O'Halpin, Eunan & Ó Corráin, Daithí (2020), The Dead of the Irish Revolution. Yale University Press, pg 198-199. ^ "William Alfred Dixon". www.cairogang.com. Archived from the original on 24 January 2021. Retrieved 16 November 2017. ^ "Private C W Reid 5998619 1st Bn. Essex Regiment". www.cairogang.com. Archived from the original on 7 August 2020. Retrieved 16 November 2017. ^ "Sgt Thomas Arthur Bennett , M/32520 Royal Army Service Corps". www.cairogang.com. Archived from the original on 27 September 2020. Retrieved 16 November 2017. ^ Donnelly, JS Jr (2010). "Unofficial British Reprisals and IRA Provocations, 1919–20: The Cases of Three Cork Towns". Éire-Ireland. 45. Irish-American Cultural Institute: 152–197. doi:10.1353/eir.2010.0002. S2CID 159547814. A glaring example of the carelessness of the unruly soldiers was their attack on Kilbrogan House, where the prosperous and well-connected occupant was Joseph Brennan ^ "Irish Times". 28 October 1920. ^ "Report of Inquest". Irish Independent. 28 October 1928. ^ "THE DOVER WAR MEMORIAL PROJECT - World War One". www.doverwarmemorialproject.org.uk. Archived from the original on 18 November 2015. Retrieved 19 November 2017. ^ "Thomas Arthur Bennett Casualty". www.cwgc.org. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 19 November 2017.	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Balbriggan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sack_of_Balbriggan"},{"link_name":"Rineen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rineen_ambush"},{"link_name":"Tooreen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Ballinalee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ballinalee"},{"link_name":"Piltown Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piltown_Cross_ambush"},{"link_name":"Tralee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Tralee"},{"link_name":"Bloody Sunday (Dublin)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloody_Sunday_(1920)"},{"link_name":"Kilmichael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilmichael_Ambush"},{"link_name":"Burning of Cork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burning_of_Cork"},{"link_name":"Pickardstown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pickardstown_ambush"},{"link_name":"Drumcondra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drumcondra_ambush"},{"link_name":"Clonfin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clonfin_Ambush"},{"link_name":"Dromkeen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dromkeen_ambush"},{"link_name":"Upton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upton_train_ambush"},{"link_name":"Clonmult","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clonmult_ambush"},{"link_name":"Coolavokig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coolavokig_ambush"},{"link_name":"Sheemore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheemore_ambush"},{"link_name":"Clonbanin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clonbanin_ambush"},{"link_name":"Kilfaul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilfaul_ambush"},{"link_name":"Selton Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selton_Hill_ambush"},{"link_name":"Burgery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgery_ambush"},{"link_name":"Crossbarry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossbarry_ambush"},{"link_name":"Headford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headford_Ambush"},{"link_name":"Scramoge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scramoge_ambush"},{"link_name":"Tourmakeady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourmakeady_ambush"},{"link_name":"Kilmeena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilmeena_ambush"},{"link_name":"Custom House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burning_of_the_Custom_House"},{"link_name":"Carrowkennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrowkennedy_ambush"},{"link_name":"Rathcoole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rathcoole_ambush"},{"link_name":"Coolacrease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killings_at_Coolacrease"},{"link_name":"Bloody Sunday (Belfast)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloody_Sunday_(1921)"},{"link_name":"McMahon killings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McMahon_killings"},{"link_name":"Arnon Street killings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnon_Street_killings"},{"link_name":"Dunmanway killings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunmanway_killings"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cairo-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hansard-3"},{"link_name":"ambush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambush"},{"link_name":"Irish Republican Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Republican_Army_(1919%E2%80%931922)"},{"link_name":"Irish War of Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence"},{"link_name":"Ballinhassig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballinhassig"},{"link_name":"County Cork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Cork"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-corkcounty-4"},{"link_name":"British soldiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Army"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Bandon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandon,_County_Cork"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hansard-3"}],"text":"IRA ambush during the Irish War of IndependencevteIrish War of Independence\nTimeline\nSoloheadbeg\nKnocklong\nHolywell\nSack of Balbriggan\nRineen\nTooreen\nBallinalee\nPiltown Cross\nTralee\nBloody Sunday (Dublin)\nKilmichael\nBurning of Cork\nPickardstown\nDrumcondra\nClonfin\nDromkeen\nUpton\nClonmult\nCoolavokig\nSheemore\nClonbanin\nKilfaul\nSelton Hill\nBurgery\nCrossbarry\nHeadford\nScramoge\nTourmakeady\nKilmeena\nCustom House\nCarrowkennedy\nRathcoole\nCoolacrease\nBloody Sunday (Belfast)\nMcMahon killings\nArnon Street killings\nDunmanway killingsThe Tooreen ambush (also known as the Toureen ambush or Ballinhassig ambush)[1][3] was an ambush carried out by the Irish Republican Army (IRA) on 22 October 1920, during the Irish War of Independence. It took place near Roberts Farm, Tooreen, near Ballinhassig in County Cork.[4] The IRA ambushed two lorries of British soldiers, killing three and wounding four others.[5] The British surrendered and their weapons and ammunition were seized by the IRA. Later that night, British soldiers went on a rampage in nearby Bandon.[3]","title":"Tooreen ambush"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"3rd Cork Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_Cork_Brigade"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Tom Barry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Barry_(Irish_republican)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-corkcounty-4"},{"link_name":"Essex Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex_Regiment"},{"link_name":"British Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Army"},{"link_name":"flying columns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_columns"},{"link_name":"Bandon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandon,_County_Cork"},{"link_name":"Cork City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cork_City"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Up until the Tooreen ambush, the 3rd Cork Brigade had finished its training, but had not previously engaged in battle with British troops stationed in County Cork.[citation needed] The Tooreen was one of the first major ambushes carried out by the West Cork Brigade under Tom Barry.[4]The Essex Regiment of the British Army was deployed to West Cork and had a reputation for violently raiding houses throughout the countryside and arresting people believed to be IRA volunteers. They were also alleged to have tortured their prisoners in order to get information on the whereabouts of the flying columns, so this made them a despised enemy to the West Cork IRA.The Essex Regiment was known to travel on the road from Bandon to Cork City every morning and return in the evenings. The road went through the hamlet of Toureen which the Third West Cork Brigade was stationed at nearby and it was decided to ambush this column of the Essex Regiment as it made its way to Cork city.[citation needed]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Toureen_Wall.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Toureen_Road.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Toureen_Plaque_(Date_incorrect).jpg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cairo-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cairo-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cairo-1"}],"text":"Location - farm wall 2014Location road past farmLocation - plaque on farm wall 2014Thirty-two ambushers, twenty-one being riflemen of the Third West Cork Brigade occupied ambush positions outside Toureen and lay in wait for the approaching Essex. The Essex normally went in two or three lorries to Cork City so the IRA placed a home-made mine on the road for use against them.Scouts signalled the approach of two lorries which were coming down the road towards the ambush site. As the first lorry passed, the order to fire was given and a home-made three-pound bomb was thrown. The bomb landed inside the lorry but did not explode. The mine that was placed on the road also failed to detonate. As the volunteers opened fire, the second lorry stopped and the soldiers inside leaped out and returned fire, but the volunteers were hidden behind a large timber gate which gave them cover. The first lorry continued on to Cork Barracks.[1] As the fight went on, the officer in command of the British troops, Captain Dixon, was shot in the head and killed as well as one of his men.The remaining British soldiers surrendered soon after, and the IRA men ceased firing.[1] The British soldiers were relieved of their weapons and ammunition, but otherwise unharmed. Fourteen rifles, bayonets, equipment, several Mills bombs, around 1,400 rounds of ammunition and a couple of revolvers were taken from them.[1]","title":"Ambush"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Kilbrogan House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilbrogan_House"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hansard-3"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Two British soldiers, Lt Dixon MC of the Suffolk Regiment and Pte Charles William Reid of the Essex Regiment, were killed in the ambush.[6][7] Five were wounded, including Sergeant Thomas Bennett RASC who died in Cork on the following day.[8] Six were unhurt except for shock. None of the IRA volunteers were killed or wounded during the ambush and aid was given to the wounded soldiers, while the dead were pulled away from the lorry and it was then set on fire by the volunteers. The two soldiers who were not hurt during the ambush were released along with their wounded and they returned to their barracks.Later that night, members of the Essex Regiment went on a violent rampage through Bandon, destroying property and seeking out anyone they believed to be connected to the ambush. It is believed that at least some of the rampaging soldiers were those released unharmed by the IRA earlier in the day.[citation needed] The reprisal attacks were indiscriminate, and included attacks on homes and properties of business owners with \"establishment\" connections – including the Brennan family of Kilbrogan House.[3][9]A Military Court of Inquiry into the soldiers killed, was conducted on 28 October 1920. There are mixed references to these proceedings in the Irish Times,[10] and the Irish Independent,[11] both of which contained errors.[citation needed]Lt. Dixon was buried with full military honours in St. Paul's Catholic Church Dover.[12]Sergeant Bennett was buried in St. Peter & St. Paul Church in his home village of Shorne, near Gravesend in Kent.[13]","title":"Aftermath"}]	[{"image_text":"Location - farm wall 2014","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Toureen_Wall.jpg/220px-Toureen_Wall.jpg"},{"image_text":"Location road past farm","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Toureen_Road.jpg/220px-Toureen_Road.jpg"},{"image_text":"Location - plaque on farm wall 2014","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Toureen_Plaque_%28Date_incorrect%29.jpg/220px-Toureen_Plaque_%28Date_incorrect%29.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Kilmichael ambush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilmichael_ambush"},{"title":"Crossbarry ambush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossbarry_ambush"},{"title":"Chronology of the Irish War of Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronology_of_the_Irish_War_of_Independence"}]	[{"reference":"\"Ballinhassig Ambush, 22 Oct 1920\". cairogang.com. Archived from the original on 23 July 2021. Retrieved 23 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cairogang.com/soldiers-killed/ballinhassig/ballinhassig.html","url_text":"\"Ballinhassig Ambush, 22 Oct 1920\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210723150137/https://www.cairogang.com/soldiers-killed/ballinhassig/ballinhassig.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Reprisals (Police And Military) - HC Deb 27 October 1920 Vol 133\". api.parliament.uk. UK Parliament (Hansard). Archived from the original on 23 July 2021. Retrieved 4 October 2021. following the Ballinhassig ambush Further extensive damage was done [..] Mr. Joseph Brennan's private residence, Kilbrogan House, was then attacked by soldiers [..] They entered the bedroom of Shaun Brennan, who was an officer and fought in the late European War, and smashed some furniture [..] Joseph Brennan, the son of the owner of Kilbrogan House, is private secretary to Sir John Anderson, one of the Irish Under-Secretaries","urls":[{"url":"https://hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/1920-10-27/debates/a3a1af43-4627-425d-a7cf-a687c193d1e8/CommonsChamber","url_text":"\"Reprisals (Police And Military) - HC Deb 27 October 1920 Vol 133\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210723150136/https://hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/1920-10-27/debates/a3a1af43-4627-425d-a7cf-a687c193d1e8/CommonsChamber","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Toureen ambush\". homepage.eircom.net. Archived from the original on 24 March 2016. Retrieved 19 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://homepage.eircom.net/~corkcounty/toureen.html","url_text":"\"Toureen ambush\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160324105152/http://homepage.eircom.net/~corkcounty/toureen.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"William Alfred Dixon\". www.cairogang.com. Archived from the original on 24 January 2021. Retrieved 16 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cairogang.com/soldiers-killed/ballinhassig/dixon/dixon.html","url_text":"\"William Alfred Dixon\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210124100136/https://www.cairogang.com/soldiers-killed/ballinhassig/dixon/dixon.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Private C W Reid 5998619 1st Bn. Essex Regiment\". www.cairogang.com. Archived from the original on 7 August 2020. Retrieved 16 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cairogang.com/soldiers-killed/ballinhassig/reid/reid.html","url_text":"\"Private C W Reid 5998619 1st Bn. Essex Regiment\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200807032745/http://www.cairogang.com/soldiers-killed/ballinhassig/reid/reid.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Sgt Thomas Arthur Bennett , M/32520 Royal Army Service Corps\". www.cairogang.com. Archived from the original on 27 September 2020. Retrieved 16 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cairogang.com/soldiers-killed/ballinhassig/bennett/bennett.html","url_text":"\"Sgt Thomas Arthur Bennett , M/32520 Royal Army Service Corps\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200927102914/http://www.cairogang.com/soldiers-killed/ballinhassig/bennett/bennett.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Donnelly, JS Jr (2010). \"Unofficial British Reprisals and IRA Provocations, 1919–20: The Cases of Three Cork Towns\". Éire-Ireland. 45. Irish-American Cultural Institute: 152–197. doi:10.1353/eir.2010.0002. S2CID 159547814. A glaring example of the carelessness of the unruly soldiers was their attack on Kilbrogan House, where the prosperous and well-connected occupant was Joseph Brennan","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1353%2Feir.2010.0002","url_text":"10.1353/eir.2010.0002"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159547814","url_text":"159547814"}]},{"reference":"\"Irish Times\". 28 October 1920.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Report of Inquest\". Irish Independent. 28 October 1928.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"THE DOVER WAR MEMORIAL PROJECT - World War One\". www.doverwarmemorialproject.org.uk. Archived from the original on 18 November 2015. Retrieved 19 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.doverwarmemorialproject.org.uk/Casualties/WWInot/SurnamesD.htm","url_text":"\"THE DOVER WAR MEMORIAL PROJECT - World War One\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151118041045/http://www.doverwarmemorialproject.org.uk/Casualties/WWInot/SurnamesD.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Thomas Arthur Bennett Casualty\". www.cwgc.org. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roxanne_Qualls	Roxanne Qualls	["1 Background","2 Early career","3 Cincinnati City Council, 1991–1993","4 Mayor of Cincinnati, 1993–1999","5 After politics","6 Professional achievements","6.1 Awards and honors","6.2 Continuing education","6.3 Board memberships","7 See also","8 Notes","9 External links"]	American politician (born 1953) This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article contains content that is written like an advertisement. Please help improve it by removing promotional content and inappropriate external links, and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view. (November 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Roxanne Qualls" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) A major contributor to this article appears to have a close connection with its subject. It may require cleanup to comply with Wikipedia's content policies, particularly neutral point of view. Please discuss further on the talk page. (November 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Roxanne QuallsVice Mayor of CincinnatiIn office2007–2013Preceded byAlicia ReeceSucceeded byDavid S. MannMember of the Cincinnati City CouncilIn office2007–2013In office1991–199366th Mayor of CincinnatiIn office1993–1999Preceded byDwight TillerySucceeded byCharlie Luken Personal detailsBorn (1953-03-03) March 3, 1953 (age 71)Tacoma, Washington, U.S.Political partyDemocraticOther politicalaffiliationsCharterSpouseJohn Gunnison-WisemanOccupationRealtorProfessionPolitician Roxanne Qualls (born March 3, 1953) is an American politician who served as the 66th mayor of Cincinnati, Ohio. She also served a two-year term on the Cincinnati City Council prior to her service as mayor, having been elected in 1993. On August 8, 2007, the Charter Committee announced her appointment to fill the unexpired term of council member Jim Tarbell. Qualls was elected to a two-year term on Cincinnati City Council in November 2007, and again in 2009 and 2011. She served as Vice Mayor, the chair of the Budget and Finance Committee, chair of the Livable Communities Committee and chair of the Subcommittee on Major Transportation and Infrastructure Projects. She was a candidate in the November 2013 election for Mayor of Cincinnati, but was defeated by John Cranley. Background Qualls was born in Tacoma, Washington. She grew up across the river from Cincinnati in the community of Erlanger, Kentucky. Her parents settled in Erlanger after her father retired from the Air Force when Roxanne was seven years old. Prior to arriving in Kentucky, she had lived in Taiwan, Japan, and New Hampshire. She attended St. Henry's Grade School in Erlanger and then attended Notre Dame Academy in Park Hills, Kentucky for high school. While at Notre Dame Academy, she participated in the school's chapters of the National Forensics League and National Honor Society. She attended Thomas More College for three semesters majoring in history and then attended the University of Cincinnati in the Department of Urban Planning and Design at the College of Design, Architecture, Art, and Planning. Early career Prior to serving in elective office, Roxanne was the first Director of the Northern Kentucky Rape Crisis Center (1975–1977, now known as the Women's Crisis Center, Kentucky), the Executive Director of Women Helping Women (1977–1979, now known as the Hamilton County Rape Crisis and Abuse Center), owned a small business specializing in house painting and renovation, and served as an Associate Director (1983–1985) and then Director (1985–1991) of the Cincinnati office of Ohio Citizen Action (formerly known as Ohio Public Interest Campaign). While director of Ohio Citizen Action's Cincinnati office, Roxanne worked with neighborhood groups and environmental organizations to pass the City of Cincinnati's air code, lobbied the city to establish the Office of Environmental Management, and advocated for the establishment of the city's recycling program. Her office released an annual analysis of the Environmental Protection Agency's Toxic Release Inventory. She served as a member of the Lower Price Hill Task Force, a collaborative effort to target the environmental causes of Lower Price Hill children's health problems. Cincinnati City Council, 1991–1993 Roxanne Qualls first ran for the nine-member at-large Cincinnati City Council in 1987. She placed 14th. She ran again in 1989 and placed 10th. She was elected in 1991. In her first term on council, Roxanne served as chair of the Intergovernmental Affairs and Environment Committee. She promoted employee health and safety, successfully advocating that the city adopt Occupational Health and Safety Administration standards for city workers and develop an effective loss prevention program. She led the city's planning efforts to develop a long-term transportation policy that included mass transit. She worked to establish the Toxic Sweep program that trained city inspectors to recognize threats from hazardous and toxic waste. In addition, she emphasized increased cooperation between the City of Cincinnati and Hamilton County and organized regular meeting between her committee and the County Commission on issues of shared concern. Mayor of Cincinnati, 1993–1999 In 1993, Qualls became Mayor of the City of Cincinnati by achieving the highest number of votes of any council member. She subsequently won elections for the office in 1995 and in 1997 where she served until the end of her term limits. As mayor, Qualls emphasized openness and accessibility, collaborative public-private partnerships, and community and economic development. Upon taking the office of mayor in 1993, Qualls established "Mayor's Night In" where every Tuesday evening for two hours anyone could come and see her about any issue or concern; and she established the Mayor's Business Expansion and Retention Program and the Mayor's Business Breakfasts. She introduced several partnerships with various private sector companies. The partnership with the Greater Cincinnati Home Builders Association resulted in Citirama, a center city home show. A partnership with the Board of Realtors produced the Ambassador Program that familiarized real estate agents with the assets of Cincinnati. The U.S. Conference of Mayors recognized this programs as a "Best Practice" in 2005. She established the Home Ownership Partnership, a coalition of over 32 lending institutions and community development organizations to improve Cincinnati's rate of home ownership. Qualls also enacted multiple policies regarding crime. She developed the Zero Tolerance Initiative: A Campaign to Take Back Our Neighborhoods, to combat blight and neighborhood deterioration. It was recognized by the U.S. Conference of Mayors as a "Best Practice" in 1999. She initiated Cincinnati's suit against gun manufacturers for failing to incorporate safety features into guns and for facilitating the illegal distribution of guns. She supported the hiring of more police officers and the Community Oriented Policing (COP) program based around broken window policing. Also, she proposed the Permitting Drug Abuse ordinance to charge property owners for knowingly permitting drug trafficking on their property. Additionally, Qualls introduced partnerships with different municipalities in the Greater Cincinnati area. As mayor and as a member of the Executive Committee, and later as President of the Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Regional Council of Governments, she oversaw the Major Investment Study that resulted in the redesign and reconfiguration of Fort Washington Way. She also successfully lobbied for federal dollars to fund the region's light rail major investment study. With then-County Commissioner Bob Bedinghaus and members of City Council, she helped form the joint City-County Planning Committee to develop the Master Plan for Cincinnati's Central Riverfront and to determine the location of the two stadiums, Paul Brown Stadium and Great American Ballpark. In 1998, she funded the construction of the Theodore M. Berry International Friendship Park. Qualls also introduced programs and policies regarding the arts. She was one of three founders of Artworks, a youth employment program that produces public art. She supported the construction of the Contemporary Arts Center, the Aronoff Performing Arts Center, and the National Underground Railroad Freedom Center, and supported funding of small arts organizations. In 1998, Qualls was an unsuccessful candidate for Congress. After politics Qualls currently is an Executive Sales Vice President with Sibcy Cline Realtors in Cincinnati. She received her Ohio real estate license in 2010. She is licensed in Ohio and Kentucky. Qualls served as a Visiting Professor at Northern Kentucky University from 2004 to 2007. She taught in the Masters in Public Administration Program. She taught Executive Management, Urban Policy, and Citizens and Governance. In 2005, she became Director of Public Leadership Initiatives. Under her direction, NKU's Institute for Public Leadership and Public Affairs has presented New Leadership Kentucky, a three-day residential program in political leadership for undergraduate women from Kentucky and the Greater Cincinnati metropolitan area. In 2007, the Institute began the Advancing Women in Political Leadership project in collaboration with the Women's Fund of the Greater Cincinnati Foundation. Professional achievements Awards and honors Post-Corbett Award Special Award in Arts Education for Artworks, 1997 National Homebuilders Association, Public Official of the Year, Region C, 1997 Project Interchange Seminars in Israel, American Jewish Committee, Women Leaders Exchange, 1997 Honorary Doctorate, Cincinnati State Technical and Community College, 1996 Ohio Public Employees Lawyers Association Award for Outstanding Service, 1996 National Association of Social Workers, Public Official of the Year, State and Cincinnati Region, 1996 YWCA, Women of Achievement Award, 1994 Cincinnati Women's Political Caucus, Outstanding Achievement Award, 1994 Soroptimist Club, Making a Difference for Women Award, 1993 Girl Scouts Great Rivers Council Woman of Distinction, 1992 Continuing education Loeb Fellowship in Environmental Studies, Graduate School of Design, Harvard University, Class of 2001 Fellow Institute of Politics, Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, 2000 Institute for New Mayors, Harvard University, 1993 Mayors Institute on City Design, Harvard University, 1996 Mayors Institute on City Design, University of Virginia, 1997 Board memberships Southwest Ohio Regional Transit Authority (SORTA), Board Member (2007) Urban League of Greater Cincinnati, Board Member (2006–2007) Vision 2015 Regional Stewardship Council, Board Member (2006–) Great Rivers Girl Scout Council, Board Member (2006–2007) Housing Opportunities Made Equal, Board Member (2005–2007) ArtWorks, Board Member (2005–2007) Congress for New Urbanism, Board Member (2000–2008) The Holocaust Memorial Library, Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion (2000–2002) Christ Church Cathedral, Cincinnati, Ohio, Vestry Member (1998–2000) National Association of Regional Councils (NARC), First Vice President (1997–1999), Second Vice President (1996–1997), Board Member (1995–1999) Cincinnati Youth Collaborative, Co-Chair (1993–1999) Friends of Women's Studies (University of Cincinnati), Honorary Chair (1993–1994) March of Dimes Health Professional Advisory Committee, Member (1993–1994) Ohio•Kentucky•Indiana Regional Council of Governments, President (1995, 1996), First Vice President (1994), Second Vice President (1993), Executive Committee (1992–1999) Shuttlesworth Housing Foundation, Advisory Board (1991), Board Member (1989–1991) Governor's Commission on the Storage and Use of Toxic and Hazardous Materials, Member (1990) Cincinnati Metropolitan Housing Authority, Chairperson (1990–1991), Commissioner (1988–1991) Lower Price Hill Task Force, Member (1989–1992) Solid Waste Advisory Committee of the State of Ohio, Member (1988–1991) Governor's Waste Minimization Task Force of the State of Ohio, Member (1987–1990) Solid Waste Task Force of the City of Cincinnati, Chairperson (1988–1990), Member and Vice Chair (1987–1988) Hazardous Material Advisory Committee of the City of Cincinnati, Member (1985–1988) Rape Services Subcommittee of the Women's Service Implementation Committee of the United Way-Community Chest, Member (1979) Cincinnati Committee of the United Methodist Church's Board of Global Ministries Child and Family Justice Project, Vice-Chair (1978–1979) Covington Family Health Clinic, Board Member (1976–1977) Northern Kentucky Catholic Commission of Social Justice, Board Member (1973–1978) See also Cincinnati City Council Ohio's 1st congressional district Notes ^ "Roxanne Qualls -". Archives of Women's Political Communication. Retrieved April 3, 2024. ^ "Roxanne Qualls -". Archives of Women's Political Communication. Retrieved April 3, 2024. ^ "Roxanne Qualls -". Archives of Women's Political Communication. Retrieved April 3, 2024. ^ Roxanne Qualls joins S.O.R.T.A. Board of Trustees. March 13, 2007 SORTA press release. ^ Urban League of Greater Cincinnati Staff Directory and Board of Trustees ^ Vision 2015 Regional Stewardship Council ^ ArtWorks Board of Trustees and Staff Bios ^ Congress for New Urbanism Board External links Charter Committee (local Cincinnati political party) Political offices Preceded byDwight Tillery Mayor of Cincinnati, Ohio 1993–1999 Succeeded byCharlie Luken vteMayors of Cincinnati, Ohio David Ziegler Joseph Prince James Findlay John S. Gano Martin Baum Daniel Symmes James Findlay Martin Baum William Stanley Samuel W. Davies William Corry Isaac G. Burnet Elisha Hotchkiss Samuel W. Davies Henry E. Spencer Mark P. Taylor David T. Snelbaker James J. Faran Nicholas W. Thomas Richard M. Bishop George Hatch Leonard A. Harris Charles F. Wilstach John F. Torrence S. S. Davis George W. C. Johnston Robert M. Moore Charles Jacob Jr. William F. Means Thomas J. Stephens Amor Smith Jr. John B. Mosby John A. Caldwell Gustav Tafel Julius Fleischmann Edward J. Dempsey Leopold Markbreit John Galvin Louis Schwab Henry Thomas Hunt Frederick S. Spiegel George Puchta George Carrel Murray Seasongood Russell Wilson James Garfield Stewart Carl West Rich Albert D. Cash Carl West Rich Edward N. Waldvogel Dorothy N. Dolbey Carl West Rich Charles Phelps Taft II Donald D. Clancy Walt Bachrach Eugene P. Ruehlmann Bill Gradison Tom Luken Ted Berry Bobbie L. Sterne Jim Luken Jerry Springer Ken Blackwell David S. Mann Thomas B. Brush Arnold L. Bortz Charlie Luken Dwight Tillery Roxanne Qualls Mark Mallory John Cranley Aftab Pureval	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cincinnati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Charter Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charter_Committee"},{"link_name":"Jim Tarbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Tarbell"},{"link_name":"November 2013 election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Cincinnati_mayoral_election"},{"link_name":"Mayor of Cincinnati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_Cincinnati"},{"link_name":"John Cranley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cranley"}],"text":"Roxanne Qualls (born March 3, 1953) is an American politician who served as the 66th mayor of Cincinnati, Ohio. She also served a two-year term on the Cincinnati City Council prior to her service as mayor, having been elected in 1993.[1] On August 8, 2007, the Charter Committee announced her appointment to fill the unexpired term of council member Jim Tarbell. Qualls was elected to a two-year term on Cincinnati City Council in November 2007, and again in 2009 and 2011. She served as Vice Mayor, the chair of the Budget and Finance Committee, chair of the Livable Communities Committee and chair of the Subcommittee on Major Transportation and Infrastructure Projects.She was a candidate in the November 2013 election for Mayor of Cincinnati, but was defeated by John Cranley.","title":"Roxanne Qualls"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tacoma, Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacoma,_Washington"},{"link_name":"Erlanger, Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erlanger,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"Notre Dame Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notre_Dame_Academy_(Park_Hills,_Kentucky)"},{"link_name":"Park Hills, Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_Hills,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"National Forensics League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Forensics_League"},{"link_name":"National Honor Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Honor_Society"},{"link_name":"Thomas More College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_More_College_(Kentucky)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"University of Cincinnati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cincinnati"},{"link_name":"College of Design, Architecture, Art, and Planning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cincinnati_College_of_Design,_Architecture,_Art,_and_Planning"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Qualls was born in Tacoma, Washington. She grew up across the river from Cincinnati in the community of Erlanger, Kentucky. Her parents settled in Erlanger after her father retired from the Air Force when Roxanne was seven years old. Prior to arriving in Kentucky, she had lived in Taiwan, Japan, and New Hampshire.She attended St. Henry's Grade School in Erlanger and then attended Notre Dame Academy in Park Hills, Kentucky for high school. While at Notre Dame Academy, she participated in the school's chapters of the National Forensics League and National Honor Society. She attended Thomas More College for three semesters majoring in history[2] and then attended the University of Cincinnati in the Department of Urban Planning and Design at the College of Design, Architecture, Art, and Planning.[3]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Women's Crisis Center, Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//wccky.org/"},{"link_name":"Hamilton County Rape Crisis and Abuse Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.rapecrisisandabusecenter.org/"},{"link_name":"Ohio Citizen Action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_Citizen_Action"}],"text":"Prior to serving in elective office, Roxanne was the first Director of the Northern Kentucky Rape Crisis Center (1975–1977, now known as the Women's Crisis Center, Kentucky), the Executive Director of Women Helping Women (1977–1979, now known as the Hamilton County Rape Crisis and Abuse Center), owned a small business specializing in house painting and renovation, and served as an Associate Director (1983–1985) and then Director (1985–1991) of the Cincinnati office of Ohio Citizen Action (formerly known as Ohio Public Interest Campaign). While director of Ohio Citizen Action's Cincinnati office, Roxanne worked with neighborhood groups and environmental organizations to pass the City of Cincinnati's air code, lobbied the city to establish the Office of Environmental Management, and advocated for the establishment of the city's recycling program. Her office released an annual analysis of the Environmental Protection Agency's Toxic Release Inventory. She served as a member of the Lower Price Hill Task Force, a collaborative effort to target the environmental causes of Lower Price Hill children's health problems.","title":"Early career"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Roxanne Qualls first ran for the nine-member at-large Cincinnati City Council in 1987. She placed 14th. She ran again in 1989 and placed 10th. She was elected in 1991.In her first term on council, Roxanne served as chair of the Intergovernmental Affairs and Environment Committee. She promoted employee health and safety, successfully advocating that the city adopt Occupational Health and Safety Administration standards for city workers and develop an effective loss prevention program. She led the city's planning efforts to develop a long-term transportation policy that included mass transit. She worked to establish the Toxic Sweep program that trained city inspectors to recognize threats from hazardous and toxic waste. In addition, she emphasized increased cooperation between the City of Cincinnati and Hamilton County and organized regular meeting between her committee and the County Commission on issues of shared concern.","title":"Cincinnati City Council, 1991–1993"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. Conference of Mayors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Conference_of_Mayors"},{"link_name":"U.S. Conference of Mayors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Conference_of_Mayors"},{"link_name":"broken window","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broken_windows_theory"},{"link_name":"Fort Washington Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Washington_Way"},{"link_name":"Paul Brown Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paycor_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Great American Ballpark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_American_Ball_Park"},{"link_name":"Aronoff Performing Arts Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aronoff_Center"},{"link_name":"National Underground Railroad Freedom Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Underground_Railroad_Freedom_Center"}],"text":"In 1993, Qualls became Mayor of the City of Cincinnati by achieving the highest number of votes of any council member. She subsequently won elections for the office in 1995 and in 1997 where she served until the end of her term limits.As mayor, Qualls emphasized openness and accessibility, collaborative public-private partnerships, and community and economic development.Upon taking the office of mayor in 1993, Qualls established \"Mayor's Night In\" where every Tuesday evening for two hours anyone could come and see her about any issue or concern; and she established the Mayor's Business Expansion and Retention Program and the Mayor's Business Breakfasts.She introduced several partnerships with various private sector companies. The partnership with the Greater Cincinnati Home Builders Association resulted in Citirama, a center city home show. A partnership with the Board of Realtors produced the Ambassador Program that familiarized real estate agents with the assets of Cincinnati. The U.S. Conference of Mayors recognized this programs as a \"Best Practice\" in 2005. She established the Home Ownership Partnership, a coalition of over 32 lending institutions and community development organizations to improve Cincinnati's rate of home ownership.Qualls also enacted multiple policies regarding crime. She developed the Zero Tolerance Initiative: A Campaign to Take Back Our Neighborhoods, to combat blight and neighborhood deterioration. It was recognized by the U.S. Conference of Mayors as a \"Best Practice\" in 1999. She initiated Cincinnati's suit against gun manufacturers for failing to incorporate safety features into guns and for facilitating the illegal distribution of guns. She supported the hiring of more police officers and the Community Oriented Policing (COP) program based around broken window policing. Also, she proposed the Permitting Drug Abuse ordinance to charge property owners for knowingly permitting drug trafficking on their property.Additionally, Qualls introduced partnerships with different municipalities in the Greater Cincinnati area. As mayor and as a member of the Executive Committee, and later as President of the Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Regional Council of Governments, she oversaw the Major Investment Study that resulted in the redesign and reconfiguration of Fort Washington Way. She also successfully lobbied for federal dollars to fund the region's light rail major investment study. With then-County Commissioner Bob Bedinghaus and members of City Council, she helped form the joint City-County Planning Committee to develop the Master Plan for Cincinnati's Central Riverfront and to determine the location of the two stadiums, Paul Brown Stadium and Great American Ballpark. In 1998, she funded the construction of the Theodore M. Berry International Friendship Park.Qualls also introduced programs and policies regarding the arts. She was one of three founders of Artworks, a youth employment program that produces public art. She supported the construction of the Contemporary Arts Center, the Aronoff Performing Arts Center, and the National Underground Railroad Freedom Center, and supported funding of small arts organizations.In 1998, Qualls was an unsuccessful candidate for Congress.","title":"Mayor of Cincinnati, 1993–1999"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Northern Kentucky University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Kentucky_University"}],"text":"Qualls currently is an Executive Sales Vice President with Sibcy Cline Realtors in Cincinnati. She received her Ohio real estate license in 2010. She is licensed in Ohio and Kentucky.Qualls served as a Visiting Professor at Northern Kentucky University from 2004 to 2007. She taught in the Masters in Public Administration Program. She taught Executive Management, Urban Policy, and Citizens and Governance. In 2005, she became Director of Public Leadership Initiatives. Under her direction, NKU's Institute for Public Leadership and Public Affairs has presented New Leadership Kentucky, a three-day residential program in political leadership for undergraduate women from Kentucky and the Greater Cincinnati metropolitan area. In 2007, the Institute began the Advancing Women in Political Leadership project in collaboration with the Women's Fund of the Greater Cincinnati Foundation.","title":"After politics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Professional achievements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Project Interchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Interchange"},{"link_name":"Soroptimist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soroptimist"}],"sub_title":"Awards and honors","text":"Post-Corbett Award Special Award in Arts Education for Artworks, 1997\nNational Homebuilders Association, Public Official of the Year, Region C, 1997\nProject Interchange Seminars in Israel, American Jewish Committee, Women Leaders Exchange, 1997\nHonorary Doctorate, Cincinnati State Technical and Community College, 1996\nOhio Public Employees Lawyers Association Award for Outstanding Service, 1996\nNational Association of Social Workers, Public Official of the Year, State and Cincinnati Region, 1996\nYWCA, Women of Achievement Award, 1994\nCincinnati Women's Political Caucus, Outstanding Achievement Award, 1994\nSoroptimist Club, Making a Difference for Women Award, 1993\nGirl Scouts Great Rivers Council Woman of Distinction, 1992","title":"Professional achievements"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Continuing education","text":"Loeb Fellowship in Environmental Studies, Graduate School of Design, Harvard University, Class of 2001\nFellow Institute of Politics, Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, 2000\nInstitute for New Mayors, Harvard University, 1993\nMayors Institute on City Design, Harvard University, 1996\nMayors Institute on City Design, University of Virginia, 1997","title":"Professional achievements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Southwest Ohio Regional Transit Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwest_Ohio_Regional_Transit_Authority"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Board memberships","text":"Southwest Ohio Regional Transit Authority (SORTA), Board Member (2007)[4]\nUrban League of Greater Cincinnati, Board Member (2006–2007)[5]\nVision 2015 Regional Stewardship Council, Board Member (2006–)[6]\nGreat Rivers Girl Scout Council, Board Member (2006–2007)\nHousing Opportunities Made Equal, Board Member (2005–2007)\nArtWorks, Board Member (2005–2007)[7]\nCongress for New Urbanism, Board Member (2000–2008)[8]\nThe Holocaust Memorial Library, Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion (2000–2002)\nChrist Church Cathedral, Cincinnati, Ohio, Vestry Member (1998–2000)\nNational Association of Regional Councils (NARC), First Vice President (1997–1999), Second Vice President (1996–1997), Board Member (1995–1999)\nCincinnati Youth Collaborative, Co-Chair (1993–1999)\nFriends of Women's Studies (University of Cincinnati), Honorary Chair (1993–1994)\nMarch of Dimes Health Professional Advisory Committee, Member (1993–1994)\nOhio•Kentucky•Indiana Regional Council of Governments, President (1995, 1996), First Vice President (1994), Second Vice President (1993), Executive Committee (1992–1999)\nShuttlesworth Housing Foundation, Advisory Board (1991), Board Member (1989–1991)\nGovernor's Commission on the Storage and Use of Toxic and Hazardous Materials, Member (1990)\nCincinnati Metropolitan Housing Authority, Chairperson (1990–1991), Commissioner (1988–1991)\nLower Price Hill Task Force, Member (1989–1992)\nSolid Waste Advisory Committee of the State of Ohio, Member (1988–1991)\nGovernor's Waste Minimization Task Force of the State of Ohio, Member (1987–1990)\nSolid Waste Task Force of the City of Cincinnati, Chairperson (1988–1990), Member and Vice Chair (1987–1988)\nHazardous Material Advisory Committee of the City of Cincinnati, Member (1985–1988)\nRape Services Subcommittee of the Women's Service Implementation Committee of the United Way-Community Chest, Member (1979)\nCincinnati Committee of the United Methodist Church's Board of Global Ministries Child and Family Justice Project, Vice-Chair (1978–1979)\nCovington Family Health Clinic, Board Member (1976–1977)\nNorthern Kentucky Catholic Commission of Social Justice, Board Member (1973–1978)","title":"Professional achievements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Roxanne Qualls -\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//awpc.cattcenter.iastate.edu/directory/roxanne-qualls/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Roxanne Qualls -\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//awpc.cattcenter.iastate.edu/directory/roxanne-qualls/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"Roxanne Qualls -\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//awpc.cattcenter.iastate.edu/directory/roxanne-qualls/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"March 13, 2007 SORTA press release.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.sorta.com/news/2007/nr12.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"Urban League of Greater Cincinnati Staff Directory and Board of Trustees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.gcul.org/Employees_Board.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Vision 2015 Regional Stewardship Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.vision2015.org/index.aspx?c=about&p=rsc"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"ArtWorks Board of Trustees and Staff Bios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.artworkscincinnati.org/about/staffbios.shtml"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"Congress for New Urbanism Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cnu.org/board"}],"text":"^ \"Roxanne Qualls -\". Archives of Women's Political Communication. Retrieved April 3, 2024.\n\n^ \"Roxanne Qualls -\". Archives of Women's Political Communication. Retrieved April 3, 2024.\n\n^ \"Roxanne Qualls -\". Archives of Women's Political Communication. Retrieved April 3, 2024.\n\n^ Roxanne Qualls joins S.O.R.T.A. Board of Trustees. March 13, 2007 SORTA press release.\n\n^ Urban League of Greater Cincinnati Staff Directory and Board of Trustees\n\n^ Vision 2015 Regional Stewardship Council\n\n^ ArtWorks Board of Trustees and Staff Bios\n\n^ Congress for New Urbanism Board","title":"Notes"}]	[]	[{"title":"Cincinnati City Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati_City_Council"},{"title":"Ohio's 1st congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio%27s_1st_congressional_district"}]	[{"reference":"\"Roxanne Qualls -\". Archives of Women's Political Communication. Retrieved April 3, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://awpc.cattcenter.iastate.edu/directory/roxanne-qualls/","url_text":"\"Roxanne Qualls -\""}]},{"reference":"\"Roxanne Qualls -\". Archives of Women's Political Communication. Retrieved April 3, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://awpc.cattcenter.iastate.edu/directory/roxanne-qualls/","url_text":"\"Roxanne Qualls -\""}]},{"reference":"\"Roxanne Qualls -\". Archives of Women's Political Communication. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golestan_Rural_District_(Isfahan_Province)	Golestan Rural District (Falavarjan County)	["1 Demographics","1.1 Population","2 See also","3 References"]	Coordinates: 32°31′40″N 51°27′32″E / 32.52778°N 51.45889°E / 32.52778; 51.45889Rural district in Isfahan province, Iran For other places with the same name, see Golestan Rural District. For other places with a similar name, see Golestan. Rural District in Isfahan, IranGolestan Rural District Persian: دهستان گلستانRural DistrictGolestan Rural DistrictCoordinates: 32°31′40″N 51°27′32″E / 32.52778°N 51.45889°E / 32.52778; 51.45889CountryIranProvinceIsfahanCountyFalavarjanDistrictQahderijanCapitalQaleh-ye AmirPopulation (2016) • Total3,940Time zoneUTC+3:30 (IRST) Golestan Rural District (Persian: دهستان گلستان) is in Qahderijan District of Falavarjan County, Isfahan province, Iran. Its capital is the village of Qaleh-ye Amir. Demographics Population At the time of the 2006 National Census, the rural district's population (as a part of the Central District) was 12,431 in 3,247 households. There were 13,237 inhabitants in 3,883 households at the following census of 2011. The 2016 census measured the population of the rural district as 3,940 in 1,230 households, by which time the rural district had been separated from the district in the establishment of Qahderijan District. The most populous of its eight villages was Qaleh-ye Amir, with 1,738 people. See also Iran portal References ^ OpenStreetMap contributors (12 June 2023). "Golestan Rural District (Falavarjan County)" (Map). OpenStreetMap (in Persian). Retrieved 12 June 2023. ^ a b "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016)". AMAR (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 10. Archived from the original (Excel) on 19 October 2020. Retrieved 19 December 2022. ^ Iranian National Committee for Standardization of Geographical Names website (in Persian) ^ a b Rahimi, Mohammad Reza (29 September 1395). "Letter of approval regarding country divisions in Falavarjan County". Islamic Parliament Research Center (in Persian). Ministry of Interior, Political and Defense Commission. Archived from the original on 19 September 2016. Retrieved 15 November 2023. ^ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)". AMAR (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 10. Archived from the original (Excel) on 20 September 2011. Retrieved 25 September 2022. ^ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1390 (2011)". Syracuse University (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 10. Archived from the original (Excel) on 17 January 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2022. vteIsfahan province, IranCapital Isfahan Countiesand citiesAran va Bidgol County Aran va Bidgol Abuzeydabad Nushabad Sefidshahr Ardestan County Ardestan Mahabad Zavareh Borkhar County Dowlatabad Dastgerd Habibabad Khvorzuq Komeshcheh Shadpurabad Buin va Miandasht County Buin va Miandasht Afus Chadegan County Chadegan Rozveh Dehaqan County Dehaqan Falavarjan County Falavarjan Abrisham Baharan Shahr Imanshahr Kelishad va Sudarjan Pir Bakran Qahderijan Zazeran Faridan County Daran Damaneh Fereydunshahr County Fereydunshahr Barf Anbar Golpayegan County Golpayegan Golshahr Guged Isfahan County Isfahan Baharestan Ezhiyeh Harand Hasanabad Kuhpayeh Mohammadabad Nasrabad Nikabad Sagzi Tudeshk Varzaneh Kashan County Kashan Barzok Jowsheqan va Kamu Meshkat Neyasar Qamsar Khomeyni Shahr County Khomeyni Shahr Dorcheh Piaz Kushk Khur and Biabanak County Khur Jandaq Farrokhi Khvansar County Khvansar Lenjan County Zarrin Shahr Bagh-e Bahadoran Chamgardan Chermahin Fuladshahr Sedeh Lenjan Varnamkhast Zayandeh Rud Mobarakeh County Mobarakeh Dizicheh Karkevand Talkhvoncheh Zibashahr Nain County Nain Anarak Bafran Najafabad County Najafabad Alavicheh Dehaq Goldasht Jowzdan Kahriz Sang Natanz County Natanz Badrud Khaledabad Semirom County Semirom Hana Komeh Noqol Vanak Shahreza County Shahreza Manzariyeh Shahin Shahr and Meymeh County Shahin Shahr Gaz Meymeh Vazvan Tiran and Karvan County Tiran Asgaran Rezvanshahr Sights Abbāsi House Abyaneh Agha Bozorg Mosque Āmeri House Bazaar of Kashan Borujerdi House Chaharbagh Boulevard Chaharbagh School Fin Garden Fire temple of Isfahan Hasht Behesht Jameh Mosque of Ashtarjan Jameh Mosque of Isfahan Khaju Bridge Monar Jonban Naqsh-e Jahan Square New Julfa Si-o-se-pol Sultan Amir Ahmad Bathhouse Tabatabai House Tepe Sialk See also Greater Isfahan Region List of cities, towns and villages List of universities vte Falavarjan CountyCapital Falavarjan DistrictsCentralCities Abrisham Falavarjan Imanshahr Kelishad va Sudarjan Qahderijan Zazeran Rural Districts and villagesAbrisham Hoseynabad Jowlarestan Kersegan Musian Shahid Beheshti Education Camp Golestan Bondart Dar Afshan Dashtlu Esfahran Karuyeh Kheyrabad Koruj Qaleh-ye Amir Shervedan Oshtorjan Dorcheh Abed Hajjiabad Jilab Kavian Largan Largichi Mehranjan-e Arameneh Mehrenjan-e Otrak Mohammadiyeh Zafreh Zazeran Dashtchi Huyyeh Jalalabad-e Marbin Jujil Kafoshan Riyakhun Pir BakranCities Baharan Shahr Pir Bakran Rural Districts and villagesGarkan-e Shomali(North Garkan) Ali Shahedan Aliabad Chahar Borj Darafshan Dargan Dastna Kelisan Khvansarak Mehregan Now Dar Amad Pelarat Pelartegan Qaleh-ye Sorkh Rahimabad Rara Sadeqabad Semsan Siah Afshar Tamandegan Vazirabad Waterworks Vazirabad Sohr va Firuzan Ardal Bejgerd Cham Rud Filergan Golgun Nargan Shah Shams ol Din Sohr va Firuzan Tad Venhar This Falavarjan County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Golestan Rural District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golestan_Rural_District_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Golestan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golestan_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Qahderijan District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qahderijan_District"},{"link_name":"Falavarjan County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falavarjan_County"},{"link_name":"Isfahan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isfahan_province"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"Qaleh-ye Amir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qaleh-ye_Amir"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Qahderijan_District-4"}],"text":"Rural district in Isfahan province, IranFor other places with the same name, see Golestan Rural District. For other places with a similar name, see Golestan.Rural District in Isfahan, IranGolestan Rural District (Persian: دهستان گلستان)[3] is in Qahderijan District of Falavarjan County, Isfahan province, Iran. Its capital is the village of Qaleh-ye Amir.[4]","title":"Golestan Rural District (Falavarjan County)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Central District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_District_(Falavarjan_County)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2006_census-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2011_census-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Qahderijan_District-4"},{"link_name":"Qaleh-ye Amir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qaleh-ye_Amir"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2016_census-2"}],"sub_title":"Population","text":"At the time of the 2006 National Census, the rural district's population (as a part of the Central District) was 12,431 in 3,247 households.[5] There were 13,237 inhabitants in 3,883 households at the following census of 2011.[6] The 2016 census measured the population of the rural district as 3,940 in 1,230 households, by which time the rural district had been separated from the district in the establishment of Qahderijan District.[4] The most populous of its eight villages was Qaleh-ye Amir, with 1,738 people.[2]","title":"Demographics"}]	[]	[{"title":"Iran portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Iran"}]	[{"reference":"OpenStreetMap contributors (12 June 2023). \"Golestan Rural District (Falavarjan County)\" (Map). OpenStreetMap (in Persian). Retrieved 12 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.openstreetmap.org/?mlat=32.527778&mlon=51.458889&zoom=13#map=13/32.5278/51.4589","url_text":"\"Golestan Rural District (Falavarjan County)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenStreetMap","url_text":"OpenStreetMap"}]},{"reference":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016)\". AMAR (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 10. Archived from the original (Excel) on 19 October 2020. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lodge_Night	Lodge Night	["1 Synopsis","2 Notes","3 Cast","3.1 The Gang","3.2 Additional cast","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]	1923 film Lodge NightDirected byRobert F. McGowanWritten byHal RoachH. M. WalkerProduced byHal RoachStarringJoe CobbJackie CondonMickey DanielsJack DavisAllen HoskinsMary KornmanErnest MorrisonElmo BillingsAndy SamuelRichard BillingsGeorge WardeCharles StevensonDistributed byPathé ExchangeRelease date July 29, 1923 (1923-07-29) Running time29:28CountryUnited StatesLanguagesSilent filmEnglish intertitles Lodge Night is the 15th Our Gang short subject comedy to be released. The Our Gang series (later known as "The Little Rascals") was created by Hal Roach in 1922, and continued production until 1944. Synopsis Joe arrives as the new boy in school, and the boys decide to initiate him into their secret club, the Cluck Cluck Klams. During the proceedings, a couple of auto thieves break into the barn, and when they make their getaway, Farina and Jackie are in the back seat. Notes When the television rights for the original silent Pathé Our Gang comedies were sold to National Telepix and other distributors, several episodes were retitled. This film was re-released as Mischief Makers in 1960 under the title The Secret Meeting. About two-thirds of the original film was included. Deleted scenes from this print include some of the classroom footage from the beginning of the film, as well as all of the scenes showing Ernie and Farina at Prof. Culpepper's night school. The film was also re-released as Those Lovable Scallawags with Their Gangs under the title Their Latest Prank. Cast The Gang Joe Cobb — Joe Jackie Condon — Jackie Mickey Daniels — Mickey Jack Davis — Jack Allen Hoskins — Farina Mary Kornman — Mary Ernest Morrison — Ernie Elmo Billings — Elmo Andy Samuel — Andy Richard Billings — Richard George Warde — Freckles Additional cast Julia Brown — school girl Ivadell Carter — school girl Mary Murphy — school girl Richard Daniels — Mickey and Jackie's father Fanny Kelly — Mickey and Jackie's mother Ernie Morrison Sr. — Prof. T. Jefferson Culpepper Charles Stevenson — car thief Roy Brooks — car thief See also Our Gang filmography References ^ The Lucky Corner ^ Maltin, Leonard; Bann, Richard W. (1977). Our Gang: The Life and Times of the Little Rascals. Crown Publishers. pp. 33–34. Retrieved March 3, 2024. External links Lodge Night at IMDb Lodge Night at AllMovie vteOur Gang / The Little Rascals Filmography Personnel Films Our Gang (1922) When the Wind Blows (1930) Hi'-Neighbor! (1934) For Pete's Sake! (1934) The First Round-Up (1934) Honky Donkey (1934) Mike Fright (1934) Washee Ironee (1934) Mama's Little Pirate (1934) Anniversary Trouble (1935) Beginner's Luck (1935) Teacher's Beau (1935) Sprucin' Up (1935) Little Papa (1935) Little Sinner (1935) Our Gang Follies of 1936 (1935) The Lucky Corner (1936) Second Childhood (1936) General Spanky (1936) Feed 'em and Weep (1938) The Little Rascals (1994) The Little Rascals Save the Day (2014) Television The Little Rascals Christmas Special (1979) The Little Rascals (1982–1984) Category This article about a short silent comedy film is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Our Gang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Gang"},{"link_name":"short subject","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_subject"},{"link_name":"Hal Roach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hal_Roach"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Lodge Night is the 15th Our Gang short subject comedy to be released. The Our Gang series (later known as \"The Little Rascals\") was created by Hal Roach in 1922, and continued production until 1944.[2]","title":"Lodge Night"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cluck Cluck Klams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan"}],"text":"Joe arrives as the new boy in school, and the boys decide to initiate him into their secret club, the Cluck Cluck Klams. During the proceedings, a couple of auto thieves break into the barn, and when they make their getaway, Farina and Jackie are in the back seat.","title":"Synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"When the television rights for the original silent Pathé Our Gang comedies were sold to National Telepix and other distributors, several episodes were retitled. This film was re-released as Mischief Makers in 1960 under the title The Secret Meeting. About two-thirds of the original film was included. Deleted scenes from this print include some of the classroom footage from the beginning of the film, as well as all of the scenes showing Ernie and Farina at Prof. Culpepper's night school. The film was also re-released as Those Lovable Scallawags with Their Gangs under the title Their Latest Prank.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Joe Cobb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Cobb"},{"link_name":"Jackie Condon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackie_Condon"},{"link_name":"Mickey Daniels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mickey_Daniels"},{"link_name":"Jack Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Davis_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Allen Hoskins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Hoskins"},{"link_name":"Mary Kornman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Kornman"},{"link_name":"Ernest Morrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Morrison"},{"link_name":"Andy Samuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Samuel"}],"sub_title":"The Gang","text":"Joe Cobb — Joe\nJackie Condon — Jackie\nMickey Daniels — Mickey\nJack Davis — Jack\nAllen Hoskins — Farina\nMary Kornman — Mary\nErnest Morrison — Ernie\nElmo Billings — Elmo\nAndy Samuel — Andy\nRichard Billings — Richard\nGeorge Warde — Freckles","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Richard Daniels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Daniels"},{"link_name":"Charles Stevenson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Stevenson_(actor)"}],"sub_title":"Additional cast","text":"Julia Brown — school girl\nIvadell Carter — school girl\nMary Murphy — school girl\nRichard Daniels — Mickey and Jackie's father\nFanny Kelly — Mickey and Jackie's mother\nErnie Morrison Sr. — Prof. T. Jefferson Culpepper\nCharles Stevenson — car thief\nRoy Brooks — car thief","title":"Cast"}]	[]	[{"title":"Our Gang filmography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Gang_filmography"}]	[{"reference":"Maltin, Leonard; Bann, Richard W. (1977). Our Gang: The Life and Times of the Little Rascals. Crown Publishers. pp. 33–34. Retrieved March 3, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/ourganglifetimes0000malt/page/32/mode/2up","url_text":"Our Gang: The Life and Times of the Little Rascals"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://theluckycorner.com/vc/blackhawk.html","external_links_name":"The Lucky Corner"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/ourganglifetimes0000malt/page/32/mode/2up","external_links_name":"Our Gang: The Life and Times of the Little Rascals"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0235550/","external_links_name":"Lodge Night"},{"Link":"https://www.allmovie.com/movie/v226133","external_links_name":"Lodge Night"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lodge_Night&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulo_C%C3%A9sar_Rocha_Rosa	Paulo César (footballer, born 1980)	["1 Football career","2 Honours","3 References","4 External links"]	Brazilian footballer In this Portuguese name, the first or maternal family name is Rocha and the second or paternal family name is Rosa. Paulo CésarPersonal informationFull name Paulo César Rocha RosaDate of birth (1980-01-05) 5 January 1980 (age 44)Place of birth São Luís, BrazilHeight 1.75 m (5 ft 9 in)Position(s) ForwardSenior careerYears Team Apps (Gls)1999–2000 Vila Nova 2000–2001 Gil Vicente 29 (8)2001–2002 Vitória Guimarães 16 (0)2003 Grêmio Inhumense 2003–2005 Rio Ave 47 (8)2005–2008 União Leiria 87 (15)2008–2013 Braga 90 (17)2012 Braga B 1 (0)2013 Santa Cruz 2 (0)2014 Icasa 2014 Aimoré 5 (1)2015–2016 Maranhão 5 (0)Total 282 (49) Club domestic league appearances and goals Paulo César Rocha Rosa (born 5 January 1980), known as Paulo César, is a Brazilian former footballer who played as a forward. He spent most of his professional career in Portugal, amassing Primeira Liga totals of 269 matches and 48 goals during 13 seasons, mainly with Braga and União de Leiria. Football career Paulo César was born in São Luís, Maranhão. After starting playing football with Vila Nova Futebol Clube he moved to Portugal still a youngster, and represented Gil Vicente FC, Vitória de Guimarães, Rio Ave F.C. and U.D. Leiria, making his Primeira Liga debut on 20 August 2000 against S.C. Campomaiorense; in 2003 he had a short return stint in Brazil, with Grêmio Esportivo Inhumense. On 9 March 2008, Paulo César scored one for Leiria (eventually relegated) against S.L. Benfica at the Estádio da Luz, and the 2–2 final score meant the opposition coach José Antonio Camacho's dismissal. In July, after netting five goals in 29 games in his last season, he signed for S.C. Braga. In his second campaign with the Minho club, Paulo César contributed prominently as it achieved a best-ever runner-up league position, notably scoring in home wins against Benfica (2–0) and Sporting CP (1–0), two of his five during the season. Paulo César appeared in 40 official matches in 2010–11, including six in Braga's runner-up campaign in the UEFA Europa League. On 14 April 2011, he was sent off in the 30th minute of the quarter-finals second leg against FC Dynamo Kyiv for a dangerous challenge, but his team managed to progress to the next stage after securing a 0–0 home draw (1–1 on aggregate). In January 2013, 33-year-old Paulo César left Braga and returned to his homeland, joining lowly Santa Cruz Futebol Clube. Honours Braga Taça da Liga: 2012–13 UEFA Intertoto Cup: 2008 UEFA Europa League: Runner-up 2010–11 Santa Cruz Campeonato Pernambucano: 2013 References ^ "Benfica empata com a União de Leiria a dois golos" . Público (in Portuguese). 9 March 2008. Retrieved 3 January 2018. ^ Camacho hands in Benfica notice; UEFA, 9 March 2008 ^ "Sporting Braga – Luis Aguiar e Paulo César reforçam plantel" (in Portuguese). Rádio e Televisão de Portugal. 21 June 2008. Retrieved 16 January 2019. ^ Brilliant Braga see off Benfica; PortuGOAL, 31 October 2009 ^ Braga beat Sporting to maintain championship charge; PortuGOAL, 30 January 2010 ^ Ten-man Braga hold firm against Dynamo; UEFA, 14 April 2011 External links Paulo César at Sambafoot (archived) Paulo César at ForaDeJogo (archived) Paulo César at Soccerway	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Portuguese name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_name"},{"link_name":"family name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"forward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Primeira Liga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primeira_Liga"},{"link_name":"Braga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.C._Braga"},{"link_name":"União de Leiria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.D._Leiria"}],"text":"In this Portuguese name, the first or maternal family name is Rocha and the second or paternal family name is Rosa.Paulo César Rocha Rosa (born 5 January 1980), known as Paulo César, is a Brazilian former footballer who played as a forward.He spent most of his professional career in Portugal, amassing Primeira Liga totals of 269 matches and 48 goals during 13 seasons, mainly with Braga and União de Leiria.","title":"Paulo César (footballer, born 1980)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"São Luís, Maranhão","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Lu%C3%ADs,_Maranh%C3%A3o"},{"link_name":"Vila Nova Futebol Clube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vila_Nova_Futebol_Clube"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"Gil Vicente FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gil_Vicente_F.C."},{"link_name":"Vitória de Guimarães","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vit%C3%B3ria_S.C."},{"link_name":"Rio Ave F.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Ave_F.C."},{"link_name":"U.D. 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After starting playing football with Vila Nova Futebol Clube he moved to Portugal still a youngster, and represented Gil Vicente FC, Vitória de Guimarães, Rio Ave F.C. and U.D. Leiria, making his Primeira Liga debut on 20 August 2000 against S.C. Campomaiorense; in 2003 he had a short return stint in Brazil, with Grêmio Esportivo Inhumense.On 9 March 2008, Paulo César scored one for Leiria (eventually relegated) against S.L. Benfica at the Estádio da Luz, and the 2–2 final score meant the opposition coach José Antonio Camacho's dismissal.[1][2] In July, after netting five goals in 29 games in his last season, he signed for S.C. Braga.[3]In his second campaign with the Minho club, Paulo César contributed prominently as it achieved a best-ever runner-up league position, notably scoring in home wins against Benfica (2–0)[4] and Sporting CP (1–0),[5] two of his five during the season.Paulo César appeared in 40 official matches in 2010–11, including six in Braga's runner-up campaign in the UEFA Europa League. On 14 April 2011, he was sent off in the 30th minute of the quarter-finals second leg against FC Dynamo Kyiv for a dangerous challenge, but his team managed to progress to the next stage after securing a 0–0 home draw (1–1 on aggregate).[6]In January 2013, 33-year-old Paulo César left Braga and returned to his homeland, joining lowly Santa Cruz Futebol Clube.","title":"Football career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Taça da Liga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%C3%A7a_da_Liga"},{"link_name":"2012–13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_Ta%C3%A7a_da_Liga"},{"link_name":"UEFA Intertoto Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Intertoto_Cup"},{"link_name":"2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_UEFA_Intertoto_Cup"},{"link_name":"UEFA Europa League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Europa_League"},{"link_name":"2010–11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_UEFA_Europa_League"},{"link_name":"Campeonato Pernambucano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campeonato_Pernambucano"},{"link_name":"2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Campeonato_Pernambucano"}],"text":"BragaTaça da Liga: 2012–13\nUEFA Intertoto Cup: 2008\nUEFA Europa League: Runner-up 2010–11Santa CruzCampeonato Pernambucano: 2013","title":"Honours"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Benfica empata com a União de Leiria a dois golos\" [Benfica draw with União de Leiria two goals to two]. Público (in Portuguese). 9 March 2008. Retrieved 3 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.publico.pt/2008/03/09/desporto/noticia/benfica-empata-com-a-uniao-de-leiria-a-dois-golos-1322059","url_text":"\"Benfica empata com a União de Leiria a dois golos\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%BAblico_(Portugal)","url_text":"Público"}]},{"reference":"\"Sporting Braga – Luis Aguiar e Paulo César reforçam plantel\" [Sporting Braga – Luis Aguiar and Paulo César bolster squad] (in Portuguese). Rádio e Televisão de Portugal. 21 June 2008. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RGS17	RGS17	["1 Function","2 Clinical significance","3 References","4 Further reading"]	Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens RGS17Available structuresPDBOrtholog search: PDBe RCSB List of PDB id codes1ZV4IdentifiersAliasesRGS17, RGS-17, RGSZ2, hregulator of G-protein signaling 17, regulator of G protein signaling 17External IDsOMIM: 607191; MGI: 1927469; HomoloGene: 8242; GeneCards: RGS17; OMA:RGS17 - orthologsGene location (Human)Chr.Chromosome 6 (human)Band6q25.2Start153,004,459 bpEnd153,131,282 bpGene location (Mouse)Chr.Chromosome 10 (mouse)Band10\|10 A1Start5,775,663 bpEnd5,872,400 bpRNA expression patternBgeeHumanMouse (ortholog)Top expressed inbuccal mucosa celltendon of biceps brachiicartilage tissuemiddle temporal gyrusislet of Langerhansganglionic eminenceBrodmann area 23mucosa of paranasal sinuspancreatic ductal celltesticleTop expressed insuperior colliculusdorsomedial hypothalamic nucleuszygotecentral gray substance of midbrainsecondary oocyteventral tegmental areainferior colliculusparaventricular nucleus of hypothalamusnucleus of stria terminalispontine nucleiMore reference expression dataBioGPSMore reference expression dataGene ontologyMolecular function protein binding GTPase activator activity GTPase activity Cellular component cytoplasm neuron projection cell junction synapse membrane nucleus plasma membrane cytoplasmic vesicle Biological process positive regulation of GTPase activity negative regulation of signal transduction response to amphetamine G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway Sources:Amigo / QuickGOOrthologsSpeciesHumanMouseEntrez2657556533EnsemblENSG00000091844ENSMUSG00000019775UniProtQ9UGC6Q9QZB0RefSeq (mRNA)NM_012419NM_001161822NM_019958RefSeq (protein)NP_036551NP_001155294NP_064342Location (UCSC)Chr 6: 153 – 153.13 MbChr 10: 5.78 – 5.87 MbPubMed searchWikidataView/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse Regulator of G-protein signaling 17 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RGS17 gene. Function This gene encodes a member of the regulator of G-protein signaling family. This protein contains a conserved, 120 amino acid motif called the RGS domain and a cysteine-rich region. The protein attenuates the signaling activity of G-proteins by binding to activated, GTP-bound G alpha subunits and acting as a GTPase activating protein (GAP), increasing the rate of conversion of the GTP to GDP. This hydrolysis allows the G alpha subunits to bind G beta/gamma subunit heterodimers, forming inactive G-protein heterotrimers, thereby terminating the signal. Along with RGS4, RGS9 and RGS14, RGS17 plays an important role in termination of signalling by mu opioid receptors and development of tolerance to opioid analgesic drugs. Clinical significance RGS17 is a putative lung cancer susceptibility gene in the lung cancer associated locus on chromosome 6q in humans. RGS17 is overexpressed in lung and prostate cancers, induces cAMP production, CREB phosphorylation and CREB responsive gene expression. Expression of RGS17 is required for maintenance of proliferation in lung tumor cell lines. References ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000091844 – Ensembl, May 2017 ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000019775 – Ensembl, May 2017 ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. ^ Jordan JD, Carey KD, Stork PJ, Iyengar R (Jul 1999). "Modulation of rap activity by direct interaction of Galpha(o) with Rap1 GTPase-activating protein". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 274 (31): 21507–10. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.31.21507. PMID 10419452. ^ a b "Entrez Gene: RGS17 regulator of G-protein signalling 17". ^ Garzón J, Rodríguez-Muñoz M, de la Torre-Madrid E, Sánchez-Blázquez P (Jun 2005). "Effector antagonism by the regulators of G protein signalling (RGS) proteins causes desensitization of mu-opioid receptors in the CNS". Psychopharmacology. 180 (1): 1–11. doi:10.1007/s00213-005-2248-9. hdl:10261/154655. PMID 15830230. S2CID 21952312. ^ Rodríguez-Muñoz M, de la Torre-Madrid E, Gaitán G, Sánchez-Blázquez P, Garzón J (Dec 2007). "RGS14 prevents morphine from internalizing Mu-opioid receptors in periaqueductal gray neurons". Cellular Signalling. 19 (12): 2558–71. doi:10.1016/j.cellsig.2007.08.003. PMID 17825524. ^ Garzón J, Rodríguez-Muñoz M, López-Fando A, Sánchez-Blázquez P (Sep 2005). "The RGSZ2 protein exists in a complex with mu-opioid receptors and regulates the desensitizing capacity of Gz proteins". Neuropsychopharmacology. 30 (9): 1632–48. doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1300726. PMID 15827571. ^ Rodríguez-Muñoz M, de la Torre-Madrid E, Sánchez-Blázquez P, Garzón J (2007). "Morphine induces endocytosis of neuronal mu-opioid receptors through the sustained transfer of Galpha subunits to RGSZ2 proteins". Molecular Pain. 3: 1744-8069–3-19. doi:10.1186/1744-8069-3-19. PMC 1947952. PMID 17634133. ^ You M, Wang D, Liu P, Vikis H, James M, Lu Y, Wang Y, Wang M, Chen Q, Jia D, Liu Y, Wen W, Yang P, Sun Z, Pinney SM, Zheng W, Shu XO, Long J, Gao YT, Xiang YB, Chow WH, Rothman N, Petersen GM, de Andrade M, Wu Y, Cunningham JM, Wiest JS, Fain PR, Schwartz AG, Girard L, Gazdar A, Gaba C, Rothschild H, Mandal D, Coons T, Lee J, Kupert E, Seminara D, Minna J, Bailey-Wilson JE, Amos CI, Anderson MW (Apr 2009). "Fine mapping of chromosome 6q23-25 region in familial lung cancer families reveals RGS17 as a likely candidate gene". Clinical Cancer Research. 15 (8): 2666–74. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-08-2335. PMC 2746091. PMID 19351763. ^ James MA, Lu Y, Liu Y, Vikis HG, You M (Mar 2009). "RGS17, an overexpressed gene in human lung and prostate cancer, induces tumor cell proliferation through the cyclic AMP-PKA-CREB pathway". Cancer Research. 69 (5): 2108–16. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-3495. PMC 2746047. PMID 19244110. Further reading Mao H, Zhao Q, Daigle M, Ghahremani MH, Chidiac P, Albert PR (Jun 2004). "RGS17/RGSZ2, a novel regulator of Gi/o, Gz, and Gq signaling". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 279 (25): 26314–22. doi:10.1074/jbc.M401800200. PMID 15096504. Larminie C, Murdock P, Walhin JP, Duckworth M, Blumer KJ, Scheideler MA, Garnier M (Mar 2004). "Selective expression of regulators of G-protein signaling (RGS) in the human central nervous system". Brain Research. Molecular Brain Research. 122 (1): 24–34. doi:10.1016/j.molbrainres.2003.11.014. PMID 14992813. Fischer T, De Vries L, Meerloo T, Farquhar MG (Jul 2003). "Promotion of G alpha i3 subunit down-regulation by GIPN, a putative E3 ubiquitin ligase that interacts with RGS-GAIP". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 100 (14): 8270–5. Bibcode:2003PNAS..100.8270F. doi:10.1073/pnas.1432965100. PMC 166218. PMID 12826607. Sierra DA, Gilbert DJ, Householder D, Grishin NV, Yu K, Ukidwe P, Barker SA, He W, Wensel TG, Otero G, Brown G, Copeland NG, Jenkins NA, Wilkie TM (Feb 2002). "Evolution of the regulators of G-protein signaling multigene family in mouse and human". Genomics. 79 (2): 177–85. doi:10.1006/geno.2002.6693. PMID 11829488. S2CID 16065132. vtePDB gallery 1zv4: Structure of the Regulator of G-Protein Signaling 17 (RGSZ2) This article on a gene on human chromosome 6 is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"protein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein"},{"link_name":"gene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid10419452-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-entrez-6"}],"text":"Regulator of G-protein signaling 17 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RGS17 gene.[5][6]","title":"RGS17"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"G-protein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G-protein"},{"link_name":"RGS domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulator_of_G_protein_signaling"},{"link_name":"GTPase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GTPase"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-entrez-6"},{"link_name":"RGS4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RGS4"},{"link_name":"RGS9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RGS9"},{"link_name":"RGS14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RGS14"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid15830230-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid17825524-8"},{"link_name":"mu opioid receptors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu_opioid_receptor"},{"link_name":"opioid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opioid"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid15827571-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid17634133-10"}],"text":"This gene encodes a member of the regulator of G-protein signaling family. This protein contains a conserved, 120 amino acid motif called the RGS domain and a cysteine-rich region. The protein attenuates the signaling activity of G-proteins by binding to activated, GTP-bound G alpha subunits and acting as a GTPase activating protein (GAP), increasing the rate of conversion of the GTP to GDP. This hydrolysis allows the G alpha subunits to bind G beta/gamma subunit heterodimers, forming inactive G-protein heterotrimers, thereby terminating the signal.[6] Along with RGS4, RGS9 and RGS14,[7][8] RGS17 plays an important role in termination of signalling by mu opioid receptors and development of tolerance to opioid analgesic drugs.[9][10]","title":"Function"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"lung cancer susceptibility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung_cancer_susceptibility"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"RGS17 is a putative lung cancer susceptibility gene in the lung cancer associated locus on chromosome 6q in humans.[11] RGS17 is overexpressed in lung and prostate cancers, induces cAMP production, CREB phosphorylation and CREB responsive gene expression[2]. Expression of RGS17 is required for maintenance of proliferation in lung tumor cell lines.[12]","title":"Clinical significance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"RGS17/RGSZ2, a novel regulator of Gi/o, Gz, and Gq signaling\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M401800200"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1074/jbc.M401800200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M401800200"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"15096504","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15096504"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/j.molbrainres.2003.11.014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.molbrainres.2003.11.014"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"14992813","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14992813"},{"link_name":"\"Promotion of G alpha i3 subunit down-regulation by GIPN, a putative E3 ubiquitin ligase that interacts with RGS-GAIP\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC166218"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2003PNAS..100.8270F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003PNAS..100.8270F"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1073/pnas.1432965100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1432965100"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"166218","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC166218"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"12826607","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12826607"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1006/geno.2002.6693","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1006%2Fgeno.2002.6693"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"11829488","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11829488"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"16065132","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16065132"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:PDB_Gallery"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:PDB_Gallery"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:PDB_Gallery"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PDB_1zv4_EBI.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DNA_stub.png"},{"link_name":"gene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene"},{"link_name":"chromosome 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_6"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RGS17&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Gene-6-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Gene-6-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gene-6-stub"}],"text":"Mao H, Zhao Q, Daigle M, Ghahremani MH, Chidiac P, Albert PR (Jun 2004). \"RGS17/RGSZ2, a novel regulator of Gi/o, Gz, and Gq signaling\". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 279 (25): 26314–22. doi:10.1074/jbc.M401800200. PMID 15096504.\nLarminie C, Murdock P, Walhin JP, Duckworth M, Blumer KJ, Scheideler MA, Garnier M (Mar 2004). \"Selective expression of regulators of G-protein signaling (RGS) in the human central nervous system\". Brain Research. Molecular Brain Research. 122 (1): 24–34. doi:10.1016/j.molbrainres.2003.11.014. PMID 14992813.\nFischer T, De Vries L, Meerloo T, Farquhar MG (Jul 2003). \"Promotion of G alpha i3 subunit down-regulation by GIPN, a putative E3 ubiquitin ligase that interacts with RGS-GAIP\". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 100 (14): 8270–5. Bibcode:2003PNAS..100.8270F. doi:10.1073/pnas.1432965100. PMC 166218. PMID 12826607.\nSierra DA, Gilbert DJ, Householder D, Grishin NV, Yu K, Ukidwe P, Barker SA, He W, Wensel TG, Otero G, Brown G, Copeland NG, Jenkins NA, Wilkie TM (Feb 2002). \"Evolution of the regulators of G-protein signaling multigene family in mouse and human\". Genomics. 79 (2): 177–85. doi:10.1006/geno.2002.6693. PMID 11829488. S2CID 16065132.vtePDB gallery\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t1zv4: Structure of the Regulator of G-Protein Signaling 17 (RGSZ2)This article on a gene on human chromosome 6 is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Further reading"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Human PubMed Reference:\". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Link&LinkName=gene_pubmed&from_uid=26575","url_text":"\"Human PubMed Reference:\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mouse PubMed Reference:\". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Link&LinkName=gene_pubmed&from_uid=56533","url_text":"\"Mouse PubMed Reference:\""}]},{"reference":"Jordan JD, Carey KD, Stork PJ, Iyengar R (Jul 1999). \"Modulation of rap activity by direct interaction of Galpha(o) with Rap1 GTPase-activating protein\". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 274 (31): 21507–10. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.31.21507. PMID 10419452.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.274.31.21507","url_text":"\"Modulation of rap activity by direct interaction of Galpha(o) with Rap1 GTPase-activating protein\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.274.31.21507","url_text":"10.1074/jbc.274.31.21507"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10419452","url_text":"10419452"}]},{"reference":"\"Entrez Gene: RGS17 regulator of G-protein signalling 17\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=26575","url_text":"\"Entrez Gene: RGS17 regulator of G-protein signalling 17\""}]},{"reference":"Garzón J, Rodríguez-Muñoz M, de la Torre-Madrid E, Sánchez-Blázquez P (Jun 2005). \"Effector antagonism by the regulators of G protein signalling (RGS) proteins causes desensitization of mu-opioid receptors in the CNS\". Psychopharmacology. 180 (1): 1–11. doi:10.1007/s00213-005-2248-9. hdl:10261/154655. PMID 15830230. S2CID 21952312.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00213-005-2248-9","url_text":"10.1007/s00213-005-2248-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10261%2F154655","url_text":"10261/154655"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15830230","url_text":"15830230"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21952312","url_text":"21952312"}]},{"reference":"Rodríguez-Muñoz M, de la Torre-Madrid E, Gaitán G, Sánchez-Blázquez P, Garzón J (Dec 2007). \"RGS14 prevents morphine from internalizing Mu-opioid receptors in periaqueductal gray neurons\". Cellular Signalling. 19 (12): 2558–71. doi:10.1016/j.cellsig.2007.08.003. PMID 17825524.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cellsig.2007.08.003","url_text":"10.1016/j.cellsig.2007.08.003"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17825524","url_text":"17825524"}]},{"reference":"Garzón J, Rodríguez-Muñoz M, López-Fando A, Sánchez-Blázquez P (Sep 2005). \"The RGSZ2 protein exists in a complex with mu-opioid receptors and regulates the desensitizing capacity of Gz proteins\". Neuropsychopharmacology. 30 (9): 1632–48. doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1300726. PMID 15827571.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.npp.1300726","url_text":"\"The RGSZ2 protein exists in a complex with mu-opioid receptors and regulates the desensitizing capacity of Gz proteins\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.npp.1300726","url_text":"10.1038/sj.npp.1300726"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15827571","url_text":"15827571"}]},{"reference":"Rodríguez-Muñoz M, de la Torre-Madrid E, Sánchez-Blázquez P, Garzón J (2007). \"Morphine induces endocytosis of neuronal mu-opioid receptors through the sustained transfer of Galpha subunits to RGSZ2 proteins\". Molecular Pain. 3: 1744-8069–3-19. doi:10.1186/1744-8069-3-19. PMC 1947952. PMID 17634133.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1947952","url_text":"\"Morphine induces endocytosis of neuronal mu-opioid receptors through the sustained transfer of Galpha subunits to RGSZ2 proteins\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1744-8069-3-19","url_text":"10.1186/1744-8069-3-19"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1947952","url_text":"1947952"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17634133","url_text":"17634133"}]},{"reference":"You M, Wang D, Liu P, Vikis H, James M, Lu Y, Wang Y, Wang M, Chen Q, Jia D, Liu Y, Wen W, Yang P, Sun Z, Pinney SM, Zheng W, Shu XO, Long J, Gao YT, Xiang YB, Chow WH, Rothman N, Petersen GM, de Andrade M, Wu Y, Cunningham JM, Wiest JS, Fain PR, Schwartz AG, Girard L, Gazdar A, Gaba C, Rothschild H, Mandal D, Coons T, Lee J, Kupert E, Seminara D, Minna J, Bailey-Wilson JE, Amos CI, Anderson MW (Apr 2009). \"Fine mapping of chromosome 6q23-25 region in familial lung cancer families reveals RGS17 as a likely candidate gene\". Clinical Cancer Research. 15 (8): 2666–74. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-08-2335. PMC 2746091. PMID 19351763.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariza_de_Andrade","url_text":"de Andrade M"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2746091","url_text":"\"Fine mapping of chromosome 6q23-25 region in familial lung cancer families reveals RGS17 as a likely candidate gene\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1158%2F1078-0432.ccr-08-2335","url_text":"10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-08-2335"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2746091","url_text":"2746091"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19351763","url_text":"19351763"}]},{"reference":"James MA, Lu Y, Liu Y, Vikis HG, You M (Mar 2009). \"RGS17, an overexpressed gene in human lung and prostate cancer, induces tumor cell proliferation through the cyclic AMP-PKA-CREB pathway\". Cancer Research. 69 (5): 2108–16. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-3495. PMC 2746047. PMID 19244110.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2746047","url_text":"\"RGS17, an overexpressed gene in human lung and prostate cancer, induces tumor cell proliferation through the cyclic AMP-PKA-CREB pathway\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1158%2F0008-5472.can-08-3495","url_text":"10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-3495"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2746047","url_text":"2746047"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19244110","url_text":"19244110"}]},{"reference":"Mao H, Zhao Q, Daigle M, Ghahremani MH, Chidiac P, Albert PR (Jun 2004). \"RGS17/RGSZ2, a novel regulator of Gi/o, Gz, and Gq signaling\". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 279 (25): 26314–22. doi:10.1074/jbc.M401800200. PMID 15096504.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M401800200","url_text":"\"RGS17/RGSZ2, a novel regulator of Gi/o, Gz, and Gq signaling\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M401800200","url_text":"10.1074/jbc.M401800200"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15096504","url_text":"15096504"}]},{"reference":"Larminie C, Murdock P, Walhin JP, Duckworth M, Blumer KJ, Scheideler MA, Garnier M (Mar 2004). \"Selective expression of regulators of G-protein signaling (RGS) in the human central nervous system\". Brain Research. Molecular Brain Research. 122 (1): 24–34. doi:10.1016/j.molbrainres.2003.11.014. PMID 14992813.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.molbrainres.2003.11.014","url_text":"10.1016/j.molbrainres.2003.11.014"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14992813","url_text":"14992813"}]},{"reference":"Fischer T, De Vries L, Meerloo T, Farquhar MG (Jul 2003). \"Promotion of G alpha i3 subunit down-regulation by GIPN, a putative E3 ubiquitin ligase that interacts with RGS-GAIP\". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 100 (14): 8270–5. Bibcode:2003PNAS..100.8270F. doi:10.1073/pnas.1432965100. PMC 166218. PMID 12826607.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC166218","url_text":"\"Promotion of G alpha i3 subunit down-regulation by GIPN, a putative E3 ubiquitin ligase that interacts with RGS-GAIP\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003PNAS..100.8270F","url_text":"2003PNAS..100.8270F"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1432965100","url_text":"10.1073/pnas.1432965100"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC166218","url_text":"166218"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12826607","url_text":"12826607"}]},{"reference":"Sierra DA, Gilbert DJ, Householder D, Grishin NV, Yu K, Ukidwe P, Barker SA, He W, Wensel TG, Otero G, Brown G, Copeland NG, Jenkins NA, Wilkie TM (Feb 2002). \"Evolution of the regulators of G-protein signaling multigene family in mouse and human\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Sabine_(1855)	USS Sabine (1855)	["1 Service history","1.1 Paraguay Expedition and Home Fleet, 1858–1861","1.2 Civil War, 1861–1865","1.3 Training ship, 1865–1877","2 Memorials","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]	American Civil War naval vessel For other ships with the same name, see USS Sabine. This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (October 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message) History United States NameUSS Sabine NamesakeSabine River BuilderNew York Navy Yard Laid down1822 Launched3 February 1855 Commissioned23 August 1858 Decommissioned1877 FateSold, 23 September 1883 General characteristics Class and typeBrandywine-class frigate Tonnage1726 Length202 ft 6 in (61.72 m) Beam47 ft (14 m) Draft21 ft 6 in (6.55 m) PropulsionSail Speed12 knots (22 km/h; 14 mph) Complement400 officers and enlisted Armament44 to 50 guns The first USS Sabine was a sailing frigate built by the United States Navy in 1855. The ship was among the first ships to see action in the American Civil War. In 1862, a large portion of the USS Monitor crew were volunteers from the Sabine. She was built at the New York Navy Yard. Her keel was laid in 1822, but she was not launched until 3 February 1855. During this period, she underwent various alterations, the most extensive being a lengthening of her hull by twenty feet. Built essentially from Brandywine plans, she was commissioned on 23 August 1858, Capt. Henry A. Adams in command. Service history Paraguay Expedition and Home Fleet, 1858–1861 The Paraguay Squadron (Harper's Weekly, New York, 16 October 1858). Her first cruise took the frigate to Montevideo and Buenos Aires in October 1858 with the Paraguay expedition, a task force commanded by Flag Officer William B. Shubrick, after that country's firing on USS Water Witch. She conveyed Commissioner Bowlin and served as flagship during the voyage to South America, but was not officially considered part of the expedition fleet, as she was not designed to act against Paraguay, not being able to ascend the river. The expedition won the United States an indemnity, an apology, and a renewed treaty. Sabine then operated out of New York with the Home Fleet until July 1861. Civil War, 1861–1865 USS Sabine 14-year-old Sailor J.F.W. Mitchell of the U.S.S. Sabine in uniform, who enlisted in the Navy in March 1865. From the Liljenquist Family Collection of Civil War Photographs, Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress Through July and August, she was out of commission at Portsmouth Naval Shipyard. Recommissioning on 30 August, she was ordered to join the Atlantic Blockading Squadron on 9 September. The rescue of Major Reynold's battalion of marines from the foundering steamer Governor November 1861 During the Civil War, Sabine was actively employed along the east coast searching for Confederate raiders. She participated in the relief and reinforcement of Fort Pickens, Florida, in April 1861, under command of Capt. Adams; the rescue of 500 marines and the crew of chartered troop transport Governor during a violent storm off South Carolina on 2 and 3 November 1861; the search for Vermont in March 1862, after the ship-of-the-line had been badly damaged by a storm while sailing to Port Royal, South Carolina; and the hunt for CSS Alabama in October 1862 and CSS Tacony in June 1863. Sabine returned to New York for blockade duty with the North Atlantic Blockading Squadron until ordered in August 1864 to Norfolk, Virginia as a training ship for Navy apprentices and landsmen. Training ship, 1865–1877 After the war, she was transferred to New London, Connecticut for the same purpose until 1868. In 1867, an apprentice on Sabine, Frank Du Moulin, was awarded the Medal of Honor for rescuing a crewmate who had fallen from the rigging into the water. In 1869 and 1870, the ship conducted midshipman training cruises to European and Mediterranean ports. In 1871 Sabine was repaired at Boston; and, from 1872 to 1876, she served as a receiving ship at Portsmouth, New Hampshire. In 1877, she was laid up until she was sold on 23 September 1883 at Portsmouth to J.L. Snow of Rockland, Maine. Memorials The last remaining armament from the Sabine, a 6.4 inch 100 Pounder Parrott Rifled Naval Cannon, currently resides on display outside the Grand Traverse County courthouse in Traverse City, Michigan. It was one of the two 100-pounder rifled cannons that were mounted on swiveling carriages on the Sabine. The cannon was donated to Grand Traverse County by Senator William Alden Smith in 1910. See also American Civil War portal Union Navy Union blockade References ^ Expenses of the Paraguay Expedition – House of Representatives, 36th Congress, 1st Session, Mis. Doc. No. 86 (11 May 1860), p. 142 ^ "Medal of Honor Recipients – Interim Awards, 1866–1870". Medal of Honor Citations. United States Army Center of Military History. 3 August 2009. Retrieved 14 July 2010. External links Media related to USS Sabine (ship, 1855) at Wikimedia Commons This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. The entry can be found here.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"USS Sabine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Sabine"},{"link_name":"sailing frigate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailing_frigate"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"USS Monitor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Monitor"},{"link_name":"New York Navy Yard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Navy_Yard"},{"link_name":"Brandywine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Brandywine"},{"link_name":"Henry A. 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Adams in command.","title":"USS Sabine (1855)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Service history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Paraguay_Squadron.jpg"},{"link_name":"Paraguay Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraguay_expedition"},{"link_name":"Harper's Weekly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harper%27s_Weekly"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Montevideo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montevideo"},{"link_name":"Buenos Aires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buenos_Aires"},{"link_name":"Paraguay expedition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraguay_expedition"},{"link_name":"Flag Officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_Officer"},{"link_name":"William B. 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She conveyed Commissioner Bowlin and served as flagship during the voyage to South America, but was not officially considered part of the expedition fleet, as she was not designed to act against Paraguay, not being able to ascend the river.[1] The expedition won the United States an indemnity, an apology, and a renewed treaty. Sabine then operated out of New York with the Home Fleet until July 1861.","title":"Service history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USS_Sabine.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sailor_J.F.W._Mitchell_of_the_U.S.S._Sabine_in_uniform_LCCN2017660634.jpg"},{"link_name":"Library of Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress"},{"link_name":"Portsmouth Naval Shipyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth_Naval_Shipyard"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Blockading Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Blockading_Squadron"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Frank_Leslie%27s_scenes_and_portraits_of_the_Civil_War_(1894)_(14576208538).jpg"},{"link_name":"Fort Pickens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Pickens"},{"link_name":"South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Vermont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Vermont_(1848)"},{"link_name":"ship-of-the-line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship-of-the-line"},{"link_name":"Port Royal, South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Royal,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"CSS Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS_Alabama"},{"link_name":"CSS Tacony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS_Tacony"},{"link_name":"North Atlantic Blockading Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Atlantic_Blockading_Squadron"},{"link_name":"Norfolk, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk,_Virginia"}],"sub_title":"Civil War, 1861–1865","text":"USS Sabine14-year-old Sailor J.F.W. Mitchell of the U.S.S. Sabine in uniform, who enlisted in the Navy in March 1865. From the Liljenquist Family Collection of Civil War Photographs, Prints and Photographs Division, Library of CongressThrough July and August, she was out of commission at Portsmouth Naval Shipyard. Recommissioning on 30 August, she was ordered to join the Atlantic Blockading Squadron on 9 September.The rescue of Major Reynold's battalion of marines from the foundering steamer Governor November 1861During the Civil War, Sabine was actively employed along the east coast searching for Confederate raiders. She participated in the relief and reinforcement of Fort Pickens, Florida, in April 1861, under command of Capt. 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Snow of Rockland, Maine.","title":"Service history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Parrott Rifled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parrott_rifle"},{"link_name":"Grand Traverse County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Traverse_County,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Traverse City, Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traverse_City,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"William Alden Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Alden_Smith"}],"text":"The last remaining armament from the Sabine, a 6.4 inch 100 Pounder Parrott Rifled Naval Cannon, currently resides on display outside the Grand Traverse County courthouse in Traverse City, Michigan. It was one of the two 100-pounder rifled cannons that were mounted on swiveling carriages on the Sabine. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutford_Ice_Stream	Rutford Ice Stream	["1 Tributary glaciers","2 See also","3 Further reading","4 References"]	Coordinates: 79°00′S 81°00′W / 79.000°S 81.000°W / -79.000; -81.000Antarctic ice stream Radarsat image of ice streams, including the Rutford, flowing into the Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf Map of Northern Sentinel Range and upper Rutford Ice Stream. Map of Sentinel Range and Rutford Ice Stream. Map of Heritage Range and lower Rutford Ice Stream. Rutford Ice Stream (79°00′S 81°00′W / 79.000°S 81.000°W / -79.000; -81.000) is a major Antarctic ice stream, about 290 kilometres (180 mi) long and over 24 kilometres (15 mi) wide, which drains southeastward between the Sentinel Range, Ellsworth Mountains and Fletcher Ice Rise into the southwest part of Ronne Ice Shelf. Named by US-ACAN for geologist Robert Hoxie Rutford, a member of several USARP expeditions to Antarctica; leader of the University of Minnesota Ellsworth Mountains Party, 1963-1964. Rutford served as Director of the Division of Polar Programs, National Science Foundation, 1975-1977. The ice stream is situated in a deep trough which is a tectonic feature between the Ellsworth Mountains and the Fletcher Promontory. Because of this the ice stream position may have been stable for millions of years. The bed of the ice stream reaches 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) below sea level. Therefore, between the bed of the ice stream and the height of the Ellsworth Mountains there is a vertical relief of 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) over a distance of only 40 kilometres (25 mi). At the upper (inland) end of the ice stream the ice thickness reaches 3,100 metres (10,200 ft) falling to around 2,300 metres (7,500 ft) in the trough. Flow speed reaches a maximum of around 400 metres (1,300 ft) per year about 40 kilometres (25 mi) inland from where the ice stream meets the Ronne Ice Shelf and starts to float on the sea. The speed of the Rutford ice stream varies by as much as 20% every two weeks, in response to variations in the tides. Tributary glaciers Yamen Glacier Vicha Glacier Newcomer Glacier Vit Ice Piedmont Embree Glacier Young Glacier Ranuli Ice Piedmont Ellen Glacier Lardeya Ice Piedmont Guerrero Glacier Hough Glacier Remington Glacier Thomas Glacier Razboyna Glacier Drama Glacier Gabare Glacier Divdyadovo Glacier Minnesota Glacier Union Glacier See also List of glaciers in the Antarctic List of Antarctic ice streams Further reading Edward C. King, Flow dynamics of the Rutford Ice Stream ice-drainage basin, West Antarctica, from radar stratigraphy, Annals of Glaciology 50(51) 2009 G.H. GUDMUNDSSON, A. JENKINS, Ice-flow velocities on Rutford Ice Stream, West Antarctica, are stable over decadal timescales, Journal of Glaciology, Vol. 55, No. 190, 2009, PP 339–344 Edward C. King, Hamish D. Pritchard, and Andrew M. Smith, Subglacial landforms beneath Rutford Ice Stream, Antarctica: detailed bed topography from ice-penetrating radar, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 8, 151–158, 2016, doi:10.5194/essd-8-151-2016, PP 151–158 John WOODWARD, Edward C. King, Hamish D. Pritchard, and Andrew M. Smith, Radar surveys of the Rutford Ice Stream onset zone, West Antarctica: indications of flow (in)stability?, Annals of Glaciology 50(51) 2009, PP 57–62 References ^ "Rutford Ice Stream". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 6 November 2009. ^ a b Doake, C.; H. Corr; A. Jenkins; K. Makinson; K. Nichalls; C. Nath; A. Smith & D. Vaughan (2001). "Rutford Ice Stream, Antarctica". In Alley, Richard & Bindschadler, Robert (eds.). The West Antarctic Ice Sheet: Behaviour and Environment. American Geophysical Union. pp. 221–235. ISBN 0-87590-957-4. ^ ScienceDaily, Tidal Motion Influences Antarctic Ice Sheet Dec. 24, 2006 This article incorporates public domain material from "Rutford Ice Stream". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. Authority control databases: National Israel United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FRicestreams.jpg"},{"link_name":"Radarsat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radarsat"},{"link_name":"Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filchner-Ronne_Ice_Shelf"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Northern-Sentinel-Map.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vinson-Map.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Union-Glacier.jpg"},{"link_name":"79°00′S 81°00′W / 79.000°S 81.000°W / -79.000; -81.000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Rutford_Ice_Stream&params=79_00_S_81_00_W_"},{"link_name":"ice stream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_stream"},{"link_name":"Sentinel Range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentinel_Range"},{"link_name":"Ellsworth Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellsworth_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Fletcher Ice Rise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fletcher_Ice_Rise"},{"link_name":"Ronne Ice Shelf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronne_Ice_Shelf"},{"link_name":"Robert Hoxie Rutford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Hoxie_Rutford"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USGSgnisrutford-1"},{"link_name":"relief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrain"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wais2001-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wais2001-2"},{"link_name":"tides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tide#Range_variation:_springs_and_neaps"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Antarctic ice streamRadarsat image of ice streams, including the Rutford, flowing into the Filchner-Ronne Ice ShelfMap of Northern Sentinel Range and upper Rutford Ice Stream.Map of Sentinel Range and Rutford Ice Stream.Map of Heritage Range and lower Rutford Ice Stream.Rutford Ice Stream (79°00′S 81°00′W / 79.000°S 81.000°W / -79.000; -81.000) is a major Antarctic ice stream, about 290 kilometres (180 mi) long and over 24 kilometres (15 mi) wide, which drains southeastward between the Sentinel Range, Ellsworth Mountains and Fletcher Ice Rise into the southwest part of Ronne Ice Shelf. Named by US-ACAN for geologist Robert Hoxie Rutford, a member of several USARP expeditions to Antarctica; leader of the University of Minnesota Ellsworth Mountains Party, 1963-1964. Rutford served as Director of the Division of Polar Programs, National Science Foundation, 1975-1977.[1]The ice stream is situated in a deep trough which is a tectonic feature between the Ellsworth Mountains and the Fletcher Promontory. Because of this the ice stream position may have been stable for millions of years. The bed of the ice stream reaches 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) below sea level. Therefore, between the bed of the ice stream and the height of the Ellsworth Mountains there is a vertical relief of 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) over a distance of only 40 kilometres (25 mi).[2] At the upper (inland) end of the ice stream the ice thickness reaches 3,100 metres (10,200 ft) falling to around 2,300 metres (7,500 ft) in the trough. Flow speed reaches a maximum of around 400 metres (1,300 ft) per year about 40 kilometres (25 mi) inland from where the ice stream meets the Ronne Ice Shelf and starts to float on the sea.[2]The speed of the Rutford ice stream varies by as much as 20% every two weeks, in response to variations in the tides.[3]","title":"Rutford Ice Stream"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yamen Glacier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamen_Glacier"},{"link_name":"Vicha Glacier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicha_Glacier"},{"link_name":"Newcomer Glacier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcomer_Glacier"},{"link_name":"Vit Ice Piedmont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vit_Ice_Piedmont"},{"link_name":"Embree Glacier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embree_Glacier"},{"link_name":"Young Glacier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Glacier"},{"link_name":"Ranuli Ice Piedmont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranuli_Ice_Piedmont"},{"link_name":"Ellen Glacier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen_Glacier"},{"link_name":"Lardeya Ice Piedmont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lardeya_Ice_Piedmont"},{"link_name":"Guerrero Glacier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerrero_Glacier"},{"link_name":"Hough Glacier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hough_Glacier"},{"link_name":"Remington Glacier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remington_Glacier"},{"link_name":"Thomas Glacier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Glacier"},{"link_name":"Razboyna Glacier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razboyna_Glacier"},{"link_name":"Drama Glacier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama_Glacier"},{"link_name":"Gabare Glacier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabare_Glacier"},{"link_name":"Divdyadovo Glacier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divdyadovo_Glacier"},{"link_name":"Minnesota Glacier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_Glacier"},{"link_name":"Union Glacier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Glacier"}],"text":"Yamen Glacier\nVicha Glacier\nNewcomer Glacier\nVit Ice Piedmont\nEmbree Glacier\nYoung Glacier\nRanuli Ice Piedmont\nEllen Glacier\nLardeya Ice Piedmont\nGuerrero Glacier\nHough Glacier\nRemington Glacier\nThomas Glacier\nRazboyna Glacier\nDrama Glacier\nGabare Glacier\nDivdyadovo Glacier\nMinnesota Glacier\nUnion Glacier","title":"Tributary glaciers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Flow dynamics of the Rutford Ice Stream ice-drainage basin, West Antarctica, from radar stratigraphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//core.ac.uk/download/pdf/55823.pdf"},{"link_name":"Ice-flow velocities on Rutford Ice Stream, West Antarctica, are stable over decadal timescales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/DE7BA5316F20A7FA6C7E2F28CF93EB55/S0022143000200592a.pdf/iceflow_velocities_on_rutford_ice_stream_west_antarctica_are_stable_over_decadal_timescales.pdf"},{"link_name":"Subglacial landforms beneath Rutford Ice Stream, Antarctica: detailed bed topography from ice-penetrating radar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/511860/1/King.pdf"},{"link_name":"Radar surveys of the Rutford Ice Stream onset zone, West Antarctica: indications of flow (in)stability?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/7293845BFDA6373E733E03A5F9986436/S0260305500250672a.pdf/radar_surveys_of_the_rutford_ice_stream_onset_zone_west_antarctica_indications_of_flow_instability.pdf"}],"text":"Edward C. King, Flow dynamics of the Rutford Ice Stream ice-drainage basin, West Antarctica, from radar stratigraphy, Annals of Glaciology 50(51) 2009\nG.H. GUDMUNDSSON, A. JENKINS, Ice-flow velocities on Rutford Ice Stream, West Antarctica, are stable over decadal timescales, Journal of Glaciology, Vol. 55, No. 190, 2009, PP 339–344\nEdward C. King, Hamish D. Pritchard, and Andrew M. Smith, Subglacial landforms beneath Rutford Ice Stream, Antarctica: detailed bed topography from ice-penetrating radar, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 8, 151–158, 2016, doi:10.5194/essd-8-151-2016, PP 151–158\nJohn WOODWARD, Edward C. King, Hamish D. Pritchard, and Andrew M. Smith, Radar surveys of the Rutford Ice Stream onset zone, West Antarctica: indications of flow (in)stability?, Annals of Glaciology 50(51) 2009, PP 57–62","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"Radarsat image of ice streams, including the Rutford, flowing into the Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/FRicestreams.jpg/300px-FRicestreams.jpg"},{"image_text":"Map of Northern Sentinel Range and upper Rutford Ice Stream.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Northern-Sentinel-Map.jpg/220px-Northern-Sentinel-Map.jpg"},{"image_text":"Map of Sentinel Range and Rutford Ice Stream.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Vinson-Map.jpg/220px-Vinson-Map.jpg"},{"image_text":"Map of Heritage Range and lower Rutford Ice Stream.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Union-Glacier.jpg/220px-Union-Glacier.jpg"}]	[{"title":"List of glaciers in the Antarctic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_glaciers_in_the_Antarctic"},{"title":"List of Antarctic ice streams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_ice_streams"}]	[{"reference":"\"Rutford Ice Stream\". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 6 November 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/2020/https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=gnispq:5:::NO::P5_ANTAR_ID:13077","url_text":"\"Rutford Ice Stream\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System","url_text":"Geographic Names Information System"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"Doake, C.; H. Corr; A. Jenkins; K. Makinson; K. Nichalls; C. Nath; A. Smith & D. Vaughan (2001). \"Rutford Ice Stream, Antarctica\". In Alley, Richard & Bindschadler, Robert (eds.). The West Antarctic Ice Sheet: Behaviour and Environment. American Geophysical Union. pp. 221–235. ISBN 0-87590-957-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Geophysical_Union","url_text":"American Geophysical Union"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87590-957-4","url_text":"0-87590-957-4"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Rutford_Ice_Stream&params=79_00_S_81_00_W_","external_links_name":"79°00′S 81°00′W / 79.000°S 81.000°W / -79.000; -81.000"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Rutford_Ice_Stream&params=79_00_S_81_00_W_","external_links_name":"79°00′S 81°00′W / 79.000°S 81.000°W / -79.000; -81.000"},{"Link":"https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/55823.pdf","external_links_name":"Flow dynamics of the Rutford Ice Stream ice-drainage basin, West Antarctica, from radar stratigraphy"},{"Link":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/DE7BA5316F20A7FA6C7E2F28CF93EB55/S0022143000200592a.pdf/iceflow_velocities_on_rutford_ice_stream_west_antarctica_are_stable_over_decadal_timescales.pdf","external_links_name":"Ice-flow velocities on Rutford Ice Stream, West Antarctica, are stable over decadal timescales"},{"Link":"http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/511860/1/King.pdf","external_links_name":"Subglacial landforms beneath Rutford Ice Stream, Antarctica: detailed bed topography from ice-penetrating radar"},{"Link":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/7293845BFDA6373E733E03A5F9986436/S0260305500250672a.pdf/radar_surveys_of_the_rutford_ice_stream_onset_zone_west_antarctica_indications_of_flow_instability.pdf","external_links_name":"Radar surveys of the Rutford Ice Stream onset zone, West Antarctica: indications of flow (in)stability?"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/2020/https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=gnispq:5:::NO::P5_ANTAR_ID:13077","external_links_name":"\"Rutford Ice Stream\""},{"Link":"https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/12/061221075130.htm","external_links_name":"ScienceDaily, Tidal Motion Influences Antarctic Ice Sheet Dec. 24, 2006"},{"Link":"https://www.usgs.gov/information-policies-and-instructions/copyrights-and-credits","external_links_name":"public domain material"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/2020/https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=gnispq:5:::NO::P5_ANTAR_ID:13077","external_links_name":"\"Rutford Ice Stream\""},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007549582605171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2004003572","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daylight_Limited	Daylight Limited	["1 Introduction","2 Operation","3 Replacement","4 References","5 External links"]	Former rail service between Auckland and Wellington For the Southern Pacific train, see Coast Daylight. The Daylight Limited was an express passenger train between Auckland and Wellington, New Zealand along the North Island Main Trunk. It commenced in 1925 and was replaced by the Scenic Daylight in 1963. Introduction After the introduction of the Night Limited in 1924, the New Zealand Railways Department investigated the possibility of a daylight train between Wellington and Auckland. It was introduced on a trial basis in 1925-26, but was then cancelled until another trial in 1929-30. The economic impact of the Great Depression intervened and the service was cut back to operating solely during the Christmas and Easter peak seasons. Operation In the off-peak season the Night Limited catered for passenger demand between Auckland and Wellington, but at the times of the most intense demand extra trains ran. In the early years of the service, AB and sometimes WAB class steam locomotives operated the train, and later more modern locomotives such as the KA class were used, with ED and EW electric locomotives between Wellington and Paekākāriki from 1940. The train made extended stops at Mercer, Frankton, Taumarunui and Marton for refreshments: Marton refreshment rooms closed in 1954 and Mercer in 1958. Replacement In 1963, the train was replaced by the diesel-hauled Scenic Daylight operating year-round. References New Zealand History Online - The Daylight Limited: Poster and Article External links Photo of Limited Express at Frankton Station c1937 vteLong distance passenger trains of New ZealandOperationalNorth Island Northern Explorer Capital Connection Te Huia Wairarapa Connection South Island Coastal Pacific TranzAlpine Seasider Taieri Gorge Limited HistoricNorth Island Bay Express Blue Streak Daylight Limited Endeavour Geyserland Express Kaimai Express Napier Express New Plymouth Express New Plymouth Night Express Night Limited Northerner Northland Express Overlander Rotorua Express Scenic Daylight Silver Fern Silver Star Taneatua Express Taranaki Flyer Thames Express Waikato Connection Wairarapa Mail South Island Culverden Express Kingston Flyer Lynx Express Picton Express South Island Limited Southerner	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Coast Daylight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coast_Daylight"},{"link_name":"Auckland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland"},{"link_name":"Wellington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"North Island Main Trunk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Island_Main_Trunk"},{"link_name":"Scenic Daylight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scenic_Daylight"}],"text":"For the Southern Pacific train, see Coast Daylight.The Daylight Limited was an express passenger train between Auckland and Wellington, New Zealand along the North Island Main Trunk. It commenced in 1925 and was replaced by the Scenic Daylight in 1963.","title":"Daylight Limited"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Night Limited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_Limited"},{"link_name":"New Zealand Railways Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Railways_Department"},{"link_name":"Great Depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression"}],"text":"After the introduction of the Night Limited in 1924, the New Zealand Railways Department investigated the possibility of a daylight train between Wellington and Auckland. It was introduced on a trial basis in 1925-26, but was then cancelled until another trial in 1929-30. The economic impact of the Great Depression intervened and the service was cut back to operating solely during the Christmas and Easter peak seasons.","title":"Introduction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NZR_Ab_class"},{"link_name":"WAB class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NZR_Wab_class"},{"link_name":"steam locomotives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_locomotive"},{"link_name":"KA class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NZR_Ka_class"},{"link_name":"ED","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NZR_ED_class"},{"link_name":"EW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NZR_EW_class"},{"link_name":"Wellington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Paekākāriki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paek%C4%81k%C4%81riki"},{"link_name":"Mercer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercer_Railway_Station"},{"link_name":"Frankton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_Railway_Station,_Waikato"},{"link_name":"Taumarunui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taumarunui"},{"link_name":"Marton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marton,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daylight_Limited#endnote_refresh"}],"text":"In the off-peak season the Night Limited catered for passenger demand between Auckland and Wellington, but at the times of the most intense demand extra trains ran. In the early years of the service, AB and sometimes WAB class steam locomotives operated the train, and later more modern locomotives such as the KA class were used, with ED and EW electric locomotives between Wellington and Paekākāriki from 1940.The train made extended stops at Mercer, Frankton, Taumarunui and Marton for refreshments: Marton refreshment rooms closed in 1954 and Mercer in 1958.[1]","title":"Operation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scenic Daylight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scenic_Daylight"}],"text":"In 1963, the train was replaced by the diesel-hauled Scenic Daylight operating year-round.","title":"Replacement"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daylight_Limited#endnote_refresh","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/media/photo/the-limited-express-train","external_links_name":"New Zealand History Online - The Daylight Limited: Poster and Article"},{"Link":"https://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/Gov12_06Rail-fig-Gov12_06Rail031a.html","external_links_name":"Photo of Limited Express at Frankton Station c1937"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Meta	Monte Meta	["1 Geography","2 Toponymy","3 Access to the summit","4 See also","5 Notes","6 External links"]	Coordinates: 41°41′19.68″N 13°56′23.35″E / 41.6888000°N 13.9398194°E / 41.6888000; 13.9398194Mountain in Italy Monte MetaView from Valle PaganaHighest pointElevation2,241 m (7,352 ft)Prominence211 m (692 ft) Isolation4.6 km (2.9 mi) Coordinates41°41′19.68″N 13°56′23.35″E / 41.6888000°N 13.9398194°E / 41.6888000; 13.9398194GeographyMonte MetaLocation in Italy LocationMolise, Lazio, Abruzzo - ItalyParent rangeMonti della MetaClimbingEasiest routeHike Monte Meta (or simply La Meta) is a mountain of the Apennine Mountains, in central Italy. Geography The mountain is part of the Monti della Meta range and lies in the Parco Nazionale d'Abruzzo, Lazio e Molise. It includes a tripoint where the Italian regions of Lazio, Abruzzo and Molise meet; concerned comuni are Alfedena (AQ), Picinisco (FR) and Pizzone (IS). The tripoint is located on its western sub-summit, at 2185 m, which is also the highest point of Molise. Toponymy More than Monte Meta (masculine) the mountain is usually called in the spoken language la Meta (feminine); it gives the name to the Monti della Meta, an Apennine sub-range. Access to the summit La Meta covered with snow (march) Due to an important population of Rupicapra pyrenaica ssp. ornata living on the mountain, the access to the area is strictly regulated in order to reduce disturbance. A single footpath (named L1) is accessible to hikers during the summer. Also the days of the week for hikes and the number of hikers admitted per day are fixed, and a previous authorization must be requested to the natural park administration. See also Italy portalMountains portal List of Italian regions by highest point Notes ^ Barnes, Adriano (1987). Abruzzo con lo zaino. Edizioni Mediterranee. p. 155. Retrieved 2016-07-15. ^ a b "Italy Region High Points". Retrieved 2016-07-15. ^ Carta 1:25.00, Istituto Geografico Militare (on-line:www.pcn.minambiente.it) ^ "Sentiero di accesso al Monte Meta". Parco Nazionale Abruzzo, Lazio e Molise. Retrieved 2016-07-16. ^ "MONTE META A NUMERO CHIUSO DAL 13 AGOSTO AL 5 SETTEMBRE". www.prolocoalfedena.org. Pro Loco di Alfedena. Archived from the original on 2016-08-14. Retrieved 2016-07-16. External links "L1 foothpat description". "Anello della Meta da Campitelli (a short trekking in the area". Media related to Monte Meta at Wikimedia Commons	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pkb-2"},{"link_name":"mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain"},{"link_name":"Apennine Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apennine_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"}],"text":"Mountain in ItalyMonte Meta (or simply La Meta[2]) is a mountain of the Apennine Mountains, in central Italy.","title":"Monte Meta"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Monti della Meta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monti_della_Meta"},{"link_name":"Parco Nazionale d'Abruzzo, Lazio e Molise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parco_Nazionale_d%27Abruzzo,_Lazio_e_Molise"},{"link_name":"tripoint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripoint"},{"link_name":"Lazio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazio"},{"link_name":"Abruzzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abruzzo"},{"link_name":"Molise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molise"},{"link_name":"comuni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comune"},{"link_name":"Alfedena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfedena"},{"link_name":"AQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provincia_dell%27Aquila"},{"link_name":"Picinisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picinisco"},{"link_name":"FR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provincia_di_Frosinone"},{"link_name":"Pizzone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pizzone"},{"link_name":"IS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provincia_di_Isernia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGM-3"},{"link_name":"Molise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molise"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pkb-2"}],"text":"The mountain is part of the Monti della Meta range and lies in the Parco Nazionale d'Abruzzo, Lazio e Molise. It includes a tripoint where the Italian regions of Lazio, Abruzzo and Molise meet; concerned comuni are Alfedena (AQ), Picinisco (FR) and Pizzone (IS).[3] The tripoint is located on its western sub-summit, at 2185 m, which is also the highest point of Molise.[2]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"masculine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_gender"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Monti della Meta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monti_della_Meta"},{"link_name":"Apennine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apennine_Mountains"}],"text":"More than Monte Meta (masculine) the mountain is usually called in the spoken language la Meta (feminine);[4] it gives the name to the Monti della Meta, an Apennine sub-range.","title":"Toponymy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:La_Meta_da_Alvito.jpg"},{"link_name":"Rupicapra pyrenaica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupicapra_pyrenaica"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"La Meta covered with snow (march)Due to an important population of Rupicapra pyrenaica ssp. ornata living on the mountain, the access to the area is strictly regulated in order to reduce disturbance. A single footpath (named L1) is accessible to hikers during the summer. Also the days of the week for hikes and the number of hikers admitted per day are fixed, and a previous authorization must be requested to the natural park administration.[5]","title":"Access to the summit"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Abruzzo con lo zaino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=y1XJTgWqmc0C&q=%22Monte+Meta%22&pg=PA155"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-pkb_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-pkb_2-1"},{"link_name":"\"Italy Region High Points\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//peakbagger.com/list.aspx?lid=12270"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-IGM_3-0"},{"link_name":"Istituto Geografico Militare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istituto_Geografico_Militare"},{"link_name":"www.pcn.minambiente.it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.pcn.minambiente.it/viewer/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"Sentiero di accesso al Monte Meta\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.google.it/webhp?sourceid=chrome-instant&ion=1&espv=2&ie=UTF-8#q=%22monte%20meta%22%20%22%20la%20meta%22%20femminile"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"MONTE META A NUMERO CHIUSO DAL 13 AGOSTO AL 5 SETTEMBRE\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20160814190857/http://www.prolocoalfedena.org/doceboCms/index.php?mn=news&pi=93_404&id=269"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.prolocoalfedena.org/doceboCms/index.php?mn=news&pi=93_404&id=269"}],"text":"^ Barnes, Adriano (1987). Abruzzo con lo zaino. Edizioni Mediterranee. p. 155. Retrieved 2016-07-15.\n\n^ a b \"Italy Region High Points\". Retrieved 2016-07-15.\n\n^ Carta 1:25.00, Istituto Geografico Militare (on-line:www.pcn.minambiente.it)\n\n^ \"Sentiero di accesso al Monte Meta\". Parco Nazionale Abruzzo, Lazio e Molise. Retrieved 2016-07-16.\n\n^ \"MONTE META A NUMERO CHIUSO DAL 13 AGOSTO AL 5 SETTEMBRE\". www.prolocoalfedena.org. Pro Loco di Alfedena. Archived from the original on 2016-08-14. Retrieved 2016-07-16.","title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_text":"La Meta covered with snow (march)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/La_Meta_da_Alvito.jpg/220px-La_Meta_da_Alvito.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Italy portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Italy"},{"title":"Mountains portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Mountains"},{"title":"List of Italian regions by highest point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Italian_regions_by_highest_point"}]	[{"reference":"Barnes, Adriano (1987). Abruzzo con lo zaino. Edizioni Mediterranee. p. 155. Retrieved 2016-07-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=y1XJTgWqmc0C&q=%22Monte+Meta%22&pg=PA155","url_text":"Abruzzo con lo zaino"}]},{"reference":"\"Italy Region High Points\". Retrieved 2016-07-15.","urls":[{"url":"http://peakbagger.com/list.aspx?lid=12270","url_text":"\"Italy Region High Points\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sentiero di accesso al Monte Meta\". Parco Nazionale Abruzzo, Lazio e Molise. Retrieved 2016-07-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.google.it/webhp?sourceid=chrome-instant&ion=1&espv=2&ie=UTF-8#q=%22monte%20meta%22%20%22%20la%20meta%22%20femminile","url_text":"\"Sentiero di accesso al Monte Meta\""}]},{"reference":"\"MONTE META A NUMERO CHIUSO DAL 13 AGOSTO AL 5 SETTEMBRE\". www.prolocoalfedena.org. Pro Loco di Alfedena. Archived from the original on 2016-08-14. Retrieved 2016-07-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160814190857/http://www.prolocoalfedena.org/doceboCms/index.php?mn=news&pi=93_404&id=269","url_text":"\"MONTE META A NUMERO CHIUSO DAL 13 AGOSTO AL 5 SETTEMBRE\""},{"url":"http://www.prolocoalfedena.org/doceboCms/index.php?mn=news&pi=93_404&id=269","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"L1 foothpat description\".","urls":[{"url":"http://abruzzomolisenatura.forumfree.it/?t=33660359","url_text":"\"L1 foothpat description\""}]},{"reference":"\"Anello della Meta da Campitelli (a short trekking in the area\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sentierinatura.it/easyne2/LYT.aspx?Code=SentieriNatura&IDLYT=2713&ST=SQL&SQL=ID_Documento=3742","url_text":"\"Anello della Meta da Campitelli (a short trekking in the area\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Monte_Meta&params=41_41_19.68_N_13_56_23.35_E_type:mountain_region:IT_scale:100000","external_links_name":"41°41′19.68″N 13°56′23.35″E / 41.6888000°N 13.9398194°E / 41.6888000; 13.9398194"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Monte_Meta&params=41_41_19.68_N_13_56_23.35_E_type:mountain_region:IT_scale:100000","external_links_name":"41°41′19.68″N 13°56′23.35″E / 41.6888000°N 13.9398194°E / 41.6888000; 13.9398194"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=y1XJTgWqmc0C&q=%22Monte+Meta%22&pg=PA155","external_links_name":"Abruzzo con lo zaino"},{"Link":"http://peakbagger.com/list.aspx?lid=12270","external_links_name":"\"Italy Region High Points\""},{"Link":"http://www.pcn.minambiente.it/viewer/","external_links_name":"www.pcn.minambiente.it"},{"Link":"https://www.google.it/webhp?sourceid=chrome-instant&ion=1&espv=2&ie=UTF-8#q=%22monte%20meta%22%20%22%20la%20meta%22%20femminile","external_links_name":"\"Sentiero di accesso al Monte Meta\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160814190857/http://www.prolocoalfedena.org/doceboCms/index.php?mn=news&pi=93_404&id=269","external_links_name":"\"MONTE META A NUMERO CHIUSO DAL 13 AGOSTO AL 5 SETTEMBRE\""},{"Link":"http://www.prolocoalfedena.org/doceboCms/index.php?mn=news&pi=93_404&id=269","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://abruzzomolisenatura.forumfree.it/?t=33660359","external_links_name":"\"L1 foothpat description\""},{"Link":"http://www.sentierinatura.it/easyne2/LYT.aspx?Code=SentieriNatura&IDLYT=2713&ST=SQL&SQL=ID_Documento=3742","external_links_name":"\"Anello della Meta da Campitelli (a short trekking in the area\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SLC45A2	Membrane-associated transporter protein	["1 Function","2 See also","3 References","4 Further reading","5 External links"]	Protein SLC45A2IdentifiersAliasesSLC45A2, 1A1, AIM1, MATP, OCA4, SHEP5, solute carrier family 45 member 2External IDsOMIM: 606202; MGI: 2153040; HomoloGene: 9412; GeneCards: SLC45A2; OMA:SLC45A2 - orthologsGene location (Human)Chr.Chromosome 5 (human)Band5p13.2Start33,944,623 bpEnd33,984,693 bpGene location (Mouse)Chr.Chromosome 15 (mouse)Band15 A1\|15 5.4 cMStart11,000,807 bpEnd11,029,319 bpRNA expression patternBgeeHumanMouse (ortholog)Top expressed intesticleretinal pigment epitheliumgonadright lobe of liverislet of Langerhansright auricleskin of leghypothalamushuman kidneyfundusTop expressed inirisstria vascularishair folliclegastrulaciliary bodysurface ectodermembryoprimary oocytecorneacochleaMore reference expression dataBioGPSMore reference expression dataGene ontologyMolecular function sucrose:proton symporter activity Cellular component melanosome membrane integral component of membrane membrane Biological process sucrose transport developmental pigmentation melanin biosynthetic process response to stimulus visual perception Sources:Amigo / QuickGOOrthologsSpeciesHumanMouseEntrez5115122293EnsemblENSG00000281919ENSG00000164175ENSMUSG00000022243UniProtQ9UMX9P58355RefSeq (mRNA)NM_001012509NM_001297417NM_016180NM_053077RefSeq (protein)NP_001012527NP_001284346NP_057264NP_444307Location (UCSC)Chr 5: 33.94 – 33.98 MbChr 15: 11 – 11.03 MbPubMed searchWikidataView/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse Membrane-associated transporter protein (MATP), also known as solute carrier family 45 member 2 (SLC45A2) or melanoma antigen AIM1, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC45A2 gene. In human, the SLC45A2 gene is located on the short (p) arm of chromosome 5 at position 13.2. Function SLC45A2 is a transporter protein that mediates melanin synthesis. It may regulate the pH of the melanosome, affecting tyrosinase activity. SLC45A2 is also a melanocyte differentiation antigen that is expressed in a high percentage of melanoma cell lines. A similar sequence gene in medaka fish, 'B,' encodes a transporter that mediates melanin synthesis. Mutations in this gene are a cause of oculocutaneous albinism type 4. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms. Protein expression is localized to the melanosome, and analysis of the by knockdown of RNA expression leads to altered melanosome pH potentially altering tyrosinase function by affecting copper binding. In melanocytic cell types, the SLC45A2 gene is regulated by microphthalmia-associated transcription factor. SLC45A2 has been found to play a role in pigmentation in several species. In humans, it has been identified as a factor in the light skin of Europeans and as an ancestry-informative marker (AIM) for distinguishing Sri Lankan from European ancestry. Mutations in the gene have also been identified as the cause of human Type IV oculocutaneous albinism. SLC45A2 is the so-called cream gene responsible in horses for buckskin, palomino and cremello coloration, while a mutation in this gene underlies the white tiger variant. In dogs a mutation to this gene causes white fur, pink skin, and blue eyes. SLC45A2 was identified as a melanoma tumor-associated antigen with high tumor specificity and reduced potential for autoimmune toxicity, and is currently in clinical development as a target for T-cell based immunotherapy. See also Solute carrier family References ^ a b c ENSG00000164175 GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000281919, ENSG00000164175 – Ensembl, May 2017 ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000022243 – Ensembl, May 2017 ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. ^ Nakayama K, Fukamachi S, Kimura H, Koda Y, Soemantri A, Ishida T (Mar 2002). "Distinctive distribution of AIM1 polymorphism among major human populations with different skin color". Journal of Human Genetics. 47 (2): 92–4. doi:10.1007/s100380200007. PMID 11916009. ^ Newton JM, Cohen-Barak O, Hagiwara N, Gardner JM, Davisson MT, King RA, et al. (November 2001). "Mutations in the human orthologue of the mouse underwhite gene (uw) underlie a new form of oculocutaneous albinism, OCA4". American Journal of Human Genetics. 69 (5): 981–8. doi:10.1086/324340. PMC 1274374. PMID 11574907. ^ a b "Entrez Gene: SLC45A2 solute carrier family 45, member 2". ^ Mariat D, Taourit S, Guérin G (2003). "A mutation in the MATP gene causes the cream coat colour in the horse". Genetics Selection Evolution. 35 (1): 119–133. doi:10.1186/1297-9686-35-1-119. PMC 2732686. PMID 12605854. ^ Harada M, Li YF, El-Gamil M, Rosenberg SA, Robbins PF (February 2001). "Use of an in vitro immunoselected tumor line to identify shared melanoma antigens recognized by HLA-A*0201-restricted T cells". Cancer Research. 61 (3): 1089–94. PMID 11221837. ^ Bin BH, Bhin J, Yang SH, Shin M, Nam YJ, Choi DH, et al. (2015). "Membrane-Associated Transporter Protein (MATP) Regulates Melanosomal pH and Influences Tyrosinase Activity". PLOS ONE. 10 (6): e0129273. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1029273B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0129273. PMC 4461305. PMID 26057890. ^ Du J, Fisher DE (January 2002). "Identification of Aim-1 as the underwhite mouse mutant and its transcriptional regulation by MITF". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 277 (1): 402–6. doi:10.1074/jbc.M110229200. PMID 11700328. ^ Hoek KS, Schlegel NC, Eichhoff OM, Widmer DS, Praetorius C, Einarsson SO, et al. (December 2008). "Novel MITF targets identified using a two-step DNA microarray strategy". Pigment Cell & Melanoma Research. 21 (6): 665–76. doi:10.1111/j.1755-148X.2008.00505.x. PMID 19067971. S2CID 24698373. ^ Soejima M, Koda Y (January 2007). "Population differences of two coding SNPs in pigmentation-related genes SLC24A5 and SLC45A2". International Journal of Legal Medicine. 121 (1): 36–9. doi:10.1007/s00414-006-0112-z. PMID 16847698. S2CID 11192076. ^ "OMIM Entry - #606574 - ALBINISM, OCULOCUTANEOUS, TYPE IV; OCA4". Mendelian Inheritance in Man. Johns Hopkins University. Retrieved 2020-08-05. ^ Xu X, Dong GX, Hu XS, Miao L, Zhang XL, Zhang DL, et al. (June 2013). "The genetic basis of white tigers". Current Biology. 23 (11): 1031–5. Bibcode:2013CBio...23.1031X. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2013.04.054. PMID 23707431. ^ Wijesena HR, Schmutz SM (May–June 2015). "A Missense Mutation in SLC45A2 Is Associated with Albinism in Several Small Long Haired Dog Breeds". The Journal of Heredity. 106 (3): 285–8. doi:10.1093/jhered/esv008. PMID 25790827. ^ Park J, Talukder AH, Lim SA, Kim K, Pan K, Melendez B, et al. (August 2017). "SLC45A2: A Melanoma Antigen with High Tumor Selectivity and Reduced Potential for Autoimmune Toxicity". Cancer Immunology Research. 5 (8): 618–629. doi:10.1158/2326-6066.CIR-17-0051. PMC 6087543. PMID 28630054. Further reading Fukamachi S, Shimada A, Shima A (August 2001). "Mutations in the gene encoding B, a novel transporter protein, reduce melanin content in medaka". Nature Genetics. 28 (4): 381–5. doi:10.1038/ng584. PMID 11479596. S2CID 25285273. Rundshagen U, Zühlke C, Opitz S, Schwinger E, Käsmann-Kellner B (February 2004). "Mutations in the MATP gene in five German patients affected by oculocutaneous albinism type 4". Human Mutation. 23 (2): 106–10. doi:10.1002/humu.10311. PMID 14722913. S2CID 40612241. Inagaki K, Suzuki T, Shimizu H, Ishii N, Umezawa Y, Tada J, et al. (March 2004). "Oculocutaneous albinism type 4 is one of the most common types of albinism in Japan". American Journal of Human Genetics. 74 (3): 466–71. doi:10.1086/382195. PMC 1182260. PMID 14961451. Yuasa I, Umetsu K, Watanabe G, Nakamura H, Endoh M, Irizawa Y (December 2004). "MATP polymorphisms in Germans and Japanese: the L374F mutation as a population marker for Caucasoids". International Journal of Legal Medicine. 118 (6): 364–6. doi:10.1007/s00414-004-0490-z. PMID 15455243. S2CID 35270576. Suzuki T, Inagaki K, Fukai K, Obana A, Lee ST, Tomita Y (January 2005). "A Korean case of oculocutaneous albinism type IV caused by a D157N mutation in the MATP gene". The British Journal of Dermatology. 152 (1): 174–5. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2005.06403.x. PMID 15656822. S2CID 31736225. Graf J, Hodgson R, van Daal A (March 2005). "Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the MATP gene are associated with normal human pigmentation variation". Human Mutation. 25 (3): 278–84. doi:10.1002/humu.20143. PMID 15714523. S2CID 31423377. Soejima M, Koda Y (January 2007). "Population differences of two coding SNPs in pigmentation-related genes SLC24A5 and SLC45A2". International Journal of Legal Medicine. 121 (1): 36–9. doi:10.1007/s00414-006-0112-z. PMID 16847698. S2CID 11192076. Lezirovitz K, Nicastro FS, Pardono E, Abreu-Silva RS, Batissoco AC, Neustein I, et al. (2006). "Is autosomal recessive deafness associated with oculocutaneous albinism a "coincidence syndrome"?". Journal of Human Genetics. 51 (8): 716–20. doi:10.1007/s10038-006-0003-7. PMID 16868655. Chi A, Valencia JC, Hu ZZ, Watabe H, Yamaguchi H, Mangini NJ, et al. (November 2006). "Proteomic and bioinformatic characterization of the biogenesis and function of melanosomes". Journal of Proteome Research. 5 (11): 3135–44. doi:10.1021/pr060363j. PMID 17081065. Zühlke C, Criée C, Gemoll T, Schillinger T, Kaesmann-Kellner B (June 2007). "Polymorphisms in the genes for oculocutaneous albinism type 1 and type 4 in the German population". Pigment Cell Research. 20 (3): 225–7. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0749.2007.00377.x. PMID 17516931. Sengupta M, Chaki M, Arti N, Ray K (August 2007). "SLC45A2 variations in Indian oculocutaneous albinism patients". Molecular Vision. 13: 1406–11. PMID 17768386. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to SLC45A2. GeneReviews/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on Oculocutaneous Albinism Type 4 This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain. vteMembrane proteins, carrier proteins: membrane transport proteins solute carrier (TC 2A)By groupSLC1–10(1): high affinity glutamate and neutral amino-acid transporter SLC1A1 2 3 4 5 6 7 (2): facilitative GLUT transporter SLC2A1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 (3): heavy subunits of heterodimeric amino-acid transporters SLC3A1 2 (4): bicarbonate transporter SLC4A1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 (5): sodium glucose cotransporter SLC5A1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 (6): sodium- and chloride- dependent sodium:neurotransmitter symporters SLC6A1 SLC6A2 SLC6A3 SLC6A4 SLC6A5 SLC6A6 SLC6A7 SLC6A8 SLC6A9 SLC6A10 SLC6A11 SLC6A12 SLC6A13 SLC6A14 SLC6A15 SLC6A16 SLC6A17 SLC6A18 SLC6A19 SLC6A20 (7): cationic amino-acid transporter/glycoprotein-associated SLC7A1 SLC7A2 SLC7A3 SLC7A4 glycoprotein-associated/light or catalytic subunits of heterodimeric amino-acid transporters SLC7A5 SLC7A6 SLC7A7 SLC7A8 SLC7A9 SLC7A10 SLC7A11 SLC7A13 SLC7A14 (8): Na+/Ca2+ exchanger SLC8A1 SLC8A2 SLC8A3 (9): Na+/H+ exchanger SLC9A1 SLC9A2 SLC9A3 SLC9A4 SLC9A5 SLC9A6 SLC9A7 SLC9A8 SLC9A9 SLC9A10 SLC9A11 (10): sodium bile salt cotransport SLC10A1 SLC10A2 SLC10A3 SLC10A4 SLC10A5 SLC10A6 SLC10A7 10A1 10A2 10A3 10A7 SLC11–20(11): proton coupled metal ion transporter SLC11A1 SLC11A211A3 (12): electroneutral cation-Cl cotransporter SLC12A1 SLC12A2 SLC12A3 SLC12A4 SLC12A5 SLC12A6 SLC12A7 SLC12A8 SLC12A9 (13): human Na+-sulfate/carboxylate cotransporter SLC13A1 SLC13A2 SLC13A3 SLC13A4 SLC13A5 (14): urea transporter SLC14A1 SLC14A2 (15): proton oligopeptide cotransporter SLC15A1 SLC15A2 SLC15A3 SLC15A4 (16): monocarboxylate transporter SLC16A1 SLC16A2 SLC16A3 SLC16A4 SLC16A5 SLC16A6 SLC16A7 SLC16A8 SLC16A9 SLC16A10 SLC16A11 SLC16A12 SLC16A13 SLC16A14 (17): Vesicular glutamate transporter 1 SLC17A1 SLC17A2 SLC17A3 SLC17A4 SLC17A5 SLC17A6 SLC17A7 SLC17A8 SLC17A9 (18): vesicular monoamine transporter SLC18A1 SLC18A2 SLC18A3 (19): folate/thiamine transporter SLC19A1 SLC19A2 SLC19A3 (20): type III Na+-phosphate cotransporter SLC20A1 SLC20A2 SLC21–30(21): Organic anion-transporting polypeptide SLCO1A2 SLCO1B1 SLCO1B3 SLCO1B4 SLCO1C1 SLCO2A1 SLCO2B1 SLCO3A1 SLCO4A1 SLCO4C1 SLCO5A1(SLCO6A1) (22): organic cation/anion/zwitterion transporter SLC22A1 SLC22A2 SLC22A3 SLC22A4 SLC22A5 SLC22A6 SLC22A7 SLC22A8 SLC22A9 SLC22A10 SLC22A11 SLC22A12 SLC22A13 SLC22A14 SLC22A15 SLC22A16 SLC22A17 SLC22A18 SLC22A19 SLC22A20 (23): Na+-dependent ascorbic acid transporter SLC23A1 SLC23A2 SLC23A3 SLC23A4 (24): Na+/(Ca2+-K+) exchanger SLC24A1 SLC24A2 SLC24A3 SLC24A4 SLC24A5 SLC24A6 (25): mitochondrial carrier SLC25A1 SLC25A2 SLC25A3 SLC25A4 SLC25A5 SLC25A6 SLC25A7 SLC25A8 SLC25A9 SLC25A10 SLC25A11 SLC25A12 SLC25A13 SLC25A14 SLC25A15 SLC25A16 SLC25A17 SLC25A18 SLC25A19 SLC25A20 SLC25A21 SLC25A22 SLC25A23 SLC25A24 SLC25A25 SLC25A26 SLC25A27 SLC25A28 SLC25A29 SLC25A30 SLC25A31 SLC25A32 SLC25A33 SLC25A34 SLC25A35 SLC25A36 SLC25A37 SLC25A38 SLC25A39 SLC25A40 SLC25A41 SLC25A42 SLC25A43 SLC25A44 SLC25A45 SLC25A46 (26): multifunctional anion exchanger SLC26A1 SLC26A2 SLC26A3 SLC26A4 SLC26A5 SLC26A6 SLC26A7 SLC26A8 SLC26A9 SLC26A10 SLC26A11 (27): fatty acid transport proteins SLC27A1 SLC27A2 SLC27A3 SLC27A4 SLC27A5 SLC27A6 (28): Na+-coupled nucleoside transport (SLC28A1 SLC28A2 SLC28A3 (29): facilitative nucleoside transporter SLC29A1 SLC29A2 SLC29A3 SLC29A4 (30): zinc efflux SLC30A1 SLC30A2 SLC30A3 SLC30A4 SLC30A5 SLC30A6 SLC30A7 SLC30A8 SLC30A9 SLC30A10 SLC31–40(31): copper transporter SLC31A1 (32): Vesicular glutamate transporter 1 SLC32A1 (33): Acetyl-CoA transporter SLC33A1 (34): type II Na+-phosphate cotransporter SLC34A1 SLC34A2 SLC34A3 (35): nucleoside-sugar transporter SLC35A1 SLC35A2 SLC35A3 SLC35A4 SLC35A5 SLC35B1 SLC35B2 SLC35B3 SLC35B4 SLC35C1 SLC35C2 SLC35D1 SLC35D2 SLC35D3 SLC35E1 SLC35E2 SLC35E3 SLC35E4 (36): proton-coupled amino-acid transporter SLC36A1 SLC36A2 SLC36A3 SLC36A436A2 (37): sugar-phosphate/phosphate exchanger SLC37A1 SLC37A2 SLC37A3 SLC37A4 (38): System A & N, sodium-coupled neutral amino-acid transporter SLC38A1 SLC38A2 SLC38A3 SLC38A4 SLC38A5 SLC38A6 SLC38A10 (39): metal ion transporter SLC39A1 SLC39A2 SLC39A3 SLC39A4 SLC39A5 SLC39A6 SLC39A7 SLC39A8 SLC39A9 SLC39A10 SLC39A11 SLC39A12 SLC39A13 SLC39A14 (40): basolateral iron transporter SLC40A1 SLC41–48(41): Magnesium transporter E SLC41A1 SLC41A2 SLC41A3 (42): Ammonia transporter RhAG RhBG RhCG (43): Na+-independent, system-L like amino-acid transporter SLC43A1 SLC43A2 SLC43A3 (44): Choline-like transporter SLC44A1 SLC44A2 SLC44A3 SLC44A4 SLC44A5 (45): Putative sugar transporter SLC45A1 SLC45A2 SLC54A3 SLC45A4 (46): Folate transporter SLC46A1 SLC46A2 (47): multidrug and toxin extrusion SLC47A1 SLC47A2 (48): Heme transporter SLCO1–4 O1A2 O1B1 O1B3 O2B1 O431 O4A1 Ion pumpsSymporter, Cotransporter Na+/K+,Cl− Na+/Pi3 Na+/Cl− Na+/glucose Na+/I− Cl−/K+ 4 5 Antiporter (exchanger) Na+/H+ Na+/Ca2+ Na+/(Ca2+-K+) - Cl−/HCO−3 (Band 3) Cl−-formate Cl−-oxalate see also solute carrier disorders This membrane protein–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"protein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein"},{"link_name":"gene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid11916009-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid11574907-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-entrez-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SLC45A2_location.png"},{"link_name":"chromosome 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_5_(human)"}],"text":"Membrane-associated transporter protein (MATP), also known as solute carrier family 45 member 2 (SLC45A2) or melanoma antigen AIM1, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC45A2 gene.[5][6][7]In human, the SLC45A2 gene is located on the short (p) arm of chromosome 5 at position 13.2.","title":"Membrane-associated transporter protein"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"transporter protein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transporter_protein"},{"link_name":"melanin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanin"},{"link_name":"pH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PH"},{"link_name":"melanosome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanosome"},{"link_name":"tyrosinase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrosinase"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"melanocyte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanocyte"},{"link_name":"melanoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanoma"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"medaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medaka"},{"link_name":"oculocutaneous albinism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oculocutaneous_albinism"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-entrez-7"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid26057890-10"},{"link_name":"microphthalmia-associated transcription factor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microphthalmia-associated_transcription_factor"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid11700328-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmidunknown-12"},{"link_name":"light skin of Europeans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_skin_colour#Genetics_of_skin_color_variation"},{"link_name":"ancestry-informative marker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancestry-informative_marker"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid16847698-13"},{"link_name":"oculocutaneous albinism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oculocutaneous_albinism"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"cream gene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cream_gene"},{"link_name":"white tiger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_tiger"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Xu_2013-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wijensa2015-16"},{"link_name":"melanoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanoma"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"SLC45A2 is a transporter protein that mediates melanin synthesis. It may regulate the pH of the melanosome, affecting tyrosinase activity.[8] SLC45A2 is also a melanocyte differentiation antigen that is expressed in a high percentage of melanoma cell lines.[9] A similar sequence gene in medaka fish, 'B,' encodes a transporter that mediates melanin synthesis. Mutations in this gene are a cause of oculocutaneous albinism type 4. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms.[7] Protein expression is localized to the melanosome, and analysis of the by knockdown of RNA expression leads to altered melanosome pH potentially altering tyrosinase function by affecting copper binding.[10]In melanocytic cell types, the SLC45A2 gene is regulated by microphthalmia-associated transcription factor.[11][12]SLC45A2 has been found to play a role in pigmentation in several species. In humans, it has been identified as a factor in the light skin of Europeans and as an ancestry-informative marker (AIM) for distinguishing Sri Lankan from European ancestry.[13] Mutations in the gene have also been identified as the cause of human Type IV oculocutaneous albinism.[14] SLC45A2 is the so-called cream gene responsible in horses for buckskin, palomino and cremello coloration, while a mutation in this gene underlies the white tiger variant.[15] In dogs a mutation to this gene causes white fur, pink skin, and blue eyes.[16]SLC45A2 was identified as a melanoma tumor-associated antigen with high tumor specificity and reduced potential for autoimmune toxicity, and is currently in clinical development as a target for T-cell based immunotherapy.[17]","title":"Function"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1038/ng584","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1038%2Fng584"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"11479596","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11479596"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"25285273","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25285273"},{"link_name":"\"Mutations in the MATP gene in five German patients affected by oculocutaneous albinism type 4\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1002%2Fhumu.10311"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1002/humu.10311","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1002%2Fhumu.10311"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"14722913","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14722913"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"40612241","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:40612241"},{"link_name":"\"Oculocutaneous albinism type 4 is one of the most common types of albinism in Japan\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1182260"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1086/382195","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1086%2F382195"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1182260","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1182260"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"14961451","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14961451"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1007/s00414-004-0490-z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00414-004-0490-z"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"15455243","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15455243"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"35270576","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:35270576"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1111/j.1365-2133.2005.06403.x","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2133.2005.06403.x"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"15656822","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15656822"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"31736225","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:31736225"},{"link_name":"\"Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the MATP gene are associated with normal human pigmentation variation\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1002%2Fhumu.20143"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1002/humu.20143","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1002%2Fhumu.20143"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"15714523","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15714523"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"31423377","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:31423377"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1007/s00414-006-0112-z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00414-006-0112-z"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"16847698","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16847698"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"11192076","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11192076"},{"link_name":"\"Is autosomal recessive deafness associated with oculocutaneous albinism a \"coincidence syndrome\"?\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10038-006-0003-7"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1007/s10038-006-0003-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10038-006-0003-7"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"16868655","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16868655"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1021/pr060363j","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1021%2Fpr060363j"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"17081065","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17081065"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1111/j.1600-0749.2007.00377.x","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1600-0749.2007.00377.x"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"17516931","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17516931"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"17768386","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17768386"}],"text":"Fukamachi S, Shimada A, Shima A (August 2001). \"Mutations in the gene encoding B, a novel transporter protein, reduce melanin content in medaka\". Nature Genetics. 28 (4): 381–5. doi:10.1038/ng584. PMID 11479596. S2CID 25285273.\nRundshagen U, Zühlke C, Opitz S, Schwinger E, Käsmann-Kellner B (February 2004). \"Mutations in the MATP gene in five German patients affected by oculocutaneous albinism type 4\". Human Mutation. 23 (2): 106–10. doi:10.1002/humu.10311. PMID 14722913. S2CID 40612241.\nInagaki K, Suzuki T, Shimizu H, Ishii N, Umezawa Y, Tada J, et al. (March 2004). \"Oculocutaneous albinism type 4 is one of the most common types of albinism in Japan\". American Journal of Human Genetics. 74 (3): 466–71. doi:10.1086/382195. PMC 1182260. PMID 14961451.\nYuasa I, Umetsu K, Watanabe G, Nakamura H, Endoh M, Irizawa Y (December 2004). \"MATP polymorphisms in Germans and Japanese: the L374F mutation as a population marker for Caucasoids\". International Journal of Legal Medicine. 118 (6): 364–6. doi:10.1007/s00414-004-0490-z. PMID 15455243. S2CID 35270576.\nSuzuki T, Inagaki K, Fukai K, Obana A, Lee ST, Tomita Y (January 2005). \"A Korean case of oculocutaneous albinism type IV caused by a D157N mutation in the MATP gene\". The British Journal of Dermatology. 152 (1): 174–5. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2005.06403.x. PMID 15656822. S2CID 31736225.\nGraf J, Hodgson R, van Daal A (March 2005). \"Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the MATP gene are associated with normal human pigmentation variation\". Human Mutation. 25 (3): 278–84. doi:10.1002/humu.20143. PMID 15714523. S2CID 31423377.\nSoejima M, Koda Y (January 2007). \"Population differences of two coding SNPs in pigmentation-related genes SLC24A5 and SLC45A2\". International Journal of Legal Medicine. 121 (1): 36–9. doi:10.1007/s00414-006-0112-z. PMID 16847698. S2CID 11192076.\nLezirovitz K, Nicastro FS, Pardono E, Abreu-Silva RS, Batissoco AC, Neustein I, et al. (2006). \"Is autosomal recessive deafness associated with oculocutaneous albinism a \"coincidence syndrome\"?\". Journal of Human Genetics. 51 (8): 716–20. doi:10.1007/s10038-006-0003-7. PMID 16868655.\nChi A, Valencia JC, Hu ZZ, Watabe H, Yamaguchi H, Mangini NJ, et al. (November 2006). \"Proteomic and bioinformatic characterization of the biogenesis and function of melanosomes\". Journal of Proteome Research. 5 (11): 3135–44. doi:10.1021/pr060363j. PMID 17081065.\nZühlke C, Criée C, Gemoll T, Schillinger T, Kaesmann-Kellner B (June 2007). \"Polymorphisms in the genes for oculocutaneous albinism type 1 and type 4 in the German population\". Pigment Cell Research. 20 (3): 225–7. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0749.2007.00377.x. PMID 17516931.\nSengupta M, Chaki M, Arti N, Ray K (August 2007). \"SLC45A2 variations in Indian oculocutaneous albinism patients\". Molecular Vision. 13: 1406–11. PMID 17768386.","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"In human, the SLC45A2 gene is located on the short (p) arm of chromosome 5 at position 13.2.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/SLC45A2_location.png/220px-SLC45A2_location.png"}]	[{"title":"Solute carrier family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solute_carrier_family"}]	[{"reference":"\"Human PubMed Reference:\". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Link&LinkName=gene_pubmed&from_uid=51151","url_text":"\"Human PubMed Reference:\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mouse PubMed Reference:\". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Link&LinkName=gene_pubmed&from_uid=22293","url_text":"\"Mouse PubMed Reference:\""}]},{"reference":"Nakayama K, Fukamachi S, Kimura H, Koda Y, Soemantri A, Ishida T (Mar 2002). \"Distinctive distribution of AIM1 polymorphism among major human populations with different skin color\". Journal of Human Genetics. 47 (2): 92–4. doi:10.1007/s100380200007. PMID 11916009.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs100380200007","url_text":"\"Distinctive distribution of AIM1 polymorphism among major human populations with different skin color\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs100380200007","url_text":"10.1007/s100380200007"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11916009","url_text":"11916009"}]},{"reference":"Newton JM, Cohen-Barak O, Hagiwara N, Gardner JM, Davisson MT, King RA, et al. (November 2001). \"Mutations in the human orthologue of the mouse underwhite gene (uw) underlie a new form of oculocutaneous albinism, OCA4\". American Journal of Human Genetics. 69 (5): 981–8. doi:10.1086/324340. PMC 1274374. PMID 11574907.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1274374","url_text":"\"Mutations in the human orthologue of the mouse underwhite gene (uw) underlie a new form of oculocutaneous albinism, OCA4\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F324340","url_text":"10.1086/324340"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1274374","url_text":"1274374"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11574907","url_text":"11574907"}]},{"reference":"\"Entrez Gene: SLC45A2 solute carrier family 45, member 2\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=51151","url_text":"\"Entrez Gene: SLC45A2 solute carrier family 45, member 2\""}]},{"reference":"Mariat D, Taourit S, Guérin G (2003). \"A mutation in the MATP gene causes the cream coat colour in the horse\". Genetics Selection Evolution. 35 (1): 119–133. doi:10.1186/1297-9686-35-1-119. PMC 2732686. PMID 12605854.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2732686","url_text":"\"A mutation in the MATP gene causes the cream coat colour in the horse\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1297-9686-35-1-119","url_text":"10.1186/1297-9686-35-1-119"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2732686","url_text":"2732686"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12605854","url_text":"12605854"}]},{"reference":"Harada M, Li YF, El-Gamil M, Rosenberg SA, Robbins PF (February 2001). \"Use of an in vitro immunoselected tumor line to identify shared melanoma antigens recognized by HLA-A0201-restricted T cells\". Cancer Research. 61 (3): 1089–94. PMID 11221837.","urls":[{"url":"http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/61/3/1089.long","url_text":"\"Use of an in vitro immunoselected tumor line to identify shared melanoma antigens recognized by HLA-A0201-restricted T cells\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11221837","url_text":"11221837"}]},{"reference":"Bin BH, Bhin J, Yang SH, Shin M, Nam YJ, Choi DH, et al. (2015). \"Membrane-Associated Transporter Protein (MATP) Regulates Melanosomal pH and Influences Tyrosinase Activity\". PLOS ONE. 10 (6): e0129273. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1029273B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0129273. PMC 4461305. PMID 26057890.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4461305","url_text":"\"Membrane-Associated Transporter Protein (MATP) Regulates Melanosomal pH and Influences Tyrosinase Activity\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PLoSO..1029273B","url_text":"2015PLoSO..1029273B"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0129273","url_text":"10.1371/journal.pone.0129273"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4461305","url_text":"4461305"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26057890","url_text":"26057890"}]},{"reference":"Du J, Fisher DE (January 2002). \"Identification of Aim-1 as the underwhite mouse mutant and its transcriptional regulation by MITF\". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 277 (1): 402–6. doi:10.1074/jbc.M110229200. PMID 11700328.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M110229200","url_text":"\"Identification of Aim-1 as the underwhite mouse mutant and its transcriptional regulation by MITF\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M110229200","url_text":"10.1074/jbc.M110229200"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11700328","url_text":"11700328"}]},{"reference":"Hoek KS, Schlegel NC, Eichhoff OM, Widmer DS, Praetorius C, Einarsson SO, et al. (December 2008). \"Novel MITF targets identified using a two-step DNA microarray strategy\". Pigment Cell & Melanoma Research. 21 (6): 665–76. doi:10.1111/j.1755-148X.2008.00505.x. PMID 19067971. S2CID 24698373.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1755-148X.2008.00505.x","url_text":"\"Novel MITF targets identified using a two-step DNA microarray strategy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1755-148X.2008.00505.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1755-148X.2008.00505.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19067971","url_text":"19067971"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24698373","url_text":"24698373"}]},{"reference":"Soejima M, Koda Y (January 2007). \"Population differences of two coding SNPs in pigmentation-related genes SLC24A5 and SLC45A2\". International Journal of Legal Medicine. 121 (1): 36–9. doi:10.1007/s00414-006-0112-z. PMID 16847698. S2CID 11192076.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00414-006-0112-z","url_text":"10.1007/s00414-006-0112-z"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16847698","url_text":"16847698"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11192076","url_text":"11192076"}]},{"reference":"\"OMIM Entry - #606574 - ALBINISM, OCULOCUTANEOUS, TYPE IV; OCA4\". Mendelian Inheritance in Man. Johns Hopkins University. Retrieved 2020-08-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://omim.org/entry/606574","url_text":"\"OMIM Entry - #606574 - ALBINISM, OCULOCUTANEOUS, TYPE IV; OCA4\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendelian_Inheritance_in_Man","url_text":"Mendelian Inheritance in Man"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University","url_text":"Johns Hopkins University"}]},{"reference":"Xu X, Dong GX, Hu XS, Miao L, Zhang XL, Zhang DL, et al. (June 2013). \"The genetic basis of white tigers\". Current Biology. 23 (11): 1031–5. Bibcode:2013CBio...23.1031X. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2013.04.054. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_(singer)	Donald (singer)	["1 Life and career","1.1 2011:Train of Love","1.2 2011:Love Train","1.3 2015:Train of Love","1.4 2014:Black and White (2014)","2 Discography","2.1 Studio albums","3 References"]	South African singer This article is about the South African musician. For other uses, see Donald (disambiguation). DonaldBirth nameDonald MoatsheBorn (1985-02-07) 7 February 1985 (age 39)Mantserre, North West, South AfricaOriginRustenburg, North West, South AfricaGenres Afro-Soul Dance House R&B Occupation(s) Musician vocalist performer songwriter recording artist entertainer Years active2002–presentLabelsD-ExclusiveMusical artist Donald Moatshe (born 7 February 1985), commonly known by the mononym Donald, is a South African afro-soul singer, songwriter, recording artist and entertainer. He was born in the town of Rustenburg, in the North-West province. His career began at an early age, and he signed a record deal with the Will of Steel Imprint in 2008. He came to notice with his single "I Deserve" released in 2011. Life and career Donald Moatshe was born in the village of Kraalhoek in the North West province. He began singing at a young age in the church choir, where his musical talent was discovered. 2011:Train of Love In 2008, he signed a recording deal with South African DJ Cleo on his Will of Steel imprint. The label released Donald's debut album, which received a lukewarm reception. He departed from the DJ Cleo's label, and started his own imprint, D-Exclusive in 2011, and began production on his second album Love Train. 2011:Love Train He rose to fame in 2011 with his notable single I Deserve, which later appeared on his much anticipated and critically acclaimed second album Love Train, which was released in 2012. He released three singles from the album, titled I Deserve, Denial, and Over the Moon. I Deserve topped the RAMs Top 100 & Top 40 charts, as well as entering the Top 10 on the Media Guide charts, instantly making him a celebrity in South Africa. Film and Production Media The success of the album brought him much attention, enabling him to make appearances on South African TV shows such as Rhythm City, 3Talk with Noeleen, MTV Base, Vuzu and various others. Over the Moon became a well known song in Africa at large. Donald has worked with fellow South African acts such as KB, Malaika, Selaelo Selota and rapper Slikour. Donald was nominated for the Best New Artist at the 2012 Channel O Music Video Awards. In 2013, Donald became the stand-out artist at the 2013 Metro FM Music Awards for having been the most nominated artist; among the nominations were Best Produced Album, Best Video, Best Male and Best Dance Album. He was nominated for Best International Act: Africa at BET Awards 2013. 2015:Train of Love Two years later, in 2015, his album critically acclaimed album Train of Love was certified Platinum by the Recording Industry of South Africa. In March 2015, Donald was featured on Dreamteam's first single "What's Your Name" from their debut studio album Dreams Never Die, along with South African singer NaakMusiq. 2014:Black and White (2014) On March 25, 2014, his third studio album Black and White was released, and was certified Gold by the Recording Industry of South Africa, only three months after its release. At MTV Africa Music Awards 2014, he received a nomination for Best Male Artist of the Year. In October 2021 Donald announced his album, Dreams, releasing in October the first single from the album, "Inkayezi", an RnB song. Discography Studio albums Title Album Details Certification Know You Better Released: 2010 Label: Will of Steel Productions Formats: CD Train of Love Released: 2012 Label: D-Exclusive, Universal Music Formats: CD, Digital Download RISA: Platinum Black and White Released: 2014 Label: D-Exclusive, Universal Music Formats: CD, Digital Download RISA: Platinum References ^ "Museke on Twitter". Twitter. Retrieved 23 October 2015. ^ "One-on-One with Donald by Brat". ctvibes. Retrieved 23 October 2015. ^ "Smooth moves, from the heart". News24. Retrieved 23 October 2015. ^ "Rustenburg's where riches are made". Sowetan Live. Retrieved 23 October 2015. ^ "One-on-One with Donald by Brat". ctvibes. Retrieved 23 October 2015. ^ "Channel O TV Online \| Music Monday Interview: Donald". channelo.dstv.com. Retrieved 23 October 2015. ^ "Donald Moatshe Biography \| Salyrix". www.salyrix.co.za. Retrieved 23 October 2015. ^ "Smooth moves, from the heart". News24. Retrieved 23 October 2015. ^ "One on one with Donald Moatshe". DRUM. Retrieved 23 October 2015. ^ "Dreamteam Drops YouTube Link for 'What's Your Name'". hypemagazine.co.za. Retrieved 5 November 2015. ^ "Confirmed! Donald to re release his latest album". Channel24. Retrieved 23 October 2015. ^ "Donald reaches gold with 'Black and White \| YOMZANSI". YoMzansi. 29 September 2015. ^ Bukola (8 October 2021). "Donald announces release date of his album, 'Dreams' \| Fakaza News". Fakaza News. ^ "Train of Love by Donald on iTunes". iTunes Store. Retrieved 23 October 2015. ^ "Black & White (Deluxe Version) by Donald on iTunes". iTunes Store. Retrieved 23 October 2015. ^ "CONFIRMED! Donald to re release his latest album". Channel. Retrieved 23 October 2015. Authority control databases: Artists MusicBrainz	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Donald (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"afro-soul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afro-soul"},{"link_name":"recording artist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_artists"},{"link_name":"entertainer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainers"},{"link_name":"Rustenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rustenburg"},{"link_name":"North-West province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_West_(South_African_province)"}],"text":"This article is about the South African musician. For other uses, see Donald (disambiguation).Musical artistDonald Moatshe (born 7 February 1985),[1][2] commonly known by the mononym Donald, is a South African afro-soul singer, songwriter, recording artist and entertainer. He was born in the town of Rustenburg, in the North-West province.His career began at an early age, and he signed a record deal with the Will of Steel Imprint in 2008. He came to notice with his single \"I Deserve\" released in 2011.","title":"Donald (singer)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"North West province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_West_(South_African_province)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Donald Moatshe was born in the village of Kraalhoek in the North West province.[3][4] He began singing at a young age in the church choir, where his musical talent was discovered.","title":"Life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DJ Cleo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJ_Cleo"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"2011:Train of Love","text":"In 2008, he signed a recording deal with South African DJ Cleo on his Will of Steel imprint. The label released Donald's debut album, which received a lukewarm reception. He departed from the DJ Cleo's label, and started his own imprint, D-Exclusive in 2011, and began production on his second album Love Train.[5]","title":"Life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"celebrity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celebrity"},{"link_name":"Rhythm City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythm_City_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"MTV Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV_Base"},{"link_name":"Vuzu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuzu"},{"link_name":"Malaika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaika_(group)"},{"link_name":"Channel O Music Video Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_O_Music_Video_Awards"},{"link_name":"Metro FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_FM"},{"link_name":"BET Awards 2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BET_Awards_2013"}],"sub_title":"2011:Love Train","text":"He rose to fame in 2011 with his notable single I Deserve,[6] which later appeared on his much anticipated and critically acclaimed second album Love Train,[7] which was released in 2012. He released three singles from the album, titled I Deserve, Denial, and Over the Moon. I Deserve topped the RAMs Top 100 & Top 40 charts, as well as entering the Top 10 on the Media Guide charts, instantly making him a celebrity in South Africa.Film and Production Media\nThe success of the album brought him much attention, enabling him to make appearances on South African TV shows such as Rhythm City, 3Talk with Noeleen, MTV Base, Vuzu and various others. Over the Moon became a well known song in Africa at large.Donald has worked with fellow South African acts such as KB, Malaika, Selaelo Selota and rapper Slikour. Donald was nominated for the Best New Artist at the 2012 Channel O Music Video Awards.In 2013, Donald became the stand-out artist at the 2013 Metro FM Music Awards for having been the most nominated artist; among the nominations were Best Produced Album, Best Video, Best Male and Best Dance Album.\nHe was nominated for Best International Act: Africa at BET Awards 2013.","title":"Life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Recording Industry of South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_of_South_Africa"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Dreamteam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreamteam"},{"link_name":"Dreams Never Die","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreams_Never_Die_(Dreamteam_album)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"2015:Train of Love","text":"Two years later, in 2015, his album critically acclaimed album Train of Love was certified Platinum by the Recording Industry of South Africa.[8][9]In March 2015, Donald was featured on Dreamteam's first single \"What's Your Name\" from their debut studio album Dreams Never Die, along with South African singer NaakMusiq.[10]","title":"Life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Recording Industry of South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_of_South_Africa"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"MTV Africa Music Awards 2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV_Africa_Music_Awards_2014"},{"link_name":"RnB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RnB"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"2014:Black and White (2014)","text":"On March 25, 2014, his third studio album Black and White was released, and was certified Gold by the Recording Industry of South Africa, only three months after its release.[11][12]At MTV Africa Music Awards 2014, he received a nomination for Best Male Artist of the Year.In October 2021 Donald announced his album, Dreams, releasing in October the first single from the album, \"Inkayezi\", an RnB song.[13]","title":"Life and career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Studio albums","title":"Discography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Museke on Twitter\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Waumbek	Mount Waumbek	["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"]	Coordinates: 44°25′58″N 71°25′01″W / 44.43283725°N 71.4170244°W / 44.43283725; -71.4170244Mountain in Coos County, New Hampshire, U.S. Mount WaumbekMount WaumbekLocation in New Hampshire Highest pointElevation4,006 ft (1,221 m)Prominence1,289 ft (393 m)ListingWhite Mountain 4000-FootersCoordinates44°25′58″N 71°25′01″W / 44.43283725°N 71.4170244°W / 44.43283725; -71.4170244GeographyLocationCoös County, New Hampshire, U.S.Parent rangePliny RangeTopo mapUSGS Pliny RangeClimbingEasiest routeHike Mount Waumbek is a mountain located in Coos County, New Hampshire. The mountain is part of the Pliny Range of the White Mountains. Waumbek is flanked to the northeast by Mount Weeks, to the west by Mount Starr King, and to the southeast by Pliny Mountain (1099 m). Waumbek is drained by various brooks into the Israel River, and thence into the Connecticut River and Long Island Sound. Waumbek is one of the Appalachian Mountain Club's "Four-thousand footers" and is located inside the White Mountain National Forest. The summit can be reached from U.S. Route 2 via the Starr King Trail, a segment of the Cohos Trail, from Jefferson village. The Starr King Trail climbs moderately to the summit of Mount Starr King where there used to be a lodge and then across the ridge to the wooded summit of Mount Waumbek. On some older maps it is shown as "Pliny Major" in the uninhabited township of Kilkenny. A colony of gregarious Canada jays lives near the summit of Starr King year-round. During the early 1960s, the northern flank of Waumbek was under consideration for a ski resort to be named Willard Basin Ski Area, but the project was terminated and the land conveyed to the federal government. See also New Hampshire portal List of mountains in New Hampshire White Mountain National Forest References ^ a b "Mount Waumbek". Peakbagger.com. Retrieved 2009-05-23. ^ "Mount Waumbek". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved 2013-06-08. ^ Atlas of NH Towns, Town of Jefferson, p.298, 1892 ^ Lancaster, NH, Planning Board: Plan of Willis Basin Ski Proposal, 1961 External links U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Mount Waumbek PeakBagger.com: Mt. Waumbek hikethewhites.com: Mt. Waumbek AMC: Mount Waumbek summitpost.org: Mt. Waumbek Willard Basin Ski Area - New England's Cancelled Ski Areas vteMountains of New HampshireBelknap Mountains Belknap Mountain Gunstock Mountain Mount Major Mount Rowe Ossipee Mountains Bayle Mountain Larcom Mountain Mount Roberts Mount Shaw Mount Whittier Nickerson Mountain Turtleback Mountain Wapack Range Barrett Mountain Kidder Mountain New Ipswich Mountain North Pack Monadnock Pack Monadnock Pratt Mountain Temple Mountain White MountainsBaldface-Royce Range Eastman Mountain Mount Meader North Baldface South Baldface Carter-Moriah Range Carter Dome Imp Mountain Middle Carter Mountain Middle Moriah Mountain Mount Hight Mount Moriah North Baldface North Carter Mountain Shelburne Moriah Mountain South Carter Mountain Wildcat Mountain Crescent Range Black Crescent Mountain Mount Crescent Franconia Range Little Haystack Mountain Mount Flume Mount Lafayette Mount Liberty Mount Lincoln Kinsman Range The Cannon Balls Cannon Mountain Kinsman Mountain Mount Pemigewasset Mahoosuc Range Mount Success North Bald Cap Pilot Range The Bulge The Horn Mount Cabot Presidential Range Boott Spur Mount Adams Mount Clay Mount Davis Mount Eisenhower Mount Franklin Mount Isolation Mount Jackson Mount Jefferson Mount Madison Mount Monroe Mount Pierce Mount Washington Mount Webster Sandwich Range Mount Chocorua Mount Passaconaway Mount Tripyramid Mount Whiteface Sandwich Mountain The Sleepers Twin Range Galehead Mountain Mount Bond Mount Guyot Mount Hale North Twin Mountain Nubble Peak South Twin Mountain Twin Mountains Others (White Mtns.) Bartlett Haystack Bear Mountain Black Cap Carr Mountain Dartmouth Range Dickey Mountain East Peak Mount Osceola Jericho Mountain Kearsarge North Loon Mountain Mount Avalon Mount Blue Mount Carrigain Mount Cilley Mount Crawford Mount Doublehead Mount Field Mount Forest Mount Garfield Mount Hancock Mount Mitten Mount Moosilauke Mount Nancy Mount Osceola Mount Rosebrook Mount Starr King Mount Tecumseh Mount Tom Mount Tremont Mount Waumbek Mount Weeks Mount Willard Mount Willey Mount Zealand North Moat Mountain Owl's Head (Carroll) Owl's Head (Franconia) Scar Ridge South Weeks Others Blue Job Mountain Crotched Mountain Gap Mountain Little Monadnock Mountain Lovewell Mountain Moose Mountain Mount Assurance Mount Cardigan Mount Kearsarge Mount Kelsey Mount Magalloway Mount Monadnock Mount Sunapee Pitcher Mountain Potanipo Hill Ragged Mountain Skatutakee Mountain Smarts Mountain Tenney Mountain Thumb Mountain Uncanoonuc Mountains vte4000-foot mountains of New EnglandMaineBaxter State Park Katahdin (Baxter) Katahdin (Hamlin) North Brother High Peaks Abraham Crocker Redington Saddleback Saddleback, The Horn South Crocker Spaulding Sugarloaf Bigelow Range Bigelow (Avery) Bigelow (West) Eastern White Mountains Old Speck New HampshireNorthern ranges Cabot Waumbek Carter-Moriah Range Carter Dome Middle Carter Moriah South Carter Wildcat (A) Wildcat (D) Presidential Range Adams Eisenhower Isolation Jackson Jefferson Madison Monroe Pierce Washington Crawford Notch area Field Tom Willey Twin Range Bond Bond (West) Bondcliff Galehead Hale North Twin South Twin Zealand Pemigewasset Wilderness Carrigain Hancock (North) Hancock (South) Owl's Head Sandwich Range Osceola Osceola (East) Tripyramid (Middle) Tripyramid (North) Passaconaway Tecumseh Whiteface Franconia Range Flume Garfield Lafayette Liberty Lincoln Western White Mountains Cannon Kinsman (North) Kinsman (South) Moosilauke VermontGreen Mountains Abraham Camel's Hump Ellen Killington Mansfield This New Hampshire state location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain"},{"link_name":"Coos County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coos_County,_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"Pliny Range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pliny_Range&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"White Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Mountains_(New_Hampshire)"},{"link_name":"Mount Weeks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Weeks"},{"link_name":"Mount Starr King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Starr_King_(New_Hampshire)"},{"link_name":"Pliny Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pliny_Mountain_(New_Hampshire)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Israel River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_River"},{"link_name":"Connecticut River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut_River"},{"link_name":"Long Island Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Island_Sound"},{"link_name":"Appalachian Mountain Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appalachian_Mountain_Club"},{"link_name":"Four-thousand footers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four-thousand_footers"},{"link_name":"White Mountain National Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Mountain_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_2"},{"link_name":"Cohos Trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cohos_Trail"},{"link_name":"Jefferson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson,_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"Kilkenny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilkenny,_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Canada jays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_jay"},{"link_name":"ski resort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski_resort"},{"link_name":"Willard Basin Ski Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willard_Basin_Ski_Area&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Mountain in Coos County, New Hampshire, U.S.Mount Waumbek is a mountain located in Coos County, New Hampshire. The mountain is part of the Pliny Range of the White Mountains. Waumbek is flanked to the northeast by Mount Weeks, to the west by Mount Starr King, and to the southeast by Pliny Mountain (1099 m). Waumbek is drained by various brooks into the Israel River, and thence into the Connecticut River and Long Island Sound.Waumbek is one of the Appalachian Mountain Club's \"Four-thousand footers\" and is located inside the White Mountain National Forest. The summit can be reached from U.S. Route 2 via the Starr King Trail, a segment of the Cohos Trail, from Jefferson village. The Starr King Trail climbs moderately to the summit of Mount Starr King where there used to be a lodge and then across the ridge to the wooded summit of Mount Waumbek. On some older maps it is shown as \"Pliny Major\" in the uninhabited township of Kilkenny.[3] A colony of gregarious Canada jays lives near the summit of Starr King year-round.During the early 1960s, the northern flank of Waumbek was under consideration for a ski resort to be named Willard Basin Ski Area, but the project was terminated and the land conveyed to the federal government.[4]","title":"Mount Waumbek"}]	[]	[{"title":"New Hampshire portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:New_Hampshire"},{"title":"List of mountains in New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_New_Hampshire"},{"title":"White Mountain National Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Mountain_National_Forest"}]	[{"reference":"\"Mount Waumbek\". Peakbagger.com. Retrieved 2009-05-23.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=6882","url_text":"\"Mount Waumbek\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mount Waumbek\". Geographic Names Information System. 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Waumbek"},{"Link":"http://hikethewhites.com/waumbek.html","external_links_name":"hikethewhites.com: Mt. Waumbek"},{"Link":"http://www.outdoors.org/recreation/tripplanner/plan/hiking-mt-waumbek.cfm","external_links_name":"AMC: Mount Waumbek"},{"Link":"http://www.summitpost.org/mountain/rock/153662/mount-waumbek.html","external_links_name":"summitpost.org: Mt. Waumbek"},{"Link":"http://franklinsites.com/cancelledskiareas/NewHampshire/willardbasin.php","external_links_name":"Willard Basin Ski Area - New England's Cancelled Ski Areas"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mount_Waumbek&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergey_Zagrebelny	Sergey Zagrebelny	["1 Career","2 References","3 External links"]	Uzbekistani chess player Sergey ZagrebelnyCountry UzbekistanBorn (1965-04-09) April 9, 1965 (age 59)Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic, USSRTitleGrandmaster (1993)FIDE rating2485 (June 2024)Peak rating2540 (July 2003) Sergey Zagrebelny (Russian: Сергей Загребельный; born April 9, 1965) is an Uzbekistani chess Grandmaster (1993). Career In 1988 and 1990 he won the Uzbekistani Chess Championship. In 1992, as a member of the Uzbekistan national team, he won two silver medals (team and individual on board four) in the 30th Chess Olympiad. He also played for Uzbekistan in the Chess Olympiads of 1994, 1996, 1998, 2000, 2002, in the World Team Chess Championship of 1993 and in the Asian Team Chess Championships of 1993 and 1995. In 1998, Zagrebelny tied for 4-7th with Praveen Thipsay, Mohamad Al-Modiahki and Amanmurad Kakageldyev in the Asian Chess Championship in Tehran. Zagrebelny won the Abu Dhabi Masters tournament in 2001. He tied for first with Alexander Huzman, Victor Mikhalevski and Vadim Milov in Ashdod 2003, with Zhou Jianchao and Arsen Yegiazarian in the A2 tournament of the 2005 Aeroflot Open and with Vladimir Baklan, Aleksander Delchev and Adam Horvath in Balaguer 2005. Zagrebelny is regularly active as a live-online commentator of major chess events broadcast on the Russian chess platform ChessPro. References ^ Bartelski, Wojciech. "Men's Chess Olympiads: Sergey Zagrebelny". OlimpBase. Retrieved 24 November 2009. ^ Bartelski, Wojciech. "World Men's Team Chess Championship: Sergey Zagrebelny". OlimpBase. Retrieved 24 November 2009. ^ Bartelski, Wojciech. "Men's Asian Team Chess Championship: Sergey Zagrebelny". OlimpBase. Retrieved 24 November 2009. ^ Crowther, Mark (1998-09-28). "TWIC 203: Asian Men's Individual Championships". London Chess Center. Retrieved 24 November 2009. ^ Crowther, Mark (2001-09-10). "TWIC 357: Abu Dhabi Open". The Week in Chess. Retrieved 16 January 2016. ^ Crowther, Mark (2003-10-20). "TWIC 467: 1st Ashdod Chess Festival". London Chess Center. Archived from the original on 4 March 2012. Retrieved 24 November 2009. ^ Aeroflot Open A2. Tournament report FIDE ^ "Tournament report October 2005: X Ciutat de Balaguer". FIDE. Retrieved 24 November 2009. ^ "Chesspro.ru". External links Sergey Zagrebelny chess games at 365Chess.com Sergey Zagrebelny player profile and games at Chessgames.com Zagrebelny, Sergey profile at Chess Network Company	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"Uzbekistani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistan"},{"link_name":"chess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess"},{"link_name":"Grandmaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandmaster_(chess)"}],"text":"Sergey Zagrebelny (Russian: Сергей Загребельный; born April 9, 1965) is an Uzbekistani chess Grandmaster (1993).","title":"Sergey Zagrebelny"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Uzbekistani Chess Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistani_Chess_Championship"},{"link_name":"silver medals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_medal"},{"link_name":"30th Chess Olympiad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/30th_Chess_Olympiad"},{"link_name":"Chess Olympiads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_Olympiad"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"World Team Chess Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Team_Chess_Championship"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Asian Team Chess Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Team_Chess_Championship"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Praveen Thipsay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praveen_Thipsay"},{"link_name":"Mohamad Al-Modiahki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamad_Al-Modiahki"},{"link_name":"Amanmurad Kakageldyev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amanmurad_Kakageldyev&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Asian Chess Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Chess_Championship"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Abu Dhabi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Dhabi"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Alexander Huzman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Huzman"},{"link_name":"Victor Mikhalevski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Mikhalevski"},{"link_name":"Vadim Milov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vadim_Milov"},{"link_name":"Ashdod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashdod"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Zhou Jianchao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhou_Jianchao"},{"link_name":"Arsen Yegiazarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsen_Yegiazarian"},{"link_name":"Aeroflot Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeroflot_Open"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Baklan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Baklan"},{"link_name":"Aleksander Delchev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksander_Delchev"},{"link_name":"Adam Horvath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Horvath"},{"link_name":"Balaguer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balaguer"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"In 1988 and 1990 he won the Uzbekistani Chess Championship. In 1992, as a member of the Uzbekistan national team, he won two silver medals (team and individual on board four) in the 30th Chess Olympiad. He also played for Uzbekistan in the Chess Olympiads of 1994, 1996, 1998, 2000, 2002,[1] in the World Team Chess Championship of 1993[2] and in the Asian Team Chess Championships of 1993 and 1995.[3] In 1998, Zagrebelny tied for 4-7th with Praveen Thipsay, Mohamad Al-Modiahki and Amanmurad Kakageldyev in the Asian Chess Championship in Tehran.[4] Zagrebelny won the Abu Dhabi Masters tournament in 2001.[5] He tied for first with Alexander Huzman, Victor Mikhalevski and Vadim Milov in Ashdod 2003,[6] with Zhou Jianchao and Arsen Yegiazarian in the A2 tournament of the 2005 Aeroflot Open[7] and with Vladimir Baklan, Aleksander Delchev and Adam Horvath in Balaguer 2005.[8]Zagrebelny is regularly active as a live-online commentator of major chess events broadcast on the Russian chess platform ChessPro.[9]","title":"Career"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Bartelski, Wojciech. \"Men's Chess Olympiads: Sergey Zagrebelny\". OlimpBase. Retrieved 24 November 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.olimpbase.org/players/ywq4awqi.html","url_text":"\"Men's Chess Olympiads: Sergey Zagrebelny\""}]},{"reference":"Bartelski, Wojciech. \"World Men's Team Chess Championship: Sergey Zagrebelny\". OlimpBase. Retrieved 24 November 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.olimpbase.org/playerst/ywq4awqi.html","url_text":"\"World Men's Team Chess Championship: Sergey Zagrebelny\""}]},{"reference":"Bartelski, Wojciech. \"Men's Asian Team Chess Championship: Sergey Zagrebelny\". OlimpBase. Retrieved 24 November 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.olimpbase.org/playersa/ywq4awqi.html","url_text":"\"Men's Asian Team Chess Championship: Sergey Zagrebelny\""}]},{"reference":"Crowther, Mark (1998-09-28). \"TWIC 203: Asian Men's Individual Championships\". London Chess Center. Retrieved 24 November 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://theweekinchess.com/html/twic203.html#6","url_text":"\"TWIC 203: Asian Men's Individual Championships\""}]},{"reference":"Crowther, Mark (2001-09-10). \"TWIC 357: Abu Dhabi Open\". The Week in Chess. Retrieved 16 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://theweekinchess.com/html/twic357.html#11","url_text":"\"TWIC 357: Abu Dhabi Open\""}]},{"reference":"Crowther, Mark (2003-10-20). \"TWIC 467: 1st Ashdod Chess Festival\". London Chess Center. Archived from the original on 4 March 2012. Retrieved 24 November 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120304183810/https://theweekinchess.com/html/twic467.html#12","url_text":"\"TWIC 467: 1st Ashdod Chess Festival\""},{"url":"https://theweekinchess.com/html/twic467.html#12","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Tournament report October 2005: X Ciutat de Balaguer\". FIDE. Retrieved 24 November 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://ratings.fide.com/tournament_report.phtml?event16=32486","url_text":"\"Tournament report October 2005: X Ciutat de Balaguer\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chesspro.ru\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chesspro.ru/","url_text":"\"Chesspro.ru\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://ratings.fide.com/profile/14200040","external_links_name":"2485"},{"Link":"http://www.olimpbase.org/players/ywq4awqi.html","external_links_name":"\"Men's Chess Olympiads: Sergey Zagrebelny\""},{"Link":"http://www.olimpbase.org/playerst/ywq4awqi.html","external_links_name":"\"World Men's Team Chess Championship: Sergey Zagrebelny\""},{"Link":"http://www.olimpbase.org/playersa/ywq4awqi.html","external_links_name":"\"Men's Asian Team Chess Championship: Sergey Zagrebelny\""},{"Link":"https://theweekinchess.com/html/twic203.html#6","external_links_name":"\"TWIC 203: Asian Men's Individual Championships\""},{"Link":"http://theweekinchess.com/html/twic357.html#11","external_links_name":"\"TWIC 357: Abu Dhabi Open\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120304183810/https://theweekinchess.com/html/twic467.html#12","external_links_name":"\"TWIC 467: 1st Ashdod Chess Festival\""},{"Link":"https://theweekinchess.com/html/twic467.html#12","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://ratings.fide.com/tournament_report.phtml?event16=30106&t=0","external_links_name":"Aeroflot Open A2. Tournament report"},{"Link":"http://ratings.fide.com/tournament_report.phtml?event16=32486","external_links_name":"\"Tournament report October 2005: X Ciutat de Balaguer\""},{"Link":"http://www.chesspro.ru/","external_links_name":"\"Chesspro.ru\""},{"Link":"http://www.365chess.com/players/Sergey_Zagrebelny","external_links_name":"Sergey Zagrebelny"},{"Link":"https://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessplayer?pid=18891","external_links_name":"Sergey Zagrebelny"},{"Link":"http://www.chessnc.com/biography/person-2045.html","external_links_name":"Zagrebelny, Sergey"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smit_Internationale	Smit International	["1 Takeover","2 Corporate structure","3 Fleet list","4 High profile operations","5 References","6 External links"]	Smit Internationale N.V.Company typeWholly owned subsidiaryIndustryMaritime servicesFounded1842FounderFop SmitHeadquartersRotterdam, NetherlandsKey peopleFrank Verhoeven (Chairman)ServicesTowage, salvage, transportation, heavy lifting vesselsRevenue€589.0 million (2009)Operating income€104.6 million (2009)Net income€102.4 million (2009)OwnerRoyal Boskalis WestminsterNumber of employees3,620 (2009)Websitewww.smit.com The first house flag The second house flag, used in the 1960s. Taklift 7 has a lifting capacity of 1600 tons Ocean going tug Smit Rotterdam arriving with tow at Rotterdam Harbour tug Smit Japan Smit Panther has a 95t Bollard pull Smit tugs in Liverpool port Smit Internationale N.V. (or Smit International) is a Dutch company operating in the maritime sector. The company was founded in 1842 by Fop Smit as a towage company with only the 140 horsepower paddle steamer tug Kinderdijk. Fop's sons, Jan and Leendert, continued the company under the name L. Smit & Co and expanded the fleet. In 1870, they began using tugs with propellers. After a merger in 1923 with Internationale Sleepdienst, the name was changed to "L. Smit & Co.'s Internationale Sleepdienst". Formerly listed at the NYSE Euronext stock exchange in Amsterdam, the company was fully acquired by Royal Boskalis Westminster in 2010. Takeover Dutch marine engineer Boskalis made an indicative €1.11 billion takeover offer for Smit on 15 September 2008. Despite the offer being promptly rejected by Smit's board, Boskalis subsequently built a stake of over 25% in the firm and expressed a continuing desire to buy a number of its business units. A revised offer from Boskalis of €1.35 billion, coupled with a pledge to retain the Smit name and its distinct operations, was accepted by the firm's board in January 2010, with Boskalis declaring its offer unconditional that March having reached share ownership of 90%. Smit's shares were delisted from the Amsterdam Stock Exchange on 4 May 2010. Corporate structure The company consist of four divisions, in order of revenue: Transport & Heavy Lift (33.5% of total revenues) Salvage (23.9%) Harbour Towage (22.8%) Terminals (19.8%) For larger (salvaging) projects the company often uses joint-ventures or combinations. An example of this is Combinatie Berging Tricolor (Dutch for Combination Salvaging Tricolor) which was created solely for the lifting of the MV Tricolor. A similar multi-firm arrangement was made for the 2013-2014 salvage of the Costa Concordia passenger cruise ship. Fleet list As of March 1, 2009, Smit (with its daughter companies and the joint ventures that it controls) has a fleet of 408 ships. Type of vesseldetails on power, tonnage etc. Harbour Towage Terminals Transport & Heavy Lift Total Ocean-going tug14000-26000 hp 3 3 Ocean-going tug6140 hp 1 1 Anchor handling tugs10000-15000 hp 2 2 4 Anchor handling tugs8000 hp 2 4 6 Anchor handling tugs3000-8000 hp 1 20 21 Diving support vessel 2 2 Utility vessels 5 5 Floating sheerlegsseagoing, 3200 tonnes 1 1 Floating sheerlegsseagoing, <3200 tonnes 8 8 Pulling barges 2 2 Seagoing barges24000 tonnes 3 3 Seagoing barges1000-14000 tonnes 2 1 3 Seagoing barges1000-8000 tonnes 10 19 29 Inland barges100-2000 tonnes 28 26 54 Coastal/harbour tugs3000-6000 hp 109 31 2 142 Coastal/harbour tugs1000-3000 hp 37 4 2 43 Harbour/river tugs100-1000 hp 9 2 1 12 Harbour/river pusher tugs480-2800 hp 5 5 Various vesselswork-vessels, oil containment vessels etc. 17 18 29 38 Total fleet 213 60 135 480 High profile operations Its marine salvage division was involved in several high-profile salvage operations, including: SS London Valour (1971–72) MT Betelgeuse (1979–80) MS Herald of Free Enterprise (1987) The Russian submarine Kursk (lifting vessel) (2000) Ehime Maru (2001) MV Prestige (2002) MV Tricolor (lifting vessel) (2002–2003) MV Rocknes (2004) MV Mighty Servant 3 (2006) MS UND Adriyatik (2008) MS Costa Concordia (oil containment) (2012) USS Guardian (grounded in Philippines) (2013) MOL Comfort sunk in June 2013. MV Stellar Banner (2020) Ever Given blockage of the Suez Canal (2021) MV Eemslift Hendrika ship salvation (2021) Felicity Ace (2022) FSO Safer (2023) They have also partnered with the French firm JLMD System to support preinstalled fast oil recovery systems, which assure quick reliable oil removal in the event of a shipping accident. References ^ a b c d "Annual Report 2009" (PDF). Smit International. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-17. Retrieved 2010-05-07. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-10-24. Retrieved 2015-02-24.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ^ "Smit's World-History". Archived from the original on 8 February 2012. Retrieved 4 October 2011. ^ Kreijger, Gilbert; ten Wolde, Harro (15 September 2008). "Boskalis plans 1.1 bln euro bid for Smit". Reuters. Retrieved 1 October 2010. ^ Gray-Block, Aaron (2 February 2009). "Boskalis ups stake in Smit, could buy more shares". Reuters. Retrieved 2009-05-30. ^ van Tartwijk, Maarten (14 May 2009). "Boskalis CEO: Ambition To Buy Several Smit Units". Dow Jones Newswires. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2009-05-30. ^ Roumeliotis, Greg (27 March 2010). "Boskalis clears Smit takeover milestone". Reuters. Retrieved 29 March 2010. ^ "Application made for delisting Smit" (Press release). Boskalis. 7 April 2010. Retrieved 7 May 2010. ^ a b Official Fleetlist per 1 March, 2009 Archived 2011-11-11 at the Wayback Machine as published on companies website, retrieved 12 February 2012 ^ Smit's website on Salvage projects Archived 2007-06-13 at the Wayback Machine, visited 12 February 2012 ^ Gatti, Carlo (April 2010). "The running aground and the shipwreck of the British cargo ship "London Valour"". Societa' Capitani e Macchinisti Navali – Camogli. Retrieved 11 April 2013. ^ "Elite Salvage Team Expected to Clear Up Suez in 5 to 6 days". 25 Mar 2021. External links Official website	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:House_flag_of_L._Smit_%26_Co_(first_design).svg"},{"link_name":"house flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_flag"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:House_flag_of_L._Smit_%26_Co_(second_design).svg"},{"link_name":"house flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_flag"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2005-10-29,_Stralsund,_Hafen,_Schwimmkran_Taklift_7_am_Hansakai.jpg"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Smit_Rotterdam.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Smit_Japan_-_IMO_8521464_p1_in_the_Calandcanal,_Holland_08-Jul-2007.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SMIT_PANTHER_(34350424531).jpg"},{"link_name":"Bollard pull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollard_pull"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Liverpool_docks_2018.jpg"},{"link_name":"company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_(law)"},{"link_name":"maritime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea"},{"link_name":"Fop Smit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fop_Smit"},{"link_name":"horsepower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horsepower"},{"link_name":"paddle steamer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paddle_steamer"},{"link_name":"tug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tugboat"},{"link_name":"NYSE Euronext","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euronext"},{"link_name":"Amsterdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam"},{"link_name":"Royal Boskalis Westminster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Boskalis_Westminster"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Giovanni-3"}],"text":"The first house flagThe second house flag, used in the 1960s.Taklift 7 has a lifting capacity of 1600 tons[2]Ocean going tug Smit Rotterdam arriving with tow at RotterdamHarbour tug Smit JapanSmit Panther has a 95t Bollard pullSmit tugs in Liverpool portSmit Internationale N.V. (or Smit International) is a Dutch company operating in the maritime sector. The company was founded in 1842 by Fop Smit as a towage company with only the 140 horsepower paddle steamer tug Kinderdijk.\nFop's sons, Jan and Leendert, continued the company under the name L. Smit & Co and expanded the fleet. In 1870, they began using tugs with propellers.\nAfter a merger in 1923 with Internationale Sleepdienst, the name was changed to \"L. Smit & Co.'s Internationale Sleepdienst\". Formerly listed at the NYSE Euronext stock exchange in Amsterdam, the company was fully acquired by Royal Boskalis Westminster in 2010.[3]","title":"Smit International"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boskalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Boskalis_Westminster"},{"link_name":"takeover offer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mergers_and_acquisitions"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"delisted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delisting_(stock)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Dutch marine engineer Boskalis made an indicative €1.11 billion takeover offer for Smit on 15 September 2008.[4] Despite the offer being promptly rejected by Smit's board, Boskalis subsequently built a stake of over 25% in the firm[5] and expressed a continuing desire to buy a number of its business units.[6] A revised offer from Boskalis of €1.35 billion, coupled with a pledge to retain the Smit name and its distinct operations, was accepted by the firm's board in January 2010, with Boskalis declaring its offer unconditional that March having reached share ownership of 90%.[7] Smit's shares were delisted from the Amsterdam Stock Exchange on 4 May 2010.[8]","title":"Takeover"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"joint-ventures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint-venture"},{"link_name":"Combinatie Berging Tricolor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combinatie_Berging_Tricolor"},{"link_name":"MV Tricolor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV_Tricolor"},{"link_name":"Costa Concordia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Concordia_disaster"}],"text":"The company consist of four divisions, in order of revenue:Transport & Heavy Lift (33.5% of total revenues)\nSalvage (23.9%)\nHarbour Towage (22.8%)\nTerminals (19.8%)For larger (salvaging) projects the company often uses joint-ventures or combinations. An example of this is Combinatie Berging Tricolor (Dutch for Combination Salvaging Tricolor) which was created solely for the lifting of the MV Tricolor. A similar multi-firm arrangement was made for the 2013-2014 salvage of the Costa Concordia passenger cruise ship.","title":"Corporate structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fleet-9"}],"text":"As of March 1, 2009, Smit (with its daughter companies and the joint ventures that it controls) has a fleet of 408 ships.[9]","title":"Fleet list"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"marine salvage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_salvage"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-salvages-10"},{"link_name":"SS London Valour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_London_Valour"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"MT Betelgeuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whiddy_Island_Disaster"},{"link_name":"MS Herald of Free Enterprise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS_Herald_of_Free_Enterprise"},{"link_name":"Russian submarine Kursk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_submarine_K-141_Kursk"},{"link_name":"Ehime Maru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehime_Maru_and_USS_Greeneville_collision"},{"link_name":"MV Prestige","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prestige_oil_spill"},{"link_name":"MV Tricolor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV_Tricolor"},{"link_name":"MV Rocknes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV_Rocknes_(2001)"},{"link_name":"MV Mighty Servant 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mighty_Servant_3"},{"link_name":"MS UND Adriyatik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS_UND_Adriyatik"},{"link_name":"MS Costa Concordia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Concordia"},{"link_name":"USS Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Guardian_(MCM-5)"},{"link_name":"MOL Comfort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOL_Comfort"},{"link_name":"MV Stellar Banner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV_Stellar_Banner"},{"link_name":"Ever Given","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ever_Given"},{"link_name":"Suez Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez_Canal"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"MV Eemslift Hendrika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MV_Eemslift_Hendrika_(2015)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Felicity Ace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felicity_Ace"},{"link_name":"FSO Safer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FSO_Safer"},{"link_name":"JLMD System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=JLMD_System&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fast oil recovery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_Oil_Recovery"}],"text":"Its marine salvage division was involved in several high-profile salvage operations, including:[10]SS London Valour[11] (1971–72)\nMT Betelgeuse (1979–80)\nMS Herald of Free Enterprise (1987)\nThe Russian submarine Kursk (lifting vessel) (2000)\nEhime Maru (2001)\nMV Prestige (2002)\nMV Tricolor (lifting vessel) (2002–2003)\nMV Rocknes (2004)\nMV Mighty Servant 3 (2006)\nMS UND Adriyatik (2008)\nMS Costa Concordia (oil containment) (2012)\nUSS Guardian (grounded in Philippines) (2013)\nMOL Comfort sunk in June 2013.\nMV Stellar Banner (2020)\nEver Given blockage of the Suez Canal[12] (2021)\nMV Eemslift Hendrika ship salvation (2021)\nFelicity Ace (2022)\nFSO Safer (2023)They have also partnered with the French firm JLMD System to support preinstalled fast oil recovery systems, which assure quick reliable oil removal in the event of a shipping accident.","title":"High profile operations"}]	[{"image_text":"The first house flag","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/House_flag_of_L._Smit_%26_Co_%28first_design%29.svg/220px-House_flag_of_L._Smit_%26_Co_%28first_design%29.svg.png"},{"image_text":"The second house flag, used in the 1960s.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/House_flag_of_L._Smit_%26_Co_%28second_design%29.svg/220px-House_flag_of_L._Smit_%26_Co_%28second_design%29.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Taklift 7 has a lifting capacity of 1600 tons[2]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/2005-10-29%2C_Stralsund%2C_Hafen%2C_Schwimmkran_Taklift_7_am_Hansakai.jpg/220px-2005-10-29%2C_Stralsund%2C_Hafen%2C_Schwimmkran_Taklift_7_am_Hansakai.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ocean going tug Smit Rotterdam arriving with tow at Rotterdam","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Smit_Rotterdam.jpg/220px-Smit_Rotterdam.jpg"},{"image_text":"Harbour tug Smit Japan","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Smit_Japan_-_IMO_8521464_p1_in_the_Calandcanal%2C_Holland_08-Jul-2007.jpg/220px-Smit_Japan_-_IMO_8521464_p1_in_the_Calandcanal%2C_Holland_08-Jul-2007.jpg"},{"image_text":"Smit Panther has a 95t Bollard pull","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/SMIT_PANTHER_%2834350424531%29.jpg/220px-SMIT_PANTHER_%2834350424531%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Smit tugs in Liverpool port","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Liverpool_docks_2018.jpg/220px-Liverpool_docks_2018.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Annual Report 2009\" (PDF). Smit International. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-17. Retrieved 2010-05-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110717113443/http://imprima.turnpages.com/DS1/public/slot00068/pdf/compleet.pdf","url_text":"\"Annual Report 2009\""},{"url":"http://imprima.turnpages.com/DS1/public/slot00068/pdf/compleet.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Archived copy\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-10-24. Retrieved 2015-02-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141024194403/http://www.boskalis.com/uploads/media/taklift-7_01.pdf","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"http://www.boskalis.com/uploads/media/taklift-7_01.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Smit's World-History\". Archived from the original on 8 February 2012. Retrieved 4 October 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120208180641/http://www.smit.com/sitefactor/page.asp?pageID=560","url_text":"\"Smit's World-History\""},{"url":"http://www.smit.com/sitefactor/page.asp?pageid=560","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kreijger, Gilbert; ten Wolde, Harro (15 September 2008). \"Boskalis plans 1.1 bln euro bid for Smit\". Reuters. Retrieved 1 October 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKLF66335620080915","url_text":"\"Boskalis plans 1.1 bln euro bid for Smit\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters","url_text":"Reuters"}]},{"reference":"Gray-Block, Aaron (2 February 2009). \"Boskalis ups stake in Smit, could buy more shares\". Reuters. Retrieved 2009-05-30.","urls":[{"url":"http://uk.reuters.com/article/rbssIndustryMaterialsUtilitiesNews/idUKL226998020090202?sp=true","url_text":"\"Boskalis ups stake in Smit, could buy more shares\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters","url_text":"Reuters"}]},{"reference":"van Tartwijk, Maarten (14 May 2009). \"Boskalis CEO: Ambition To Buy Several Smit Units\". Dow Jones Newswires. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2009-05-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://online.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20090514-712958.html","url_text":"\"Boskalis CEO: Ambition To Buy Several Smit Units\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dow_Jones_Newswires","url_text":"Dow Jones Newswires"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal","url_text":"The Wall Street Journal"}]},{"reference":"Roumeliotis, Greg (27 March 2010). \"Boskalis clears Smit takeover milestone\". Reuters. Retrieved 29 March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE62Q0VU20100327","url_text":"\"Boskalis clears Smit takeover milestone\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters","url_text":"Reuters"}]},{"reference":"\"Application made for delisting Smit\" (Press release). Boskalis. 7 April 2010. Retrieved 7 May 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.boskalis.com/nieuws.php?pageID=62&itemID=3071","url_text":"\"Application made for delisting Smit\""}]},{"reference":"Gatti, Carlo (April 2010). \"The running aground and the shipwreck of the British cargo ship \"London Valour\"\". Societa' Capitani e Macchinisti Navali – Camogli. Retrieved 11 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.scmncamogli.org/oldsite/pagine/nlond_sag.htm","url_text":"\"The running aground and the shipwreck of the British cargo ship \"London Valour\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Elite Salvage Team Expected to Clear Up Suez in 5 to 6 days\". 25 Mar 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fleetmon.com/maritime-news/2021/33125/elite-salvage-team-expected-clear-suez-5-6-days/","url_text":"\"Elite Salvage Team Expected to Clear Up Suez in 5 to 6 days\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.smit.com/","external_links_name":"www.smit.com"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110717113443/http://imprima.turnpages.com/DS1/public/slot00068/pdf/compleet.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Annual Report 2009\""},{"Link":"http://imprima.turnpages.com/DS1/public/slot00068/pdf/compleet.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141024194403/http://www.boskalis.com/uploads/media/taklift-7_01.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Archived copy\""},{"Link":"http://www.boskalis.com/uploads/media/taklift-7_01.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120208180641/http://www.smit.com/sitefactor/page.asp?pageID=560","external_links_name":"\"Smit's World-History\""},{"Link":"http://www.smit.com/sitefactor/page.asp?pageid=560","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKLF66335620080915","external_links_name":"\"Boskalis plans 1.1 bln euro bid for Smit\""},{"Link":"http://uk.reuters.com/article/rbssIndustryMaterialsUtilitiesNews/idUKL226998020090202?sp=true","external_links_name":"\"Boskalis ups stake in Smit, could buy more shares\""},{"Link":"https://online.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20090514-712958.html","external_links_name":"\"Boskalis CEO: Ambition To Buy Several Smit Units\""},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE62Q0VU20100327","external_links_name":"\"Boskalis clears Smit takeover milestone\""},{"Link":"http://www.boskalis.com/nieuws.php?pageID=62&itemID=3071","external_links_name":"\"Application made for delisting Smit\""},{"Link":"http://www.smit.com/sitefactor/public/Our_work/Fleetlist/Fleetlist_as_at_1_March_2009.pdf","external_links_name":"Fleetlist per 1 March, 2009"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111111222757/http://www.smit.com/sitefactor/public/Our_work/Fleetlist/Fleetlist_as_at_1_March_2009.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.smit.com/sitefactor/projects.asp?services=152","external_links_name":"Salvage projects"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070613053044/http://www.smit.com/sitefactor/projects.asp?services=152","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.scmncamogli.org/oldsite/pagine/nlond_sag.htm","external_links_name":"\"The running aground and the shipwreck of the British cargo ship \"London Valour\"\""},{"Link":"https://www.fleetmon.com/maritime-news/2021/33125/elite-salvage-team-expected-clear-suez-5-6-days/","external_links_name":"\"Elite Salvage Team Expected to Clear Up Suez in 5 to 6 days\""},{"Link":"http://www.smit.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Krk	Roman Catholic Diocese of Krk	["1 History","2 Bishops","3 References","4 Notes","5 External links"]	Coordinates: 45°01′33″N 14°34′32″E / 45.0258°N 14.5755°E / 45.0258; 14.5755Roman Catholic diocese in Croatia Diocese of KrkDioecesis VeglensisKrčka biskupijaLocationCountry CroatiaEcclesiastical provinceRijekaMetropolitanArchdiocese of RijekaStatisticsArea1,119 km2 (432 sq mi)Population- Total- Catholics(as of 2013)40,44735,499 (87.8%)InformationDenominationRoman CatholicRiteRoman RiteEstablished900 ADCathedralCathedral of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary, KrkPatron saintSaint Quirinus of SesciaCurrent leadershipPopeFrancisBishopIvica Petanjak, O.F.M. Cap. Bishop of KrkMetropolitan ArchbishopIvan Devčić Archbishop of RijekaBishops emeritusValter ŽupanWebsitekrk.hbk.hr The Diocese of Krk (Croatian: Krčka biskupija; Latin: Dioecesis Veglensis) is a Latin Church ecclesiastical territory or diocese of the Catholic Church active on the Croatian islands of Krk, Rab, Cres and Lošinj, as well as a few smaller ones and also a mission serving the Croatian people of New York: Blessed Ivan Merz in Astoria NY under the Brooklyn Diocese. The diocese is centred in the town of Krk. It was first erected in 900. Under Bishop Antun Mahnić (1896–1920), the Altslawi academy was established in 1902, and existed until 1927. Currently, Bishop Ivica Petanjak is head of the diocese. The diocese's patron is Saint Quirinus of Sescia (locally called Sveti Kvirin). History The Diocese of Krk was known historically as Veglia, its Italian name. In the year 1000 it had a bishop, Vitalis, who was present at a synod in Spoleto. Pope Eugene III made it a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Zara; for a period from 1828 it was under the Archdiocese of Görz. Bartholomaus Bozarich was present at the assembly of bishops in 1849 and his successor was a member of the First Vatican Council. Ossero and Veglia were united in 1818. The Diocese of Ossero (Lusin, Absor, Auxerensis), with its see at Osor, was older; Pope John VIII wrote to its bishop in 870. The fifty-fifth bishop, Raccamarich, was transferred to the Diocese of Cattaro in 1818. The Diocese of Arbe or Rab was even older. Its first known bishop attended a council at Salona in 530. The fifty-eight bishop, Galzigna (d. in 1823), was also the last, as his diocese was then merged into that of Veglia. Bishops Vitalis (1000 – aft. 1030) Gregory (1050–1069) Cededa (1065), anti–bishop Peter I (1069–1094) Dominic (c. 1106 – aft. 1133) Peter II (1153) Dabro (1170 – aft. 1179) John I (1186 – aft. 1188) A bishop is mentioned in 1212 and in 1252 without being named. Marino (1270– circa 1290 deceduto) Lambert, OFM (8 March 1290 – 25 May 1297), transferred to the diocese of Aquino Jerome Girolamo (1297–1298) Matthew, OFM (1299–????) Thomas I, OFM (13 August 1302 – c. 1311) Jacopo Bertaldo (bef. 26 August 1313 – 3 April 1315) Bongiovanni (c. 1315 – aft. 1326) Lompradio (fl. 1330) Nicolò I (1332–????) John II (2 July 1358 – ????) John III (7 October 1360 – ????) Thomas II (5 March 1389 – ????) Nicolò II (21 April 1421 – 1435) Angelo da Bologna, OP (8 October 1436 – ????) Francesco, OFM (2 December 1444 – 29 October 1456), transferred to the diocese of Krbava Nicolas Valentini (1457–1484 Died) Donato della Torre (1484–1515 Appointed, Bishop of Bosnia) Natale della Torre (1515–1528 Resigned) Eusebio Priuli (1528–1530 Died) Giovanni de Rosa (1531–1549 Died) Alberto Divini, O.P. (1550–1564 Died) Pietro Bembo (1564–1589 Died) Giovanni della Torre (1589–1623 Died) Alvise Lippomano (1623–1640 Died) Costantino de Rossi, C.R.S. (1640–1653 Died) Giorgio Giorgicci (1653–1660 Died) Francesco de Marchi (bishop) (1660–1667 Died) Teodoro Gennaro, OFM (1668–1681 Died) Stefano David (1684–1687 Died) Baldassarre Nosadini (1688–1712 Died) Pietro Paolo Calorio (Calore), C.R.S. (1713–1717 Died) Vincenzio Lessio (1719–1729 Died) Giovanni Federico Orsini Rosa (1729–1738 Appointed, Bishop of Nona) Pietro Antonio Zuccheri (1739–1778 Died) Diodato Maria Difnico, C.R.L. (1778–1788 Died) Giacinto Ignazio Pellegrini, O.P. (1789–1792 Died) Ivan Antun Sintić (1792–1837 Died) Bartol Bozanić (1839–1854 Died) Ivan Josip Vitezić (1855–1877 Died) Franjo Anijan Ferrettić (1880–1893 Died) Andrija Marija Sterk (1894–1896 Appointed, Bishop of Trieste e Capodistria) Anton Mahnič (1896–1920 Died) Josip Srebrnič (1923–1966 Died) Karmelo Zazinović (1968–1989 Retired) Josip Bozanić (1989–1997 Appointed, Archbishop of Zagreb) Valter Župan (1998–2015 Retired) Ivica Petanjak, OFM Cap. (2015–) References Daniele Farlati, Illyrici sacri, V (Venice, 1775); Veglia, 294-316, 639-47; Ossero, 182-223; Arbe, 223-294; Augustin Theiner, Monumenta Slavorum meridionalium, hist. illustr. (Rome, 1863), 46, 79 sq., 107 sq., 112, 122, 163, 323, 422 sq., 432 sq., 519 sq., 575, 581, 613 sq.; Mon. Hung. Rom., I (1859): Veglia, 425, 110, 112, 195, 220 sq., 323, 539 sq., Absor, 573, Arbe, 247, 281 sq. Notes ^ "Diocese of Krk (Veglia)" Catholic-Hierarchy.org. David M. Cheney. Retrieved February 29, 2016 ^ "Diocese of Krk" GCatholic.org. Gabriel Chow. Retrieved February 29, 2016 ^ Catholic Encyclopedia article Diocese of Veglia ^ "Diocese of Arbe (Rab)". Catholic-Hierarchy.org. David M. Cheney. Retrieved 21 January 2015. ^ "Bishop Giorgio Giorgicci" Catholic–Hierarchy.org. David M. Cheney. Retrieved October 29, 2016 ^ "Bishop Stefano David" Catholic–Hierarchy.org. David M. Cheney. Retrieved August 9, 2016 External links Diocese of Krk Archived 2016-07-25 at the Wayback Machine Official website (in Croatian) Diocese of Krk at Catholic-Hierarchy.org 45°01′33″N 14°34′32″E / 45.0258°N 14.5755°E / 45.0258; 14.5755 Authority control databases VIAF	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Croatian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_language"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language"},{"link_name":"Latin Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Church"},{"link_name":"diocese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese"},{"link_name":"Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Croatian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"Krk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krk"},{"link_name":"Rab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rab_(island)"},{"link_name":"Cres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cres"},{"link_name":"Lošinj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lo%C5%A1inj"},{"link_name":"Croatian people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_people"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"},{"link_name":"Ivan Merz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Merz"},{"link_name":"Astoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astoria,_Queens"},{"link_name":"NY","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn Diocese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Brooklyn"},{"link_name":"Krk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krk_(town)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CathHierKrk-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GCathKrk-2"},{"link_name":"Antun Mahnić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antun_Mahni%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Bishop Ivica Petanjak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivica_Petanjak"},{"link_name":"Saint Quirinus of Sescia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quirinus_of_Sescia"}],"text":"Roman Catholic diocese in CroatiaThe Diocese of Krk (Croatian: Krčka biskupija; Latin: Dioecesis Veglensis) is a Latin Church ecclesiastical territory or diocese of the Catholic Church active on the Croatian islands of Krk, Rab, Cres and Lošinj, as well as a few smaller ones and also a mission serving the Croatian people of New York: Blessed Ivan Merz in Astoria NY under the Brooklyn Diocese. The diocese is centred in the town of Krk. It was first erected in 900.[1][2]Under Bishop Antun Mahnić (1896–1920), the Altslawi academy was established in 1902, and existed until 1927.Currently, Bishop Ivica Petanjak is head of the diocese. The diocese's patron is Saint Quirinus of Sescia (locally called Sveti Kvirin).","title":"Roman Catholic Diocese of Krk"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spoleto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoleto"},{"link_name":"Pope Eugene III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Eugene_III"},{"link_name":"Archdiocese of Zara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Zadar"},{"link_name":"Archdiocese of Görz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Gorizia"},{"link_name":"First Vatican Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Vatican_Council"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Ossero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Ossero"},{"link_name":"Osor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osor,_Croatia"},{"link_name":"Pope John VIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_John_VIII"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Cattaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Kotor"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Arbe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Arbe"},{"link_name":"Salona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salona"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The Diocese of Krk was known historically as Veglia, its Italian name. In the year 1000 it had a bishop, Vitalis, who was present at a synod in Spoleto. Pope Eugene III made it a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Zara; for a period from 1828 it was under the Archdiocese of Görz. Bartholomaus Bozarich was present at the assembly of bishops in 1849 and his successor was a member of the First Vatican Council.Ossero and Veglia were united in 1818. The Diocese of Ossero (Lusin, Absor, Auxerensis), with its see at Osor, was older; Pope John VIII wrote to its bishop in 870. The fifty-fifth bishop, Raccamarich, was transferred to the Diocese of Cattaro in 1818.The Diocese of Arbe or Rab was even older. Its first known bishop attended a council at Salona in 530. The fifty-eight bishop, Galzigna (d. in 1823), was also the last, as his diocese was then merged into that of Veglia.[3][4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"OFM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciscans"},{"link_name":"diocese of Aquino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese_of_Aquino"},{"link_name":"OP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Preachers"},{"link_name":"diocese of Krbava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Krbava&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nicolas Valentini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Valentini"},{"link_name":"Donato della Torre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Donato_della_Torre&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Bosnia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Bosnia"},{"link_name":"Natale della Torre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Natale_della_Torre&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Eusebio Priuli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eusebio_Priuli&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Giovanni de Rosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Giovanni_de_Rosa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Alberto Divini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alberto_Divini&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"O.P.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Preachers"},{"link_name":"Pietro Bembo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietro_Bembo"},{"link_name":"Giovanni della Torre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Giovanni_della_Torre&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Alvise Lippomano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alvise_Lippomano&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Costantino de Rossi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Costantino_de_Rossi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"C.R.S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.R.S."},{"link_name":"Giorgio Giorgicci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giorgio_Giorgicci"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CathHierGioGio-5"},{"link_name":"Francesco de Marchi (bishop)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_de_Marchi_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"Teodoro Gennaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teodoro_Gennaro&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"OFM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Friars_Minor"},{"link_name":"Stefano David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefano_David"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CathHierStefDav-6"},{"link_name":"Baldassarre Nosadini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baldassarre_Nosadini&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"C.R.S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.R.S."},{"link_name":"Bishop of Nona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Nona"},{"link_name":"C.R.L.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.R.L."},{"link_name":"O.P.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Preachers"},{"link_name":"Ivan Josip Vitezić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ivan_Josip_Vitezi%C4%87&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"hr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Josip_Vitezi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Trieste e Capodistria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Trieste_e_Capodistria"},{"link_name":"Anton Mahnič","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Mahni%C4%8D"},{"link_name":"Josip Srebrnič","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josip_Srebrni%C4%8D"},{"link_name":"Karmelo Zazinović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karmelo_Zazinovi%C4%87&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Josip Bozanić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josip_Bozani%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of Zagreb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Zagreb"},{"link_name":"Valter Župan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valter_%C5%BDupan"},{"link_name":"Ivica Petanjak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivica_Petanjak"},{"link_name":"OFM Cap.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OFM_Cap."}],"text":"Vitalis (1000 – aft. 1030)\nGregory (1050–1069)\nCededa (1065), anti–bishop\nPeter I (1069–1094)\nDominic (c. 1106 – aft. 1133)\nPeter II (1153)\nDabro (1170 – aft. 1179)\nJohn I (1186 – aft. 1188)\nA bishop is mentioned in 1212 and in 1252 without being named.\nMarino (1270– circa 1290 deceduto)\nLambert, OFM (8 March 1290 – 25 May 1297), transferred to the diocese of Aquino\nJerome Girolamo (1297–1298)\nMatthew, OFM (1299–????)\nThomas I, OFM (13 August 1302 – c. 1311)\nJacopo Bertaldo (bef. 26 August 1313 – 3 April 1315)\nBongiovanni (c. 1315 – aft. 1326)\nLompradio (fl. 1330)\nNicolò I (1332–????)\nJohn II (2 July 1358 – ????)\nJohn III (7 October 1360 – ????)\nThomas II (5 March 1389 – ????)\nNicolò II (21 April 1421 – 1435)\nAngelo da Bologna, OP (8 October 1436 – ????)\nFrancesco, OFM (2 December 1444 – 29 October 1456), transferred to the diocese of Krbava\nNicolas Valentini (1457–1484 Died)\nDonato della Torre (1484–1515 Appointed, Bishop of Bosnia)\nNatale della Torre (1515–1528 Resigned)\nEusebio Priuli (1528–1530 Died)\nGiovanni de Rosa (1531–1549 Died)\nAlberto Divini, O.P. (1550–1564 Died)\nPietro Bembo (1564–1589 Died)\nGiovanni della Torre (1589–1623 Died)\nAlvise Lippomano (1623–1640 Died)\nCostantino de Rossi, C.R.S. (1640–1653 Died)\nGiorgio Giorgicci (1653–1660 Died)[5]\nFrancesco de Marchi (bishop) (1660–1667 Died)\nTeodoro Gennaro, OFM (1668–1681 Died)\nStefano David (1684–1687 Died)[6]\nBaldassarre Nosadini (1688–1712 Died)\nPietro Paolo Calorio (Calore), C.R.S. (1713–1717 Died)\nVincenzio Lessio (1719–1729 Died)\nGiovanni Federico Orsini Rosa (1729–1738 Appointed, Bishop of Nona)\nPietro Antonio Zuccheri (1739–1778 Died)\nDiodato Maria Difnico, C.R.L. (1778–1788 Died)\nGiacinto Ignazio Pellegrini, O.P. (1789–1792 Died)\nIvan Antun Sintić (1792–1837 Died)\nBartol Bozanić (1839–1854 Died)\nIvan Josip Vitezić [hr] (1855–1877 Died)\nFranjo Anijan Ferrettić (1880–1893 Died)\nAndrija Marija Sterk (1894–1896 Appointed, Bishop of Trieste e Capodistria)\nAnton Mahnič (1896–1920 Died)\nJosip Srebrnič (1923–1966 Died)\nKarmelo Zazinović (1968–1989 Retired)\nJosip Bozanić (1989–1997 Appointed, Archbishop of Zagreb)\nValter Župan (1998–2015 Retired)\nIvica Petanjak, OFM Cap. (2015–)","title":"Bishops"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-CathHierKrk_1-0"},{"link_name":"\"Diocese of Krk (Veglia)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dkrkc.html"},{"link_name":"Catholic-Hierarchy.org","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic-Hierarchy.org"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-GCathKrk_2-0"},{"link_name":"\"Diocese of Krk\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/krkz0.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Catholic Encyclopedia article Diocese of Veglia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Diocese_of_Veglia"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"Diocese of Arbe (Rab)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/da558.html"},{"link_name":"Catholic-Hierarchy.org","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic-Hierarchy.org"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-CathHierGioGio_5-0"},{"link_name":"\"Bishop Giorgio Giorgicci\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.catholic%E2%80%93hierarchy.org/bishop/bgiorgic.html"},{"link_name":"Catholic–Hierarchy.org","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic%E2%80%93Hierarchy.org"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-CathHierStefDav_6-0"},{"link_name":"\"Bishop Stefano David\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.catholic%E2%80%93hierarchy.org/bishop/bdavids.html"},{"link_name":"Catholic–Hierarchy.org","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic%E2%80%93Hierarchy.org"}],"text":"^ \"Diocese of Krk (Veglia)\" Catholic-Hierarchy.org. David M. Cheney. Retrieved February 29, 2016\n\n^ \"Diocese of Krk\" GCatholic.org. Gabriel Chow. Retrieved February 29, 2016\n\n^ Catholic Encyclopedia article Diocese of Veglia\n\n^ \"Diocese of Arbe (Rab)\". Catholic-Hierarchy.org. David M. Cheney. Retrieved 21 January 2015.\n\n^ \"Bishop Giorgio Giorgicci\" Catholic–Hierarchy.org. David M. Cheney. Retrieved October 29, 2016\n\n^ \"Bishop Stefano David\" Catholic–Hierarchy.org. David M. Cheney. Retrieved August 9, 2016","title":"Notes"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Diocese of Arbe (Rab)\". Catholic-Hierarchy.org. David M. Cheney. Retrieved 21 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/da558.html","url_text":"\"Diocese of Arbe (Rab)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic-Hierarchy.org","url_text":"Catholic-Hierarchy.org"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Krk&params=45.0258_N_14.5755_E_source:wikidata","external_links_name":"45°01′33″N 14°34′32″E / 45.0258°N 14.5755°E / 45.0258; 14.5755"},{"Link":"http://krk.hbk.hr/","external_links_name":"krk.hbk.hr"},{"Link":"http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dkrkc.html","external_links_name":"\"Diocese of Krk (Veglia)\""},{"Link":"http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/krkz0.htm","external_links_name":"\"Diocese of Krk\""},{"Link":"http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/da558.html","external_links_name":"\"Diocese of Arbe (Rab)\""},{"Link":"http://www.xn--catholichierarchy-h12j.org/bishop/bgiorgic.html","external_links_name":"\"Bishop Giorgio Giorgicci\""},{"Link":"http://www.xn--catholichierarchy-h12j.org/bishop/bdavids.html","external_links_name":"\"Bishop Stefano David\""},{"Link":"http://krk.hbk.hr/","external_links_name":"Diocese of Krk"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160725170613/http://krk.hbk.hr/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dkrkc.html","external_links_name":"Diocese of Krk"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Krk&params=45.0258_N_14.5755_E_source:wikidata","external_links_name":"45°01′33″N 14°34′32″E / 45.0258°N 14.5755°E / 45.0258; 14.5755"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/305682676","external_links_name":"VIAF"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark-release-recapture	Mark and recapture	["1 Field work related to mark-recapture","2 Notation","3 Lincoln–Petersen estimator","3.1 Derivation","3.2 Sample calculation","4 Chapman estimator","4.1 Sample calculation","5 Confidence interval","6 Bayesian estimate","7 Capture probability","8 More than two visits","9 Integrated approaches","10 See also","11 References","12 Further reading","13 External links"]	Animal population estimation method This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (March 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Mark and recapture is a method commonly used in ecology to estimate an animal population's size where it is impractical to count every individual. A portion of the population is captured, marked, and released. Later, another portion will be captured and the number of marked individuals within the sample is counted. Since the number of marked individuals within the second sample should be proportional to the number of marked individuals in the whole population, an estimate of the total population size can be obtained by dividing the number of marked individuals by the proportion of marked individuals in the second sample. The method assumes, rightly or wrongly, that the probability of capture is the same for all individuals. Other names for this method, or closely related methods, include capture-recapture, capture-mark-recapture, mark-recapture, sight-resight, mark-release-recapture, multiple systems estimation, band recovery, the Petersen method, and the Lincoln method. Another major application for these methods is in epidemiology, where they are used to estimate the completeness of ascertainment of disease registers. Typical applications include estimating the number of people needing particular services (e.g. services for children with learning disabilities, services for medically frail elderly living in the community), or with particular conditions (e.g. illegal drug addicts, people infected with HIV, etc.). Field work related to mark-recapture Biologist is marking a Chittenango ovate amber snail to monitor the population. Typically a researcher visits a study area and uses traps to capture a group of individuals alive. Each of these individuals is marked with a unique identifier (e.g., a numbered tag or band), and then is released unharmed back into the environment. A mark-recapture method was first used for ecological study in 1896 by C.G. Johannes Petersen to estimate plaice, Pleuronectes platessa, populations. Sufficient time should be allowed to pass for the marked individuals to redistribute themselves among the unmarked population. Next, the researcher returns and captures another sample of individuals. Some individuals in this second sample will have been marked during the initial visit and are now known as recaptures. Other organisms captured during the second visit, will not have been captured during the first visit to the study area. These unmarked animals are usually given a tag or band during the second visit and then are released. Population size can be estimated from as few as two visits to the study area. Commonly, more than two visits are made, particularly if estimates of survival or movement are desired. Regardless of the total number of visits, the researcher simply records the date of each capture of each individual. The "capture histories" generated are analyzed mathematically to estimate population size, survival, or movement. When capturing and marking organisms, ecologists need to consider the welfare of the organisms. If the chosen identifier harms the organism, then its behavior might become irregular. Different methods of "mark and recapture" Collar-tagged rock hyrax Ring-tagged Jackdaw Marked Chittenango ovate amber snail Tagged Common Ringlet Notation Let N = Number of animals in the population n = Number of animals marked on the first visit K = Number of animals captured on the second visit k = Number of recaptured animals that were marked A biologist wants to estimate the size of a population of turtles in a lake. She captures 10 turtles on her first visit to the lake, and marks their backs with paint. A week later she returns to the lake and captures 15 turtles. Five of these 15 turtles have paint on their backs, indicating that they are recaptured animals. This example is (n, K, k) = (10, 15, 5). The problem is to estimate N. Lincoln–Petersen estimator Main article: Lincoln index The Lincoln–Petersen method (also known as the Petersen–Lincoln index or Lincoln index) can be used to estimate population size if only two visits are made to the study area. This method assumes that the study population is "closed". In other words, the two visits to the study area are close enough in time so that no individuals die, are born, or move into or out of the study area between visits. The model also assumes that no marks fall off animals between visits to the field site by the researcher, and that the researcher correctly records all marks. Given those conditions, estimated population size is: N ^ = n K k , {\displaystyle {\hat {N}}={\frac {nK}{k}},} Derivation It is assumed that all individuals have the same probability of being captured in the second sample, regardless of whether they were previously captured in the first sample (with only two samples, this assumption cannot be tested directly). This implies that, in the second sample, the proportion of marked individuals that are caught ( k / K {\displaystyle k/K} ) should equal the proportion of the total population that is marked ( n / N {\displaystyle n/N} ). For example, if half of the marked individuals were recaptured, it would be assumed that half of the total population was included in the second sample. In symbols, k K = n N . {\displaystyle {\frac {k}{K}}={\frac {n}{N}}.} A rearrangement of this gives N ^ = n K k , {\displaystyle {\hat {N}}={\frac {nK}{k}},} the formula used for the Lincoln–Petersen method. Sample calculation In the example (n, K, k) = (10, 15, 5) the Lincoln–Petersen method estimates that there are 30 turtles in the lake. N ^ = n K k = 10 × 15 5 = 30 {\displaystyle {\hat {N}}={\frac {nK}{k}}={\frac {10\times 15}{5}}=30} Chapman estimator The Lincoln–Petersen estimator is asymptotically unbiased as sample size approaches infinity, but is biased at small sample sizes. An alternative less biased estimator of population size is given by the Chapman estimator: N ^ C = ( n + 1 ) ( K + 1 ) k + 1 − 1 {\displaystyle {\hat {N}}_{C}={\frac {(n+1)(K+1)}{k+1}}-1} Sample calculation The example (n, K, k) = (10, 15, 5) gives N ^ C = ( n + 1 ) ( K + 1 ) k + 1 − 1 = 11 × 16 6 − 1 = 28.3 {\displaystyle {\hat {N}}_{C}={\frac {(n+1)(K+1)}{k+1}}-1={\frac {11\times 16}{6}}-1=28.3} Note that the answer provided by this equation must be truncated not rounded. Thus, the Chapman method estimates 28 turtles in the lake. Surprisingly, Chapman's estimate was one conjecture from a range of possible estimators: "In practice, the whole number immediately less than (K+1)(n+1)/(k+1) or even Kn/(k+1) will be the estimate. The above form is more convenient for mathematical purposes."(see footnote, page 144). Chapman also found the estimator could have considerable negative bias for small Kn/N (page 146), but was unconcerned because the estimated standard deviations were large for these cases. Confidence interval An approximate 100 ( 1 − α ) % {\displaystyle 100(1-\alpha )\%} confidence interval for the population size N can be obtained as: K + n − k − 0.5 + ( K − k + 0.5 ) ( n − k + 0.5 ) ( k + 0.5 ) exp ⁡ ( ± z α / 2 σ ^ 0.5 ) , {\displaystyle K+n-k-0.5+{\frac {(K-k+0.5)(n-k+0.5)}{(k+0.5)}}\exp(\pm z_{\alpha /2}{\hat {\sigma }}_{0.5}),} where z α / 2 {\textstyle z_{\alpha /2}} corresponds to the 1 − α / 2 {\displaystyle 1-\alpha /2} quantile of a standard normal random variable, and σ ^ 0.5 = 1 k + 0.5 + 1 K − k + 0.5 + 1 n − k + 0.5 + k + 0.5 ( n − k + 0.5 ) ( K − k + 0.5 ) . {\displaystyle {\hat {\sigma }}_{0.5}={\sqrt {{\frac {1}{k+0.5}}+{\frac {1}{K-k+0.5}}+{\frac {1}{n-k+0.5}}+{\frac {k+0.5}{(n-k+0.5)(K-k+0.5)}}}}.} The example (n, K, k) = (10, 15, 5) gives the estimate N ≈ 30 with a 95% confidence interval of 22 to 65. It has been shown that this confidence interval has actual coverage probabilities that are close to the nominal 100 ( 1 − α ) % {\displaystyle 100(1-\alpha )\%} level even for small populations and extreme capture probabilities (near to 0 or 1), in which cases other confidence intervals fail to achieve the nominal coverage levels. Bayesian estimate The mean value ± standard deviation is N ≈ μ ± μ ϵ {\displaystyle N\approx \mu \pm {\sqrt {\mu \epsilon }}} where μ = ( n − 1 ) ( K − 1 ) k − 2 {\displaystyle \mu ={\frac {(n-1)(K-1)}{k-2}}} for k > 2 {\displaystyle k>2} ϵ = ( n − k + 1 ) ( K − k + 1 ) ( k − 2 ) ( k − 3 ) {\displaystyle \epsilon ={\frac {(n-k+1)(K-k+1)}{(k-2)(k-3)}}} for k > 3 {\displaystyle k>3} A derivation is found here: Talk:Mark and recapture#Statistical treatment. The example (n, K, k) = (10, 15, 5) gives the estimate N ≈ 42 ± 21.5 Capture probability Bank vole, Myodes glareolus, in a capture-release small mammal population study for London Wildlife Trust at Gunnersbury Triangle local nature reserve The capture probability refers to the probability of a detecting an individual animal or person of interest, and has been used in both ecology and epidemiology for detecting animal or human diseases, respectively. The capture probability is often defined as a two-variable model, in which f is defined as the fraction of a finite resource devoted to detecting the animal or person of interest from a high risk sector of an animal or human population, and q is the frequency of time that the problem (e.g., an animal disease) occurs in the high-risk versus the low-risk sector. For example, an application of the model in the 1920s was to detect typhoid carriers in London, who were either arriving from zones with high rates of tuberculosis (probability q that a passenger with the disease came from such an area, where q>0.5), or low rates (probability 1−q). It was posited that only 5 out of 100 of the travelers could be detected, and 10 out of 100 were from the high risk area. Then the capture probability P was defined as: P = 5 10 f q + 5 90 ( 1 − f ) ( 1 − q ) , {\displaystyle P={\frac {5}{10}}fq+{\frac {5}{90}}(1-f)(1-q),} where the first term refers to the probability of detection (capture probability) in a high risk zone, and the latter term refers to the probability of detection in a low risk zone. Importantly, the formula can be re-written as a linear equation in terms of f: P = ( 5 10 q − 5 90 ( 1 − q ) ) f + 5 90 ( 1 − q ) . {\displaystyle P=\left({\frac {5}{10}}q-{\frac {5}{90}}(1-q)\right)f+{\frac {5}{90}}(1-q).} Because this is a linear function, it follows that for certain versions of q for which the slope of this line (the first term multiplied by f) is positive, all of the detection resource should be devoted to the high-risk population (f should be set to 1 to maximize the capture probability), whereas for other value of q, for which the slope of the line is negative, all of the detection should be devoted to the low-risk population (f should be set to 0. We can solve the above equation for the values of q for which the slope will be positive to determine the values for which f should be set to 1 to maximize the capture probability: ( 5 10 q − 5 90 ( 1 − q ) ) > 0 , {\displaystyle \left({\frac {5}{10}}q-{\frac {5}{90}}(1-q)\right)>0,} which simplifies to: q > 1 10 . {\displaystyle q>{\frac {1}{10}}.} This is an example of linear optimization. In more complex cases, where more than one resource f is devoted to more than two areas, multivariate optimization is often used, through the simplex algorithm or its derivatives. More than two visits The literature on the analysis of capture-recapture studies has blossomed since the early 1990s. There are very elaborate statistical models available for the analysis of these experiments. A simple model which easily accommodates the three source, or the three visit study, is to fit a Poisson regression model. Sophisticated mark-recapture models can be fit with several packages for the Open Source R programming language. These include "Spatially Explicit Capture-Recapture (secr)", "Loglinear Models for Capture-Recapture Experiments (Rcapture)", and "Mark-Recapture Distance Sampling (mrds)". Such models can also be fit with specialized programs such as MARK or E-SURGE. Other related methods which are often used include the Jolly–Seber model (used in open populations and for multiple census estimates) and Schnabel estimators (an expansion to the Lincoln–Petersen method for closed populations). These are described in detail by Sutherland. Integrated approaches Modelling mark-recapture data is trending towards a more integrative approach, which combines mark-recapture data with population dynamics models and other types of data. The integrated approach is more computationally demanding, but extracts more information from the data improving parameter and uncertainty estimates. See also Ecology portal German tank problem, for estimation of population size when the elements are numbered. Tag and release Abundance estimation GPS wildlife tracking Shadow Effect (Genetics) References ^ "Mark-Recapture". ^ a b c d e f Southwood, T. R. E.; Henderson, P. (2000). Ecological Methods (3rd ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Science. ^ Krebs, Charles J. (2009). Ecology (6th ed.). Pearson Benjamin Cummings. p. 119. ISBN 978-0-321-50743-3. ^ Chao, A.; Tsay, P. K.; Lin, S. H.; Shau, W. Y.; Chao, D. Y. (2001). "The applications of capture-recapture models to epidemiological data". Statistics in Medicine. 20 (20): 3123–3157. doi:10.1002/sim.996. PMID 11590637. S2CID 78437. ^ Allen; et al. (2019). "Estimating the Number of People Who Inject Drugs in A Rural County in Appalachia". American Journal of Public Health. 109 (3): 445–450. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2018.304873. PMC 6366498. PMID 30676803. ^ "Recapture Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster". 21 August 2023. ^ Seber, G. A. F. (1982). The Estimation of Animal Abundance and Related Parameters. Caldwel, New Jersey: Blackburn Press. ISBN 1-930665-55-5. ^ a b Charles J. Krebs (1999). Ecological Methodology (2nd ed.). Benjamin/Cummings. ISBN 9780321021731. ^ a b c d Chapman, D.G. (1951). Some properties of the hypergeometric distribution with applications to zoological sample censuses. UC Publications in Statistics. University of California Press. ^ Sadinle, Mauricio (2009-10-01). "Transformed Logit Confidence Intervals for Small Populations in Single Capture–Recapture Estimation". Communications in Statistics - Simulation and Computation. 38 (9): 1909–1924. doi:10.1080/03610910903168595. ISSN 0361-0918. S2CID 205556773. ^ Drenner, Ray (1978). "Capture probability: the role of zooplankter escape in the selective feeding of planktivorous fish". Journal of the Fisheries Board of Canada. 35 (10): 1370–1373. doi:10.1139/f78-215. ^ MacKenzie, Darryl (2002). "How should detection probability be incorporated into estimates of relative abundance?". Ecology. 83 (9): 2387–2393. doi:10.1890/0012-9658(2002)0832.0.co;2. ^ a b Bolker, Benjamin (2008). Ecological Models and Data in R. Princeton University Press. ISBN 9781400840908. ^ Unknown (1921). "The Health of London". Hosp Health Rev. 1 (3): 71–2. PMC 5518027. PMID 29418259. ^ McCrea, R.S. and Morgan, B.J.T. (2014) "Analysis of capture-recapture data". Retrieved 19 Nov 2014. "Chapman and Hall/CRC Press". Retrieved 19 Nov 2014. ^ Efford, Murray (2016-09-02). "Spatially Explicit Capture-Recapture (secr)". Comprehensive R Archive Network (CRAN). Retrieved 2016-09-02. ^ Rivest, Louis-Paul; Baillargeon, Sophie (2014-09-01). "Loglinear Models for Capture-Recapture Experiments (Rcapture)". Comprehensive R Archive Network (CRAN). Retrieved 2016-09-02. ^ Laake, Jeff; Borchers, David; Thomas, Len; Miller, David; Bishop, Jon (2015-08-17). "Mark-Recapture Distance Sampling (mrds)". Comprehensive R Archive Network (CRAN). ^ "Program MARK". Archived from the original on 21 February 2006. Retrieved 29 May 2013. ^ "Logiciels". Archived from the original on 2009-07-24. ^ Schnabel, Z. E. (1938). "The Estimation of the Total Fish Population of a Lake". American Mathematical Monthly. 45 (6): 348–352. doi:10.2307/2304025. JSTOR 2304025. ^ William J. Sutherland, ed. (1996). Ecological Census Techniques: A Handbook. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-47815-4. ^ Maunder M.N. (2003) Paradigm shifts in fisheries stock assessment: from integrated analysis to Bayesian analysis and back again. Natural Resource Modeling 16:465–475 ^ Maunder, M.N. (2001) Integrated Tagging and Catch-at-Age Analysis (ITCAAN). In Spatial Processes and Management of Fish Populations, edited by G.H. Kruse, N. Bez, A. Booth, M.W. Dorn, S. Hills, R.N. Lipcius, D. Pelletier, C. Roy, S.J. Smith, and D. Witherell, Alaska Sea Grant College Program Report No. AK-SG-01-02, University of Alaska Fairbanks, pp. 123–146. Besbeas, P; Freeman, S. N.; Morgan, B. J. T.; Catchpole, E. A. (2002). "Integrating mark-recapture-recovery and census data to estimate animal abundance and demographic parameters". Biometrics. 58 (3): 540–547. doi:10.1111/j.0006-341X.2002.00540.x. PMID 12229988. S2CID 30426391. Martin-Löf, P. (1961). "Mortality rate calculations on ringed birds with special reference to the Dunlin Calidris alpina". Arkiv för Zoologi (Zoology Files), Kungliga Svenska Vetenskapsakademien (The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences) Serie 2. Band 13 (21). Maunder, M. N. (2004). "Population viability analysis, based on combining integrated, Bayesian, and hierarchical analyses". Acta Oecologica. 26 (2): 85–94. Bibcode:2004AcO....26...85M. doi:10.1016/j.actao.2003.11.008. Phillips, C. A.; M. J. Dreslik; J. R. Johnson; J. E. Petzing (2001). "Application of population estimation to pond breeding salamanders". Transactions of the Illinois Academy of Science. 94 (2): 111–118. Royle, J. A.; R. M. Dorazio (2008). Hierarchical Modeling and Inference in Ecology. Elsevier. ISBN 978-1-930665-55-2. Seber, G.A.F. (2002). The Estimation of Animal Abundance and Related Parameters. Caldwel, New Jersey: Blackburn Press. ISBN 1-930665-55-5. Schaub, M; Gimenez, O.; Sierro, A.; Arlettaz, R (2007). "Use of Integrated Modeling to Enhance Estimates of Population Dynamics Obtained from Limited Data" (PDF). Conservation Biology. 21 (4): 945–955. Bibcode:2007ConBi..21..945S. doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2007.00743.x. PMID 17650245. S2CID 43172823. Williams, B. K.; J. D. Nichols; M. J. Conroy (2002). Analysis and Management of Animal Populations. San Diego, California: Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-754406-2. Chao, A; Tsay, P. K.; Lin, S. H.; Shau, W. Y.; Chao, D. Y. (2001). "The applications of capture-recapture models to epidemiological data". Statistics in Medicine. 20 (20): 3123–3157. doi:10.1002/sim.996. PMID 11590637. S2CID 78437. Further reading Bonett, D.G.; Woodward, J.A.; Bentler, P.M. (1986). "A Linear Model for Estimating the Size of a Closed Population". British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology. 39: 28–40. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1986.tb00843.x. PMID 3768264. Evans, M.A.; Bonett, D.G.; McDonald, L. (1994). "A General Theory for Analyzing Capture-recapture Data in Closed Populations". Biometrics. 50 (2): 396–405. doi:10.2307/2533383. JSTOR 2533383. Lincoln, F. C. (1930). "Calculating Waterfowl Abundance on the Basis of Banding Returns". United States Department of Agriculture Circular. 118: 1–4. Petersen, C. G. J. (1896). "The Yearly Immigration of Young Plaice Into the Limfjord From the German Sea", Report of the Danish Biological Station (1895), 6, 5–84. Schofield, J. R. (2007). "Beyond Defect Removal: Latent Defect Estimation With Capture-Recapture Method", Crosstalk, August 2007; 27–29. External links A historical introduction to capture-recapture methods Analysis of capture-recapture data	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ecology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecology"},{"link_name":"population","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Southwood-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Krebs2009-3"},{"link_name":"epidemiology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chao-4"},{"link_name":"estimating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estimating"},{"link_name":"learning disabilities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learning_disabilities"},{"link_name":"medically frail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medically_frail"},{"link_name":"HIV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Allen-5"}],"text":"Mark and recapture is a method commonly used in ecology to estimate an animal population's size where it is impractical to count every individual.[1] A portion of the population is captured, marked, and released. Later, another portion will be captured and the number of marked individuals within the sample is counted. Since the number of marked individuals within the second sample should be proportional to the number of marked individuals in the whole population, an estimate of the total population size can be obtained by dividing the number of marked individuals by the proportion of marked individuals in the second sample. The method assumes, rightly or wrongly, that the probability of capture is the same for all individuals.[2] Other names for this method, or closely related methods, include capture-recapture, capture-mark-recapture, mark-recapture, sight-resight, mark-release-recapture, multiple systems estimation, band recovery, the Petersen method,[3] and the Lincoln method.Another major application for these methods is in epidemiology,[4] where they are used to estimate the completeness of ascertainment of disease registers. Typical applications include estimating the number of people needing particular services (e.g. services for children with learning disabilities, services for medically frail elderly living in the community), or with particular conditions (e.g. illegal drug addicts, people infected with HIV, etc.).[5]","title":"Mark and recapture"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Novisuccinea_chittenangoensis_5.png"},{"link_name":"Chittenango ovate amber snail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chittenango_ovate_amber_snail"},{"link_name":"researcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Researcher"},{"link_name":"C.G. Johannes Petersen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.G._Johannes_Petersen"},{"link_name":"Pleuronectes platessa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleuronectes_platessa"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Southwood-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Southwood-2"},{"link_name":"sample","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sample_(statistics)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Southwood-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Southwood-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Collar_tagged_Rock_Hyrax.JPG"},{"link_name":"rock hyrax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_hyrax"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jackdaw_with_a_ring.JPG"},{"link_name":"Jackdaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackdaw"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Novisuccinea_chittenangoensis_4.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coenonympha_tullia_CMR,_Drugeon_-_img_47288.jpg"}],"text":"Biologist is marking a Chittenango ovate amber snail to monitor the population.Typically a researcher visits a study area and uses traps to capture a group of individuals alive. Each of these individuals is marked with a unique identifier (e.g., a numbered tag or band), and then is released unharmed back into the environment. A mark-recapture method was first used for ecological study in 1896 by C.G. Johannes Petersen to estimate plaice, Pleuronectes platessa, populations.[2]Sufficient time should be allowed to pass for the marked individuals to redistribute themselves among the unmarked population.[2]Next, the researcher returns and captures another sample of individuals. Some individuals in this second sample will have been marked during the initial visit and are now known as recaptures.[6] Other organisms captured during the second visit, will not have been captured during the first visit to the study area. These unmarked animals are usually given a tag or band during the second visit and then are released.[2]Population size can be estimated from as few as two visits to the study area. Commonly, more than two visits are made, particularly if estimates of survival or movement are desired. Regardless of the total number of visits, the researcher simply records the date of each capture of each individual. The \"capture histories\" generated are analyzed mathematically to estimate population size, survival, or movement.[2]When capturing and marking organisms, ecologists need to consider the welfare of the organisms. If the chosen identifier harms the organism, then its behavior might become irregular.Different methods of \"mark and recapture\"\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCollar-tagged rock hyrax\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRing-tagged Jackdaw\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMarked Chittenango ovate amber snail\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTagged Common Ringlet","title":"Field work related to mark-recapture"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"LetN = Number of animals in the population\nn = Number of animals marked on the first visit\nK = Number of animals captured on the second visit\nk = Number of recaptured animals that were markedA biologist wants to estimate the size of a population of turtles in a lake. She captures 10 turtles on her first visit to the lake, and marks their backs with paint. A week later she returns to the lake and captures 15 turtles. Five of these 15 turtles have paint on their backs, indicating that they are recaptured animals. This example is (n, K, k) = (10, 15, 5). The problem is to estimate N.","title":"Notation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-seber-7"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Southwood-2"},{"link_name":"Lincoln index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_index"}],"text":"The Lincoln–Petersen method[7] (also known as the Petersen–Lincoln index[2] or Lincoln index) can be used to estimate population size if only two visits are made to the study area. This method assumes that the study population is \"closed\". In other words, the two visits to the study area are close enough in time so that no individuals die, are born, or move into or out of the study area between visits. The model also assumes that no marks fall off animals between visits to the field site by the researcher, and that the researcher correctly records all marks.Given those conditions, estimated population size is:N\n ^\n \n \n \n =\n \n \n \n n\n K\n \n k\n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\hat {N}}={\\frac {nK}{k}},}","title":"Lincoln–Petersen estimator"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Krebs1999-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Krebs1999-8"}],"sub_title":"Derivation","text":"It is assumed[8] that all individuals have the same probability of being captured in the second sample, regardless of whether they were previously captured in the first sample (with only two samples, this assumption cannot be tested directly).This implies that, in the second sample, the proportion of marked individuals that are caught (\n \n \n \n k\n \n /\n \n K\n \n \n {\\displaystyle k/K}\n \n) should equal the proportion of the total population that is marked (\n \n \n \n n\n \n /\n \n N\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n/N}\n \n). For example, if half of the marked individuals were recaptured, it would be assumed that half of the total population was included in the second sample.In symbols,k\n K\n \n \n =\n \n \n n\n N\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\frac {k}{K}}={\\frac {n}{N}}.}A rearrangement of this givesN\n ^\n \n \n \n =\n \n \n \n n\n K\n \n k\n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\hat {N}}={\\frac {nK}{k}},}the formula used for the Lincoln–Petersen method.[8]","title":"Lincoln–Petersen estimator"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Sample calculation","text":"In the example (n, K, k) = (10, 15, 5) the Lincoln–Petersen method estimates that there are 30 turtles in the lake.N\n ^\n \n \n \n =\n \n \n \n n\n K\n \n k\n \n \n =\n \n \n \n 10\n ×\n 15\n \n 5\n \n \n =\n 30\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\hat {N}}={\\frac {nK}{k}}={\\frac {10\\times 15}{5}}=30}","title":"Lincoln–Petersen estimator"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chapman1951-9"},{"link_name":"less biased estimator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrinkage_estimator"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chapman1951-9"}],"text":"The Lincoln–Petersen estimator is asymptotically unbiased as sample size approaches infinity, but is biased at small sample sizes.[9] An alternative less biased estimator of population size is given by the Chapman estimator:[9]N\n ^\n \n \n \n \n C\n \n \n =\n \n \n \n (\n n\n +\n 1\n )\n (\n K\n +\n 1\n )\n \n \n k\n +\n 1\n \n \n \n −\n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\hat {N}}_{C}={\\frac {(n+1)(K+1)}{k+1}}-1}","title":"Chapman estimator"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chapman1951-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chapman1951-9"}],"sub_title":"Sample calculation","text":"The example (n, K, k) = (10, 15, 5) givesN\n ^\n \n \n \n \n C\n \n \n =\n \n \n \n (\n n\n +\n 1\n )\n (\n K\n +\n 1\n )\n \n \n k\n +\n 1\n \n \n \n −\n 1\n =\n \n \n \n 11\n ×\n 16\n \n 6\n \n \n −\n 1\n =\n 28.3\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\hat {N}}_{C}={\\frac {(n+1)(K+1)}{k+1}}-1={\\frac {11\\times 16}{6}}-1=28.3}Note that the answer provided by this equation must be truncated not rounded. Thus, the Chapman method estimates 28 turtles in the lake.Surprisingly, Chapman's estimate was one conjecture from a range of possible estimators: \"In practice, the whole number immediately less than (K+1)(n+1)/(k+1) or even Kn/(k+1) will be the estimate. The above form is more convenient for mathematical purposes.\"[9](see footnote, page 144). Chapman also found the estimator could have considerable negative bias for small Kn/N [9](page 146), but was unconcerned because the estimated standard deviations were large for these cases.","title":"Chapman estimator"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"confidence interval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confidence_interval"},{"link_name":"quantile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantile"},{"link_name":"normal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normal_distribution"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"An approximate \n \n \n \n 100\n (\n 1\n −\n α\n )\n %\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 100(1-\\alpha )\\%}\n \n confidence interval for the population size N can be obtained as:K\n +\n n\n −\n k\n −\n 0.5\n +\n \n \n \n (\n K\n −\n k\n +\n 0.5\n )\n (\n n\n −\n k\n +\n 0.5\n )\n \n \n (\n k\n +\n 0.5\n )\n \n \n \n exp\n ⁡\n (\n ±\n \n z\n \n α\n \n /\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n σ\n ^\n \n \n \n \n 0.5\n \n \n )\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle K+n-k-0.5+{\\frac {(K-k+0.5)(n-k+0.5)}{(k+0.5)}}\\exp(\\pm z_{\\alpha /2}{\\hat {\\sigma }}_{0.5}),}where \n \n \n \n \n z\n \n α\n \n /\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\textstyle z_{\\alpha /2}}\n \n corresponds to the \n \n \n \n 1\n −\n α\n \n /\n \n 2\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 1-\\alpha /2}\n \n quantile of a standard normal random variable, andσ\n ^\n \n \n \n \n 0.5\n \n \n =\n \n \n \n \n 1\n \n k\n +\n 0.5\n \n \n \n +\n \n \n 1\n \n K\n −\n k\n +\n 0.5\n \n \n \n +\n \n \n 1\n \n n\n −\n k\n +\n 0.5\n \n \n \n +\n \n \n \n k\n +\n 0.5\n \n \n (\n n\n −\n k\n +\n 0.5\n )\n (\n K\n −\n k\n +\n 0.5\n )\n \n \n \n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\hat {\\sigma }}_{0.5}={\\sqrt {{\\frac {1}{k+0.5}}+{\\frac {1}{K-k+0.5}}+{\\frac {1}{n-k+0.5}}+{\\frac {k+0.5}{(n-k+0.5)(K-k+0.5)}}}}.}The example (n, K, k) = (10, 15, 5) gives the estimate N ≈ 30 with a 95% confidence interval of 22 to 65.It has been shown that this confidence interval has actual coverage probabilities that are close to the nominal \n \n \n \n 100\n (\n 1\n −\n α\n )\n %\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 100(1-\\alpha )\\%}\n \n level even for small populations and extreme capture probabilities (near to 0 or 1), in which cases other confidence intervals fail to achieve the nominal coverage levels.[10]","title":"Confidence interval"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Talk:Mark and recapture#Statistical treatment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Mark_and_recapture#Statistical_treatment"}],"text":"The mean value ± standard deviation isN\n ≈\n μ\n ±\n \n \n μ\n ϵ\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle N\\approx \\mu \\pm {\\sqrt {\\mu \\epsilon }}}whereμ\n =\n \n \n \n (\n n\n −\n 1\n )\n (\n K\n −\n 1\n )\n \n \n k\n −\n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mu ={\\frac {(n-1)(K-1)}{k-2}}}\n \n for \n \n \n \n k\n >\n 2\n \n \n {\\displaystyle k>2}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n ϵ\n =\n \n \n \n (\n n\n −\n k\n +\n 1\n )\n (\n K\n −\n k\n +\n 1\n )\n \n \n (\n k\n −\n 2\n )\n (\n k\n −\n 3\n )\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\epsilon ={\\frac {(n-k+1)(K-k+1)}{(k-2)(k-3)}}}\n \n for \n \n \n \n k\n >\n 3\n \n \n {\\displaystyle k>3}A derivation is found here: Talk:Mark and recapture#Statistical treatment.The example (n, K, k) = (10, 15, 5) gives the estimate N ≈ 42 ± 21.5","title":"Bayesian estimate"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bank_Vole_GT_Jo_Hodges.jpg"},{"link_name":"Myodes glareolus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myodes_glareolus"},{"link_name":"London Wildlife Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Wildlife_Trust"},{"link_name":"Gunnersbury Triangle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunnersbury_Triangle"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"epidemiology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"linear optimization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_optimization"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-13"},{"link_name":"optimization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_optimization"},{"link_name":"simplex algorithm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplex_algorithm"}],"text":"Bank vole, Myodes glareolus, in a capture-release small mammal population study for London Wildlife Trust at Gunnersbury Triangle local nature reserveThe capture probability refers to the probability of a detecting an individual animal or person of interest,[11] and has been used in both ecology and epidemiology for detecting animal or human diseases,[12] respectively.The capture probability is often defined as a two-variable model, in which f is defined as the fraction of a finite resource devoted to detecting the animal or person of interest from a high risk sector of an animal or human population, and q is the frequency of time that the problem (e.g., an animal disease) occurs in the high-risk versus the low-risk sector.[13] For example, an application of the model in the 1920s was to detect typhoid carriers in London, who were either arriving from zones with high rates of tuberculosis (probability q that a passenger with the disease came from such an area, where q>0.5), or low rates (probability 1−q).[14] It was posited that only 5 out of 100 of the travelers could be detected, and 10 out of 100 were from the high risk area. Then the capture probability P was defined as:P\n =\n \n \n 5\n 10\n \n \n f\n q\n +\n \n \n 5\n 90\n \n \n (\n 1\n −\n f\n )\n (\n 1\n −\n q\n )\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle P={\\frac {5}{10}}fq+{\\frac {5}{90}}(1-f)(1-q),}where the first term refers to the probability of detection (capture probability) in a high risk zone, and the latter term refers to the probability of detection in a low risk zone. Importantly, the formula can be re-written as a linear equation in terms of f:P\n =\n \n (\n \n \n \n 5\n 10\n \n \n q\n −\n \n \n 5\n 90\n \n \n (\n 1\n −\n q\n )\n \n )\n \n f\n +\n \n \n 5\n 90\n \n \n (\n 1\n −\n q\n )\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle P=\\left({\\frac {5}{10}}q-{\\frac {5}{90}}(1-q)\\right)f+{\\frac {5}{90}}(1-q).}Because this is a linear function, it follows that for certain versions of q for which the slope of this line (the first term multiplied by f) is positive, all of the detection resource should be devoted to the high-risk population (f should be set to 1 to maximize the capture probability), whereas for other value of q, for which the slope of the line is negative, all of the detection should be devoted to the low-risk population (f should be set to 0. We can solve the above equation for the values of q for which the slope will be positive to determine the values for which f should be set to 1 to maximize the capture probability:(\n \n \n \n 5\n 10\n \n \n q\n −\n \n \n 5\n 90\n \n \n (\n 1\n −\n q\n )\n \n )\n \n >\n 0\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\left({\\frac {5}{10}}q-{\\frac {5}{90}}(1-q)\\right)>0,}which simplifies to:q\n >\n \n \n 1\n 10\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle q>{\\frac {1}{10}}.}This is an example of linear optimization.[13] In more complex cases, where more than one resource f is devoted to more than two areas, multivariate optimization is often used, through the simplex algorithm or its derivatives.","title":"Capture probability"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mccrea-15"},{"link_name":"Poisson regression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poisson_regression"},{"link_name":"R programming language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R_programming_language"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"MARK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MARK_(Software)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MARK-19"},{"link_name":"E-SURGE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=E-SURGE&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Logiciels-20"},{"link_name":"Jolly–Seber model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jolly%E2%80%93Seber_model&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sutherland-22"}],"text":"The literature on the analysis of capture-recapture studies has blossomed since the early 1990s[citation needed]. There are very elaborate statistical models available for the analysis of these experiments.[15] A simple model which easily accommodates the three source, or the three visit study, is to fit a Poisson regression model. Sophisticated mark-recapture models can be fit with several packages for the Open Source R programming language. These include \"Spatially Explicit Capture-Recapture (secr)\",[16] \"Loglinear Models for Capture-Recapture Experiments (Rcapture)\",[17] and \"Mark-Recapture Distance Sampling (mrds)\".[18] Such models can also be fit with specialized programs such as MARK[19] or E-SURGE.[20]Other related methods which are often used include the Jolly–Seber model (used in open populations and for multiple census estimates) and Schnabel estimators[21] (an expansion to the Lincoln–Petersen method for closed populations). These are described in detail by Sutherland.[22]","title":"More than two visits"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-maunder1-23"},{"link_name":"population dynamics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_dynamics"},{"link_name":"parameter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parameter"},{"link_name":"uncertainty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncertainty"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-maunder2-24"}],"text":"Modelling mark-recapture data is trending towards a more integrative approach,[23] which combines mark-recapture data with population dynamics models and other types of data. The integrated approach is more computationally demanding, but extracts more information from the data improving parameter and uncertainty estimates.[24]","title":"Integrated approaches"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1111/j.2044-8317.1986.tb00843.x","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.2044-8317.1986.tb00843.x"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3768264","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3768264"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2307/2533383","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2307%2F2533383"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2533383","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/2533383"}],"text":"Bonett, D.G.; Woodward, J.A.; Bentler, P.M. (1986). \"A Linear Model for Estimating the Size of a Closed Population\". British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology. 39: 28–40. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1986.tb00843.x. PMID 3768264.\nEvans, M.A.; Bonett, D.G.; McDonald, L. (1994). \"A General Theory for Analyzing Capture-recapture Data in Closed Populations\". Biometrics. 50 (2): 396–405. doi:10.2307/2533383. JSTOR 2533383.\nLincoln, F. C. (1930). \"Calculating Waterfowl Abundance on the Basis of Banding Returns\". United States Department of Agriculture Circular. 118: 1–4.\nPetersen, C. G. J. (1896). \"The Yearly Immigration of Young Plaice Into the Limfjord From the German Sea\", Report of the Danish Biological Station (1895), 6, 5–84.\nSchofield, J. R. (2007). \"Beyond Defect Removal: Latent Defect Estimation With Capture-Recapture Method\", Crosstalk, August 2007; 27–29.","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"Biologist is marking a Chittenango ovate amber snail to monitor the population.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Novisuccinea_chittenangoensis_5.png/220px-Novisuccinea_chittenangoensis_5.png"},{"image_text":"Bank vole, Myodes glareolus, in a capture-release small mammal population study for London Wildlife Trust at Gunnersbury Triangle local nature reserve","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Bank_Vole_GT_Jo_Hodges.jpg/220px-Bank_Vole_GT_Jo_Hodges.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Ecology portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Ecology"},{"title":"German tank problem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_tank_problem"},{"title":"Tag and release","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tag_and_release"},{"title":"Abundance estimation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundance_estimation"},{"title":"GPS wildlife tracking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPS_wildlife_tracking"},{"title":"Shadow Effect (Genetics)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadow_Effect_(Genetics)"}]	[{"reference":"\"Mark-Recapture\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www2.nau.edu/lrm22/lessons/mark_recapture/mark_recapture.html","url_text":"\"Mark-Recapture\""}]},{"reference":"Southwood, T. R. E.; Henderson, P. (2000). Ecological Methods (3rd ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Science.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Krebs, Charles J. (2009). Ecology (6th ed.). Pearson Benjamin Cummings. p. 119. ISBN 978-0-321-50743-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-321-50743-3","url_text":"978-0-321-50743-3"}]},{"reference":"Chao, A.; Tsay, P. K.; Lin, S. H.; Shau, W. Y.; Chao, D. Y. (2001). \"The applications of capture-recapture models to epidemiological data\". Statistics in Medicine. 20 (20): 3123–3157. doi:10.1002/sim.996. PMID 11590637. S2CID 78437.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Chao","url_text":"Chao, A."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_in_Medicine_(journal)","url_text":"Statistics in Medicine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fsim.996","url_text":"10.1002/sim.996"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11590637","url_text":"11590637"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:78437","url_text":"78437"}]},{"reference":"Allen; et al. (2019). \"Estimating the Number of People Who Inject Drugs in A Rural County in Appalachia\". American Journal of Public Health. 109 (3): 445–450. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2018.304873. PMC 6366498. PMID 30676803.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6366498","url_text":"\"Estimating the Number of People Who Inject Drugs in A Rural County in Appalachia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2105%2FAJPH.2018.304873","url_text":"10.2105/AJPH.2018.304873"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6366498","url_text":"6366498"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30676803","url_text":"30676803"}]},{"reference":"\"Recapture Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster\". 21 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/recapture","url_text":"\"Recapture Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster\""}]},{"reference":"Seber, G. A. F. (1982). The Estimation of Animal Abundance and Related Parameters. Caldwel, New Jersey: Blackburn Press. ISBN 1-930665-55-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-930665-55-5","url_text":"1-930665-55-5"}]},{"reference":"Charles J. Krebs (1999). Ecological Methodology (2nd ed.). Benjamin/Cummings. ISBN 9780321021731.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1GwVAQAAIAAJ","url_text":"Ecological Methodology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780321021731","url_text":"9780321021731"}]},{"reference":"Chapman, D.G. (1951). Some properties of the hypergeometric distribution with applications to zoological sample censuses. UC Publications in Statistics. University of California Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Sadinle, Mauricio (2009-10-01). \"Transformed Logit Confidence Intervals for Small Populations in Single Capture–Recapture Estimation\". Communications in Statistics - Simulation and Computation. 38 (9): 1909–1924. doi:10.1080/03610910903168595. ISSN 0361-0918. S2CID 205556773.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03610910903168595","url_text":"10.1080/03610910903168595"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0361-0918","url_text":"0361-0918"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:205556773","url_text":"205556773"}]},{"reference":"Drenner, Ray (1978). \"Capture probability: the role of zooplankter escape in the selective feeding of planktivorous fish\". Journal of the Fisheries Board of Canada. 35 (10): 1370–1373. doi:10.1139/f78-215.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1139%2Ff78-215","url_text":"10.1139/f78-215"}]},{"reference":"MacKenzie, Darryl (2002). \"How should detection probability be incorporated into estimates of relative abundance?\". Ecology. 83 (9): 2387–2393. doi:10.1890/0012-9658(2002)083[2387:hsdpbi]2.0.co;2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1890%2F0012-9658%282002%29083%5B2387%3Ahsdpbi%5D2.0.co%3B2","url_text":"10.1890/0012-9658(2002)083[2387:hsdpbi]2.0.co;2"}]},{"reference":"Bolker, Benjamin (2008). Ecological Models and Data in R. Princeton University Press. ISBN 9781400840908.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781400840908","url_text":"9781400840908"}]},{"reference":"Unknown (1921). \"The Health of London\". Hosp Health Rev. 1 (3): 71–2. PMC 5518027. PMID 29418259.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5518027","url_text":"\"The Health of London\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5518027","url_text":"5518027"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29418259","url_text":"29418259"}]},{"reference":"\"Analysis of capture-recapture data\". Retrieved 19 Nov 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.capturerecapture.co.uk/","url_text":"\"Analysis of capture-recapture data\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chapman and Hall/CRC Press\". Retrieved 19 Nov 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781439836590","url_text":"\"Chapman and Hall/CRC Press\""}]},{"reference":"Efford, Murray (2016-09-02). \"Spatially Explicit Capture-Recapture (secr)\". Comprehensive R Archive Network (CRAN). Retrieved 2016-09-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/secr/index.html","url_text":"\"Spatially Explicit Capture-Recapture (secr)\""}]},{"reference":"Rivest, Louis-Paul; Baillargeon, Sophie (2014-09-01). \"Loglinear Models for Capture-Recapture Experiments (Rcapture)\". Comprehensive R Archive Network (CRAN). Retrieved 2016-09-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/Rcapture/index.html","url_text":"\"Loglinear Models for Capture-Recapture Experiments (Rcapture)\""}]},{"reference":"Laake, Jeff; Borchers, David; Thomas, Len; Miller, David; Bishop, Jon (2015-08-17). \"Mark-Recapture Distance Sampling (mrds)\". Comprehensive R Archive Network (CRAN).","urls":[{"url":"https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/mrds/index.html","url_text":"\"Mark-Recapture Distance Sampling (mrds)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Program MARK\". Archived from the original on 21 February 2006. Retrieved 29 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060221143512/http://www.warnercnr.colostate.edu/~gwhite/mark/mark.htm","url_text":"\"Program MARK\""},{"url":"http://www.warnercnr.colostate.edu/~gwhite/mark/mark.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Logiciels\". Archived from the original on 2009-07-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090724143418/http://www.cefe.cnrs.fr/biom/logiciels.htm","url_text":"\"Logiciels\""},{"url":"http://www.cefe.cnrs.fr/biom/Logiciels.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Schnabel, Z. E. (1938). \"The Estimation of the Total Fish Population of a Lake\". American Mathematical Monthly. 45 (6): 348–352. doi:10.2307/2304025. JSTOR 2304025.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Mathematical_Monthly","url_text":"American Mathematical Monthly"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2304025","url_text":"10.2307/2304025"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2304025","url_text":"2304025"}]},{"reference":"William J. Sutherland, ed. (1996). Ecological Census Techniques: A Handbook. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-47815-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-47815-4","url_text":"0-521-47815-4"}]},{"reference":"Besbeas, P; Freeman, S. N.; Morgan, B. J. T.; Catchpole, E. A. (2002). \"Integrating mark-recapture-recovery and census data to estimate animal abundance and demographic parameters\". Biometrics. 58 (3): 540–547. doi:10.1111/j.0006-341X.2002.00540.x. PMID 12229988. S2CID 30426391.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.0006-341X.2002.00540.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.0006-341X.2002.00540.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12229988","url_text":"12229988"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:30426391","url_text":"30426391"}]},{"reference":"Martin-Löf, P. (1961). \"Mortality rate calculations on ringed birds with special reference to the Dunlin Calidris alpina\". Arkiv för Zoologi (Zoology Files), Kungliga Svenska Vetenskapsakademien (The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences) Serie 2. Band 13 (21).","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_Martin-L%C3%B6f","url_text":"Martin-Löf, P."}]},{"reference":"Maunder, M. 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S2CID 78437.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Chao","url_text":"Chao, A"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fsim.996","url_text":"10.1002/sim.996"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11590637","url_text":"11590637"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:78437","url_text":"78437"}]},{"reference":"Bonett, D.G.; Woodward, J.A.; Bentler, P.M. (1986). \"A Linear Model for Estimating the Size of a Closed Population\". British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology. 39: 28–40. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1986.tb00843.x. PMID 3768264.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.2044-8317.1986.tb00843.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.2044-8317.1986.tb00843.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3768264","url_text":"3768264"}]},{"reference":"Evans, M.A.; Bonett, D.G.; McDonald, L. (1994). \"A General Theory for Analyzing Capture-recapture Data in Closed Populations\". Biometrics. 50 (2): 396–405. doi:10.2307/2533383. JSTOR 2533383.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2533383","url_text":"10.2307/2533383"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2533383","url_text":"2533383"}]},{"reference":"Lincoln, F. C. (1930). \"Calculating Waterfowl Abundance on the Basis of Banding Returns\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kareem_Campbell	Kareem Campbell	["1 Skateboarding career","2 Personal life","3 References","4 External links"]	American skateboarder Kareem CampbellPersonal informationBorn (1973-11-14) November 14, 1973 (age 50)Harlem, New York, U.S.OccupationSkateboarderYears active1989–presentSportCountryUnited StatesSportSkateboardingTurned pro1992 Kareem Campbell (born November 14, 1973) is an American professional skateboarder. He is known for popularizing the skateboard trick "The Ghetto Bird" which is a nollie hardflip late 180°. Skateboarding career Kareem Campbell was an innovative professional skateboarder in the 1990s. He was featured in the World Industries videos New World Order, 20 Shot Sequence, and Trilogy, which are regarded as classics to many skateboarders. He has been called the godfather of smooth street style. He eventually went on to spawn another company of his own under the Dwindle Distribution umbrella, though he continued to ride for World Industries. He also helped found Axion Shoes. After Menace, he went on to create City Stars Skateboards also under the same Dwindle Distribution umbrella. He still operates City Star Skateboards to this day. Campbell rose to mainstream fame in 1999 following his inclusion as a playable character in the Tony Hawk's Pro Skater video game series. Tony Hawk also credited him with increasing skateboarding's standing in the Black community. Campbell would later reprise his role in the 2020 remake of the first two games in the series. Throughout his career Kareem has been sponsored by World Industries, Axion Shoes, Nixon Watches, Alphanumeric Clothing and more. Personal life Campbell is from Harlem, New York, and moved with his family to Los Angeles in his early youth. Campbell now resides in Dallas, Texas and works in a variety of business ventures, notably real estate. His nephew is professional skateboarder, musician, and Odd Future associate Na-kel Smith. References ^ martinkus (October 14, 2006). "Kareem Campbell Ghetto Bird". Archived from the original on December 13, 2021 – via YouTube. ^ Juice Magazine (May 1, 2014). "Kareem Campbell Interview". Archived from the original on October 25, 2016. Retrieved October 24, 2016. ^ "Classics: Kareem Campbell's "Trilogy" Part". Thrasher. September 16, 2014. Archived from the original on October 8, 2017. Retrieved October 7, 2017. ^ "Muckmouth – Kareem Campbell kareem is featured in Tony Hawk video game as a playable character. Interview". October 9, 2013. Archived from the original on August 14, 2022. Retrieved October 7, 2017. ^ "Menace Skateboards < Skately Library". skately.com. Archived from the original on June 8, 2017. Retrieved June 19, 2017. ^ "Axion Footwear < Skately Library". skately.com. Retrieved June 19, 2017. ^ "Official City Stars Skateboarding website". Archived from the original on August 14, 2022. Retrieved October 7, 2017. ^ Kelly, Ben (October 13, 2009). "Profilin' With Neftalie Featuring Kareem Campbell". Transworld Skateboarding. Archived from the original on May 23, 2018. Retrieved September 1, 2019. ^ Cook, Forrest (January 6, 2021). "Skateboarding Legend Kareem Campbell Has Plenty to Say on His New Podcast". Dallas Observer. Archived from the original on May 12, 2021. Retrieved August 14, 2022. ^ Stedman, Alex (June 23, 2020). "'Tony Hawk's Pro Skater 1 + 2' Remaster Reveals Pro Skaters Getting Added to the Roster". Variety. Retrieved October 18, 2023. ^ "Kareem Campbell Profile < Skately Library". skately.com. Archived from the original on October 31, 2018. Retrieved June 19, 2017. ^ Fitzgerald, Mike (November 29, 2021). "Kareem Campbell speaks on his legacy and longevity in skateboarding". Red Bull. Archived from the original on August 14, 2022. Retrieved August 14, 2022. ^ "Kareem Campbell". Juice Magazine. May 1, 2014. Archived from the original on June 30, 2017. Retrieved June 19, 2017. ^ "Na-Kel Smith \| The Nine Club With Chris Roberts – Episode 64". The Nine Club. September 18, 2017. Archived from the original on December 13, 2021. Retrieved November 25, 2020. External links Kareem Campbell at the X Games (archived) This biographical article relating to American skateboarding is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"skateboarder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skateboarding"},{"link_name":"nollie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nollie"},{"link_name":"hardflip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardflip"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Kareem Campbell (born November 14, 1973) is an American professional skateboarder. He is known for popularizing the skateboard trick \"The Ghetto Bird\" which is a nollie hardflip late 180°.[1][2]","title":"Kareem Campbell"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World Industries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Industries"},{"link_name":"street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_skateboarding"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Dwindle Distribution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwindle_Distribution"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Tony Hawk's Pro Skater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Hawk%27s_(series)"},{"link_name":"Tony Hawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Hawk"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"2020 remake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Hawk%27s_Pro_Skater_1_%2B_2"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stedman-10"},{"link_name":"Nixon Watches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nixon_Watches"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Kareem Campbell was an innovative professional skateboarder in the 1990s. He was featured in the World Industries videos New World Order, 20 Shot Sequence, and Trilogy, which are regarded as classics to many skateboarders. He has been called the godfather of smooth street style.[3][4] He eventually went on to spawn another company of his own under the Dwindle Distribution umbrella, though he continued to ride for World Industries.[5] He also helped found Axion Shoes.[6] After Menace, he went on to create City Stars Skateboards also under the same Dwindle Distribution umbrella. He still operates City Star Skateboards to this day.[7][8]Campbell rose to mainstream fame in 1999 following his inclusion as a playable character in the Tony Hawk's Pro Skater video game series. Tony Hawk also credited him with increasing skateboarding's standing in the Black community.[9] Campbell would later reprise his role in the 2020 remake of the first two games in the series.[10]Throughout his career Kareem has been sponsored by World Industries, Axion Shoes, Nixon Watches, Alphanumeric Clothing and more.[11]","title":"Skateboarding career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Harlem, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlem,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Dallas, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Odd Future","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odd_Future"},{"link_name":"Na-kel Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na-kel_Smith"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Campbell is from Harlem, New York, and moved with his family to Los Angeles in his early youth.[12]Campbell now resides in Dallas, Texas and works in a variety of business ventures, notably real estate.[13] His nephew is professional skateboarder, musician, and Odd Future associate Na-kel Smith.[14]","title":"Personal life"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"martinkus (October 14, 2006). \"Kareem Campbell Ghetto Bird\". Archived from the original on December 13, 2021 – via YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SdzquuaNNcY","url_text":"\"Kareem Campbell Ghetto Bird\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211213/SdzquuaNNcY","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Juice Magazine (May 1, 2014). \"Kareem Campbell Interview\". Archived from the original on October 25, 2016. Retrieved October 24, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://juicemagazine.com/home/kareem-campbell-2/","url_text":"\"Kareem Campbell Interview\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161025053752/http://juicemagazine.com/home/kareem-campbell-2/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Classics: Kareem Campbell's \"Trilogy\" Part\". Thrasher. September 16, 2014. Archived from the original on October 8, 2017. Retrieved October 7, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thrashermagazine.com/articles/videos/classics-kareem-campbells-trilogy-part/","url_text":"\"Classics: Kareem Campbell's \"Trilogy\" Part\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrasher_(magazine)","url_text":"Thrasher"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171008030527/http://www.thrashermagazine.com/articles/videos/classics-kareem-campbells-trilogy-part/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Muckmouth – Kareem Campbell kareem is featured in Tony Hawk video game as a playable character. Interview\". October 9, 2013. Archived from the original on August 14, 2022. Retrieved October 7, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.muckmouth.com/kareem","url_text":"\"Muckmouth – Kareem Campbell kareem is featured in Tony Hawk video game as a playable character. 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Retrieved September 1, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://skateboarding.transworld.net/features/profilin-with-neftalie-featuring-kareem-campbell/","url_text":"\"Profilin' With Neftalie Featuring Kareem Campbell\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transworld_Skateboarding","url_text":"Transworld Skateboarding"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180523071201/https://skateboarding.transworld.net/features/profilin-with-neftalie-featuring-kareem-campbell/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Cook, Forrest (January 6, 2021). \"Skateboarding Legend Kareem Campbell Has Plenty to Say on His New Podcast\". Dallas Observer. Archived from the original on May 12, 2021. Retrieved August 14, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dallasobserver.com/arts/kareem-campbell-raised-the-bar-for-skateboarding-in-the-black-community-11981740","url_text":"\"Skateboarding Legend Kareem Campbell Has Plenty to Say on His New Podcast\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210512183848/https://www.dallasobserver.com/arts/kareem-campbell-raised-the-bar-for-skateboarding-in-the-black-community-11981740","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Stedman, Alex (June 23, 2020). \"'Tony Hawk's Pro Skater 1 + 2' Remaster Reveals Pro Skaters Getting Added to the Roster\". Variety. Retrieved October 18, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2020/digital/news/tony-hawks-pro-skater-1-2-remaster-roster-new-skaters-1234645912/","url_text":"\"'Tony Hawk's Pro Skater 1 + 2' Remaster Reveals Pro Skaters Getting Added to the Roster\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kareem Campbell Profile < Skately Library\". skately.com. Archived from the original on October 31, 2018. Retrieved June 19, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181031164615/http://skately.com/library/people/kareem-campbell","url_text":"\"Kareem Campbell Profile < Skately Library\""},{"url":"http://skately.com/library/people/kareem-campbell","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Fitzgerald, Mike (November 29, 2021). \"Kareem Campbell speaks on his legacy and longevity in skateboarding\". Red Bull. Archived from the original on August 14, 2022. Retrieved August 14, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.redbull.com/us-en/kareem-campbell-skating-legend-interview","url_text":"\"Kareem Campbell speaks on his legacy and longevity in skateboarding\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220814155812/https://www.redbull.com/us-en/kareem-campbell-skating-legend-interview","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Kareem Campbell\". Juice Magazine. May 1, 2014. Archived from the original on June 30, 2017. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphonse_Gangitano	Alphonse Gangitano	["1 Early life","2 King Street nightclub attack","3 Murder","4 See also","5 References"]	Australian criminal This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Alphonse Gangitano" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Alphonse GangitanoBornAlphonse John Gangitano(1957-04-22)22 April 1957Melbourne, Victoria, AustraliaDied16 January 1998(1998-01-16) (aged 40)Templestowe, Victoria, AustraliaOther namesBlack Prince of Lygon StreetCriminal statusdeceased (homicide)SpouseVirginia GangitanoChildren2 Alphonse John Gangitano (22 April 1957 – 16 January 1998) was an Australian criminal from Melbourne, Victoria. Nicknamed the "Black Prince of Lygon Street", Gangitano was the face of an underground organisation known as the Carlton Crew. He was also an associate of alleged organised crime bosses Tom Domican (Sydney) and John Kizon (Perth). Gangitano is considered to be the second of the thirty Melbourne gangland killings between 1998 and 2010, when he was murdered in 1998. Gangitano was portrayed by Vince Colosimo in the 2008 TV series Underbelly and Fat Tony & Co, and by Elan Zavelsky in the 2009 TV series Underbelly: A Tale of Two Cities. Early life Gangitano was born on 22 April 1957. He attended De La Salle College and Marcellin College. In later years through the 1980s and 1990s, it was later alleged that he was a co-owner of a King Street nightclub and numerous fight promotions and other ventures that went on to include horse racing and protection rackets. At the height of Gangitano's criminal career, he was earning an estimated $125,000–$200,000 a month as a high-profile member of the Carlton Crew. Unlike other criminals, Gangitano purely wanted to be a criminal from a young age. King Street nightclub attack Alphonse Gangitano, Jason Moran and associate Tony Rapasarda were charged over serious assaults on several patrons at the Sports Bar nightclub in King Street, Melbourne on 19 December 1995. Moran later said of Gangitano: "He's a fucking lulu ... if you smash five pool cues and an iron bar over someone's head ... you're a fucking lulu". The attack was portrayed on Underbelly. Murder Main article: Melbourne gangland killings On the day of his death, 16 January 1998, Gangitano was reported to have had a telephone conversation with Kizon. That same day, Graham Kinniburgh drank at the Laurel Hotel in Ascot Vale with associate Lou Cozzo before driving to Gangitano's home in Templestowe. At a subsequent coroner's inquest, evidence was presented that Kinniburgh and Jason Moran were in Gangitano's home that night. Kinniburgh left Gangitano's house shortly after 11 pm to purchase cigarettes at a 7-Eleven. Upon his return 30 minutes later, he found that Gangitano had been shot several times in the head while in the laundry. Gangitano's de facto wife, Virginia, was with the body. Traces of Kinniburgh's blood were later discovered on the back flyscreen door at Gangitano's home. Kinniburgh reportedly respected the code of silence, frustrating police investigating the murder. Gangitano's pallbearers included suspected underworld figures Mick Gatto and John Kizon. Gangitano is survived by his wife and two daughters, and was widely believed to have had another child - with which he had no contact - to an unidentified woman. Moran allegedly pulled out a gun after an argument with Gangitano and shot him in the arm and head as he fled towards the laundry. The murder may have led to as many as 75 revenge assaults on underworld members. In 1995, Gangitano was charged with shooting dead petty criminal Gregory John Workman at 1 Wando Grove, St Kilda East; however, Gangitano never went to trial over the shooting after two witnesses retracted their statements. Kinniburgh and Moran themselves were both later murdered. See also Biography portalLaw portalAustralia portal Lists of unsolved murders References ^ John Silvester & Selma Milovanovic. "Rogues' gallery emerges from ex-cop's testimony". The Age. 5 June 2004. Accessed 9 September 2020. ^ Melbourne's underworld grave sites gloss over the brutal pasts of druglords, killers and thugs. Herald Sun. Retrieved 9 September 2020. ^ "When I met Alphonse Gangitano". PerthNow. 11 October 2009. ^ a b "Actors go full out to show violence of Underbelly". Archived from the original on 15 February 2008. Retrieved 26 May 2013. ^ a b c "Australian True Crime: Alphonse Gangitano and the Melbourne Mafia War: A Charlie Bezzina Case - #25". Apple Podcasts. 21 September 2017. Retrieved 30 March 2020. ^ "An industry built on intimidation". theage.com.au. 6 June 2004. Retrieved 2 September 2020. ^ Ryan, Kelly (11 February 2008). "Schoolboy's dad, Gregory Workman, 'was no gangster'". Herald Sun. Melbourne: News Limited. Retrieved 2 September 2020. vteMelbourne gangland killingsVictims Greg Workman (1995) Alphonse Gangitano (1998) John Furlan (1998) Charles Hegyalji (1998) Vince Mannella (1999) Damian Catania (1999) Gerardo Mannella (1999) Joseph Quadara (1999) Francesco Benvenuto (2000) Richard Mladenich (2000) Mark Moran (2000) Dino Dibra (2000) Victor Peirce (2002) Paul Kallipolitis (2002) Nik Radev (2003) Jason Moran (2003) Pasquale Barbaro (2003) Willie Thompson (2003) Mark Mallia (2003) Michael Marshall (2003) Housam Zayat (2003) Graham Kinniburgh (2003) Andrew Veniamin (2004) Terrence Blewitt (2004) Lewis Moran (2004) Terrence Hodson (2004) Christine Hodson (2004) Lewis Caine (2004) Mario Condello (2006) Des Moran (2009) Carl Williams (2010) Convicted murderers Carl Williams Keith Faure Gerald David Preston Noel Faure Evangelos Goussis Judy Moran Stephen John Asling Matthew Johnson Victoria Police Graham Ashton Neil Comrie Paul Dale Ken Lay Findlay (Fin) McRae Christine Nixon Simon Overland Wendy Steendam Purana Task Force Taskforce Landow Operation Reset Tomato tins ecstasy case Salvatore Agresta Pasquale Barbaro John Higgs Rob Karam Saverio Zirilli Lawyers and legal Joseph Acquaro Zarah Garde-Wilson Ruth Parker Findlay (Fin) McRae Robert Richter Philip Dunn Lawyer X Nicola Gobbo Kellam Review AB v CD (court case) Royal Commission Informer 3838 Paul Dale Related articles The Carlton Crew Faruk Orman Fat Tony & Co. Mick Gatto Moran family Tony Mokbel Underbelly	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Australian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australians"},{"link_name":"Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne"},{"link_name":"Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"Lygon Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lygon_Street"},{"link_name":"the Carlton Crew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Carlton_Crew"},{"link_name":"Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney"},{"link_name":"Perth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Melbourne gangland killings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_gangland_killings"},{"link_name":"Vince Colosimo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vince_Colosimo"},{"link_name":"Underbelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underbelly_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Fat Tony & Co","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fat_Tony_%26_Co."},{"link_name":"Underbelly: A Tale of Two Cities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underbelly:_A_Tale_of_Two_Cities"}],"text":"Alphonse John Gangitano (22 April 1957 – 16 January 1998) was an Australian criminal from Melbourne, Victoria. Nicknamed the \"Black Prince of Lygon Street\", Gangitano was the face of an underground organisation known as the Carlton Crew. He was also an associate of alleged organised crime bosses Tom Domican (Sydney) and John Kizon (Perth).[1]Gangitano is considered to be the second of the thirty Melbourne gangland killings between 1998 and 2010, when he was murdered in 1998. Gangitano was portrayed by Vince Colosimo in the 2008 TV series Underbelly and Fat Tony & Co, and by Elan Zavelsky in the 2009 TV series Underbelly: A Tale of Two Cities.","title":"Alphonse Gangitano"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"De La Salle College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_La_Salle_College,_Malvern"},{"link_name":"Marcellin College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcellin_College,_Bulleen"},{"link_name":"the Carlton Crew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Carlton_Crew"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Gangitano was born on 22 April 1957.[2] He attended De La Salle College and Marcellin College. In later years through the 1980s and 1990s, it was later alleged that he was a co-owner of a King Street nightclub and numerous fight promotions and other ventures that went on to include horse racing and protection rackets. At the height of Gangitano's criminal career, he was earning an estimated $125,000–$200,000 a month as a high-profile member of the Carlton Crew.[3] Unlike other criminals, Gangitano purely wanted to be a criminal from a young age.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jason Moran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Moran_(criminal)"},{"link_name":"King Street, Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Street,_Melbourne"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UB-4"}],"text":"Alphonse Gangitano, Jason Moran and associate Tony Rapasarda were charged over serious assaults on several patrons at the Sports Bar nightclub in King Street, Melbourne on 19 December 1995.Moran later said of Gangitano: \"He's a fucking lulu ... if you smash five pool cues and an iron bar over someone's head ... you're a fucking lulu\". The attack was portrayed on Underbelly.[4]","title":"King Street nightclub attack"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Graham Kinniburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Kinniburgh"},{"link_name":"Ascot Vale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascot_Vale"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"7-Eleven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7-Eleven"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"de facto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_facto"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UB-4"},{"link_name":"code of silence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_of_silence"},{"link_name":"Mick Gatto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mick_Gatto"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"St Kilda East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Kilda_East"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"On the day of his death, 16 January 1998, Gangitano was reported to have had a telephone conversation with Kizon. That same day, Graham Kinniburgh drank at the Laurel Hotel in Ascot Vale with associate Lou Cozzo before driving to Gangitano's home in Templestowe. At a subsequent coroner's inquest, evidence was presented that Kinniburgh and Jason Moran were in Gangitano's home that night.[5]Kinniburgh left Gangitano's house shortly after 11 pm to purchase cigarettes at a 7-Eleven.[5] Upon his return 30 minutes later, he found that Gangitano had been shot several times in the head while in the laundry. Gangitano's de facto wife, Virginia, was with the body. Traces of Kinniburgh's blood were later discovered on the back flyscreen door at Gangitano's home.[4]Kinniburgh reportedly respected the code of silence, frustrating police investigating the murder. Gangitano's pallbearers included suspected underworld figures Mick Gatto and John Kizon.[6] Gangitano is survived by his wife and two daughters, and was widely believed to have had another child - with which he had no contact - to an unidentified woman.[citation needed]Moran allegedly pulled out a gun after an argument with Gangitano and shot him in the arm and head as he fled towards the laundry.[5] The murder may have led to as many as 75 revenge assaults on underworld members.[citation needed] In 1995, Gangitano was charged with shooting dead petty criminal Gregory John Workman at 1 Wando Grove, St Kilda East; however, Gangitano never went to trial over the shooting after two witnesses retracted their statements.[7]Kinniburgh and Moran themselves were both later murdered.","title":"Murder"}]	[]	[{"title":"Biography portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Balance,_by_David.svg"},{"title":"Law portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Law"},{"title":"Australia portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Australia"},{"title":"Lists of unsolved murders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_unsolved_murders"}]	[{"reference":"\"When I met Alphonse Gangitano\". 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Retrieved 30 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://podcasts.apple.com/jp/podcast/alphonse-gangitano-melbourne-mafia-war-charlie-bezzina/id1217681421?i=1000392502561&l=en","url_text":"\"Australian True Crime: Alphonse Gangitano and the Melbourne Mafia War: A Charlie Bezzina Case - #25\""}]},{"reference":"\"An industry built on intimidation\". theage.com.au. 6 June 2004. Retrieved 2 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theage.com.au/national/an-industry-built-on-intimidation-20040606-gdxzgx.html","url_text":"\"An industry built on intimidation\""}]},{"reference":"Ryan, Kelly (11 February 2008). \"Schoolboy's dad, Gregory Workman, 'was no gangster'\". Herald Sun. Melbourne: News Limited. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphenella_marginata	Sphenella marginata	["1 References"]	Species of fly Sphenella marginata Sphenella marginata North Wales Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Insecta Order: Diptera Family: Tephritidae Subfamily: Tephritinae Tribe: Tephritini Genus: Sphenella Species: S. marginata Binomial name Sphenella marginata(Fallén, 1814) Synonyms Tephritis tenerifensis Bigot, 1891 Tephritis teneriffensis Hendel, 1927 Acinia miranda Wollaston, 1858 Sphenella linariae Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 Sphenella marginata is a species of fly in the family Tephritidae, the gall flies. It is found in the Palearctic . The larvae feed on Senecio vulgaris. References ^ Fallen, C.F. (1814). "Beskrifning Ofver de i Sverige funna Tistel-Flugor, horande till Dipter-Slagtet Tephritis". K. Sven. Vetenskapsakad. Handl. 35: 156–177. ^ Bigot, J.M.F. (1891). "Voyage de M. Ch. Alluaud aux Iles Canaries (Novembre 1889-Juin 1890). Diptères". Bulletin de la Société Zoologique de France. 16: 275–279. Retrieved 7 February 2021. ^ Hendel, F. (1927). "Trypetidae". Die Fliegen der Paläarktischen Region. 49 (5, 18): 129–192, pls. 9–12. ^ Wollaston, T.V. (1858). "Wollaston, . Brief diagnostic characters of undescribed Madeiran insects ". Annals and Magazine of Natural History. 1 (3): 113–125, 2 pls. Retrieved 5 February 2021. ^ Robineau-Desvoidy, André Jean Baptiste (1830). "Essai sur les myodaires". Mémoires presentés à L'Institut des Sciences, Lettres et Arts, par divers savants et lus dans ses assemblées: Sciences, Mathématiques et Physique. 2 (2): 1–813. Retrieved 15 July 2018. ^ Fauna Europaea ^ Bei-Bienko, G.Y. & Steyskal, G.C. (1988) Keys to the Insects of the European Part of the USSR, Volume V: Diptera and Siphonaptera, Parts I. II. Amerind Publishing Co., New Delhi.ISBN 81-205-0080-6 ISBN 81-205-0081-4 ^ Séguy, E. (1934) Diptères: Brachycères. II. Muscidae acalypterae, Scatophagidae. Paris: Éditions Faune de France 28 Bibliotheque Virtuelle Numerique pdf Taxon identifiersSphenella marginata Wikidata: Q14411439 BioLib: 124912 CoL: 6Z9J5 EoL: 726934 EUNIS: 73159 Fauna Europaea: 405587 Fauna Europaea (new): 26434219-6c68-403d-9968-93047557c7b7 GBIF: 1625450 iNaturalist: 466765 ITIS: 672033 NBN: NBNSYS0000012906 NCBI: 594017 Observation.org: 80702 Open Tree of Life: 589399 PPE: sphenella-marginata This article related to members of the fly sub-family Tephritinae is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fly"},{"link_name":"Tephritidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tephritidae"},{"link_name":"Palearctic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palearctic"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Senecio vulgaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senecio_vulgaris"}],"text":"Sphenella marginata is a species of fly in the family Tephritidae, the gall flies. It is found in the Palearctic .[6][7][8] The larvae feed on Senecio vulgaris.","title":"Sphenella marginata"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Fallen, C.F. (1814). \"Beskrifning Ofver de i Sverige funna Tistel-Flugor, horande till Dipter-Slagtet Tephritis\". K. Sven. Vetenskapsakad. Handl. 35: 156–177.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Bigot, J.M.F. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raccordo_autostradale_RA14	Raccordo autostradale RA14	["1 References"]	Road in Italy You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Italian. Click for important translation instructions. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Italian Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated\|it\|Raccordo autostradale 14}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. Autostrada Connection 14Raccordo autostradale 14Route informationMaintained by ANASLength1.5 km (0.93 mi)Major junctionsFromOpicinaToFernetti LocationCountryItaly Highway system Roads in Italy Autostrade State Regional Provincial Municipal Raccordo autostradale 14 (RA 14), also referred to as RA-Diramazione per Fernetti, is a motorway which connects the Raccordo autostradale RA13 near Opicina with the border of Fernetti. At the border, the junction engages seamlessly with the Slovenian A3 motorway, which passes close to Sesana and engages, at Divaccia, with the Slovenian A1 Motorway, which ends in Ljubljana. References ^ Per il raccordo RA 14 selezionare nella cartina il Friuli-Venezia Giulia, poi la sezione Strade ed infine nel menù a tendina il RA 14 ^ "Anas S.p.A. - Home". Archived from the original on 7 December 2016. Retrieved 17 October 2009. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2020-04-29.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ^ Comune di Jesi - Gazzette, Leggi e Normativa vteMotorways in ItalyRoads in ItalyMajor routes A1 A2 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 A9 A10 A11 A12 A13 A14 A15 A16 A17 A18 A19 A20 A21 A22 A23 A24 A25 A26 A27 A28 A29 A30 A31 A32 A33 A34 A35 A36 A53 A91 Catania-Siracusa Sistiana-Rabuiese SPV Beltways A50, A51, A52, A58 (Milan) A54 (Pavia) A55 (Turin) A56 (Naples) A57 (Venice) A59 (Como) A60 (Varese) A90–GRA (Rome) RA 01 (Bologna) RA 15 (Catania) Road tunnels T1 Mont Blanc T2 Great St Bernard T3 Bargagli-Ferriere Tunnel T4 Fréjus Junctions RA 2 RA 3 RA 4 RA 5 RA 6 RA 7 RA 8 RA 9 RA 10 RA 11 RA 12 RA 13 RA 14 RA 16 RA 17	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"motorway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autostrade_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"Raccordo autostradale RA13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raccordo_autostradale_RA13"},{"link_name":"Opicina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opicina"},{"link_name":"border","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Border"},{"link_name":"Fernetti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monrupino"},{"link_name":"Slovenian A3 motorway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A3_motorway_(Slovenia)"},{"link_name":"Sesana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesana"},{"link_name":"Divaccia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divaccia"},{"link_name":"Slovenian A1 Motorway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A1_motorway_(Slovenia)"},{"link_name":"Ljubljana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljubljana"}],"text":"Raccordo autostradale 14 (RA 14), also referred to as RA-Diramazione per Fernetti,[2][3][4] is a motorway which connects the Raccordo autostradale RA13 near Opicina with the border of Fernetti. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:DiamondRemley39	User talk:CompulsiveResearcher	["1 Women in Red","2 A barnstar for you!","3 Women in Red - June 2023","4 Copyright problem: Flora Warren Seymour","5 June 2023","6 Women in Red July 2023","7 Women in Red 8th Anniversary","8 Women in Red August 2023","9 September 2023 at Women In Red","10 Women in Red October 2023","11 Women in Red - November 2023","12 Women in Red December 2023","13 ArbCom 2023 Elections voter message","14 Nomination of Carolyn Crimi for deletion","15 Women in Red January 2024","16 Women in Red February 2024","17 Women in Red March 2024","18 Women in Red April 2024","19 Women in Red May 2024","20 File permission problem with File:CushingAcademyPenguinsHockey.png","21 Women in Red June 2024"]	SEMI-RETIRED This user is no longer very active on Wikipedia. Women in Red Hi there, DiamondRemley39, and thanks for all the articles you have recently been adding, especially biographies of women and books written by women authors. It seems to me you would be a useful member of WikiProject Women in Red where we are trying to chip away at the gender gap. If you would like to join, you can sign up under "New registrations" on Wikipedia:WikiProject Women in Red/New members. In any case, I look forward to many more new articles. Happy editing!--Ipigott (talk) 09:10, 2 May 2023 (UTC) Thanks for signing up and welcome to the project. You seem to be pretty familiar with the technicalities of Wikipedia editing but if you have not already done so, you might find it useful to look at some of our essays, perhaps starting with our Primer. Please let me know if you run into any difficulties or need assistance. Happy editing!--Ipigott (talk) 05:41, 4 May 2023 (UTC) A barnstar for you! The Original Barnstar Flora Foster is a very good article. Well done! BoyTheKingCanDance (talk) 03:29, 25 May 2023 (UTC) Thank you so much!!! Compulsive Researcher (talk) 03:59, 25 May 2023 (UTC) Women in Red - June 2023 Women in Red June 2023, Vol 9, Iss 6, Nos 251, 252, 271, 272, 273 Online events: New: Alphabet run X, Y & Z \| LGBTQ+ women \| Wiki Loves Pride \| Women in Music Continuing: Peace and Diplomacy (year-long initiative) \| #1day1woman See also: Women in Green: June 2023 GA Editathon event page Wikipedia:Wiki Loves Pride/2023 global campaign The Wikipedia Library: #1Lib1Ref - May 15th to June 5th Tip of the month: Looking for new red links? Keep an eye out for interesting and notable friends, family, or associates of your last article subject, and re-examine group photos for other women who may still need an article. Other ways to participate: Become a member. You can always opt-out of notifications. Join the conversations on our talkpage. Help us plan future events. Follow us on social media: Facebook \| Instagram \| Pinterest \| Twitter --Lajmmoore (talk) 09:15, 28 May 2023 (UTC) via MassMessaging Copyright problem: Flora Warren Seymour Hello CompulsiveResearcher! We welcome and appreciate your contributions, such as Flora Warren Seymour, but we regretfully cannot accept copyrighted material from other websites or printed works. This article appears to contain work copied from https://books.google.it/books?id=XJSdT_4NWTMC&pg=PA204 (Jennifer Scanlon (1996), American Women Historians), and therefore to constitute a violation of Wikipedia's copyright policies. The copyrighted text has been or will soon be deleted. While we appreciate your contributions, copying content from other websites is unlawful and against Wikipedia's copyright policy. Wikipedia takes copyright violations very seriously, and persistent violators are likely to lose their editing privileges. If you believe that the article is not a copyright violation, or if you have permission from the copyright holder to release the content freely under license allowed by Wikipedia, then you should do one of the following: Have the author release the text under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 License (CC BY-SA 3.0) by leaving a message explaining the details at Talk:Flora Warren Seymour and send an email with confirmation of permission to "permissions-enwikimedia.org". Make sure they quote the exact page name, Flora Warren Seymour, in their email. See Wikipedia:Requesting copyright permission for instructions. If you hold the copyright to the work: send an e-mail from an address associated with the original publication to permissions-enwikimedia.org or a postal message to the Wikimedia Foundation permitting re-use under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 License and GNU Free Documentation License, and note that you have done so on Talk:Flora Warren Seymour. See Wikipedia:Donating copyrighted materials for instructions. If a note on the original website states that re-use is permitted "under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License (CC BY-SA), version 3.0", or that the work is released into the public domain, or if you have strong reason to believe it is, leave a note at Talk:Flora Warren Seymour with a link to where we can find that note or your explanation of why you believe the content is free for reuse. It may also be necessary for the text to be modified to have an encyclopedic tone and to follow Wikipedia article layout. For more information on Wikipedia's policies, see Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. See Wikipedia:Declaration of consent for all enquiries for a template of the permissions letter the copyright holder is expected to send. Otherwise, you may rewrite this article from scratch. If you would like to begin working on a new version of the article you may do so at this temporary page. Leave a note at Talk:Flora Warren Seymour saying you have done so and an administrator will move the new article into place once the issue is resolved. Thank you, and please feel welcome to continue contributing to Wikipedia. Happy editing! Justlettersandnumbers (talk) 14:59, 8 June 2023 (UTC) @Justlettersandnumbers Well... How about you tell me what synonyms I ought to use for proper nouns and verbs and dates and such? Compulsive Researcher (talk) 15:04, 8 June 2023 (UTC) For that, see Talk:Flora Warren Seymour, where I've replied to you in detail. Please note that I've also blanked this, which has exactly the same problems as the mainspace article. Inadvertently adding copyvio to a page is one thing, knowingly creating a page that contains copyright violations is another; you can expect to lose your editing privileges without further discussion if you do that again, so ... please don't! Justlettersandnumbers (talk) 20:54, 8 June 2023 (UTC) @Justlettersandnumbers Please take it easy on the bad faith accusations. I recreated my old draft as it had existed in my userspace so I could edit the text in my userspace into something that could once again go into the mainspace because I did not want the repercussions of editing the article in the mainspace in a way you would find unacceptable. It wasn't edited for hours because you did not respond for hours. Please do not edit articles in my userspace again. If you want something changed in my userspace, please find an uninvolved admin to do so. Thank you. Please find an uninvolved editor to communicate with me further on this matter; I cannot take the tone of the communications I receive from you. Thank you. Compulsive Researcher (talk) 21:16, 8 June 2023 (UTC) OK, see here. I'm not "involved", my only interaction with you has been in my capacity as an administrator, attempting to ensure that you have not violated our copyright policy in this project other than in that one page, and that you will not do so again. Please be warned that I intend to block your account if I see one more copyright violation from it. Justlettersandnumbers (talk) 21:49, 8 June 2023 (UTC) Dear CompulsiveResearcher, about your question as to what synonyms ought to use for proper nouns and verbs and dates and such, you are not supposed to take a single source and introduce a whole passage from that source verbatim, or mostly verbatim, or not really verbatim, but with only superficial alterations such as by replacing words with their synonyms, as that is close paraphrasing. The main thing to do on Wikipedia when adding content is to consolidate information from multiple sources. That reduces copyright concerns and makes for much more valid encyclopedic content insofar an encyclopedia is precisely that kind of work—which summarizes and consolidates information... from multiple sources. Using a single source for a whole string of claims is risky, and doing it right can be a pain; at least differentiate essential from non-essential claims and carry over only the most essential information while leaving the detail out. Writing reasonable content can be difficult sometimes, and copyright and plagiarism considerations contribute to that, but editors must take up the challenge. Whether there's a copyright problem in this instance or not (haven't looked in depth), I do not know, but maybe this will help you not attract a notice like this one in the future. Sincerely—Alalch E. 22:20, 8 June 2023 (UTC) Thank you for your reply. I believe people should be able to disagree and discuss without taking things personally. I mean the below in good faith and I will reiterate that later. I'm told I'll be blocked if I make the wrong call, but no one has yet explained what the right one is or indicated having read what's there. You say haven't looked at the article in-depth, and I am not unfamiliar with copyright, so I'll expand on my points below: Re: synonyms, etc.: That is quite relevant. I struggle to provide job title/employer/date info in a way that will please the above-mentioned admin, and perhaps you as well, if we do not share the same reading of "Substantial similarity" section on the close paraphrasing page you linked. It includes a quote from the US Copyright Office: "Copyright law does not protect names, titles, or short phrases or expressions... The Copyright Office cannot register claims to exclusive rights in brief combinations of words ... To be protected by copyright, a work must contain a certain minimum amount of authorship ... Names, titles, and other short phrases do not meet these requirements." These are not unique sentences. These are brief combinations of proper nouns and verbs. A similar sentence to those in question: "From 1961 to 1963, Kennedy served as President of the United States." I suppose "The United States employed Kennedy from 1961 to 1963," but a clunky object the subject makes there, and if someone would call such a change superficial and reordering, well, how are things to be communicated? Re: "Using a single source for a whole string of claims is risky"--We were talking about copyright, and I don't follow... do you have an issue w/ the number and sort of sources I used? This article was hardly single-sourced; none of the claims are being questioned as far as I know. The source lists other sources. The subject has been dead over 70 years. It's essential to say Seymour worked for the War Department during WWI, and I believe her involvement in the other 2 bodies is important as well; the facts are not problematic and to leave them out would downplay her accomplishments, making the resulting Wikipedia article less than it ought to be. Re: the difficulty writing "reasonable content": Is it unreasonable to write "Jane Doe taught ninth grade at John Adams High School" because a source wrote "Jane Doe was a ninth grade teacher at John Adams High School"? If so, well... What is my best option? My next best? I keep asking for help. So far, I get generalities or statements, some emphasizing that I am wrong or ill-informed. Yours is an exception; your words have kept the focus on the content with no allusions to my character and in the right place for it and I am caused no grief. But I have no indication anyone who knows substantive similarity has applied that to the words in question. Yet people will talk. Don't feel as if you have to respond. I am going to take a Wikibreak for some time shortly. I thank you again for your reply and I hope you have a good career on Wikipedia. Compulsive Researcher (talk) 14:00, 9 June 2023 (UTC) I've not looked at any of your past edits to assess what others have already concluded. However, I would say to your Q3 that the alternative wording you offered is quite acceptable to me. But that is in one single sentence. If you were to take the entire contents of a copyrighted page and simply rephrase each and every sentence in a similar manner, without restructuring the work, then you could, quite rightly, be accused of close-paraphrasing that page or paragraph. It can be a difficult judgement call when it comes to a single sentence, but it can become obvious if all someone has done is use slightly different wording for all the sentences in a copyrighted book. That's where the creativity side of Wikipedia editing comes in. And, in answer to your earlier question - no, I don't feel it would be proper to do what you wanted. But using multiple sources to create new content in your own words is a really good way to avoid the paraphrasing issue in future. Hope this helps. Nick Moyes (talk) 13:32, 10 June 2023 (UTC) Thank you for starting with a statement that you haven't looked at my past edits and acknowledging that others have already come to conclusions. So far, no one has stated an issue with any article except this one, but always in motion is the future. We're talking about 3 simple sentences like I'd mentioned in #3. Or 1 simple sentence and 1 complex... It's good to know you think my example is OK; someone in one of these discussions (it's all running together) spoke against those kinds of changes... I added more sources in userspace and worked on the phrasing there because I thought that was OK, but the page has been blanked with the template and I have been warned not to touch it. (That was my mistake, and though I had good intent, I take responsibility for my actions.) Questions: Is it within policy to take that content as I had edited and place it or a link to it (userspace) where someone can review it? If so, where is the best place for it to go that would raise the fewest eyebrows? Thank you for being thoughtful and well-spoken. You are the first person to read an example I have written and respond to it, I think. I'd give you a kitten if I weren't so exhausted! Compulsive Researcher (talk) 14:58, 10 June 2023 (UTC) June 2023 You have been blocked indefinitely from editing certain namespaces ((Article)) for abuse of editing privileges. If you think there are good reasons for being unblocked, please read the guide to appealing blocks, then add the following text at the bottom of your talk page: {{unblock\|reason=Your reason here ~~~~}}. Star Mississippi 13:41, 9 June 2023 (UTC) as I said on AN, you're welcome to edit in other areas but given your confusion over copyright - you should not be editing in article space until it's resolved. Star Mississippi 13:42, 9 June 2023 (UTC) Thank you. I'm more confused with what the AN is about. No one there has asked me anything, but I'm blocked. That's OK. Related to the block: If I notice a problematic change in an article, where may I request someone review those and revert or cite if necessary? I watch a few articles with BLP or COI issues. Compulsive Researcher (talk) 14:32, 9 June 2023 (UTC) You absolutely can. You're not blocked from Talk space or anywhere else. If you convince others at the thread that you understand copyright (hint: not arguing that it's not technically copyright!), and there are no other issues identified within your edits, you'll likely be unblocked Star Mississippi 15:06, 9 June 2023 (UTC) Thank you. I'd rather remain blocked for now. But, if/when I opt for an unblock, where would I convince others of my knowledge of copyright? At the AN thread (now-ish)? Or in the unblock request (later on)? Does "abuse of editing privileges" refer only to the "wikilawyering"? Or something else? I want to be accurate. May I use articles for creation to submit articles? May I draft in my namespace? That is my preference. But as one page has been blanked twice in the last day, I don't know what are my limitations on using my namespace. Have a good day. Compulsive Researcher (talk) 16:09, 9 June 2023 (UTC) Hi! You can convince admins in whicghever location you prefer. You're not community blocked so assuming you decide to request an unblock later, you can request it here and someone will take action. You're welcome to use AfC or your userspace drafts as you prefer, but I would think hard about what @Justlettersandnumbers advised you before you write in either space. You may or may not not be correct about whether it's technically copyright, but it's better to avoid it looking as if it's copyright if you want the drafts approved for mainspace. Star Mississippi 16:57, 9 June 2023 (UTC) Thank you. I promise this will wrap up soon; I know you have other things to do. Can admins warn me, blank my userspace pages, or beyond if they object to my work, including if they interpret content in my works in progress as copyright violations, or do such have to have existed in the mainspace first? Basically: can they tie my hands as I draft or not? You didn't answer #2 in my list above. I would like to know what abuse of editing privileges means as that is the reason for my block. Wikilawyering? Potential copyright infringement? Thanks again. Compulsive Researcher (talk) 17:17, 9 June 2023 (UTC) 1. is wikilawyering, which I know you don't think you're doing. Copyright violations are not allowed anywhere on the project. If someone judges your draft to be one, they can blank it. Diannaa and Moneytrees are the admins most experienced with copyright violations and I'd check with them if you think you're anywhere close to problematic content. Abuse of editing priviliges is because there is a potential copyright issue. As it's a legal issue for the project, we cannot have copyright violations even if an editor thinks they are not. So abundance of caution, everyone's favorite phrase in the last three years. Star Mississippi 17:39, 9 June 2023 (UTC) OK. I'm sorry my questions are wrong to have. I wanted information so I could make informed decisions rather than proceed as I have been and end up in hotter water, but it's wikilawyering. Maybe this demonstrates I'm not cut out for volunteering here. I don't know anymore. Thank you for providing the names of two admins; I will consider pinging them to review my future work if and after I establish contact. A copyright violation in the mainspace. Check. Thank you. Compulsive Researcher (talk) 19:02, 9 June 2023 (UTC) I've been following this dispute here and at the Administrator's Noticeboard. I'm sorry this has all gone south so quickly. Looking at your talk page history, it looks like you've stayed away from disputes here and just worked away building Wikipedia. Then suddenly, people are jumping up and down and then - bam - you're blocked. I left a couple of comments: I was an admin in the past -- that's a very unusual sequence. I think it partly has to do with the issue of copyrights. Wikipedia can be sloppy and inconsistent about many things but for legal and ethical reasons, the community and the Wikimedia Foundation have very short fuses about two issues - biographies of living people and copyright. Things can escalate very quickly as they did here. I'm sorry this has happened. I appreciate what you've done here for coverage of women. --A. B. (talk • contribs • global count) 00:27, 10 June 2023 (UTC) Thank you for reading and commenting; you've provided bold support and I need that very much tonight. I want to say a lot more to you, but I'm afraid it could be used against me, so for now I'll just say I appreciate you greatly. I hope you have the best weekend! Compulsive Researcher (talk) 02:37, 10 June 2023 (UTC) Women in Red July 2023 Women in Red June 2023, Vol 9, Iss 7, Nos 251, 252, 274, 275, 276 Online events: New: Women in Red's 8th anniversary \| Alphabet run A & B \| Sports Continuing: Peace and Diplomacy (year-long initiative) \| #1day1woman Tip of the month: Look out for contributors interested in writing about women and invite them to join Women in Red Other ways to participate: Become a member. You can always opt-out of notifications. Join the conversations on our talkpage. Help us plan future events. Follow us on social media: Facebook \| Instagram \| Pinterest \| Twitter --Lajmmoore (talk) 07:43, 27 June 2023 (UTC) via MassMessaging Women in Red 8th Anniversary Women in Red 8th Anniversary In July 2015 around 15.5% of the English Wikipedia's biographies were about women. As of July 2023, 19.61% of the English Wikipedia's biographies are about women. That's a lot of biographies created in the effort to close the gender gap. Happy 8th Anniversary! Join us for some virtual cake and add comments or memories and please keep on editing to close the gap! --Lajmmoore (talk) 11:00, 18 July 2023 (UTC) via MassMessaging Women in Red August 2023 Women in Red August 2023, Vol 9, Iss 8, Nos 251, 252, 277, 278, 279, 280 Online events: New: Alphabet run C & D \| Indigenous women \| Film and stage \| Geofocus: Arab League Continuing: Peace and Diplomacy (year-long initiative) \| #1day1woman See also: Wikimania 2023 will be held in Singapore, 16–19 August, and will be facilitated by the affiliates in the ESEAP (East/South East/Asia/Pacific) region. Tip of the month: Read the essay Determining Native American and Indigenous Canadian identities to understand the criteria for status as Native American or Indigenous Canadian. Other ways to participate: Become a member. You can always opt-out of notifications. Join the conversations on our talkpage. Help us plan future events. Follow us on social media: Facebook \| Instagram \| Pinterest \| Twitter --Lajmmoore (talk) 19:24, 28 July 2023 (UTC) via MassMessaging September 2023 at Women In Red Women in Red September 2023, Vol 9, Iss 9, Nos 251, 252, 281, 282, 283 Online events: New: Alphabet run E & F \| Women writers & their works \| Geofocus: Celtic nations Continuing: Peace and Diplomacy (year-long initiative) \| #1day1woman Tip of the month: The books she wrote might be notable, too; learn 5 quick tips about about book articles. Other ways to participate: Become a member. You can always opt-out of notifications. Join the conversations on our talkpage. Help us plan future events. 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Follow us on social media: Facebook \| Instagram \| Pinterest \| Twitter --Lajmmoore (talk) 10:51, 29 September 2023 (UTC) via MassMessaging Women in Red - November 2023 Women in Red November 2023, Vol 9, Iss 11, Nos 251, 252, 287, 288, 289 Online events: New: Alphabet run I & J \| Geofocus: Indian subcontinent \| Women in Politics Continuing: Peace and Diplomacy (year-long initiative) \| #1day1woman See also Wikipedia Asian Month November Contest Tip of the month: When translating articles from another language Wikipedia, don't forget to include attribution in your first edit summary. Other ways to participate: Become a member. You can always opt-out of notifications. Join the conversations on our talkpage. Help us plan future events. Follow us on social media: Facebook \| Instagram \| Pinterest \| Twitter --Lajmmoore (talk) 08:21, 26 October 2023 (UTC) via MassMessaging Women in Red December 2023 Women in Red December 2023, Vol 9, Iss 12, Nos 251, 252, 290, 291, 292 Online events: New: Alphabet run K & L \| Women who died in 2023 \| Honoured Women Continuing: Peace and Diplomacy (year-long initiative) \| #1day1woman Tip of the month: Avoid copyright problems by rewriting in your own words. You can check any article or draft with Earwig's copyvio detector. Other ways to participate: Become a member. You can always opt-out of notifications. Join the conversations on our talkpage. Help us plan future events. Follow us on social media: Instagram \| Pinterest \| Twitter --Lajmmoore (talk) 20:22, 27 November 2023 (UTC) via MassMessaging ArbCom 2023 Elections voter message Hello! Voting in the 2023 Arbitration Committee elections is now open until 23:59 (UTC) on Monday, 11 December 2023. All eligible users are allowed to vote. Users with alternate accounts may only vote once. The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to impose binding solutions to disputes between editors, primarily for serious conduct disputes the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the authority to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail. If you wish to participate in the 2023 election, please review the candidates and submit your choices on the voting page. If you no longer wish to receive these messages, you may add {{NoACEMM}} to your user talk page. 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Ivanvector (Talk/Edits) 13:21, 29 November 2023 (UTC) Women in Red January 2024 Women in Red \| January 2024, Volume 10, Issue 1, Numbers 291, 293, 294, 295, 296 Online events: New: Education (year-long initiative) \| Alphabet run M & N \| Temperance women Continuing: #1day1woman \| Women who died in 2023 Announcement In 2024 Women in Red also has a one biography a week challenge as part of the #1day1woman initiative! Tip of the month: Check out the new navigation on our Women in Red Project home page. Other ways to participate: Become a member. You can always opt-out of notifications. Join the conversations on our talkpage. Help us plan future events and add any general ideas on developing the project. 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Follow us on social media: Instagram \| Pinterest \| Twitter --Lajmmoore (talk 20:08, 28 January 2024 (UTC) via MassMessaging Women in Red March 2024 Women in Red \| March 2024, Volume 10, Issue 3, Numbers 293, 294, 299, 300, 301 Online events: New: Alphabet run Q & R \| Art+Feminism \| Find Her Continuing: #1day1woman \| Education (year-long initiative) Announcements Celebrate Women – All content gender gap events, in every language Wikipedia, in March 2024 Francophone Women★ Writers Fortnight 2024 Feminism and Folklore 2024 Writing Contest Tip of the month: When creating a new article, check various spellings, including birth name, married names and pseudonyms, to be sure an article doesn't already exist. Other ways to participate: Become a member. You can always opt-out of notifications. Join the conversations on our talkpage. Help us plan future events and add any general ideas on developing the project. Follow us on social media: Instagram \| Pinterest \| Twitter --Lajmmoore (talk 20:22, 25 February 2024 (UTC) via MassMessaging Women in Red April 2024 Women in Red \| April 2024, Volume 10, Issue 4, Numbers 293, 294, 302, 303, 304 Online events: New: Alphabet run S & T \| Gender studies \| Health Continuing: #1day1woman \| Education (year-long initiative) Announcements The second round of "One biography a week" begins in April as part of #1day1woman. Tip of the month: If you run into technical problems, you might find help on our Tools and technical support page Other ways to participate: Become a member. You can always opt-out of notifications. Join the conversations on our talkpage. Help us plan future events and add any general ideas on developing the project. Follow us on social media: Instagram \| Pinterest \| Twitter --Lajmmoore (talk 19:41, 30 March 2024 (UTC) via MassMessaging Women in Red May 2024 Women in Red \| May 2024, Volume 10, Issue 5, Numbers 293, 294, 305, 306, 307 Online events: New: Press women \| Alphabet run U, V & W \| Central and Eastern Europe Continuing: #1day1woman \| Education (year-long initiative) Announcements from other communities Wikimedia CEE Spring 2024 - contest with certificates of participation and prizes The Wikipedia Library: #1Lib1Ref - May 15th to June 5th Tip of the month: Use open-access references wherever possible, but a paywalled reliable source is better than none, particularly for biographies of living people. Other ways to participate: Become a member. You can always opt-out of notifications. Join the conversations on our talkpage. Help us plan future events and add any general ideas on developing the project. Follow us on social media: Instagram \| Pinterest \| Twitter/X --Lajmmoore (talk 06:16, 28 April 2024 (UTC) via MassMessaging File permission problem with File:CushingAcademyPenguinsHockey.png Thanks for uploading File:CushingAcademyPenguinsHockey.png. I noticed that while you provided a valid copyright licensing tag, there is no proof that the creator of the file has agreed to release it under the given license. If you are the copyright holder for this media entirely yourself but have previously published it elsewhere (especially online), please either make a note permitting reuse under the CC BY-SA or another acceptable free license (see this list) at the site of the original publication; or Send an email from an address associated with the original publication to [email protected], stating your ownership of the material and your intention to publish it under a free license. You can find a sample permission letter here. 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Files lacking evidence of permission may be deleted one week after they have been tagged, as described in section F11 of the criteria for speedy deletion. You may wish to read Wikipedia's image use policy. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. --Min☠︎rax«¦talk¦» 04:10, 13 May 2024 (UTC) Women in Red June 2024 Women in Red \| June 2024, Volume 10, Issue 6, Numbers 293, 294, 308, 309, 310 Online events: New: LGBTQ+ women \| Wiki Loves Pride \| Women in Music \| Alphabet run X, Y & Z Continuing: #1day1woman \| Education (year-long initiative) Announcements from other communities Women in Green Good Article Edit-a-thon June 2024 - Going Back in Time The Wikipedia Library: #1Lib1Ref - May 15th to June 5th Tip of the month: Find a Grave is NOT a reliable source (as it is user-generated content). It can be used to look for biographical clues. Other ways to participate: Become a member. You can always opt-out of notifications. Join the conversations on our talkpage. Help us plan future events and add any general ideas on developing the project. 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uploads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ListFiles/CompulsiveResearcher"},{"link_name":"section F11 of the criteria for speedy deletion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Criteria_for_speedy_deletion#F11"},{"link_name":"image use policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Image_use_policy"},{"link_name":"Media copyright questions page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_copyright_questions"},{"link_name":"Min☠︎rax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Minorax"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Minorax"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:CompulsiveResearcher&action=edit&section=21"},{"link_name":"Lajmmoore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Lajmmoore"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Lajmmoore"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"}],"text":"This user is no longer very active on Wikipedia.Women in Red[edit]Hi there, DiamondRemley39, and thanks for all the articles you have recently been adding, especially biographies of women and books written by women authors. It seems to me you would be a useful member of WikiProject Women in Red where we are trying to chip away at the gender gap. If you would like to join, you can sign up under \"New registrations\" on Wikipedia:WikiProject Women in Red/New members. In any case, I look forward to many more new articles. Happy editing!--Ipigott (talk) 09:10, 2 May 2023 (UTC)[reply]Thanks for signing up and welcome to the project. You seem to be pretty familiar with the technicalities of Wikipedia editing but if you have not already done so, you might find it useful to look at some of our essays, perhaps starting with our Primer. Please let me know if you run into any difficulties or need assistance. Happy editing!--Ipigott (talk) 05:41, 4 May 2023 (UTC)[reply]A barnstar for you![edit]Thank you so much!!! Compulsive Researcher (talk) 03:59, 25 May 2023 (UTC)[reply]Women in Red - June 2023[edit]--Lajmmoore (talk) 09:15, 28 May 2023 (UTC) via MassMessaging[reply]Copyright problem: Flora Warren Seymour[edit]Hello CompulsiveResearcher! We welcome and appreciate your contributions, such as Flora Warren Seymour, but we regretfully cannot accept copyrighted material from other websites or printed works. This article appears to contain work copied from https://books.google.it/books?id=XJSdT_4NWTMC&pg=PA204 (Jennifer Scanlon (1996), American Women Historians), and therefore to constitute a violation of Wikipedia's copyright policies. The copyrighted text has been or will soon be deleted. While we appreciate your contributions, copying content from other websites is unlawful and against Wikipedia's copyright policy. Wikipedia takes copyright violations very seriously, and persistent violators are likely to lose their editing privileges.If you believe that the article is not a copyright violation, or if you have permission from the copyright holder to release the content freely under license allowed by Wikipedia, then you should do one of the following:Have the author release the text under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 License (CC BY-SA 3.0) by leaving a message explaining the details at Talk:Flora Warren Seymour and send an email with confirmation of permission to \"permissions-enwikimedia.org\". Make sure they quote the exact page name, Flora Warren Seymour, in their email. See Wikipedia:Requesting copyright permission for instructions.\nIf you hold the copyright to the work: send an e-mail from an address associated with the original publication to permissions-enwikimedia.org or a postal message to the Wikimedia Foundation permitting re-use under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 License and GNU Free Documentation License, and note that you have done so on Talk:Flora Warren Seymour. See Wikipedia:Donating copyrighted materials for instructions.\nIf a note on the original website states that re-use is permitted \"under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License (CC BY-SA), version 3.0\", or that the work is released into the public domain, or if you have strong reason to believe it is, leave a note at Talk:Flora Warren Seymour with a link to where we can find that note or your explanation of why you believe the content is free for reuse.It may also be necessary for the text to be modified to have an encyclopedic tone and to follow Wikipedia article layout. For more information on Wikipedia's policies, see Wikipedia's policies and guidelines.See Wikipedia:Declaration of consent for all enquiries for a template of the permissions letter the copyright holder is expected to send.Otherwise, you may rewrite this article from scratch. If you would like to begin working on a new version of the article you may do so at this temporary page. Leave a note at Talk:Flora Warren Seymour saying you have done so and an administrator will move the new article into place once the issue is resolved.Thank you, and please feel welcome to continue contributing to Wikipedia. Happy editing! Justlettersandnumbers (talk) 14:59, 8 June 2023 (UTC)[reply]@Justlettersandnumbers Well... How about you tell me what synonyms I ought to use for proper nouns and verbs and dates and such? Compulsive Researcher (talk) 15:04, 8 June 2023 (UTC)[reply]\nFor that, see Talk:Flora Warren Seymour, where I've replied to you in detail. Please note that I've also blanked this, which has exactly the same problems as the mainspace article. Inadvertently adding copyvio to a page is one thing, knowingly creating a page that contains copyright violations is another; you can expect to lose your editing privileges without further discussion if you do that again, so ... please don't! Justlettersandnumbers (talk) 20:54, 8 June 2023 (UTC)[reply]\n@Justlettersandnumbers Please take it easy on the bad faith accusations. I recreated my old draft as it had existed in my userspace so I could edit the text in my userspace into something that could once again go into the mainspace because I did not want the repercussions of editing the article in the mainspace in a way you would find unacceptable. It wasn't edited for hours because you did not respond for hours.\nPlease do not edit articles in my userspace again. If you want something changed in my userspace, please find an uninvolved admin to do so. Thank you.\nPlease find an uninvolved editor to communicate with me further on this matter; I cannot take the tone of the communications I receive from you. Thank you. Compulsive Researcher (talk) 21:16, 8 June 2023 (UTC)[reply]\nOK, see here. I'm not \"involved\", my only interaction with you has been in my capacity as an administrator, attempting to ensure that you have not violated our copyright policy in this project other than in that one page, and that you will not do so again. Please be warned that I intend to block your account if I see one more copyright violation from it. Justlettersandnumbers (talk) 21:49, 8 June 2023 (UTC)[reply]\nDear CompulsiveResearcher, about your question as to what synonyms [you] ought to use for proper nouns and verbs and dates and such, you are not supposed to take a single source and introduce a whole passage from that source verbatim, or mostly verbatim, or not really verbatim, but with only superficial alterations such as by replacing words with their synonyms, as that is close paraphrasing. The main thing to do on Wikipedia when adding content is to consolidate information from multiple sources. That reduces copyright concerns and makes for much more valid encyclopedic content insofar an encyclopedia is precisely that kind of work—which summarizes and consolidates information... from multiple sources. Using a single source for a whole string of claims is risky, and doing it right can be a pain; at least differentiate essential from non-essential claims and carry over only the most essential information while leaving the detail out. Writing reasonable content can be difficult sometimes, and copyright and plagiarism considerations contribute to that, but editors must take up the challenge. Whether there's a copyright problem in this instance or not (haven't looked in depth), I do not know, but maybe this will help you not attract a notice like this one in the future. Sincerely—Alalch E. 22:20, 8 June 2023 (UTC)[reply]\nThank you for your reply. I believe people should be able to disagree and discuss without taking things personally. I mean the below in good faith and I will reiterate that later.\nI'm told I'll be blocked if I make the wrong call, but no one has yet explained what the right one is or indicated having read what's there.\nYou say haven't looked at the article in-depth, and I am not unfamiliar with copyright, so I'll expand on my points below:\nRe: synonyms, etc.: That is quite relevant. I struggle to provide job title/employer/date info in a way that will please the above-mentioned admin, and perhaps you as well, if we do not share the same reading of \"Substantial similarity\" section on the close paraphrasing page you linked. It includes a quote from the US Copyright Office: \"Copyright law does not protect names, titles, or short phrases or expressions... The Copyright Office cannot register claims to exclusive rights in brief combinations of words ... To be protected by copyright, a work must contain a certain minimum amount of authorship ... Names, titles, and other short phrases do not meet these requirements.\" These are not unique sentences. These are brief combinations of proper nouns and verbs. A similar sentence to those in question: \"From 1961 to 1963, Kennedy served as President of the United States.\" I suppose \"The United States employed Kennedy from 1961 to 1963,\" but a clunky object the subject makes there, and if someone would call such a change superficial and reordering, well, how are things to be communicated?\nRe: \"Using a single source for a whole string of claims is risky\"--We were talking about copyright, and I don't follow... do you have an issue w/ the number and sort of sources I used? This article was hardly single-sourced; none of the claims are being questioned as far as I know. The source lists other sources. The subject has been dead over 70 years. It's essential to say Seymour worked for the War Department during WWI, and I believe her involvement in the other 2 bodies is important as well; the facts are not problematic and to leave them out would downplay her accomplishments, making the resulting Wikipedia article less than it ought to be.\nRe: the difficulty writing \"reasonable content\": Is it unreasonable to write \"Jane Doe taught ninth grade at John Adams High School\" because a source wrote \"Jane Doe was a ninth grade teacher at John Adams High School\"? If so, well...\nWhat is my best option? My next best? I keep asking for help. So far, I get generalities or statements, some emphasizing that I am wrong or ill-informed. Yours is an exception; your words have kept the focus on the content with no allusions to my character and in the right place for it and I am caused no grief. But I have no indication anyone who knows substantive similarity has applied that to the words in question. Yet people will talk.\nDon't feel as if you have to respond. I am going to take a Wikibreak for some time shortly. I thank you again for your reply and I hope you have a good career on Wikipedia. Compulsive Researcher (talk) 14:00, 9 June 2023 (UTC)[reply]\nI've not looked at any of your past edits to assess what others have already concluded. However, I would say to your Q3 that the alternative wording you offered is quite acceptable to me. But that is in one single sentence. If you were to take the entire contents of a copyrighted page and simply rephrase each and every sentence in a similar manner, without restructuring the work, then you could, quite rightly, be accused of close-paraphrasing that page or paragraph. It can be a difficult judgement call when it comes to a single sentence, but it can become obvious if all someone has done is use slightly different wording for all the sentences in a copyrighted book. That's where the creativity side of Wikipedia editing comes in. And, in answer to your earlier question - no, I don't feel it would be proper to do what you wanted. But using multiple sources to create new content in your own words is a really good way to avoid the paraphrasing issue in future. Hope this helps. Nick Moyes (talk) 13:32, 10 June 2023 (UTC)[reply]\nThank you for starting with a statement that you haven't looked at my past edits and acknowledging that others have already come to conclusions. So far, no one has stated an issue with any article except this one, but always in motion is the future.\nWe're talking about 3 simple sentences like I'd mentioned in #3. Or 1 simple sentence and 1 complex... It's good to know you think my example is OK; someone in one of these discussions (it's all running together) spoke against those kinds of changes... I added more sources in userspace and worked on the phrasing there because I thought that was OK, but the page has been blanked with the template and I have been warned not to touch it. (That was my mistake, and though I had good intent, I take responsibility for my actions.)\nQuestions: Is it within policy to take that content as I had edited and place it or a link to it (userspace) where someone can review it? If so, where is the best place for it to go that would raise the fewest eyebrows?\nThank you for being thoughtful and well-spoken. You are the first person to read an example I have written and respond to it, I think. I'd give you a kitten if I weren't so exhausted! Compulsive Researcher (talk) 14:58, 10 June 2023 (UTC)[reply]June 2023[edit]You have been blocked indefinitely from editing certain namespaces ((Article)) for abuse of editing privileges. If you think there are good reasons for being unblocked, please read the guide to appealing blocks, then add the following text at the bottom of your talk page: {{unblock\|reason=Your reason here ~~~~}}. Star Mississippi 13:41, 9 June 2023 (UTC)[reply]as I said on AN, you're welcome to edit in other areas but given your confusion over copyright - you should not be editing in article space until it's resolved. Star Mississippi 13:42, 9 June 2023 (UTC)[reply]\nThank you. I'm more confused with what the AN is about. No one there has asked me anything, but I'm blocked. That's OK.\nRelated to the block: If I notice a problematic change in an article, where may I request someone review those and revert or cite if necessary? I watch a few articles with BLP or COI issues. Compulsive Researcher (talk) 14:32, 9 June 2023 (UTC)[reply]\nYou absolutely can. You're not blocked from Talk space or anywhere else. If you convince others at the thread that you understand copyright (hint: not arguing that it's not technically copyright!), and there are no other issues identified within your edits, you'll likely be unblocked Star Mississippi 15:06, 9 June 2023 (UTC)[reply]\nThank you.\nI'd rather remain blocked for now. But, if/when I opt for an unblock, where would I convince others of my knowledge of copyright? At the AN thread (now-ish)? Or in the unblock request (later on)?\nDoes \"abuse of editing privileges\" refer only to the \"wikilawyering\"? Or something else? I want to be accurate.\nMay I use articles for creation to submit articles?\nMay I draft in my namespace? That is my preference. But as one page has been blanked twice in the last day, I don't know what are my limitations on using my namespace.\nHave a good day. Compulsive Researcher (talk) 16:09, 9 June 2023 (UTC)[reply]\nHi! You can convince admins in whicghever location you prefer. You're not community blocked so assuming you decide to request an unblock later, you can request it here and someone will take action. You're welcome to use AfC or your userspace drafts as you prefer, but I would think hard about what @Justlettersandnumbers advised you before you write in either space. You may or may not not be correct about whether it's technically copyright, but it's better to avoid it looking as if it's copyright if you want the drafts approved for mainspace. Star Mississippi 16:57, 9 June 2023 (UTC)[reply]\nThank you. I promise this will wrap up soon; I know you have other things to do.\nCan admins warn me, blank my userspace pages, or beyond if they object to my work, including if they interpret content in my works in progress as copyright violations, or do such have to have existed in the mainspace first? Basically: can they tie my hands as I draft or not?\nYou didn't answer #2 in my list above. I would like to know what abuse of editing privileges means as that is the reason for my block. Wikilawyering? Potential copyright infringement?\nThanks again. Compulsive Researcher (talk) 17:17, 9 June 2023 (UTC)[reply]\n1. is wikilawyering, which I know you don't think you're doing. Copyright violations are not allowed anywhere on the project. If someone judges your draft to be one, they can blank it. Diannaa and Moneytrees are the admins most experienced with copyright violations and I'd check with them if you think you're anywhere close to problematic content. Abuse of editing priviliges is because there is a potential copyright issue. As it's a legal issue for the project, we cannot have copyright violations even if an editor thinks they are not. So abundance of caution, everyone's favorite phrase in the last three years. Star Mississippi 17:39, 9 June 2023 (UTC)[reply]\nOK. I'm sorry my questions are wrong to have. I wanted information so I could make informed decisions rather than proceed as I have been and end up in hotter water, but it's wikilawyering. Maybe this demonstrates I'm not cut out for volunteering here. I don't know anymore. Thank you for providing the names of two admins; I will consider pinging them to review my future work if and after I establish contact.\nA copyright violation in the mainspace. Check. Thank you.\nCompulsive Researcher (talk) 19:02, 9 June 2023 (UTC)[reply]\nI've been following this dispute here and at the Administrator's Noticeboard. I'm sorry this has all gone south so quickly. Looking at your talk page history, it looks like you've stayed away from disputes here and just worked away building Wikipedia. Then suddenly, people are jumping up and down and then - bam - you're blocked.\nI left a couple of comments: [1][2]\nI was an admin in the past -- that's a very unusual sequence. I think it partly has to do with the issue of copyrights. Wikipedia can be sloppy and inconsistent about many things but for legal and ethical reasons, the community and the Wikimedia Foundation have very short fuses about two issues - biographies of living people and copyright. Things can escalate very quickly as they did here.\nI'm sorry this has happened. I appreciate what you've done here for coverage of women. --A. B. (talk • contribs • global count) 00:27, 10 June 2023 (UTC)[reply]\nThank you for reading and commenting; you've provided bold support and I need that very much tonight. I want to say a lot more to you, but I'm afraid it could be used against me, so for now I'll just say I appreciate you greatly.\nI hope you have the best weekend! Compulsive Researcher (talk) 02:37, 10 June 2023 (UTC)[reply]Women in Red July 2023[edit]--Lajmmoore (talk) 07:43, 27 June 2023 (UTC) via MassMessaging[reply]Women in Red 8th Anniversary[edit]--Lajmmoore (talk) 11:00, 18 July 2023 (UTC) via MassMessaging[reply]Women in Red August 2023[edit]--Lajmmoore (talk) 19:24, 28 July 2023 (UTC) via MassMessaging[reply]September 2023 at Women In Red[edit]--Victuallers (talk) 16:49, 25 August 2023 (UTC) via MassMessaging[reply]Women in Red October 2023[edit]--Lajmmoore (talk) 10:51, 29 September 2023 (UTC) via MassMessaging[reply]Women in Red - November 2023[edit]--Lajmmoore (talk) 08:21, 26 October 2023 (UTC) via MassMessaging[reply]Women in Red December 2023[edit]--Lajmmoore (talk) 20:22, 27 November 2023 (UTC) via MassMessaging[reply]ArbCom 2023 Elections voter message[edit]Hello! Voting in the 2023 Arbitration Committee elections is now open until 23:59 (UTC) on Monday, 11 December 2023. All eligible users are allowed to vote. 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MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 00:49, 28 November 2023 (UTC)[reply]Nomination of Carolyn Crimi for deletion[edit]A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Carolyn Crimi is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.\nThe article will be discussed at Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Carolyn Crimi until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.\n\nUsers may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article until the discussion has finished.Ivanvector (Talk/Edits) 13:21, 29 November 2023 (UTC)[reply]Women in Red January 2024[edit]Women in Red February 2024[edit]--Lajmmoore (talk 20:08, 28 January 2024 (UTC) via MassMessaging[reply]Women in Red March 2024[edit]--Lajmmoore (talk 20:22, 25 February 2024 (UTC) via MassMessaging[reply]Women in Red April 2024[edit]--Lajmmoore (talk 19:41, 30 March 2024 (UTC) via MassMessaging[reply]Women in Red May 2024[edit]--Lajmmoore (talk 06:16, 28 April 2024 (UTC) via MassMessaging[reply]File permission problem with File:CushingAcademyPenguinsHockey.png[edit]Thanks for uploading File:CushingAcademyPenguinsHockey.png. I noticed that while you provided a valid copyright licensing tag, there is no proof that the creator of the file has agreed to release it under the given license.If you are the copyright holder for this media entirely yourself but have previously published it elsewhere (especially online), please eithermake a note permitting reuse under the CC BY-SA or another acceptable free license (see this list) at the site of the original publication; or\nSend an email from an address associated with the original publication to [email protected], stating your ownership of the material and your intention to publish it under a free license. You can find a sample permission letter here. If you take this step, add {{permission pending}} to the file description page to prevent premature deletion.If you did not create it entirely yourself, please ask the person who created the file to take one of the two steps listed above, or if the owner of the file has already given their permission to you via email, please forward that email to [email protected] you believe the media meets the criteria at Wikipedia:Non-free content, use a tag such as {{non-free fair use}} or one of the other tags listed at Wikipedia:File copyright tags#Fair use, and add a rationale justifying the file's use on the article or articles where it is included. See Wikipedia:File copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.If you have uploaded other files, consider checking that you have provided evidence that their copyright owners have agreed to license their works under the tags you supplied, too. Here is a list of your uploads. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashley_Ortega	Ashley Ortega	["1 Career","2 Personal life","3 Filmography","3.1 Television","3.2 Film","4 References","5 External links"]	Filipino actress In this article, the surname is Samson (Philippine patronymic surname), and her middle name is Nordstrom (German matronymic surname). Ashley OrtegaBornAshleigh Marguerretthe Krystalle Nordstrom Samson (1998-12-26) December 26, 1998 (age 25)San Fernando, La Union, PhilippinesOccupationActressYears active2012–presentAgentSparkle GMA Artist Center (2012–present)Height5 ft 6 in (168 cm) Ashleigh Marguerretthe Krystalle Nordstrom Samson (born December 26, 1998), known professionally as Ashley Ortega (Tagalog: ), is a Filipino actress, who is well known for her roles in Dormitoryo and My Destiny on GMA Network. She was formerly a co-host of the variety show Wowowin. Career Ortega started appearing in television at the age of 12, where she first did commercials for GMA Network, and then eventually went into acting. She was also crowned as Ms. Olive-C 2014 Campus Model. Ortega is also a professional figure skater. She started skating at the age of 4 and competed in different countries like Thailand and Malaysia. On May 30, 2024, Ortega won her first international award, as Best Actress in the 2024 Harlem International Film Festival for 19th Cinemalaya Independent Film Festival "As if it's True" opposite Khalil Ramos. Personal life Ashley Ortega was born as Ashleigh Marguerretthe Krystalle Nordstrom Samson in San Fernando, La Union on December 26, 1998, to a Filipino-German mother and Spanish-Filipino father. She is from San Fernando, La Union, her mother's hometown. She has an older brother, and younger sister, Alyssa. She went to Immaculate Conception Academy in her grade school years. She is currently studying interior design at SoFA Design Institute. Filmography Television Year Title Role Source 2012–2013 Cielo de Angelina Marian "Julie" Dela Guardia 2013 Dormitoryo Rose Angeles 2014 Paraiso Ko'y Ikaw Young Regina Ilustre Magpakailanman Rina Episode: Tatay Na Si Totoy, Nanay Na Si Nene My Destiny Alex Martinez Magpakailanman Maricel Episode: Cain At Abel: Ang Kalakal Boys - The Cedric Macdon & Joven Santos Story 2015 Jasmine Episode: Sa Bangin Ng Kamatayan Kailan Ba Tama ang Mali? Angeli Realonda InstaDad Mayumi "Yumi" Monteamor Main role/Protagonist Magpakailanman Mimay Episode: Ang Huling Yakap Sa Nawalang Anak Dangwa Wendy Schmitt Maynila Britney Shayne Nida 2016 Wish I May Eunice Montes Maynila Maya A1 Ko Sa 'Yo Jenny Perez Oh My Mama Ariana Gutierrez 2017 Magpakailanman Mitch Episode: Love Knows No Age: The Gil Moreno & Mitch Tandingan Millennial Love Story Daig Kayo ng Lola Ko Sarah Wowowin Herself Co-Host Dear Uge Cheska Wish Ko Lang Gesielle 2017-2018 Super Ma’am Kristy Garcia/Maureen Supporting role/Protagonist 2019 Magpakailanman Menchie Episode: BUSta't Kasama Kita: The Aurelio & Menchie Love Story Sahaya Lindsay Alvarez Main role/Anti-Hero Dear Uge Shayne Magpakailanman Ella Episode: Magkapatid, Biktima Ng Kulto 2020 Rina Episode: A Scandalous Crime Eat Bulaga! 2021 Legal Wives Marriam Pabil-Delos Reyes Supporting role/Main Antagonist Magpakailanman Jessa Episode: Our Abusive Father 2022 Rochelle Episode: Balut Vendor Turned Inventor: The Roland Barrientos Story Widows' Web Jacqueline "Jackie/Tisay" Antonio-Sagrado Main role/Anti-Hero Tadhana Yvette Episode: Sikreto (Part 1-2) Daig Kayo ng Lola Ko Blondie Episode: Madal-Dolls Tadhana Desiree Episode: Babawiin Ko Ang Langit (Part 1-3) Magpakailanman Seannah Episode: My Race To Happiness 2023 Hearts on Ice Pauline "Ponggay" B. Campos Main role/Protagonist Royal Blood Jacqueline "Jackie" Antonio-Mabantog (a crossover character from Widows' Web) Guest role/Anti-Hero Black Rider a car show girl Guest role 2024 Pulang Araw Manuela Supporting role Film Year Title Role Producer Source 2012 Bamboo Flowers Nikka GMA Films 2014 My Big Bossing Fairy GMA Films APT Entertainment 2017 Spirit of the Glass 2: The Haunted Chelsea Regal Films and GMA Films 2018 Wild and Free Mira 2023 As If It's True Gemma Stone Cinemalaya The IdeaFirst Company References ^ "Ashley Ortega \| GMANetwork.com - Artist Center - Talents". www.gmanetwork.com. ^ "Fashion and Beauty: Mr. & Miss Olive-C 2014 Campus Model Search, WHOOPS Fashion Event". Retrieved May 12, 2019. ^ "Fashion and Beauty: Mr. & Miss Olive-C 2014 Coronation Night". Retrieved May 12, 2019. ^ Paragas, Allanah (March 11, 2015). "Ashley Ortega, Bakit Nag-Quit sa Professional Figure Dkating?". GMA Network (in Tagalog). GMA. Retrieved January 1, 2018. ^ Basina, Carby (May 31, 2024). "Ashley Ortega wins Best Actress award at Harlem International Film Festival 2024". GMA Network. Retrieved May 31, 2024. ^ "Tunay na Buhay: Ashley Ortega, nagkuwento tungkol sa kanyang pamilya". YouTube. December 27, 2017. ^ Lago, Riana (January 7, 2017). "18 Things You Didn't Know About Ashley Ortega". Inquirer.net. Inquirer. Retrieved January 1, 2018. ^ "Dashing Ashley Ortega in her Pre-debut Shoot". GMA News Online. December 10, 2016. Retrieved February 25, 2017. External links Ashley Ortega at IMDb	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"surname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"patronymic surname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patronymic_surname"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"matronymic surname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matronymic_surname"},{"link_name":"[ˈaʃli oɾˈtɛga]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Tagalog"},{"link_name":"Dormitoryo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dormitoryo"},{"link_name":"My Destiny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Destiny_(Philippine_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"GMA Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GMA_Network"},{"link_name":"Wowowin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wowowin"}],"text":"In this article, the surname is Samson (Philippine patronymic surname), and her middle name is Nordstrom (German matronymic surname).Ashleigh Marguerretthe Krystalle Nordstrom Samson (born December 26, 1998), known professionally as Ashley Ortega (Tagalog: [ˈaʃli oɾˈtɛga]), is a Filipino actress, who is well known for her roles in Dormitoryo and My Destiny on GMA Network. She was formerly a co-host of the variety show Wowowin.","title":"Ashley Ortega"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"},{"link_name":"Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Figure_Skater-4"},{"link_name":"Harlem International Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlem_International_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"19th Cinemalaya Independent Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19th_Cinemalaya_Independent_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"Khalil Ramos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalil_Ramos"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Ortega started appearing in television at the age of 12, where she first did commercials for GMA Network, and then eventually went into acting. She was also crowned as Ms. Olive-C 2014 Campus Model.[2][3] Ortega is also a professional figure skater. She started skating at the age of 4 and competed in different countries like Thailand and Malaysia.[4]On May 30, 2024, Ortega won her first international award, as Best Actress in the 2024 Harlem International Film Festival for 19th Cinemalaya Independent Film Festival \"As if it's True\" opposite Khalil Ramos.[5]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"San Fernando, La Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Fernando,_La_Union"},{"link_name":"Filipino-German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipino_mestizo"},{"link_name":"Spanish-Filipino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Filipino"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"San Fernando, La Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Fernando,_La_Union"},{"link_name":"Immaculate Conception Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immaculate_Conception_Academy"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Interior_Design-7"}],"text":"Ashley Ortega was born as Ashleigh Marguerretthe Krystalle Nordstrom Samson in San Fernando, La Union on December 26, 1998, to a Filipino-German mother and Spanish-Filipino father.[6] She is from San Fernando, La Union, her mother's hometown. She has an older brother, and younger sister, Alyssa. She went to Immaculate Conception Academy in her grade school years. She is currently studying interior design at SoFA Design Institute.[7]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Television","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Film","title":"Filmography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Ashley Ortega \| GMANetwork.com - Artist Center - Talents\". www.gmanetwork.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gmanetwork.com/artistcenter/talents/267/ashley-ortega","url_text":"\"Ashley Ortega \| GMANetwork.com - Artist Center - Talents\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fashion and Beauty: Mr. & Miss Olive-C 2014 Campus Model Search, WHOOPS Fashion Event\". Retrieved May 12, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fabphevents.com/2014/05/mr-miss-olive-c-2014-campus-model.html","url_text":"\"Fashion and Beauty: Mr. & Miss Olive-C 2014 Campus Model Search, WHOOPS Fashion Event\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fashion and Beauty: Mr. & Miss Olive-C 2014 Coronation Night\". Retrieved May 12, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fabphevents.com/2014/05/mr-and-miss-olive-c-coronation-night.html","url_text":"\"Fashion and Beauty: Mr. & Miss Olive-C 2014 Coronation Night\""}]},{"reference":"Paragas, Allanah (March 11, 2015). \"Ashley Ortega, Bakit Nag-Quit sa Professional Figure Dkating?\". GMA Network (in Tagalog). GMA. Retrieved January 1, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gmanetwork.com/entertainment/showbiznews/news/13993/ashley-ortega-bakit-nag-quit-sa-professional-figure-skating/story","url_text":"\"Ashley Ortega, Bakit Nag-Quit sa Professional Figure Dkating?\""}]},{"reference":"Basina, Carby (May 31, 2024). \"Ashley Ortega wins Best Actress award at Harlem International Film Festival 2024\". GMA Network. Retrieved May 31, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gmanetwork.com/entertainment/showbiznews/news/20601/ashley-ortega-wins-best-actress-award-at-harlem-international-film-festival-2024/photo","url_text":"\"Ashley Ortega wins Best Actress award at Harlem International Film Festival 2024\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tunay na Buhay: Ashley Ortega, nagkuwento tungkol sa kanyang pamilya\". YouTube. December 27, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=OG94CJ7p35Y","url_text":"\"Tunay na Buhay: Ashley Ortega, nagkuwento tungkol sa kanyang pamilya\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"}]},{"reference":"Lago, Riana (January 7, 2017). \"18 Things You Didn't Know About Ashley Ortega\". Inquirer.net. Inquirer. Retrieved January 1, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://lifestyle.inquirer.net/249826/18-things-didnt-know-ashley-ortega/","url_text":"\"18 Things You Didn't Know About Ashley Ortega\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dashing Ashley Ortega in her Pre-debut Shoot\". GMA News Online. December 10, 2016. Retrieved February 25, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/592004/showbiz/chikaminute/dashing-ashley-ortega-in-her-pre-debut-shoot","url_text":"\"Dashing Ashley Ortega in her Pre-debut Shoot\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.gmanetwork.com/artistcenter/talents/267/ashley-ortega","external_links_name":"\"Ashley Ortega \| GMANetwork.com - Artist Center - Talents\""},{"Link":"https://www.fabphevents.com/2014/05/mr-miss-olive-c-2014-campus-model.html","external_links_name":"\"Fashion and Beauty: Mr. & Miss Olive-C 2014 Campus Model Search, WHOOPS Fashion Event\""},{"Link":"https://www.fabphevents.com/2014/05/mr-and-miss-olive-c-coronation-night.html","external_links_name":"\"Fashion and Beauty: Mr. & Miss Olive-C 2014 Coronation Night\""},{"Link":"http://www.gmanetwork.com/entertainment/showbiznews/news/13993/ashley-ortega-bakit-nag-quit-sa-professional-figure-skating/story","external_links_name":"\"Ashley Ortega, Bakit Nag-Quit sa Professional Figure Dkating?\""},{"Link":"https://www.gmanetwork.com/entertainment/showbiznews/news/20601/ashley-ortega-wins-best-actress-award-at-harlem-international-film-festival-2024/photo","external_links_name":"\"Ashley Ortega wins Best Actress award at Harlem International Film Festival 2024\""},{"Link":"https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=OG94CJ7p35Y","external_links_name":"\"Tunay na Buhay: Ashley Ortega, nagkuwento tungkol sa kanyang pamilya\""},{"Link":"http://lifestyle.inquirer.net/249826/18-things-didnt-know-ashley-ortega/","external_links_name":"\"18 Things You Didn't Know About Ashley Ortega\""},{"Link":"http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/592004/showbiz/chikaminute/dashing-ashley-ortega-in-her-pre-debut-shoot","external_links_name":"\"Dashing Ashley Ortega in her Pre-debut Shoot\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm6379694/","external_links_name":"Ashley Ortega"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1954_All_England_Badminton_Championships	1954 All England Badminton Championships	["1 Final results","2 Men's singles","2.1 Section 1","2.2 Section 2","3 Women's singles","3.1 Section 1","3.2 Section 2","4 References"]	Badminton tournament1954 All England ChampionshipsTournament detailsDates17 March 1954 (1954-03-17)–21 March 1954 (1954-03-21)Edition44thVenueEmpress Hall, Earls CourtLocationLondon ← < 1953 1955 > → The 1954 All England Championships was a badminton tournament held at the Empress Hall, Earls Court, London, England, from 17–21 March 1954. Final results Category Winners Runners-up Score Men's singles Eddy Choong Donald Smythe 15–6, 15–5 Women's singles Judy Devlin Iris Cooley 11–7, 11–5 Men's doubles Ooi Teik Hock & Ong Poh Lim Eddy Choong & David Ewe Choong 18–16, 15–12 Women's doubles Judy Devlin & Sue Devlin Iris Cooley & June White 15–7, 12–15, 15-8 Mixed doubles John Best & Iris Cooley Finn Kobberø & Inge Birgit Hansen 15–12, 15-0 Judy Devlin and Sue Devlin represented the United States, they were the daughters of former champion Frank Devlin of Ireland. Men's singles Section 1 Round of 32 Round of 16 Quarterfinals Semifinals 1 Eddy Choong 15 15 Noel Radford 3 1 1 Choong 15 15 F John Shaw 15 15 Shaw 7 5 Eng Chin Khoo 10 12 1 Choong 15 8 15 Palle Granlund 15 15 Granlund 9 15 12 Vikram Bhat 4 7 Granlund 2 15 15 Jeff Robson 15 15 Robson 15 10 12 Berndt Dahlberg 5 0 1 Choong 15 15 Poul Holm 15 6 15 Holm 5 10 Trilok Nath Seth + 11 15 0 Holm 15 15 Tony Jordan 15 15 Jordan 11 10 Tom Wingfield 13 8 Holm 15 7 15 Ong Poh Lim + 15 15 Po Lim 7 15 12 Knut Malmgren 2 8 Poh Lim 15 15 Ron Lockwood 18 15 Lockwood 3 3 E E Symonds 17 11 Section 2 Round of 32 Round of 16 Quarterfinals Semifinals Donald Smythe + 15 15 R Quiddington 3 1 Smythe 15 15 John Best 15 12 15 Best 6 2 John Timperley 1 15 9 Smythe 15 15 Johnny Heah 15 15 Heah 9 11 M W Holborn 3 4 Heah 17 15 Finn Kobberø + 15 15 Kobbero 14 5 L T Lee 12 11 Smythe 15 15 Jørgen Hammergaard Hansen 16 15 15 Hamegaard-H 3 5 Leif Ekedahl 18 9 9 Hammegaard-H 14 15 15 2 Ooi Teik Hock 15 15 2 Teik Hock 18 10 13 Alistair McIntyre 6 6 Hammegaard-H 15 15 Nandu Natekar + 15 15 Natekar 5 6 J A Broadhurst 4 3 Natekar 15 12 15 Frank Peard 15 15 Peard 7 15 12 Dick Hashman 4 7 + Denotes seeded player Women's singles Section 1 Round of 32 Round of 16 Quarterfinals Semifinals Judy Devlin + 11 11 J M Baldwin 1 0 Devlin 11 11 Elizabeth O'Beirne 11 11 O'Beirne 7 0 Inge Birgit Hansen 6 0 Devlin 11 11 Inger Kjaergaard 11 8 11 Kjaergaard 3 5 Audrey Stone 2 11 4 Kjaergaard 11 11 M D Flynn 11 11 Flynn 3 1 I S Vallance 7 6 Devlin 11 11 Aase Schiøtt Jacobsen + 11 11 Schiott-Jacobsen 5 3 Ruth Page 4 2 Schiott-Jacobsen 11 11 B Horner bye Horner 2 0 Schiott-Jacobsen 11 11 Jenifer Peters bye Peters 2 2 Peters 7 11 11 S Spreadborough bye Spreadborough 11 5 6 Section 2 Round of 32 Round of 16 Quarterfinals Semifinals Iris Cooley bye Cooley 11 11 Urusla Smith bye Smith 0 0 Cooley 11 11 Birgit Schultz-Pedersen Schultz-Pedersen 0 6 bye Schultz-Pedersen 11 11 Nancy Horner bye Horner 3 1 Cooley 11 11 Heather Robson + 12 11 Robson 7 5 June White 10 6 Robson 11 11 Karin Jorgensen bye Jorgensen 2 0 Robson 11 11 Agnete Friis 11 11 Friis 7 5 Sue Devlin 7 3 Friis 11 11 Sylvia Ripley 11 7 11 Ripley 8 3 Ulla Britt Schelin 9 11 9 References ^ "Login". www.thetimes.co.uk. Archived from the original on 18 January 2017. Retrieved 12 September 2012. vteAll England Open Badminton Championships 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Super Series 2007 2008 2009 2010 Super Series Premier 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Super 1000 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Men's singles – Women's singles – Men's doubles – Women's doubles – Mixed doubles	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"All England Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_England_Badminton_Championships"},{"link_name":"badminton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badminton"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Badminton tournamentThe 1954 All England Championships was a badminton tournament held at the Empress Hall, Earls Court, London, England, from 17–21 March 1954.[1]","title":"1954 All England Badminton Championships"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Frank Devlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Devlin"}],"text":"Judy Devlin and Sue Devlin represented the United States, they were the daughters of former champion Frank Devlin of Ireland.","title":"Final results"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Men's singles"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Section 1","title":"Men's singles"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Section 2","text":"+ Denotes seeded player","title":"Men's singles"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Women's singles"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Section 1","title":"Women's singles"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Section 2","title":"Women's singles"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Login\". www.thetimes.co.uk. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Whale_of_Catoosa	Blue Whale of Catoosa	["1 Creation","2 Public attraction","3 Popular culture","4 Gallery","5 References","6 External links"]	Coordinates: 36°11′37″N 95°43′59″W / 36.19370°N 95.73306°W / 36.19370; -95.73306Waterfront structure in Oklahoma, United States For the marine mammal, see Blue whale. The Blue Whale of Catoosa The Blue Whale of Catoosa is a waterfront structure, just east of the American town of Catoosa, Oklahoma, and it has become one of the most recognizable attractions on old Route 66. Creation Hugh Davis built the Blue Whale in the early 1970s as a surprise anniversary gift to his wife Zelta, who collected whale figurines. The Blue Whale and its pond became a favored swimming hole for both locals and travelers along Route 66. Originally, the pond surrounding the massive Blue Whale was spring fed and intended only for family use. However, as many locals began to come to enjoy its waters, Davis brought in tons of sand, built picnic tables, hired life guards, and opened it to the public. Public attraction Former Animal Reptile Kingdom attraction next to the Blue Whale Originally calling it Nature's Acres, Mr. Davis continued to add to the roadside attraction until it eventually included The Fun and Swim Blue Whale and the A.R.K. (Animal Reptile Kingdom). The attraction also featured Hugh's brother-in-law, Indian Chief Wolf-Robe Hunt, a full blooded Acoma Indian, who was famous in his own right for his Indian paintings and as a highly skilled silversmith. Chief Wolf-Robe Hunt once ran the Arrowood Trading post across the highway from the Blue Whale attraction. By 1988, the Davises were not able to continue managing the attraction, so they closed it to the public. Davis died in January 1990, followed by his wife Zelta in 2001. The park soon fell into disrepair, crumbling from neglect and weather. However, after a decade the people of Catoosa and employees of the Hampton Inn launched a fund-raising and volunteer effort to restore the Route 66 landmark. The Blue Whale was restored and repainted to its original brilliant blue. The adjacent picnic area has also been restored. Popular culture On July 15, 2002, the Blue Whale made a national appearance in the syndicated comic strip Zippy the Pinhead. On the British television series An Idiot Abroad, it was shown in season 2 episode 6 when they go to Route 66. In the film 31(film) written, directed and produced by Rob Zombie the Blue Whale is featured almost immediately in the opening credits. On September 20, 2015, the Blue Whale was featured on the Food Network show, The Great Food Truck Race (season 6, episode 5, "Roadside Attractions"). On January 13, 2016, the Blue Whale was highlighted in an episode of American Pickers in an episode entitled "On the Road Again". On November 11, 2016, the Blue Whale was the third location to sell Snapchat's new Spectacles. In September 2018, the Blue Whale was featured in a television advertisement for the 2019 Mercedes-Benz GLC titled "Attractions". In December 2021, the story of the Blue Whale's origin was featured in a television advertisement for Phillips 66 as part of their "Live to the Full" series. Gallery Wide photo of the Blue Whale of Catoosa Interior of the Blue Whale "Kissing whales" sign above right hand entrance Roadside attraction info sign References ^ a b The Catoosa Blue Whale - "A Metaphor For Something" - Catoosa, OK. Waymarking. (retrieved 13 April 2009) ^ Oklahoma Zippy Archive: Are We Having Searchable Fun Yet? Zippy the Pinhead. (retrieved 13 April 2009) ^ Mercedes-Benz USA (2018-09-17), Mercedes-Benz MY19 GLC TV - "Attractions", archived from the original on 2019-05-18, retrieved 2018-10-29 ^ Phillips 66 TV Spot, 'Live to the Full: The Blue Whale of Catoosa', retrieved 2022-04-12 External links Architecture of the Blue Whale Legends of America Blue Whale of Route 66 36°11′37″N 95°43′59″W / 36.19370°N 95.73306°W / 36.19370; -95.73306	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Blue whale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_whale"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rt_66_Blue_Whale_Highsmith.jpg"},{"link_name":"Catoosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catoosa,_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"Route 66","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Highway_66"}],"text":"Waterfront structure in Oklahoma, United StatesFor the marine mammal, see Blue whale.The Blue Whale of CatoosaThe Blue Whale of Catoosa is a waterfront structure, just east of the American town of Catoosa, Oklahoma, and it has become one of the most recognizable attractions on old Route 66.","title":"Blue Whale of Catoosa"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-meta-1"}],"text":"Hugh Davis built the Blue Whale in the early 1970s as a surprise anniversary gift to his wife Zelta, who collected whale figurines.[1] The Blue Whale and its pond became a favored swimming hole for both locals and travelers along Route 66.Originally, the pond surrounding the massive Blue Whale was spring fed and intended only for family use. However, as many locals began to come to enjoy its waters, Davis brought in tons of sand, built picnic tables, hired life guards, and opened it to the public.","title":"Creation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Animal_Reptile_Kingdom.jpg"},{"link_name":"Acoma Indian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoma_Pueblo"},{"link_name":"Catoosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catoosa,_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"Hampton Inn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampton_Inn"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-meta-1"}],"text":"Former Animal Reptile Kingdom attraction next to the Blue WhaleOriginally calling it Nature's Acres, Mr. Davis continued to add to the roadside attraction until it eventually included The Fun and Swim Blue Whale and the A.R.K. (Animal Reptile Kingdom). The attraction also featured Hugh's brother-in-law, Indian Chief Wolf-Robe Hunt, a full blooded Acoma Indian, who was famous in his own right for his Indian paintings and as a highly skilled silversmith. Chief Wolf-Robe Hunt once ran the Arrowood Trading post across the highway from the Blue Whale attraction.By 1988, the Davises were not able to continue managing the attraction, so they closed it to the public. Davis died in January 1990, followed by his wife Zelta in 2001. The park soon fell into disrepair, crumbling from neglect and weather. However, after a decade the people of Catoosa and employees of the Hampton Inn launched a fund-raising and volunteer effort to restore the Route 66 landmark. The Blue Whale was restored and repainted to its original brilliant blue. The adjacent picnic area has also been restored.[1]","title":"Public attraction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zippy the Pinhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zippy_the_Pinhead"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"An Idiot Abroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Idiot_Abroad"},{"link_name":"31(film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=31(film)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rob Zombie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Zombie"},{"link_name":"The Great Food Truck Race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Food_Truck_Race"},{"link_name":"American Pickers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Pickers"},{"link_name":"Snapchat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snapchat"},{"link_name":"Spectacles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectacles_(product)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Phillips 66","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phillips_66"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"On July 15, 2002, the Blue Whale made a national appearance in the syndicated comic strip Zippy the Pinhead.[2]On the British television series An Idiot Abroad, it was shown in season 2 episode 6 when they go to Route 66.In the film 31(film) written, directed and produced by Rob Zombie the Blue Whale is featured almost\nimmediately in the opening credits.On September 20, 2015, the Blue Whale was featured on the Food Network show, The Great Food Truck Race (season 6, episode 5, \"Roadside Attractions\").On January 13, 2016, the Blue Whale was highlighted in an episode of American Pickers in an episode entitled \"On the Road Again\".On November 11, 2016, the Blue Whale was the third location to sell Snapchat's new Spectacles.In September 2018, the Blue Whale was featured in a television advertisement for the 2019 Mercedes-Benz GLC titled \"Attractions\".[3]In December 2021, the story of the Blue Whale's origin was featured in a television advertisement for Phillips 66 as part of their \"Live to the Full\" series.[4]","title":"Popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Catoosa_Blue_Whale_2008_No._2.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blue_Whale_of_Catoosa_Interior.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blue_whale_of_Catoosa_-_kissing_whales_sign.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blue_Whale_of_Catoosa_-_Rt_66_info_sign.jpg"}],"text":"Wide photo of the Blue Whale of Catoosa\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tInterior of the Blue Whale\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\"Kissing whales\" sign above right hand entrance\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRoadside attraction info sign","title":"Gallery"}]	[{"image_text":"The Blue Whale of Catoosa","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Rt_66_Blue_Whale_Highsmith.jpg/300px-Rt_66_Blue_Whale_Highsmith.jpg"},{"image_text":"Former Animal Reptile Kingdom attraction next to the Blue Whale","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Animal_Reptile_Kingdom.jpg/200px-Animal_Reptile_Kingdom.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Mercedes-Benz USA (2018-09-17), Mercedes-Benz MY19 GLC TV - \"Attractions\", archived from the original on 2019-05-18, retrieved 2018-10-29","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190518081302/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XNLo80r7kic","url_text":"Mercedes-Benz MY19 GLC TV - \"Attractions\""},{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XNLo80r7kic","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Phillips 66 TV Spot, 'Live to the Full: The Blue Whale of Catoosa', retrieved 2022-04-12","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ispot.tv/ad/q_qq/phillips-66-live-to-the-full-the-blue-whale-of-catoosa","url_text":"Phillips 66 TV Spot, 'Live to the Full: The Blue Whale of Catoosa'"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Blue_Whale_of_Catoosa&params=36.19370_N_95.73306_W_region:US-OK_type:landmark","external_links_name":"36°11′37″N 95°43′59″W / 36.19370°N 95.73306°W / 36.19370; 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dale_Street	Dale Street	["1 Grade II Listed buildings","2 References"]	Coordinates: 53°24′29″N 2°59′13″W / 53.408°N 2.987°W / 53.408; -2.987Street in Liverpool, England Dale Street, LiverpoolDale Street with Municipal Buildings tower in the distanceLocationLiverpool city centrePostal codeL2Coordinates53°24′29″N 2°59′13″W / 53.408°N 2.987°W / 53.408; -2.987OtherKnown forOffices, hotels, restaurants, historic buildings Dale Street is a thoroughfare in Liverpool city centre, England. The street was one of the original seven streets that made up the medieval borough founded by King John in 1207, together with Castle Street, Old Hall Street, Chapel Street, High Street, Tithebarn Street and Water Street. It contains many Grade II listed buildings. Alois Hitler Jr, the half brother of Adolf Hitler, ran a restaurant there. Bridget Hitler, the wife of Alois, maintained that Adolf lived with them in Liverpool from 1912 to 1913 while he was on the run for dodging the draft in his native Austria-Hungary. In 1970, the Churchill Way Flyovers were opened, linking Dale Street and Tithebarn Street to Lime Street. Built as part of an inner-city ring road project that was never fully completed, the flyovers were demolished in 2019 having been deemed unsafe. Grade II Listed buildings Liverpool, London and Globe Building Union Marine Buildings Saddle Inn Rigby's Buildings Guardian Assurance Buildings Nos. 51 to 55 ( odd ) Magistrates' Courts Nos. 135 to 139 ( odd ) Queen's Buildings State Insurance Building The Temple Prudential Assurance Building Buckleys Building Muskar's Buildings Imperial Chambers Municipal Annexe Municipal Buildings Nos. 86 to 98 Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dale Street, Liverpool. References ^ Grimsditch, Lee (7 August 2021). "12 original Liverpool street names and reasons why they changed". Liverpool Echo. Retrieved 28 December 2023. ^ "Buildings of Dale Street". Liverpool World Heritage. Archived from the original on 28 August 2008. Retrieved 12 April 2008. ^ "Your Story: Adolf Hitler - did he visit Liverpool during 1912-13?". www.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 17 May 2022. ^ Thorp, Liam (27 June 2021). "After the flyovers: What next for Churchill Way demolition site". Liverpool Echo. Retrieved 27 May 2024. ^ "Castle Street Conservation Area". Liverpool World Heritage. Archived from the original on 19 July 2008. Retrieved 12 April 2008. vteRoads in LiverpoolMotorways M62 Major roads A57 A59 A561 A562 A565 A5036 Streets Bold Street Church Street Dale Street Edge Lane Falkner Street Gambier Terrace Granby Four Streets Hope Street Paradise Street Penny Lane Rodney Street Lime Street Lord Street Mathew Street Mount Pleasant Scotland Road (A59) Smithdown Road (A562) Water Street Welsh Streets William Brown Street This article about a Merseyside building or structure is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This England road or road transport-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Liverpool city centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool_city_centre"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"King John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John,_King_of_England"},{"link_name":"Castle Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle_Street,_Liverpool"},{"link_name":"Old Hall Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Hall_Street"},{"link_name":"Chapel Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapel_Street,_Liverpool"},{"link_name":"High Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Street,_Liverpool"},{"link_name":"Tithebarn Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tithebarn_Street"},{"link_name":"Water Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_Street,_Liverpool"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Adolf Hitler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler"},{"link_name":"Bridget Hitler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridget_Dowling"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Tithebarn Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tithebarn_Street"},{"link_name":"Lime Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lime_Street,_Liverpool"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Street in Liverpool, EnglandDale Street is a thoroughfare in Liverpool city centre, England.The street was one of the original seven streets that made up the medieval borough founded by King John in 1207, together with Castle Street, Old Hall Street, Chapel Street, High Street, Tithebarn Street and Water Street.[1] It contains many Grade II listed buildings.[2]Alois Hitler Jr, the half brother of Adolf Hitler, ran a restaurant there. Bridget Hitler, the wife of Alois, maintained that Adolf lived with them in Liverpool from 1912 to 1913[3] while he was on the run for dodging the draft in his native Austria-Hungary.In 1970, the Churchill Way Flyovers were opened, linking Dale Street and Tithebarn Street to Lime Street.[4] Built as part of an inner-city ring road project that was never fully completed, the flyovers were demolished in 2019 having been deemed unsafe.","title":"Dale Street"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Liverpool, London and Globe Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool,_London_and_Globe_Building"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Rigby's Buildings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigby%27s_Buildings"},{"link_name":"Magistrates' Courts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magistrates_Courts,_Liverpool"},{"link_name":"State Insurance Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Insurance_Building,_Liverpool"},{"link_name":"The Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Temple,_Liverpool"},{"link_name":"Prudential Assurance Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prudential_Assurance_Building,_Liverpool"},{"link_name":"Municipal Annexe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipal_Annexe"},{"link_name":"Municipal Buildings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipal_Buildings,_Liverpool"},{"link_name":"Dale Street, Liverpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Dale_Street,_Liverpool"}],"text":"Liverpool, London and Globe Building[5]\nUnion Marine Buildings\nSaddle Inn\nRigby's Buildings\nGuardian Assurance Buildings\nNos. 51 to 55 ( odd )\nMagistrates' Courts\nNos. 135 to 139 ( odd )\nQueen's Buildings\nState Insurance Building\nThe Temple\nPrudential Assurance Building\nBuckleys Building\nMuskar's Buildings\nImperial Chambers\nMunicipal Annexe\nMunicipal Buildings\nNos. 86 to 98Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dale Street, Liverpool.","title":"Grade II Listed buildings"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Grimsditch, Lee (7 August 2021). \"12 original Liverpool street names and reasons why they changed\". Liverpool Echo. Retrieved 28 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/liverpool-news/12-original-liverpool-city-centre-21237348","url_text":"\"12 original Liverpool street names and reasons why they changed\""}]},{"reference":"\"Buildings of Dale Street\". Liverpool World Heritage. Archived from the original on 28 August 2008. Retrieved 12 April 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080828041140/http://www.liverpoolworldheritage.com/visitingthewhs/areas/castlestreet/dalestreet.asp","url_text":"\"Buildings of Dale Street\""},{"url":"http://www.liverpoolworldheritage.com/visitingthewhs/areas/castlestreet/dalestreet.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Your Story: Adolf Hitler - did he visit Liverpool during 1912-13?\". www.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 17 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/legacies/myths_legends/england/liverpool/user_1_article_3.shtml","url_text":"\"Your Story: Adolf Hitler - did he visit Liverpool during 1912-13?\""}]},{"reference":"Thorp, Liam (27 June 2021). \"After the flyovers: What next for Churchill Way demolition site\". Liverpool Echo. Retrieved 27 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/liverpool-news/after-flyovers-what-next-churchill-20903830","url_text":"\"After the flyovers: What next for Churchill Way demolition site\""}]},{"reference":"\"Castle Street Conservation Area\". Liverpool World Heritage. Archived from the original on 19 July 2008. Retrieved 12 April 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080719162901/http://www.liverpoolworldheritage.com/visitingthewhs/areas/castlestreet/index.asp","url_text":"\"Castle Street Conservation Area\""},{"url":"http://www.liverpoolworldheritage.com/visitingthewhs/areas/castlestreet/index.asp","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Dale_Street&params=53.408_N_2.987_W_type:landmark","external_links_name":"53°24′29″N 2°59′13″W / 53.408°N 2.987°W / 53.408; -2.987"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Dale_Street&params=53.408_N_2.987_W_type:landmark","external_links_name":"53°24′29″N 2°59′13″W / 53.408°N 2.987°W / 53.408; -2.987"},{"Link":"https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/liverpool-news/12-original-liverpool-city-centre-21237348","external_links_name":"\"12 original Liverpool street names and reasons why they changed\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080828041140/http://www.liverpoolworldheritage.com/visitingthewhs/areas/castlestreet/dalestreet.asp","external_links_name":"\"Buildings of Dale Street\""},{"Link":"http://www.liverpoolworldheritage.com/visitingthewhs/areas/castlestreet/dalestreet.asp","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/legacies/myths_legends/england/liverpool/user_1_article_3.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Your Story: Adolf Hitler - did he visit Liverpool during 1912-13?\""},{"Link":"https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/liverpool-news/after-flyovers-what-next-churchill-20903830","external_links_name":"\"After the flyovers: What next for Churchill Way demolition site\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080719162901/http://www.liverpoolworldheritage.com/visitingthewhs/areas/castlestreet/index.asp","external_links_name":"\"Castle Street Conservation Area\""},{"Link":"http://www.liverpoolworldheritage.com/visitingthewhs/areas/castlestreet/index.asp","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dale_Street&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dale_Street&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R668_road_(Ireland)	R668 road (Ireland)	["1 References"]	Road in Ireland R668 roadBóthar R668R668 through BallyloobyMajor junctionsFrom R913 at Mitchelstown Road, Cahir, County TipperaryMajor intersections R665 at Parsons Green Enter County Waterford To N72 at Ballyrafter LocationCountryIreland Highway system Roads in Ireland Motorways Primary Secondary Regional ← R 667→ R 669 The R668 road is a regional road in Ireland from Lismore, County Waterford to Cahir in County Tipperary, through Clogheen and Ballylooby. The Lismore–Clogheen section is a scenic route through the Vee Gap (Irish: Bóthar na gCorr) in the Knockmealdown Mountains, between Sugarloaf Hill and Knockshanahullion. In the eighteenth century, the Cahir–Clogheen section was part of the main road from Cashel to Cork city. It was superseded in the early 19th century by the construction of what is now the R639 road between Cahir and Mitchelstown. The R665 crosses the R668 at Clogheen. At Glentanagree Bridge, the R669 forks off to the south east past Mount Melleray to Cappoquin. References ^ "Bóthar na gCorr / The Vee". Placenames Database of Ireland. Retrieved 24 June 2012. ^ "604241,611894". Mapviewer. Ordnance Survey Ireland. Retrieved 24 June 2012. ^ Taylor, George; Andrew Skinner (1778). "Maps of the Roads of Ireland, surveyed 1777". London: G. Terry. Retrieved 24 June 2012. ^ "600325,614116". Mapviewer. Ordnance Survey Ireland. Retrieved 24 June 2012. ^ "603998,607814". Mapviewer. Ordnance Survey Ireland. Retrieved 24 June 2012. Roads Act 1993 (Classification of Regional Roads) Order 2006 – Department of Transport vteRoads in IrelandMotorways M1 M2 M3 M4 M6 M7 M8 M9 M11 M17 M18 M20 M50 Primary roads N1 N2 N3 N4 N5 N6 N7 N8 N9 N10 N11 N12 N13 N14 N15 N16 N17 N18 N19 N20 N21 N22 N23 N24 N25 N26 N27 N28 N29 N30 N31 N32 N33 N40 N50 Secondary roads N51 N52 N53 N54 N55 N56 N58 N59 N60 N61 N62 N63 N65 N66 N67 N68 N69 N70 N71 N72 N73 N74 N75 N76 N77 N78 N80 N81 N82 N83 N84 N85 N86 N87 Regional roads R101 R102 R103 R104 R105 R106 R107 R108 R109 R110 R111 R112 R113 R114 R115 R116 R117 R118 R119 R120 R121 R122 R123 R124 R125 R126 R127 R128 R129 R130 R131 R132 R133 R134 R135 R136 R137 R138 R139 R147 R148 R149 R150 R151 R152 R153 R154 R155 R156 R157 R158 R159 R160 R161 R162 R163 R164 R165 R166 R167 R168 R169 R170 R171 R172 R173 R174 R175 R176 R177 R178 R179 R180 R181 R182 R183 R184 R185 R186 R187 R188 R189 R190 R191 R192 R193 R194 R195 R196 R197 R198 R199 R200 R201 R202 R203 R204 R205 R206 R207 R208 R209 R210 R211 R212 R213 R214 R215 R229 R230 R231 R232 R233 R234 R235 R236 R237 R238 R239 R240 R241 R242 R243 R244 R245 R246 R247 R248 R249 R250 R251 R252 R253 R254 R255 R256 R257 R258 R259 R260 R261 R262 R263 R264 R265 R266 R267 R268 R277 R278 R279 R280 R281 R282 R283 R284 R285 R286 R287 R288 R289 R290 R291 R292 R293 R294 R295 R296 R297 R298 R299 R300 R306 R307 R308 R309 R310 R311 R312 R313 R314 R315 R316 R317 R318 R319 R320 R321 R322 R323 R324 R325 R326 R327 R328 R329 R330 R331 R332 R333 R334 R335 R336 R337 R338 R339 R340 R341 R342 R343 R344 R345 R346 R347 R348 R349 R350 R351 R352 R353 R355 R356 R357 R358 R359 R360 R361 R362 R363 R364 R365 R366 R367 R368 R369 R370 R371 R372 R373 R374 R375 R376 R377 R378 R379 R380 R381 R389 R390 R391 R392 R393 R394 R395 R396 R397 R398 R399 R400 R401 R402 R403 R404 R405 R406 R407 R408 R409 R410 R411 R412 R413 R414 R415 R416 R417 R418 R419 R420 R421 R422 R423 R424 R425 R426 R427 R428 R429 R430 R431 R432 R433 R434 R435 R436 R437 R438 R439 R440 R441 R442 R443 R444 R445 R446 R448 R449 R458 R459 R460 R461 R462 R463 R464 R465 R466 R467 R468 R469 R470 R471 R472 R473 R474 R475 R476 R477 R478 R479 R480 R481 R482 R483 R484 R485 R486 R487 R488 R489 R490 R491 R492 R493 R494 R495 R496 R497 R498 R499 R500 R501 R502 R503 R504 R505 R506 R507 R509 R510 R511 R512 R513 R514 R515 R516 R517 R518 R519 R520 R521 R522 R523 R524 R525 R526 R527 R548 R549 R550 R551 R552 R553 R554 R555 R556 R557 R558 R559 R560 R561 R563 R564 R565 R566 R567 R568 R569 R570 R571 R572 R573 R574 R575 R576 R577 R578 R579 R580 R581 R582 R583 R584 R585 R586 R587 R588 R589 R590 R591 R592 R593 R594 R595 R596 R597 R598 R599 R600 R601 R602 R603 R604 R605 R606 R607 R608 R610 R611 R612 R613 R614 R615 R616 R617 R618 R619 R620 R621 R622 R623 R624 R626 R627 R628 R629 R630 R631 R632 R633 R634 R635 R637 R638 R639 R640 R641 R659 R660 R661 R662 R663 R664 R665 R666 R667 R668 R669 R670 R671 R672 R673 R674 R675 R676 R677 R678 R679 R680 R681 R682 R683 R684 R685 R686 R687 R688 R689 R690 R691 R692 R693 R694 R695 R696 R697 R698 R699 R700 R701 R702 R703 R704 R705 R706 R707 R708 R709 R710 R711 R712 R713 R723 R724 R725 R726 R727 R729 R730 R731 R732 R733 R734 R735 R736 R737 R738 R739 R740 R741 R742 R743 R744 R745 R746 R747 R748 R749 R750 R751 R752 R753 R754 R755 R756 R757 R758 R759 R760 R761 R762 R763 R764 R765 R766 R767 R768 R769 R770 R772 R773 R774 R801 R802 R803 R804 R805 R806 R807 R808 R809 R810 R811 R812 R813 R814 R815 R816 R817 R818 R819 R820 R821 R822 R824 R825 R826 R827 R828 R829 R830 R831 R833 R834 R835 R837 R838 R839 R840 R842 R843 R846 R847 R848 R849 R851 R852 R853 R854 R855 R857 R858 R859 R860 R861 R863 R864 R865 R866 R867 R868 R870 R871 R873 R874 R875 R876 R877 R880 R883 R884 R885 R886 R887 R888 R889 R890 R895 R896 R899 R900 R901 R903 R904 R906 R907 R908 R909 R910 R911 R912 R913 R914 R915 R916 R917 R918 R919 R920 R921 R924 R925 R926 R927 R928 R929 R930 R931 R932 R933 R934 R935 R936 R937 R938 R940 R941 R999 See also National Development Plan Local roads Toll roads Transport Infrastructure Ireland Trunk roads	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"regional road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_road_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Lismore, County Waterford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lismore,_County_Waterford"},{"link_name":"Cahir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cahir"},{"link_name":"County Tipperary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Tipperary"},{"link_name":"Clogheen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clogheen,_County_Tipperary"},{"link_name":"Ballylooby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballylooby"},{"link_name":"scenic route","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scenic_route"},{"link_name":"Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Knockmealdown Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knockmealdown_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Sugarloaf Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugarloaf_Hill"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Cashel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cashel,_County_Tipperary"},{"link_name":"Cork city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cork_(city)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"what is now the R639 road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R639"},{"link_name":"Mitchelstown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitchelstown"},{"link_name":"R665","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R665_road_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"R669","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R669_road_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"Mount Melleray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Melleray"},{"link_name":"Cappoquin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cappoquin"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The R668 road is a regional road in Ireland from Lismore, County Waterford to Cahir in County Tipperary, through Clogheen and Ballylooby. The Lismore–Clogheen section is a scenic route through the Vee Gap (Irish: Bóthar na gCorr[1]) in the Knockmealdown Mountains, between Sugarloaf Hill and Knockshanahullion.[2]In the eighteenth century, the Cahir–Clogheen section was part of the main road from Cashel to Cork city.[3] It was superseded in the early 19th century by the construction of what is now the R639 road between Cahir and Mitchelstown.The R665 crosses the R668 at Clogheen.[4] At Glentanagree Bridge, the R669 forks off to the south east past Mount Melleray to Cappoquin.[5]","title":"R668 road (Ireland)"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Bóthar na gCorr / The Vee\". Placenames Database of Ireland. Retrieved 24 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://logainm.ie/1167408.aspx","url_text":"\"Bóthar na gCorr / The Vee\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placenames_Database_of_Ireland","url_text":"Placenames Database of Ireland"}]},{"reference":"\"604241,611894\". Mapviewer. Ordnance Survey Ireland. Retrieved 24 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://maps.osi.ie/publicviewer/#V1,604241,611894,5,1","url_text":"\"604241,611894\""}]},{"reference":"Taylor, George; Andrew Skinner (1778). \"Maps of the Roads of Ireland, surveyed 1777\". London: G. Terry. Retrieved 24 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.askaboutireland.ie/reading-room/digital-book-collection/digital-books-by-subject/geography-of-ireland/taylor-skinner-maps-of-th/","url_text":"\"Maps of the Roads of Ireland, surveyed 1777\""}]},{"reference":"\"600325,614116\". Mapviewer. Ordnance Survey Ireland. Retrieved 24 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://maps.osi.ie/publicviewer/#V1,600325,614116,5,1","url_text":"\"600325,614116\""}]},{"reference":"\"603998,607814\". Mapviewer. Ordnance Survey Ireland. Retrieved 24 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://maps.osi.ie/publicviewer/#V1,603998,607814,5,1","url_text":"\"603998,607814\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://logainm.ie/1167408.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Bóthar na gCorr / The Vee\""},{"Link":"http://maps.osi.ie/publicviewer/#V1,604241,611894,5,1","external_links_name":"\"604241,611894\""},{"Link":"http://www.askaboutireland.ie/reading-room/digital-book-collection/digital-books-by-subject/geography-of-ireland/taylor-skinner-maps-of-th/","external_links_name":"\"Maps of the Roads of Ireland, surveyed 1777\""},{"Link":"http://maps.osi.ie/publicviewer/#V1,600325,614116,5,1","external_links_name":"\"600325,614116\""},{"Link":"http://maps.osi.ie/publicviewer/#V1,603998,607814,5,1","external_links_name":"\"603998,607814\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070927005411/http://www.transport.ie/upload/general/7617-0.pdf","external_links_name":"Roads Act 1993 (Classification of Regional Roads) Order 2006"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copa_Centenario_Revoluci%C3%B3n_de_Mayo_squads	Copa Centenario Revolución de Mayo squads	["1 Argentina","2 Chile","3 Uruguay","4 Notes","5 References"]	The following are the squads of the national teams that played in the Copa Centenario Revolución de Mayo, held in 1910 in Argentina. The participating countries were Argentina, Chile and Uruguay. The teams plays in a single round-robin tournament, earning two points for a win, one point for a draw, and zero points for a loss. Argentina Head Coach: n/i No. Pos. Player Date of birth (age) Caps Goals Club — 2DF Ernesto Brown (1885-01-07)7 January 1885 (aged 25) 0 0 Alumni — 2DF Jorge Brown (c) (1880-04-03)3 April 1880 (aged 30) 0 0 Alumni — 2DF Juan Domingo Brown (1888-06-20)20 June 1888 (aged 21) 0 0 Alumni — 2DF Arturo Chiappe 0 0 River Plate — 4FW Elías Fernández 0 0 River Plate — 3MF Armando Ginocchio 0 0 Newell's Old Boys — 4FW Manuel Paulino González 0 0 Newell's Old Boys — 3MF Haroldo M. Grant 0 0 Belgrano A.C. — 2DF Santiago Pio Gallino 0 0 Gimnasia y Esgrima (BA) — 4FW Juan Enrique Hayes (1891-01-20)20 January 1891 (aged 19) 0 0 Rosario Central — 3MF Arturo Jacobs 0 0 Alumni — 4FW Ricardo Malbrán 0 0 San Isidro — 1GK Enrique Rojo 0 0 Estudiantes (BA) — 4FW Maximiliano Susán (1888-06-19)19 June 1888 (aged 21) 0 0 Estudiantes (BA) — 2DF Luis Vernet Amadeo 0 0 Gimnasia y Esgrima (BA) — 4FW José "Pinoto" Viale 0 0 Newell's Old Boys — 4FW Arnold Watson Hutton (1886-08-20)20 August 1886 (aged 23) 0 0 Alumni — 3MF Gottlob E. Weiss 0 0 Alumni — 1GK Carlos Tomás Wilson 0 0 San Isidro Enrique Rojo GK //18 Estudiantes de Caseros Buenos Aires (Argentina). Carlos Tomas Wilson GK 05/01/1889 Club Atletico San Isidro (Argentina). Arturo Chiappe 24/03/1889 DF River Plate (Argentina). Santiago Pio Gallino / /18 DF Gimnasia y Esgrima Buenos Aires (Argentina). Luis Vernet Amadeo / /18 MF Gimnasia y Esgrima Buenos Aires (Argentina). Armando G.Ginocchio / /18 MF Newells Old Boys Rosario (Argentina). Haroldo M. Grant / /18 MF Belgrano Athletic Club (Argentina). Gottlob Arturo Weiss / /18 MF Alumni A.C. (Argentina). * Arturo Godfrey Jacobs FW / /18 Alumni A.C. (Argentina). Ricardo Santiago Malbran FW / /18 Club Atletico San Isidro (Argentina). Jose Nicanor Viale FW /02/1890 Newells Old Boys Rosario Santa Fe (Argentina). They did not play in said tournament although they were called:Abelardo Vazquez GK / /18 San Lorenzo de Almagro (Argentina), Jose Gorena DF / /18 San Lorenzo de Almagro, Atilio Badaracco DF 19/06/1887 River Plate (Argentina), Francisco Carlos Olazar DF/ MF 10/07/1885 Racing Club (Argentina) Emilio Bonatti MF 16/08/1889 Rosario Central (Argentina). Chile Head Coach: No. Pos. Player Date of birth (age) Caps Goals Club — Arturo Acuña Quezada 0 0 Santiago Wanderers — Henry Allen (c) 0 0 C.A. Unión (Sgo) — E.F. Ashe 0 0 Bádminton — Luis Barriga 0 0 Santiago National — 3MF Colin Campbell (1883-02-10)10 February 1883 (aged 27) 0 0 Santiago National — J.P. Davidson 0 0 Bádminton — Luis Carlos Gibson 0 0 Valparaíso F.C. — Próspero González 0 0 Arco Iris F.C. — Juan Hamilton 0 0 Valparaíso F.C. — Carlos Hormazábal 0 0 Magallanes — Andrés Hoyl 0 0 Bádminton — J. MacWilliams 0 0 Bádminton — Joseph "Joe" Robson 0 0 English — Frank Simmons 0 0 Bádminton — Heriberto Sturgess 0 0 Talca Arturo Acuña Quezada 26/02/1881 FW Santiago Wanderers (Chile). Henry Allen MF / /18 Union Española (Chile). Eduardo Federico Ashe DF / /18 Badmington F.C. (Chile). Luis Barriga DF / /18 Santiago National (Chile). Jose Pablo Davidson FW / /18 Badmington F.C. (Chile). Leonardo Claudio Gibson GK 31/07/1881 Valparaiso F.C. (Chile). Prospero Segundo Gonzalez MF 30/09/1886 Arco Iris F.C. (Chile). Juan Hector Hamilton FW / /18 Valparaiso F.C. (Chile). Carlos Hormazabal Jimenez DF 04/08/1884 Club Deportivo Magallanes (Chile). Andres Hoyl MF / /18 Badmington F.C. (Chile). Javier MacWilliams DF / /18 Badmington F.C. (Chile). Joseph Robson FW / /18 English F.C. (Chile). George Francis Simmons Henshaw FW 12/11/1884 Badmington F.C. (Chile) Heriberto Sturgess FW / /18 Rangers de Talca (Chile). They did not play in said tournament although they were called: Luis Carlos Fanta GK 21/08/1890 Santiago National (Chile), Juan Henry Livigstone FW 07/04/1889 Santiago National (Chile), Enrique Abraham Teuche MF 16/03/1894 Cinco de Abril F.C. (Chile), Pablo Woitas Salgado GK 21/08/1887 Santiago Wanderers (Chile) Primedio Brito MF/ FW / /18 La Cruz Valparaiso (Chile), Harold Dean MF / /18 Old Valparaiso (Chile) Agustin Elgueta MF / /18 Eleuterio Ramirez F.C. (Chile) Carlos Gonzalez DF / /18 Santiago Wanderers (Chile). Uruguay Head Coach: No. Pos. Player Date of birth (age) Caps Goals Club — 2DF Martín Aphesteguy (1888-09-22)22 September 1888 (aged 21) 0 0 Wanderers — 2DF José Benincasa (1891-06-16)16 June 1891 (aged 18) 0 0 River Plate — 3MF Juan Carlos Bertone (c) 0 0 Wanderers — 4FW José Brachi (1892-12-26)26 December 1892 (aged 17) 0 0 Dublin F.C. — 4FW Robert Sidney Buck c. 1885 0 0 Wanderers — 2DF Federico Clemente Crocker Allen 0 0 Dublin F.C. — 3MF Pablo Dacal 0 0 River Plate — 3MF Juan Harley 0 0 CURCC — 4FW Vicente Módena 0 0 River Plate — 4FW Juan Pena (1882-08-13)13 August 1882 (aged 27) 0 0 Nacional — 4FW José Piendibene (1890-06-05)5 June 1890 (aged 19) 0 0 CURCC — 4FW Santiago Raymonda 0 0 River Plate — 1GK Cayetano Saporiti (1887-01-14)14 January 1887 (aged 23) 0 0 Wanderers — 4FW Carlos Scarone (1888-11-11)11 November 1888 (aged 21) 0 0 CURCC — 3MF Jose Pedro Zuazú 0 0 Nacional Federico Clemente Crocker Allen DF 08/07/1889 Club Nacional de Football (Uruguay). Juan Carlos Bertone MF / / Montevideo Wanderers (Uruguay). Pablo Dacal MF 30/06/1886 River Plate F.C. (Uruguay). Juan Harley MF 05/03/1886 Peñarol (Uruguay). Jose Pedro Zuazu MF / / (Uruguay). Robert Sidney Buck FW //1885 Montevideo Wanderers (Uruguay). Vicente Pompelio Modena Victolia FW 25/09/1887 River Plate F.C. (Uruguay). Santiago Raymonda FW / / River Plate F.C. (Uruguay). They did not play in said tournament although they were called: Leonard Crossley GK / /1883 CURCC Peñarol (Uruguay), Felipe Canavessi FW / /18 CURCC Peñarol (Uruguay) Santiago Demarchi GK / /18 Club Nacional de Football (Uruguay) Juan Manuel Fernandez de la Sierra DF / /18 Montevideo Wanderers (Uruguay) Florencio Ygartua Fliho DF 11/09/1892 Internacional Porto Alegre (Brazil) Luis Piñeyro Carve MF / /18 Montevideo Wanderers (Uruguay) Felix Lourtet MF / /18 (Uruguay) **Abdon Porta MF / /18 Colon F.C. (Uruguay. Notes ^ The first appointed coach of an Argentina national team was Ángel Vásquez in 1924. References ^ Copa América 1910 Argentina » all players sorted by Names on Worldfootball.net ^ La Copa Centenario para Argentina en 1910, Diario Uno ^ Copa Centenario Revolución de Mayo 1910 by Martín Tabeira on the RSSSF ^ Los 42 técnicos que tuvo la selección on La Nación, 24 October 2008 vteCopa AméricaEditionsSouth AmericanChampionship Argentina 1916 Uruguay 1917 Brazil 1919 Chile 1920 Argentina 1921 Brazil 1922 Uruguay 1923 Uruguay 1924 Argentina 1925 Chile 1926 Peru 1927 Argentina 1929 Peru 1935 Argentina 1937 Peru 1939 Chile 1941 Uruguay 1942 Chile 1945 Argentina 1946 Ecuador 1947 Brazil 1949 Peru 1953 Chile 1955 Uruguay 1956 Peru 1957 Argentina 1959 Ecuador 1959 Bolivia 1963 Uruguay 1967 Copa América 19751 19791 19831 Argentina 1987 Brazil 1989 Chile 1991 Ecuador 1993 Uruguay 1995 Bolivia 1997 Paraguay 1999 Colombia 2001 Peru 2004 Venezuela 2007 Argentina 2011 Chile 2015 United States 2016 (Centenario) Brazil 2019 Brazil 2021 United States 2024 Finals 1975 1979 1983 1987 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2004 2007 2011 2015 2016 2019 2021 2024 Squads 1916 1917 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1929 1935 1937 1939 1941 1942 1945 1946 1947 1949 1953 1955 1956 1957 1959 (Argentina) 1959 (Ecuador) 1963 1967 1975 1979 1983 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2004 2007 2011 2015 2016 2019 2021 2024 Qualification 1967 2016 2024 Related topics Copa Centenario Revolución de Mayo Squads Awards Hat-tricks Mascots Music Penalty shoot-outs Records and statistics U.S. television 1(No fixed host) Category Commons	[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Copa Centenario Revolución de Mayo squads"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[note 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-first-5"}],"text":"Head Coach: n/i [note 1]Enrique Rojo GK //18 Estudiantes de Caseros Buenos Aires (Argentina).\nCarlos Tomas Wilson GK 05/01/1889 Club Atletico San Isidro (Argentina).\nArturo Chiappe 24/03/1889 DF River Plate (Argentina).\nSantiago Pio Gallino / /18 DF Gimnasia y Esgrima Buenos Aires (Argentina).\nLuis Vernet Amadeo / /18 MF Gimnasia y Esgrima Buenos Aires (Argentina).\nArmando G.Ginocchio / /18 MF Newells Old Boys Rosario (Argentina).\nHaroldo M. Grant / /18 MF Belgrano Athletic Club (Argentina).\nGottlob Arturo Weiss / /18 MF Alumni A.C. (Argentina). * Arturo Godfrey Jacobs FW / /18 Alumni A.C. (Argentina).\nRicardo Santiago Malbran FW / /18 Club Atletico San Isidro (Argentina).\nJose Nicanor Viale FW /02/1890 Newells Old Boys Rosario Santa Fe (Argentina).\nThey did not play in said tournament although they were called:Abelardo Vazquez GK / /18 San Lorenzo de Almagro (Argentina), Jose Gorena DF / /18 San Lorenzo de Almagro, Atilio Badaracco DF 19/06/1887 River Plate (Argentina), Francisco Carlos Olazar DF/ MF 10/07/1885 Racing Club (Argentina) Emilio Bonatti MF 16/08/1889 Rosario Central (Argentina).","title":"Argentina"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Head Coach:Arturo Acuña Quezada 26/02/1881 FW Santiago Wanderers (Chile).\nHenry Allen MF / /18 Union Española (Chile).\nEduardo Federico Ashe DF / /18 Badmington F.C. (Chile).\nLuis Barriga DF / /18 Santiago National (Chile).\nJose Pablo Davidson FW / /18 Badmington F.C. (Chile).\nLeonardo Claudio Gibson GK 31/07/1881 Valparaiso F.C. (Chile).\nProspero Segundo Gonzalez MF 30/09/1886 Arco Iris F.C. (Chile).\nJuan Hector Hamilton FW / /18 Valparaiso F.C. (Chile).\nCarlos Hormazabal Jimenez DF 04/08/1884 Club Deportivo Magallanes (Chile).\nAndres Hoyl MF / /18 Badmington F.C. (Chile).\nJavier MacWilliams DF / /18 Badmington F.C. (Chile).\nJoseph Robson FW / /18 English F.C. (Chile).\nGeorge Francis Simmons Henshaw FW 12/11/1884 Badmington F.C. (Chile)\nHeriberto Sturgess FW / /18 Rangers de Talca (Chile).They did not play in said tournament although they were called: Luis Carlos Fanta GK 21/08/1890 Santiago National (Chile), Juan Henry Livigstone FW 07/04/1889 Santiago National (Chile), Enrique Abraham Teuche MF 16/03/1894 Cinco de Abril F.C. (Chile), Pablo Woitas Salgado GK 21/08/1887 Santiago Wanderers (Chile) Primedio Brito MF/ FW / /18 La Cruz Valparaiso (Chile), Harold Dean MF / /18 Old Valparaiso (Chile) Agustin Elgueta MF / /18 Eleuterio Ramirez F.C. (Chile) Carlos Gonzalez DF / /18 Santiago Wanderers (Chile).","title":"Chile"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Head Coach:Federico Clemente Crocker Allen DF 08/07/1889 Club Nacional de Football (Uruguay).\nJuan Carlos Bertone MF / / Montevideo Wanderers (Uruguay).\nPablo Dacal MF 30/06/1886 River Plate F.C. (Uruguay).\nJuan Harley MF 05/03/1886 Peñarol (Uruguay).\nJose Pedro Zuazu MF / / (Uruguay).\nRobert Sidney Buck FW //1885 Montevideo Wanderers (Uruguay).\nVicente Pompelio Modena Victolia FW 25/09/1887 River Plate F.C. (Uruguay).\nSantiago Raymonda FW / / River Plate F.C. (Uruguay).They did not play in said tournament although they were called: Leonard Crossley GK / /1883 CURCC Peñarol (Uruguay), Felipe Canavessi FW / /18 CURCC Peñarol (Uruguay) Santiago Demarchi GK / /18 Club Nacional de Football (Uruguay) Juan Manuel Fernandez de la Sierra DF / /18 Montevideo Wanderers (Uruguay) Florencio Ygartua Fliho DF 11/09/1892 Internacional Porto Alegre (Brazil) Luis Piñeyro Carve MF / /18 Montevideo Wanderers (Uruguay) Felix Lourtet MF / /18 (Uruguay) **Abdon Porta MF / /18 Colon F.C. (Uruguay.","title":"Uruguay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-first_5-0"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"^ The first appointed coach of an Argentina national team was Ángel Vásquez in 1924.[4]","title":"Notes"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.worldfootball.net/players_list/copa-america-1910-in-argentinien/nach-name/1/","external_links_name":"Copa América 1910 Argentina » all players sorted by Names"},{"Link":"https://www.diariouno.com.ar/deportes/la-copa-centenario-para-argentina-en-1910-05272010_SkxTrrVMB7","external_links_name":"La Copa Centenario para Argentina en 1910"},{"Link":"https://www.rsssf.org/tablesc/centenario1910.html","external_links_name":"Copa Centenario Revolución de Mayo 1910"},{"Link":"https://www.lanacion.com.ar/deportes/los-42-tecnicos-que-tuvo-la-seleccion-nid1064189","external_links_name":"Los 42 técnicos que tuvo la selección"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PIRA	Provisional Irish Republican Army	["1 History","1.1 Origins","1.2 1969 split","1.3 Initial phase","1.4 The \"Long War\"","1.5 Peace process","1.6 End of the armed campaign","2 Weaponry and operations","3 Casualties","4 Structure","5 Political ideology","6 Categorisation","7 Strength and support","7.1 Numerical strength","7.2 Support from other countries and organisations","7.3 Financing","7.4 Popular support","8 Other activities","8.1 Sectarian attacks","8.2 Vigilantism","8.3 Informers","9 Splinter groups","10 Notes and references","10.1 Notes","10.2 Citations","10.3 Bibliography","11 External links"]	Paramilitary force active from 1969 to 2005 "PIRA" redirects here. For the association of physics education professionals and enthusiasts, see Physics Instructional Resource Association. For other uses, see Pira (disambiguation). Provisional Irish Republican ArmyIrish: Óglaigh na hÉireannA Provisional IRA badge, with the phoenix symbolising the group's origins.LeadersIRA Army CouncilDates of operation1969–2005(on ceasefire from 1997)Allegiance Irish RepublicActive regionsIreland, England, Europe,Ideology Irish republican legitimism Socialism Size10,000 est. throughout the TroublesAllies Irish Americans (NORAID) Libya PLO ETA FARC Opponents United Kingdom British Army Royal Ulster Constabulary Ulster loyalist paramilitaries Ulster Volunteer Force Ulster Defence Association Battles and warsThe TroublesPreceded byIrish Republican Army (IRA) The Provisional Irish Republican Army (Provisional IRA), officially known as the Irish Republican Army (IRA; Irish: Óglaigh na hÉireann) and informally known as the Provos, was an Irish republican paramilitary force that sought to end British rule in Northern Ireland, facilitate Irish reunification and bring about an independent republic encompassing all of Ireland. It was the most active republican paramilitary group during the Troubles. It argued that the all-island Irish Republic continued to exist, and it saw itself as that state's army, the sole legitimate successor to the original IRA from the Irish War of Independence. It was designated a terrorist organisation in the United Kingdom and an unlawful organisation in the Republic of Ireland, both of whose authority it rejected. The Provisional IRA emerged in December 1969, due to a split within the previous incarnation of the IRA and the broader Irish republican movement. It was initially the minority faction in the split compared to the Official IRA but became the dominant faction by 1972. The Troubles had begun shortly before when a largely Catholic, nonviolent civil rights campaign was met with violence from both Ulster loyalists and the Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC), culminating in the August 1969 riots and deployment of British soldiers. The IRA initially focused on defence of Catholic areas, but it began an offensive campaign in 1970 that was aided by external sources, including Irish diaspora communities within the Anglosphere, and the Palestine Liberation Organization and Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi. It used guerrilla tactics against the British Army and RUC in both rural and urban areas, and carried out a bombing campaign in Northern Ireland and England against military, political and economic targets, and British military targets in mainland Europe. They also targeted civilian contractors to the British security forces. The IRA's armed campaign, primarily in Northern Ireland but also in England and mainland Europe, killed over 1,700 people, including roughly 1,000 members of the British security forces and 500–644 civilians. The Provisional IRA declared a final ceasefire in July 1997, after which its political wing Sinn Féin was admitted into multi-party peace talks on the future of Northern Ireland. These resulted in the 1998 Good Friday Agreement, and in 2005 the IRA formally ended its armed campaign and decommissioned its weapons under the supervision of the Independent International Commission on Decommissioning. Several splinter groups have been formed as a result of splits within the IRA, including the Continuity IRA, which is still active in the dissident Irish republican campaign, and the Real IRA. History See also: Provisional Irish Republican Army campaign and History of Northern Ireland Origins The Proclamation of the Irish Republic, issued during the 1916 Easter Rising against British rule in Ireland The original IRA was formed in 1913 as the Irish Volunteers, at a time when all of Ireland was part of the United Kingdom. The Volunteers took part in the Easter Rising against British rule in 1916, and the War of Independence that followed the Declaration of Independence by the revolutionary parliament Dáil Éireann in 1919, during which they came to be known as the IRA. Ireland was partitioned into Southern Ireland and Northern Ireland by the Government of Ireland Act 1920, and following the implementation of the Anglo-Irish Treaty in 1922 Southern Ireland, renamed the Irish Free State, became a self-governing dominion while Northern Ireland chose to remain under home rule as part of the United Kingdom. The Treaty caused a split in the IRA, the pro-Treaty IRA were absorbed into the National Army, which defeated the anti-Treaty IRA in the Civil War. Subsequently, while denying the legitimacy of the Free State, the surviving elements of the anti-Treaty IRA focused on overthrowing the Northern Ireland state and the achievement of a united Ireland, carrying out a bombing campaign in England in 1939 and 1940, a campaign in Northern Ireland in the 1940s, and the Border campaign of 1956–1962. Following the failure of the Border campaign, internal debate took place regarding the future of the IRA. Chief-of-staff Cathal Goulding wanted the IRA to adopt a socialist agenda and become involved in politics, while traditional republicans such as Seán Mac Stíofáin wanted to increase recruitment and rebuild the IRA. Following partition, Northern Ireland became a de facto one-party state governed by the Ulster Unionist Party in the Parliament of Northern Ireland, in which Catholics were viewed as second-class citizens. Protestants were given preference in jobs and housing, and local government constituencies were gerrymandered in places such as Derry. Policing was carried out by the armed Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) and the B-Specials, both of which were almost exclusively Protestant. In the mid-1960s tension between the Catholic and Protestant communities was increasing. In 1966 Ireland celebrated the 50th anniversary of the Easter Rising, prompting fears of a renewed IRA campaign. Feeling under threat, Protestants formed the Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF), a paramilitary group which killed three people in May 1966, two of them Catholic men. In January 1967 the Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association (NICRA) was formed by a diverse group of people, including IRA members and liberal unionists. Civil rights marches by NICRA and a similar organisation, People's Democracy, protesting against discrimination were met by counter-protests and violent clashes with loyalists, including the Ulster Protestant Volunteers, a paramilitary group led by Ian Paisley. Marches marking the Ulster Protestant celebration The Twelfth in July 1969 led to riots and violent clashes in Belfast, Derry and elsewhere. The following month a three-day riot began in the Catholic Bogside area of Derry, following a march by the Protestant Apprentice Boys of Derry. The Battle of the Bogside caused Catholics in Belfast to riot in solidarity with the Bogsiders and to try to prevent RUC reinforcements being sent to Derry, sparking retaliation by Protestant mobs. The subsequent arson attacks, damage to property and intimidation forced 1,505 Catholic families and 315 Protestant families to leave their homes in Belfast in the Northern Ireland riots of August 1969 The riots resulted in 275 buildings being destroyed or requiring major repairs, 83.5% of them occupied by Catholics. A number of people were killed on both sides, some by the police, and the British Army were deployed to Northern Ireland. The IRA had been poorly armed and failed to properly defend Catholic areas from Protestant attacks, which had been considered one of its roles since the 1920s. Veteran republicans were critical of Goulding and the IRA's Dublin leadership which, for political reasons, had refused to prepare for aggressive action in advance of the violence. On 24 August a group including Joe Cahill, Seamus Twomey, Dáithí Ó Conaill, Billy McKee, and Jimmy Steele came together in Belfast and decided to remove the pro-Goulding Belfast leadership of Billy McMillen and Jim Sullivan and return to traditional militant republicanism. On 22 September Twomey, McKee, and Steele were among sixteen armed IRA men who confronted the Belfast leadership over the failure to adequately defend Catholic areas. A compromise was agreed where McMillen stayed in command, but he was not to have any communication with the IRA's Dublin based leadership. 1969 split Ruairí Ó Brádaigh, who was twice chief-of-staff of the pre-1969 IRA during the Border campaign of 1956–1962, was a member of the first Army Council of the Provisional IRA in 1969. The IRA split into "Provisional" and "Official" factions in December 1969, after an IRA convention was held in Boyle, County Roscommon, Republic of Ireland. The two main issues at the convention were a resolution to enter into a "National Liberation Front" with radical left-wing groups, and a resolution to end abstentionism, which would allow participation in the British, Irish, and Northern Ireland parliaments. Traditional republicans refused to vote on the "National Liberation Front", and it was passed by twenty-nine votes to seven. The traditionalists argued strongly against the ending of abstentionism, and the official minutes report the resolution passed by twenty-seven votes to twelve. Following the convention the traditionalists canvassed support throughout Ireland, with IRA director of intelligence Mac Stíofáin meeting the disaffected members of the IRA in Belfast. Shortly after, the traditionalists held a convention which elected a "Provisional" Army Council, composed of Mac Stíofáin, Ruairí Ó Brádaigh, Paddy Mulcahy, Sean Tracey, Leo Martin, Ó Conaill, and Cahill. The term provisional was chosen to mirror the 1916 Provisional Government of the Irish Republic, and also to designate it as temporary pending ratification by a further IRA convention. Nine out of thirteen IRA units in Belfast sided with the "Provisional" Army Council in December 1969, roughly 120 activists and 500 supporters. The Provisional IRA issued their first public statement on 28 December 1969, stating: We declare our allegiance to the 32 county Irish republic, proclaimed at Easter 1916, established by the first Dáil Éireann in 1919, overthrown by force of arms in 1922 and suppressed to this day by the existing British-imposed six-county and twenty-six-county partition states ... We call on the Irish people at home and in exile for increased support towards defending our people in the North and the eventual achievement of the full political, social, economic and cultural freedom of Ireland. The Irish republican political party Sinn Féin split along the same lines on 11 January 1970 in Dublin, when a third of the delegates walked out of the party's highest deliberative body, the ard fheis, in protest at the party leadership's attempt to force through the ending of abstentionism, despite its failure to achieve a two-thirds majority vote of delegates required to change the policy. The delegates that walked out reconvened at another venue where Mac Stíofáin, Ó Brádaigh and Mulcahy from the "Provisional" Army Council were elected to the Caretaker Executive of "Provisional" Sinn Féin. Despite the declared support of that faction of Sinn Féin, the early Provisional IRA avoided political activity, instead relying on physical force republicanism. £100,000 was donated by the Fianna Fáil-led Irish government in 1969 to the Central Citizens Defence Committee in Catholic areas, some of which ended up in the hands of the IRA. This resulted in the 1970 Arms Crisis where criminal charges were pursued against two former government ministers and others including John Kelly, an IRA volunteer from Belfast. The Provisional IRA maintained the principles of the pre-1969 IRA, considering both British rule in Northern Ireland and the government of the Republic of Ireland to be illegitimate, and the Army Council to be the provisional government of the all-island Irish Republic. This belief was based on a series of perceived political inheritances which constructed a legal continuity from the Second Dáil of 1921–1922. The IRA recruited many young nationalists from Northern Ireland who had not been involved in the IRA before, but had been radicalised by the violence that broke out in 1969. These people became known as "sixty niners", having joined after 1969. The IRA adopted the phoenix as the symbol of the Irish republican rebirth in 1969, one of its slogans was "out of the ashes rose the Provisionals", representing the IRA's resurrection from the ashes of burnt-out Catholic areas of Belfast. Initial phase Martin McGuinness was part of an IRA delegation which took part in peace talks with British politician William Whitelaw, the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland, in July 1972. In January 1970, the Army Council decided to adopt a three-stage strategy; defence of nationalist areas, followed by a combination of defence and retaliation, and finally launching a guerrilla campaign against the British Army. The Official IRA was opposed to such a campaign because they felt it would lead to sectarian conflict, which would defeat their strategy of uniting the workers from both sides of the sectarian divide. The Provisional IRA's strategy was to use force to cause the collapse of the Northern Ireland government and to inflict such heavy casualties on the British Army that the British government would be forced by public opinion to withdraw from Ireland. Mac Stíofáin decided they would "escalate, escalate and escalate", in what the British Army would later describe as a "classic insurgency". In October 1970 the IRA began a bombing campaign against economic targets; by the end of the year there had been 153 explosions. The following year it was responsible for the vast majority of the 1,000 explosions that occurred in Northern Ireland. The strategic aim behind the bombings was to target businesses and commercial premises to deter investment and force the British government to pay compensation, increasing the financial cost of keeping Northern Ireland within the United Kingdom. The IRA also believed that the bombing campaign would tie down British soldiers in static positions guarding potential targets, preventing their deployment in counter-insurgency operations. Loyalist paramilitaries, including the UVF, carried out campaigns aimed at thwarting the IRA's aspirations and maintaining the political union with Britain. Loyalist paramilitaries tended to target Catholics with no connection to the republican movement, seeking to undermine support for the IRA. As a result of escalating violence, internment without trial was introduced by the Northern Ireland government on 9 August 1971, with 342 suspects arrested in the first twenty-four hours. Despite loyalist violence also increasing, all of those arrested were republicans, including political activists not associated with the IRA and student civil rights leaders. The one-sided nature of internment united all Catholics in opposition to the government, and riots broke out in protest across Northern Ireland. Twenty-two people were killed in the next three days, including six civilians killed by the British Army as part of the Ballymurphy massacre on 9 August, and in Belfast 7,000 Catholics and 2,000 Protestants were forced from their homes by the rioting. The introduction of internment dramatically increased the level of violence. In the seven months prior to internment 34 people had been killed, 140 people were killed between the introduction of internment and the end of the year, including thirty soldiers and eleven RUC officers. Internment boosted IRA recruitment, and in Dublin the Taoiseach, Jack Lynch, abandoned a planned idea to introduce internment in the Republic of Ireland. IRA recruitment further increased after Bloody Sunday in Derry on 30 January 1972, when the British Army killed fourteen unarmed civilians during an anti-internment march. Due to the deteriorating security situation in Northern Ireland the British government suspended the Northern Ireland parliament and imposed direct rule in March 1972. The suspension of the Northern Ireland parliament was a key objective of the IRA, in order to directly involve the British government in Northern Ireland, as the IRA wanted the conflict to be seen as one between Ireland and Britain. In May 1972 the Official IRA called a ceasefire, leaving the Provisional IRA as the sole active republican paramilitary organisation. New recruits saw the Official IRA as existing for the purpose of defence in contrast to the Provisional IRA as existing for the purpose of attack, increased recruitment and defections from the Official IRA to the Provisional IRA led to the latter becoming the dominant organisation. Memorial to the victims of the Birmingham pub bombings, which killed twenty-one people in November 1974 On 22 June the IRA announced that a ceasefire would begin at midnight on 26 June, in anticipation of talks with the British government. Two days later Ó Brádaigh and Ó Conaill held a press conference in Dublin to announce the Éire Nua (New Ireland) policy, which advocated an all-Ireland federal republic, with devolved governments and parliaments for each of the four historic provinces of Ireland. This was designed to deal with the fears of unionists over a united Ireland, an Ulster parliament with a narrow Protestant majority would provide them with protection for their interests. The British government held secret talks with the republican leadership on 7 July, with Mac Stíofáin, Ó Conaill, Ivor Bell, Twomey, Gerry Adams, and Martin McGuinness flying to England to meet a British delegation led by William Whitelaw. Mac Stíofáin made demands including British withdrawal, removal of the British Army from sensitive areas, and a release of republican prisoners and an amnesty for fugitives. The British refused and the talks broke up, and the IRA's ceasefire ended on 9 July. In late 1972 and early 1973 the IRA's leadership was being depleted by arrests on both sides of the Irish border, with Mac Stíofáin, Ó Brádaigh and McGuinness all imprisoned for IRA membership. Due to the crisis the IRA bombed London in March 1973, as the Army Council believed bombs in England would have a greater impact on British public opinion. This was followed by an intense period of IRA activity in England that left forty-five people dead by the end of 1974, including twenty-one civilians killed in the Birmingham pub bombings. Following an IRA ceasefire over the Christmas period in 1974 and a further one in January 1975, on 8 February the IRA issued a statement suspending "offensive military action" from six o'clock the following day. A series of meetings took place between the IRA's leadership and British government representatives throughout the year, with the IRA being led to believe this was the start of a process of British withdrawal. Occasional IRA violence occurred during the ceasefire, with bombs in Belfast, Derry, and South Armagh. The IRA was also involved in tit for tat sectarian killings of Protestant civilians, in retaliation for sectarian killings by loyalist paramilitaries. By July the Army Council was concerned at the progress of the talks, concluding there was no prospect of a lasting peace without a public declaration by the British government of their intent to withdraw from Ireland. In August there was a gradual return to the armed campaign, and the truce effectively ended on 22 September when the IRA set off 22 bombs across Northern Ireland. The old guard leadership of Ó Brádaigh, Ó Conaill, and McKee were criticised by a younger generation of activists following the ceasefire, and their influence in the IRA slowly declined. The younger generation viewed the ceasefire as being disastrous for the IRA, causing the organisation irreparable damage and taking it close to being defeated. The Army Council was accused of falling into a trap that allowed the British breathing space and time to build up intelligence on the IRA, and McKee was criticised for allowing the IRA to become involved in sectarian killings, as well a feud with the Official IRA in October and November 1975 that left eleven people dead. The "Long War" See also: 1981 Irish hunger strike and Armalite and ballot box strategy IRA political poster from the 1980s, featuring a quote from Bobby Sands written on the first day of the 1981 hunger strike Following the end of the ceasefire, the British government introduced a new three-part strategy to deal with the Troubles; the parts became known as Ulsterisation, normalisation, and criminalisation. Ulsterisation involved increasing the role of the locally recruited RUC and Ulster Defence Regiment (UDR), a part-time element of the British Army, in order to try to contain the conflict inside Northern Ireland and reduce the number of British soldiers recruited from outside of Northern Ireland being killed. Normalisation involved the ending of internment without trial and Special Category Status, the latter had been introduced in 1972 following a hunger strike led by McKee. Criminalisation was designed to alter public perception of the Troubles, from an insurgency requiring a military solution to a criminal problem requiring a law enforcement solution. As result of the withdrawal of Special Category Status, in September 1976 IRA prisoner Kieran Nugent began the blanket protest in the Maze Prison, when hundreds of prisoners refused to wear prison uniforms. In 1977 the IRA evolved a new strategy which they called the "Long War", which would remain their strategy for the rest of the Troubles. This strategy accepted that their campaign would last many years before being successful, and included increased emphasis on political activity through Sinn Féin. A republican document of the early 1980s states "Both Sinn Féin and the IRA play different but converging roles in the war of national liberation. The Irish Republican Army wages an armed campaign ... Sinn Féin maintains the propaganda war and is the public and political voice of the movement". The 1977 edition of the Green Book, an induction and training manual used by the IRA, describes the strategy of the "Long War" in these terms: A war of attrition against enemy personnel which is aimed at causing as many casualties and deaths as possible so as to create a demand from their people at home for their withdrawal. A bombing campaign aimed at making the enemy's financial interests in our country unprofitable while at the same time curbing long-term investment in our country. To make the Six Counties ... ungovernable except by colonial military rule. To sustain the war and gain support for its ends by National and International propaganda and publicity campaigns. By defending the war of liberation by punishing criminals, collaborators and informers. The "Long War" saw the IRA's tactics move away from the large bombing campaigns of the early 1970s, in favour of more attacks on members of the security forces. The IRA's new multi-faceted strategy saw them begin to use armed propaganda, using the publicity gained from attacks such as the assassination of Lord Mountbatten and the Warrenpoint ambush to focus attention on the nationalist community's rejection of British rule. The IRA aimed to keep Northern Ireland unstable, which would frustrate the British objective of installing a power sharing government as a solution to the Troubles. Aftermath of the Brighton hotel bombing, an assassination attempt on British prime minister Margaret Thatcher in 1984The prison protest against criminalisation culminated in the 1981 Irish hunger strike, when seven IRA and three Irish National Liberation Army members starved themselves to death in pursuit of political status. The hunger strike leader Bobby Sands and Anti H-Block activist Owen Carron were successively elected to the British House of Commons, and two other protesting prisoners were elected to Dáil Éireann. The electoral successes led to the IRA's armed campaign being pursued in parallel with increased electoral participation by Sinn Féin. This strategy was known as the "Armalite and ballot box strategy", named after Danny Morrison's speech at the 1981 Sinn Féin ard fheis: Who here really believes that we can win the war through the ballot box? But will anyone here object if with a ballot paper in this hand and an Armalite in this hand we take power in Ireland? Attacks on high-profile political and military targets remained a priority for the IRA. The Chelsea Barracks bombing in London in October 1981 killed two civilians and injured twenty-three soldiers; a week later the IRA struck again in London with an assassination attempt on Lieutenant General Steuart Pringle, the Commandant General Royal Marines. Attacks on military targets in England continued with the Hyde Park and Regent's Park bombings in July 1982, which killed eleven soldiers and injured over fifty people including civilians. In October 1984 they carried out the Brighton hotel bombing, an assassination attempt on British prime minister Margaret Thatcher, whom they blamed for the deaths of the ten hunger strikers. The bombing killed five members of the Conservative Party attending a party conference including MP Anthony Berry, with Thatcher narrowly escaping death. A planned escalation of the England bombing campaign in 1985 was prevented when six IRA volunteers, including Martina Anderson and the Brighton bomber Patrick Magee, were arrested in Glasgow. Plans for a major escalation of the campaign in the late 1980s were cancelled after a ship carrying 150 tonnes of weapons donated by Libya was seized off the coast of France. The plans, modelled on the Tet Offensive during the Vietnam War, relied on the element of surprise which was lost when the ship's captain informed French authorities of four earlier shipments of weapons, which allowed the British Army to deploy appropriate countermeasures. In 1987 the IRA began attacking British military targets in mainland Europe, beginning with the Rheindahlen bombing, which was followed by approximately twenty other gun and bomb attacks aimed at British Armed Forces personnel and bases between 1988 and 1990. Peace process Main article: Northern Ireland peace process By the late 1980s the Troubles were at a military and political stalemate, with the IRA able to prevent the British government imposing a settlement but unable to force their objective of Irish reunification. Sinn Féin president Adams was in contact with Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP) leader John Hume and a delegation representing the Irish government, in order to find political alternatives to the IRA's campaign. As a result of the republican leadership appearing interested in peace, British policy shifted when Peter Brooke, the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland, began to engage with them hoping for a political settlement. Backchannel diplomacy between the IRA and British government began in October 1990, with Sinn Féin being given an advance copy of a planned speech by Brooke. The speech was given in London the following month, with Brooke stating that the British government would not give in to violence but offering significant political change if violence stopped, ending his statement by saying: The British government has no selfish, strategic or economic interest in Northern Ireland: Our role is to help, enable and encourage ... Partition is an acknowledgement of reality, not an assertion of national self-interest. A "Sniper at Work" sign in Crossmaglen. The IRA's South Armagh Brigade killed seven members of the security forces in single-shot sniper attacks in 1993. The IRA responded to Brooke's speech by declaring a three-day ceasefire over Christmas, the first in fifteen years. Afterwards the IRA intensified the bombing campaign in England, planting 36 bombs in 1991 and 57 in 1992, up from 15 in 1990. The Baltic Exchange bombing in April 1992 killed three people and caused an estimated £800 million worth of damage, £200 million more than the total damage caused by the Troubles in Northern Ireland up to that point. In December 1992 Patrick Mayhew, who had succeeded Brooke as Secretary of State for Northern Ireland, gave a speech directed at the IRA in Coleraine, stating that while Irish reunification could be achieved by negotiation, the British government would not give in to violence. The secret talks between the British government and the IRA via intermediaries continued, with the British government arguing the IRA would be more likely to achieve its objective through politics than continued violence. The talks progressed slowly due to continued IRA violence, including the Warrington bombing in March 1993 which killed two children and the Bishopsgate bombing a month later which killed one person and caused an estimated £1 billion worth of damage. In December 1993 a press conference was held at London's Downing Street by British prime minister John Major and the Irish Taoiseach Albert Reynolds. They delivered the Downing Street Declaration which conceded the right of Irish people to self-determination, but with separate referendums in Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. In January 1994 The Army Council voted to reject the declaration, while Sinn Féin asked the British government to clarify certain aspects of the declaration. The British government replied saying the declaration spoke for itself, and refused to meet with Sinn Féin unless the IRA called a ceasefire. On 31 August 1994 the IRA announced a "complete cessation of military operations" on the understanding that Sinn Féin would be included in political talks for a settlement. A new strategy known as "TUAS" was revealed to the IRA's rank-and-file following the ceasefire, described as either "Tactical Use of Armed Struggle" to the Irish republican movement or "Totally Unarmed Strategy" to the broader Irish nationalist movement. The strategy involved a coalition including Sinn Féin, the SDLP and the Irish government acting in concert to apply leverage to the British government, with the IRA's armed campaign starting and stopping as necessary, and an option to call off the ceasefire if negotiations failed. The British government refused to admit Sinn Féin to multi-party talks before the IRA decommissioned its weapons, and a standoff began as the IRA refused to disarm before a final peace settlement had been agreed. The IRA regarded themselves as being undefeated and decommissioning as an act of surrender, and stated decommissioning had never been mentioned prior to the ceasefire being declared. In March 1995 Mayhew set out three conditions for Sinn Féin being admitted to multi-party talks. Firstly the IRA had to be willing to agree to "disarm progressively", secondly a scheme for decommissioning had to be agreed, and finally some weapons had to be decommissioned prior to the talks beginning as a confidence building measure. The IRA responded with public statements in September calling decommissioning an "unreasonable demand" and a "stalling tactic" by the British government. Memorial to the victims of the 1996 Docklands bombing, which killed two people and ended the IRA's seventeen-month ceasefire On 9 February 1996 a statement from the Army Council was delivered to the Irish national broadcaster Raidió Teilifís Éireann announcing the end of the ceasefire, and just over 90 minutes later the Docklands bombing killed two people and caused an estimated £100–150 million damage to some of London's more expensive commercial property. Three weeks later the British and Irish governments issued a joint statement announcing multi-party talks would begin on 10 June, with Sinn Féin excluded unless the IRA called a new ceasefire. The IRA's campaign continued with the Manchester bombing on 15 June, which injured over 200 people and caused an estimated £400 million of damage to the city centre. Attacks were mostly in England apart from the Osnabrück mortar attack on a British Army base in Germany. The IRA's first attack in Northern Ireland since the end of the ceasefire was not until October 1996, when the Thiepval barracks bombing killed a British soldier. In February 1997 an IRA sniper team killed Lance Bombadier Stephen Restorick, the last British soldier to be killed by the IRA. Following the May 1997 UK general election Major was replaced as prime minister by Tony Blair of the Labour Party. The new Secretary of State for Northern Ireland, Mo Mowlam, had announced prior to the election she would be willing to include Sinn Féin in multi-party talks without prior decommissioning of weapons within two months of an IRA ceasefire. After the IRA declared a new ceasefire in July 1997, Sinn Féin was admitted into multi-party talks, which produced the Good Friday Agreement in April 1998. One aim of the agreement was that all paramilitary groups in Northern Ireland fully disarm by May 2000. The IRA began decommissioning in a process that was monitored by Canadian General John de Chastelain's Independent International Commission on Decommissioning (IICD), with some weapons being decommissioned on 23 October 2001 and 8 April 2002. The October 2001 decommissioning was the first time an Irish republican paramilitary organisation had voluntarily disposed of its arms. In October 2002 the devolved Northern Ireland Assembly was suspended by the British government and direct rule returned, in order to prevent a unionist walkout. This was partly triggered by Stormontgate—allegations that republican spies were operating within the Parliament Buildings and the Police Service of Northern Ireland (PSNI)—and the IRA temporarily broke off contact with de Chastelain. However, further decommissioning took place on 21 October 2003. In the aftermath of the December 2004 Northern Bank robbery, the Minister for Justice, Equality and Law Reform Michael McDowell stated there could be no place in government in either Northern Ireland or the Republic of Ireland for a party that supported or threatened the use of violence, possessed explosives or firearms, and was involved in criminality. At the beginning of February 2005, the IRA declared that it was withdrawing a decommissioning offer from late 2004. This followed a demand from the Democratic Unionist Party, under Paisley, insisting on photographic evidence of decommissioning. End of the armed campaign See also: Chronology of Provisional Irish Republican Army actions (2000–09) On 28 July 2005, the IRA, with a statement read to the media by Séanna Walsh, declared an end to the armed campaign, affirming that it would work to achieve its aims solely through peaceful political means and ordering volunteers to end all paramilitary activity. The IRA also stated it would complete the process of disarmament as quickly as possible. The IRA invited two independent witnesses to view the secret disarmament work, Catholic priest Father Alec Reid and Protestant minister Reverend Harold Good. On 26 September 2005, the IICD announced that "the totality of the IRA's arsenal" had been decommissioned. Jane's Information Group estimated that the IRA weaponry decommissioned in September 2005 included: An AG-3, Norwegian made variant of the Heckler & Koch G3. Over 50 of these, from a batch of 100 stolen from the Norwegian Army, ended up with the IRA. The RPG-7, first obtained by the IRA from Libya in 1972 1,000 rifles 2 tonnes of the plastic explosive Semtex 20–30 heavy machine guns 7 surface-to-air missiles 7 flamethrowers 1,200 detonators 11 rocket-propelled grenade launchers 90 handguns 100+ hand grenades Having compared the weapons decommissioned with the British and Irish security forces' estimates of the IRA's arsenal, and because of the IRA's full involvement in the process of decommissioning the weapons, the IICD concluded that all IRA weaponry had been decommissioned. The Secretary of State for Northern Ireland, Peter Hain, said he accepted the conclusion of the IICD. Since then, there have been occasional claims in the media that the IRA had not decommissioned all of its weaponry. In response to such claims, the Independent Monitoring Commission (IMC) stated in its 10th report that the IRA had decommissioned all weaponry under its control. The report stated that if any weapons had been kept they would have been kept by individuals and against IRA orders. In February 2015, Garda Commissioner Nóirín O'Sullivan stated that the Republic of Ireland's police service, the Gardaí, have no evidence that the IRA's military structure remains operational or that the IRA is engaged in criminal activity. In August 2015, George Hamilton, the PSNI chief constable, stated that the IRA no longer exists as a paramilitary organisation. He added that some of its structure remains, but that the group is committed to following a peaceful political path and is not engaged in criminal activity nor directing violence. He pointed out, however, that some of its members have engaged in criminal activity or violence for their own, individual ends. The statement was made in response to the killings of former Belfast IRA commanders Kevin McGuigan and Gerard Davison. McGuigan was shot dead in what was believed to be a revenge killing by former IRA members over the shooting death three months earlier of Davison. The Chief Constable stated there was no evidence that the killing of McGuigan was sanctioned by the IRA leadership. Also in response, the British government commissioned the Assessment on Paramilitary Groups in Northern Ireland. The assessment, concluded in October 2015, was that "all the main paramilitary groups operating during the Troubles are still in existence, including the Ulster Volunteer Force, the Red Hand Commando, the Ulster Defence Association, the Provisional IRA, and Irish National Liberation Army." But, it added, "the leaderships of the main paramilitary groups are committed to peaceful means to achieve their political objectives." Weaponry and operations Main articles: Provisional IRA arms importation, List of weapons used by the Provisional Irish Republican Army, Provisional IRA campaign 1969-1997, List of chronologies of Provisional Irish Republican Army actions, Barrack buster, and Improvised tactical vehicles of the Provisional IRA The Armalite AR-18, obtained by the IRA from the United States in the early 1970s, was a symbol of its armed campaign In the early days of the Troubles the IRA was poorly armed, in Derry in early 1972 the IRA's weaponry consisted of six M1 carbines, two Thompson submachine guns, one or two M1 Garand rifles, and a variety of handguns. As a result of black market arms deals and donations from sympathisers, the IRA obtained a large array of weapons such as surface-to-air missiles; M60 machine guns; ArmaLite AR-18, FN FAL, AKM and M16 rifles; DShK heavy machine guns; LPO-50 flamethrowers; and Barrett M90 sniper rifles. The IRA also used a variety of bombs during its armed campaign, such as car and truck bombs, time bombs, and booby traps, using explosives including ANFO and gelignite donated by IRA supporters in the Republic of Ireland and the plastic explosive Semtex donated by the Libyan government. The IRA's engineering department also manufactured a series of improvised mortars in the Republic of Ireland, which by the 1990s were built to a standard comparable to military models. The IRA's development of mortar tactics was a response to the heavy fortifications on RUC and British Army bases, as IRA mortars generally fired indirectly they were able to bypass some perimeter security measures. The mortars used a variety of different firing mechanisms including delay timers, this combined with the disposable nature of the weapons allowed IRA volunteers to reduce the risk of being arrested at the scene. The IRA was mainly active in Northern Ireland, although it also attacked targets in England and mainland Europe, and limited activity also took place in the Republic of Ireland. The IRA's offensive campaign mainly targeted the British Army (including the UDR) and the RUC, with British soldiers being the IRA's preferred target. Other targets included British government officials, politicians, establishment and judicial figures, and senior British Army and police officers. The bombing campaign principally targeted political, economic and military targets, and was described by counter-terrorism expert Andy Oppenheimer as "the biggest terrorist bombing campaign in history". Economic targets included shops, restaurants, hotels, railway stations and other public buildings. The IRA was blamed for the Abercorn Restaurant bombing in March 1972, when a bomb exploded without warning killing two women and injuring many people. Due to negative publicity after the Abercorn bombing, the IRA introduced a system of telephoned coded warnings to try to avoid civilian casualties while still causing the intended damage to properties and the economy. Civilian deaths were counter-productive to the IRA, as they provided the British with propaganda coups and affected recruitment and funding. Despite this IRA bombs continued to kill civilians, generally due to IRA mistakes and incompetence or errors in communication. These included the Donegall Street bombing which killed seven people including four civilians, and Bloody Friday, when nine people, five of them civilians, were killed when twenty-two bombs were planted in a one-mile radius of Belfast city centre. Premature explosions were another cause of civilian deaths, such as the Remembrance Day bombing which killed eleven people including ten civilians, and the Shankill Road bombing which killed ten people including eight civilians. Casualties For a detailed breakdown of casualties caused by and inflicted on the IRA, see Provisional IRA campaign 1969-1997 § Casualties. Memorial to members of the IRA's Derry Brigade The IRA was responsible for more deaths than any other organisation during the Troubles. Two detailed studies of deaths in the Troubles, the Conflict Archive on the Internet (CAIN), and the book Lost Lives, differ slightly on the numbers killed by the IRA and the total number of conflict deaths. According to CAIN, the IRA was responsible for 1,705 deaths, about 48% of the total conflict deaths. Of these, 1,009 (about 59%) were members or former members of the British security forces, while 508 (about 29%) were civilians. According to Lost Lives, the IRA was responsible for 1,781 deaths, about 47% of the total conflict deaths. Of these, 944 (about 53%) were members of the British security forces, while 644 (about 36%) were civilians (including 61 former members of the security forces). The civilian figure also includes civilians employed by British security forces, politicians, members of the judiciary, and alleged criminals and informers. Most of the remainder were loyalist or republican paramilitary members, including over 100 IRA members accidentally killed by their own bombs or shot for being security force agents or informers. Overall, the IRA was responsible for 87–90% of the total British security force deaths, and 27–30% of the total civilian deaths. During the IRA's campaign in England it was responsible for at least 488 incidents causing 2,134 injuries and 115 deaths, including 56 civilians and 42 British soldiers. Between 275 and 300 IRA members were killed during the Troubles, with the IRA's biggest loss of life in a single incident being the Loughgall ambush in 1987, when eight volunteers attempting to bomb a police station were killed by the British Army's Special Air Service. Structure Republican colour party in Dublin, March 2009. The blue flag being carried at the front is that of "Dublin Brigade IRA". Main articles: IRA Army Council, IRA Northern Command, IRA Southern Command, and Active service unit All levels of the organisation were entitled to send delegates to General Army Conventions. The convention was the IRA's supreme decision-making authority, and was supposed to meet every two years, or every four years following a change to the IRA's constitution in 1986. Before 1969 conventions met regularly, but owing to the difficulty in organising such a large gathering of an illegal organisation in secret, while the IRA's armed campaign was ongoing they were only held in September 1970, October 1986, and October or November 1996. After the 1997 ceasefire they were held more frequently, and are known to have been held in October 1997, May 1998, December 1998 or early 1999, and June 2002. The convention elected a 12-member Executive, which selected seven members, usually from within the Executive, to form the Army Council. Any vacancies on the Executive would then be filled by substitutes previously elected by the convention. For day-to-day purposes, authority was vested in the Army Council which, as well as directing policy and taking major tactical decisions, appointed a chief-of-staff from one of its number or, less often, from outside its ranks. The chief-of-staff would be assisted by an adjutant general as well as a General Headquarters (GHQ) staff, which consisted of a quartermaster general, and directors of finance, engineering, training, intelligence, publicity, operations, and security. GHQ's largest department, the quartermaster general's, accounted for approximately 20% of the IRA's personnel, and was responsible for acquiring weapons and smuggling them to Ireland where they would be hidden in arms dumps, and distributed them to IRA units as needed. The next most important department was engineering, which manufactured improvised explosive devices and improvised mortars. Below GHQ, the IRA was divided into a Northern Command and a Southern Command. Northern Command operated in Northern Ireland as well as the border counties of Donegal, Leitrim, Cavan, Monaghan, and Louth, while Southern Command operated in the remainder of Ireland. In 1977, parallel to the introduction of cell structures at the local level, command of the "war-zone" was given to the Northern Command, which facilitated coordinated attacks across Northern Ireland and rapid alterations in tactics. Southern Command consisted of the Dublin Brigade and a number of smaller units in rural areas. Its main responsibilities were support activities for Northern Command, such as importation and storage of arms, providing safe houses, raising funds through robberies, and organising training camps. Another department attached to GHQ but separate from all other IRA structures was the England department, responsible for the bombing campaign in England. The IRA referred to its ordinary members as volunteers (or óglaigh in Irish), to reflect the IRA being an irregular army which people were not forced to join and could leave at any time. Until the late 1970s, IRA volunteers were organised in units based on conventional military structures. Volunteers living in one area formed a company as part of a battalion, which could be part of a brigade, such as the Belfast Brigade, Derry Brigade, South Armagh Brigade, and East Tyrone Brigade. In late 1973 the Belfast Brigade restructured, introducing clandestine cells named active service units, consisting of between four and ten members. Similar changes were made elsewhere in the IRA by 1977, moving away from the larger conventional military organisational principle owing to its security vulnerability. The old structures were used for support activities such as policing nationalist areas, intelligence-gathering, and hiding weapons, while the bulk of attacks were carried out by active service units, using weapons controlled by the brigade's quartermaster. The exception to this reorganisation was the South Armagh Brigade, which retained its traditional hierarchy and battalion structure. Only a handful of volunteers from the South Armagh Brigade were convicted of serious offences, and it had fewer arrests than any other area, meaning that the security forces struggled to recruit informers. Political ideology Former IRA volunteer Tommy McKearney, who left the IRA in 1986 and formed the League of Communist Republicans Part of a series onIrish republicanism Concepts Abstentionism Anti-imperialism Armalite and ballot box strategy Dissident republican Éire Nua Irish nationalism Irish republican legitimism New Departure Radicalism Republicanism United Ireland History Irish Rebellion of 1798 Acts of Union 1800 Irish rebellion of 1803 Young Ireland rebellion Fenian Rising Fenian raids Fenian dynamite campaign Easter Rising 1918 general election Irish revolutionary period Irish War of Independence Irish Civil War 1932 general election S-Plan Border Campaign The Troubles Arms Crisis 1981 Irish hunger strike Good Friday Agreement Dissident Irish republican campaign People Gerry Adams Cathal Brugha Neil Blaney Tom Clarke James Connolly Seamus Costello Éamon de Valera Robert Emmet Cathal Goulding Thomas J. Kelly Seán Mac Stíofáin Seán MacBride Terence MacSwiney Constance Markievicz Bernadette Devlin Martin McGuinness Ruairí Ó Brádaigh Dáithí Ó Conaill Peadar O'Donnell John O'Mahony Patrick Pearse Seán Russell Bobby Sands James Stephens Wolfe Tone Moss Twomey Active parties Aontú Éirígí Fianna Fáil Irish Republican Socialist Party Republican Network for Unity Republican Sinn Féin Saoradh Sinn Féin Defunct parties All Ireland Anti-Partition League Anti H-Block Aontacht Éireann Clann na Poblachta Clann Éireann Communist Party of Ireland (Marxist–Leninist) Córas na Poblachta Cumann na Poblachta Cumann Poblachta na hÉireann Fianna Uladh Independent Fianna Fáil Irish Anti-Partition League Irish Independence Party Irish Socialist Republican Party Irish Workers' Group (1976) National Corporate Party Northern Council for Unity Republican Congress Republican Labour Party Republican Socialist Collective Saor Éire SLISO Socialist Republican Party Militant groupsActive Arm na Poblachta Continuity IRA Cumann na mBan‎ Fianna Éireann Irish Republican Liberation Army Irish Republican Movement New IRA Inactive Irish National Liberation Army Óglaigh na hÉireann (Real IRA splinter group) Defunct Connolly Column Irish Brigade Irish Citizen Army Irish National Invincibles Irish People's Liberation Organisation Irish Republican Army (1919–1922) Irish Republican Army (1922–1969) Irish Republican Brotherhood Irish Revolutionary Forces Irish Volunteers Official IRA Provisional IRA Real IRA Republican Action Against Drugs Republican Defence Army Saor Éire (1967–1975) Saor Uladh Society of United Irishmen South Armagh Republican Action Force Young Ireland Active Organisations 32 County Sovereignty Movement Anti-Imperialist Action Ireland Cabhair Connolly Association Connolly Youth Movement IRPWA Irish National Congress IRSCNA NORAID National Graves Association, Belfast National Graves Association Revolutionary Housing League Wolfe Tone Societies Ógra Fianna Fáil Ógra Shinn Féin Defunct Organisations Clan na Gael Clann na hÉireann Comhairle na Poblachta Dungannon Clubs Emmet Monument Association Fenian Brotherhood Friends of Irish Freedom Irish Republican Voice Irish Socialist Federation League of Communist Republicans Northern Resistance Movement People's Democracy Phoenix National and Literary Society Troops Out Movement Media An Phoblacht Evening Press Guerrilla Days in Ireland IRIS Magazine Irish Freedom Republican News Saoirse Irish Freedom Sinn Féin The Gaelic American The Hibernia Magazine The Irish Felon The Irish People The Irish Press The Nation The Phoenix The Starry Plough The Sunday Press United Irishman (1848 newspaper) United Irishman (1948 newspaper) Politics portal Ireland portalvte The IRA's goal was an all-Ireland democratic socialist republic. Richard English, a professor at Queen's University Belfast, writes that while the IRA's adherence to socialist goals has varied according to time and place, radical ideas, specifically socialist ones, were a key part of IRA thinking. Former IRA volunteer Tommy McKearney states that while the IRA's goal was a socialist republic, there was no coherent analysis or understanding of socialism itself, other than an idea that the details would be worked out following an IRA victory. This was in contrast to the Official IRA and the Irish National Liberation Army, both of which adopted clearly defined Marxist positions. Similarly, the Northern Ireland left-wing politician Eamonn McCann has remarked that the Provisional IRA was considered a non-socialist IRA compared to the Official IRA. During the 1980s, the IRA's commitment to socialism became more solidified as IRA prisoners began to engage with works of political and Marxist theory by authors such as Frantz Fanon, Che Guevara, Antonio Gramsci, Ho-Chi Minh, and General Giap. Members felt that an Irish version of the Tet Offensive could possibly be the key to victory against the British, pending on the arrival of weapons secured from Libya. However, this never came to pass, and the fall of the Berlin wall in 1989 brought a dogmatic commitment to socialism back into question, as possible socialist allies in Eastern Europe wilted away. In the years that followed, IRA prisoners began to look towards South African politics and the example being set by the African National Congress. Many of the imprisoned IRA members saw parallels between their own struggle and that of Nelson Mandela and were encouraged by Mandela's use of compromise following his ascent to power in South Africa to consider compromise themselves. Categorisation The IRA is a proscribed organisation in the United Kingdom under the Terrorism Act 2000, and an unlawful organisation in the Republic of Ireland under the Offences Against the State Acts, where IRA volunteers are tried in the non-jury Special Criminal Court. A similar system was introduced in Northern Ireland by the Northern Ireland (Emergency Provisions) Act 1973, with a Diplock court consisting of a single judge and no jury. The IRA rejected the authority of the courts in Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland, and its standing orders did not allow volunteers on trial in a criminal court to enter a plea or recognise the authority of the court, doing so could lead to expulsion from the IRA. These orders were relaxed in 1976 due to sentences in the Republic of Ireland for IRA membership being increased from two years to seven years imprisonment. IRA prisoners in the UK and the Republic of Ireland were granted conditional early release as part of the Good Friday Agreement. IRA members were often refused travel visas to enter the United States, due to previous criminal convictions or because the Immigration and Nationality Act bars the entry of people who are members of an organisation which advocates the overthrow of a government by force. American TV news broadcasts used the terms "activists", "guerrillas", and "terrorists" to describe IRA members, while British TV news broadcasts commonly used the term "terrorists", particularly the BBC as part of its editorial guidelines published in 1989. Republicans reject the label of terrorism, instead describing the IRA's activity as war, military activity, armed struggle or armed resistance. The IRA prefer the terms freedom fighter, soldier, activist, or volunteer for its members. The IRA has also been described as a "private army". The IRA saw the Irish War of Independence as a guerrilla war which accomplished some of its aims, with some remaining "unfinished business". An internal British Army document written by General Sir Mike Jackson and two other senior officers was released in 2007 under the Freedom of Information Act. It examined the British Army's 37 years of deployment in Northern Ireland, and described the IRA as "a professional, dedicated, highly skilled and resilient force", while loyalist paramilitaries and other republican groups were described as "little more than a collection of gangsters". Strength and support Numerical strength It is unclear how many people joined the IRA during the Troubles, as it did not keep detailed records of personnel. Journalists Eamonn Mallie and Patrick Bishop state roughly 8,000 people passed through the ranks of the IRA in the first 20 years of its existence, many of them leaving after arrest, retirement or disillusionment. McGuinness, who held a variety of leadership positions, estimated a total membership of 10,000 over the course of the Troubles. The British Army estimates the IRA had 500 volunteers in July 1971, 130 in Derry and 340 in Belfast, journalist Ed Moloney states by the end of the year the IRA in Belfast had over 1,200 volunteers. After the late 1970s restructure, the British Army estimated the IRA had 500 full-time volunteers. A 1978 British Army report by Brigadier James Glover stated that the restructured IRA did not require the same number of volunteers as the early 1970s, and that a small number of volunteers could "maintain a disproportionate level of violence". Journalist Brendan O'Brien states by the late 1980s the IRA had roughly 300 active volunteers and 450 more in support roles, while historian Richard English states in 1988 the IRA was believed to have no more than thirty experienced gunmen and bombers, with a further twenty volunteers with less experience and 500 more in support roles. Moloney estimates in October 1996 the IRA had between 600 and 700 active volunteers. Support from other countries and organisations See also: Provisional IRA in the Republic of Ireland and Provisional IRA arms importation 1,200 AKM assault rifles were donated by Muammar Gaddafi in the 1980s Over two tonnes of the plastic explosive Semtex were donated by Muammar Gaddafi in the 1980s Libyan leader Colonel Muammar Gaddafi was a supplier of arms to the IRA, donating two shipments of arms in the early 1970s, and another five in the mid-1980s. The final shipment in 1987 was intercepted by French authorities, but the prior four shipments included 1,200 AKM assault rifles, 26 DShK heavy machine guns, 40 general-purpose machine guns, 33 RPG-7 rocket launchers, 10 SAM-7 surface-to-air missiles, 10 LPO-50 flamethrowers, and over two tonnes of plastic explosive Semtex. He also gave $12 million in cash to the IRA. Irish Americans (both Irish immigrants and natives of Irish descent) also donated weapons and money. The financial backbone of IRA support in the United States was the Irish Northern Aid Committee (NORAID), founded by Irish immigrant and IRA veteran Michael Flannery. NORAID officially raised money for the families of IRA prisoners but was strongly accused by opponents of being a front for the IRA and being involved in IRA gunrunning. The key IRA transatlantic gunrunning network was run by Irish immigrant and IRA veteran George Harrison, who estimated to have smuggled 2,000–2,500 weapons and approximately 1 million rounds of ammunition to Ireland. However, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) arrested Harrison for IRA arms smuggling in June 1981, thereby blocking the IRA's arms supply from America. This forced the IRA to focus on importing weaponry from its already-established networks in Europe and the Middle East. In addition, Irish American support for the Republican cause began to weaken in the mid-1970s and gradually diminished in the 1980s due to bad publicity surrounding IRA atrocities and NORAID. By 1998, only $3.6 million were raised in America for the Irish Republican cause, in which many historians and scholars agreed such an amount was too small to make an actual difference in the conflict. Irish Canadians, Irish Australians, and Irish New Zealanders were also active in supporting the Republican cause. More than A$20,000 were sent per year to the Provisionals from supporters in Australia by the 1990s. Canadian supporters not just fundraised or import weapons, but also smuggled IRA and Sinn Féin members into the United States, which, unlike Canada, enacted a visa ban on such members on the basis of advocating violence since the early 1970s. Gearóid Ó Faoleán wrote that "n 1972, inclement weather forced a light aeroplane to reroute to Shannon Airport from Farranfore in County Kerry, where IRA volunteers had been awaiting its arrival. The plane, piloted by a Canadian , had flown from Libya with at least one cargo of arms that included RPG-7 rocket launchers" where IRA smuggled these weapons into safe houses for its armed campaign. In 1974, seven Canadian residents (six who were originally from Belfast) were arrested by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) for smuggling weapons to the IRA after "raids in St. Catharines, Tavistock and Toronto and at the U.S. border at Windsor". Philip Kent, one of those arrested, was discovered in his car for having "fifteen FN rifles and a .50 calibre machine gun". Former MI5 agent Willie Carlin said that one of the main reasons why the IRA Army Council did not attack Scotland during the conflict was because doing so would reduce support from Scots and have a negative impact on its fundraising and other activities there. Carlin explained that "here were politicians in Scotland, a lot of whom were very sympathetic to the nationalist cause, and even the Sinn Fein cause". He also noted that while much of the money was donated by supporters in Glasgow, funds also came from all over the country, from "farmers up there who had family and relatives in Ireland". The IRA had links with the Basque separatist group ETA. Maria McGuire states the IRA received fifty revolvers from ETA in exchange for explosives training. In 1973 the IRA was accused by the Spanish police of providing explosives for the assassination of Spanish prime minister Luis Carrero Blanco in Madrid, and the following year an ETA spokesman told German magazine Der Spiegel they had "very good relations" with the IRA. In 1977 a representative of the Basque political party Euskal Iraultzarako Alderdia attended Sinn Féin's 1977 ard fheis, and Ó Brádaigh had a close relationship with Basque separatists, regularly visiting the Basque region between 1977 and 1983. The IRA received support from the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) in the 1970s, with volunteers attending training camps in the Middle East. In 1977 a shipment of arms from the PLO was seized in Antwerp, Belgium. The shipment included twenty-nine AK-47 assault rifles, twenty-nine French submachine guns, seven RPG-7 rocket launchers and sixty rocket-propelled grenades, two Bren light machine guns, mortars, grenades and ammunition. PLO leader Yasser Arafat distanced himself from the IRA following the assassination of Lord Mountbatten in 1979. In May 1996, the Federal Security Service, Russia's internal security service, accused Estonia of arms smuggling, and claimed that the IRA had bought weapons from arms dealers linked to Estonia's volunteer defence force, Kaitseliit. In 2001, three Irishmen, known as the Colombia Three, were arrested and accused of training Colombian guerrillas, the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC). The Irish Minister for Justice, Equality and Law Reform stated the IRA was to be paid up to $35 million to train FARC in bomb-making techniques, including shaped charges, propane bombs, landmines and the construction of mortars. In 2005 a commander in the National Army of Colombia stated IRA techniques were being used all over Colombia by FARC, and British military experts confirmed bombs used by FARC had previously been used by the IRA. The Colombia Three were acquitted at trial in April 2004, before this was reversed at an appeal court in December 2004 although the men had fled the country and returned to Ireland before the appeal court verdict. Financing Further information: Paramilitary finances in the Troubles While overseas financial support was generally appreciated, the vast majority of the IRA revenue came from activities in the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland. Since the Troubles began, the IRA was involved in criminal activities such as robberies, counterfeiting, protection rackets, kidnapping for ransom, fuel laundering and cigarette smuggling in order to fund its armed campaign. The IRA also raised funds by running legitimate businesses such as taxi firms, nightclubs, offices, and nursing homes. British law enforcement estimated that, by the 1990s, the IRA needed £10.5 million a year to operate. IRA supporters argue that as it was a clandestine organisation it was forced to use extra legal methods of fundraising, which were justified in order to achieve a political goal. However, this activity allowed the British government to portray the IRA as no more than a criminal gang. Armed robberies of banks, trains and small businesses across Ireland were a significant source of funding for the IRA, with over 1,000 raids on post offices in Northern Ireland. The PSNI, the IMC, and the British and Irish governments all accused the IRA of involvement in the biggest bank raid in British history—the 2004 Northern Bank robbery—when £26.5 million was stolen, which the IRA denied. In April 1987, RUC chief constable John Hermon told government ministers at the Anglo-Irish Intergovernmental Conference that "t costs the IRA £2-£3 million per year to maintain its activity. That amount is no problem to them and they have no shortage of money to purchase weapons." The Northern Ireland Affairs Select Committee in its 26 June 2002 report stated that "the importance of overseas donations has been exaggerated and donations from the USA have formed only a small portion of IRA income." It identified extortion, fuel laundering, rum-running, tobacco smuggling, armed robbery, and counterfeiting in Ireland and Britain as the primary sources of funding for both Republican and Loyalist militants throughout and after the Troubles, while "the sums involved are comparatively small". The committee estimated that the Provisional IRA made £5-8 million a year while spending £1.5m annually to carry out its campaign. One IRA interviewee stated that starting in the 1970s for example: Belfast ran itself for years on its clubs. You know the clubs? They formed the clubs, earlier on they formed it and ... the car parks, you know, not building them but taking over areas and running them as car parks. There was no one to say how much you took in and how much you took out and so, you know, if there was twenty-thousand coming in every week you could say there's twelve-thousand coming in and then there's eight-thousand going one way, and you paid your people and say there's so much going every week. And that financed the movement. Generally, the IRA was against drug dealing and prostitution, because it would be unpopular within Catholic communities and for moral reasons. The chief of the RUC Drugs Squad, Kevin Sheehy, said the IRA tried to prevent volunteers being directly involved with drugs, and noted one occasion when an IRA member caught with a small amount of cannabis was "disowned and humiliated" in his local area. The IRA targeted drug dealers with punishment shootings and ordered them to leave Ireland, and some were killed using the covername Direct Action Against Drugs. However, there are claims the IRA "licensed" certain dealers to operate and forced them to pay protection money. Following the murder of Robert McCartney in 2005, the IRA expelled three IRA volunteers. Adams said at Sinn Féin's 2005 ard fheis "There is no place in republicanism for anyone involved in criminality", while adding "we refuse to criminalise those who break the law in pursuit of legitimate political objectives". This was echoed shortly after by an IRA statement issued at Easter, saying that criminality within the ranks would not be tolerated. In 2008, the IMC stated that the IRA was no longer involved in criminality, but that some members have engaged in criminality for their own ends, without the sanction or support of the IRA. Popular support Support for the IRA within nationalist communities and within the Republic of Ireland has fluctuated over the course of the conflict. In September 1979 the Economic and Social Research Institute conducted a wide-ranging survey of attitudes to the IRA in the Republic. Its findings showed that 20.7% broadly supported IRA activities, while 60.5% opposed them. Meanwhile, when respondents were asked whether they sympathised or rejected their motives, 44.8% of respondents expressed some level of sympathy with their motives while 33.5% broadly rejected them. A study in 1999 showed amongst Catholics in Northern Ireland, 42% of respondents expressed sympathy with republican violence while 52% said they had no sympathy. The same study found 39.7% of respondents in the Republic of Ireland sympathised with republican violence. According to a 2022 poll, 69% of Irish nationalists polled believe there was no option but "violent resistance to British rule during the Troubles". Other activities Sectarian attacks The IRA publicly condemned sectarianism and sectarian attacks, however some IRA members did carry out sectarian attacks. Of those killed by the IRA, Malcolm Sutton classifies 130 (about 7%) of them as sectarian killings of Protestants, 88 of them committed between 1974 and 1976. Unlike loyalists, the IRA denied responsibility for sectarian attacks and the members involved used cover names, such as "Republican Action Force", which was used to claim responsibility for the 1976 Kingsmill massacre where ten Protestant civilians were killed in a gun attack. They stated that their attacks on Protestants were retaliation for attacks on Catholics. Many in the IRA opposed these sectarian attacks, but others deemed them effective in preventing similar attacks on Catholics. Robert White, a professor at the Indiana University, states the IRA was generally not a sectarian organisation, and Rachel Kowalski from the Department of War Studies, King's College London states that the IRA acted in a way that was mostly blind to religious diversity. Protestants in the rural border areas of counties Fermanagh and Tyrone, where the number of members of the security forces killed was high, viewed the IRA's campaign as ethnic cleansing. Henry Patterson, a professor at the University of Ulster, concludes that while the IRA's campaign was unavoidably sectarian, it did not amount to ethnic cleansing. Although the IRA did not specifically target these people because of their religious affiliation, more Protestants joined the security forces so many people from that community believed the attacks were sectarian. McKearney argues that due to the British government's Ulsterisation policy increasing the role of the locally recruited RUC and UDR, the IRA had no choice but to target them because of their local knowledge, but acknowledges that Protestants viewed this as a sectarian attack on their community. Vigilantism Main article: Paramilitary punishment attacks in Northern Ireland An IRA signpost with the word "Provoland" underneath in Omagh, County Tyrone During the Troubles, the IRA took on the role of policing in some nationalist areas of Northern Ireland. Many nationalists did not trust the official police force—the RUC—and saw it as biased against their community. The RUC found it difficult to operate in certain nationalist neighbourhoods and only entered in armoured convoys due to the risk of attack, preventing community policing that could have occurred if officers patrolled on foot. In these neighbourhoods, many residents expected the IRA to act as a policing force, and such policing had propaganda value for the IRA. The IRA also sought to minimise contact between residents and the RUC, because residents might pass on information or be forced to become a police informer. The IRA set up arbitration panels that would adjudicate and investigate complaints from locals about criminal or 'anti-social' activities. First time offenders may have been given a warning, or for more serious offences a curfew may have been imposed. Those responsible for more serious and repeat offences could have been given a punishment beating, or banished from the community. Kneecapping was also used by the IRA as a form of punishment. No punishment attacks have been officially attributed to the IRA since February 2006. The vigilantism of the IRA and other paramilitary organisations has been condemned as "summary justice". In January 1971, the IRA and British Army held secret talks aimed at stopping persistent rioting in Ballymurphy. It was agreed that the IRA would be responsible for policing there, but the agreement was short-lived. During the 1975 ceasefire incident centres were set up across Northern Ireland, staffed by Sinn Féin members who dealt with incidents that might endanger the truce. Residents went there to report crime as well as to make complaints about the security forces. The incident centres were seen by locals as "IRA police stations" and gave some legitimacy to the IRA as a policing force. Following the end of the ceasefire the incident centres remained open as Sinn Féin offices where crime continued to be reported, to be dealt with by the IRA. Informers Throughout the Troubles, some members of the IRA passed information to the security forces. In the 1980s, many IRA members were arrested after being implicated by former IRA members known as "supergrasses" such as Raymond Gilmour. There have been some high-profile allegations of senior IRA figures having been British informers. In May 2003, an American website named Freddie Scappaticci as being a British spy code-named Stakeknife. Scappaticci was said to be a high-level IRA informer working for the British Army's Force Research Unit, while he was head of the IRA's Internal Security Unit, which interrogated and killed suspected informers. Scappaticci denies being Stakeknife, and involvement in IRA activity. In December 2005, Sinn Féin member and former IRA volunteer Denis Donaldson appeared at a press conference in Dublin and confessed to being a British spy since the early 1980s. Donaldson, who ran Sinn Féin's operations in New York during the Northern Ireland peace process, was expelled by the party. On 4 April 2006, Donaldson was shot dead by the Real IRA splinter group at his retreat near Glenties in County Donegal. Other prominent informers include Eamon Collins, Sean O'Callaghan, and Roy McShane, who worked as a driver for the leadership of Sinn Féin including Adams. The IRA regarded informers as traitors, and a threat to the organisation and lives of its members. Suspected informers were dealt with by the IRA's Internal Security Unit, which carried out an investigation and interrogated the suspects. Following this a court martial would take place, consisting of three members of equal or higher rank than the accused, plus a member of GHQ or the Army Council acting as an observer. Any death sentence would be ratified by the Army Council, who would be informed of the verdict by the observer. The original IRA, as well as all the major paramilitary organisations active during the Troubles, also killed alleged informers. The IRA usually killed informers with a single shot to the head, and left many of their bodies in public to deter other informers. There was also a group of sixteen people known as the Disappeared who were secretly buried between 1972 and 1985, which included alleged informers, agents for the security forces, and people that stole IRA weapons and used them in armed robberies. In March 1999 the IRA apologised for the "prolonged anguish" caused to the families of the Disappeared, and stated it had identified the burial places of nine people, including the most high-profile victim, Jean McConville, a Catholic civilian and widowed mother-of-ten. This led to the recovery of three bodies later in 1999, although Jean McConville's body was not recovered until August 2003. As of 2019, the bodies of Columba McVeigh, Joe Lynskey, and undercover British Army intelligence officer Robert Nairac have yet to be recovered. Splinter groups Main article: Dissident republicans Former IRA volunteers are involved in various dissident republican splinter groups, which are active in the low-level dissident Irish republican campaign. The oldest dissident group is the Continuity IRA, which formed in 1986 following a split in the republican movement, over the decision to allow members, if elected, to take seats in Dáil Éireann. This group was inactive for several years while acquiring weapons and finance, their first attack was in 1994 during the Provisional IRA's first ceasefire. The Real IRA was formed in November 1997 when senior Provisional IRA members, including quartermaster-general Michael McKevitt, resigned over acceptance of the Mitchell Principles. The Real IRA is best known for the 1998 Omagh bombing which killed 29 civilians, and the 2009 Massereene Barracks shooting which killed two British soldiers. In 2005/6 some Provisional IRA members defected and formed Óglaigh na hÉireann, which became active in 2009. This group also included former members of the Irish National Liberation Army and a faction that splintered from the Real IRA. In 2011 a group calling itself "the IRA" claimed responsibility for the murder of Ronan Kerr, a Catholic member of the PSNI. The group was believed to have formed in 2008, and included former senior Provisional IRA members unhappy at Sinn Féin's direction and the peace process. Also in 2008, Republican Action Against Drugs (RAAD) was formed in Derry. This vigilante group's membership included former Provisional IRA members and members of other republican groups. RAAD, "the IRA", and some smaller groups merged with the Real IRA in 2012 to form the New IRA. Notes and references Notes ^ The Provisional IRA rejected the legitimacy of the Republic of Ireland, instead claiming its Army Council to be the provisional government of the revolutionary Irish Republic. ^ The Irish Free State subsequently changed its name to Ireland and in 1949 became a sovereign state fully independent of the United Kingdom. ^ The vote was a show of hands and the result is disputed. It has been variously reported as twenty-eight votes to twelve, or thirty-nine votes to twelve. The official minutes state out of the forty-six delegates scheduled to attend, thirty-nine were in attendance, and the result of the second vote was twenty-seven votes to twelve. ^ Following a convention in September 1970 the "Provisional" Army Council announced that the provisional period had finished, but the name stuck. ^ The Provisional IRA issued all its public statements under the pseudonym "P. O'Neill" of the "Irish Republican Publicity Bureau, Dublin". Dáithí Ó Conaill, the IRA's director of publicity, came up with the name. According to Danny Morrison, the pseudonym "S. O'Neill" was used during the 1940s. ^ When the resolution failed to achieve the necessary two-thirds majority to change Sinn Féin policy the leadership announced a resolution recognising the "Official" Army Council, which would only require a simple majority vote to pass. At this point Seán Mac Stíofáin led the walkout after declaring allegiance to the "Provisional" Army Council. ^ The provisional period for "Provisional" Sinn Féin ended at an ard fheis in October 1970, when the Caretaker Executive was dissolved and an Ard Chomhairle was elected, with Ruairí Ó Brádaigh becoming president of Sinn Féin. Tomás Mac Giolla, president of the pre-split Sinn Féin since 1962, continued as president of Official Sinn Féin. ^ The IRA also used "forties men" for volunteers such as Joe Cahill who fought in the Northern campaign, and "fifties men" for volunteers who fought in the Border campaign. ^ In the early 1970s insurance companies cancelled cover for damage caused by bombs in Northern Ireland, so the British government paid compensation. ^ This was due to the difficulty in identifying members of the IRA, ease of targeting, and many loyalists believing ordinary Catholics were in league with the IRA. ^ Internment had been effective during the IRA's Border campaign of 1956–1962 as it was used on both sides of the Irish border denying the IRA a safe operational base, but due to Lynch cancelling his plans IRA fugitives had a safe haven south of the border due to public sympathy for the IRA's cause. The Republic of Ireland's Extradition Act 1965 contained a political offence exception that prevented IRA members being extradited to Northern Ireland and numerous extradition requests were rejected before Dominic McGlinchey became the first republican paramilitary to be extradited in 1984. ^ In 1974 Seamus Costello, an Official IRA member who led a faction opposed to its ceasefire, was expelled and formed the Irish National Liberation Army. This organisation remained active until 1994 when it began a "no-first-strike" policy, before declaring a ceasefire in 1998. Its armed campaign, which caused the deaths of 113 people, was formally ended in October 2009 and in February 2010 it decommissioned its weapons. ^ After the Official IRA's ceasefire, the Provisional IRA were typically referred to as simply the IRA. ^ The Army Council withdrew its support for Éire Nua in 1979. It remained Sinn Féin policy until 1982. ^ Brooke's speech is known as the Whitbread Speech as it was given at the Whitbread Restaurant in London, in front of the British Association of Canned Food Importers & Distributors. It is regarded as a key moment in the Northern Ireland peace process. ^ Denis Bradley and Brendan Duddy were used as intermediaries. The intermediary would receive messages from a British government representative either face-to-face or by using a safe telephone or fax machine, and would forward the messages to the IRA leadership. ^ After its defeat in the Irish Civil War in 1923 and at the end of the unsuccessful Border campaign in 1962, the IRA issued orders to retain weapons, and the Official IRA also retained its weapons following its 1972 ceasefire. ^ The assembly remained suspended until May 2007, when Ian Paisley of the Democratic Unionist Party and Martin McGuinness of Sinn Féin became First Minister and deputy First Minister of Northern Ireland. ^ In 2001 the Royal Ulster Constabulary was reformed and renamed the Police Service of Northern Ireland as a result of the Patten Report. ^ In 1992 Colonel Gaddafi is understood to have given the British government a detailed inventory of weapons he'd supplied to the IRA. ^ General de Chastelain has also stated weapons might have been lost due to a person responsible for them having died. Michael McKevitt, the IRA's quartermaster-general who left to form the Real IRA, was known to have taken materiel from IRA arm dumps. ^ The PSNI eventually revealed that McGuigan had been "spoken to" by the police as part of the Davison investigation but only "as a potential witness, not a suspect". A 2021 inquest hearing was told that detectives had not considered Mr McGuigan a suspect in Mr Davison's murder, though the inquest's report added that "others" did. McGuigan's son Pearse subsequently insisted that had "the police acted and published the information they have, it would have dispelled the rumours in the community and saved my father's life." See "Kevin McGuigan's son claims his father 'exonerated' over Gerard 'Jock' Davison murder", Irish News, 10 January 2022. ^ The number of people injured has been variously reported as 70, 130, and 136. ^ IRA bomb warnings included a code word known to the authorities, so it could be determined if a bomb warning was authentic. They were also used when issuing public statements to media organisations. ^ In addition to bombings and occasional gun attacks in England, the IRA also used hoax bomb threats to disrupt the transport infrastructure. A hoax bomb threat also forced the evacuation of Aintree Racecourse, postponing the 1997 Grand National. ^ In addition to the scheduled General Army Conventions, the Executive, by a majority vote of its 12 members, had the power to order an Extraordinary General Army Convention, which would be attended by the delegates of the previous General Army Convention, where possible. ^ Delegates might spend over a day travelling to the General Army Convention, due to the elaborate security and countersurveillance arrangements. Delegates for the 1996 convention had to stop at four locations in order to change vehicles and be scanned for covert listening devices, and they were not permitted to bring mobile telephones or other electronic devices. The convention was guarded by the IRA's Internal Security Unit, who also monitored the local Garda Síochána station. Pre-arranged escape plans were in place in case of a police raid. ^ The Executive and Army Council elected in September 1970 remained in place until 1986, filling vacancies by co-option when necessary. ^ The South Armagh Brigade did not have similar security problems as other brigades for a variety of reasons. The locals were familiar with the terrain, in particular potential locations for covert observation posts used by soldiers. Local farmers frequently searched using dogs, and were known to pass on the locations of soldiers to the IRA. The small, close-knit communities also made it difficult for undercover soldiers to operate, as unfamiliar people and vehicles were immediately noticed by the locals. The brigade also introduced new recruits slowly, training them over a period of several years with more experienced volunteers which built up mutual trust. This, combined with the brigade's willingness to halt an operation if they feared it was compromised or conditions were not ideal, resulted in few arrests in the area. The lack of arrests, as well as IRA volunteers living across the border in the Republic of Ireland, meant it was difficult for the security forces to recruit informers. ^ Prior to May 1972 IRA volunteers in the Republic of Ireland were tried in normal courts. The three judge Special Criminal Court was re-introduced following a series of regional court cases where IRA volunteers were acquitted or received light sentences from sympathetic juries and judges, and also to prevent jury tampering. ^ There were occasional exceptions to this, there are several instances of female IRA volunteers being permitted to ask for bail and/or present a defence. This generally happened where the volunteer had children whose father was dead or imprisoned. There are some other cases where male IRA volunteers were permitted to present a defence. ^ There were occasional exceptions to this, such as in 1994 when US president Bill Clinton instructed the State Department to issue a visa to Joe Cahill, despite his criminal record including a conviction for the murder of an RUC officer in 1942. Cahill, who had been banned from entering the US since 1971, was permitted entry to brief Irish American supporters about the impending IRA ceasefire at a critical point in the Northern Ireland peace process. ^ Leadership positions Martin McGuinness was reported to have held in the IRA include officer commanding (OC) of the Derry Brigade (1970–1971), director of operations (1972), OC of Northern Command (1976), member of the Army Council (1977 onwards), and chief-of-staff (late 1970s–1982). ^ At the same time there were 14,000 regular army soldiers deployed in Northern Ireland, in addition to 8,000 Ulster Defence Regiment soldiers and 6,000 Royal Ulster Constabulary officers. ^ Thirty-five people implicated by Gilmour were acquitted following a six-month trial in 1984, with Lord Lowry, the Lord Chief Justice of Northern Ireland, describing Gilmour as a "man to whose lips a lie invariably came more naturally than the truth". While some convictions were obtained in other supergrass trials, the verdicts were overturned by Northern Ireland's Court of Appeal. This was due to convictions being based solely on the evidence of dubious witnesses, as most supergrasses were paramilitaries giving evidence in return for a shorter prison sentence or immunity from prosecution. ^ One of the Disappeared, Seamus Ruddy, was killed by the Irish National Liberation Army. ^ The Mitchell Principles were ground rules written by US senator George J. Mitchell governing the entry of political parties to all-party talks, which included a commitment to non-violence and the decommissioning of weapons. 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"Sutton Index of Deaths: Organisation responsible for the death". Conflict Archive on the Internet. Retrieved 7 June 2020. Sutton, Malcolm. "Revised and Updated Extracts from Sutton's Book". Conflict Archive on the Internet. Retrieved 25 August 2020. Sutton, Malcolm. "Sutton Index of Deaths: Select and Crosstabulations". Conflict Archive on the Internet. Retrieved 12 June 2020. Sutton, Malcolm. "Sutton Index of Deaths: Status of the person killed". Conflict Archive on the Internet. Retrieved 7 June 2020. Taylor, Peter (1993). States of Terror. BBC. ISBN 0-563-36774-1. Taylor, Peter (1998). Provos The IRA & Sinn Féin. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 0-7475-3818-2. Taylor, Peter (2001). Brits. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7475-5806-4. Tonge, Johnathan (2001). Northern Ireland: Conflict and Change. Routledge. ISBN 978-0582424005. Tonge, Johnathan; Murray, Gerard (2005). Sinn Féin and the SDLP: From Alienation to Participation. C. Hurst & Co. ISBN 978-1-85065-649-4. Weitzer, Ronald John (1995). Policing Under Fire: Ethnic Conflict and Police-Community Relations in Northern Ireland. State University of New York Press. ISBN 079142247X. White, Robert (1993). Provisional Irish Republicans: An Oral and Interpretive History. Praeger Publishing. ISBN 978-0313285646. White, Robert (1997). "The Irish Republican Army: An assessment of sectarianism". Terrorism and Political Violence. 9 (1): 20–55. doi:10.1080/09546559708427385. White, Robert (2006). Ruairí Ó Brádaigh: The Life and Politics of an Irish Revolutionary. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0253347084. White, Robert (2017). Out of the Ashes: An Oral History of the Provisional Irish Republican Movement. Merrion Press. ISBN 9781785370939. Wilson, Steve; Rutherford, Helen; Storey, Tony; Wortley, Natalie; Kotecha, Birju (2020). English Legal System. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0198853800. External links Media related to Provisional Irish Republican Army at Wikimedia Commons CAIN (Conflict Archive Internet) Archive of IRA statements Behind The Mask: The IRA & Sinn Fein PBS Frontline documentary on the subject The IRA and American funding from the Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives Bell, J. Bowyer. "Dragonworld (II): Deception, Tradecraft, and the Provisional IRA." International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence. Volume 8, No. 1., Spring 1995. p. 21–50. Published online 9 January 2008. Available at ResearchGate "Operation Banner: An analysis of military operations in Northern Ireland" vteProvisional Irish Republican ArmyGeneral Anti-Treaty IRA Sinn Féin Republican News An Phoblacht The Green Book The Troubles (Timeline) Haughey arms crisis IRA campaign Chronology of Provisional IRA actions Arms importation Weaponry Barrack buster Improvised tactical vehicles Mountjoy Prison helicopter escape Blanket protest Dirty protest HM Prison Maze Anti H-Block 1981 Irish hunger strike Maze Prison escape Armalite and ballot box strategy Punishment attacks Disappeared Smithwick Tribunal Northern Ireland peace process Good Friday Agreement Organisation Chief of Staff IRA Army Council IRA Northern Command IRA Southern Command Internal Security Unit Active service unit Belfast Brigade Derry Brigade South Armagh Brigade East Tyrone Brigade Balcombe Street Gang Actions1970–1979 Battle of St Matthew's Falls Curfew 1970 Crossmaglen bombing Scottish soldiers' killings Red Lion bombing Balmoral showroom bombing Abercorn bombing Donegall Street bombing Battle at Springmartin Battle of Lenadoon Bloody Friday Claudy bombing Newry customs bombing Old Bailey bombing Honey Trap killings King's Cross & Euston bombings Coleraine bombings 1973 Westminster bombing M62 bombing Clogher attack Houses of Parliament bombing Tower of London bombing Guildford pub bombings Harrow School bombing Brooks's Club bombing Woolwich pub bombing British Airways bombing attempt Birmingham pub bombings London pillar box bombings Talbot Arms bombing Bristol bombing Telephone exchange bombings 1974 Oxford Street bombing Carlton Tower & Portman Hotel shootings Mountainview attack Bayardo Bar attack Forkhill attack Caterham Arms bombing Tullyvallen massacre London Hilton bombing Piccadilly bombing Trattoria Fiore bombing Scott's Oyster Bar bombing Walton's Restaurant bombing Drummuckavall ambush Balcombe Street siege Kingsmill massacre West Ham station attack Olympia bombing Store bar shooting Stag Inn attack Garryhinch ambush Jonesborough Gazelle downing La Mon restaurant bombing Crossmaglen ambush Warrenpoint ambush Brussels bombing Dungannon attack 1980–1989 Dunmurry train bombing Lough Foyle attacks Glasdrumman ambush 1981 Bessbrook attack Chelsea Barracks bombing Hyde Park & Regent's Park bombings Harrods bombing Royal Artillery Barracks bombing Brighton hotel bombing Ballygawley land mine attack Newry mortar attack Ballygawley attack Enniskillen mortar attack RUC Birches barracks attack Rheindahlen bombing Loughgall ambush Operation Flavius Corporals killings Lisburn bombing Aughanduff Lynx shootdown 1988 Netherlands attacks Glamorgan barracks bombing Inglis Barracks bombing Ballygawley bus bombing Jonesborough ambush Clive Barracks bombing Deal barracks bombing Mayobridge attack Derryard attack  1990–1991 Derrygorry Gazelle downing South Armagh sniper Downpatrick roadside bomb Operation Conservation 1990 Wembley bombing Carlton Club bombing London Stock Exchange bombing Honourable Artillery Company bombing Lichfield gun attack RFA Fort Victoria bombing Proxy bombings Downing Street mortar attack Paddington & Victoria station bombings Mullacreevie ambush Glenanne barracks bombing Coagh ambush Musgrave Park Hospital bombing Crumlin Road Prison bombing 1992–1997 Teebane bombing Clonoe ambush London Bridge bombing Staples Cnr bombing Baltic Exchange bombing Sussex Arms bombing Cloghoge attack Coalisland riots Forensic Science Laboratory bombing Stoke Newington Road bomb 1992 Manchester bombing Night of the Long Knives 1993 Harrods bombing Warrington bombings Cullaville occupation Camden bombing Bishopsgate bombing Finchley Road bombings Battle of Newry Road Shankill Road bombing 1993 Fivemiletown ambush Heathrow attacks Crossmaglen Lynx downing Drumcree conflict Docklands bombing Aldwych bus bombing 1996 Manchester bombing Hammersmith Bridge bombing Osnabrück mortar attack Thiepval barracks bombing Coalisland attack 1997 Northern Ireland riots Personalities (Volunteers) Paddy Agnew Martina Anderson Declan Arthurs Thomas Begley Ivor Bell Patricia Black Charles Breslin Edward Butler Paul Butler Joe Cahill Liam Campbell Fergal Caraher Malachy Carey Owen Carron Gerard Casey Carál Ní Chuilín Gabriel Cleary Peter Cleary Kevin Coen Eamon Collins Eddie Copeland Marion Coyle Gerard Davison Matt Devlin Hugh Doherty Joe Doherty Kieran Doherty Martin Doherty Pat Doherty Colin Duffy Rose Dugdale Dessie Ellis Mairéad Farrell William Fleming Kieran Fleming Bernard Fox Angelo Fusco Michael Gaughan John Francis Green Dessie Grew George Harrison Brendan Hughes Francis Hughes Martin Hurson Pearse Jordan Brian Keenan Gerry Kelly John Kelly Patrick Joseph Kelly Sean Kelly Jim Lynagh Proinsias Mac Airt Breandán Mac Cionnaith Antoine Mac Giolla Bhrighde Joseph MacManus Seán Mac Stíofáin Patrick Magee Paul Magee Donna Maguire Larry Marley Paul Marlowe Leo Martin Alex Maskey Pearse McAuley Daniel McCann Fra McCann Jennifer McCann Raymond McCartney Martin McCaughey Raymond McCreesh Joe McDonnell Séamus McElwaine Thomas McElwee Brendan McFarlane Tom McFeely Gerry McGeough Pat McGeown John Joe McGirl Martin McGuinness Pádraig McKearney Tommy McKearney Billy McKee Kevin McKenna Laurence McKeown Michael McKevitt Thomas McMahon Jackie McMullan Martin Meehan Ian Milne Arthur Morgan Danny Morrison Conor Murphy Thomas "Slab" Murphy Kieran Nugent Ruairí Ó Brádaigh Ed O'Brien Dáithí Ó Conaill Éamonn O'Doherty Joe B. O'Hagan Siobhán O'Hanlon Rita O'Hare Diarmuid O'Neill Dolours Price Marian Price Liam Quinn Paddy Quinn Billy Reid Bobby Sands Seán Savage Pat Sheehan Frank Stagg Jimmy Steele Bobby Storey Gerard Tuite Seamus Twomey Roy Walsh Séanna Walsh Espionage andSupergrasses Eamon Collins Denis Donaldson Joseph Fenton Kevin Fulton Raymond Gilmour Martin McGartland Sean O'Callaghan Freddie Scappaticci (allegedly "Stakeknife") Associates Cumann na mBan Fianna Éireann South Armagh Republican Action Force Direct Action Against Drugs NORAID Clan na Gael Troops Out Movement Derivatives Continuity Irish Republican Army Real Irish Republican Army Prominentkillings Jeffery Stanford Agate Johnathan Ball Anthony Berry Robert Bradford Joe Bratty Matthew Burns Martin Cahill Eamon Collins Raymond Elder Gerard Evans Christopher Ewart-Biggs Joseph Fenton Billy Fox Maurice Gibson Ian Gow Heidi Hazell Donald Kaberry Andrew Kearney Baroness Brabourne William "Frenchie" Marchant Martin McBirney Jerry McCabe Robert McConnell Jean McConville Columba McVeigh Ross McWhirter Stephen Melrose Lord Mountbatten Lenny Murphy Robert Nairac Thomas Oliver Tim Parry Paul Quinn Robert Seymour Robert McCartney (allegedly) Joseph Rafferty (allegedly) Ray Smallwoods Sammy Smyth Nick Spanos James Stronge Norman Stronge Richard Sykes Stephen Tibble Sammy Ward Michael Willetts vteArmed Republican groups in Ireland Earlier organisations Society of United Irishmen Young Ireland Irish Republican Brotherhood Fenian Brotherhood Clan na Gael Easter Rising Fianna Éireann Irish Citizen Army Irish Volunteers Cumann na mBan Irish War of Independence Irish Republican Army (Army of the Irish Republic) Irish Civil War Anti-treaty Irish Republican Army The Troubles Irish Revolutionary Forces Saor Éire Provisional IRA Official IRA Irish National Liberation Army South Armagh Republican Action Force Irish People's Liberation Organisation Continuity IRA Irish Revolutionary Brigade Dissident Campaign Real IRA Óglaigh na hÉireann (Continuity IRA splinter group) Irish Republican Liberation Army Óglaigh na hÉireann (Real IRA splinter group) New IRA Arm na Poblachta Irish Republican Movement vteThe TroublesParticipantsState security forcesUnited Kingdom British Army (Ulster Defence Regiment Force Research Unit) Royal Ulster Constabulary (Ulster Special Constabulary) Ireland Defence Forces Garda Síochána Irish republican paramilitaries Provisional IRA Official IRA INLA Irish People's Liberation Organisation Continuity IRA Real IRA Republican Action Force Saor Éire Irish Revolutionary Brigade Vigilantes Direct Action Against Drugs Ulster loyalist paramilitaries Ulster Volunteer Force Ulster Defence Association Red Hand Commando Ulster Resistance Loyalist Volunteer Force Ulster Protestant Volunteers Ulster Third Force Ulster Volunteer Service Corps Down Orange Welfare Protestant Action Force Woodvale Defence Association Vigilantes Ulster Protestant Action Ulster Service Corps Orange Volunteers Major events 1967–1972 Northern Ireland civil rights movement 1969 NI riots 1970 Falls Curfew 1971 Operation Demetrius McGurk's Bar bombing Balmoral showroom bombing 1972 Bloody Sunday Abercorn Restaurant bombing Beginning of direct rule Bloody Friday Operation Motorman Old Bailey bombing Sunningdale Agreement 1974 M62 coach bombing Ulster Workers' Council strike Dublin & Monaghan bombings Guildford pub bombings Birmingham pub bombings 1975 Miami Showband killings Bayardo Bar attack Tullyvallen massacre Balcombe Street siege 1976 Reavey and O'Dowd killings Kingsmill massacre 1978 La Mon restaurant bombing Jonesborough Gazelle downing 1979 Warrenpoint ambush 1981 Republican hunger strike 1982 Droppin Well bombing 1983 Maze Prison escape 1984 Brighton hotel bombing 1985 Newry mortar attack Anglo-Irish Agreement 1987 Loughgall ambush Remembrance Day bombing 1988 Start of peace process Operation Flavius Milltown Cemetery attack Corporals killings IRA attacks in the Netherlands Aughanduff Lynx shootdown Ballygawley bus bombing 1989 Deal barracks bombing Attack on Derryard checkpoint 1990–1997 South Armagh sniper campaign 1990 Augher Lynx shootdown Proxy bombings 1991 Downing Street mortar attack Cappagh killings 1992 Teebane bombing Sinn Féin Headquarters shooting Sean Graham bookmakers' shooting 1993 Warrington bombings Bishopsgate bombing Shankill Road bombing Greysteel massacre Downing Street Declaration 1994 Loughinisland massacre Crossmaglen Lynx downing Ceasefires of the Provisional IRA, UVF, UDA and RHC 1996 Docklands bombing Manchester bombing 1997 NI riots Second IRA ceasefire 1998 Good Friday Agreement Omagh bombing Political partiesIrish republican parties Sinn Féin Official Sinn Féin Republican Sinn Féin Irish Republican Socialist Party Communist Party of Ireland Irish Independence Party Republican Socialist Collective Unity Ulster loyalist parties Ulster Unionist Party Democratic Unionist Party Progressive Unionist Party Vanguard Unionist Progressive Party UK Unionist Party Ulster Democratic Party Other parties Alliance Party of Northern Ireland Social Democratic and Labour Party Segregation (peace lines) Irish republicanism Irish nationalism Unionism Ulster loyalism United Ireland Free Derry Flags Murals Parades Punishment attacks Finances Special Category Status Shoot-to-kill policy HM Prison Maze Five techniques Category Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany Israel United States Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Physics Instructional Resource Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics_Instructional_Resource_Association"},{"link_name":"Pira (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pira_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_language"},{"link_name":"Óglaigh na hÉireann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93glaigh_na_h%C3%89ireann"},{"link_name":"Irish 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For the association of physics education professionals and enthusiasts, see Physics Instructional Resource Association. For other uses, see Pira (disambiguation).The Provisional Irish Republican Army (Provisional IRA), officially known as the Irish Republican Army (IRA; Irish: Óglaigh na hÉireann) and informally known as the Provos, was an Irish republican paramilitary force that sought to end British rule in Northern Ireland, facilitate Irish reunification and bring about an independent republic encompassing all of Ireland. It was the most active republican paramilitary group during the Troubles. It argued that the all-island Irish Republic continued to exist, and it saw itself as that state's army, the sole legitimate successor to the original IRA from the Irish War of Independence. It was designated a terrorist organisation in the United Kingdom and an unlawful organisation in the Republic of Ireland, both of whose authority it rejected.The Provisional IRA emerged in December 1969, due to a split within the previous incarnation of the IRA and the broader Irish republican movement. It was initially the minority faction in the split compared to the Official IRA but became the dominant faction by 1972. The Troubles had begun shortly before when a largely Catholic, nonviolent civil rights campaign was met with violence from both Ulster loyalists and the Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC), culminating in the August 1969 riots and deployment of British soldiers. The IRA initially focused on defence of Catholic areas, but it began an offensive campaign in 1970 that was aided by external sources, including Irish diaspora communities within the Anglosphere, and the Palestine Liberation Organization and Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi. It used guerrilla tactics against the British Army and RUC in both rural and urban areas, and carried out a bombing campaign in Northern Ireland and England against military, political and economic targets, and British military targets in mainland Europe. They also targeted civilian contractors to the British security forces. The IRA's armed campaign, primarily in Northern Ireland but also in England and mainland Europe, killed over 1,700 people, including roughly 1,000 members of the British security forces and 500–644 civilians.The Provisional IRA declared a final ceasefire in July 1997, after which its political wing Sinn Féin was admitted into multi-party peace talks on the future of Northern Ireland. These resulted in the 1998 Good Friday Agreement, and in 2005 the IRA formally ended its armed campaign and decommissioned its weapons under the supervision of the Independent International Commission on Decommissioning. Several splinter groups have been formed as a result of splits within the IRA, including the Continuity IRA, which is still active in the dissident Irish republican campaign, and the Real IRA.","title":"Provisional Irish Republican Army"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Provisional Irish Republican Army campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army_campaign"},{"link_name":"History of Northern Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Northern_Ireland"}],"text":"See also: Provisional Irish Republican Army campaign and History of Northern Ireland","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Easter_Proclamation_of_1916.png"},{"link_name":"Proclamation of the Irish Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Irish_Republic"},{"link_name":"Easter Rising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_Rising"},{"link_name":"original 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Democracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Democracy_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"counter-protests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counter-protest"},{"link_name":"loyalists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_loyalist"},{"link_name":"Ulster Protestant Volunteers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_Protestant_Volunteers"},{"link_name":"Ian Paisley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Paisley"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"The Twelfth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Twelfth"},{"link_name":"Belfast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Bogside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogside"},{"link_name":"Apprentice Boys of Derry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apprentice_Boys_of_Derry"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-taylorbogside-41"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Bogside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bogside"},{"link_name":"solidarity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solidarity"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"arson attacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arson_attack"},{"link_name":"Northern Ireland riots of August 1969","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland_riots_of_August_1969"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mb117-43"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mb117-43"},{"link_name":"deployed to Northern Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Banner"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-taylor1969-44"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Joe Cahill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Cahill"},{"link_name":"Seamus Twomey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seamus_Twomey"},{"link_name":"Dáithí Ó Conaill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A1ith%C3%AD_%C3%93_Conaill"},{"link_name":"Billy McKee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_McKee"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Steele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Steele_(republican)"},{"link_name":"Billy McMillen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_McMillen"},{"link_name":"Jim Sullivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Sullivan_(Irish_republican)"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mb125-49"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mb125-49"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mb125-49"}],"sub_title":"Origins","text":"The Proclamation of the Irish Republic, issued during the 1916 Easter Rising against British rule in IrelandThe original IRA was formed in 1913 as the Irish Volunteers, at a time when all of Ireland was part of the United Kingdom.[18] The Volunteers took part in the Easter Rising against British rule in 1916, and the War of Independence that followed the Declaration of Independence by the revolutionary parliament Dáil Éireann in 1919, during which they came to be known as the IRA.[18] Ireland was partitioned into Southern Ireland and Northern Ireland by the Government of Ireland Act 1920, and following the implementation of the Anglo-Irish Treaty in 1922 Southern Ireland, renamed the Irish Free State, became a self-governing dominion while Northern Ireland chose to remain under home rule as part of the United Kingdom.[n 2][20] The Treaty caused a split in the IRA, the pro-Treaty IRA were absorbed into the National Army, which defeated the anti-Treaty IRA in the Civil War.[21][22] Subsequently, while denying the legitimacy of the Free State, the surviving elements of the anti-Treaty IRA focused on overthrowing the Northern Ireland state and the achievement of a united Ireland, carrying out a bombing campaign in England in 1939 and 1940,[23] a campaign in Northern Ireland in the 1940s,[24] and the Border campaign of 1956–1962.[25] Following the failure of the Border campaign, internal debate took place regarding the future of the IRA.[26] Chief-of-staff Cathal Goulding wanted the IRA to adopt a socialist agenda and become involved in politics, while traditional republicans such as Seán Mac Stíofáin wanted to increase recruitment and rebuild the IRA.[27][28]Following partition, Northern Ireland became a de facto one-party state governed by the Ulster Unionist Party in the Parliament of Northern Ireland, in which Catholics were viewed as second-class citizens.[29][30] Protestants were given preference in jobs and housing, and local government constituencies were gerrymandered in places such as Derry.[31] Policing was carried out by the armed Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) and the B-Specials, both of which were almost exclusively Protestant.[32] In the mid-1960s tension between the Catholic and Protestant communities was increasing.[31] In 1966 Ireland celebrated the 50th anniversary of the Easter Rising, prompting fears of a renewed IRA campaign.[33] Feeling under threat, Protestants formed the Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF), a paramilitary group which killed three people in May 1966, two of them Catholic men.[31] In January 1967 the Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association (NICRA) was formed by a diverse group of people, including IRA members and liberal unionists.[34] Civil rights marches by NICRA and a similar organisation, People's Democracy, protesting against discrimination were met by counter-protests and violent clashes with loyalists, including the Ulster Protestant Volunteers, a paramilitary group led by Ian Paisley.[35][36]Marches marking the Ulster Protestant celebration The Twelfth in July 1969 led to riots and violent clashes in Belfast, Derry and elsewhere.[37][38] The following month a three-day riot began in the Catholic Bogside area of Derry, following a march by the Protestant Apprentice Boys of Derry.[39] The Battle of the Bogside caused Catholics in Belfast to riot in solidarity with the Bogsiders and to try to prevent RUC reinforcements being sent to Derry, sparking retaliation by Protestant mobs.[40] The subsequent arson attacks, damage to property and intimidation forced 1,505 Catholic families and 315 Protestant families to leave their homes in Belfast in the Northern Ireland riots of August 1969[41] The riots resulted in 275 buildings being destroyed or requiring major repairs, 83.5% of them occupied by Catholics.[41] A number of people were killed on both sides, some by the police, and the British Army were deployed to Northern Ireland.[42] The IRA had been poorly armed and failed to properly defend Catholic areas from Protestant attacks,[43] which had been considered one of its roles since the 1920s.[44] Veteran republicans were critical of Goulding and the IRA's Dublin leadership which, for political reasons, had refused to prepare for aggressive action in advance of the violence.[45][46] On 24 August a group including Joe Cahill, Seamus Twomey, Dáithí Ó Conaill, Billy McKee, and Jimmy Steele came together in Belfast and decided to remove the pro-Goulding Belfast leadership of Billy McMillen and Jim Sullivan and return to traditional militant republicanism.[47] On 22 September Twomey, McKee, and Steele were among sixteen armed IRA men who confronted the Belfast leadership over the failure to adequately defend Catholic areas.[47] A compromise was agreed where McMillen stayed in command, but he was not to have any communication with the IRA's Dublin based leadership.[47]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ruair%C3%AD_%C3%93_Br%C3%A1daigh_2004.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ruairí Ó Brádaigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruair%C3%AD_%C3%93_Br%C3%A1daigh"},{"link_name":"chief-of-staff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Irish_Republican_Army_chiefs_of_staff"},{"link_name":"pre-1969 IRA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Republican_Army_(1922%E2%80%931969)"},{"link_name":"Border campaign of 1956–1962","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Border_campaign_(Irish_Republican_Army)"},{"link_name":"Army Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRA_Army_Council"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mallie137-50"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"\"Official\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Irish_Republican_Army"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-taylorsplit-52"},{"link_name":"Boyle, County Roscommon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyle,_County_Roscommon"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-white1969gac-53"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hanley145-54"},{"link_name":"resolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resolution_(debate)"},{"link_name":"abstentionism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstentionism"},{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A1il_%C3%89ireann"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-white1969gac-53"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-white1969gac-53"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-horgantaylor-55"},{"link_name":"official minutes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minutes"},{"link_name":"[n 3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-white1969gac-53"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-horgantaylor-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"\"Provisional\" Army Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRA_Army_Council"},{"link_name":"Ruairí Ó Brádaigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruair%C3%AD_%C3%93_Br%C3%A1daigh"},{"link_name":"Leo Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Martin_(Irish_republican)"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mallie137-50"},{"link_name":"Provisional Government of the Irish Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_Irish_Republic"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-white1969gac-53"},{"link_name":"ratification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratification"},{"link_name":"[n 4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mallie137-50"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allegiance-4"},{"link_name":"[n 5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bowyerbell1969-57"},{"link_name":"Sinn Féin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in"},{"link_name":"ard fheis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ard_fheis"},{"link_name":"[n 6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-taylorsplit-52"},{"link_name":"[n 7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"physical force republicanism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_force_republicanism"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"Fianna Fáil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fianna_F%C3%A1il"},{"link_name":"Irish government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_government"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-armstrial-73"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"Arms Crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arms_Crisis"},{"link_name":"John Kelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Kelly_(Sinn_F%C3%A9in_politician)"},{"link_name":"volunteer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volunteer_(Irish_republican)"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-armstrial-73"},{"link_name":"Republic of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"provisional government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provisional_government"},{"link_name":"Irish Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Republic"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"perceived political inheritances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_republican_legitimatism"},{"link_name":"Second Dáil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_D%C3%A1il"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obrien104-77"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-moloney80-79"},{"link_name":"[n 8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-moloney80-79"},{"link_name":"phoenix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"}],"sub_title":"1969 split","text":"Ruairí Ó Brádaigh, who was twice chief-of-staff of the pre-1969 IRA during the Border campaign of 1956–1962, was a member of the first Army Council of the Provisional IRA in 1969.[48][49]The IRA split into \"Provisional\" and \"Official\" factions in December 1969,[50] after an IRA convention was held in Boyle, County Roscommon, Republic of Ireland.[51][52] The two main issues at the convention were a resolution to enter into a \"National Liberation Front\" with radical left-wing groups, and a resolution to end abstentionism, which would allow participation in the British, Irish, and Northern Ireland parliaments.[51] Traditional republicans refused to vote on the \"National Liberation Front\", and it was passed by twenty-nine votes to seven.[51][53] The traditionalists argued strongly against the ending of abstentionism, and the official minutes report the resolution passed by twenty-seven votes to twelve.[n 3][51][53]Following the convention the traditionalists canvassed support throughout Ireland, with IRA director of intelligence Mac Stíofáin meeting the disaffected members of the IRA in Belfast.[56] Shortly after, the traditionalists held a convention which elected a \"Provisional\" Army Council, composed of Mac Stíofáin, Ruairí Ó Brádaigh, Paddy Mulcahy, Sean Tracey, Leo Martin, Ó Conaill, and Cahill.[48] The term provisional was chosen to mirror the 1916 Provisional Government of the Irish Republic,[51] and also to designate it as temporary pending ratification by a further IRA convention.[n 4][48][57] Nine out of thirteen IRA units in Belfast sided with the \"Provisional\" Army Council in December 1969, roughly 120 activists and 500 supporters.[58] The Provisional IRA issued their first public statement on 28 December 1969,[4] stating:We declare our allegiance to the 32 county Irish republic, proclaimed at Easter 1916, established by the first Dáil Éireann in 1919, overthrown by force of arms in 1922 and suppressed to this day by the existing British-imposed six-county and twenty-six-county partition states ... We call on the Irish people at home and in exile for increased support towards defending our people in the North and the eventual achievement of the full political, social, economic and cultural freedom of Ireland.[n 5][55]The Irish republican political party Sinn Féin split along the same lines on 11 January 1970 in Dublin, when a third of the delegates walked out of the party's highest deliberative body, the ard fheis, in protest at the party leadership's attempt to force through the ending of abstentionism, despite its failure to achieve a two-thirds majority vote of delegates required to change the policy.[n 6][50] The delegates that walked out reconvened at another venue where Mac Stíofáin, Ó Brádaigh and Mulcahy from the \"Provisional\" Army Council were elected to the Caretaker Executive of \"Provisional\" Sinn Féin.[n 7][64] Despite the declared support of that faction of Sinn Féin, the early Provisional IRA avoided political activity, instead relying on physical force republicanism.[65] £100,000 was donated by the Fianna Fáil-led Irish government in 1969 to the Central Citizens Defence Committee in Catholic areas, some of which ended up in the hands of the IRA.[66][67] This resulted in the 1970 Arms Crisis where criminal charges were pursued against two former government ministers and others including John Kelly, an IRA volunteer from Belfast.[66] The Provisional IRA maintained the principles of the pre-1969 IRA, considering both British rule in Northern Ireland and the government of the Republic of Ireland to be illegitimate, and the Army Council to be the provisional government of the all-island Irish Republic.[68][69] This belief was based on a series of perceived political inheritances which constructed a legal continuity from the Second Dáil of 1921–1922.[70] The IRA recruited many young nationalists from Northern Ireland who had not been involved in the IRA before, but had been radicalised by the violence that broke out in 1969.[71][72] These people became known as \"sixty niners\", having joined after 1969.[n 8][72] The IRA adopted the phoenix as the symbol of the Irish republican rebirth in 1969, one of its slogans was \"out of the ashes rose the Provisionals\", representing the IRA's resurrection from the ashes of burnt-out Catholic areas of Belfast.[75][76]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Martin_McGuinness_MLA_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Martin McGuinness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_McGuinness"},{"link_name":"William Whitelaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Whitelaw"},{"link_name":"Secretary of State for Northern Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Northern_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-taylor1972-85"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-english125-86"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"Northern Ireland government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Northern_Ireland_(1921%E2%80%931972)"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-smith9799-88"},{"link_name":"insurgency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurgency"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"[n 9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-smith9799-88"},{"link_name":"counter-insurgency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counter-insurgency"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-smith9799-88"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"[n 10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shanahanloyalists-96"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"internment without trial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Demetrius"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"political activists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_activist"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-smith1971-101"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-moloneyinternment-102"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-smith1971-101"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-englishinternment-103"},{"link_name":"Ballymurphy massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballymurphy_massacre"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-moloneyinternment-102"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-moloneyinternment-102"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-smith1971-101"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-moloneyinternment-102"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-smith1971-101"},{"link_name":"Taoiseach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoiseach"},{"link_name":"Jack Lynch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Lynch"},{"link_name":"[n 11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-moloneyinternment-102"},{"link_name":"Bloody Sunday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloody_Sunday_(1972)"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"direct rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_rule_(Northern_Ireland)"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-smith9799-88"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"[n 12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sanders-114"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"defections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defection"},{"link_name":"[n 13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sanders-114"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Birmingham_pub_bombings_plaque_Birmingham_England.jpg"},{"link_name":"Birmingham pub bombings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_pub_bombings"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-birmingham-119"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-120"},{"link_name":"press conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Press_conference"},{"link_name":"Éire Nua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ire_Nua"},{"link_name":"federal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation"},{"link_name":"devolved governments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devolution"},{"link_name":"provinces of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[n 14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-123"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-124"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%C3%A9irenua-125"},{"link_name":"Ulster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%C3%A9irenua-125"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-126"},{"link_name":"Ivor Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivor_Bell"},{"link_name":"Gerry Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerry_Adams"},{"link_name":"Martin McGuinness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_McGuinness"},{"link_name":"William Whitelaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Whitelaw"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-taylor1972-85"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-taylor1972-85"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-127"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-taylorengland-128"},{"link_name":"the IRA bombed London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973_Old_Bailey_bombing"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-taylorengland-128"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mcgladdery1970s-129"},{"link_name":"Birmingham pub bombings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_pub_bombings"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-birmingham-119"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mcgladdery1970s-129"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto3-130"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-white1975a-131"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-132"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-133"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-134"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-135"},{"link_name":"tit for tat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tit_for_tat"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-taylortruce-136"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-moloneyceasefire-137"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-138"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-taylortruce-136"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-139"},{"link_name":"old guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/old_guard"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-140"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-taylorng-141"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-taylorng-141"},{"link_name":"intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_intelligence"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-moloneyceasefire-137"}],"sub_title":"Initial phase","text":"Martin McGuinness was part of an IRA delegation which took part in peace talks with British politician William Whitelaw, the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland, in July 1972.[77]In January 1970, the Army Council decided to adopt a three-stage strategy; defence of nationalist areas, followed by a combination of defence and retaliation, and finally launching a guerrilla campaign against the British Army.[78] The Official IRA was opposed to such a campaign because they felt it would lead to sectarian conflict, which would defeat their strategy of uniting the workers from both sides of the sectarian divide.[79] The Provisional IRA's strategy was to use force to cause the collapse of the Northern Ireland government and to inflict such heavy casualties on the British Army that the British government would be forced by public opinion to withdraw from Ireland.[80] Mac Stíofáin decided they would \"escalate, escalate and escalate\", in what the British Army would later describe as a \"classic insurgency\".[81][82] In October 1970 the IRA began a bombing campaign against economic targets; by the end of the year there had been 153 explosions.[83] The following year it was responsible for the vast majority of the 1,000 explosions that occurred in Northern Ireland.[84] The strategic aim behind the bombings was to target businesses and commercial premises to deter investment and force the British government to pay compensation, increasing the financial cost of keeping Northern Ireland within the United Kingdom.[n 9][80] The IRA also believed that the bombing campaign would tie down British soldiers in static positions guarding potential targets, preventing their deployment in counter-insurgency operations.[80] Loyalist paramilitaries, including the UVF, carried out campaigns aimed at thwarting the IRA's aspirations and maintaining the political union with Britain.[86] Loyalist paramilitaries tended to target Catholics with no connection to the republican movement, seeking to undermine support for the IRA.[n 10][87][88]As a result of escalating violence, internment without trial was introduced by the Northern Ireland government on 9 August 1971, with 342 suspects arrested in the first twenty-four hours.[89][90] Despite loyalist violence also increasing, all of those arrested were republicans, including political activists not associated with the IRA and student civil rights leaders.[91][92] The one-sided nature of internment united all Catholics in opposition to the government, and riots broke out in protest across Northern Ireland.[91][93] Twenty-two people were killed in the next three days, including six civilians killed by the British Army as part of the Ballymurphy massacre on 9 August,[92][94] and in Belfast 7,000 Catholics and 2,000 Protestants were forced from their homes by the rioting.[92] The introduction of internment dramatically increased the level of violence. In the seven months prior to internment 34 people had been killed, 140 people were killed between the introduction of internment and the end of the year, including thirty soldiers and eleven RUC officers.[91][92] Internment boosted IRA recruitment,[91] and in Dublin the Taoiseach, Jack Lynch, abandoned a planned idea to introduce internment in the Republic of Ireland.[n 11][92] IRA recruitment further increased after Bloody Sunday in Derry on 30 January 1972, when the British Army killed fourteen unarmed civilians during an anti-internment march.[97] Due to the deteriorating security situation in Northern Ireland the British government suspended the Northern Ireland parliament and imposed direct rule in March 1972.[98] The suspension of the Northern Ireland parliament was a key objective of the IRA, in order to directly involve the British government in Northern Ireland, as the IRA wanted the conflict to be seen as one between Ireland and Britain.[80][99] In May 1972 the Official IRA called a ceasefire, leaving the Provisional IRA as the sole active republican paramilitary organisation.[n 12][102][103] New recruits saw the Official IRA as existing for the purpose of defence in contrast to the Provisional IRA as existing for the purpose of attack, increased recruitment and defections from the Official IRA to the Provisional IRA led to the latter becoming the dominant organisation.[n 13][105][102]Memorial to the victims of the Birmingham pub bombings, which killed twenty-one people in November 1974[106]On 22 June the IRA announced that a ceasefire would begin at midnight on 26 June, in anticipation of talks with the British government.[107] Two days later Ó Brádaigh and Ó Conaill held a press conference in Dublin to announce the Éire Nua (New Ireland) policy, which advocated an all-Ireland federal republic, with devolved governments and parliaments for each of the four historic provinces of Ireland.[n 14][110][111] This was designed to deal with the fears of unionists over a united Ireland, an Ulster parliament with a narrow Protestant majority would provide them with protection for their interests.[111][112] The British government held secret talks with the republican leadership on 7 July, with Mac Stíofáin, Ó Conaill, Ivor Bell, Twomey, Gerry Adams, and Martin McGuinness flying to England to meet a British delegation led by William Whitelaw.[77] Mac Stíofáin made demands including British withdrawal, removal of the British Army from sensitive areas, and a release of republican prisoners and an amnesty for fugitives.[77] The British refused and the talks broke up, and the IRA's ceasefire ended on 9 July.[113] In late 1972 and early 1973 the IRA's leadership was being depleted by arrests on both sides of the Irish border, with Mac Stíofáin, Ó Brádaigh and McGuinness all imprisoned for IRA membership.[114] Due to the crisis the IRA bombed London in March 1973, as the Army Council believed bombs in England would have a greater impact on British public opinion.[114][115] This was followed by an intense period of IRA activity in England that left forty-five people dead by the end of 1974, including twenty-one civilians killed in the Birmingham pub bombings.[106][115]Following an IRA ceasefire over the Christmas period in 1974 and a further one in January 1975, on 8 February the IRA issued a statement suspending \"offensive military action\" from six o'clock the following day.[116][117] A series of meetings took place between the IRA's leadership and British government representatives throughout the year, with the IRA being led to believe this was the start of a process of British withdrawal.[118][119] Occasional IRA violence occurred during the ceasefire, with bombs in Belfast, Derry, and South Armagh.[120][121] The IRA was also involved in tit for tat sectarian killings of Protestant civilians, in retaliation for sectarian killings by loyalist paramilitaries.[122][123] By July the Army Council was concerned at the progress of the talks, concluding there was no prospect of a lasting peace without a public declaration by the British government of their intent to withdraw from Ireland.[124] In August there was a gradual return to the armed campaign, and the truce effectively ended on 22 September when the IRA set off 22 bombs across Northern Ireland.[122][125] The old guard leadership of Ó Brádaigh, Ó Conaill, and McKee were criticised by a younger generation of activists following the ceasefire, and their influence in the IRA slowly declined.[126][127] The younger generation viewed the ceasefire as being disastrous for the IRA, causing the organisation irreparable damage and taking it close to being defeated.[127] The Army Council was accused of falling into a trap that allowed the British breathing space and time to build up intelligence on the IRA, and McKee was criticised for allowing the IRA to become involved in sectarian killings, as well a feud with the Official IRA in October and November 1975 that left eleven people dead.[123]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1981 Irish hunger strike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981_Irish_hunger_strike"},{"link_name":"Armalite and ballot box strategy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armalite_and_ballot_box_strategy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IRA_Resistance_Poster.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bobby Sands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Sands"},{"link_name":"1981 hunger strike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981_Irish_hunger_strike"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-142"},{"link_name":"Ulsterisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulsterisation"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-taylor202-143"},{"link_name":"Ulster Defence Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_Defence_Regiment"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-taylor202-143"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-white124-144"},{"link_name":"Special Category Status","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Category_Status"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-white124-144"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-145"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-taylor202-143"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-146"},{"link_name":"Kieran Nugent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kieran_Nugent"},{"link_name":"blanket protest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blanket_protest"},{"link_name":"Maze Prison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maze_Prison"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-147"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-148"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-149"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-150"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-taylorlw-151"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-152"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-153"},{"link_name":"Green Book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Green_Book_(IRA_training_manual)"},{"link_name":"collaborators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collaborationism"},{"link_name":"informers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informant"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-154"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-smith-155"},{"link_name":"armed propaganda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armed_propaganda"},{"link_name":"Lord Mountbatten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Mountbatten"},{"link_name":"Warrenpoint ambush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warrenpoint_ambush"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-smith-155"},{"link_name":"power sharing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_sharing"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-smith-155"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grand-Hotel-Following-Bomb-Attack-1984-10-12.jpg"},{"link_name":"Brighton hotel bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton_hotel_bombing"},{"link_name":"Margaret Thatcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oppenheimerbrighton-156"},{"link_name":"Irish National Liberation Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_National_Liberation_Army"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-157"},{"link_name":"Bobby Sands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Sands"},{"link_name":"Anti H-Block","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti_H-Block"},{"link_name":"Owen Carron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owen_Carron"},{"link_name":"House of Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Commons"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-158"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-159"},{"link_name":"Danny Morrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Morrison_(Irish_republican)"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-160"},{"link_name":"[147]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-161"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mcgladdery-162"},{"link_name":"Chelsea Barracks bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Barracks_bombing"},{"link_name":"Steuart Pringle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steuart_Pringle"},{"link_name":"Commandant General Royal Marines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commandant_General_Royal_Marines"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mcgladdery-162"},{"link_name":"Hyde Park and Regent's Park bombings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyde_Park_and_Regent%27s_Park_bombings"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-163"},{"link_name":"Brighton hotel bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton_hotel_bombing"},{"link_name":"Margaret Thatcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oppenheimerbrighton-156"},{"link_name":"Conservative Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Anthony Berry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Berry"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oppenheimerbrighton-156"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-164"},{"link_name":"Martina Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martina_Anderson"},{"link_name":"Patrick Magee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Magee_(Irish_republican)"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-engdept-165"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-166"},{"link_name":"Tet Offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tet_Offensive"},{"link_name":"Vietnam War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"countermeasures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countermeasure"},{"link_name":"[153]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-167"},{"link_name":"Rheindahlen bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987_Rheindahlen_bombing"},{"link_name":"British Armed Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Armed_Forces"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cooganeurope-8"},{"link_name":"[154]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-168"}],"sub_title":"The \"Long War\"","text":"See also: 1981 Irish hunger strike and Armalite and ballot box strategyIRA political poster from the 1980s, featuring a quote from Bobby Sands written on the first day of the 1981 hunger strike[128]Following the end of the ceasefire, the British government introduced a new three-part strategy to deal with the Troubles; the parts became known as Ulsterisation, normalisation, and criminalisation.[129] Ulsterisation involved increasing the role of the locally recruited RUC and Ulster Defence Regiment (UDR), a part-time element of the British Army, in order to try to contain the conflict inside Northern Ireland and reduce the number of British soldiers recruited from outside of Northern Ireland being killed.[129][130] Normalisation involved the ending of internment without trial and Special Category Status, the latter had been introduced in 1972 following a hunger strike led by McKee.[130][131] Criminalisation was designed to alter public perception of the Troubles, from an insurgency requiring a military solution to a criminal problem requiring a law enforcement solution.[129][132] As result of the withdrawal of Special Category Status, in September 1976 IRA prisoner Kieran Nugent began the blanket protest in the Maze Prison, when hundreds of prisoners refused to wear prison uniforms.[133][134]In 1977 the IRA evolved a new strategy which they called the \"Long War\", which would remain their strategy for the rest of the Troubles.[135][136] This strategy accepted that their campaign would last many years before being successful, and included increased emphasis on political activity through Sinn Féin.[137][138] A republican document of the early 1980s states \"Both Sinn Féin and the IRA play different but converging roles in the war of national liberation. The Irish Republican Army wages an armed campaign ... Sinn Féin maintains the propaganda war and is the public and political voice of the movement\".[139] The 1977 edition of the Green Book, an induction and training manual used by the IRA, describes the strategy of the \"Long War\" in these terms:A war of attrition against enemy personnel [British Army] which is aimed at causing as many casualties and deaths as possible so as to create a demand from their [the British] people at home for their withdrawal.\nA bombing campaign aimed at making the enemy's financial interests in our country unprofitable while at the same time curbing long-term investment in our country.\nTo make the Six Counties ... ungovernable except by colonial military rule.\nTo sustain the war and gain support for its ends by National and International propaganda and publicity campaigns.\nBy defending the war of liberation by punishing criminals, collaborators and informers.[140]The \"Long War\" saw the IRA's tactics move away from the large bombing campaigns of the early 1970s, in favour of more attacks on members of the security forces.[141] The IRA's new multi-faceted strategy saw them begin to use armed propaganda, using the publicity gained from attacks such as the assassination of Lord Mountbatten and the Warrenpoint ambush to focus attention on the nationalist community's rejection of British rule.[141] The IRA aimed to keep Northern Ireland unstable, which would frustrate the British objective of installing a power sharing government as a solution to the Troubles.[141]Aftermath of the Brighton hotel bombing, an assassination attempt on British prime minister Margaret Thatcher in 1984[142]The prison protest against criminalisation culminated in the 1981 Irish hunger strike, when seven IRA and three Irish National Liberation Army members starved themselves to death in pursuit of political status.[143] The hunger strike leader Bobby Sands and Anti H-Block activist Owen Carron were successively elected to the British House of Commons, and two other protesting prisoners were elected to Dáil Éireann.[144] The electoral successes led to the IRA's armed campaign being pursued in parallel with increased electoral participation by Sinn Féin.[145] This strategy was known as the \"Armalite and ballot box strategy\", named after Danny Morrison's speech at the 1981 Sinn Féin ard fheis:Who here really believes that we can win the war through the ballot box? But will anyone here object if with a ballot paper in this hand and an Armalite in this hand we take power in Ireland?[146]Attacks on high-profile political and military targets remained a priority for the IRA.[147][148] The Chelsea Barracks bombing in London in October 1981 killed two civilians and injured twenty-three soldiers; a week later the IRA struck again in London with an assassination attempt on Lieutenant General Steuart Pringle, the Commandant General Royal Marines.[148] Attacks on military targets in England continued with the Hyde Park and Regent's Park bombings in July 1982, which killed eleven soldiers and injured over fifty people including civilians.[149] In October 1984 they carried out the Brighton hotel bombing, an assassination attempt on British prime minister Margaret Thatcher, whom they blamed for the deaths of the ten hunger strikers.[142] The bombing killed five members of the Conservative Party attending a party conference including MP Anthony Berry, with Thatcher narrowly escaping death.[142][150] A planned escalation of the England bombing campaign in 1985 was prevented when six IRA volunteers, including Martina Anderson and the Brighton bomber Patrick Magee, were arrested in Glasgow.[151] Plans for a major escalation of the campaign in the late 1980s were cancelled after a ship carrying 150 tonnes of weapons donated by Libya was seized off the coast of France.[152] The plans, modelled on the Tet Offensive during the Vietnam War, relied on the element of surprise which was lost when the ship's captain informed French authorities of four earlier shipments of weapons, which allowed the British Army to deploy appropriate countermeasures.[153] In 1987 the IRA began attacking British military targets in mainland Europe, beginning with the Rheindahlen bombing, which was followed by approximately twenty other gun and bomb attacks aimed at British Armed Forces personnel and bases between 1988 and 1990.[7][154]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[155]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-169"},{"link_name":"Social Democratic and Labour Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_and_Labour_Party"},{"link_name":"John Hume","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hume"},{"link_name":"[156]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-170"},{"link_name":"Peter Brooke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Brooke,_Baron_Brooke_of_Sutton_Mandeville"},{"link_name":"Secretary of State for Northern Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Northern_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[157]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-niall-171"},{"link_name":"Backchannel diplomacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Track_II_diplomacy"},{"link_name":"[158]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-172"},{"link_name":"[n 15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-176"},{"link_name":"[162]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-o'brienbrooke-177"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sniperatwork.jpg"},{"link_name":"Crossmaglen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossmaglen"},{"link_name":"South Armagh Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Armagh_Brigade"},{"link_name":"single-shot sniper attacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Armagh_Sniper_(1990%E2%80%931997)"},{"link_name":"[163]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-178"},{"link_name":"[164]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-179"},{"link_name":"[165]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-180"},{"link_name":"Baltic Exchange bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_Exchange_bombing"},{"link_name":"[166]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-181"},{"link_name":"[167]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-182"},{"link_name":"Patrick Mayhew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Mayhew"},{"link_name":"Coleraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coleraine"},{"link_name":"[168]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-183"},{"link_name":"intermediaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermediary"},{"link_name":"[n 16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-186"},{"link_name":"[170]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-taylorpeace-185"},{"link_name":"Warrington bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warrington_bombings"},{"link_name":"Bishopsgate bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishopsgate_bombing"},{"link_name":"[171]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-187"},{"link_name":"Downing Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downing_Street"},{"link_name":"John Major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Major"},{"link_name":"Albert Reynolds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Reynolds"},{"link_name":"[172]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-188"},{"link_name":"Downing Street Declaration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downing_Street_Declaration"},{"link_name":"self-determination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-determination"},{"link_name":"[173]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-189"},{"link_name":"[174]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-190"},{"link_name":"[175]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-191"},{"link_name":"[176]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-192"},{"link_name":"[177]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-193"},{"link_name":"Irish republican movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_movement_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"[178]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-moloneytuas-194"},{"link_name":"[179]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-195"},{"link_name":"[178]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-moloneytuas-194"},{"link_name":"decommissioned its weapons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decommissioning_in_Northern_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[180]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-taylorcf-196"},{"link_name":"[180]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-taylorcf-196"},{"link_name":"[180]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-taylorcf-196"},{"link_name":"confidence building measure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confidence_building_measure"},{"link_name":"[180]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-taylorcf-196"},{"link_name":"stalling tactic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaying_tactic"},{"link_name":"[181]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-197"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1996_Docklands_bombing_plaque.jpg"},{"link_name":"1996 Docklands bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Docklands_bombing"},{"link_name":"[182]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-docklands-198"},{"link_name":"Raidió Teilifís Éireann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raidi%C3%B3_Teilif%C3%ADs_%C3%89ireann"},{"link_name":"Docklands bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docklands_bombing"},{"link_name":"commercial property","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_property"},{"link_name":"[182]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-docklands-198"},{"link_name":"[183]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-199"},{"link_name":"[184]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-taylor1996-200"},{"link_name":"Manchester bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Manchester_bombing"},{"link_name":"[185]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-201"},{"link_name":"Osnabrück mortar attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osnabr%C3%BCck_mortar_attack"},{"link_name":"[184]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-taylor1996-200"},{"link_name":"[186]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-202"},{"link_name":"Thiepval barracks bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiepval_barracks_bombing"},{"link_name":"[187]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-203"},{"link_name":"IRA sniper team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Armagh_Sniper_(1990%E2%80%931997)"},{"link_name":"Lance Bombadier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lance_Bombadier"},{"link_name":"[188]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-204"},{"link_name":"May 1997 UK general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"Tony Blair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Blair"},{"link_name":"Labour Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"[189]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-moloney1997-205"},{"link_name":"Mo Mowlam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo_Mowlam"},{"link_name":"[189]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-moloney1997-205"},{"link_name":"Good Friday Agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Friday_Agreement"},{"link_name":"[190]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-taylor354-206"},{"link_name":"[191]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-english297-207"},{"link_name":"[192]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-208"},{"link_name":"John de Chastelain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_de_Chastelain"},{"link_name":"Independent International Commission on Decommissioning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_International_Commission_on_Decommissioning"},{"link_name":"[193]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-209"},{"link_name":"[194]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-210"},{"link_name":"[n 17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-212"},{"link_name":"[195]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-boyne403-211"},{"link_name":"Northern Ireland Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Assembly"},{"link_name":"[n 18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-214"},{"link_name":"[197]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-215"},{"link_name":"Stormontgate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stormontgate"},{"link_name":"Parliament Buildings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_Buildings_(Northern_Ireland)"},{"link_name":"Police Service of Northern Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_Service_of_Northern_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[n 19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-217"},{"link_name":"[199]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-218"},{"link_name":"[200]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-219"},{"link_name":"[201]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-220"},{"link_name":"Northern Bank robbery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Bank_robbery"},{"link_name":"Michael McDowell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_McDowell_(politician)"},{"link_name":"[202]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-boyne-221"},{"link_name":"[202]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-boyne-221"},{"link_name":"Democratic Unionist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Unionist_Party"},{"link_name":"[202]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-boyne-221"}],"sub_title":"Peace process","text":"By the late 1980s the Troubles were at a military and political stalemate, with the IRA able to prevent the British government imposing a settlement but unable to force their objective of Irish reunification.[155] Sinn Féin president Adams was in contact with Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP) leader John Hume and a delegation representing the Irish government, in order to find political alternatives to the IRA's campaign.[156] As a result of the republican leadership appearing interested in peace, British policy shifted when Peter Brooke, the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland, began to engage with them hoping for a political settlement.[157] Backchannel diplomacy between the IRA and British government began in October 1990, with Sinn Féin being given an advance copy of a planned speech by Brooke.[158] The speech was given in London the following month, with Brooke stating that the British government would not give in to violence but offering significant political change if violence stopped, ending his statement by saying:The British government has no selfish, strategic or economic interest in Northern Ireland: Our role is to help, enable and encourage ... Partition is an acknowledgement of reality, not an assertion of national self-interest.[n 15][162]A \"Sniper at Work\" sign in Crossmaglen. The IRA's South Armagh Brigade killed seven members of the security forces in single-shot sniper attacks in 1993.[163]The IRA responded to Brooke's speech by declaring a three-day ceasefire over Christmas, the first in fifteen years.[164] Afterwards the IRA intensified the bombing campaign in England, planting 36 bombs in 1991 and 57 in 1992, up from 15 in 1990.[165] The Baltic Exchange bombing in April 1992 killed three people and caused an estimated £800 million worth of damage, £200 million more than the total damage caused by the Troubles in Northern Ireland up to that point.[166][167] In December 1992 Patrick Mayhew, who had succeeded Brooke as Secretary of State for Northern Ireland, gave a speech directed at the IRA in Coleraine, stating that while Irish reunification could be achieved by negotiation, the British government would not give in to violence.[168] The secret talks between the British government and the IRA via intermediaries continued, with the British government arguing the IRA would be more likely to achieve its objective through politics than continued violence.[n 16][170] The talks progressed slowly due to continued IRA violence, including the Warrington bombing in March 1993 which killed two children and the Bishopsgate bombing a month later which killed one person and caused an estimated £1 billion worth of damage.[171] In December 1993 a press conference was held at London's Downing Street by British prime minister John Major and the Irish Taoiseach Albert Reynolds.[172] They delivered the Downing Street Declaration which conceded the right of Irish people to self-determination, but with separate referendums in Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland.[173] In January 1994 The Army Council voted to reject the declaration, while Sinn Féin asked the British government to clarify certain aspects of the declaration.[174] The British government replied saying the declaration spoke for itself, and refused to meet with Sinn Féin unless the IRA called a ceasefire.[175]On 31 August 1994 the IRA announced a \"complete cessation of military operations\" on the understanding that Sinn Féin would be included in political talks for a settlement.[176][177] A new strategy known as \"TUAS\" was revealed to the IRA's rank-and-file following the ceasefire, described as either \"Tactical Use of Armed Struggle\" to the Irish republican movement or \"Totally Unarmed Strategy\" to the broader Irish nationalist movement.[178][179] The strategy involved a coalition including Sinn Féin, the SDLP and the Irish government acting in concert to apply leverage to the British government, with the IRA's armed campaign starting and stopping as necessary, and an option to call off the ceasefire if negotiations failed.[178] The British government refused to admit Sinn Féin to multi-party talks before the IRA decommissioned its weapons, and a standoff began as the IRA refused to disarm before a final peace settlement had been agreed.[180] The IRA regarded themselves as being undefeated and decommissioning as an act of surrender, and stated decommissioning had never been mentioned prior to the ceasefire being declared.[180] In March 1995 Mayhew set out three conditions for Sinn Féin being admitted to multi-party talks.[180] Firstly the IRA had to be willing to agree to \"disarm progressively\", secondly a scheme for decommissioning had to be agreed, and finally some weapons had to be decommissioned prior to the talks beginning as a confidence building measure.[180] The IRA responded with public statements in September calling decommissioning an \"unreasonable demand\" and a \"stalling tactic\" by the British government.[181]Memorial to the victims of the 1996 Docklands bombing, which killed two people and ended the IRA's seventeen-month ceasefire[182]On 9 February 1996 a statement from the Army Council was delivered to the Irish national broadcaster Raidió Teilifís Éireann announcing the end of the ceasefire, and just over 90 minutes later the Docklands bombing killed two people and caused an estimated £100–150 million damage to some of London's more expensive commercial property.[182][183] Three weeks later the British and Irish governments issued a joint statement announcing multi-party talks would begin on 10 June, with Sinn Féin excluded unless the IRA called a new ceasefire.[184] The IRA's campaign continued with the Manchester bombing on 15 June, which injured over 200 people and caused an estimated £400 million of damage to the city centre.[185] Attacks were mostly in England apart from the Osnabrück mortar attack on a British Army base in Germany.[184][186] The IRA's first attack in Northern Ireland since the end of the ceasefire was not until October 1996, when the Thiepval barracks bombing killed a British soldier.[187] In February 1997 an IRA sniper team killed Lance Bombadier Stephen Restorick, the last British soldier to be killed by the IRA.[188]Following the May 1997 UK general election Major was replaced as prime minister by Tony Blair of the Labour Party.[189] The new Secretary of State for Northern Ireland, Mo Mowlam, had announced prior to the election she would be willing to include Sinn Féin in multi-party talks without prior decommissioning of weapons within two months of an IRA ceasefire.[189] After the IRA declared a new ceasefire in July 1997, Sinn Féin was admitted into multi-party talks, which produced the Good Friday Agreement in April 1998.[190][191] One aim of the agreement was that all paramilitary groups in Northern Ireland fully disarm by May 2000.[192] The IRA began decommissioning in a process that was monitored by Canadian General John de Chastelain's Independent International Commission on Decommissioning (IICD),[193] with some weapons being decommissioned on 23 October 2001 and 8 April 2002.[194] The October 2001 decommissioning was the first time an Irish republican paramilitary organisation had voluntarily disposed of its arms.[n 17][195] In October 2002 the devolved Northern Ireland Assembly was suspended by the British government and direct rule returned, in order to prevent a unionist walkout.[n 18][197] This was partly triggered by Stormontgate—allegations that republican spies were operating within the Parliament Buildings and the Police Service of Northern Ireland (PSNI)[n 19][199]—and the IRA temporarily broke off contact with de Chastelain.[200] However, further decommissioning took place on 21 October 2003.[201] In the aftermath of the December 2004 Northern Bank robbery, the Minister for Justice, Equality and Law Reform Michael McDowell stated there could be no place in government in either Northern Ireland or the Republic of Ireland for a party that supported or threatened the use of violence, possessed explosives or firearms, and was involved in criminality.[202] At the beginning of February 2005, the IRA declared that it was withdrawing a decommissioning offer from late 2004.[202] This followed a demand from the Democratic Unionist Party, under Paisley, insisting on photographic evidence of decommissioning.[202]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chronology of Provisional Irish Republican Army actions (2000–09)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronology_of_Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army_actions_(2000%E2%80%9309)"},{"link_name":"Séanna Walsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9anna_Walsh"},{"link_name":"[203]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-read-222"},{"link_name":"[204]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-boyne408-223"},{"link_name":"[204]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-boyne408-223"},{"link_name":"Alec Reid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alec_Reid"},{"link_name":"Harold Good","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Good"},{"link_name":"[205]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-224"},{"link_name":"[206]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-225"},{"link_name":"[207]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-226"},{"link_name":"[208]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-227"},{"link_name":"Jane's Information Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane%27s_Information_Group"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kongsberg_AG-3.jpg"},{"link_name":"Heckler & Koch G3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heckler_%26_Koch_G3"},{"link_name":"Norwegian Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_Army"},{"link_name":"[209]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-228"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RPG-7_detached.jpg"},{"link_name":"RPG-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPG-7"},{"link_name":"[210]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-229"},{"link_name":"Semtex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semtex"},{"link_name":"heavy machine guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_machine_gun"},{"link_name":"surface-to-air missiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man-portable_air-defense_systems"},{"link_name":"flamethrowers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flamethrower"},{"link_name":"detonators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detonator"},{"link_name":"rocket-propelled grenade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocket-propelled_grenade"},{"link_name":"handguns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handgun"},{"link_name":"hand grenades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand_grenade"},{"link_name":"[211]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-230"},{"link_name":"[n 20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-232"},{"link_name":"[213]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-233"},{"link_name":"Peter Hain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Hain"},{"link_name":"[214]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-234"},{"link_name":"[215]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-boyne414-235"},{"link_name":"Independent Monitoring Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Monitoring_Commission"},{"link_name":"[215]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-boyne414-235"},{"link_name":"[n 21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-238"},{"link_name":"[215]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-boyne414-235"},{"link_name":"Garda Commissioner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garda_Commissioner"},{"link_name":"Nóirín O'Sullivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B3ir%C3%ADn_O%27Sullivan"},{"link_name":"Gardaí","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garda%C3%AD"},{"link_name":"[218]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-239"},{"link_name":"George Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Hamilton_(Northern_Ireland_police_officer)"},{"link_name":"chief constable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_constable"},{"link_name":"[219]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-psni2015-240"},{"link_name":"[219]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-psni2015-240"},{"link_name":"[219]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-psni2015-240"},{"link_name":"Gerard Davison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerard_Davison"},{"link_name":"[219]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-psni2015-240"},{"link_name":"revenge killing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revenge_killing"},{"link_name":"[220]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-241"},{"link_name":"[n 22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-242"},{"link_name":"[219]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-psni2015-240"},{"link_name":"Assessment on Paramilitary Groups in Northern Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assessment_on_Paramilitary_Groups_in_Northern_Ireland"},{"link_name":"the Troubles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Troubles"},{"link_name":"Ulster Volunteer Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_Volunteer_Force"},{"link_name":"Red Hand Commando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Hand_Commando"},{"link_name":"Ulster Defence Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_Defence_Association"},{"link_name":"Irish National Liberation Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_National_Liberation_Army"},{"link_name":"[221]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-243"},{"link_name":"[222]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gov.uk-244"},{"link_name":"[223]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-245"}],"sub_title":"End of the armed campaign","text":"See also: Chronology of Provisional Irish Republican Army actions (2000–09)On 28 July 2005, the IRA, with a statement read to the media by Séanna Walsh,[203] declared an end to the armed campaign, affirming that it would work to achieve its aims solely through peaceful political means and ordering volunteers to end all paramilitary activity.[204] The IRA also stated it would complete the process of disarmament as quickly as possible.[204] The IRA invited two independent witnesses to view the secret disarmament work, Catholic priest Father Alec Reid and Protestant minister Reverend Harold Good.[205][206] On 26 September 2005, the IICD announced that \"the totality of the IRA's arsenal\" had been decommissioned.[207][208] Jane's Information Group estimated that the IRA weaponry decommissioned in September 2005 included:An AG-3, Norwegian made variant of the Heckler & Koch G3. Over 50 of these, from a batch of 100 stolen from the Norwegian Army, ended up with the IRA.[209]The RPG-7, first obtained by the IRA from Libya in 1972[210]1,000 rifles\n2 tonnes of the plastic explosive Semtex\n20–30 heavy machine guns\n7 surface-to-air missiles\n7 flamethrowers\n1,200 detonators\n11 rocket-propelled grenade launchers\n90 handguns\n100+ hand grenades[211]Having compared the weapons decommissioned with the British and Irish security forces' estimates of the IRA's arsenal, and because of the IRA's full involvement in the process of decommissioning the weapons, the IICD concluded that all IRA weaponry had been decommissioned.[n 20][213] The Secretary of State for Northern Ireland, Peter Hain, said he accepted the conclusion of the IICD.[214] Since then, there have been occasional claims in the media that the IRA had not decommissioned all of its weaponry.[215] In response to such claims, the Independent Monitoring Commission (IMC) stated in its 10th report that the IRA had decommissioned all weaponry under its control.[215] The report stated that if any weapons had been kept they would have been kept by individuals and against IRA orders.[n 21][215]In February 2015, Garda Commissioner Nóirín O'Sullivan stated that the Republic of Ireland's police service, the Gardaí, have no evidence that the IRA's military structure remains operational or that the IRA is engaged in criminal activity.[218] In August 2015, George Hamilton, the PSNI chief constable, stated that the IRA no longer exists as a paramilitary organisation.[219] He added that some of its structure remains, but that the group is committed to following a peaceful political path and is not engaged in criminal activity nor directing violence.[219] He pointed out, however, that some of its members have engaged in criminal activity or violence for their own, individual ends.[219] The statement was made in response to the killings of former Belfast IRA commanders Kevin McGuigan and Gerard Davison.[219] McGuigan was shot dead in what was believed to be a revenge killing by former IRA members over the shooting death three months earlier of Davison.[220][n 22] The Chief Constable stated there was no evidence that the killing of McGuigan was sanctioned by the IRA leadership.[219] Also in response, the British government commissioned the Assessment on Paramilitary Groups in Northern Ireland. The assessment, concluded in October 2015, was that \"all the main paramilitary groups operating during the Troubles are still in existence, including the Ulster Volunteer Force, the Red Hand Commando, the Ulster Defence Association, the Provisional IRA, and Irish National Liberation Army.\"[221] But, it added, \"the leaderships of the main paramilitary groups [including the IRA's] are committed to peaceful means to achieve their political objectives.\"[222][223]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Armalite_18-IMG_6519-white.jpg"},{"link_name":"Armalite AR-18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armalite_AR-18"},{"link_name":"[224]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-246"},{"link_name":"the Troubles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Troubles"},{"link_name":"M1 carbines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M1_carbine"},{"link_name":"Thompson submachine guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thompson_submachine_gun"},{"link_name":"M1 Garand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M1_Garand"},{"link_name":"handguns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handgun"},{"link_name":"[225]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-247"},{"link_name":"[226]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-248"},{"link_name":"surface-to-air missiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface-to-air_missiles"},{"link_name":"M60 machine guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M60_machine_gun"},{"link_name":"ArmaLite AR-18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArmaLite_AR-18"},{"link_name":"FN FAL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FN_FAL"},{"link_name":"AKM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AKM"},{"link_name":"M16 rifles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M16_rifle"},{"link_name":"DShK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DShK"},{"link_name":"LPO-50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LPO-50"},{"link_name":"Barrett M90","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrett_M90"},{"link_name":"[227]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-249"},{"link_name":"[228]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-250"},{"link_name":"car and truck bombs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_bomb"},{"link_name":"time bombs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_bomb"},{"link_name":"booby traps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booby_trap"},{"link_name":"[229]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oppenheimer51-251"},{"link_name":"ANFO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANFO"},{"link_name":"gelignite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelignite"},{"link_name":"plastic explosive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic_explosive"},{"link_name":"[230]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-252"},{"link_name":"a series of improvised mortars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrack_buster"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-moloneygac-2"},{"link_name":"[231]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-253"},{"link_name":"fired indirectly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indirect_fire"},{"link_name":"perimeter security","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perimeter_security"},{"link_name":"[232]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mortar-254"},{"link_name":"[233]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-255"},{"link_name":"firing mechanisms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firing_mechanism"},{"link_name":"[232]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mortar-254"},{"link_name":"[234]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-256"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bowyerbellengland-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cooganeurope-8"},{"link_name":"[235]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-257"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-targets-16"},{"link_name":"[236]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-258"},{"link_name":"establishment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Establishment"},{"link_name":"judicial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial"},{"link_name":"[237]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-259"},{"link_name":"[238]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-260"},{"link_name":"Andy Oppenheimer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Oppenheimer"},{"link_name":"[239]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-261"},{"link_name":"[229]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oppenheimer51-251"},{"link_name":"Abercorn Restaurant bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abercorn_Restaurant_bombing"},{"link_name":"[n 23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-265"},{"link_name":"[240]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-abercorn-262"},{"link_name":"[n 24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-268"},{"link_name":"[245]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-269"},{"link_name":"propaganda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda"},{"link_name":"[246]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-270"},{"link_name":"[241]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bowyerbell87-263"},{"link_name":"[247]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-coogan1972-271"},{"link_name":"Donegall Street bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donegall_Street_bombing"},{"link_name":"Bloody Friday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloody_Friday_(1972)"},{"link_name":"[247]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-coogan1972-271"},{"link_name":"[243]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto2-266"},{"link_name":"Remembrance Day bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remembrance_Day_bombing"},{"link_name":"[248]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-272"},{"link_name":"[249]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-273"},{"link_name":"Shankill Road bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shankill_Road_bombing"},{"link_name":"[250]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-274"}],"text":"The Armalite AR-18, obtained by the IRA from the United States in the early 1970s, was a symbol of its armed campaign[224]In the early days of the Troubles the IRA was poorly armed, in Derry in early 1972 the IRA's weaponry consisted of six M1 carbines, two Thompson submachine guns, one or two M1 Garand rifles, and a variety of handguns.[225][226] As a result of black market arms deals and donations from sympathisers, the IRA obtained a large array of weapons such as surface-to-air missiles; M60 machine guns; ArmaLite AR-18, FN FAL, AKM and M16 rifles; DShK heavy machine guns; LPO-50 flamethrowers; and Barrett M90 sniper rifles.[227][228] The IRA also used a variety of bombs during its armed campaign, such as car and truck bombs, time bombs, and booby traps,[229] using explosives including ANFO and gelignite donated by IRA supporters in the Republic of Ireland and the plastic explosive Semtex donated by the Libyan government.[230] The IRA's engineering department also manufactured a series of improvised mortars in the Republic of Ireland, which by the 1990s were built to a standard comparable to military models.[2][231] The IRA's development of mortar tactics was a response to the heavy fortifications on RUC and British Army bases, as IRA mortars generally fired indirectly they were able to bypass some perimeter security measures.[232][233] The mortars used a variety of different firing mechanisms including delay timers, this combined with the disposable nature of the weapons allowed IRA volunteers to reduce the risk of being arrested at the scene.[232][234]The IRA was mainly active in Northern Ireland, although it also attacked targets in England and mainland Europe, and limited activity also took place in the Republic of Ireland.[6][7][235] The IRA's offensive campaign mainly targeted the British Army (including the UDR) and the RUC, with British soldiers being the IRA's preferred target.[15][236] Other targets included British government officials, politicians, establishment and judicial figures, and senior British Army and police officers.[237][238] The bombing campaign principally targeted political, economic and military targets, and was described by counter-terrorism expert Andy Oppenheimer as \"the biggest terrorist bombing campaign in history\".[239] Economic targets included shops, restaurants, hotels, railway stations and other public buildings.[229] The IRA was blamed for the Abercorn Restaurant bombing in March 1972, when a bomb exploded without warning killing two women and injuring many people.[n 23][240] Due to negative publicity after the Abercorn bombing, the IRA introduced a system of telephoned coded warnings to try to avoid civilian casualties while still causing the intended damage to properties and the economy.[n 24][245] Civilian deaths were counter-productive to the IRA, as they provided the British with propaganda coups and affected recruitment and funding.[246] Despite this IRA bombs continued to kill civilians, generally due to IRA mistakes and incompetence or errors in communication.[241][247] These included the Donegall Street bombing which killed seven people including four civilians, and Bloody Friday, when nine people, five of them civilians, were killed when twenty-two bombs were planted in a one-mile radius of Belfast city centre.[247][243] Premature explosions were another cause of civilian deaths, such as the Remembrance Day bombing which killed eleven people including ten civilians,[248][249] and the Shankill Road bombing which killed ten people including eight civilians.[250]","title":"Weaponry and operations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Provisional IRA campaign 1969-1997 § Casualties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provisional_IRA_campaign_1969-1997#Casualties"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bogside_(18),_August_2009.JPG"},{"link_name":"Derry Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derry_Brigade"},{"link_name":"[251]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-275"},{"link_name":"Conflict Archive on the Internet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_Archive_on_the_Internet"},{"link_name":"Lost Lives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_Lives"},{"link_name":"[252]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-quillgan-276"},{"link_name":"[253]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-277"},{"link_name":"[254]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-crosstabs-278"},{"link_name":"[255]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ll1536-279"},{"link_name":"[255]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ll1536-279"},{"link_name":"informers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informant"},{"link_name":"[255]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ll1536-279"},{"link_name":"[256]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-280"},{"link_name":"[257]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-281"},{"link_name":"[254]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-crosstabs-278"},{"link_name":"[255]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ll1536-279"},{"link_name":"[n 25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-284"},{"link_name":"[260]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-285"},{"link_name":"[261]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-286"},{"link_name":"[262]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ll1531-287"},{"link_name":"[263]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-suttonstatus-288"},{"link_name":"Loughgall ambush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loughgall_ambush"},{"link_name":"Special Air Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Air_Service"},{"link_name":"[264]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-289"}],"text":"For a detailed breakdown of casualties caused by and inflicted on the IRA, see Provisional IRA campaign 1969-1997 § Casualties.Memorial to members of the IRA's Derry BrigadeThe IRA was responsible for more deaths than any other organisation during the Troubles.[251] Two detailed studies of deaths in the Troubles, the Conflict Archive on the Internet (CAIN), and the book Lost Lives, differ slightly on the numbers killed by the IRA and the total number of conflict deaths.[252] According to CAIN, the IRA was responsible for 1,705 deaths, about 48% of the total conflict deaths.[253] Of these, 1,009 (about 59%) were members or former members of the British security forces, while 508 (about 29%) were civilians.[254] According to Lost Lives, the IRA was responsible for 1,781 deaths, about 47% of the total conflict deaths.[255] Of these, 944 (about 53%) were members of the British security forces, while 644 (about 36%) were civilians (including 61 former members of the security forces).[255] The civilian figure also includes civilians employed by British security forces, politicians, members of the judiciary, and alleged criminals and informers.[255] Most of the remainder were loyalist or republican paramilitary members, including over 100 IRA members accidentally killed by their own bombs or shot for being security force agents or informers.[256][257] Overall, the IRA was responsible for 87–90% of the total British security force deaths, and 27–30% of the total civilian deaths.[254][255]During the IRA's campaign in England it was responsible for at least 488 incidents causing 2,134 injuries and 115 deaths, including 56 civilians and 42 British soldiers.[n 25][260][261] Between 275 and 300 IRA members were killed during the Troubles,[262][263] with the IRA's biggest loss of life in a single incident being the Loughgall ambush in 1987, when eight volunteers attempting to bomb a police station were killed by the British Army's Special Air Service.[264]","title":"Casualties"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PIRAcolourpartyDublin.JPG"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-moloneygac-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-moloneygac-2"},{"link_name":"[n 26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-291"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-constitution-1"},{"link_name":"[n 27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-293"},{"link_name":"[267]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gac-294"},{"link_name":"[267]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gac-294"},{"link_name":"[267]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gac-294"},{"link_name":"[187]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-203"},{"link_name":"[268]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-295"},{"link_name":"[269]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-296"},{"link_name":"[270]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-297"},{"link_name":"[271]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-298"},{"link_name":"[272]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-299"},{"link_name":"[273]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-300"},{"link_name":"[n 28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-303"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-moloneygac-2"},{"link_name":"[276]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-structure-304"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-moloneygac-2"},{"link_name":"chief-of-staff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_of_the_Irish_Republican_Army"},{"link_name":"[277]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-305"},{"link_name":"[278]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-306"},{"link_name":"adjutant general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjutant_general"},{"link_name":"quartermaster general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRA_Quartermaster_General"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-moloneygac-2"},{"link_name":"[276]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-structure-304"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-moloneygac-2"},{"link_name":"improvised explosive devices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Improvised_explosive_device"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-moloneygac-2"},{"link_name":"[276]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-structure-304"},{"link_name":"border","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_border"},{"link_name":"Donegal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Donegal"},{"link_name":"Leitrim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Leitrim"},{"link_name":"Cavan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Cavan"},{"link_name":"Monaghan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Monaghan"},{"link_name":"Louth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Louth"},{"link_name":"[279]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-northerncommand-307"},{"link_name":"cell structures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clandestine_cell_system"},{"link_name":"[279]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-northerncommand-307"},{"link_name":"[276]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-structure-304"},{"link_name":"safe houses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safe_house"},{"link_name":"training camps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Training_camp"},{"link_name":"[280]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-308"},{"link_name":"[281]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-309"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-engdept-165"},{"link_name":"[282]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-moloney29-310"},{"link_name":"irregular army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irregular_army"},{"link_name":"[283]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-311"},{"link_name":"[284]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-312"},{"link_name":"company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_(military_unit)"},{"link_name":"battalion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battalion"},{"link_name":"brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigade"},{"link_name":"[285]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-313"},{"link_name":"Belfast Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provisional_IRA_Belfast_Brigade"},{"link_name":"Derry Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provisional_IRA_Derry_Brigade"},{"link_name":"South Armagh Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provisional_IRA_South_Armagh_Brigade"},{"link_name":"East Tyrone Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Tyrone_Brigade"},{"link_name":"[286]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-314"},{"link_name":"active service units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_service_unit"},{"link_name":"[287]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-315"},{"link_name":"[288]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-316"},{"link_name":"[289]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-317"},{"link_name":"intelligence-gathering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_intelligence_(intelligence_gathering)"},{"link_name":"[290]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-318"},{"link_name":"quartermaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartermaster"},{"link_name":"[276]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-structure-304"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-moloneygac-2"},{"link_name":"[n 29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-322"},{"link_name":"[293]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-harnden34%E2%80%9335-321"}],"text":"Republican colour party in Dublin, March 2009. The blue flag being carried at the front is that of \"Dublin Brigade IRA\".All levels of the organisation were entitled to send delegates to General Army Conventions.[2] The convention was the IRA's supreme decision-making authority, and was supposed to meet every two years,[2] or every four years following a change to the IRA's constitution in 1986.[n 26][1] Before 1969 conventions met regularly, but owing to the difficulty in organising such a large gathering of an illegal organisation in secret,[n 27][267] while the IRA's armed campaign was ongoing they were only held in September 1970,[267] October 1986,[267] and October or November 1996.[187][268] After the 1997 ceasefire they were held more frequently, and are known to have been held in October 1997,[269] May 1998,[270] December 1998 or early 1999,[271][272] and June 2002.[273] The convention elected a 12-member Executive, which selected seven members, usually from within the Executive, to form the Army Council.[n 28][2][276] Any vacancies on the Executive would then be filled by substitutes previously elected by the convention.[2] For day-to-day purposes, authority was vested in the Army Council which, as well as directing policy and taking major tactical decisions, appointed a chief-of-staff from one of its number or, less often, from outside its ranks.[277][278]The chief-of-staff would be assisted by an adjutant general as well as a General Headquarters (GHQ) staff, which consisted of a quartermaster general, and directors of finance, engineering, training, intelligence, publicity, operations, and security.[2][276] GHQ's largest department, the quartermaster general's, accounted for approximately 20% of the IRA's personnel, and was responsible for acquiring weapons and smuggling them to Ireland where they would be hidden in arms dumps, and distributed them to IRA units as needed.[2] The next most important department was engineering, which manufactured improvised explosive devices and improvised mortars.[2] Below GHQ, the IRA was divided into a Northern Command and a Southern Command.[276] Northern Command operated in Northern Ireland as well as the border counties of Donegal, Leitrim, Cavan, Monaghan, and Louth, while Southern Command operated in the remainder of Ireland.[279] In 1977, parallel to the introduction of cell structures at the local level, command of the \"war-zone\" was given to the Northern Command, which facilitated coordinated attacks across Northern Ireland and rapid alterations in tactics.[279] Southern Command consisted of the Dublin Brigade and a number of smaller units in rural areas.[276] Its main responsibilities were support activities for Northern Command, such as importation and storage of arms, providing safe houses, raising funds through robberies, and organising training camps.[280][281] Another department attached to GHQ but separate from all other IRA structures was the England department, responsible for the bombing campaign in England.[151][282]The IRA referred to its ordinary members as volunteers (or óglaigh in Irish), to reflect the IRA being an irregular army which people were not forced to join and could leave at any time.[283] Until the late 1970s, IRA volunteers were organised in units based on conventional military structures.[284] Volunteers living in one area formed a company as part of a battalion, which could be part of a brigade,[285] such as the Belfast Brigade, Derry Brigade, South Armagh Brigade, and East Tyrone Brigade.[286] In late 1973 the Belfast Brigade restructured, introducing clandestine cells named active service units, consisting of between four and ten members.[287] Similar changes were made elsewhere in the IRA by 1977, moving away from the larger conventional military organisational principle owing to its security vulnerability.[288][289] The old structures were used for support activities such as policing nationalist areas, intelligence-gathering, and hiding weapons,[290] while the bulk of attacks were carried out by active service units, using weapons controlled by the brigade's quartermaster.[276] The exception to this reorganisation was the South Armagh Brigade, which retained its traditional hierarchy and battalion structure.[2] Only a handful of volunteers from the South Armagh Brigade were convicted of serious offences, and it had fewer arrests than any other area, meaning that the security forces struggled to recruit informers.[n 29][293]","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tommy_McKearney_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Tommy McKearney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_McKearney"},{"link_name":"League of Communist Republicans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Communist_Republicans"},{"link_name":"[294]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-323"},{"link_name":"democratic socialist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_socialism"},{"link_name":"[295]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-324"},{"link_name":"Richard English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_English"},{"link_name":"Queen's University Belfast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_University_Belfast"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-socialism-10"},{"link_name":"Tommy McKearney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_McKearney"},{"link_name":"[296]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-325"},{"link_name":"Marxist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxism"},{"link_name":"[297]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-326"},{"link_name":"Eamonn McCann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eamonn_McCann"},{"link_name":"[298]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-327"},{"link_name":"Marxist theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxist_theory"},{"link_name":"Frantz Fanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frantz_Fanon"},{"link_name":"Che Guevara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Che_Guevara"},{"link_name":"Antonio Gramsci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci"},{"link_name":"Ho-Chi Minh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho-Chi_Minh"},{"link_name":"General Giap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Giap"},{"link_name":"[299]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reinisch-328"},{"link_name":"[299]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reinisch-328"},{"link_name":"fall of the Berlin wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Wall#Fall_of_the_Berlin_Wall"},{"link_name":"[299]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reinisch-328"},{"link_name":"African National Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_National_Congress"},{"link_name":"[299]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reinisch-328"},{"link_name":"Nelson Mandela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela"},{"link_name":"[299]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reinisch-328"}],"text":"Former IRA volunteer Tommy McKearney, who left the IRA in 1986 and formed the League of Communist Republicans[294]The IRA's goal was an all-Ireland democratic socialist republic.[295] Richard English, a professor at Queen's University Belfast, writes that while the IRA's adherence to socialist goals has varied according to time and place, radical ideas, specifically socialist ones, were a key part of IRA thinking.[9] Former IRA volunteer Tommy McKearney states that while the IRA's goal was a socialist republic, there was no coherent analysis or understanding of socialism itself, other than an idea that the details would be worked out following an IRA victory.[296] This was in contrast to the Official IRA and the Irish National Liberation Army, both of which adopted clearly defined Marxist positions.[297] Similarly, the Northern Ireland left-wing politician Eamonn McCann has remarked that the Provisional IRA was considered a non-socialist IRA compared to the Official IRA.[298]During the 1980s, the IRA's commitment to socialism became more solidified as IRA prisoners began to engage with works of political and Marxist theory by authors such as Frantz Fanon, Che Guevara, Antonio Gramsci, Ho-Chi Minh, and General Giap.[299] Members felt that an Irish version of the Tet Offensive could possibly be the key to victory against the British, pending on the arrival of weapons secured from Libya.[299] However, this never came to pass, and the fall of the Berlin wall in 1989 brought a dogmatic commitment to socialism back into question, as possible socialist allies in Eastern Europe wilted away.[299] In the years that followed, IRA prisoners began to look towards South African politics and the example being set by the African National Congress.[299] Many of the imprisoned IRA members saw parallels between their own struggle and that of Nelson Mandela and were encouraged by Mandela's use of compromise following his ascent to power in South Africa to consider compromise themselves.[299]","title":"Political ideology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Terrorism Act 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorism_Act_2000"},{"link_name":"[300]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ta2000-329"},{"link_name":"Special Criminal Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Criminal_Court"},{"link_name":"[n 30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-331"},{"link_name":"[302]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-conway-332"},{"link_name":"Northern Ireland (Emergency Provisions) Act 1973","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland_(Emergency_Provisions)_Act_1973"},{"link_name":"Diplock court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplock_court"},{"link_name":"[303]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-333"},{"link_name":"standing orders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_order"},{"link_name":"plea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plea"},{"link_name":"[n 31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-335"},{"link_name":"[304]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%C3%93_Faole%C3%A1n-334"},{"link_name":"[305]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-336"},{"link_name":"[304]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%C3%93_Faole%C3%A1n-334"},{"link_name":"[306]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-337"},{"link_name":"[307]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-338"},{"link_name":"travel visas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travel_visa"},{"link_name":"Immigration and Nationality Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_of_1952"},{"link_name":"[n 32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-342"},{"link_name":"[310]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mcerlath-341"},{"link_name":"[311]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-343"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"[312]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-344"},{"link_name":"[313]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-345"},{"link_name":"freedom fighter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_fighter"},{"link_name":"activist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activism"},{"link_name":"[314]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-346"},{"link_name":"[315]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-347"},{"link_name":"[316]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-348"},{"link_name":"private army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_army"},{"link_name":"[317]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-349"},{"link_name":"[318]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-350"},{"link_name":"guerrilla war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerrilla_war"},{"link_name":"[319]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-351"},{"link_name":"[320]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-352"},{"link_name":"Mike Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Jackson_(British_Army_officer)"},{"link_name":"Freedom of Information Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_Information_Act_2000"},{"link_name":"[252]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-quillgan-276"},{"link_name":"[252]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-quillgan-276"}],"text":"The IRA is a proscribed organisation in the United Kingdom under the Terrorism Act 2000,[300] and an unlawful organisation in the Republic of Ireland under the Offences Against the State Acts, where IRA volunteers are tried in the non-jury Special Criminal Court.[n 30][302] A similar system was introduced in Northern Ireland by the Northern Ireland (Emergency Provisions) Act 1973, with a Diplock court consisting of a single judge and no jury.[303] The IRA rejected the authority of the courts in Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland, and its standing orders did not allow volunteers on trial in a criminal court to enter a plea or recognise the authority of the court, doing so could lead to expulsion from the IRA.[n 31][304][305] These orders were relaxed in 1976 due to sentences in the Republic of Ireland for IRA membership being increased from two years to seven years imprisonment.[304][306] IRA prisoners in the UK and the Republic of Ireland were granted conditional early release as part of the Good Friday Agreement.[307] IRA members were often refused travel visas to enter the United States, due to previous criminal convictions or because the Immigration and Nationality Act bars the entry of people who are members of an organisation which advocates the overthrow of a government by force.[n 32][310][311]American TV news broadcasts used the terms \"activists\", \"guerrillas\", and \"terrorists\" to describe IRA members, while British TV news broadcasts commonly used the term \"terrorists\", particularly the BBC as part of its editorial guidelines published in 1989.[312] Republicans reject the label of terrorism, instead describing the IRA's activity as war, military activity, armed struggle or armed resistance.[313] The IRA prefer the terms freedom fighter, soldier, activist, or volunteer for its members.[314][315][316] The IRA has also been described as a \"private army\".[317][318] The IRA saw the Irish War of Independence as a guerrilla war which accomplished some of its aims, with some remaining \"unfinished business\".[319][320]An internal British Army document written by General Sir Mike Jackson and two other senior officers was released in 2007 under the Freedom of Information Act.[252] It examined the British Army's 37 years of deployment in Northern Ireland, and described the IRA as \"a professional, dedicated, highly skilled and resilient force\", while loyalist paramilitaries and other republican groups were described as \"little more than a collection of gangsters\".[252]","title":"Categorisation"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Strength and support"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-moloneyxviii-11"},{"link_name":"[321]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mallie12-353"},{"link_name":"[n 33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-356"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-moloneyxviii-11"},{"link_name":"[n 34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-358"},{"link_name":"[325]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-359"},{"link_name":"Ed Moloney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Moloney"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-moloneyinternment-102"},{"link_name":"[326]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-360"},{"link_name":"[327]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-english344-361"},{"link_name":"James Glover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Glover_(British_Army_officer)"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-taylorlw-151"},{"link_name":"[328]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-362"},{"link_name":"Brendan O'Brien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brendan_O%27Brien_(journalist)"},{"link_name":"[329]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-363"},{"link_name":"[327]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-english344-361"},{"link_name":"[266]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gacsecurity-292"}],"sub_title":"Numerical strength","text":"It is unclear how many people joined the IRA during the Troubles, as it did not keep detailed records of personnel.[10] Journalists Eamonn Mallie and Patrick Bishop state roughly 8,000 people passed through the ranks of the IRA in the first 20 years of its existence, many of them leaving after arrest, retirement or disillusionment.[321] McGuinness, who held a variety of leadership positions,[n 33] estimated a total membership of 10,000 over the course of the Troubles.[10] The British Army estimates the IRA had 500 volunteers in July 1971, 130 in Derry and 340 in Belfast,[n 34][325] journalist Ed Moloney states by the end of the year the IRA in Belfast had over 1,200 volunteers.[92] After the late 1970s restructure,[326] the British Army estimated the IRA had 500 full-time volunteers.[327] A 1978 British Army report by Brigadier James Glover stated that the restructured IRA did not require the same number of volunteers as the early 1970s, and that a small number of volunteers could \"maintain a disproportionate level of violence\".[137][328] Journalist Brendan O'Brien states by the late 1980s the IRA had roughly 300 active volunteers and 450 more in support roles,[329] while historian Richard English states in 1988 the IRA was believed to have no more than thirty experienced gunmen and bombers, with a further twenty volunteers with less experience and 500 more in support roles.[327] Moloney estimates in October 1996 the IRA had between 600 and 700 active volunteers.[266]","title":"Strength and support"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Provisional IRA in the Republic of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provisional_IRA_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Provisional IRA arms importation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provisional_IRA_arms_importation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AKM_automatkarbin_-_7,62x39mm.jpg"},{"link_name":"AKM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AKM"},{"link_name":"Muammar Gaddafi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi"},{"link_name":"[330]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-libya2-364"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Semtex_H_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Muammar Gaddafi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi"},{"link_name":"[330]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-libya2-364"},{"link_name":"Muammar Gaddafi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi"},{"link_name":"[331]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-365"},{"link_name":"[332]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-libya-366"},{"link_name":"[332]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-libya-366"},{"link_name":"assault rifles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assault_rifle"},{"link_name":"heavy machine guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_machine_gun"},{"link_name":"general-purpose machine guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General-purpose_machine_gun"},{"link_name":"RPG-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPG-7"},{"link_name":"[330]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-libya2-364"},{"link_name":"[333]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-367"},{"link_name":"[334]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-368"},{"link_name":"[335]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-369"},{"link_name":"Irish Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Americans"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cooganlinks-12"},{"link_name":"NORAID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NORAID"},{"link_name":"IRA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Republican_Army_(1922%E2%80%931969)"},{"link_name":"Michael Flannery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Flannery"},{"link_name":"front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front_organization"},{"link_name":"[336]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-370"},{"link_name":"[337]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-371"},{"link_name":"George Harrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Harrison_(Irish_republican)"},{"link_name":"[338]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-372"},{"link_name":"Federal Bureau of Investigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation"},{"link_name":"[339]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-373"},{"link_name":"[340]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-374"},{"link_name":"[341]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-375"},{"link_name":"[342]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-376"},{"link_name":"[343]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-377"},{"link_name":"[344]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-378"},{"link_name":"[345]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BHTYA-379"},{"link_name":"[346]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-380"},{"link_name":"[347]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-381"},{"link_name":"[348]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-382"},{"link_name":"[349]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DWADWD-383"},{"link_name":"[345]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BHTYA-379"},{"link_name":"Irish Canadians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Canadians"},{"link_name":"Irish Australians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Australians"},{"link_name":"Irish New Zealanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_New_Zealanders"},{"link_name":"[350]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-384"},{"link_name":"[351]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-385"},{"link_name":"[352]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-386"},{"link_name":"[353]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-387"},{"link_name":"[354]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-388"},{"link_name":"[355]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-389"},{"link_name":"[356]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-390"},{"link_name":"[357]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-391"},{"link_name":"light aeroplane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_aircraft"},{"link_name":"Shannon Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shannon_Airport"},{"link_name":"Farranfore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farranfore"},{"link_name":"County Kerry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Kerry"},{"link_name":"[358]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-392"},{"link_name":"Royal Canadian Mounted Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Mounted_Police"},{"link_name":"St. Catharines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Catharines"},{"link_name":"Tavistock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Zorra-Tavistock"},{"link_name":"Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto"},{"link_name":"Windsor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"FN rifles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L1A1_Self-Loading_Rifle"},{"link_name":".50 calibre machine gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M2_Browning"},{"link_name":"[359]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-393"},{"link_name":"MI5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MI5"},{"link_name":"[360]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-394"},{"link_name":"Basque separatist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque_separatism"},{"link_name":"ETA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ETA_(separatist_group)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cooganlinks-12"},{"link_name":"Maria McGuire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_McGuire"},{"link_name":"revolvers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolver"},{"link_name":"[361]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-geraghty-395"},{"link_name":"[362]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-396"},{"link_name":"Spanish police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Spain"},{"link_name":"Luis Carrero Blanco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Carrero_Blanco"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cooganlinks-12"},{"link_name":"[361]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-geraghty-395"},{"link_name":"Euskal Iraultzarako Alderdia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euskal_Iraultzarako_Alderdia"},{"link_name":"Basque region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque_Country_(greater_region)"},{"link_name":"[363]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-397"},{"link_name":"Palestine Liberation Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Organization"},{"link_name":"Middle East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cooganlinks-12"},{"link_name":"Antwerp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerp"},{"link_name":"[364]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-boyneplo-398"},{"link_name":"AK-47","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AK-47"},{"link_name":"submachine guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submachine_gun"},{"link_name":"Bren light machine guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bren_light_machine_gun"},{"link_name":"mortars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortar_(weapon)"},{"link_name":"grenades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenade"},{"link_name":"[364]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-boyneplo-398"},{"link_name":"Yasser Arafat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasser_Arafat"},{"link_name":"[365]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-399"},{"link_name":"Federal Security Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Security_Service"},{"link_name":"Kaitseliit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaitseliit"},{"link_name":"[366]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-400"},{"link_name":"Colombia Three","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia_Three"},{"link_name":"Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutionary_Armed_Forces_of_Colombia"},{"link_name":"[367]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-401"},{"link_name":"[368]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-moloneyfarc-402"},{"link_name":"shaped charges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaped_charge"},{"link_name":"propane bombs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propane_bomb"},{"link_name":"landmines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landmine"},{"link_name":"[368]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-moloneyfarc-402"},{"link_name":"[369]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oppenheimerfarc-403"},{"link_name":"National Army of Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Army_of_Colombia"},{"link_name":"[369]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oppenheimerfarc-403"},{"link_name":"[369]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oppenheimerfarc-403"}],"sub_title":"Support from other countries and organisations","text":"See also: Provisional IRA in the Republic of Ireland and Provisional IRA arms importation1,200 AKM assault rifles were donated by Muammar Gaddafi in the 1980s[330]Over two tonnes of the plastic explosive Semtex were donated by Muammar Gaddafi in the 1980s[330]Libyan leader Colonel Muammar Gaddafi was a supplier of arms to the IRA, donating two shipments of arms in the early 1970s,[331] and another five in the mid-1980s.[332] The final shipment in 1987 was intercepted by French authorities,[332] but the prior four shipments included 1,200 AKM assault rifles, 26 DShK heavy machine guns, 40 general-purpose machine guns, 33 RPG-7 rocket launchers, 10 SAM-7 surface-to-air missiles, 10 LPO-50 flamethrowers, and over two tonnes of plastic explosive Semtex.[330] He also gave $12 million in cash to the IRA.[333][334][335]Irish Americans (both Irish immigrants and natives of Irish descent) also donated weapons and money.[11] The financial backbone of IRA support in the United States was the Irish Northern Aid Committee (NORAID), founded by Irish immigrant and IRA veteran Michael Flannery. NORAID officially raised money for the families of IRA prisoners but was strongly accused by opponents of being a front for the IRA and being involved in IRA gunrunning.[336][337] The key IRA transatlantic gunrunning network was run by Irish immigrant and IRA veteran George Harrison, who estimated to have smuggled 2,000–2,500 weapons and approximately 1 million rounds of ammunition to Ireland.[338] However, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) arrested Harrison for IRA arms smuggling in June 1981, thereby blocking the IRA's arms supply from America.[339] This forced the IRA to focus on importing weaponry from its already-established networks in Europe and the Middle East.[340][341] In addition, Irish American support for the Republican cause began to weaken in the mid-1970s and gradually diminished in the 1980s due to bad publicity surrounding IRA atrocities and NORAID.[342][343] By 1998, only $3.6 million were raised in America for the Irish Republican cause,[344][345][346][347] in which many historians and scholars agreed such an amount was too small to make an actual difference in the conflict.[348][349][345]Irish Canadians, Irish Australians, and Irish New Zealanders were also active in supporting the Republican cause.[350][351][352] More than A$20,000 were sent per year to the Provisionals from supporters in Australia by the 1990s.[353] Canadian supporters not just fundraised or import weapons,[354][355][356][357] but also smuggled IRA and Sinn Féin members into the United States, which, unlike Canada, enacted a visa ban on such members on the basis of advocating violence since the early 1970s. Gearóid Ó Faoleán wrote that \"[i]n 1972, inclement weather forced a light aeroplane to reroute to Shannon Airport from Farranfore in County Kerry, where IRA volunteers had been awaiting its arrival. The plane, piloted by a Canadian [IRA supporter], had flown from Libya with at least one cargo of arms that included RPG-7 rocket launchers\" where IRA smuggled these weapons into safe houses for its armed campaign.[358] In 1974, seven Canadian residents (six who were originally from Belfast) were arrested by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) for smuggling weapons to the IRA after \"raids in St. Catharines, Tavistock and Toronto and at the U.S. border at Windsor\". Philip Kent, one of those arrested, was discovered in his car for having \"fifteen FN rifles and a .50 calibre machine gun\".[359]Former MI5 agent Willie Carlin said that one of the main reasons why the IRA Army Council did not attack Scotland during the conflict was because doing so would reduce support from Scots and have a negative impact on its fundraising and other activities there. Carlin explained that \"[t]here were politicians in Scotland, a lot of whom were very sympathetic to the nationalist cause, and even the Sinn Fein cause\". He also noted that while much of the money was donated by supporters in Glasgow, funds also came from all over the country, from \"farmers up there who had family and relatives in Ireland\".[360]The IRA had links with the Basque separatist group ETA.[11] Maria McGuire states the IRA received fifty revolvers from ETA in exchange for explosives training.[361][362] In 1973 the IRA was accused by the Spanish police of providing explosives for the assassination of Spanish prime minister Luis Carrero Blanco in Madrid, and the following year an ETA spokesman told German magazine Der Spiegel they had \"very good relations\" with the IRA.[11][361] In 1977 a representative of the Basque political party Euskal Iraultzarako Alderdia attended Sinn Féin's 1977 ard fheis, and Ó Brádaigh had a close relationship with Basque separatists, regularly visiting the Basque region between 1977 and 1983.[363] The IRA received support from the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) in the 1970s, with volunteers attending training camps in the Middle East.[11] In 1977 a shipment of arms from the PLO was seized in Antwerp, Belgium.[364] The shipment included twenty-nine AK-47 assault rifles, twenty-nine French submachine guns, seven RPG-7 rocket launchers and sixty rocket-propelled grenades, two Bren light machine guns, mortars, grenades and ammunition.[364] PLO leader Yasser Arafat distanced himself from the IRA following the assassination of Lord Mountbatten in 1979.[365]In May 1996, the Federal Security Service, Russia's internal security service, accused Estonia of arms smuggling, and claimed that the IRA had bought weapons from arms dealers linked to Estonia's volunteer defence force, Kaitseliit.[366] In 2001, three Irishmen, known as the Colombia Three, were arrested and accused of training Colombian guerrillas, the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC).[367][368] The Irish Minister for Justice, Equality and Law Reform stated the IRA was to be paid up to $35 million to train FARC in bomb-making techniques, including shaped charges, propane bombs, landmines and the construction of mortars.[368][369] In 2005 a commander in the National Army of Colombia stated IRA techniques were being used all over Colombia by FARC, and British military experts confirmed bombs used by FARC had previously been used by the IRA.[369] The Colombia Three were acquitted at trial in April 2004, before this was reversed at an appeal court in December 2004 although the men had fled the country and returned to Ireland before the appeal court verdict.[369]","title":"Strength and support"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paramilitary finances in the Troubles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramilitary_finances_in_the_Troubles"},{"link_name":"[370]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-404"},{"link_name":"counterfeiting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterfeit"},{"link_name":"protection rackets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protection_racket"},{"link_name":"fuel laundering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_laundering"},{"link_name":"cigarette smuggling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cigarette_smuggling"},{"link_name":"[371]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-connelly-405"},{"link_name":"[372]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dingley_2012_195-406"},{"link_name":"[371]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-connelly-405"},{"link_name":"[373]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-407"},{"link_name":"[371]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-connelly-405"},{"link_name":"[371]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-connelly-405"},{"link_name":"post offices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post_office"},{"link_name":"[374]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-408"},{"link_name":"[375]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-409"},{"link_name":"[376]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-410"},{"link_name":"[377]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-411"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Irish Intergovernmental Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Irish_Agreement#Anglo-Irish_Intergovernmental_Conference"},{"link_name":"[378]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-412"},{"link_name":"Northern Ireland Affairs Select Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Affairs_Select_Committee"},{"link_name":"extortion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extortion"},{"link_name":"[349]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DWADWD-383"},{"link_name":"[379]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-413"},{"link_name":"[380]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-414"},{"link_name":"[381]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-415"},{"link_name":"punishment shootings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramilitary_punishment_attacks_in_Northern_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Direct Action Against Drugs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_Action_Against_Drugs"},{"link_name":"[382]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-416"},{"link_name":"[383]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-417"},{"link_name":"[384]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-418"},{"link_name":"murder of Robert McCartney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_Robert_McCartney"},{"link_name":"[385]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-419"},{"link_name":"[386]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-420"},{"link_name":"[387]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-421"},{"link_name":"[388]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-422"}],"sub_title":"Financing","text":"Further information: Paramilitary finances in the TroublesWhile overseas financial support was generally appreciated, the vast majority of the IRA revenue came from activities in the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland.[370] Since the Troubles began, the IRA was involved in criminal activities such as robberies, counterfeiting, protection rackets, kidnapping for ransom, fuel laundering and cigarette smuggling in order to fund its armed campaign.[371][372] The IRA also raised funds by running legitimate businesses such as taxi firms, nightclubs, offices, and nursing homes.[371] British law enforcement estimated that, by the 1990s, the IRA needed £10.5 million a year to operate.[373] IRA supporters argue that as it was a clandestine organisation it was forced to use extra legal methods of fundraising, which were justified in order to achieve a political goal.[371] However, this activity allowed the British government to portray the IRA as no more than a criminal gang.[371] Armed robberies of banks, trains and small businesses across Ireland were a significant source of funding for the IRA, with over 1,000 raids on post offices in Northern Ireland.[374][375] The PSNI, the IMC, and the British and Irish governments all accused the IRA of involvement in the biggest bank raid in British history—the 2004 Northern Bank robbery—when £26.5 million was stolen, which the IRA denied.[376][377] In April 1987, RUC chief constable John Hermon told government ministers at the Anglo-Irish Intergovernmental Conference that \"[i]t costs the IRA £2-£3 million per year to maintain its activity. That amount is no problem to them and they have no shortage of money to purchase weapons.\"[378]The Northern Ireland Affairs Select Committee in its 26 June 2002 report stated that \"the importance of overseas donations has been exaggerated and donations from the USA have formed only a small portion of IRA income.\" It identified extortion, fuel laundering, rum-running, tobacco smuggling, armed robbery, and counterfeiting in Ireland and Britain as the primary sources of funding for both Republican and Loyalist militants throughout and after the Troubles, while \"the sums involved [from overseas] [were and] are comparatively small\". The committee estimated that the Provisional IRA made £5-8 million a year while spending £1.5m annually to carry out its campaign.[349] One IRA interviewee stated that starting in the 1970s for example:Belfast ran itself for years on its [social] clubs. You know the clubs? They formed the clubs, earlier on they formed it and ... the car parks, you know, not building them but taking over areas and running them as car parks. There was no one to say how much you took in and how much you took out and so, you know, if there was twenty-thousand coming in every week you could say there's twelve-thousand coming in and then there's eight-thousand going one way, and you paid your people and say there's so much going every week. And that financed the movement.[379]Generally, the IRA was against drug dealing and prostitution, because it would be unpopular within Catholic communities and for moral reasons.[380] The chief of the RUC Drugs Squad, Kevin Sheehy, said the IRA tried to prevent volunteers being directly involved with drugs, and noted one occasion when an IRA member caught with a small amount of cannabis was \"disowned and humiliated\" in his local area.[381] The IRA targeted drug dealers with punishment shootings and ordered them to leave Ireland, and some were killed using the covername Direct Action Against Drugs.[382][383] However, there are claims the IRA \"licensed\" certain dealers to operate and forced them to pay protection money.[384] Following the murder of Robert McCartney in 2005, the IRA expelled three IRA volunteers.[385] Adams said at Sinn Féin's 2005 ard fheis \"There is no place in republicanism for anyone involved in criminality\", while adding \"we refuse to criminalise those who break the law in pursuit of legitimate political objectives\".[386] This was echoed shortly after by an IRA statement issued at Easter, saying that criminality within the ranks would not be tolerated.[387] In 2008, the IMC stated that the IRA was no longer involved in criminality, but that some members have engaged in criminality for their own ends, without the sanction or support of the IRA.[388]","title":"Strength and support"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Economic and Social Research Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_and_Social_Research_Institute"},{"link_name":"[389]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-423"},{"link_name":"[390]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-424"},{"link_name":"[391]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-425"}],"sub_title":"Popular support","text":"Support for the IRA within nationalist communities and within the Republic of Ireland has fluctuated over the course of the conflict. In September 1979 the Economic and Social Research Institute conducted a wide-ranging survey of attitudes to the IRA in the Republic. Its findings showed that 20.7% broadly supported IRA activities, while 60.5% opposed them. Meanwhile, when respondents were asked whether they sympathised or rejected their motives, 44.8% of respondents expressed some level of sympathy with their motives while 33.5% broadly rejected them.[389]\nA study in 1999 showed amongst Catholics in Northern Ireland, 42% of respondents expressed sympathy with republican violence while 52% said they had no sympathy. The same study found 39.7% of respondents in the Republic of Ireland sympathised with republican violence.[390]According to a 2022 poll, 69% of Irish nationalists polled believe there was no option but \"violent resistance to British rule during the Troubles\".[391]","title":"Strength and support"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Other activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[392]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-english173-426"},{"link_name":"[393]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-427"},{"link_name":"Republican Action Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Armagh_Republican_Action_Force"},{"link_name":"Kingsmill massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingsmill_massacre"},{"link_name":"[394]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-428"},{"link_name":"[395]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-429"},{"link_name":"[392]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-english173-426"},{"link_name":"[396]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-430"},{"link_name":"Indiana University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_University"},{"link_name":"[397]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-431"},{"link_name":"Department of War Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_War_Studies,_King%27s_College_London"},{"link_name":"[398]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-432"},{"link_name":"Fermanagh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Fermanagh"},{"link_name":"Tyrone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Tyrone"},{"link_name":"ethnic cleansing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing"},{"link_name":"[399]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-leahysect-433"},{"link_name":"University of Ulster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Ulster"},{"link_name":"[400]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-434"},{"link_name":"[399]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-leahysect-433"},{"link_name":"[399]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-leahysect-433"},{"link_name":"[401]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-435"}],"sub_title":"Sectarian attacks","text":"The IRA publicly condemned sectarianism and sectarian attacks, however some IRA members did carry out sectarian attacks.[392] Of those killed by the IRA, Malcolm Sutton classifies 130 (about 7%) of them as sectarian killings of Protestants, 88 of them committed between 1974 and 1976.[393] Unlike loyalists, the IRA denied responsibility for sectarian attacks and the members involved used cover names, such as \"Republican Action Force\", which was used to claim responsibility for the 1976 Kingsmill massacre where ten Protestant civilians were killed in a gun attack.[394][395] They stated that their attacks on Protestants were retaliation for attacks on Catholics.[392] Many in the IRA opposed these sectarian attacks, but others deemed them effective in preventing similar attacks on Catholics.[396] Robert White, a professor at the Indiana University, states the IRA was generally not a sectarian organisation,[397] and Rachel Kowalski from the Department of War Studies, King's College London states that the IRA acted in a way that was mostly blind to religious diversity.[398]Protestants in the rural border areas of counties Fermanagh and Tyrone, where the number of members of the security forces killed was high, viewed the IRA's campaign as ethnic cleansing.[399] Henry Patterson, a professor at the University of Ulster, concludes that while the IRA's campaign was unavoidably sectarian, it did not amount to ethnic cleansing.[400] Although the IRA did not specifically target these people because of their religious affiliation, more Protestants joined the security forces so many people from that community believed the attacks were sectarian.[399] McKearney argues that due to the British government's Ulsterisation policy increasing the role of the locally recruited RUC and UDR, the IRA had no choice but to target them because of their local knowledge, but acknowledges that Protestants viewed this as a sectarian attack on their community.[399][401]","title":"Other activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Provo-landOmagh.jpg"},{"link_name":"Omagh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omagh"},{"link_name":"County Tyrone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Tyrone"},{"link_name":"[402]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-weitzer-436"},{"link_name":"[402]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-weitzer-436"},{"link_name":"[403]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-437"},{"link_name":"community policing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_policing"},{"link_name":"[404]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-438"},{"link_name":"[402]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-weitzer-436"},{"link_name":"[405]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-439"},{"link_name":"[406]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-440"},{"link_name":"[402]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-weitzer-436"},{"link_name":"arbitration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbitration"},{"link_name":"[407]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hamill-441"},{"link_name":"curfew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curfew"},{"link_name":"[408]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hamill2-442"},{"link_name":"[408]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hamill2-442"},{"link_name":"Kneecapping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kneecapping"},{"link_name":"[409]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-443"},{"link_name":"[410]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-444"},{"link_name":"summary justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extrajudicial_punishment"},{"link_name":"[411]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-445"},{"link_name":"Ballymurphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballymurphy,_Belfast"},{"link_name":"[412]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reed-446"},{"link_name":"[413]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-moloneyballymurphy-447"},{"link_name":"[412]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reed-446"},{"link_name":"[413]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-moloneyballymurphy-447"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto3-130"},{"link_name":"[414]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-findlay-448"},{"link_name":"[414]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-findlay-448"},{"link_name":"[407]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hamill-441"}],"sub_title":"Vigilantism","text":"An IRA signpost with the word \"Provoland\" underneath in Omagh, County TyroneDuring the Troubles, the IRA took on the role of policing in some nationalist areas of Northern Ireland.[402] Many nationalists did not trust the official police force—the RUC—and saw it as biased against their community.[402][403] The RUC found it difficult to operate in certain nationalist neighbourhoods and only entered in armoured convoys due to the risk of attack, preventing community policing that could have occurred if officers patrolled on foot.[404] In these neighbourhoods, many residents expected the IRA to act as a policing force,[402][405] and such policing had propaganda value for the IRA.[406] The IRA also sought to minimise contact between residents and the RUC, because residents might pass on information or be forced to become a police informer.[402] The IRA set up arbitration panels that would adjudicate and investigate complaints from locals about criminal or 'anti-social' activities.[407] First time offenders may have been given a warning, or for more serious offences a curfew may have been imposed.[408] Those responsible for more serious and repeat offences could have been given a punishment beating, or banished from the community.[408] Kneecapping was also used by the IRA as a form of punishment.[409] No punishment attacks have been officially attributed to the IRA since February 2006.[410]The vigilantism of the IRA and other paramilitary organisations has been condemned as \"summary justice\".[411] In January 1971, the IRA and British Army held secret talks aimed at stopping persistent rioting in Ballymurphy.[412][413] It was agreed that the IRA would be responsible for policing there, but the agreement was short-lived.[412][413] During the 1975 ceasefire incident centres were set up across Northern Ireland, staffed by Sinn Féin members who dealt with incidents that might endanger the truce.[116] Residents went there to report crime as well as to make complaints about the security forces.[414] The incident centres were seen by locals as \"IRA police stations\" and gave some legitimacy to the IRA as a policing force.[414] Following the end of the ceasefire the incident centres remained open as Sinn Féin offices where crime continued to be reported, to be dealt with by the IRA.[407]","title":"Other activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[415]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-449"},{"link_name":"supergrasses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supergrass_(informer)"},{"link_name":"Raymond Gilmour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Gilmour"},{"link_name":"[n 35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-452"},{"link_name":"[418]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-453"},{"link_name":"[419]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-454"},{"link_name":"Freddie Scappaticci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freddie_Scappaticci"},{"link_name":"Stakeknife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stakeknife"},{"link_name":"[420]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-455"},{"link_name":"Force Research Unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Force_Research_Unit"},{"link_name":"Internal Security Unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Security_Unit"},{"link_name":"[421]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-leahy3-456"},{"link_name":"[421]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-leahy3-456"},{"link_name":"Denis Donaldson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis_Donaldson"},{"link_name":"[422]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-donaldson-457"},{"link_name":"[423]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-458"},{"link_name":"[422]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-donaldson-457"},{"link_name":"[424]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-leahy2-459"},{"link_name":"Real IRA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_IRA"},{"link_name":"Glenties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenties"},{"link_name":"[425]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-460"},{"link_name":"[426]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-461"},{"link_name":"Eamon Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eamon_Collins"},{"link_name":"[417]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-leahy-451"},{"link_name":"Sean O'Callaghan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_O%27Callaghan"},{"link_name":"[278]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-306"},{"link_name":"[424]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-leahy2-459"},{"link_name":"[427]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-462"},{"link_name":"[428]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-463"},{"link_name":"[429]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-464"},{"link_name":"[430]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-465"},{"link_name":"court martial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_martial"},{"link_name":"[431]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-informers-466"},{"link_name":"death sentence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_sentence"},{"link_name":"[431]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-informers-466"},{"link_name":"original IRA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Republican_Army_(1917%E2%80%9322)"},{"link_name":"[432]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-467"},{"link_name":"[433]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-468"},{"link_name":"[282]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-moloney29-310"},{"link_name":"[434]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-469"},{"link_name":"[435]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-470"},{"link_name":"Disappeared","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disappeared_(Northern_Ireland)"},{"link_name":"[n 36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-472"},{"link_name":"[437]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-english160-473"},{"link_name":"[438]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-474"},{"link_name":"[439]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-475"},{"link_name":"Jean McConville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_Jean_McConville"},{"link_name":"[440]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gillespie-476"},{"link_name":"[440]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gillespie-476"},{"link_name":"Columba McVeigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columba_McVeigh"},{"link_name":"Joe Lynskey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Lynskey"},{"link_name":"Robert Nairac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Nairac"},{"link_name":"[441]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-477"}],"sub_title":"Informers","text":"Throughout the Troubles, some members of the IRA passed information to the security forces.[415] In the 1980s, many IRA members were arrested after being implicated by former IRA members known as \"supergrasses\" such as Raymond Gilmour.[n 35][418] There have been some high-profile allegations of senior IRA figures having been British informers.[419] In May 2003, an American website named Freddie Scappaticci as being a British spy code-named Stakeknife.[420] Scappaticci was said to be a high-level IRA informer working for the British Army's Force Research Unit, while he was head of the IRA's Internal Security Unit, which interrogated and killed suspected informers.[421] Scappaticci denies being Stakeknife, and involvement in IRA activity.[421] In December 2005, Sinn Féin member and former IRA volunteer Denis Donaldson appeared at a press conference in Dublin and confessed to being a British spy since the early 1980s.[422][423] Donaldson, who ran Sinn Féin's operations in New York during the Northern Ireland peace process, was expelled by the party.[422][424] On 4 April 2006, Donaldson was shot dead by the Real IRA splinter group at his retreat near Glenties in County Donegal.[425][426] Other prominent informers include Eamon Collins,[417] Sean O'Callaghan,[278] and Roy McShane, who worked as a driver for the leadership of Sinn Féin including Adams.[424][427]The IRA regarded informers as traitors,[428] and a threat to the organisation and lives of its members.[429] Suspected informers were dealt with by the IRA's Internal Security Unit, which carried out an investigation and interrogated the suspects.[430] Following this a court martial would take place, consisting of three members of equal or higher rank than the accused, plus a member of GHQ or the Army Council acting as an observer.[431] Any death sentence would be ratified by the Army Council, who would be informed of the verdict by the observer.[431] The original IRA, as well as all the major paramilitary organisations active during the Troubles, also killed alleged informers.[432][433] The IRA usually killed informers with a single shot to the head,[282] and left many of their bodies in public to deter other informers.[434][435] There was also a group of sixteen people known as the Disappeared who were secretly buried between 1972 and 1985, which included alleged informers, agents for the security forces, and people that stole IRA weapons and used them in armed robberies.[n 36][437][438] In March 1999 the IRA apologised for the \"prolonged anguish\" caused to the families of the Disappeared, and stated it had identified the burial places of nine people,[439] including the most high-profile victim, Jean McConville, a Catholic civilian and widowed mother-of-ten.[440] This led to the recovery of three bodies later in 1999, although Jean McConville's body was not recovered until August 2003.[440] As of 2019, the bodies of Columba McVeigh, Joe Lynskey, and undercover British Army intelligence officer Robert Nairac have yet to be recovered.[441]","title":"Other activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"splinter groups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splinter_group"},{"link_name":"dissident Irish republican campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissident_Irish_republican_campaign"},{"link_name":"Continuity IRA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuity_IRA"},{"link_name":"[442]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-horgan1986-478"},{"link_name":"[443]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-479"},{"link_name":"[444]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-480"},{"link_name":"Michael McKevitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_McKevitt"},{"link_name":"Mitchell Principles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitchell_Principles"},{"link_name":"[n 37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-482"},{"link_name":"[446]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-483"},{"link_name":"[447]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-484"},{"link_name":"Omagh bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omagh_bombing"},{"link_name":"Massereene Barracks shooting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massereene_Barracks_shooting"},{"link_name":"[448]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-485"},{"link_name":"[449]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-486"},{"link_name":"Óglaigh na hÉireann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93glaigh_na_h%C3%89ireann_(Real_IRA_splinter_group)"},{"link_name":"[450]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-horganonh-487"},{"link_name":"[450]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-horganonh-487"},{"link_name":"murder of Ronan Kerr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_Ronan_Kerr"},{"link_name":"[451]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-horganira-488"},{"link_name":"[451]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-horganira-488"},{"link_name":"Republican Action Against Drugs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Action_Against_Drugs"},{"link_name":"[452]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-horganraad-489"},{"link_name":"[452]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-horganraad-489"},{"link_name":"New IRA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_IRA"},{"link_name":"[453]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-490"}],"text":"Former IRA volunteers are involved in various dissident republican splinter groups, which are active in the low-level dissident Irish republican campaign. The oldest dissident group is the Continuity IRA, which formed in 1986 following a split in the republican movement, over the decision to allow members, if elected, to take seats in Dáil Éireann.[442] This group was inactive for several years while acquiring weapons and finance,[443] their first attack was in 1994 during the Provisional IRA's first ceasefire.[444] The Real IRA was formed in November 1997 when senior Provisional IRA members, including quartermaster-general Michael McKevitt, resigned over acceptance of the Mitchell Principles.[n 37][446][447] The Real IRA is best known for the 1998 Omagh bombing which killed 29 civilians, and the 2009 Massereene Barracks shooting which killed two British soldiers.[448][449] In 2005/6 some Provisional IRA members defected and formed Óglaigh na hÉireann, which became active in 2009.[450] This group also included former members of the Irish National Liberation Army and a faction that splintered from the Real IRA.[450] In 2011 a group calling itself \"the IRA\" claimed responsibility for the murder of Ronan Kerr, a Catholic member of the PSNI.[451] The group was believed to have formed in 2008, and included former senior Provisional IRA members unhappy at Sinn Féin's direction and the peace process.[451] Also in 2008, Republican Action Against Drugs (RAAD) was formed in Derry.[452] This vigilante group's membership included former Provisional IRA members and members of other republican groups.[452] RAAD, \"the IRA\", and some smaller groups merged with the Real IRA in 2012 to form the New IRA.[453]","title":"Splinter groups"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notes and references"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"Republic of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"revolutionary Irish Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Republic"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allegiance-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"sovereign state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign_state"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-58"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-white1969gac-53"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bowyerbell1969-57"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-horgantaylor-55"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-60"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mallie137-50"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-65"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-poneill-63"},{"link_name":"Dáithí Ó Conaill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A1ith%C3%AD_%C3%93_Conaill"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"Danny Morrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Morrison_(Irish_republican)"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-poneill-63"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-66"},{"link_name":"simple majority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majority"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-taylorsplit-52"},{"link_name":"Seán Mac Stíofáin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_Mac_St%C3%ADof%C3%A1in"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-taylorsplit-52"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-70"},{"link_name":"Ard Chomhairle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ard_Chomhairle"},{"link_name":"Ruairí Ó Brádaigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruair%C3%AD_%C3%93_Br%C3%A1daigh"},{"link_name":"president of Sinn Féin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Sinn_F%C3%A9in"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"Tomás Mac Giolla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_Mac_Giolla"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"Official Sinn Féin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Sinn_F%C3%A9in"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-82"},{"link_name":"Joe Cahill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Cahill"},{"link_name":"Northern campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_campaign_(Irish_Republican_Army)"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"Border campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Border_campaign_(Irish_Republican_Army)"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-94"},{"link_name":"cover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurance_cover"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-97"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shanahanloyalists-96"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-107"},{"link_name":"Border campaign of 1956–1962","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Border_campaign_(Irish_Republican_Army)"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-moloneyinternment-102"},{"link_name":"political offence exception","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_offence_exception"},{"link_name":"extradited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extradited"},{"link_name":"Dominic McGlinchey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominic_McGlinchey"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-extradition-6"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-113"},{"link_name":"Seamus Costello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seamus_Costello"},{"link_name":"Irish National Liberation Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_National_Liberation_Army"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inla-112"},{"link_name":"decommissioned its weapons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decommissioning_in_Northern_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inla-112"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-117"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-123"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-121"},{"link_name":"Sinn Féin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-122"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-176"},{"link_name":"[157]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-niall-171"},{"link_name":"[159]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-173"},{"link_name":"Northern Ireland peace process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland_peace_process"},{"link_name":"[160]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-174"},{"link_name":"[161]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-175"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-186"},{"link_name":"Denis Bradley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis_Bradley"},{"link_name":"Brendan Duddy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brendan_Duddy"},{"link_name":"[169]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-184"},{"link_name":"fax machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fax_machine"},{"link_name":"[170]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-taylorpeace-185"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-212"},{"link_name":"Irish Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Border campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Border_campaign_(Irish_Republican_Army)"},{"link_name":"IRA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Republican_Army_(1922%E2%80%931969)"},{"link_name":"Official IRA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_IRA"},{"link_name":"[195]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-boyne403-211"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-214"},{"link_name":"Ian Paisley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Paisley"},{"link_name":"Democratic Unionist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Unionist_Party"},{"link_name":"Martin McGuinness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_McGuinness"},{"link_name":"Sinn Féin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in"},{"link_name":"First Minister and deputy First Minister of Northern Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Minister_and_deputy_First_Minister_of_Northern_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[196]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-213"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-217"},{"link_name":"Royal Ulster Constabulary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Ulster_Constabulary"},{"link_name":"Patten Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patten_Report"},{"link_name":"[198]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-216"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-232"},{"link_name":"Colonel Gaddafi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonel_Gaddafi"},{"link_name":"[212]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-231"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-238"},{"link_name":"[216]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-236"},{"link_name":"Michael McKevitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_McKevitt"},{"link_name":"Real IRA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_IRA"},{"link_name":"materiel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materiel"},{"link_name":"[217]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-237"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-242"},{"link_name":"Kevin McGuigan's son claims his father 'exonerated' over Gerard 'Jock' Davison murder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.irishnews.com/news/northernirelandnews/2022/01/10/news/kevin-mcguigan-s-son-claims-his-father-exonerated-over-gerard-jock-davison-murder-2555709/"},{"link_name":"Irish News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_News"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-265"},{"link_name":"[240]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-abercorn-262"},{"link_name":"[241]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bowyerbell87-263"},{"link_name":"[242]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-264"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-268"},{"link_name":"[243]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto2-266"},{"link_name":"[244]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-267"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-284"},{"link_name":"bomb threats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bomb_threats"},{"link_name":"infrastructure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastructure"},{"link_name":"[258]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-282"},{"link_name":"Aintree Racecourse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aintree_Racecourse"},{"link_name":"1997 Grand National","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_Grand_National"},{"link_name":"[259]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-283"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-291"},{"link_name":"majority vote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majority_vote"},{"link_name":"[265]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-moloneygac2-290"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-293"},{"link_name":"countersurveillance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countersurveillance"},{"link_name":"[266]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gacsecurity-292"},{"link_name":"covert listening devices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covert_listening_device"},{"link_name":"[266]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gacsecurity-292"},{"link_name":"Internal Security Unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Security_Unit"},{"link_name":"Garda Síochána","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garda_S%C3%ADoch%C3%A1na"},{"link_name":"[266]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gacsecurity-292"},{"link_name":"Pre-arranged escape plans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contingency_plan"},{"link_name":"police raid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_raid"},{"link_name":"[266]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gacsecurity-292"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-303"},{"link_name":"co-option","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co-option"},{"link_name":"[274]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-301"},{"link_name":"[275]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-302"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-322"},{"link_name":"South Armagh Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Armagh_Brigade"},{"link_name":"[291]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-leahy187%E2%80%93188-319"},{"link_name":"covert observation posts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observation_post"},{"link_name":"[292]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-harnden122%E2%80%93125-320"},{"link_name":"[292]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-harnden122%E2%80%93125-320"},{"link_name":"[292]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-harnden122%E2%80%93125-320"},{"link_name":"[293]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-harnden34%E2%80%9335-321"},{"link_name":"[293]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-harnden34%E2%80%9335-321"},{"link_name":"Republic of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[291]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-leahy187%E2%80%93188-319"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-331"},{"link_name":"sympathetic juries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jury_nullification"},{"link_name":"jury tampering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jury_tampering"},{"link_name":"[301]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-330"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-335"},{"link_name":"bail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bail"},{"link_name":"[304]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%C3%93_Faole%C3%A1n-334"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-342"},{"link_name":"Bill Clinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton"},{"link_name":"State Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Department"},{"link_name":"Joe Cahill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Cahill"},{"link_name":"criminal record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_record"},{"link_name":"RUC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Ulster_Constabulary"},{"link_name":"[308]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-feeney-339"},{"link_name":"[309]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-340"},{"link_name":"Irish American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_American"},{"link_name":"Northern Ireland peace process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland_peace_process"},{"link_name":"[308]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-feeney-339"},{"link_name":"[310]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mcerlath-341"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-356"},{"link_name":"Martin McGuinness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_McGuinness"},{"link_name":"officer commanding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Officer_commanding"},{"link_name":"Derry Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derry_Brigade"},{"link_name":"Northern Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRA_Northern_Command"},{"link_name":"Army Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRA_Army_Council"},{"link_name":"chief-of-staff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_of_the_Irish_Republican_Army"},{"link_name":"[322]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-354"},{"link_name":"[323]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-355"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-358"},{"link_name":"regular army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular_army"},{"link_name":"Ulster Defence Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_Defence_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Royal Ulster Constabulary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Ulster_Constabulary"},{"link_name":"[324]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-357"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-452"},{"link_name":"Lord Lowry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Lowry"},{"link_name":"Lord Chief Justice of Northern Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Chief_Justice_of_Northern_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[416]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-450"},{"link_name":"Court of Appeal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_Appeal"},{"link_name":"immunity from prosecution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunity_from_prosecution"},{"link_name":"[417]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-leahy-451"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-472"},{"link_name":"Irish National Liberation Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_National_Liberation_Army"},{"link_name":"[436]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-471"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-482"},{"link_name":"George J. Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_J._Mitchell"},{"link_name":"[445]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-481"}],"sub_title":"Notes","text":"^ The Provisional IRA rejected the legitimacy of the Republic of Ireland, instead claiming its Army Council to be the provisional government of the revolutionary Irish Republic.[4]\n\n^ The Irish Free State subsequently changed its name to Ireland and in 1949 became a sovereign state fully independent of the United Kingdom.[19]\n\n^ The vote was a show of hands and the result is disputed.[54] It has been variously reported as twenty-eight votes to twelve,[51] or thirty-nine votes to twelve.[55] The official minutes state out of the forty-six delegates scheduled to attend, thirty-nine were in attendance, and the result of the second vote was twenty-seven votes to twelve.[53]\n\n^ Following a convention in September 1970 the \"Provisional\" Army Council announced that the provisional period had finished, but the name stuck.[48]\n\n^ The Provisional IRA issued all its public statements under the pseudonym \"P. O'Neill\" of the \"Irish Republican Publicity Bureau, Dublin\".[59] Dáithí Ó Conaill, the IRA's director of publicity, came up with the name.[60] According to Danny Morrison, the pseudonym \"S. O'Neill\" was used during the 1940s.[59]\n\n^ When the resolution failed to achieve the necessary two-thirds majority to change Sinn Féin policy the leadership announced a resolution recognising the \"Official\" Army Council, which would only require a simple majority vote to pass.[50] At this point Seán Mac Stíofáin led the walkout after declaring allegiance to the \"Provisional\" Army Council.[50]\n\n^ The provisional period for \"Provisional\" Sinn Féin ended at an ard fheis in October 1970, when the Caretaker Executive was dissolved and an Ard Chomhairle was elected, with Ruairí Ó Brádaigh becoming president of Sinn Féin.[61] Tomás Mac Giolla, president of the pre-split Sinn Féin since 1962,[62] continued as president of Official Sinn Féin.[63]\n\n^ The IRA also used \"forties men\" for volunteers such as Joe Cahill who fought in the Northern campaign,[73] and \"fifties men\" for volunteers who fought in the Border campaign.[74]\n\n^ In the early 1970s insurance companies cancelled cover for damage caused by bombs in Northern Ireland, so the British government paid compensation.[85]\n\n^ This was due to the difficulty in identifying members of the IRA, ease of targeting, and many loyalists believing ordinary Catholics were in league with the IRA.[87]\n\n^ Internment had been effective during the IRA's Border campaign of 1956–1962 as it was used on both sides of the Irish border denying the IRA a safe operational base,[95] but due to Lynch cancelling his plans IRA fugitives had a safe haven south of the border due to public sympathy for the IRA's cause.[92] The Republic of Ireland's Extradition Act 1965 contained a political offence exception that prevented IRA members being extradited to Northern Ireland and numerous extradition requests were rejected before Dominic McGlinchey became the first republican paramilitary to be extradited in 1984.[5][96]\n\n^ In 1974 Seamus Costello, an Official IRA member who led a faction opposed to its ceasefire, was expelled and formed the Irish National Liberation Army.[100] This organisation remained active until 1994 when it began a \"no-first-strike\" policy, before declaring a ceasefire in 1998.[101] Its armed campaign, which caused the deaths of 113 people, was formally ended in October 2009 and in February 2010 it decommissioned its weapons.[101]\n\n^ After the Official IRA's ceasefire, the Provisional IRA were typically referred to as simply the IRA.[104]\n\n^ The Army Council withdrew its support for Éire Nua in 1979.[108] It remained Sinn Féin policy until 1982.[109]\n\n^ Brooke's speech is known as the Whitbread Speech as it was given at the Whitbread Restaurant in London, in front of the British Association of Canned Food Importers & Distributors.[157][159] It is regarded as a key moment in the Northern Ireland peace process.[160][161]\n\n^ Denis Bradley and Brendan Duddy were used as intermediaries.[169] The intermediary would receive messages from a British government representative either face-to-face or by using a safe telephone or fax machine, and would forward the messages to the IRA leadership.[170]\n\n^ After its defeat in the Irish Civil War in 1923 and at the end of the unsuccessful Border campaign in 1962, the IRA issued orders to retain weapons, and the Official IRA also retained its weapons following its 1972 ceasefire.[195]\n\n^ The assembly remained suspended until May 2007, when Ian Paisley of the Democratic Unionist Party and Martin McGuinness of Sinn Féin became First Minister and deputy First Minister of Northern Ireland.[196]\n\n^ In 2001 the Royal Ulster Constabulary was reformed and renamed the Police Service of Northern Ireland as a result of the Patten Report.[198]\n\n^ In 1992 Colonel Gaddafi is understood to have given the British government a detailed inventory of weapons he'd supplied to the IRA.[212]\n\n^ General de Chastelain has also stated weapons might have been lost due to a person responsible for them having died.[216] Michael McKevitt, the IRA's quartermaster-general who left to form the Real IRA, was known to have taken materiel from IRA arm dumps.[217]\n\n^ The PSNI eventually revealed that McGuigan had been \"spoken to\" by the police as part of the Davison investigation but only \"as a potential witness, not a suspect\". A 2021 inquest hearing was told that detectives had not considered Mr McGuigan a suspect in Mr Davison's murder, though the inquest's report added that \"others\" did. McGuigan's son Pearse subsequently insisted that had \"the police acted and published the information they have, it would have dispelled the rumours in the community and saved my father's life.\" See \"Kevin McGuigan's son claims his father 'exonerated' over Gerard 'Jock' Davison murder\", Irish News, 10 January 2022.\n\n^ The number of people injured has been variously reported as 70,[240] 130,[241] and 136.[242]\n\n^ IRA bomb warnings included a code word known to the authorities, so it could be determined if a bomb warning was authentic.[243] They were also used when issuing public statements to media organisations.[244]\n\n^ In addition to bombings and occasional gun attacks in England, the IRA also used hoax bomb threats to disrupt the transport infrastructure.[258] A hoax bomb threat also forced the evacuation of Aintree Racecourse, postponing the 1997 Grand National.[259]\n\n^ In addition to the scheduled General Army Conventions, the Executive, by a majority vote of its 12 members, had the power to order an Extraordinary General Army Convention, which would be attended by the delegates of the previous General Army Convention, where possible.[265]\n\n^ Delegates might spend over a day travelling to the General Army Convention, due to the elaborate security and countersurveillance arrangements.[266] Delegates for the 1996 convention had to stop at four locations in order to change vehicles and be scanned for covert listening devices, and they were not permitted to bring mobile telephones or other electronic devices.[266] The convention was guarded by the IRA's Internal Security Unit, who also monitored the local Garda Síochána station.[266] Pre-arranged escape plans were in place in case of a police raid.[266]\n\n^ The Executive and Army Council elected in September 1970 remained in place until 1986, filling vacancies by co-option when necessary.[274][275]\n\n^ The South Armagh Brigade did not have similar security problems as other brigades for a variety of reasons.[291] The locals were familiar with the terrain, in particular potential locations for covert observation posts used by soldiers.[292] Local farmers frequently searched using dogs, and were known to pass on the locations of soldiers to the IRA.[292] The small, close-knit communities also made it difficult for undercover soldiers to operate, as unfamiliar people and vehicles were immediately noticed by the locals.[292] The brigade also introduced new recruits slowly, training them over a period of several years with more experienced volunteers which built up mutual trust.[293] This, combined with the brigade's willingness to halt an operation if they feared it was compromised or conditions were not ideal, resulted in few arrests in the area.[293] The lack of arrests, as well as IRA volunteers living across the border in the Republic of Ireland, meant it was difficult for the security forces to recruit informers.[291]\n\n^ Prior to May 1972 IRA volunteers in the Republic of Ireland were tried in normal courts. The three judge Special Criminal Court was re-introduced following a series of regional court cases where IRA volunteers were acquitted or received light sentences from sympathetic juries and judges, and also to prevent jury tampering.[301]\n\n^ There were occasional exceptions to this, there are several instances of female IRA volunteers being permitted to ask for bail and/or present a defence. This generally happened where the volunteer had children whose father was dead or imprisoned. There are some other cases where male IRA volunteers were permitted to present a defence.[304]\n\n^ There were occasional exceptions to this, such as in 1994 when US president Bill Clinton instructed the State Department to issue a visa to Joe Cahill, despite his criminal record including a conviction for the murder of an RUC officer in 1942.[308][309] Cahill, who had been banned from entering the US since 1971, was permitted entry to brief Irish American supporters about the impending IRA ceasefire at a critical point in the Northern Ireland peace process.[308][310]\n\n^ Leadership positions Martin McGuinness was reported to have held in the IRA include officer commanding (OC) of the Derry Brigade (1970–1971), director of operations (1972), OC of Northern Command (1976), member of the Army Council (1977 onwards), and chief-of-staff (late 1970s–1982).[322][323]\n\n^ At the same time there were 14,000 regular army soldiers deployed in Northern Ireland, in addition to 8,000 Ulster Defence Regiment soldiers and 6,000 Royal Ulster Constabulary officers.[324]\n\n^ Thirty-five people implicated by Gilmour were acquitted following a six-month trial in 1984, with Lord Lowry, the Lord Chief Justice of Northern Ireland, describing Gilmour as a \"man to whose lips a lie invariably came more naturally than the truth\".[416] While some convictions were obtained in other supergrass trials, the verdicts were overturned by Northern Ireland's Court of Appeal. This was due to convictions being based solely on the evidence of dubious witnesses, as most supergrasses were paramilitaries giving evidence in return for a shorter prison sentence or immunity from prosecution.[417]\n\n^ One of the Disappeared, Seamus Ruddy, was killed by the Irish National Liberation Army.[436]\n\n^ The Mitchell Principles were ground rules written by US senator George J. Mitchell governing the entry of political parties to all-party talks, which included a commitment to non-violence and the decommissioning of weapons.[445]","title":"Notes and references"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-constitution_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-constitution_1-1"},{"link_name":"Moloney 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1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFTaylor1998"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-480"},{"link_name":"Horgan 2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHorgan2013"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-481"},{"link_name":"Moloney 2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMoloney2007"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-483"},{"link_name":"Moloney 2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMoloney2007"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-484"},{"link_name":"White 2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFWhite2017"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-485"},{"link_name":"Horgan 2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHorgan2013"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-486"},{"link_name":"White 2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFWhite2017"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-horganonh_487-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-horganonh_487-1"},{"link_name":"Horgan 2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHorgan2013"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-horganira_488-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-horganira_488-1"},{"link_name":"Horgan 2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHorgan2013"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-horganraad_489-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-horganraad_489-1"},{"link_name":"Horgan 2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHorgan2013"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-490"},{"link_name":"White 2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFWhite2017"}],"sub_title":"Citations","text":"^ a b Moloney 2007, pp. 602–608.\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i j 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ISBN 978-1-7853-7245-2.\n\n^ Dingley 2012, p. 197.\n\n^ Sheehy 2008, p. 94.\n\n^ English 2003, p. 275.\n\n^ Boyne 2006, pp. 266–267.\n\n^ Horgan & Taylor 1999, p. 29.\n\n^ O'Leary 2019b, p. 243.\n\n^ Frampton 2009, pp. 161–162.\n\n^ Bean 2007, pp. 105–106.\n\n^ Independent Monitoring Commission 2006, pp. 10–11.\n\n^ Public Support for Political Violence and\nParamilitarism in Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland \| BERNADETTE C. HAYES & IAN MCALLISTER \| 1999 \| Link \| p=607.\n\n^ ATTITUDES IN THE REPUBLIC OF IRELAND RELEVANT TO THE NORTHERN IRELAND PROBLEM' VOL. I – Descriptive Analysis and Some Comparisons with Attitudes in Northern Ireland and Great Britain \| E. E. DAVIS and R. SINNOTT \|1979 \| Link \| p=99.\n\n^ Breen, Suzanne (19 August 2022). \"Seven in 10 nationalists agree with Michelle O'Neill that there was 'no alternative' to IRA's campaign of violence, new poll reveals\". Belfast Telegraph.\n\n^ a b English 2003, p. 173.\n\n^ CAIN: Revised and Updated Extracts from Sutton's Book.\n\n^ English 2003, pp. 171–172.\n\n^ McKittrick & McVea 2012, p. 115.\n\n^ Coogan 2000, p. 443.\n\n^ White 1997, pp. 20–55.\n\n^ Kowalski 2018, pp. 658–683.\n\n^ a b c Leahy 2020, p. 213.\n\n^ Patterson 2010, pp. 337–356.\n\n^ McKearney 2011, pp. 139–140.\n\n^ a b c d Weitzer 1995, pp. 157–158.\n\n^ Taylor 2001, p. 22.\n\n^ Weitzer 1995, pp. 244–245.\n\n^ Eriksson 2009, pp. 39–40.\n\n^ Goodspeed 2001, p. 80.\n\n^ a b Hamill 2010, pp. 33–34.\n\n^ a b Hamill 2010, pp. 68–69.\n\n^ Hamill 2010, p. 74.\n\n^ Sinclair & Antonius 2013, p. 149.\n\n^ Kennedy 2020, p. 116.\n\n^ a b Reed 1984, pp. 158–159.\n\n^ a b Moloney 2007, p. 95.\n\n^ a b Findlay 1993, p. 146.\n\n^ Mallie & Bishop 1988, p. 401.\n\n^ Taylor 1998, p. 264.\n\n^ a b Leahy 2020, p. 124.\n\n^ Taylor 1998, pp. 259–260.\n\n^ Leahy 2020, p. 236.\n\n^ Ingram & Harkin 2004, p. 241.\n\n^ a b Leahy 2020, p. 2.\n\n^ a b White 2017, p. 360.\n\n^ Boyne 2006, pp. 177–178.\n\n^ a b Leahy 2020, p. 229.\n\n^ Clancy 2010, p. 160.\n\n^ White 2017, p. 377.\n\n^ White 2017, p. 361.\n\n^ Bowyer Bell 2000, p. 250.\n\n^ Bowyer Bell 2000, p. 69.\n\n^ Ingram & Harkin 2004, pp. 95–98.\n\n^ a b Taylor 1993, p. 153.\n\n^ Coogan 2002, p. 313.\n\n^ Grant 2001, p. 58.\n\n^ Harnden 1999, p. 199.\n\n^ Dempster 2019, p. 106.\n\n^ Dempster 2019, p. 9.\n\n^ English 2003, p. 160.\n\n^ Dempster 2019, p. 8.\n\n^ Rowan 2003, pp. 148–149.\n\n^ a b Gillespie 2009, p. 85.\n\n^ Dempster 2019, p. 10.\n\n^ Horgan 2013, p. 22.\n\n^ Taylor 1998, pp. 361–362.\n\n^ Horgan 2013, p. 51.\n\n^ Moloney 2007, p. 473.\n\n^ Moloney 2007, p. 479.\n\n^ White 2017, p. 297.\n\n^ Horgan 2013, p. 28.\n\n^ White 2017, p. 309.\n\n^ a b Horgan 2013, p. 36.\n\n^ a b Horgan 2013, pp. 37–38.\n\n^ a b Horgan 2013, p. 39.\n\n^ White 2017, p. 382.","title":"Notes and references"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"The Provisional Irish Republican Army and the 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A (2016). \"The Provisional Irish Republican Army and the Development of Mortars\". Journal of Strategic Security. 9 (1): 12–34. doi:10.5038/1944-0472.9.1.1501 – via Scholar Commons.\nAldridge, Meryl; Hewitt, Nicholas (1994). Controlling Broadcasting: Access Policy and Practice in North America and Europe. Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0719042775.\nArmstrong, Charles I.; Herbert, David; Mustad, Jan Erik (2019). The Legacy of the Good Friday Agreement: Northern Irish Politics, Culture and Art after 1998. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-3319912318.\nBBC News Magazine (28 September 2005). \"Who is P O'Neill?\". BBC News. Retrieved 7 June 2020.\nBean, Kevin (2007). The New Politics of Sinn Féin. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-1846311468.\nBiersteker, Thomas J.; Eckert, Sue E.; Williams, Phil (2007). Countering the Financing of Terrorism. Routledge. ISBN 978-0415396431.\nBowyer Bell, J. (1990). IRA: Tactics & Targets. Poolbeg Press. ISBN 1-85371-257-4.\nBowyer Bell, J. (1997). The Secret Army: The IRA. Transaction Publishers. ISBN 1-56000-901-2.\nBowyer Bell, J. (2000). The IRA, 1968-2000: An Analysis of a Secret Army. Routledge. ISBN 978-0714681191.\nBoyne, Sean (2006). Gunrunners: The Covert Arms Trail to Ireland. O'Brien Press. ISBN 0-86278-908-7.\nBrown, Joseph M. (2020). Force of Words: The Logic of Terrorist Threats. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0231193696.\nCampbell, Anne (24 February 2015). \"'No info' provos involved in crimes\". Irish Independent. Retrieved 25 August 2020.\nClancy, Mary-Alice C. (2010). Peace Without Consensus: Power Sharing Politics in Northern Ireland. Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 978-0754678311.\nClarke, Liam; Johnston, Kathryn (2001). Martin McGuinness: From Guns to Government. Mainstream Publishing. ISBN 9-781840-184730.\nConnelly, Mark (2012). The IRA on Film and Television: A History. McFarland & Company. ISBN 978-0786447367.\nConway, Vicky (2015). Policing Twentieth Century Ireland: A History of An Garda Síochána. Routledge. ISBN 978-1138899988.\nCoogan, Tim Pat (2002). The Troubles: Ireland's Ordeal and the Search for Peace. St. Martin's Griffin. ISBN 978-0312294182.\nCoogan, Tim Pat (2000). The I.R.A. HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0006531555.\nCox, Michael; Guelke, Adrian; Stephen, Fiona (2006). A Farewell to Arms? Beyond the Good Friday Agreement. Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0719071157.\nDempster, Lauren (2019). Transitional Justice and the 'Disappeared' of Northern Ireland: Silence, Memory, and the Construction of the Past. Routledge. ISBN 978-0815375647.\nDillon, Martin (1990). The Dirty War. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-984520-2.\nDillon, Martin (1996). 25 Years of Terror: The IRA's war against the British. Bantam Books. ISBN 978-0-553-40773-0.\nDingley, James (2008). Combating Terrorism in Northern Ireland. Routledge. ISBN 978-0415367332.\nDingley, James (2012). The IRA: The Irish Republican Army. Praeger Publishing. ISBN 978-0313387036.\nEnglish, Richard (2003). Armed Struggle: The History of the IRA. Pan Books. ISBN 0-330-49388-4.\nEriksson, Anna (2009). Justice in Transition: Community restorative justice in Northern Ireland. Willan Publishing. ISBN 978-1843925187.\nFay, Marie-Therese; Morrissey, Mike; Smyth, Marie (1999). Northern Ireland's Troubles: The Human Costs. Pluto Press. ISBN 978-0745313795.\nFeeney, Brian (2002). Sinn Féin: A Hundred Turbulent Years. O'Brien Press. ISBN 978-0862786953.\nFindlay, Mark (1993). Alternative Policing Styles: Cross-Cultural Perspectives. Springer Publishing. ISBN 978-9065447104.\nFrampton, Martyn (2009). The Long March: The Political Strategy of Sinn Féin, 1981-2007. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0230202177.\nGeraghty, Tony (1998). The Irish War: The Military History of a Domestic Conflict. HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-00-638674-2.\nGillespie, Gordon (2009). The A to Z of the Northern Ireland Conflict. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0810868823.\nGoodspeed, Michael (2001). When Reason Fails: Portraits of Armies at War - America, Britain, Israel and the Future (Studies in Military History and International Affairs). Praeger Publishing. ISBN 978-0275973780.\nGrant, Patrick (2001). Rhetoric and Violence in Northern Ireland, 1968-98: Hardened to Death. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-349-42006-3.\nHamill, Heather (2010). The Hoods: Crime and Punishment in Belfast: Crime and Punishment in West Belfast. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691119632.\nHamilton, George (22 August 2015). \"Chief Constable's statement – PSNI's assessment of the current status of the Provisional IRA\". Police Service of Northern Ireland. Archived from the original on 24 August 2015. Retrieved 23 August 2020.\nHanley, Brian; Millar, Scott (2010). The Lost Revolution: The Story of the Official IRA and the Workers' Party. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0141028453.\nHarding, Thomas (9 September 2002). \"IRA's hardline faction gets a stronger voice\". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 1 May 2020.\nHarnden, Toby (1999). Bandit Country: The IRA & South Armagh. Hodder & Stoughton. ISBN 0-340-71736-X.\nHayes, David (1980). Terrorists and Freedom Fighters : People, Politics and Powers Series. Main Line Book Co. ISBN 978-0853406525.\nHayes, Bernadette C.; McAllister, Ian (2005). \"Public Support for Political Violence and Paramilitarism in Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland\". Terrorism and Political Violence. 17 (4): 599–617. doi:10.1080/095465590944569. S2CID 331741.\nHennessy, Thomas (2013). Hunger Strike: Margaret Thatcher's Battle with the IRA: 1980-1981. Irish Academic Press. ISBN 978-0716531760.\nHolland, Jack (1989). The American Connection: US Guns, Money and Influence in Northern Ireland. Poolbeg Press. ISBN 978-1853710568.\nHolland, Jack; McDonald, Henry (2010). INLA Deadly Divisions. Poolbeg Press. ISBN 978-1842234389.\nHorgan, John; Taylor, Max (1997). \"Proceedings of the Irish Republican Army General Army Convention, December 1969\". Terrorism and Political Violence. 9 (4): 151–158. doi:10.1080/09546559708427434.\nHorgan, John; Taylor, Max (1999). \"Playing the 'Green Card' – Financing the Provisional IRA: Part 1\" (PDF). Terrorism and Political Violence. 11 (2): 1–38. doi:10.1080/09546559908427502. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 September 2009.\nHorgan, John (2013). Divided We Stand: The Strategy and Psychology of Ireland's Dissident Terrorists. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199772858.\nIndependent Monitoring Commission (October 2006). \"Twelfth report of the Independent Monitoring Commission\" (PDF). The Stationery Office. Retrieved 25 August 2020.\nIngram, Martin; Harkin, Greg (2004). Stakeknife: Britain's Secret Agents in Ireland. O'Brien Press. ISBN 978-0862788438.\nJackson, Richard; Breen Smyth, Marie; Gunning, Jeroen (2009). Critical Terrorism Studies: A New Research Agenda. Routledge. ISBN 978-0415455077.\nKennedy, Liam (2020). Who Was Responsible for the Troubles? The Northern Ireland Conflict. McGill–Queen's University Press. ISBN 978-0228003687.\nKowalski, Rachel Caroline (2018). \"The role of sectarianism in the Provisional IRA campaign, 1969–1997\". Terrorism and Political Violence. 30 (4): 658–683. doi:10.1080/09546553.2016.1205979. S2CID 147762525.\nLeahy, Thomas (2020). The Intelligence War against the IRA. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1108487504.\nMcCann, Eamonn (1993). War and an Irish Town. Pluto Press. ISBN 9780745307251.\nMcErlath, Karen (2000). Unsafe Haven: The United States, the IRA and Political Prisoners. Pluto Press. ISBN 978-0745313221.\nMcGladdery, Gary (2006). The Provisional IRA in England: The Bombing Campaign 1973–1997. Irish Academic Press. ISBN 9780716533733.\nMcKearney, Tommy (2011). The Provisional IRA: From Insurrection to Parliament. Pluto Press. ISBN 978-0-7453-3074-7.\nMcKittrick, David; Kelters, Seamus; Feeney, Brian; Thornton, Chris; McVea, David (2004). Lost Lives: The Stories of the Men, Women and Children Who Died as a Result of the Northern Ireland Troubles. Mainstream Publishing. ISBN 978-1840185041.\nMcKittrick, David; McVea, David (2012). Making Sense of the Troubles: A History of the Northern Ireland Conflict. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0241962657.\nMallie, Eamonn; Bishop, Patrick (1988). The Provisional IRA. Corgi Books. ISBN 0-7475-3818-2.\nMoloney, Ed (2007). A Secret History of the IRA (2nd ed.). Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0141028767.\nMulroe, Patrick (2017). Bombs, Bullets and the Border: Policing Ireland's Frontier. Irish Academic Press. ISBN 978-1911024491.\nMunck, Ronnie (1992). \"The Making of the Troubles in Northern Ireland\". Journal of Contemporary History. 27 (2): 211–229. doi:10.1177/002200949202700201. ISSN 0022-0094. JSTOR 260908. S2CID 154412345.\nNordstrom, Carolyn; Martin, JoAnn (1992). The Paths to Domination, Resistance, and Terror. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0520073166.\nO'Brien, Brendan (1999). The Long War – The IRA and Sinn Féin. O'Brien Press. ISBN 0-86278-606-1.\nÓ Dochartaigh, Niall (2015). \"The Longest Negotiation: British Policy, IRA Strategy and the Making of the Northern Ireland Peace Settlement\". Political Studies. 63 (1): 202–220. doi:10.1111/1467-9248.12091. hdl:10379/6839. S2CID 220121839.\nÓ Faoleán, Gearóid (2019). A Broad Church: The Provisional IRA in the Republic of Ireland, 1969–1980. Merrion Press. ISBN 978-1785372452.\nO'Leary, Brendan (2019a). A Treatise on Northern Ireland, Volume I: Colonialism. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199243341.\nO'Leary, Brendan (2019b). A Treatise on Northern Ireland, Volume III: Consociation and Confederation. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0198830580.\nO'Sullivan, Noël (1986). Terrorism, Ideology And Revolution: The Origins Of Modern Political Violence. Routledge. ISBN 978-0367289928.\nOppenheimer, A.R. (2008). IRA: The Bombs and the Bullets: A History of Deadly Ingenuity. Irish Academic Press. ISBN 978-0716528951.\nOppenheimer, Andy (2009). \"IRA Technology\". The Counter Terrorist. 2 (4). ISSN 1941-8639. Archived from the original on 8 August 2020. Retrieved 14 February 2020.\nPatterson, Henry (2010). \"Sectarianism Revisited: The Provisional IRA Campaign in a Border Region of Northern Ireland\". Terrorism and Political Violence. 22 (3): 337–356. doi:10.1080/09546551003659335. S2CID 145671577.\nQuilligan, Michael (2013). Understanding Shadows: The Corrupt Use of Intelligence. Clarity Press. ISBN 978-0985335397.\nReed, David (1984). Ireland: The Key to the British Revolution. Larkin Publications. ISBN 978-0905400044.\nReinisch, Dieter (7 September 2018). \"Dreaming of an \"Irish Tet Offensive\": Irish Republican prisoners & the origins of the Peace Process\". European University Institute. Retrieved 25 August 2020.\nRowan, Brian (2003). The Armed Peace: Life and Death after the Ceasefires. Mainstream Publishing. ISBN 1-84018-754-9.\nSanders, Andrew (2012). Inside The IRA: Dissident Republicans And The War For Legitimacy. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-4696-8.\nSanders, Andrew (2019). The Long Peace Process: The United States of America and Northern Ireland, 1960-2008. Liverpool University Press. ISBN 978-1-78694-044-5.\nShanahan, Timothy (2008). The Provisional Irish Republican Army and the Morality of Terrorism. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0748635306.\nSheehy, Kevin (2008). More Questions Than Answers: Reflections on a Life in the RUC. Gill & Macmillan. ISBN 978-0717143962.\nSinclair, Samuel Justin; Antonius, Daniel (2013). The Political Psychology of Terrorism. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199925926.\nSmith, M.L.R. (1995). Fighting for Ireland: The Military Strategy of the Irish Republican Movement. Routledge. ISBN 978-0415091619.\nSutton, Malcolm. \"Sutton Index of Deaths: Crosstabulations (two-way tables)\". Conflict Archive on the Internet. Retrieved 7 June 2020.\nSutton, Malcolm. \"Sutton Index of Deaths: Organisation responsible for the death\". Conflict Archive on the Internet. Retrieved 7 June 2020.\nSutton, Malcolm. \"Revised and Updated Extracts from Sutton's Book\". Conflict Archive on the Internet. Retrieved 25 August 2020.\nSutton, Malcolm. \"Sutton Index of Deaths: Select and Crosstabulations\". Conflict Archive on the Internet. Retrieved 12 June 2020.\nSutton, Malcolm. \"Sutton Index of Deaths: Status of the person killed\". Conflict Archive on the Internet. Retrieved 7 June 2020.\nTaylor, Peter (1993). States of Terror. BBC. ISBN 0-563-36774-1.\nTaylor, Peter (1998). Provos The IRA & Sinn Féin. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 0-7475-3818-2.\nTaylor, Peter (2001). Brits. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7475-5806-4.\nTonge, Johnathan (2001). Northern Ireland: Conflict and Change. Routledge. ISBN 978-0582424005.\nTonge, Johnathan; Murray, Gerard (2005). Sinn Féin and the SDLP: From Alienation to Participation. C. Hurst & Co. ISBN 978-1-85065-649-4.\nWeitzer, Ronald John (1995). Policing Under Fire: Ethnic Conflict and Police-Community Relations in Northern Ireland. State University of New York Press. ISBN 079142247X.\nWhite, Robert (1993). Provisional Irish Republicans: An Oral and Interpretive History. Praeger Publishing. ISBN 978-0313285646.\nWhite, Robert (1997). \"The Irish Republican Army: An assessment of sectarianism\". Terrorism and Political Violence. 9 (1): 20–55. doi:10.1080/09546559708427385.\nWhite, Robert (2006). Ruairí Ó Brádaigh: The Life and Politics of an Irish Revolutionary. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0253347084.\nWhite, Robert (2017). Out of the Ashes: An Oral History of the Provisional Irish Republican Movement. Merrion Press. ISBN 9781785370939.\nWilson, Steve; Rutherford, Helen; Storey, Tony; Wortley, Natalie; Kotecha, Birju (2020). English Legal System. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0198853800.","title":"Notes and references"}]	[{"image_text":"The Proclamation of the Irish Republic, issued during the 1916 Easter Rising against British rule in Ireland","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Easter_Proclamation_of_1916.png/220px-Easter_Proclamation_of_1916.png"},{"image_text":"Ruairí Ó Brádaigh, who was twice chief-of-staff of the pre-1969 IRA during the Border campaign of 1956–1962, was a member of the first Army Council of the Provisional IRA in 1969.[48][49]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Ruair%C3%AD_%C3%93_Br%C3%A1daigh_2004.jpg/220px-Ruair%C3%AD_%C3%93_Br%C3%A1daigh_2004.jpg"},{"image_text":"Martin McGuinness was part of an IRA delegation which took part in peace talks with British politician William Whitelaw, the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland, in July 1972.[77]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Martin_McGuinness_MLA_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Martin_McGuinness_MLA_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Memorial to the victims of the Birmingham pub bombings, which killed twenty-one people in November 1974[106]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Birmingham_pub_bombings_plaque_Birmingham_England.jpg/220px-Birmingham_pub_bombings_plaque_Birmingham_England.jpg"},{"image_text":"IRA political poster from the 1980s, featuring a quote from Bobby Sands written on the first day of the 1981 hunger strike[128]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b0/IRA_Resistance_Poster.jpg/220px-IRA_Resistance_Poster.jpg"},{"image_text":"Aftermath of the Brighton hotel bombing, an assassination attempt on British prime minister Margaret Thatcher in 1984[142]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Grand-Hotel-Following-Bomb-Attack-1984-10-12.jpg/220px-Grand-Hotel-Following-Bomb-Attack-1984-10-12.jpg"},{"image_text":"A \"Sniper at Work\" sign in Crossmaglen. The IRA's South Armagh Brigade killed seven members of the security forces in single-shot sniper attacks in 1993.[163]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Sniperatwork.jpg/220px-Sniperatwork.jpg"},{"image_text":"Memorial to the victims of the 1996 Docklands bombing, which killed two people and ended the IRA's seventeen-month ceasefire[182]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/1996_Docklands_bombing_plaque.jpg/220px-1996_Docklands_bombing_plaque.jpg"},{"image_text":"An AG-3, Norwegian made variant of the Heckler & Koch G3. Over 50 of these, from a batch of 100 stolen from the Norwegian Army, ended up with the IRA.[209]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Kongsberg_AG-3.jpg/220px-Kongsberg_AG-3.jpg"},{"image_text":"The RPG-7, first obtained by the IRA from Libya in 1972[210]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/RPG-7_detached.jpg/220px-RPG-7_detached.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Armalite AR-18, obtained by the IRA from the United States in the early 1970s, was a symbol of its armed campaign[224]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Armalite_18-IMG_6519-white.jpg/220px-Armalite_18-IMG_6519-white.jpg"},{"image_text":"Memorial to members of the IRA's Derry Brigade","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Bogside_%2818%29%2C_August_2009.JPG/220px-Bogside_%2818%29%2C_August_2009.JPG"},{"image_text":"Republican colour party in Dublin, March 2009. The blue flag being carried at the front is that of \"Dublin Brigade IRA\".","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6f/PIRAcolourpartyDublin.JPG/220px-PIRAcolourpartyDublin.JPG"},{"image_text":"Former IRA volunteer Tommy McKearney, who left the IRA in 1986 and formed the League of Communist Republicans[294]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Tommy_McKearney_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Tommy_McKearney_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"1,200 AKM assault rifles were donated by Muammar Gaddafi in the 1980s[330]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/AKM_automatkarbin_-_7%2C62x39mm.jpg/220px-AKM_automatkarbin_-_7%2C62x39mm.jpg"},{"image_text":"Over two tonnes of the plastic explosive Semtex were donated by Muammar Gaddafi in the 1980s[330]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Semtex_H_1.jpg/220px-Semtex_H_1.jpg"},{"image_text":"An IRA signpost with the word \"Provoland\" underneath in Omagh, County Tyrone","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3f/Provo-landOmagh.jpg/200px-Provo-landOmagh.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Irish Republican Army Disarmament\". C-SPAN. 28 July 2005. Retrieved 3 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.c-span.org/video/?188115-1/irish-republican-army-disarmament","url_text":"\"Irish Republican Army Disarmament\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-SPAN","url_text":"C-SPAN"}]},{"reference":"Theresa Villiers (20 October 2015). \"Secretary of State's oral statement on assessment of paramilitary groups in Northern Ireland\". Northern Ireland Office. Retrieved 24 August 2021 – via gov.uk.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/secretary-of-states-oral-statement-on-assessment-on-paramilitary-groups-in-northern-ireland","url_text":"\"Secretary of State's oral statement on assessment of paramilitary groups in Northern Ireland\""}]},{"reference":"\"Assessment on paramilitary groups in Northern Ireland\". Theresa Villiers. 20 October 2015 – via gov.uk.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/assessment-on-paramilitary-groups-in-northern-ireland","url_text":"\"Assessment on paramilitary groups in Northern Ireland\""}]},{"reference":"Paddy Clancy (31 December 2021). \"Libyan leader Gaddafi's IRA support revealed in secret Irish State Papers\". Irish Central.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.irishcentral.com/news/gaddafi-ira-support-irish-state-papers","url_text":"\"Libyan leader Gaddafi's IRA support revealed in secret Irish State Papers\""}]},{"reference":"David McCullagh, Conor McMorrow and Justin McCarthy (28 December 2021). \"Extent of Libyan backing for IRA 'shocked' British\". RTÉ.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rte.ie/news/2021/1228/1267955-state-papers-libya-ira/","url_text":"\"Extent of Libyan backing for IRA 'shocked' British\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RT%C3%89","url_text":"RTÉ"}]},{"reference":"\"Libya: Extent of Gaddafi's financial support for IRA stunned British intelligence\". Middle East Eye. 28 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/libya-gaddafi-financial-support-ira-stunned-british-intelligence","url_text":"\"Libya: Extent of Gaddafi's financial support for IRA stunned British intelligence\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East_Eye","url_text":"Middle East Eye"}]},{"reference":"Holland, Jack (1 February 2001). The American Connection, Revised: U.S. Guns, Money, and Influence in Northern Ireland. Roberts Rinehart Publishers. p. 111. ISBN 9-7815-6833-1843.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9-7815-6833-1843","url_text":"9-7815-6833-1843"}]},{"reference":"Andrew Sanders; F. Stuart Ross (2020). \"The Canadian Dimension to the Northern Ireland Conflict\". The Canadian Journal of Irish Studies. 43: 201. JSTOR 27041321.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/27041321","url_text":"\"The Canadian Dimension to the Northern Ireland Conflict\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/27041321","url_text":"27041321"}]},{"reference":"\"Irish America and the Ulster Conflict 1968-1995\". CAIN Web Service. Archived from the original on 31 May 2011. Retrieved 27 September 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110531024451/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/events/aia/wilson95.htm#chap9","url_text":"\"Irish America and the Ulster Conflict 1968-1995\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_Archive_on_the_Internet","url_text":"CAIN Web Service"},{"url":"http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/events/aia/wilson95.htm#chap9","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Andrew Mumford (2017). Counterinsurgency Wars and the Anglo-American Alliance: The Special Relationship on the Rocks. Georgetown University Press. p. 156. ISBN 9-7816-2616-4925.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Mumford_(political_scientist)","url_text":"Andrew Mumford"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4r06DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA156","url_text":"Counterinsurgency Wars and the Anglo-American Alliance: The Special Relationship on the Rocks"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgetown_University_Press","url_text":"Georgetown University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9-7816-2616-4925","url_text":"9-7816-2616-4925"}]},{"reference":"Ted Smyth (Winter 2020). \"Journal of American Ethnic History\".","urls":[{"url":"https://tedsmyth.com/Journal%20of%20American%20Ethnic%20History.html","url_text":"\"Journal of American Ethnic History\""}]},{"reference":"Pamela Duncan and Simon Carswell (5 March 2015). \"Sinn Féin raised $12 million in the United States\". The Irish Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.irishtimes.com/news/politics/sinn-fein-raised-12-million-in-the-united-states-1.2126033","url_text":"\"Sinn Féin raised $12 million in the United States\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Irish_Times","url_text":"The Irish Times"}]},{"reference":"Gearóid Ó Faoleán (23 April 2019). A Broad Church: The Provisional IRA in the Republic of Ireland, 1969–1980. Merrion Press. p. 78. ISBN 978-1-7853-7245-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-7853-7245-2","url_text":"978-1-7853-7245-2"}]},{"reference":"Nicholas Sambanis and Paul Collier (January 2005). Understanding Civil War: Evidence and Analysis · Volume 2. World Bank. p. 171. ISBN 9-7808-2136-0507.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank","url_text":"World Bank"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9-7808-2136-0507","url_text":"9-7808-2136-0507"}]},{"reference":"T. Wittig (26 July 2011). Understanding Terrorist Finance. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 154–155. ISBN 9-7802-3031-6935.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan","url_text":"Palgrave Macmillan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9-7802-3031-6935","url_text":"9-7802-3031-6935"}]},{"reference":"Laura K. Donohue (2006). \"Anti-Terrorist Finance in the United Kingdom and United States\". 27 (2). Stanford University Center for International Security and Cooperation: 8.","urls":[{"url":"https://repository.law.umich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&article=1187&context=mjil#page=8","url_text":"\"Anti-Terrorist Finance in the United Kingdom and United States\""}]},{"reference":"Select Committee on Northern Ireland Affairs - Part One: The continuing threat from paramilitary organisations. UK Parliament (Report). 26 June 2002.","urls":[{"url":"https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200102/cmselect/cmniaf/978/97806.htm","url_text":"Select Committee on Northern Ireland Affairs - Part One: The continuing threat from paramilitary organisations"}]},{"reference":"\"The army's secret opinion\" (PDF). New Statesman. 13 July 1979. p. 2.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.duncancampbell.org/menu/journalism/newstatesman/newstatesman-1979/the%20army's%20secret%20opinion.pdf#page=2","url_text":"\"The army's secret opinion\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Statesman","url_text":"New Statesman"}]},{"reference":"Andrew Sanders (20 December 2011). Inside the IRA: Dissident Republicans and the War for Legitimacy. Edinburgh University Press. p. 105. ISBN 978-0-7486-8812-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh_University_Press","url_text":"Edinburgh University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-8812-8","url_text":"978-0-7486-8812-8"}]},{"reference":"Andrew Mitrovica (13 October 2001). \"Canada let IRA members slip through, sources say\". The Globe and Mail.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/canada-let-ira-members-slip-through-sources-say/article4154732/","url_text":"\"Canada let IRA members slip through, sources say\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail","url_text":"The Globe and Mail"}]},{"reference":"Young, Peter; Jesser, Peter (13 October 1997). The Media and the Military. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 65.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Terrorism in Ireland (RLE: Terrorism & Insurgency). Taylor & Francis. 2015. p. 20. ISBN 9-7813-1744-8945.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis","url_text":"Taylor & Francis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9-7813-1744-8945","url_text":"9-7813-1744-8945"}]},{"reference":"David A. Wilson (30 May 2022). Canadian Spy Story: Irish Revolutionaries and the Secret Police. McGill–Queen's University Press. p. 243. ISBN 9-7802-2801-3617.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McGill%E2%80%93Queen%27s_University_Press","url_text":"McGill–Queen's University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9-7802-2801-3617","url_text":"9-7802-2801-3617"}]},{"reference":"Dennis G. Molinaro (2021). Bridge in the Parks: The Five Eyes and Cold War Counter-Intelligence. University of Toronto Press. p. 229. ISBN 9-7814-8752-3718.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press","url_text":"University of Toronto Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9-7814-8752-3718","url_text":"9-7814-8752-3718"}]},{"reference":"Stewart Bell (28 February 2008). Cold Terror: How Canada Nurtures and Exports Terrorism Around the World. Wiley. pp. 31–32. ISBN 9-7804-7015-6223.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiley_(publisher)","url_text":"Wiley"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9-7804-7015-6223","url_text":"9-7804-7015-6223"}]},{"reference":"Gearóid Ó Faoleán (23 April 2019). A Broad Church: The Provisional IRA in the Republic of Ireland, 1969–1980. Merrion Press. p. 79. ISBN 978-1-7853-7245-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-7853-7245-2","url_text":"978-1-7853-7245-2"}]},{"reference":"Andrew Sanders; F. Stuart Ross (2020). \"The Canadian Dimension to the Northern Ireland Conflict\". The Canadian Journal of Irish Studies. 43: 201. JSTOR 27041321.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/27041321","url_text":"\"The Canadian Dimension to the Northern Ireland Conflict\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/27041321","url_text":"27041321"}]},{"reference":"Neil Mackay (12 October 2019). \"Inside story: Why the IRA never attacked Scotland\". The Herald.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/17965179.inside-story-ira-never-attacked-scotland/","url_text":"\"Inside story: Why the IRA never attacked Scotland\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Herald_(Glasgow)","url_text":"The Herald"}]},{"reference":"Gearóid Ó Faoleán (23 April 2019). A Broad Church: The Provisional IRA in the Republic of Ireland, 1969–1980. Merrion Press. p. 78 and 101. ISBN 978-1-7853-7245-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-7853-7245-2","url_text":"978-1-7853-7245-2"}]},{"reference":"Brian Hutton (29 December 2017). \"Cost of running IRA was 'up to £3m a year' in 1980s\". The Irish Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.irishtimes.com/news/ireland/irish-news/cost-of-running-ira-was-up-to-3m-a-year-in-1980s-1.3333565","url_text":"\"Cost of running IRA was 'up to £3m a year' in 1980s\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Irish_Times","url_text":"The Irish Times"}]},{"reference":"Gearóid Ó Faoleán (23 April 2019). A Broad Church: The Provisional IRA in the Republic of Ireland, 1969–1980. Merrion Press. p. 78. ISBN 978-1-7853-7245-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-7853-7245-2","url_text":"978-1-7853-7245-2"}]},{"reference":"Breen, Suzanne (19 August 2022). \"Seven in 10 nationalists agree with Michelle O'Neill that there was 'no alternative' to IRA's campaign of violence, new poll reveals\". Belfast Telegraph.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/politics/seven-in-10-nationalists-agree-with-michelle-oneill-that-there-was-no-alternative-to-iras-campaign-of-violence-new-poll-reveals/41924287.html","url_text":"\"Seven in 10 nationalists agree with Michelle O'Neill that there was 'no alternative' to IRA's campaign of violence, new poll reveals\""}]},{"reference":"Ackerman, Gary. A (2016). \"The Provisional Irish Republican Army and the Development of Mortars\". Journal of Strategic Security. 9 (1): 12–34. doi:10.5038/1944-0472.9.1.1501 – via Scholar Commons.","urls":[{"url":"http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1501&context=jss","url_text":"\"The Provisional Irish Republican Army and the Development of Mortars\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.5038%2F1944-0472.9.1.1501","url_text":"10.5038/1944-0472.9.1.1501"}]},{"reference":"Aldridge, Meryl; Hewitt, Nicholas (1994). Controlling Broadcasting: Access Policy and Practice in North America and Europe. Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0719042775.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_University_Press","url_text":"Manchester University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0719042775","url_text":"978-0719042775"}]},{"reference":"Armstrong, Charles I.; Herbert, David; Mustad, Jan Erik (2019). The Legacy of the Good Friday Agreement: Northern Irish Politics, Culture and Art after 1998. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-3319912318.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan","url_text":"Palgrave Macmillan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3319912318","url_text":"978-3319912318"}]},{"reference":"BBC News Magazine (28 September 2005). \"Who is P O'Neill?\". BBC News. Retrieved 7 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/4290212.stm","url_text":"\"Who is P O'Neill?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News","url_text":"BBC News"}]},{"reference":"Bean, Kevin (2007). The New Politics of Sinn Féin. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-1846311468.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1846311468","url_text":"978-1846311468"}]},{"reference":"Biersteker, Thomas J.; Eckert, Sue E.; Williams, Phil (2007). Countering the Financing of Terrorism. Routledge. ISBN 978-0415396431.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_J._Biersteker","url_text":"Biersteker, Thomas J."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge","url_text":"Routledge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415396431","url_text":"978-0415396431"}]},{"reference":"Bowyer Bell, J. (1990). IRA: Tactics & Targets. Poolbeg Press. ISBN 1-85371-257-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Bowyer_Bell","url_text":"Bowyer Bell, J."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poolbeg_Press","url_text":"Poolbeg Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85371-257-4","url_text":"1-85371-257-4"}]},{"reference":"Bowyer Bell, J. (1997). The Secret Army: The IRA. Transaction Publishers. ISBN 1-56000-901-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Bowyer_Bell","url_text":"Bowyer Bell, J."},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/secretarmyira00bell","url_text":"The Secret Army: The IRA"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transaction_Publishers","url_text":"Transaction Publishers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56000-901-2","url_text":"1-56000-901-2"}]},{"reference":"Bowyer Bell, J. (2000). The IRA, 1968-2000: An Analysis of a Secret Army. Routledge. ISBN 978-0714681191.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Bowyer_Bell","url_text":"Bowyer Bell, J."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge","url_text":"Routledge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0714681191","url_text":"978-0714681191"}]},{"reference":"Boyne, Sean (2006). Gunrunners: The Covert Arms Trail to Ireland. O'Brien Press. ISBN 0-86278-908-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%27Brien_Press","url_text":"O'Brien Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86278-908-7","url_text":"0-86278-908-7"}]},{"reference":"Brown, Joseph M. (2020). Force of Words: The Logic of Terrorist Threats. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0231193696.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University_Press","url_text":"Columbia University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0231193696","url_text":"978-0231193696"}]},{"reference":"Campbell, Anne (24 February 2015). \"'No info' provos involved in crimes\". Irish Independent. Retrieved 25 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.ie/regionals/argus/news/no-info-provos-involved-in-crimes-31018052.html","url_text":"\"'No info' provos involved in crimes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Independent","url_text":"Irish Independent"}]},{"reference":"Clancy, Mary-Alice C. (2010). Peace Without Consensus: Power Sharing Politics in Northern Ireland. Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 978-0754678311.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashgate_Publishing","url_text":"Ashgate Publishing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0754678311","url_text":"978-0754678311"}]},{"reference":"Clarke, Liam; Johnston, Kathryn (2001). Martin McGuinness: From Guns to Government. Mainstream Publishing. 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ISBN 978-1138899988.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge","url_text":"Routledge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1138899988","url_text":"978-1138899988"}]},{"reference":"Coogan, Tim Pat (2002). The Troubles: Ireland's Ordeal and the Search for Peace. St. Martin's Griffin. ISBN 978-0312294182.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Pat_Coogan","url_text":"Coogan, Tim Pat"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Griffin","url_text":"St. Martin's Griffin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0312294182","url_text":"978-0312294182"}]},{"reference":"Coogan, Tim Pat (2000). The I.R.A. HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0006531555.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Pat_Coogan","url_text":"Coogan, Tim Pat"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HarperCollins","url_text":"HarperCollins"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0006531555","url_text":"978-0006531555"}]},{"reference":"Cox, Michael; Guelke, Adrian; Stephen, Fiona (2006). A Farewell to Arms? Beyond the Good Friday Agreement. Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0719071157.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Cox_(academic)","url_text":"Cox, Michael"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrian_Guelke","url_text":"Guelke, Adrian"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_University_Press","url_text":"Manchester University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0719071157","url_text":"978-0719071157"}]},{"reference":"Dempster, Lauren (2019). Transitional Justice and the 'Disappeared' of Northern Ireland: Silence, Memory, and the Construction of the Past. Routledge. ISBN 978-0815375647.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge","url_text":"Routledge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0815375647","url_text":"978-0815375647"}]},{"reference":"Dillon, Martin (1990). The Dirty War. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-984520-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Dillon","url_text":"Dillon, Martin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrow_Books","url_text":"Arrow Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-09-984520-2","url_text":"0-09-984520-2"}]},{"reference":"Dillon, Martin (1996). 25 Years of Terror: The IRA's war against the British. Bantam Books. ISBN 978-0-553-40773-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Dillon","url_text":"Dillon, Martin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantam_Books","url_text":"Bantam Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-553-40773-0","url_text":"978-0-553-40773-0"}]},{"reference":"Dingley, James (2008). Combating Terrorism in Northern Ireland. Routledge. ISBN 978-0415367332.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge","url_text":"Routledge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415367332","url_text":"978-0415367332"}]},{"reference":"Dingley, James (2012). The IRA: The Irish Republican Army. Praeger Publishing. ISBN 978-0313387036.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/irairishrepublic0000ding","url_text":"The IRA: The Irish Republican Army"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praeger_Publishing","url_text":"Praeger Publishing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0313387036","url_text":"978-0313387036"}]},{"reference":"English, Richard (2003). Armed Struggle: The History of the IRA. Pan Books. ISBN 0-330-49388-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_English","url_text":"English, Richard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_Books","url_text":"Pan Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-330-49388-4","url_text":"0-330-49388-4"}]},{"reference":"Eriksson, Anna (2009). Justice in Transition: Community restorative justice in Northern Ireland. Willan Publishing. ISBN 978-1843925187.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willan_Publishing","url_text":"Willan Publishing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1843925187","url_text":"978-1843925187"}]},{"reference":"Fay, Marie-Therese; Morrissey, Mike; Smyth, Marie (1999). Northern Ireland's Troubles: The Human Costs. Pluto Press. 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ISBN 978-0-00-638674-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Geraghty","url_text":"Geraghty, Tony"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HarperCollins","url_text":"HarperCollins"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-638674-2","url_text":"978-0-00-638674-2"}]},{"reference":"Gillespie, Gordon (2009). The A to Z of the Northern Ireland Conflict. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0810868823.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarecrow_Press","url_text":"Scarecrow Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0810868823","url_text":"978-0810868823"}]},{"reference":"Goodspeed, Michael (2001). When Reason Fails: Portraits of Armies at War - America, Britain, Israel and the Future (Studies in Military History and International Affairs). Praeger Publishing. ISBN 978-0275973780.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praeger_Publishing","url_text":"Praeger Publishing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0275973780","url_text":"978-0275973780"}]},{"reference":"Grant, Patrick (2001). Rhetoric and Violence in Northern Ireland, 1968-98: Hardened to Death. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-349-42006-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan","url_text":"Palgrave Macmillan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-42006-3","url_text":"978-1-349-42006-3"}]},{"reference":"Hamill, Heather (2010). The Hoods: Crime and Punishment in Belfast: Crime and Punishment in West Belfast. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691119632.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heather_Hamill","url_text":"Hamill, Heather"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University_Press","url_text":"Princeton University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691119632","url_text":"978-0691119632"}]},{"reference":"Hamilton, George (22 August 2015). \"Chief Constable's statement – PSNI's assessment of the current status of the Provisional IRA\". Police Service of Northern Ireland. Archived from the original on 24 August 2015. Retrieved 23 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Hamilton_(Northern_Ireland_police_officer)","url_text":"Hamilton, George"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150824022205/http://www.psni.police.uk/index/news-archive/newpage-4/august-2015/chief_constable_s_statement___psni_s_assessment_of_the_current_status_of_the_provisional_ira.","url_text":"\"Chief Constable's statement – PSNI's assessment of the current status of the Provisional IRA\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_Service_of_Northern_Ireland","url_text":"Police Service of Northern Ireland"},{"url":"http://www.psni.police.uk/index/news-archive/newpage-4/august-2015/chief_constable_s_statement___psni_s_assessment_of_the_current_status_of_the_provisional_ira.","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hanley, Brian; Millar, Scott (2010). The Lost Revolution: The Story of the Official IRA and the Workers' Party. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0141028453.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Books","url_text":"Penguin Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0141028453","url_text":"978-0141028453"}]},{"reference":"Harding, Thomas (9 September 2002). \"IRA's hardline faction gets a stronger voice\". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 1 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/ireland/1406680/IRAs-hardline-faction-gets-a-stronger-voice.html","url_text":"\"IRA's hardline faction gets a stronger voice\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph","url_text":"The Daily Telegraph"}]},{"reference":"Harnden, Toby (1999). Bandit Country: The IRA & South Armagh. Hodder & Stoughton. ISBN 0-340-71736-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toby_Harnden","url_text":"Harnden, Toby"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hodder_%26_Stoughton","url_text":"Hodder & Stoughton"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-340-71736-X","url_text":"0-340-71736-X"}]},{"reference":"Hayes, David (1980). Terrorists and Freedom Fighters : People, Politics and Powers Series. Main Line Book Co. ISBN 978-0853406525.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0853406525","url_text":"978-0853406525"}]},{"reference":"Hayes, Bernadette C.; McAllister, Ian (2005). \"Public Support for Political Violence and Paramilitarism in Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland\". Terrorism and Political Violence. 17 (4): 599–617. doi:10.1080/095465590944569. S2CID 331741.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_McAllister_(political_scientist)","url_text":"McAllister, Ian"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorism_and_Political_Violence","url_text":"Terrorism and Political Violence"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F095465590944569","url_text":"10.1080/095465590944569"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:331741","url_text":"331741"}]},{"reference":"Hennessy, Thomas (2013). Hunger Strike: Margaret Thatcher's Battle with the IRA: 1980-1981. Irish Academic Press. ISBN 978-0716531760.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Academic_Press","url_text":"Irish Academic Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0716531760","url_text":"978-0716531760"}]},{"reference":"Holland, Jack (1989). The American Connection: US Guns, Money and Influence in Northern Ireland. Poolbeg Press. ISBN 978-1853710568.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Holland_(writer)","url_text":"Holland, Jack"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poolbeg_Press","url_text":"Poolbeg Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1853710568","url_text":"978-1853710568"}]},{"reference":"Holland, Jack; McDonald, Henry (2010). INLA Deadly Divisions. Poolbeg Press. ISBN 978-1842234389.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Holland_(writer)","url_text":"Holland, Jack"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_McDonald_(writer)","url_text":"McDonald, Henry"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poolbeg_Press","url_text":"Poolbeg Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1842234389","url_text":"978-1842234389"}]},{"reference":"Horgan, John; Taylor, Max (1997). \"Proceedings of the Irish Republican Army General Army Convention, December 1969\". Terrorism and Political Violence. 9 (4): 151–158. doi:10.1080/09546559708427434.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Horgan_(political_psychologist)","url_text":"Horgan, John"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Taylor_(psychologist)","url_text":"Taylor, Max"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorism_and_Political_Violence","url_text":"Terrorism and Political Violence"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09546559708427434","url_text":"10.1080/09546559708427434"}]},{"reference":"Horgan, John; Taylor, Max (1999). \"Playing the 'Green Card' – Financing the Provisional IRA: Part 1\" (PDF). Terrorism and Political Violence. 11 (2): 1–38. doi:10.1080/09546559908427502. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 September 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Horgan_(political_psychologist)","url_text":"Horgan, John"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Taylor_(psychologist)","url_text":"Taylor, Max"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090911211621/http://www.apgml.org/frameworks/docs/7/IRA%20financing%20models.pdf","url_text":"\"Playing the 'Green Card' – Financing the Provisional IRA: Part 1\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorism_and_Political_Violence","url_text":"Terrorism and Political Violence"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09546559908427502","url_text":"10.1080/09546559908427502"},{"url":"http://www.apgml.org/frameworks/docs/7/IRA%20financing%20models.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Horgan, John (2013). Divided We Stand: The Strategy and Psychology of Ireland's Dissident Terrorists. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199772858.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Horgan_(political_psychologist)","url_text":"Horgan, John"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199772858","url_text":"978-0199772858"}]},{"reference":"Independent Monitoring Commission (October 2006). \"Twelfth report of the Independent Monitoring Commission\" (PDF). The Stationery Office. Retrieved 25 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Monitoring_Commission","url_text":"Independent Monitoring Commission"},{"url":"https://cain.ulster.ac.uk/issues/politics/docs/imc/imc041006.pdf","url_text":"\"Twelfth report of the Independent Monitoring Commission\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Stationery_Office","url_text":"The Stationery Office"}]},{"reference":"Ingram, Martin; Harkin, Greg (2004). Stakeknife: Britain's Secret Agents in Ireland. O'Brien Press. ISBN 978-0862788438.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Ingram","url_text":"Ingram, Martin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%27Brien_Press","url_text":"O'Brien Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0862788438","url_text":"978-0862788438"}]},{"reference":"Jackson, Richard; Breen Smyth, Marie; Gunning, Jeroen (2009). 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Journal of Contemporary History. 27 (2): 211–229. doi:10.1177/002200949202700201. ISSN 0022-0094. JSTOR 260908. S2CID 154412345.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronaldo_Munck","url_text":"Munck, Ronnie"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Contemporary_History","url_text":"Journal of Contemporary History"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F002200949202700201","url_text":"10.1177/002200949202700201"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0022-0094","url_text":"0022-0094"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/260908","url_text":"260908"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154412345","url_text":"154412345"}]},{"reference":"Nordstrom, Carolyn; Martin, JoAnn (1992). The Paths to Domination, Resistance, and Terror. University of California Press. 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Political Studies. 63 (1): 202–220. doi:10.1111/1467-9248.12091. hdl:10379/6839. S2CID 220121839.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_Studies_(journal)","url_text":"Political Studies"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1467-9248.12091","url_text":"10.1111/1467-9248.12091"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10379%2F6839","url_text":"10379/6839"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:220121839","url_text":"220121839"}]},{"reference":"Ó Faoleán, Gearóid (2019). A Broad Church: The Provisional IRA in the Republic of Ireland, 1969–1980. Merrion Press. 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IRA: The Bombs and the Bullets: A History of Deadly Ingenuity. Irish Academic Press. ISBN 978-0716528951.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Oppenheimer","url_text":"Oppenheimer, A.R."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Academic_Press","url_text":"Irish Academic Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0716528951","url_text":"978-0716528951"}]},{"reference":"Oppenheimer, Andy (2009). \"IRA Technology\". The Counter Terrorist. 2 (4). ISSN 1941-8639. Archived from the original on 8 August 2020. Retrieved 14 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Oppenheimer","url_text":"Oppenheimer, Andy"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200808044939/http://digital.ipcprintservices.com/article/IRA+TECHNOLOGY/177490/18521/article.html","url_text":"\"IRA Technology\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1941-8639","url_text":"1941-8639"},{"url":"http://digital.ipcprintservices.com/article/IRA+TECHNOLOGY/177490/18521/article.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Patterson, Henry (2010). \"Sectarianism Revisited: The Provisional IRA Campaign in a Border Region of Northern Ireland\". Terrorism and Political Violence. 22 (3): 337–356. doi:10.1080/09546551003659335. S2CID 145671577.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henry_Patterson_(historian)&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Patterson, Henry"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorism_and_Political_Violence","url_text":"Terrorism and Political Violence"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09546551003659335","url_text":"10.1080/09546551003659335"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145671577","url_text":"145671577"}]},{"reference":"Quilligan, Michael (2013). Understanding Shadows: The Corrupt Use of Intelligence. Clarity Press. ISBN 978-0985335397.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0985335397","url_text":"978-0985335397"}]},{"reference":"Reed, David (1984). Ireland: The Key to the British Revolution. Larkin Publications. ISBN 978-0905400044.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0905400044","url_text":"978-0905400044"}]},{"reference":"Reinisch, Dieter (7 September 2018). \"Dreaming of an \"Irish Tet Offensive\": Irish Republican prisoners & the origins of the Peace Process\". European University Institute. Retrieved 25 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://me.eui.eu/dieter-reinisch/blog/irish-tet/","url_text":"\"Dreaming of an \"Irish Tet Offensive\": Irish Republican prisoners & the origins of the Peace Process\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_University_Institute","url_text":"European University Institute"}]},{"reference":"Rowan, Brian (2003). The Armed Peace: Life and Death after the Ceasefires. Mainstream Publishing. 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Gill & Macmillan. ISBN 978-0717143962.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gill_%26_Macmillan","url_text":"Gill & Macmillan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0717143962","url_text":"978-0717143962"}]},{"reference":"Sinclair, Samuel Justin; Antonius, Daniel (2013). The Political Psychology of Terrorism. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199925926.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199925926","url_text":"978-0199925926"}]},{"reference":"Smith, M.L.R. (1995). Fighting for Ireland: The Military Strategy of the Irish Republican Movement. Routledge. ISBN 978-0415091619.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge","url_text":"Routledge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415091619","url_text":"978-0415091619"}]},{"reference":"Sutton, Malcolm. \"Sutton Index of Deaths: Crosstabulations (two-way tables)\". Conflict Archive on the Internet. Retrieved 7 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/sutton/crosstabs.html","url_text":"\"Sutton Index of Deaths: Crosstabulations (two-way tables)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_Archive_on_the_Internet","url_text":"Conflict Archive on the Internet"}]},{"reference":"Sutton, Malcolm. \"Sutton Index of Deaths: Organisation responsible for the death\". Conflict Archive on the Internet. Retrieved 7 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/sutton/tables/Organisation_Responsible.html","url_text":"\"Sutton Index of Deaths: Organisation responsible for the death\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_Archive_on_the_Internet","url_text":"Conflict Archive on the Internet"}]},{"reference":"Sutton, Malcolm. \"Revised and Updated Extracts from Sutton's Book\". Conflict Archive on the Internet. Retrieved 25 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/sutton/book/","url_text":"\"Revised and Updated Extracts from Sutton's Book\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_Archive_on_the_Internet","url_text":"Conflict Archive on the Internet"}]},{"reference":"Sutton, Malcolm. \"Sutton Index of Deaths: Select and Crosstabulations\". Conflict Archive on the Internet. Retrieved 12 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://cain.ulster.ac.uk/sutton/selecttabs.html","url_text":"\"Sutton Index of Deaths: Select and Crosstabulations\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_Archive_on_the_Internet","url_text":"Conflict Archive on the Internet"}]},{"reference":"Sutton, Malcolm. \"Sutton Index of Deaths: Status of the person killed\". Conflict Archive on the Internet. Retrieved 7 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/sutton/tables/Status.html","url_text":"\"Sutton Index of Deaths: Status of the person killed\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_Archive_on_the_Internet","url_text":"Conflict Archive on the Internet"}]},{"reference":"Taylor, Peter (1993). States of Terror. BBC. ISBN 0-563-36774-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Taylor_(journalist)","url_text":"Taylor, Peter"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC","url_text":"BBC"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-563-36774-1","url_text":"0-563-36774-1"}]},{"reference":"Taylor, Peter (1998). Provos The IRA & Sinn Féin. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 0-7475-3818-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Taylor_(journalist)","url_text":"Taylor, Peter"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing","url_text":"Bloomsbury Publishing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7475-3818-2","url_text":"0-7475-3818-2"}]},{"reference":"Taylor, Peter (2001). Brits. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7475-5806-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Taylor_(journalist)","url_text":"Taylor, Peter"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/brits00pete","url_text":"Brits"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing","url_text":"Bloomsbury Publishing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7475-5806-4","url_text":"978-0-7475-5806-4"}]},{"reference":"Tonge, Johnathan (2001). Northern Ireland: Conflict and Change. Routledge. ISBN 978-0582424005.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Tonge","url_text":"Tonge, Johnathan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge","url_text":"Routledge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0582424005","url_text":"978-0582424005"}]},{"reference":"Tonge, Johnathan; Murray, Gerard (2005). Sinn Féin and the SDLP: From Alienation to Participation. C. Hurst & Co. ISBN 978-1-85065-649-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Tonge","url_text":"Tonge, Johnathan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._Hurst_%26_Co.","url_text":"C. Hurst & Co."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85065-649-4","url_text":"978-1-85065-649-4"}]},{"reference":"Weitzer, Ronald John (1995). Policing Under Fire: Ethnic Conflict and Police-Community Relations in Northern Ireland. State University of New York Press. ISBN 079142247X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Weitzer","url_text":"Weitzer, Ronald John"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/policingunderfir0000weit","url_text":"Policing Under Fire: Ethnic Conflict and Police-Community Relations in Northern Ireland"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_University_of_New_York_Press","url_text":"State University of New York Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/079142247X","url_text":"079142247X"}]},{"reference":"White, Robert (1993). Provisional Irish Republicans: An Oral and Interpretive History. Praeger Publishing. ISBN 978-0313285646.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praeger_Publishing","url_text":"Praeger Publishing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0313285646","url_text":"978-0313285646"}]},{"reference":"White, Robert (1997). \"The Irish Republican Army: An assessment of sectarianism\". Terrorism and Political Violence. 9 (1): 20–55. doi:10.1080/09546559708427385.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorism_and_Political_Violence","url_text":"Terrorism and Political Violence"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09546559708427385","url_text":"10.1080/09546559708427385"}]},{"reference":"White, Robert (2006). Ruairí Ó Brádaigh: The Life and Politics of an Irish Revolutionary. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0253347084.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_University_Press","url_text":"Indiana University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0253347084","url_text":"978-0253347084"}]},{"reference":"White, Robert (2017). Out of the Ashes: An Oral History of the Provisional Irish Republican Movement. Merrion Press. ISBN 9781785370939.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merrion_Press","url_text":"Merrion Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781785370939","url_text":"9781785370939"}]},{"reference":"Wilson, Steve; Rutherford, Helen; Storey, Tony; Wortley, Natalie; Kotecha, Birju (2020). English Legal System. Oxford University Press. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Belgian_federal_election	2003 Belgian federal election	["1 Results","1.1 Chamber of Representatives","1.2 Senate","2 Further reading"]	2003 Belgian federal election ← 1999 18 May 2003 (2003-05-18) 2007 → Chamber of RepresentativesAll 150 seats in the Chamber of Representatives76 seats needed for a majority Party Leader % Seats +/– VLD Guy Verhofstadt 15.36 25 +2 sp.a–spirit Johan Vande Lanotte 14.91 23 +9 CD&V Stefaan De Clerck 13.25 21 −1 PS Elio Di Rupo 13.02 25 +6 VB Frank Vanhecke 11.68 18 +3 MR Antoine Duquesne 11.40 24 +6 cdH Joëlle Milquet 5.47 8 −2 N-VA Geert Bourgeois 3.06 1 New Ecolo Philippe DefeytÉvelyne HuytebroeckMarc Hordies 3.06 4 −7 FN Daniel Féret 1.98 1 0 This lists parties that won seats. See the complete results below.Senate40 of 71 seats in the Senate Party Leader % Seats +/– sp.a–spirit Johan Vande Lanotte 15.47 7 +3 VLD Guy Verhofstadt 15.38 7 +1 PS Elio Di Rupo 12.84 6 +2 CD&V Stefaan De Clerck 12.71 6 0 MR Antoine Duquesne 12.15 5 0 VB Frank Vanhecke 11.32 5 +1 cdH Joëlle Milquet 5.54 2 −1 Ecolo Philippe DefeytÉvelyne HuytebroeckMarc Hordies 3.19 1 −2 FN Daniel Féret 2.25 1 +1 This lists parties that won seats. See the complete results below.Chamber of Representatives results by electoral districtSenate direct election results by province Federal Government before Federal Government after election Verhofstadt I Government Verhofstadt II Government Politics of Belgium Constitution Taxation Constitutional Court Monarchy Monarch (list) Philippe Duchess of Brabant Elisabeth of Belgium Crown Council Royal Family Federal Parliament Senate President: Stephanie D'Hose Chamber of Representatives President: Eliane Tillieux Federal Cabinet De Croo Government Prime Minister: Alexander De Croo Judiciary Administrative jurisdictions Council of State Highest court Court of Cassation Appellate courts Court of appeal Court of labour Trial courts Court of assizes Tribunal of first instance Civil tribunal Correctional tribunal Family and juvenile tribunal Sentence enforcement tribunal Labour tribunal Enterprise tribunal Minor crimesMinor claims Police tribunal Justice of the peace Recent elections European 2009201420192024 Federal 2007201020142019 Regional 2004200920142019 Local 2000200620122018 Political parties Subdivisions Communities and regions Provinces Arrondissements Municipalities Foreign relations France-Belgium relations Belgium-Germany relations Belgium-United Kingdom relations Belgium-Netherlands relations Belgium–Luxembourg relations Politics of the European Union Belgium portal Other countries vte Federal elections were held in Belgium on 18 May 2003, the first under a new electoral code. One of the novelties was an electoral threshold of 5, which has cost many seats to the N-VA and the Green parties, Ecolo and Agalev. The Belgian Socialists recovered well; the liberal and nationalist parties increased their vote as well. The Flemish Greens lost all their seats. The Greens were attacked on two fronts: some, including their coalition partners, accused them of being too fundamentalist, while others said that they had betrayed their ideals. The resignation of a Walloon green minister (Isabelle Durant), one week before the elections, probably didn't do them much good either. Although it was predicted in some opinion polls, the gains of the Front National were surprising, considering that it seldom appeared in the media. The most important trend was the recovery of the Flemish social-democrats, led by the popular (some would say populist) Steve Stevaert. The fact that Elio Di Rupo was learning Dutch caused rumours that he hoped to become prime minister, if the social-democrats would turn out to be the largest political family. Themes that probably influenced the election results in some way were the government's opposition to the 2003 invasion of Iraq, the controversy around the nuisance around the airport of Zaventem, the controversy surrounding the banning of tobacco publicity, and unemployment, but a general dominating theme was lacking. Results Chamber of Representatives PartyVotes%+/–Seats+/–Vlaamse Liberalen en Democraten1,009,22315.36+1.0625+2Socialistische Partij Anders–Spirit979,75014.91+5.3723+9Christen-Democratisch en Vlaams870,74913.25–0.8421–1Parti Socialiste855,99213.02+2.8625+6Vlaams Blok767,60511.68+1.7218+3Mouvement Réformateur748,95211.40+1.2624+6Centre démocrate humaniste359,6605.47–0.408–2New Flemish Alliance201,3993.06New1NewEcolo201,1183.06–4.294–7Agalev162,2052.47–4.520–9National Front130,0121.98+0.5310Vivant81,3371.24–0.8600Chrétiens démocrates francophones38,3460.58New0NewLiberal Appeal29,8680.45New0NewRassemblement Wallonie France25,4160.39New0NewWorkers' Party of Belgium20,8250.32–0.1800RESIST10,0590.15New0NewBelgian Union10,0340.15New0NewParti citoyenneté et prospérité8,2580.13New0NewMouvement socialiste8,1160.12New0NewCommunist Party of Belgium6,7590.10–0.2700New Belgian Front6,7360.10–0.2600Maria6,4400.10New0NewFrance5,6680.09–0.0300Nation4,1900.06New0NewVeiligBlauw3,2370.05New0NewLeft Socialist Party2,9290.04New0NewCommunist Party–RDS2,5220.04New0NewCHOPE2,4300.04New0NewRDS–Communist Party2,0840.03New0NewUFE1,9100.03New0NewOMNIUM1,6160.02New0NewPDA1,4150.02New0NewVrijheid, Intimiteit, Thuis, Arbeid en Liefde1,3250.02New0NewNoor1,1410.02+0.0000DL1,0520.02New0NewMDT9140.01New0NewParti humaniste–Humanistische Partij5210.01+0.0100PPR3760.01New0NewTotal6,572,189100.00–1500Valid votes6,572,18994.75Invalid/blank votes364,4125.25Total votes6,936,601100.00Registered voters/turnout7,570,63791.63Source: IBZ Senate PartyVotes%+/–Seats+/–Socialistische Partij Anders–Spirit1,013,56015.47+6.597+3Vlaamse Liberalen en Democraten1,007,86815.38+0.017+1Parti Socialiste840,90812.84+3.196+2Christen-Democratisch en Vlaams832,84912.71–2.0360Mouvement Réformateur795,75712.15+1.5850Vlaams Blok741,94011.32+1.915+1Centre démocrate humaniste362,7055.54–0.492–1Ecolo208,8683.19–4.211–2New Flemish Alliance200,2733.06New0NewAgalev161,0242.46–4.620–3National Front147,3052.25+0.751+1Vivant86,7231.32–0.6600Chrétiens démocrates francophones38,3390.59New0NewRassemblement Wallonie France27,4240.42New0NewLiberal Appeal26,6290.41New0NewWorkers' Party of Belgium18,6990.29+0.1100RESIST17,6040.27New0NewLeft Socialist Party8,3370.13New0NewVeiligBlauw8,0480.12New0NewSociaale-Liberale Democraten6,6510.10–0.0200Total6,551,511100.00–400Valid votes6,551,51194.48Invalid/blank votes383,0935.52Total votes6,934,604100.00Registered voters/turnout7,570,63791.60Source: IBZ Further reading Fitzmaurice, John (January 2004). "Belgium Stays 'Purple': The 2003 Federal Election". West European Politics. 27 (1): 146–156. doi:10.1080/01402380412331280843. vte Elections and referendums in Belgium (list)General/federalelections 1830 1831 1833 1835 1837 1839 1841 1843 1845 1847 1848 1850 1851 1852 1854 1855 1856 1857 1859 1861 1863 1864 1866 1867 1868 1870 (Jun) 1870 (Aug) 1872 1874 1876 1878 1880 1882 1884 1886 1888 1890 1892 1894 1896 1898 1900 1902 1904 1906 1908 1910 1912 1914 1919 1921 1925 1929 1932 1936 1939 1946 1949 1950 1954 1958 1961 1965 1968 1971 1974 1977 1978 1981 1985 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007 2010 2014 2019 2024 Regional elections 1974 1977 1978 1981 1986 1989 1990 1995 1999 2004 2009 2014 2019 2024 Provincial elections 1949 1950 1954 1958 1961 1965 1968 1971 1974 1977 1978 1981 1985 1987 1991 1994 2000 2006 2012 2018 2024 Municipal elections 1976 1982 1988 1994 2000 2006 2012 2018 2024 European elections 1979 1984 1989 1994 1999 2004 2009 2014 2019 2024 Referendums 1950	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"N-VA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nieuw-Vlaamse_Alliantie"},{"link_name":"Green parties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_party"},{"link_name":"Ecolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecolo"},{"link_name":"Agalev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agalev"},{"link_name":"Front National","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front_National_(Belgium)"},{"link_name":"Steve Stevaert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Stevaert"},{"link_name":"Elio Di Rupo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elio_Di_Rupo"},{"link_name":"Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_language"},{"link_name":"prime minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_minister"},{"link_name":"2003 invasion of Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq"},{"link_name":"airport of Zaventem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels_Airport"}],"text":"Federal elections were held in Belgium on 18 May 2003, the first under a new electoral code. One of the novelties was an electoral threshold of 5, which has cost many seats to the N-VA and the Green parties, Ecolo and Agalev. The Belgian Socialists recovered well; the liberal and nationalist parties increased their vote as well.The Flemish Greens lost all their seats. The Greens were attacked on two fronts: some, including their coalition partners, accused them of being too fundamentalist, while others said that they had betrayed their ideals. The resignation of a Walloon green minister (Isabelle Durant), one week before the elections, probably didn't do them much good either. Although it was predicted in some opinion polls, the gains of the Front National were surprising, considering that it seldom appeared in the media. The most important trend was the recovery of the Flemish social-democrats, led by the popular (some would say populist) Steve Stevaert. The fact that Elio Di Rupo was learning Dutch caused rumours that he hoped to become prime minister, if the social-democrats would turn out to be the largest political family.Themes that probably influenced the election results in some way were the government's opposition to the 2003 invasion of Iraq, the controversy around the nuisance around the airport of Zaventem, the controversy surrounding the banning of tobacco publicity, and unemployment, but a general dominating theme was lacking.","title":"2003 Belgian federal election"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Chamber of Representatives","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Senate","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"West European Politics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_European_Politics"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1080/01402380412331280843","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1080%2F01402380412331280843"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Belgian_elections"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Belgian_elections"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Belgian_elections"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Elections and referendums in Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Belgium"},{"link_name":"list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_elections_in_Belgium"},{"link_name":"General/federalelections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_Federal_Parliament"},{"link_name":"1830","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1830_Belgian_general_election"},{"link_name":"1831","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1831_Belgian_general_election"},{"link_name":"1833","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1833_Belgian_general_election"},{"link_name":"1835","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1835_Belgian_general_election"},{"link_name":"1837","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1837_Belgian_general_election"},{"link_name":"1839","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1839_Belgian_general_election"},{"link_name":"1841","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1841_Belgian_general_election"},{"link_name":"1843","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1843_Belgian_general_election"},{"link_name":"1845","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1845_Belgian_general_election"},{"link_name":"1847","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1847_Belgian_general_election"},{"link_name":"1848","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1848_Belgian_general_election"},{"link_name":"1850","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1850_Belgian_general_election"},{"link_name":"1851","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1851_Belgian_general_election"},{"link_name":"1852","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1852_Belgian_general_election"},{"link_name":"1854","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1854_Belgian_general_election"},{"link_name":"1855","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1855_Belgian_general_election"},{"link_name":"1856","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1856_Belgian_general_election"},{"link_name":"1857","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857_Belgian_general_election"},{"link_name":"1859","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1859_Belgian_general_election"},{"link_name":"1861","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861_Belgian_general_election"},{"link_name":"1863","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1863_Belgian_general_election"},{"link_name":"1864","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1864_Belgian_general_election"},{"link_name":"1866","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1866_Belgian_general_election"},{"link_name":"1867","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1867_Belgian_general_election"},{"link_name":"1868","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1868_Belgian_general_election"},{"link_name":"1870 (Jun)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_1870_Belgian_general_election"},{"link_name":"1870 (Aug)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_1870_Belgian_general_election"},{"link_name":"1872","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_Belgian_general_election"},{"link_name":"1874","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1874_Belgian_general_election"},{"link_name":"1876","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1876_Belgian_general_election"},{"link_name":"1878","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1878_Belgian_general_election"},{"link_name":"1880","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1880_Belgian_general_election"},{"link_name":"1882","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1882_Belgian_general_election"},{"link_name":"1884","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1884_Belgian_general_election"},{"link_name":"1886","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1886_Belgian_general_election"},{"link_name":"1888","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1888_Belgian_general_election"},{"link_name":"1890","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1890_Belgian_general_election"},{"link_name":"1892","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1892_Belgian_general_election"},{"link_name":"1894","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1894_Belgian_general_election"},{"link_name":"1896","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1896_Belgian_general_election"},{"link_name":"1898","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1898_Belgian_general_election"},{"link_name":"1900","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1900_Belgian_general_election"},{"link_name":"1902","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1902_Belgian_general_election"},{"link_name":"1904","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1904_Belgian_general_election"},{"link_name":"1906","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1906_Belgian_general_election"},{"link_name":"1908","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1908_Belgian_general_election"},{"link_name":"1910","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1910_Belgian_general_election"},{"link_name":"1912","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1912_Belgian_general_election"},{"link_name":"1914","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1914_Belgian_general_election"},{"link_name":"1919","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1919_Belgian_general_election"},{"link_name":"1921","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1921_Belgian_general_election"},{"link_name":"1925","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1925_Belgian_general_election"},{"link_name":"1929","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1929_Belgian_general_election"},{"link_name":"1932","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1932_Belgian_general_election"},{"link_name":"1936","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936_Belgian_general_election"},{"link_name":"1939","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1939_Belgian_general_election"},{"link_name":"1946","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1946_Belgian_general_election"},{"link_name":"1949","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1949_Belgian_general_election"},{"link_name":"1950","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1950_Belgian_general_election"},{"link_name":"1954","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1954_Belgian_general_election"},{"link_name":"1958","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1958_Belgian_general_election"},{"link_name":"1961","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1961_Belgian_general_election"},{"link_name":"1965","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1965_Belgian_general_election"},{"link_name":"1968","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_Belgian_general_election"},{"link_name":"1971","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971_Belgian_general_election"},{"link_name":"1974","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974_Belgian_general_election"},{"link_name":"1977","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977_Belgian_general_election"},{"link_name":"1978","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_Belgian_general_election"},{"link_name":"1981","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981_Belgian_general_election"},{"link_name":"1985","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985_Belgian_general_election"},{"link_name":"1987","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987_Belgian_general_election"},{"link_name":"1991","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_Belgian_general_election"},{"link_name":"1995","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_Belgian_federal_election"},{"link_name":"1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_Belgian_federal_election"},{"link_name":"2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Belgian_federal_election"},{"link_name":"2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Belgian_federal_election"},{"link_name":"2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Belgian_federal_election"},{"link_name":"2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Belgian_federal_election"},{"link_name":"2024","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Belgian_federal_election"},{"link_name":"Regional elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communities,_regions_and_language_areas_of_Belgium"},{"link_name":"1974","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974_Belgian_general_election"},{"link_name":"1977","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977_Belgian_general_election"},{"link_name":"1978","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_Belgian_general_election"},{"link_name":"1981","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981_Belgian_general_election"},{"link_name":"1986","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986_Belgian_regional_elections"},{"link_name":"1989","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_Belgian_regional_elections"},{"link_name":"1990","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_Belgian_regional_elections"},{"link_name":"1995","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_Belgian_regional_elections"},{"link_name":"1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_Belgian_regional_elections"},{"link_name":"2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Belgian_regional_elections"},{"link_name":"2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Belgian_regional_elections"},{"link_name":"2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Belgian_regional_elections"},{"link_name":"2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Belgian_regional_elections"},{"link_name":"2024","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Belgian_regional_elections"},{"link_name":"Provincial elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_Belgium"},{"link_name":"1949","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1949_Belgian_general_election"},{"link_name":"1950","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1950_Belgian_general_election"},{"link_name":"1954","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1954_Belgian_general_election"},{"link_name":"1958","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1958_Belgian_general_election"},{"link_name":"1961","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1961_Belgian_general_election"},{"link_name":"1965","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1965_Belgian_general_election"},{"link_name":"1968","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_Belgian_general_election"},{"link_name":"1971","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971_Belgian_general_election"},{"link_name":"1974","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974_Belgian_general_election"},{"link_name":"1977","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977_Belgian_general_election"},{"link_name":"1978","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_Belgian_general_election"},{"link_name":"1981","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981_Belgian_general_election"},{"link_name":"1985","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985_Belgian_general_election"},{"link_name":"1987","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987_Belgian_general_election"},{"link_name":"1991","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_Belgian_general_election"},{"link_name":"1994","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_Belgian_local_elections"},{"link_name":"2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_Belgian_local_elections"},{"link_name":"2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Belgian_local_elections"},{"link_name":"2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Belgian_local_elections"},{"link_name":"2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Belgian_local_elections"},{"link_name":"2024","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Belgian_local_elections"},{"link_name":"Municipal elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Belgium"},{"link_name":"1976","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1976_Belgian_municipal_elections&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1982","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1982_Belgian_municipal_elections&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1988","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1988_Belgian_municipal_elections&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1994","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_Belgian_local_elections"},{"link_name":"2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_Belgian_local_elections"},{"link_name":"2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Belgian_local_elections"},{"link_name":"2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Belgian_local_elections"},{"link_name":"2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Belgian_local_elections"},{"link_name":"2024","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Belgian_local_elections"},{"link_name":"European elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Parliament"},{"link_name":"1979","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979_European_Parliament_election_in_Belgium"},{"link_name":"1984","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_European_Parliament_election_in_Belgium"},{"link_name":"1989","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_European_Parliament_election_in_Belgium"},{"link_name":"1994","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_European_Parliament_election_in_Belgium"},{"link_name":"1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_European_Parliament_election_in_Belgium"},{"link_name":"2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_European_Parliament_election_in_Belgium"},{"link_name":"2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_European_Parliament_election_in_Belgium"},{"link_name":"2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_European_Parliament_election_in_Belgium"},{"link_name":"2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_European_Parliament_election_in_Belgium"},{"link_name":"2024","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_European_Parliament_election_in_Belgium"},{"link_name":"1950","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1950_Belgian_monarchy_referendum"}],"text":"Fitzmaurice, John (January 2004). \"Belgium Stays 'Purple': The 2003 Federal Election\". West European Politics. 27 (1): 146–156. doi:10.1080/01402380412331280843.vte Elections and referendums in Belgium (list)General/federalelections\n1830\n1831\n1833\n1835\n1837\n1839\n1841\n1843\n1845\n1847\n1848\n1850\n1851\n1852\n1854\n1855\n1856\n1857\n1859\n1861\n1863\n1864\n1866\n1867\n1868\n1870 (Jun)\n1870 (Aug)\n1872\n1874\n1876\n1878\n1880\n1882\n1884\n1886\n1888\n1890\n1892\n1894\n1896\n1898\n1900\n1902\n1904\n1906\n1908\n1910\n1912\n1914\n1919\n1921\n1925\n1929\n1932\n1936\n1939\n1946\n1949\n1950\n1954\n1958\n1961\n1965\n1968\n1971\n1974\n1977\n1978\n1981\n1985\n1987\n1991\n1995\n1999\n2003\n2007\n2010\n2014\n2019\n2024\nRegional elections\n1974\n1977\n1978\n1981\n1986\n1989\n1990\n1995\n1999\n2004\n2009\n2014\n2019\n2024\nProvincial elections\n1949\n1950\n1954\n1958\n1961\n1965\n1968\n1971\n1974\n1977\n1978\n1981\n1985\n1987\n1991\n1994\n2000\n2006\n2012\n2018\n2024\nMunicipal elections\n1976\n1982\n1988\n1994\n2000\n2006\n2012\n2018\n2024\nEuropean elections\n1979\n1984\n1989\n1994\n1999\n2004\n2009\n2014\n2019\n2024\nReferendums\n1950","title":"Further reading"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Fitzmaurice, John (January 2004). \"Belgium Stays 'Purple': The 2003 Federal Election\". West European Politics. 27 (1): 146–156. doi:10.1080/01402380412331280843.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_European_Politics","url_text":"West European Politics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01402380412331280843","url_text":"10.1080/01402380412331280843"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://polling2003.belgium.be/electionshome/uk/result/chamber/table_top.html","external_links_name":"IBZ"},{"Link":"https://elections2003.belgium.be/electionshome/fr/result/senate/table_top.html","external_links_name":"IBZ"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01402380412331280843","external_links_name":"10.1080/01402380412331280843"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Boy_Shine	Black Boy Shine	["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Santa Fe Group","4 Later life, death and legacy","5 Discography","5.1 Singles","5.2 Compilation albums","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]	American singer Black Boy ShineBirth nameHarold HolidayBornc. (1908-09-12)September 12, 1908Fort Bend County, Texas, United StatesDiedMarch 28, 1952(1952-03-28) (aged 43)Sugar Land, Texas, United StatesGenresTexas bluesOccupation(s)Pianist, singer, songwriterInstrument(s)PianoYears active1930s–1940sLabelsVocalion, MelotoneMusical artist Black Boy Shine (c. September 12, 1908 – March 28, 1952), born Harold Holiday, was an American Texas blues pianist, singer and songwriter. Little is known of his life outside of his recording career. He was part of the Santa Fe Group, a loose ensemble of black blues pianists who played in the many juke joints abutting the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway. Black Boy Shine recorded almost twenty tracks between 1936 and 1937 for Vocalion and Melotone Records. Two of his tracks, "Hobo Blues" and "Ice Pick and Pistol Woman Blues", depicted the more lurid and potentially violent lives of Shine and his listeners. Early life Harold Holiday was born on September 12, 1908 in Fort Bend County, Texas, United States. He was the son of Walter Holiday and Hattie Griffin. Career Adopting the stage name "Black Boy Shine", he later spent most of his life based in Houston, more specifically the Fourth Ward, which ultimately influenced his style of playing the piano. Black Boy Shine was noted as a smooth singer and pianist, with an unusually sweet melodious vocal refrain and elegant playing. His songs included "Dog House Blues" and "Back Home Blues", which were in a barrelhouse format, and the majority of his repertoire dealt lyrically with the realities of life for his predominately black audience. "Hobo Blues" and "Ice Pick and Pistol Woman Blues", depicted the more lurid and potentially violent lives of that time. In the mid 1930s, Black Boy Shine frequently met up with another pianist, Moon Mullican, when performing around Houston. Combining nicknames, for a short time in the 1930s, they performed as a duo called "Moonshine". In 1935 and 1936, Black Boy Shine recorded as an accompanist on a number of tracks for both Bernice Edwards and J. T. Smith. Alongside Edwards, he recorded piano duets including one entitled "Hot Mattress Stomp". In 1936 and 1937, Black Boy Shine recorded solo for both Vocalion Records and Melotone Records in San Antonio and Dallas. Santa Fe Group The Santa Fe Group, otherwise known as the Texas Santa Fe style of piano playing, referenced an association with the Santa Fe Railroad tracks. In the 1920s and 1930s, there were numerous juke joints alongside the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway, in which various black pianists performed in a similar manner. The style was a blend of dance music, boogie-woogie, ragtime and blues. Performers included Black Boy Shine, Robert Shaw, Buster Pickens, Pinetop Burks, Rob Cooper and Andy Boy, who were all recorded, although many others were not. The style is more broadly defined when referring to a map of Houston. The Santa Fe style was known as emanating from the Fourth Ward. Lightnin' Hopkins, conversely, was a Third Ward bluesman, while George Washington Thomas was an example of a Fifth Ward pianist, with a different playing style. Later life, death and legacy By 1948, he was said to have been near death from the effects of tuberculosis. Black Boy Shine died on March 28, 1952, in Sugar Land, Texas, from tuberculosis. He was 43 years old. He was buried in Stafford Colored Cemetery, Stafford, Texas. He was individually named in the title of an essay, "From Bumble Bee Slim to Black Boy Shine: Nicknames of Blues Singers", written by David Evans and contained within the book, Ramblin' on My Mind: New Perspectives on the Blues. In 1994, Black Boy Shine's full recorded output was released on CD by Document Records. Blues musician Robert Shaw remembered Shine as "a smooth underworld figure and rated him the best of the Texas pianists." Discography Singles An alphabetical list of tracks recorded and released by Black Boy Shine: "Advice Blues" - Melotone - Recorded November 20, 1936 "Advice Blues" - Vocalion - Recorded November 20, 1936 "Back Home Blues" - Melotone - Recorded November 20, 1936 "Bed And Breakfast Blues" - Vocalion - Recorded June 14, 1937 "Brown House Blues" - Melotone - Recorded November 20, 1936 "Business Woman Blues" - Vocalion - Recorded June 14, 1937 "Coal Woman Blues" - Vocalion - Recorded June 14, 1937 "Crazy Woman Blues" - Melotone - Recorded November 20, 1936 "Crazy Woman Blues" - Vocalion - Recorded November 20, 1936 "Dog House Blues" - Melotone - Recorded November 20, 1936 "Gamblin' Jinx Blues" - Vocalion - Recorded June 15, 1937 "Grey With Worry Blues" - Vocalion - Recorded June 14, 1937 "Hobo Blues" - Vocalion - Recorded June 15, 1937 "Ice Pick And Pistol Woman" - Vocalion - Recorded June 14, 1937 "Lonesome Home Blues" - Vocalion - Recorded June 14, 1937 "Married Man Blues" - Melotone - Recorded November 20, 1936 "Sail On Little Girl" - Vocalion - Recorded June 14, 1937 "Sugarland Blues" - Melotone - Recorded November 20, 1936 "Wrong Doing Woman Blues" - Melotone - Recorded November 20, 1936 "Wrong Doing Woman Blues" - Vocalion - Recorded November 20, 1936 Compilation albums 1994: Black Boy Shine & Black Ivory King 1936-1937, (Document) (This collection had 18 sides recorded by Black Boy Shine, plus four more accredited to Black Ivory King. 1996: Leroy Carr and Black Boy Shine, (Document) See also List of Texas blues musicians References ^ a b Black Boy Shine. Oxford University Press. January 2009. ISBN 978-0-19-531373-4. Retrieved September 30, 2020. ^ a b c d Eagle, Bob; LeBlanc, Eric S. (2013). Blues - A Regional Experience. Santa Barbara: Praeger Publishers. p. 393. ISBN 9780313344237. ^ a b c d Bruce Eder. "Black Boy Shine Biography". AllMusic. Retrieved September 30, 2020. ^ a b c d Eugene Chadbourne. "Rob Cooper Biography". AllMusic. Retrieved September 30, 2020. ^ a b c d "Black Boy Shine & Black Ivory King". AllMusic. Retrieved September 30, 2020. ^ a b c d e "Black Boy Shine" (PDF). Gato-docs.its.txstate.edu. Retrieved September 30, 2020. ^ "'Funny Papa' Smith : Illustrated Discography". Wirz.de. Retrieved September 30, 2020. ^ Komara, Edward, ed. (2006). Encyclopedia of the Blues. Psychology Press. p. 297. ISBN 9780415926997. Retrieved November 29, 2016. ^ David Evans (editor), "From Bumble Bee Slim to Black Boy Shine: Nicknames of Blues Singers", Ramblin' on My Mind: New Perspectives on the Blues (Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2008), pp. 179–222, ISBN 9780252091124 ^ Tony Russell; Chris Smith (2006). The Penguin Guide to Blues Recordings. Penguin Books. p. 45. ISBN 9780140513844. ^ "Recordings by 'Black Boy Shine'". Honkingduck.com. Retrieved September 30, 2020. ^ "Black Boy Shine". Apps.apple.com. Retrieved September 30, 2020. External links Partial discography @ Discogs.com Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States Artists MusicBrainz	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Texas blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_blues"},{"link_name":"juke joints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juke_joint"},{"link_name":"Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atchison,_Topeka_and_Santa_Fe_Railway"},{"link_name":"Vocalion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocalion_Records"},{"link_name":"Melotone Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melotone_Records_(US)"}],"text":"Musical artistBlack Boy Shine (c. September 12, 1908 – March 28, 1952), born Harold Holiday, was an American Texas blues pianist, singer and songwriter. Little is known of his life outside of his recording career. He was part of the Santa Fe Group, a loose ensemble of black blues pianists who played in the many juke joints abutting the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway. Black Boy Shine recorded almost twenty tracks between 1936 and 1937 for Vocalion and Melotone Records. Two of his tracks, \"Hobo Blues\" and \"Ice Pick and Pistol Woman Blues\", depicted the more lurid and potentially violent lives of Shine and his listeners.","title":"Black Boy Shine"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oxford-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BARE-2"},{"link_name":"Fort Bend County, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Bend_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BARE-2"}],"text":"Harold Holiday[1] was born on September 12, 1908[2] in Fort Bend County, Texas, United States. He was the son of Walter Holiday and Hattie Griffin.[2]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AMG-3"},{"link_name":"Fourth Ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Ward,_Houston"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ward-4"},{"link_name":"barrelhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boogie-woogie"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AMG-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Record-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Record-5"},{"link_name":"Moon Mullican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon_Mullican"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gato-6"},{"link_name":"Bernice Edwards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernice_Edwards"},{"link_name":"J. T. Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._T._Smith_(musician)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SSS-8"},{"link_name":"Vocalion Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocalion_Records"},{"link_name":"Melotone Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melotone_Records_(US)"},{"link_name":"San Antonio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Antonio"},{"link_name":"Dallas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AMG-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gato-6"}],"text":"Adopting the stage name \"Black Boy Shine\", he later spent most of his life based in Houston,[3] more specifically the Fourth Ward, which ultimately influenced his style of playing the piano.[4] Black Boy Shine was noted as a smooth singer and pianist, with an unusually sweet melodious vocal refrain and elegant playing. His songs included \"Dog House Blues\" and \"Back Home Blues\", which were in a barrelhouse format,[3] and the majority of his repertoire dealt lyrically with the realities of life for his predominately black audience.[5] \"Hobo Blues\" and \"Ice Pick and Pistol Woman Blues\", depicted the more lurid and potentially violent lives of that time.[5]In the mid 1930s, Black Boy Shine frequently met up with another pianist, Moon Mullican, when performing around Houston. Combining nicknames, for a short time in the 1930s, they performed as a duo called \"Moonshine\".[6] In 1935 and 1936, Black Boy Shine recorded as an accompanist on a number of tracks for both Bernice Edwards and J. T. Smith.[7] Alongside Edwards, he recorded piano duets including one entitled \"Hot Mattress Stomp\".[8]In 1936 and 1937, Black Boy Shine recorded solo for both Vocalion Records and Melotone Records in San Antonio and Dallas.[3][6]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"juke joints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juke_joint"},{"link_name":"Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atchison,_Topeka_and_Santa_Fe_Railway"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oxford-1"},{"link_name":"dance music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_music"},{"link_name":"boogie-woogie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boogie-woogie"},{"link_name":"ragtime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragtime"},{"link_name":"blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ward-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gato-6"},{"link_name":"Robert Shaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Shaw_(blues_musician)"},{"link_name":"Buster Pickens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buster_Pickens"},{"link_name":"Pinetop Burks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinetop_Burks"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gato-6"},{"link_name":"Rob Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Cooper_(blues_musician)"},{"link_name":"Andy Boy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Boy_(musician)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ward-4"},{"link_name":"Fourth Ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Ward,_Houston"},{"link_name":"Lightnin' Hopkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightnin%27_Hopkins"},{"link_name":"Third Ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Ward,_Houston"},{"link_name":"George Washington Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington_Thomas"},{"link_name":"Fifth Ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_Ward,_Houston"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ward-4"}],"text":"The Santa Fe Group, otherwise known as the Texas Santa Fe style of piano playing, referenced an association with the Santa Fe Railroad tracks. In the 1920s and 1930s, there were numerous juke joints alongside the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway, in which various black pianists performed in a similar manner.[1] The style was a blend of dance music, boogie-woogie, ragtime and blues.[4][6] Performers included Black Boy Shine, Robert Shaw, Buster Pickens, Pinetop Burks,[6] Rob Cooper and Andy Boy, who were all recorded, although many others were not.[4] The style is more broadly defined when referring to a map of Houston. The Santa Fe style was known as emanating from the Fourth Ward. Lightnin' Hopkins, conversely, was a Third Ward bluesman, while George Washington Thomas was an example of a Fifth Ward pianist, with a different playing style.[4]","title":"Santa Fe Group"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tuberculosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberculosis"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AMG-3"},{"link_name":"Sugar Land, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar_Land,_Texas"},{"link_name":"tuberculosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberculosis"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BARE-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gato-6"},{"link_name":"Stafford, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stafford,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BARE-2"},{"link_name":"David Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Evans_(musicologist)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Document Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Document_Records"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Record-5"},{"link_name":"Robert Shaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Shaw_(blues_musician)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"By 1948, he was said to have been near death from the effects of tuberculosis.[3]Black Boy Shine died on March 28, 1952, in Sugar Land, Texas, from tuberculosis. He was 43 years old.[2][6] He was buried in Stafford Colored Cemetery, Stafford, Texas.[2]He was individually named in the title of an essay, \"From Bumble Bee Slim to Black Boy Shine: Nicknames of Blues Singers\", written by David Evans and contained within the book, Ramblin' on My Mind: New Perspectives on the Blues.[9]In 1994, Black Boy Shine's full recorded output was released on CD by Document Records.[5]Blues musician Robert Shaw remembered Shine as \"a smooth underworld figure and rated him the best of the Texas pianists.\"[10]","title":"Later life, death and legacy"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Honk-11"}],"sub_title":"Singles","text":"An alphabetical list of tracks recorded and released by Black Boy Shine:\"Advice Blues\" - Melotone - Recorded November 20, 1936\n\"Advice Blues\" - Vocalion - Recorded November 20, 1936\n\"Back Home Blues\" - Melotone - Recorded November 20, 1936\n\"Bed And Breakfast Blues\" - Vocalion - Recorded June 14, 1937\n\"Brown House Blues\" - Melotone - Recorded November 20, 1936\n\"Business Woman Blues\" - Vocalion - Recorded June 14, 1937\n\"Coal Woman Blues\" - Vocalion - Recorded June 14, 1937\n\"Crazy Woman Blues\" - Melotone - Recorded November 20, 1936\n\"Crazy Woman Blues\" - Vocalion - Recorded November 20, 1936\n\"Dog House Blues\" - Melotone - Recorded November 20, 1936\n\"Gamblin' Jinx Blues\" - Vocalion - Recorded June 15, 1937\n\"Grey With Worry Blues\" - Vocalion - Recorded June 14, 1937\n\"Hobo Blues\" - Vocalion - Recorded June 15, 1937\n\"Ice Pick And Pistol Woman\" - Vocalion - Recorded June 14, 1937\n\"Lonesome Home Blues\" - Vocalion - Recorded June 14, 1937\n\"Married Man Blues\" - Melotone - Recorded November 20, 1936\n\"Sail On Little Girl\" - Vocalion - Recorded June 14, 1937\n\"Sugarland Blues\" - Melotone - Recorded November 20, 1936\n\"Wrong Doing Woman Blues\" - Melotone - Recorded November 20, 1936\n\"Wrong Doing Woman Blues\" - Vocalion - Recorded November 20, 1936[11]","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Document","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Document_Records"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Record-5"},{"link_name":"Leroy Carr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leroy_Carr"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Compilation albums","text":"1994: Black Boy Shine & Black Ivory King 1936-1937, (Document) (This collection had 18 sides recorded by Black Boy Shine, plus four more accredited to Black Ivory King.[5]\n1996: Leroy Carr and Black Boy Shine, (Document)[12]","title":"Discography"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of Texas blues musicians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Texas_blues_musicians"}]	[{"reference":"Black Boy Shine. Oxford University Press. January 2009. ISBN 978-0-19-531373-4. Retrieved September 30, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195313734.001.0001/acref-9780195313734-e-36404","url_text":"Black Boy Shine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-531373-4","url_text":"978-0-19-531373-4"}]},{"reference":"Eagle, Bob; LeBlanc, Eric S. (2013). Blues - A Regional Experience. Santa Barbara: Praeger Publishers. p. 393. ISBN 9780313344237.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313344237","url_text":"9780313344237"}]},{"reference":"Bruce Eder. \"Black Boy Shine Biography\". AllMusic. 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Retrieved September 30, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://gato-docs.its.txstate.edu/texas-music-history-online/Artists/Black-Boy-Shine/Black%20Boy%20Shine.pdf","url_text":"\"Black Boy Shine\""}]},{"reference":"\"'Funny Papa' Smith : Illustrated Discography\". Wirz.de. Retrieved September 30, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wirz.de/music/smifpfrm.htm","url_text":"\"'Funny Papa' Smith : Illustrated Discography\""}]},{"reference":"Komara, Edward, ed. (2006). Encyclopedia of the Blues. Psychology Press. p. 297. ISBN 9780415926997. Retrieved November 29, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-w-uGwm_LhcC&q=%22Bernice+Edwards%22+blues&pg=PA297","url_text":"Encyclopedia of the Blues"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415926997","url_text":"9780415926997"}]},{"reference":"Tony Russell; Chris Smith (2006). The Penguin Guide to Blues Recordings. Penguin Books. p. 45. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/51_Aurigae	51 Aurigae	["1 References"]	K-type giant star in the constellation Auriga 51 Aurigae Observation dataEpoch J2000 Equinox J2000 Constellation Auriga Right ascension 06h 38m 39.53667s Declination +39° 23′ 27.0659″ Apparent magnitude (V) 5.696 Characteristics Spectral type K5III U−B color index +1.56 B−V color index +1.34 AstrometryRadial velocity (Rv)31.98±0.15 km/sProper motion (μ) RA: −22.753 mas/yr Dec.: −108.896 mas/yr Parallax (π)7.0332 ± 0.1300 masDistance464 ± 9 ly (142 ± 3 pc)Absolute magnitude (MV)0.76 DetailsMass1.58±0.53 M☉Radius24.5±0.7 R☉Luminosity178.0±3.9 L☉Surface gravity (log g)1.84±0.11 cgsTemperature4,277±92 KMetallicity 0.01±0.05 dexAge2.2 Gyr Other designations 51 Aur, BD+39°1690, FK5 250, HD 47070, HIP 31771, HR 2419, SAO 59316 Database referencesSIMBADdata 51 Aurigae is a single star in the northern constellation of Auriga. It is visible to the naked eye as a dim, orange-hued star with an apparent visual magnitude of about 5.70. Based on parallax, it is located some 464 light-years (142 parsecs) away from the Sun. It is receding from the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of 32 km/s. At 2.2 billion years old, 51 Aurigae has evolved off from the main sequence and is now a K-type giant star. It is 1.58 times as massive as the Sun, 24.5 times as wide, and 178 times as luminous. It emits radiation from its photosphere with an effective temperature of about 4,277 K. References ^ a b c d e f g h i Brown, A. G. A.; et al. (Gaia collaboration) (August 2018). "Gaia Data Release 2: Summary of the contents and survey properties". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 616. A1. arXiv:1804.09365. Bibcode:2018A&A...616A...1G. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201833051. Gaia DR2 record for this source at VizieR. ^ a b c d Kharchenko, N. V.; et al. (2007). "Astrophysical supplements to the ASCC-2.5: Ia. Radial velocities of ~55000 stars and mean radial velocities of 516 Galactic open clusters and associations". Astronomische Nachrichten. 328 (9): 889. arXiv:0705.0878. Bibcode:2007AN....328..889K. doi:10.1002/asna.200710776. S2CID 119323941. ^ a b Mermilliod, J.-C. (1986). "Compilation of Eggen's UBV data, transformed to UBV (unpublished)". Catalogue of Eggen's UBV Data. Bibcode:1986EgUBV........0M. ^ a b Massarotti, Alessandro; Latham, David W.; Stefanik, Robert P.; Fogel, Jeffrey (2008). "Rotational and Radial Velocities for a Sample of 761 Hipparcos Giants and the Role of Binarity". The Astronomical Journal. 135 (1): 209–231. Bibcode:2008AJ....135..209M. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/135/1/209. S2CID 121883397. ^ Allende Prieto, C.; Lambert, D. L. (1999). "Fundamental parameters of nearby stars from the comparison with evolutionary calculations: masses, radii and effective temperatures". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 352: 555–562. arXiv:astro-ph/9911002. Bibcode:1999A&A...352..555A. ^ a b c d e f Feuillet, Diane K.; Bovy, Jo; Holtzman, Jon; Girardi, Léo; MacDonald, Nick; Majewski, Steven R.; Nidever, David L. (2016). "Determining Ages of APOGEE Giants with Known Distances". The Astrophysical Journal. 817 (1): 40. arXiv:1511.04088. Bibcode:2016ApJ...817...40F. doi:10.3847/0004-637X/817/1/40. S2CID 118675933. ^ a b Martig, Marie; Fouesneau, Morgan; Rix, Hans-Walter; Ness, Melissa; Mészáros, Szabolcs; García-Hernández, D. A.; Pinsonneault, Marc; Serenelli, Aldo; Aguirre, Victor Silva; Zamora, Olga (2016). "Red giant masses and ages derived from carbon and nitrogen abundances". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 456 (4): 3655. arXiv:1511.08203. Bibcode:2016MNRAS.456.3655M. doi:10.1093/mnras/stv2830. ^ Eggleton, P. P.; Tokovinin, A. A. (September 2008), "A catalogue of multiplicity among bright stellar systems", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 389 (2): 869–879, arXiv:0806.2878, Bibcode:2008MNRAS.389..869E, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13596.x, S2CID 14878976. vteConstellation of Auriga Auriga in Chinese astronomy List of stars in Auriga StarsBayer α (Capella) β (Menkalinan) γ (Elnath) δ ε (Almaaz) ζ (Saclateni) η (Haedus) θ (Mahasim) ι (Hassaleh) κ λ (Alhurr) μ ν ξ ο π ρ σ τ υ φ χ ψ1 ψ2 ψ3 ψ4 ψ5 ψ6 ψ7 ψ8 ψ9 ω Flamsteed 2 5 6 9 12 14 16 18 19 22 26 28 36 38 39 40 41 42 43 45 47 49 51 53 54 59 60 62 63 64 65 66 35 Cam Variable R T RT (48) RW SU UU WW AB AE AR (17) EO IQ IU LY MZ NO PU QZ V352 V361 V394 V420 V433 V538 HR 1558 1615 1738 1752 1794 1795 1822 1825 1866 1884 1938 1945 2028 2096 2137 HD 33203 33463 35619 43691 45350 (Lucilinburhuc) 49674 (Nervia) Other Gliese 268 HAT-P-9 (Tevel) KELT-2 MWC 480 SGR 0501+4516 UGPS J0521+3640 WASP-12 Exoplanets HAT-P-9b (Alef) HD 40979 b HD 43691 b HD 45350 b HD 49674 b KELT-2Ab WASP-12b StarclustersNGC 1664 1893 1907 1931 2240 2281 Other Messier 36 Messier 37 Messier 38 Palomar 2 NebulaeNGC 1985 2242 Other IC 405 IC 2149 Westbrook Nebula Galaxies 3C 147 Galaxy clusters MACS J0717.5+3745 Category	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eggleton2008-8"},{"link_name":"star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star"},{"link_name":"constellation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constellation"},{"link_name":"Auriga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auriga_(constellation)"},{"link_name":"apparent visual magnitude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apparent_visual_magnitude"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kharchenko-2"},{"link_name":"parallax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellar_parallax"},{"link_name":"Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GaiaDR2-1"},{"link_name":"radial velocity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radial_velocity"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Massarotti-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Martig-7"},{"link_name":"main sequence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_sequence"},{"link_name":"K-type","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-type_star"},{"link_name":"giant star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_star"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kharchenko-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Feuillet-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GaiaDR2-1"},{"link_name":"photosphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosphere"},{"link_name":"effective temperature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effective_temperature"},{"link_name":"K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelvin"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Feuillet-6"}],"text":"51 Aurigae is a single[8] star in the northern constellation of Auriga. It is visible to the naked eye as a dim, orange-hued star with an apparent visual magnitude of about 5.70.[2] Based on parallax, it is located some 464 light-years (142 parsecs) away from the Sun.[1] It is receding from the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of 32 km/s.[4]At 2.2 billion years old,[7] 51 Aurigae has evolved off from the main sequence and is now a K-type giant star.[2] It is 1.58 times as massive as the Sun,[6] 24.5 times as wide, and 178 times as luminous.[1] It emits radiation from its photosphere with an effective temperature of about 4,277 K.[6]","title":"51 Aurigae"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Brown, A. G. A.; et al. (Gaia collaboration) (August 2018). \"Gaia Data Release 2: Summary of the contents and survey properties\". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 616. A1. arXiv:1804.09365. Bibcode:2018A&A...616A...1G. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201833051.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Brown_(scientist)","url_text":"Brown, A. G. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfeton_House	Wolfeton House	["1 History","2 Building","3 Gatehouse","4 References","5 Further reading","6 External links"]	Coordinates: 50°43′41″N 2°27′25″W / 50.728°N 2.457°W / 50.728; -2.457Grade I listed building in Dorset, England 50°43′41″N 2°27′25″W / 50.728°N 2.457°W / 50.728; -2.457 The south front of Wolfeton House Wolfeton House (sometimes Wolveton House) is an early Tudor and Elizabethan manor house in Dorset, England. It is situated amongst water-meadows north-west of Dorchester not far from the confluence of the rivers Frome and Cerne. It is near to the village of Charminster. History The compact original courtyard section of the current building dates back to about 1480. Possibly dating back to Roman times, the house has been the country seat of several families, including the Mohuns and Trenchards. The surviving building was built by the Trenchard family, one of the most prominent families in Dorset during the 16th century. In January 1506 Sir Thomas Trenchard entertained in Wolfeton/Wolveton Philip of Austria, Archduke of Austria, King of Castile, and his wife Queen Joanna of Castile, after their ship, en route to Spain, was brought to English shores at Melcombe Regis by storm, close to Wolfeton. Concerning this chance event, the famous story about John Russell, 1st Earl of Bedford, who having been born the son of a Weymouth wine importer, became a favoured courtier of King Henry VIII, is told by the Dorset historian John Hutchins (d.1773) as follows: In this house John Russell of Berwick (Dorset), Esq, laid the foundation of the honours and fortunes of the illustrious family of the Duke of Bedford. Having resided some years in Spain, he was sent for by his relation Sir Thomas Trenchard to attend and entertain the Archduke of Austria, King of Castile, who recommended him to the favour of King Henry VII who took him into favour and appointed him one of the gentlemen of his privy chamber and afterwards recommended him to his son Henry VIII. In June 2023, planning permission to build housing near the manor was refused by Dorset Council. Building Parts of Wolfeton House date back to the south side of an early quadrangular courtyard house, dating from the 16th century. The house has a three floored tower on the south side, with the topmost stage build in approximately 1862. West of the tower the wall was built in 16th century and leads to the octagonal garderobe tower. Inside the house is oak panelled and includes an extensive collection of Elizabethan and Jacobean carvings, including those of Roman Soldiers and a figure of a Briton brandishing a club. The main staircase of stone is believed to be unique, built in 1580 with carved figures in the balustrade. The Great Chamber's floor is original and dates to the 16th century, whilst the fireplace is carved with figures including a Native American. Gatehouse The gatehouse at Wolfeton House includes an inscription panel stating it was finished in 1534. The gatehouse is 2 storeys high with an attic and was built approximately 30 metres (98 ft) east of the main building. It has two round towers which are not identical in size, with an entrance archway between, but off-centre. Around the door is a label mould, with two stops, showing a satyr and a woodmouse each holding staves. Above the door is cartouche dating from the early 18th century. It is available for holidays through the Landmark Trust. References ^ Newth, John (June 2013). "A complete jumble – Wolfeton Few Dorset houses can match the character and charm of Wolfeton. John Newth has visited". Dorset Life. Retrieved 26 August 2016. ^ John Hutchins, History of Dorset, Vol.I, 1774, p.453 ^ "Wolfeton House: Developer loses appeal to build near manor". BBC News. 26 June 2023. Retrieved 27 June 2023. ^ a b "Wolfeton House". Historic England. Retrieved 26 August 2016. ^ Ross, David. "Wolfeton House". Britain Express. Retrieved 26 August 2016. Further reading Albert Bankes (1907). "Wolfeton House". Journal of the British Archaeological Association. London: British Archaeological Association: 176–209. "Wolfeton House". The Archaeological Journal. Longman, Rrown, Green, and Longman: 270–295. 1992. Booton, Peter. "Dorset Interiors: Wolfeton House", Dorset Magazine External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wolfeton House. Historic Houses Association: Wolfeton House – visiting information Tour UK: Wolfeton House Great Houses & Manors of Dorsetshire Landmark Trust	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"50°43′41″N 2°27′25″W / 50.728°N 2.457°W / 50.728; -2.457","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Wolfeton_House&params=50.728_N_2.457_W_region:GB_scale:20000"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wolfeton_House_South_Front_(2)_-_geograph.org.uk_-_832446.jpg"},{"link_name":"manor house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manor_house"},{"link_name":"Dorset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorset"},{"link_name":"Dorchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorchester,_Dorset"},{"link_name":"Frome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Frome,_Dorset"},{"link_name":"Cerne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Cerne"},{"link_name":"Charminster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charminster"}],"text":"Grade I listed building in Dorset, England50°43′41″N 2°27′25″W / 50.728°N 2.457°W / 50.728; -2.457The south front of Wolfeton HouseWolfeton House (sometimes Wolveton House) is an early Tudor and Elizabethan manor house in Dorset, England. It is situated amongst water-meadows north-west of Dorchester not far from the confluence of the rivers Frome and Cerne. It is near to the village of Charminster.","title":"Wolfeton House"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roman times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Britain"},{"link_name":"country seat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_seat"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Philip of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_I_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"Joanna of Castile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joanna_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"Melcombe Regis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melcombe_Regis"},{"link_name":"John Russell, 1st Earl of Bedford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_of_Bedford"},{"link_name":"Henry VIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VIII"},{"link_name":"John Hutchins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hutchins_(antiquary)"},{"link_name":"Duke of Bedford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Bedford"},{"link_name":"Henry VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Dorset Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorset_Council_(UK)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The compact original courtyard section of the current building dates back to about 1480. Possibly dating back to Roman times, the house has been the country seat of several families, including the Mohuns and Trenchards. The surviving building was built by the Trenchard family, one of the most prominent families in Dorset during the 16th century.[1]In January 1506 Sir Thomas Trenchard entertained in Wolfeton/Wolveton Philip of Austria, Archduke of Austria, King of Castile, and his wife Queen Joanna of Castile, after their ship, en route to Spain, was brought to English shores at Melcombe Regis by storm, close to Wolfeton. Concerning this chance event, the famous story about John Russell, 1st Earl of Bedford, who having been born the son of a Weymouth wine importer, became a favoured courtier of King Henry VIII, is told by the Dorset historian John Hutchins (d.1773) as follows: In this house John Russell of Berwick (Dorset), Esq, laid the foundation of the honours and fortunes of the illustrious family of the Duke of Bedford. Having resided some years in Spain, he was sent for by his relation Sir Thomas Trenchard to attend and entertain the Archduke of Austria, King of Castile, who recommended him to the favour of King Henry VII who took him into favour and appointed him one of the gentlemen of his privy chamber and afterwards recommended him to his son Henry VIII.[2]In June 2023, planning permission to build housing near the manor was refused by Dorset Council.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"garderobe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garderobe"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-listed-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Parts of Wolfeton House date back to the south side of an early quadrangular courtyard house, dating from the 16th century. The house has a three floored tower on the south side, with the topmost stage build in approximately 1862. West of the tower the wall was built in 16th century and leads to the octagonal garderobe tower.[4]Inside the house is oak panelled and includes an extensive collection of Elizabethan and Jacobean carvings, including those of Roman Soldiers and a figure of a Briton brandishing a club. The main staircase of stone is believed to be unique, built in 1580 with carved figures in the balustrade. The Great Chamber's floor is original and dates to the 16th century, whilst the fireplace is carved with figures including a Native American.[5]","title":"Building"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"label mould","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Label_mould"},{"link_name":"satyr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyr"},{"link_name":"woodmouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodmouse"},{"link_name":"staves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sceptre"},{"link_name":"cartouche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartouche"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-listed-4"},{"link_name":"Landmark Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landmark_Trust"}],"text":"The gatehouse at Wolfeton House includes an inscription panel stating it was finished in 1534. The gatehouse is 2 storeys high with an attic and was built approximately 30 metres (98 ft) east of the main building. It has two round towers which are not identical in size, with an entrance archway between, but off-centre. Around the door is a label mould, with two stops, showing a satyr and a woodmouse each holding staves. Above the door is cartouche dating from the early 18th century.[4] It is available for holidays through the Landmark Trust.","title":"Gatehouse"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British Archaeological Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Archaeological_Association"},{"link_name":"Booton, Peter. \"Dorset Interiors: Wolfeton House\", Dorset Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.dorsetmagazine.co.uk/the-magazine-dorset-interiors-wolfeton-house--5115"}],"text":"Albert Bankes (1907). \"Wolfeton House\". Journal of the British Archaeological Association. London: British Archaeological Association: 176–209.\n\"Wolfeton House\". The Archaeological Journal. Longman, Rrown, Green, and Longman: 270–295. 1992.\nBooton, Peter. \"Dorset Interiors: Wolfeton House\", Dorset Magazine","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"The south front of Wolfeton House","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Wolfeton_House_South_Front_%282%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_832446.jpg/220px-Wolfeton_House_South_Front_%282%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_832446.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Newth, John (June 2013). \"A complete jumble – Wolfeton Few Dorset houses can match the character and charm of Wolfeton. John Newth has visited\". Dorset Life. Retrieved 26 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dorsetlife.co.uk/2013/06/a-complete-jumble-wolfeton/","url_text":"\"A complete jumble – Wolfeton Few Dorset houses can match the character and charm of Wolfeton. John Newth has visited\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wolfeton House: Developer loses appeal to build near manor\". BBC News. 26 June 2023. Retrieved 27 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-dorset-66018898","url_text":"\"Wolfeton House: Developer loses appeal to build near manor\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wolfeton House\". Historic England. Retrieved 26 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1324021","url_text":"\"Wolfeton House\""}]},{"reference":"Ross, David. \"Wolfeton House\". Britain Express. Retrieved 26 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.britainexpress.com/attractions.htm?attraction=1960","url_text":"\"Wolfeton House\""}]},{"reference":"Albert Bankes (1907). \"Wolfeton House\". Journal of the British Archaeological Association. London: British Archaeological Association: 176–209.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Archaeological_Association","url_text":"British Archaeological Association"}]},{"reference":"\"Wolfeton House\". The Archaeological Journal. Longman, Rrown, Green, and Longman: 270–295. 1992.","urls":[]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Wolfeton_House&params=50.728_N_2.457_W_region:GB_scale:20000","external_links_name":"50°43′41″N 2°27′25″W / 50.728°N 2.457°W / 50.728; -2.457"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Wolfeton_House&params=50.728_N_2.457_W_region:GB_scale:20000","external_links_name":"50°43′41″N 2°27′25″W / 50.728°N 2.457°W / 50.728; -2.457"},{"Link":"http://www.dorsetlife.co.uk/2013/06/a-complete-jumble-wolfeton/","external_links_name":"\"A complete jumble – Wolfeton Few Dorset houses can match the character and charm of Wolfeton. John Newth has visited\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/b30456496_0001/page/452/mode/2up?view=theater","external_links_name":"John Hutchins, History of Dorset, Vol.I, 1774, p.453"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-dorset-66018898","external_links_name":"\"Wolfeton House: Developer loses appeal to build near manor\""},{"Link":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1324021","external_links_name":"\"Wolfeton House\""},{"Link":"http://www.britainexpress.com/attractions.htm?attraction=1960","external_links_name":"\"Wolfeton House\""},{"Link":"http://www.dorsetmagazine.co.uk/the-magazine-dorset-interiors-wolfeton-house--5115","external_links_name":"Booton, Peter. \"Dorset Interiors: Wolfeton House\", Dorset Magazine"},{"Link":"http://www.hha.org.uk/Property/1107/Wolfeton-House","external_links_name":"Historic Houses Association: Wolfeton House"},{"Link":"http://www.touruk.co.uk/houses/housedor_wolf.htm","external_links_name":"Tour UK: Wolfeton House"},{"Link":"http://www.dorsetshire.com/old/greathouses.html","external_links_name":"Great Houses & Manors of Dorsetshire"},{"Link":"https://www.landmarktrust.org.uk/search-and-book/properties/wolveton-gatehouse-13195#Overview","external_links_name":"Landmark Trust"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Theatre_and_Concert_Hall	Victoria Theatre and Concert Hall	["1 History","1.1 Town Hall origin","1.2 Construction of Victoria Concert Hall","1.3 Construction of Clock Tower and renovation of Town Hall","1.4 Opening","1.5 Historical events and uses","1.6 Refurbishment (2010–2014)","2 Facilities (1990s–2010s)","3 References","4 External links"]	Historic theatre and concert hall in Singapore For other uses, see Victoria Theatre (disambiguation). Victoria Theatre and Concert HallVictoria Theatre and Concert HallFormer namesTown Hall and Victoria Memorial HallGeneral informationTypeTheatre, concert hallArchitectural styleNeoclassicalLocationSingaporeAddress9 Empress Place, Singapore 179556Coordinates1°17′17.7″N 103°51′5.9″E / 1.288250°N 103.851639°E / 1.288250; 103.851639Construction started1855Completed1909Design and constructionArchitect(s)John Bennett Alexander Murray Regent A. J. BidwellDesignationsNational monument National monument of SingaporeDesignated14 February 1992Reference no.26 Front view during the day The Victoria Theatre and Concert Hall is a performing arts centre in the Central Area of Singapore, situated along Empress Place. It is a complex of two buildings and a clock tower joined together by a common corridor; the oldest part of the building was first built in 1862, and the complex was completed in 1909. The complex has undergone a number of renovations and refurbishment, mostly recently in 2010 when the complex was closed for a four-year renovation project. It reopened on 15 July 2014. The buildings in the complex have been used for a number of purposes, such as public events, political meetings, exhibitions, musical and stage performances, and for a brief period as a hospital. The concert hall is used as a performance venue by the Singapore Symphony Orchestra (SSO), and the complex is managed by Arts House Limited. The Victoria Theatre and Concert Hall was gazetted as a national monument on 14 February 1992. History Town Hall, Singapore - ca. 1880 The Victoria Theatre and Concert Hall first began as the Town Hall in 1862. In the early 1900s, a second public hall was built next to it joined by a clock tower to form a larger complex. Town Hall origin The Town Hall was originally built to replace the older Assembly Rooms, where local operas and dramas were held but had fallen into disrepair. The foundation stone was laid in 1855, and the building completed in 1862. The building was designed by the Municipal Engineer, John Bennett. It was built during an era of Victorian Revivalism that was then popular in Britain, and its design therefore reflected this architectural style with Italianate windows, and it was the first such building in Singapore built in this style. The completed town hall originally housed a theatre on the ground floor as well as meeting rooms and offices of various government agencies on the second floor. It also housed the Singapore Library from 1862 to 1876. However, the increase in population resulted in higher demand for entertainment, and the town hall was unable to cope with increasing demand for the use of the building for both entertainment and as administrative purposes, thus by 1893, the offices was moved out of the building. Construction of Victoria Concert Hall Victoria Theatre and Victoria Memorial Hall, 1930s In 1901, it was decided that a public hall would be built in memory of Queen Victoria who died that year. Public funds for its construction amounting to $368,000 were collected, exceeding the construction costs, thus leaving a surplus of $22,000 for the renovation of the town hall so that it blended in with the new hall. The foundation stone was laid on the occasion of King Edward VII's coronation celebration on 10 August 1902, and the new building was built between 1903 and 1905 next to the Town Hall. The plan of the memorial hall was initially drawn up by Major Alexander Murray and the Public Works Department, which included the reconstruction of the front elevation of the old town hall on similar lines to the facade of the new memorial hall, which was later modified by R. A. J. Bidwell of Swan and Maclaren. The new layout of the hall consisted of a stage, stalls and pit on the ground floor and dress circle, promenade and a gallery on top of the foyer. Construction of Clock Tower and renovation of Town Hall The two buildings, the town hall and the Victoria Memorial Hall, were joined together by a clock tower built in 1906 to give the impression of a single building. The 54 metre-high tower connects the two buildings with a common corridor, and is topped by a timepiece donated by the Straits Trading Company. The tower is built on an axial line with the Anderson Bridge nearby. Renovation of the Town Hall began in July 1906. A portico was created on the town hall mirroring that of the new Memorial Hall, thereby creating a unified appearance. The construction of the signature clock tower was delayed due to delays in the donation of the clock and chimes by the Straits Trading Company. The clock, four metres wide, weighs 1 tonne and cost $6,000. Its dial faces look in four directions, and there is a bell turret above it, capped by a cupola. Opening Statue of Stamford Raffles in front of the clock tower The Victoria Memorial Hall was officially opened by the Governor of the Straits Settlements, Sir John Anderson, on 18 October 1905. The renovated Town Hall was reopened on 11 February 1909. The Pirates of Penzance was the first performance to be staged in the renovated building when it reopened. The town hall was renamed Victoria Theatre. On 6 February 1919, the centenary of Singapore's founding, a statue of Stamford Raffles by T. Woolner was moved from the Padang to the front of the Memorial Hall. The statue was complemented with a new semicircular colonnade and a pool. Historical events and uses In World War II, the memorial hall was used as a hospital for victims of bombing raids by Japanese forces during the Battle of Singapore before their successful occupation of the colony. During the occupation, the buildings themselves escaped major physical damage, although the colonnade was destroyed and Raffles's statue moved to the National Museum. The statue was returned to its original site in 1946. In that year Seven Keys to Baldpate was staged, which was Kenneth Williams' début. In 1947 the Straits Settlements coat of arms that was hung on the tympanum of both wings of the building was replaced by the newly formed coat of arms of the Crown Colony of Singapore. It was brought down in 1959 to make a plaster cast of the coat of arms of Singapore, which was topped off with two flagpoles with the flag of Singapore on them. A number of significant civic as well as historical events were held on the premises. The Memorial Hall was the venue for Japanese war crimes trials from 1946 to 1947. From 1948 onward, the Hall was used during elections as the centre for the briefing of election officials and the counting of ballot papers. On 21 November 1954, it was the venue of the People's Action Party's founding. Two public meetings of the Rendel Commission were held 1953 and 1955 in the hall to review the Constitution of the Colony of Singapore in preparation for its independence. On 15 February 1963, Singapore's pilot television broadcasting service, Television Singapura, was launched here. Interior of Victoria Concert Hall in 2006, before the latest refurbishment The town hall underwent major renovation between 1952 and 1958, and it was also internally restructured to allow air-conditioning and soundproofing to be installed. Singapore's national song, “Majulah Singapura “, was performed for the first time at Victoria Theatre in 1958 after the major renovations. In 1979, the Memorial Hall was renovated again to accommodate the Singapore Symphony Orchestra (SSO), at which time it was renamed the Victoria Concert Hall. Additional works up to the 1980s added a gallery to the Concert Hall, increasing seating capacity and enclosing the second storey balconies on the front and back facades with glass. Refurbishment (2010–2014) The refurbished interior of Victoria Concert Hall, 2014 In June 2010, Victoria Theatre and Concert Hall were closed for major renovations. The S$180-million refurbishment was undertaken by W Architects, and Rider Levett Bucknall (RLB) Singapore as the project manager and quantity surveyor, with Architectural Restoration Consultants Pte Ltd (ARC) as its conservator and Arup Singapore Pte Ltd as acoustician and theatre planner. The refurbishment repaired and updated the buildings to meet contemporary standards. The façade of the buildings is retained, and some elements belonging to the original 1905 structure restored. This includes reinstating the central passageway between the theatre and the concert hall, which leads to the Arts House. New spaces were created to accommodate building services and for commercial rental and amenities like a café. While the significant interior features of the concert hall were retained, most of the theatre (save the façade) was completely demolished during the renovations. Refurbished interior of Victoria Theatre The building now has extra new spaces for the public, performers and support crew. The theatre has new changing rooms and a loading bay, while the central atrium has been opened up and has become an additional area for hosting arts activities. The roof level of the theatre was raised to match that of the concert hall, and the extra space under the roof houses a new dance studio. But having new spaces means some sacrifices were necessary. For instance, the theatre now seats fewer people – about 600 from some 900 before – to free up space in what is now the atrium. The concert hall's balcony was also made smaller and higher, so that acoustics are not compromised for those sitting below. Facilities (1990s–2010s) Foyer of Victoria Theatre The Victoria Theatre had a seating capacity of 904, reduced to 614 after its refurbishment. The Victoria Concert Hall also had a higher capacity of 883 seats originally, but is now reduced to 673, as an unsightly and intrusive balcony inserted during an earlier renovation was removed. Prior to its refurbishment, the theatre had a stage of 167.28 square metres in size, and the concert hall a stage that could be expanded up to 139.76 square metres. The concert hall was considered the venue with the best acoustics in the city, and was the main performance venue for the SSO until the completion of the Esplanade - Theatres on the Bay in 2002 when the orchestra moved its home base to take advantage of superior acoustics and facilities brought about by technological and architectural advances over the years. References ^ NAC Arts Venues Archived 15 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine. www.nac.gov.sg. Retrieved on 4 July 2013. ^ a b John Leong. "A sneak peek into the new Victoria Theatre and Concert Hall". Channel News Asia. Archived from the original on 15 July 2014. ^ a b c "Victoria Theatre and Concert Hall". National Heritage Board. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 18 December 2015. ^ a b c d "Victoria Theatre and Concert Hall". Singapore Infopedia. National Library Board. ^ a b c Susan Tsang (2008). Discover Singapore: The City's History & Culture Redefined. Marshall Cavendish International (Asia) Pte Ltd. p. 202. ISBN 978-9812613653. ^ Preservation of Monuments Board. "Victoria Theatre and Concert Hall". Retrieved 4 July 2013. ^ Marianne Rogerson (28 February 2011). In Singapore: 60 Fabulous Adventures in the City. Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd. p. 28. ISBN 9789814435406. ^ "VICTORIA CONCERT HALL". Retrieved 22 January 2019. ^ National Arts Council. "Key Consultants Appointed for Refurbishment of Victoria Theatre and Victoria Concert Hall". Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 4 July 2013. ^ a b "Inside the New Victoria Theatre & Concert Hall". Indesign Magazine. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Victoria Theatre and Concert Hall. Official website of Victoria Theatre and Concert Hall Singapore infopedia "Victoria Theatre and Concert Hall". National Heritage Board. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 18 December 2015. National monuments of Singapore(Legend: † demolished)Gazettedin 1970s1973 1. Old Thong Chai Medical Institution 2. Armenian Church 3. St Andrew's Cathedral 4. Former Telok Ayer Market 5. Thian Hock Keng 6. Sri Mariamman Temple 7. Masjid Hajjah Fatimah 8. Cathedral of the Good Shepherd 1974 9. Nagore Durgha 10. Masjid Al-Abrar 11. House of Tan Yeok Nee 12. Tan Si Chong Su 13. Masjid Jamae 1975 14. Sultan Mosque 1978 15. Saint George's Church 16. Hong San See 17. Sri Srinivasa Perumal Temple 1979 18. Masjid Abdul Gaffoor Gazettedin 1980s1980 19. Siong Lim Temple 1987 20. Raffles Hotel 1989 21. Telok Ayer Chinese Methodist Church 22. Goodwood Park Hotel (Tower Block) Gazettedin 1990s1990 23. (Caldwell House and Convent of the Holy Infant Jesus Chapel) 1992 24. (The Istana and Sri Temasek) 25. City Hall 26. Victoria Theatre and Concert Hall 27. Old Parliament House and Annex Building 28. Old Supreme Court Building 29. Empress Place Building 30. National Museum of Singapore 31. Former Saint Joseph's Institution 32. Former Attorney-General's Chambers 1994 33. Sun Yat Sen Nanyang Memorial Hall 1996 34. Yueh Hai Ching Temple 1998 35. Maghain Aboth Synagogue 36. Old Ministry of Labour Building 37. Old Tao Nan School 38. Chesed-El Synagogue 39. Old Hill Street Police Station 40. Ying Fo Fui Kun 41. Central Fire Station 42. Nanyang University Arch, Nanyang University Memorial and Nanyang University Library and Administration Building 1999 43. The Chinese High School Clock Tower Building Gazettedin 2000s2002 44. Prinsep Street Presbyterian Church 45. Former Admiralty House 46. Tan Teck Guan Building 47. College of Medicine Building 2003 48. Cathay Building † 49. Church of Saints Peter and Paul 50. MacDonald House 2005 51. Saint Joseph's Church 52. Church of Our Lady of Lourdes 53. Church of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary 54. Tou Mu Kung Temple 2006 55. Former Ford Factory 2009 56. (Manasseh Meyer Building and Former Raffles College, currently the Bukit Timah campus of National University of Singapore) 57. Church of St Teresa 58. Keng Teck Whay 59. Former Command House 60. St James Power Station 61. Bowyer Block, Singapore General Hospital Gazettedin 2010s2010 62. Singapore Conference Hall 63. (Lim Bo Seng Memorial, Tan Kim Seng Fountain and The Cenotaph) 2011 64. Former Tanjong Pagar railway station 2013 65. Civilian War Memorial 2014 66. Chung Cheng High School (Main) 67. Sri Thendayuthapani Temple 68. Masjid Alkaff Upper Serangoon 2015 69. Jurong Town Hall 70. Istana Kampong Glam 71. Fullerton Building 2016 72. Changi Prison, Old Entrance Gate, Turret and Wall 2019 73. (Anderson Bridge, Cavenagh Bridge and Elgin Bridge) Gazettedin 2020s2022 74. Fort Siloso 75. Padang Authority control databases: Geographic MusicBrainz place 2	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Victoria Theatre (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Theatre_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2016_Singapur,_Downtown_Core,_Teatr_Wiktorii_i_Hala_Koncertowa_(02).jpg"},{"link_name":"performing arts centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performing_arts_centre"},{"link_name":"Central Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Area,_Singapore"},{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore"},{"link_name":"clock tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clock_tower"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NAC1-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNA-2"},{"link_name":"Singapore Symphony Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore_Symphony_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"Arts House Limited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//artshouselimited.sg/"},{"link_name":"national monument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_monuments_of_Singapore"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gazette-3"}],"text":"For other uses, see Victoria Theatre (disambiguation).Front view during the dayThe Victoria Theatre and Concert Hall is a performing arts centre in the Central Area of Singapore, situated along Empress Place. It is a complex of two buildings and a clock tower joined together by a common corridor; the oldest part of the building was first built in 1862, and the complex was completed in 1909. The complex has undergone a number of renovations and refurbishment, mostly recently in 2010 when the complex was closed for a four-year renovation project. It reopened on 15 July 2014.[1][2]The buildings in the complex have been used for a number of purposes, such as public events, political meetings, exhibitions, musical and stage performances, and for a brief period as a hospital. The concert hall is used as a performance venue by the Singapore Symphony Orchestra (SSO), and the complex is managed by Arts House Limited. The Victoria Theatre and Concert Hall was gazetted as a national monument on 14 February 1992.[3]","title":"Victoria Theatre and Concert Hall"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Town_Hall,_Singapore_-_c_1880.jpg"}],"text":"Town Hall, Singapore - ca. 1880The Victoria Theatre and Concert Hall first began as the Town Hall in 1862. In the early 1900s, a second public hall was built next to it joined by a clock tower to form a larger complex.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-infopedia1-4"},{"link_name":"Victorian Revivalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_architecture"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-infopedia1-4"}],"sub_title":"Town Hall origin","text":"The Town Hall was originally built to replace the older Assembly Rooms, where local operas and dramas were held but had fallen into disrepair. 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However, the increase in population resulted in higher demand for entertainment, and the town hall was unable to cope with increasing demand for the use of the building for both entertainment and as administrative purposes, thus by 1893, the offices was moved out of the building.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Victoria_Theatre_and_Victoria_Memorial_Hall_-_c_1905.jpg"},{"link_name":"Queen Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tsang-5"},{"link_name":"King Edward VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Edward_VII"},{"link_name":"R. A. J. 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Public funds for its construction amounting to $368,000 were collected, exceeding the construction costs, thus leaving a surplus of $22,000 for the renovation of the town hall so that it blended in with the new hall.[5] The foundation stone was laid on the occasion of King Edward VII's coronation celebration on 10 August 1902, and the new building was built between 1903 and 1905 next to the Town Hall.The plan of the memorial hall was initially drawn up by Major Alexander Murray and the Public Works Department, which included the reconstruction of the front elevation of the old town hall on similar lines to the facade of the new memorial hall, which was later modified by R. A. J. Bidwell of Swan and Maclaren.[5] The new layout of the hall consisted of a stage, stalls and pit on the ground floor and dress circle, promenade and a gallery on top of the foyer.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-infopedia1-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PMB1-6"}],"sub_title":"Construction of Clock Tower and renovation of Town Hall","text":"The two buildings, the town hall and the Victoria Memorial Hall, were joined together by a clock tower built in 1906 to give the impression of a single building. The 54 metre-high tower connects the two buildings with a common corridor, and is topped by a timepiece donated by the Straits Trading Company. The tower is built on an axial line with the Anderson Bridge nearby. Renovation of the Town Hall began in July 1906. A portico was created on the town hall mirroring that of the new Memorial Hall, thereby creating a unified appearance.The construction of the signature clock tower was delayed due to delays in the donation of the clock and chimes by the Straits Trading Company. The clock, four metres wide, weighs 1 tonne and cost $6,000.[4] Its dial faces look in four directions, and there is a bell turret above it, capped by a cupola.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Victoria_hall.jpg"},{"link_name":"John Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Anderson_(colonial_administrator)"},{"link_name":"The Pirates of Penzance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pirates_of_Penzance"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tsang-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"the Padang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padang,_Singapore"}],"sub_title":"Opening","text":"Statue of Stamford Raffles in front of the clock towerThe Victoria Memorial Hall was officially opened by the Governor of the Straits Settlements, Sir John Anderson, on 18 October 1905. The renovated Town Hall was reopened on 11 February 1909. The Pirates of Penzance was the first performance to be staged in the renovated building when it reopened.[5] The town hall was renamed Victoria Theatre.[7]On 6 February 1919, the centenary of Singapore's founding, a statue of Stamford Raffles by T. Woolner was moved from the Padang to the front of the Memorial Hall. The statue was complemented with a new semicircular colonnade and a pool.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Seven Keys to Baldpate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Keys_to_Baldpate_(play)"},{"link_name":"Kenneth Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Williams"},{"link_name":"People's Action Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Action_Party"},{"link_name":"Rendel Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendel_Commission"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gazette-3"},{"link_name":"Television Singapura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_Singapura"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gazette-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Victoria_Concert_Hall_Interior.jpg"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Historical events and uses","text":"In World War II, the memorial hall was used as a hospital for victims of bombing raids by Japanese forces during the Battle of Singapore before their successful occupation of the colony. During the occupation, the buildings themselves escaped major physical damage, although the colonnade was destroyed and Raffles's statue moved to the National Museum. The statue was returned to its original site in 1946.\nIn that year Seven Keys to Baldpate was staged, which was Kenneth Williams' début.\nIn 1947 the Straits Settlements coat of arms that was hung on the tympanum of both wings of the building was replaced by the newly formed coat of arms of the Crown Colony of Singapore. It was brought down in 1959 to make a plaster cast of the coat of arms of Singapore, which was topped off with two flagpoles with the flag of Singapore on them.A number of significant civic as well as historical events were held on the premises. The Memorial Hall was the venue for Japanese war crimes trials from 1946 to 1947. From 1948 onward, the Hall was used during elections as the centre for the briefing of election officials and the counting of ballot papers. On 21 November 1954, it was the venue of the People's Action Party's founding. Two public meetings of the Rendel Commission were held 1953 and 1955 in the hall to review the Constitution of the Colony of Singapore in preparation for its independence.[3] On 15 February 1963, Singapore's pilot television broadcasting service, Television Singapura, was launched here.[3]Interior of Victoria Concert Hall in 2006, before the latest refurbishmentThe town hall underwent major renovation between 1952 and 1958, and it was also internally restructured to allow air-conditioning and soundproofing to be installed. Singapore's national song, “Majulah Singapura “, was performed for the first time at Victoria Theatre in 1958 after the major renovations. In 1979, the Memorial Hall was renovated again to accommodate the Singapore Symphony Orchestra (SSO),[8] at which time it was renamed the Victoria Concert Hall. Additional works up to the 1980s added a gallery to the Concert Hall, increasing seating capacity and enclosing the second storey balconies on the front and back facades with glass.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Interior_of_Victoria_Concert_Hall,_Singapore_-_20141101-28.JPG"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-infopedia1-4"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NAC2-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Interior_of_Victoria_Theatre,_Singapore_-_20141101-05.JPG"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-indesign-10"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNA-2"}],"sub_title":"Refurbishment (2010–2014)","text":"The refurbished interior of Victoria Concert Hall, 2014In June 2010, Victoria Theatre and Concert Hall were closed for major renovations. The S$180-million refurbishment was undertaken by W Architects,[4] and Rider Levett Bucknall (RLB) Singapore as the project manager and quantity surveyor, with Architectural Restoration Consultants Pte Ltd (ARC) as its conservator and Arup Singapore Pte Ltd as acoustician and theatre planner. The refurbishment repaired and updated the buildings to meet contemporary standards. The façade of the buildings is retained, and some elements belonging to the original 1905 structure restored. This includes reinstating the central passageway between the theatre and the concert hall, which leads to the Arts House. New spaces were created to accommodate building services and for commercial rental and amenities like a café.[9] While the significant interior features of the concert hall were retained, most of the theatre (save the façade) was completely demolished during the renovations.Refurbished interior of Victoria TheatreThe building now has extra new spaces for the public, performers and support crew. The theatre has new changing rooms and a loading bay, while the central atrium has been opened up and has become an additional area for hosting arts activities. The roof level of the theatre was raised to match that of the concert hall, and the extra space under the roof houses a new dance studio.[10]But having new spaces means some sacrifices were necessary. For instance, the theatre now seats fewer people – about 600 from some 900 before – to free up space in what is now the atrium. The concert hall's balcony was also made smaller and higher, so that acoustics are not compromised for those sitting below.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Circle_foyer_area_of_Victoria_Theatre,_Singapore_-_20141101-08.JPG"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-indesign-10"},{"link_name":"Esplanade - Theatres on the Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esplanade_-_Theatres_on_the_Bay"}],"text":"Foyer of Victoria TheatreThe Victoria Theatre had a seating capacity of 904, reduced to 614 after its refurbishment. The Victoria Concert Hall also had a higher capacity of 883 seats originally, but is now reduced to 673, as an unsightly and intrusive balcony inserted during an earlier renovation was removed.[10] Prior to its refurbishment, the theatre had a stage of 167.28 square metres in size, and the concert hall a stage that could be expanded up to 139.76 square metres. The concert hall was considered the venue with the best acoustics in the city, and was the main performance venue for the SSO until the completion of the Esplanade - Theatres on the Bay in 2002 when the orchestra moved its home base to take advantage of superior acoustics and facilities brought about by technological and architectural advances over the years.","title":"Facilities (1990s–2010s)"}]	[{"image_text":"Front view during the day","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/2016_Singapur%2C_Downtown_Core%2C_Teatr_Wiktorii_i_Hala_Koncertowa_%2802%29.jpg/220px-2016_Singapur%2C_Downtown_Core%2C_Teatr_Wiktorii_i_Hala_Koncertowa_%2802%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Town Hall, Singapore - ca. 1880","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Town_Hall%2C_Singapore_-_c_1880.jpg/240px-Town_Hall%2C_Singapore_-_c_1880.jpg"},{"image_text":"Victoria Theatre and Victoria Memorial Hall, 1930s","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Victoria_Theatre_and_Victoria_Memorial_Hall_-_c_1905.jpg/240px-Victoria_Theatre_and_Victoria_Memorial_Hall_-_c_1905.jpg"},{"image_text":"Statue of Stamford Raffles in front of the clock tower","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Victoria_hall.jpg/170px-Victoria_hall.jpg"},{"image_text":"Interior of Victoria Concert Hall in 2006, before the latest refurbishment","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Victoria_Concert_Hall_Interior.jpg/240px-Victoria_Concert_Hall_Interior.jpg"},{"image_text":"The refurbished interior of Victoria Concert Hall, 2014","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Interior_of_Victoria_Concert_Hall%2C_Singapore_-_20141101-28.JPG/240px-Interior_of_Victoria_Concert_Hall%2C_Singapore_-_20141101-28.JPG"},{"image_text":"Refurbished interior of Victoria Theatre","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Interior_of_Victoria_Theatre%2C_Singapore_-_20141101-05.JPG/240px-Interior_of_Victoria_Theatre%2C_Singapore_-_20141101-05.JPG"},{"image_text":"Foyer of Victoria Theatre","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Circle_foyer_area_of_Victoria_Theatre%2C_Singapore_-_20141101-08.JPG/170px-Circle_foyer_area_of_Victoria_Theatre%2C_Singapore_-_20141101-08.JPG"}]	null	[{"reference":"John Leong. \"A sneak peek into the new Victoria Theatre and Concert Hall\". Channel News Asia. Archived from the original on 15 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140715225050/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/a-sneak-peek-into-the-new/1263718.html","url_text":"\"A sneak peek into the new Victoria Theatre and Concert Hall\""},{"url":"http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/a-sneak-peek-into-the-new/1263718.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Victoria Theatre and Concert Hall\". National Heritage Board. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 18 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151222091941/http://www.nhb.gov.sg/places/sites-and-monuments/national-monuments/victoria-theatre-and-concert-hall","url_text":"\"Victoria Theatre and Concert Hall\""},{"url":"http://www.nhb.gov.sg/places/sites-and-monuments/national-monuments/victoria-theatre-and-concert-hall","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Victoria Theatre and Concert Hall\". Singapore Infopedia. National Library Board.","urls":[{"url":"http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_770_2004-12-16.html","url_text":"\"Victoria Theatre and Concert Hall\""}]},{"reference":"Susan Tsang (2008). Discover Singapore: The City's History & Culture Redefined. Marshall Cavendish International (Asia) Pte Ltd. p. 202. ISBN 978-9812613653.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0366OQCNeZEC&pg=PA202","url_text":"Discover Singapore: The City's History & Culture Redefined"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9812613653","url_text":"978-9812613653"}]},{"reference":"Preservation of Monuments Board. \"Victoria Theatre and Concert Hall\". Retrieved 4 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pmb.sg/?page_id=212","url_text":"\"Victoria Theatre and Concert Hall\""}]},{"reference":"Marianne Rogerson (28 February 2011). In Singapore: 60 Fabulous Adventures in the City. Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd. p. 28. ISBN 9789814435406.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=yRyJAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT28","url_text":"In Singapore: 60 Fabulous Adventures in the City"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789814435406","url_text":"9789814435406"}]},{"reference":"\"VICTORIA CONCERT HALL\". Retrieved 22 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sso.org.sg/experience/concert-venues/victoria-concert-hall","url_text":"\"VICTORIA CONCERT HALL\""}]},{"reference":"National Arts Council. \"Key Consultants Appointed for Refurbishment of Victoria Theatre and Victoria Concert Hall\". Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 4 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140714223910/https://www.nac.gov.sg/news/2009/11/16/key-consultants-appointed-for-refurbishment-of-victoria-theatre-and-victoria-concert-hall","url_text":"\"Key Consultants Appointed for Refurbishment of Victoria Theatre and Victoria Concert Hall\""},{"url":"http://www.nac.gov.sg/news/2009/11/16/key-consultants-appointed-for-refurbishment-of-victoria-theatre-and-victoria-concert-hall","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Inside the New Victoria Theatre & Concert Hall\". Indesign Magazine.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.indesignlive.sg/articles/projects/inside-the-new-victoria-theatre-concert-hall","url_text":"\"Inside the New Victoria Theatre & Concert Hall\""}]},{"reference":"\"Victoria Theatre and Concert Hall\". National Heritage Board. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 18 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151222091941/http://www.nhb.gov.sg/places/sites-and-monuments/national-monuments/victoria-theatre-and-concert-hall","url_text":"\"Victoria Theatre and Concert Hall\""},{"url":"http://www.nhb.gov.sg/places/sites-and-monuments/national-monuments/victoria-theatre-and-concert-hall","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Victoria_Theatre_and_Concert_Hall&params=1_17_17.7_N_103_51_5.9_E_type:landmark","external_links_name":"1°17′17.7″N 103°51′5.9″E / 1.288250°N 103.851639°E / 1.288250; 103.851639"},{"Link":"https://artshouselimited.sg/","external_links_name":"Arts House Limited"},{"Link":"http://www.nac.gov.sg/arts-spaces/nac-arts-venues","external_links_name":"NAC Arts Venues"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130615071911/http://nac.gov.sg/arts-spaces/nac-arts-venues","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140715225050/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/a-sneak-peek-into-the-new/1263718.html","external_links_name":"\"A sneak peek into the new Victoria Theatre and Concert Hall\""},{"Link":"http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/a-sneak-peek-into-the-new/1263718.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151222091941/http://www.nhb.gov.sg/places/sites-and-monuments/national-monuments/victoria-theatre-and-concert-hall","external_links_name":"\"Victoria Theatre and Concert Hall\""},{"Link":"http://www.nhb.gov.sg/places/sites-and-monuments/national-monuments/victoria-theatre-and-concert-hall","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_770_2004-12-16.html","external_links_name":"\"Victoria Theatre and Concert Hall\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0366OQCNeZEC&pg=PA202","external_links_name":"Discover Singapore: The City's History & Culture Redefined"},{"Link":"http://www.pmb.sg/?page_id=212","external_links_name":"\"Victoria Theatre and Concert Hall\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=yRyJAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT28","external_links_name":"In Singapore: 60 Fabulous Adventures in the City"},{"Link":"https://www.sso.org.sg/experience/concert-venues/victoria-concert-hall","external_links_name":"\"VICTORIA CONCERT HALL\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140714223910/https://www.nac.gov.sg/news/2009/11/16/key-consultants-appointed-for-refurbishment-of-victoria-theatre-and-victoria-concert-hall","external_links_name":"\"Key Consultants Appointed for Refurbishment of Victoria Theatre and Victoria Concert Hall\""},{"Link":"http://www.nac.gov.sg/news/2009/11/16/key-consultants-appointed-for-refurbishment-of-victoria-theatre-and-victoria-concert-hall","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.indesignlive.sg/articles/projects/inside-the-new-victoria-theatre-concert-hall","external_links_name":"\"Inside the New Victoria Theatre & Concert Hall\""},{"Link":"http://www.vtvch.com/","external_links_name":"Official website of Victoria Theatre and Concert Hall"},{"Link":"http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_770_2004-12-16.html","external_links_name":"Singapore infopedia"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151222091941/http://www.nhb.gov.sg/places/sites-and-monuments/national-monuments/victoria-theatre-and-concert-hall","external_links_name":"\"Victoria Theatre and Concert Hall\""},{"Link":"http://www.nhb.gov.sg/places/sites-and-monuments/national-monuments/victoria-theatre-and-concert-hall","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/place/9ce8a108-c903-45d5-95a9-8a02a61fe6a8","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz place"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/place/20557eba-2e72-4ebe-9352-016b883bf351","external_links_name":"2"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanur_District	Nanur District	["1 Demographics","1.1 Population","1.2 Administrative divisions","2 See also","3 References"]	Coordinates: 35°54′53″N 45°59′32″E / 35.91472°N 45.99222°E / 35.91472; 45.99222District in Kurdistan province, Iran Not to be confused with Nanur Rural District.For the village, see Nanur. District in Kurdistan, IranNanur District Persian: بخش ننورDistrictNanur DistrictShow map of IranNanur DistrictShow map of Iran KurdistanCoordinates: 35°54′53″N 45°59′32″E / 35.91472°N 45.99222°E / 35.91472; 45.99222CountryIranProvinceKurdistanCountyBanehCapitalBuin-e SoflaPopulation (2016) • Total9,469Time zoneUTC+3:30 (IRST) Nanur District (Persian: بخش ننور) is in Baneh County, Kurdistan province, Iran. Its capital is the city of Buin-e Sofla. Demographics Population At the time of the 2006 National Census, the district's population was 9,345 in 1,651 households. The following census in 2011 counted 9,393 people in 2,041 households. The 2016 census measured the population of the district as 9,469 inhabitants in 2,518 households. Administrative divisions Nanur District Population Administrative Divisions 2006 2011 2016 Buin RD 5,172 4,524 4,467 Nanur RD 3,104 3,411 3,484 Buin-e Sofla (city) 1,069 1,458 1,518 Total 9,345 9,393 9,469 RD = Rural District See also Iran portal References ^ OpenStreetMap contributors (16 August 2023). "Nanur District (Baneh County)" (Map). OpenStreetMap (in Persian). Retrieved 16 August 2023. ^ a b c "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016)". AMAR (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 12. Archived from the original (Excel) on 8 May 2022. Retrieved 19 December 2022. ^ Habibi, Hassan (21 June 1369). "Approval of the organization and chain of citizenship of the elements and units of the national divisions of Kurdistan province, centered in the city of Sanandaj". Islamic Parliament Research Center of the Islamic Republic of Iran (in Persian). Ministry of Interior, Defense Political Commission of the Government Board. Archived from the original on 23 October 2018. Retrieved 22 January 2024. ^ a b "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)". AMAR (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 12. Archived from the original (Excel) on 20 September 2011. Retrieved 25 September 2022. ^ a b "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1390 (2011)". Syracuse University (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 12. Archived from the original (Excel) on 19 January 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2022. vteKurdistan Province, IranCapital Sanandaj Counties and citiesBaneh County Baneh Armardeh Buin-e Sofla Kani Sur Bijar County Bijar Babarashani Yasukand Dehgolan County Dehgolan Bolbanabad Divandarreh County Divandarreh Zarrineh Kamyaran County Kamyaran Muchesh Marivan County Marivan Chenareh Kani Dinar Qorveh County Qorveh Delbaran Dezej Serishabad Sanandaj County Sanandaj Shuyesheh Saqqez County Saqqez Saheb Santeh Sarvabad County Sarvabad Sights Abidar Zarivar Lake Hawraman Pir Shalyar Old bazaars of Sanandaj Hajar Khatoon Mosque Garden of ayatollah Mardokh Baba Gurgur's mausoleum Mount Chlchama Lake of Vahdat dam (Sanandaj) Tengiwer inscription of Sargon II(Kamyaran) Garus ancient city Ahmadzadeh house House of Kurds (Asef's house) Khosroabad building Karaftu Bazaar of Saqqez Domenareh Mosque Haj Saleh Hammam Ziwiyeh Sakez Grand mosque of Sanandaj(Dar-al ehsan) Avihang mosque Historic Quran of Negel Sanandaj museum of natural history Sanandaj museum Hajij populated places List of cities, towns and villages in Kurdistan Province vte Baneh CountyCapital Baneh DistrictsCentralCities Baneh Rural Districts and villagesShuy Balveh Bardeh Rasheh Boneh Khvoy Boneh Rezan Daruleh Kani Now Khoshkeh Darreh Khvajeh Mir Kupich Kupich-e Olya Kupich-e Sofla Mirabad-e Sofla Mojaseh Nezhu Omarshal Qai Bard Quri Chay Rashid Qaleh Sabadlu Sad Bar Sar Sunj Sarqul Savan Saviru Shargeh Shuy Sichan Sunj Tarkhanabad AlutCities Armardeh Rural Districts and villagesBeleh Keh Banavan Beleh Keh Garmab Kandeh Sureh Kani Mamer Kani Seyf Sarbard Sardav Sisarak Surav Posht-e Arbaba Atabak Baraver Barvish Kani Bayazidabad Deymeh Dowleh Guyer Gandoman Guil Ka Rostam Kani Band Kani Benav Kani Bid Kani Chulkeh Kani Goli Kani Guyz Kani Sib Kucher Kukh Sheykh ol Eslam Kukh-e Kani Guyz Kukh-e Mamu Kukh-e Sufi Rashi Piruz Masidar Mir Hesam Mir Yusof-e Olya Mir Yusof-e Sofla Neyzeh Rud Nirvan Nowdeh Qarah Bolagh Saluk-e Olya Saluk-e Sofla Satiar Surehban Tavakkol Tazhan Tazhban Vazheh Zarboneh NamshirCities Kani Sur Rural Districts and villagesBowalhasan Ali Makan Alut Amreh Sit Anjineh-ye Ebrahim-e Jonubi Anjineh-ye Ebrahim-e Shomali Anjineh-ye Sofla Bardeh Buk Bardeh Rash Bowalhasan Chuman Geleh Sureh Gurehdar Kani Sib Kiveh Rud Malateh Mazerlan Saleh Sarsul Zali Kani Sur Band Zhazh Bayizid Bilu Darineh-ye Olya Govozleh Hamzeh Lan Kandal Kani Bard Kani Holucheh Mamal Mirabad-e Olya Namazgah Owghal Rashki Salehabad Sartekeh-ye Olya Sartekeh-ye Sofla Seyyed Sarem Siahumeh Siahumeh-ye Kohneh Sivech-e Olya Sivech-e Sofla Visak Yaqubabad Zarvav-e Olya Zarvav-e Sofla Nameh Shir Bardeh Rash Benavileh-ye Kohneh Bikash Dul Arzan Gashkaseh Halu Hasanabad Hurazeh Kani Pezmakeh Koshneh Kukhan Manijalan Najneh-ye Olya Najneh-ye Sofla Nameh Shir Parsheh Peyavin Sepidareh Shahinan Somaqan Sutu Ziviyeh NanurCities Buin-e Sofla Rural Districts and villagesBuin Anjileh Bademjan Bashvan Bezhi Bian Darreh Buin-e Olya Chichuran Dargah-e Sheykhan Do Sineh Gavizleh Haft Tash Havareh Khul Kani Kharrat Kani Pari Kani Seyf Kani Shilan Karimabad Kivaleh Kolah Dul Kukh-e Hajji Karim Kuyreh Guyzeh Marqad Mohammad Aliabad Naveh Sefid Kamareh Surin Valiabad Vashtarmal Vezmeleh Nanur Barvish Kani Hangeh-ye Zhal Kani Sur Khuriabad Kileh-ye Abbasabad Nanur Oshtorabad Qoliabad Qul Estar Sartazin Shasheh Shilman This Baneh County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nanur Rural District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanur_Rural_District"},{"link_name":"Nanur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanur"},{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"Baneh County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baneh_County"},{"link_name":"Kurdistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistan_province"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"Buin-e Sofla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buin-e_Sofla"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kurdistan_Province_Structure-3"}],"text":"District in Kurdistan province, IranNot to be confused with Nanur Rural District.For the village, see Nanur.District in Kurdistan, IranNanur District (Persian: بخش ننور) is in Baneh County, Kurdistan province, Iran. Its capital is the city of Buin-e Sofla.[3]","title":"Nanur District"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2006_census-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2011_census-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2016_census-2"}],"sub_title":"Population","text":"At the time of the 2006 National Census, the district's population was 9,345 in 1,651 households.[4] The following census in 2011 counted 9,393 people in 2,041 households.[5] The 2016 census measured the population of the district as 9,469 inhabitants in 2,518 households.[2]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Administrative divisions","title":"Demographics"}]	[]	[{"title":"Iran portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Iran"}]	[{"reference":"OpenStreetMap contributors (16 August 2023). \"Nanur District (Baneh County)\" (Map). OpenStreetMap (in Persian). Retrieved 16 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.openstreetmap.org/?mlat=35.914722&mlon=45.992222&zoom=12#map=12/35.9147/45.9922","url_text":"\"Nanur District (Baneh County)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenStreetMap","url_text":"OpenStreetMap"}]},{"reference":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016)\". AMAR (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 12. Archived from the original (Excel) on 8 May 2022. Retrieved 19 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220508185635/https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1395/results/abadi/CN95_HouseholdPopulationVillage_12.xlsx","url_text":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016)\""},{"url":"https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1395/results/abadi/CN95_HouseholdPopulationVillage_12.xlsx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Habibi, Hassan (21 June 1369). \"Approval of the organization and chain of citizenship of the elements and units of the national divisions of Kurdistan province, centered in the city of Sanandaj\". Islamic Parliament Research Center of the Islamic Republic of Iran (in Persian). Ministry of Interior, Defense Political Commission of the Government Board. Archived from the original on 23 October 2018. Retrieved 22 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181023230624/https://rc.majlis.ir/fa/law/show/113045","url_text":"\"Approval of the organization and chain of citizenship of the elements and units of the national divisions of Kurdistan province, centered in the city of Sanandaj\""},{"url":"https://rc.majlis.ir/fa/law/show/113045","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\". AMAR (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 12. Archived from the original (Excel) on 20 September 2011. Retrieved 25 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110920092008/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/12.xls","url_text":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\""},{"url":"http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/12.xls","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1390 (2011)\". Syracuse University (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 12. Archived from the original (Excel) on 19 January 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230119120701/https://irandataportal.syr.edu/wp-content/uploads/Kurdistan.xls","url_text":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1390 (2011)\""},{"url":"https://irandataportal.syr.edu/wp-content/uploads/Kurdistan.xls","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Nanur_District&params=35_54_53_N_45_59_32_E_dim:15km_type:city(9469)_region:IR-12","external_links_name":"35°54′53″N 45°59′32″E / 35.91472°N 45.99222°E / 35.91472; 45.99222"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Nanur_District&params=35_54_53_N_45_59_32_E_dim:15km_type:city(9469)_region:IR-12","external_links_name":"35°54′53″N 45°59′32″E / 35.91472°N 45.99222°E / 35.91472; 45.99222"},{"Link":"https://www.openstreetmap.org/?mlat=35.914722&mlon=45.992222&zoom=12#map=12/35.9147/45.9922","external_links_name":"\"Nanur District (Baneh County)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220508185635/https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1395/results/abadi/CN95_HouseholdPopulationVillage_12.xlsx","external_links_name":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016)\""},{"Link":"https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1395/results/abadi/CN95_HouseholdPopulationVillage_12.xlsx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181023230624/https://rc.majlis.ir/fa/law/show/113045","external_links_name":"\"Approval of the organization and chain of citizenship of the elements and units of the national divisions of Kurdistan province, centered in the city of Sanandaj\""},{"Link":"https://rc.majlis.ir/fa/law/show/113045","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110920092008/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/12.xls","external_links_name":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\""},{"Link":"http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/12.xls","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230119120701/https://irandataportal.syr.edu/wp-content/uploads/Kurdistan.xls","external_links_name":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1390 (2011)\""},{"Link":"https://irandataportal.syr.edu/wp-content/uploads/Kurdistan.xls","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nanur_District&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/886_Washingtonia	886 Washingtonia	["1 Discovery circumstances","2 References","3 External links"]	886 WashingtoniaDiscoveryDiscovered byGeorge Henry PetersDiscovery siteWashington, D.C.Discovery date16 November 1917DesignationsMPC designation(886) WashingtoniaAlternative designations1917 bOrbital characteristicsEpoch 31 July 2016 (JD 2457600.5)Uncertainty parameter 0Observation arc105.87 yr (38670 days)Aphelion4.0269 AU (602.42 Gm)Perihelion2.3205 AU (347.14 Gm)Semi-major axis3.1737 AU (474.78 Gm)Eccentricity0.26882Orbital period (sidereal)5.65 yr (2065.1 d)Mean anomaly217.593°Mean motion0° 10m 27.552s / dayInclination16.846°Longitude of ascending node58.918°Argument of perihelion301.838°Earth MOID1.36733 AU (204.550 Gm)Jupiter MOID1.67995 AU (251.317 Gm)TJupiter3.079Physical characteristicsMean radius45.28±6.3 kmSynodic rotation period9.001 h (0.3750 d)Geometric albedo0.0713±0.025Absolute magnitude (H)9.3 886 Washingtonia is a minor planet orbiting the Sun. It was discovered on 16 November 1917, from Washington, D.C., and is named after the 1st President of the United States, George Washington. Discovery circumstances Credit for the discovery of 886 Washingtonia has been given to George Peters of the US Naval Observatory, who was the first to report it. The object was, however, observed four days earlier by Margaret Harwood, who was advised not to report it as a new discovery because "it was inappropriate that a woman should be thrust into the limelight with such a claim". The first woman to be credited with the discovery of a minor planet was Pelageya Fedorovna Shajn, eleven years later. References ^ "886 Washingtonia (1917 b)". JPL Small-Body Database. NASA/Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Retrieved 3 May 2016. ^ Murdin, Paul (2016), Rock Legends - The Asteroids and Their Discoverers, Springer, p. 84 External links Lightcurve plot of 886 Washingtonia, Palmer Divide Observatory, B. D. Warner (2003) Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB), query form (info Archived 16 December 2017 at the Wayback Machine) Dictionary of Minor Planet Names, Google books Asteroids and comets rotation curves, CdR – Observatoire de Genève, Raoul Behrend Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (1)-(5000) – Minor Planet Center 886 Washingtonia at AstDyS-2, Asteroids—Dynamic Site Ephemeris · Observation prediction · Orbital info · Proper elements · Observational info 886 Washingtonia at the JPL Small-Body Database Close approach · Discovery · Ephemeris · Orbit diagram · Orbital elements · Physical parameters vteMinor planets navigator 885 Ulrike 886 Washingtonia 887 Alinda vteSmall Solar System bodiesMinor planets Designation Groups List Moon Meanings of names Asteroid Active Aten asteroid Asteroid belt Family Jupiter trojan Near-Earth Spectral types Distant minor planet Centaur Neptune trojan Damocloid Trans-Neptunian object Detached Kuiper belt Oort cloud Scattered disc Comets Extinct Great Halley-type Hyperbolic Long-period Lost Near-parabolic Periodic Sungrazing Other Cosmic dust Meteoroids Space debris Authority control databases JPL SBDB MPC This article about an asteroid native to the asteroid belt is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"minor planet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_planet"},{"link_name":"Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"President of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"George Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington"}],"text":"886 Washingtonia is a minor planet orbiting the Sun. It was discovered on 16 November 1917, from Washington, D.C., and is named after the 1st President of the United States, George Washington.","title":"886 Washingtonia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"US Naval Observatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Naval_Observatory"},{"link_name":"Margaret Harwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Harwood"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mudin2016-2"},{"link_name":"Pelageya Fedorovna Shajn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelageya_Fedorovna_Shajn"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Credit for the discovery of 886 Washingtonia has been given to George Peters of the US Naval Observatory, who was the first to report it. The object was, however, observed four days earlier by Margaret Harwood, who was advised not to report it as a new discovery because \"it was inappropriate that a woman should be thrust into the limelight with such a claim\".[2] The first woman to be credited with the discovery of a minor planet was Pelageya Fedorovna Shajn, eleven years later.[citation needed]","title":"Discovery circumstances"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"886 Washingtonia (1917 b)\". JPL Small-Body Database. NASA/Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Retrieved 3 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=886;cad=1","url_text":"\"886 Washingtonia (1917 b)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPL_Small-Body_Database","url_text":"JPL Small-Body Database"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA","url_text":"NASA"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory","url_text":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory"}]},{"reference":"Murdin, Paul (2016), Rock Legends - The Asteroids and Their Discoverers, Springer, p. 84","urls":[]}]	[{"Link":"https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=886;cad=1","external_links_name":"\"886 Washingtonia (1917 b)\""},{"Link":"http://www.minorplanetobserver.com/pdolc/A886_2003.HTM","external_links_name":"Lightcurve plot of 886 Washingtonia"},{"Link":"http://www.minorplanet.info/PHP/lcdbsummaryquery.php","external_links_name":"Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB)"},{"Link":"http://www.minorplanet.info/lightcurvedatabase.html","external_links_name":"info"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171216050541/http://www.minorplanet.info/lightcurvedatabase.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=aeAg1X7afOoC&pg","external_links_name":"Dictionary of Minor Planet Names"},{"Link":"http://obswww.unige.ch/~behrend/page_cou.html","external_links_name":"Asteroids and comets rotation curves, CdR"},{"Link":"https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/lists/NumberedMPs000001.html","external_links_name":"Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (1)-(5000)"},{"Link":"https://newton.spacedys.com/astdys/index.php?n=886&pc=1.1.0","external_links_name":"886 Washingtonia"},{"Link":"https://newton.spacedys.com/astdys/index.php?n=886&pc=1.1.3.0","external_links_name":"Ephemeris"},{"Link":"https://newton.spacedys.com/astdys/index.php?n=886&pc=1.1.4.0","external_links_name":"Observation prediction"},{"Link":"https://newton.spacedys.com/astdys/index.php?n=886&pc=1.1.1","external_links_name":"Orbital info"},{"Link":"https://newton.spacedys.com/astdys/index.php?n=886&pc=1.1.6","external_links_name":"Proper elements"},{"Link":"https://newton.spacedys.com/astdys/index.php?n=886&pc=1.1.7.0","external_links_name":"Observational info"},{"Link":"https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=20000886#content","external_links_name":"886 Washingtonia"},{"Link":"https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=20000886;cad=1#cad","external_links_name":"Close approach"},{"Link":"https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=20000886#discovery","external_links_name":"Discovery"},{"Link":"https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons.cgi?find_body=1&body_group=sb&sstr=20000886","external_links_name":"Ephemeris"},{"Link":"https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=20000886&orb=1#orb","external_links_name":"Orbit diagram"},{"Link":"https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=20000886#elem","external_links_name":"Orbital elements"},{"Link":"https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=20000886#phys_par","external_links_name":"Physical parameters"},{"Link":"https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=20000886","external_links_name":"JPL SBDB"},{"Link":"https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/db_search/show_object?object_id=886","external_links_name":"MPC"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=886_Washingtonia&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoff_Harris	Geoff Harris	["1 Biography","2 Personal life","2.1 Personal wealth","2.2 Philanthropy","3 References"]	Australian businessman & philanthropist For other people named Geoffrey Harris, see Geoffrey Harris (disambiguation). Geoff HarrisBorncirca 1952 (age 71–72)Occupation(s)Businessman, philanthropistKnown forCo-founder of Flight CentreSpousediv.Children3 Geoff Harris (born ca. 1952) is an Australian businessman and philanthropist. Biography Born circa 1952, Harris is the son of a grocer and World War II veteran who served in Rabaul, Papua New Guinea. He was bullied at school as a teenager, and later dropped out. Harris is a co-founder of Flight Centre with Graham Turner and Bill James in 1981–1982. He served as a company executive until 1998 and as a non-executive director until 2008. In 2013, he was its biggest shareholder. He was also an early investor in Boost Juice. In 2003, he acquired Top Deck Travel UK with five other investors. He served as the Vice President of the Hawthorn Football Club. Personal life Harris lives in Melbourne. He is interested in military history, and has visited war sites in Malaysia, Vietnam and France. Personal wealth In 2019, Harris' net worth was estimated to be A$851 million, listed on the Financial Review 2019 Rich List and, in 2015, US$550 million, listed last on Forbes list of Australia's 50 Richest people. Harris' net worth did not meet the A$472 million cut-off for the Financial Review 2020 Rich List. Year Financial ReviewRich List ForbesAustralia's 50 Richest Rank Net worth (A$) Rank Net worth (US$) 2011 2012 2013 49 $800 million 2014 40 $975 million 41 $700 million 2015 53 $881 million 50 $550 million 2016 2017 $637 million 2018 84 $867 million 2019 111 $851 million Legend Icon Description Has not changed from the previous year Has increased from the previous year Has decreased from the previous year Philanthropy In 1999, Harris acquired an A$2.5 million house for the Reach Foundation, a non-profit organization whose aim is to provide unprivileged young people with access to mental health, co-founded by football player Jim Stynes and film director Paul Currie. Similarly, in 2013, he acquired Cromwell Manor, an A$2.5 million historic mansion in Collingwood, a suburb of Melbourne, to rent it for A$5 per annum to STREAT, a non-profit organization which teaches the homeless skills to start a career in hospitality. He has also donated A$450,000 to STREAT. The non-profit is run as a business, and Harris is also an impact investor, having invested A$55,000. Harris covers the annual rent for the headquarters of Whitelion Open Family, a non-profit organization for at-risk young people. Harris also provided financial support for the treatment of Hawthorn Football Club player Jarryd Roughead during his fight against cancer. Roughead had previously found cancerous melanoma in his lip in the 2015 season, only to have it come back in the 2016 season. This required an expensive immunotherapy treatment, for which Harris paid. References ^ a b c d e "2015 Australia's 50 Richest: #50 Geoff Harris". Forbes Asia. 31 January 2015. Retrieved 14 June 2015. ^ a b Coates, Pip (July 2014). "To Have And To Hold: Geoff Harris. Worth: $975 million. Rank: 40". The Australian Financial Review Magazine. p. 22. ^ a b c d e Short, Michael (31 March 2014). "Geoff Harris: Helping youth take off". The Sydney Morning Herald. ^ a b c "BRW Rich 200: 49. Geoff Harris". BRW. Sydney. 22 May 2013. ^ a b c d e f Fitzsimmons, Caitlin (23 January 2014). "Why rich lister Geoff Harris is letting this Melbourne mansion for $5 a year". BRW. Sydney. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. ^ a b Bailey, Michael (30 May 2019). "Australia's 200 richest people revealed". The Australian Financial Review. Nine Publishing. Retrieved 31 May 2019. ^ a b "2015 Australia's 50 Richest: #50 Geoff Harris". Forbes Asia. March 2015. Retrieved 14 June 2015. ^ Bailey, Michael; Sprague, Julie-anne (30 October 2020). "The full list: Australia's wealthiest 200 revealed". The Australian Financial Review. Nine Publishing. Retrieved 31 October 2020. ^ "2014 BRW Rich 200 list". BRW (A Fairfax Media Publication). Sydney. 26 June 2014. Retrieved 31 August 2014. ^ "2014 Australia's 50 Richest". Forbes Asia. January 2014. Retrieved 30 June 2014. ^ "2015 BRW Rich 200 list: Geoff Harris". BRW. Sydney. May 2015. Retrieved 14 June 2015. ^ Stensholt, John, ed. (25 May 2017). "Financial Review Rich List 2017". The Australian Financial Review. Retrieved 8 June 2017. ^ Mayne, Stephen (26 May 2017). "Mayne's take: The top 25 Australian billionaires, as claimed by Fairfax". Crikey. Private Media. Retrieved 10 October 2019. ^ Stensholt, John, ed. (25 May 2018). "2018 AFR Rich List: Who are Australia's richest people?". The Australian Financial Review. Retrieved 26 May 2018. ^ "PCM Speech: Alastair Clarkson". Hawthorn FC. 8 October 2017. Retrieved 8 October 2017.	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Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawthorn_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brwmansion-5"}],"text":"Born circa 1952,[1] Harris is the son of a grocer and World War II veteran who served in Rabaul, Papua New Guinea.[2] He was bullied at school as a teenager, and later dropped out.[3]Harris is a co-founder of Flight Centre with Graham Turner and Bill James in 1981–1982.[1][3] He served as a company executive until 1998 and as a non-executive director until 2008.[1][4][5] In 2013, he was its biggest shareholder.[4] He was also an early investor in Boost Juice.[5] In 2003, he acquired Top Deck Travel UK with five other investors.[4]He served as the Vice President of the Hawthorn Football Club.[5]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-forbes2015-1"},{"link_name":"military history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-financialreviewpipcoates-2"}],"text":"Harris lives in Melbourne.[1] He is interested in military history, and has visited war sites in Malaysia, Vietnam and France.[2]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"net worth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Net_worth"},{"link_name":"Financial Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Australian_Financial_Review"},{"link_name":"2019 Rich List","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Review_Rich_List_2019"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-afr2019-6"},{"link_name":"Forbes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes_Asia"},{"link_name":"Australia's 50 Richest people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Australians_by_net_worth"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Forbes-2015list-7"},{"link_name":"2020 Rich 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worth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Net_worth"},{"link_name":"US$","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USD"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brw_2014-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Forbes2014-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brw2015-11"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Forbes-2015list-7"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-afr2017-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-crikey2017-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-afr2018-14"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-afr2019-6"}],"sub_title":"Personal wealth","text":"In 2019, Harris' net worth was estimated to be A$851 million, listed on the Financial Review 2019 Rich List[6] and, in 2015, US$550 million, listed last on Forbes list of Australia's 50 Richest people.[7] Harris' net worth did not meet the A$472 million cut-off for the Financial Review 2020 Rich List.[8]Year\n\nFinancial ReviewRich List\n\nForbesAustralia's 50 Richest\n\n\nRank\n\nNet worth (A$)\n\nRank\n\nNet worth (US$)\n\n\n2011\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2012\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2013\n\n49 \n\n$800 million \n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014[9][10]\n\n40 \n\n$975 million \n\n41 \n\n$700 million \n\n\n2015[11][7]\n\n53 \n\n$881 million \n\n50 \n\n$550 million \n\n\n2016\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2017[12][13]\n\n\n\n$637 million\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2018[14]\n\n84 \n\n$867 million \n\n\n\n\n\n\n2019[6]\n\n111 \n\n$851 million \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nLegend\n\n\n Icon\n\n Description\n\n\n\n\nHas not changed from the previous year\n\n\n\n\nHas increased from the previous year\n\n\n\n\nHas decreased from the previous year","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jim Stynes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Stynes"},{"link_name":"Paul Currie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Currie_(director)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sydneymichael-3"},{"link_name":"Collingwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collingwood,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brwmansion-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sydneymichael-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brwmansion-5"},{"link_name":"impact investor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_investing"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brwmansion-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sydneymichael-3"},{"link_name":"Jarryd Roughead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarryd_Roughead"},{"link_name":"immunotherapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunotherapy"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-roughead-15"}],"sub_title":"Philanthropy","text":"In 1999, Harris acquired an A$2.5 million house for the Reach Foundation, a non-profit organization whose aim is to provide unprivileged young people with access to mental health, co-founded by football player Jim Stynes and film director Paul Currie.[3]Similarly, in 2013, he acquired Cromwell Manor, an A$2.5 million historic mansion in Collingwood, a suburb of Melbourne, to rent it for A$5 per annum to STREAT, a non-profit organization which teaches the homeless skills to start a career in hospitality.[5][3] He has also donated A$450,000 to STREAT.[5] The non-profit is run as a business, and Harris is also an impact investor, having invested A$55,000.[5]Harris covers the annual rent for the headquarters of Whitelion Open Family, a non-profit organization for at-risk young people.[3]Harris also provided financial support for the treatment of Hawthorn Football Club player Jarryd Roughead during his fight against cancer. Roughead had previously found cancerous melanoma in his lip in the 2015 season, only to have it come back in the 2016 season. This required an expensive immunotherapy treatment, for which Harris paid.[15]","title":"Personal life"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"2015 Australia's 50 Richest: #50 Geoff Harris\". Forbes Asia. 31 January 2015. Retrieved 14 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/profile/geoff-harris/","url_text":"\"2015 Australia's 50 Richest: #50 Geoff Harris\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes_Asia","url_text":"Forbes Asia"}]},{"reference":"Coates, Pip (July 2014). \"To Have And To Hold: Geoff Harris. Worth: $975 million. Rank: 40\". The Australian Financial Review Magazine. p. 22.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Short, Michael (31 March 2014). \"Geoff Harris: Helping youth take off\". The Sydney Morning Herald.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.smh.com.au/national/geoff-harris-helping-youth-take-off-20140330-35res.html","url_text":"\"Geoff Harris: Helping youth take off\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald","url_text":"The Sydney Morning Herald"}]},{"reference":"\"BRW Rich 200: 49. Geoff Harris\". BRW. Sydney. 22 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.brw.com.au/p/lists/rich-200/2013/geoff_harris_qY8sJmrokngYHPcCCAq23K","url_text":"\"BRW Rich 200: 49. Geoff Harris\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRW_(magazine)","url_text":"BRW"}]},{"reference":"Fitzsimmons, Caitlin (23 January 2014). \"Why rich lister Geoff Harris is letting this Melbourne mansion for $5 a year\". BRW. Sydney. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304094030/http://www.brw.com.au/p/investing/year_rich_lister_geoff_harris_for_YdEcnNugFV3YxTdABjQuwM","url_text":"\"Why rich lister Geoff Harris is letting this Melbourne mansion for $5 a year\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRW_(magazine)","url_text":"BRW"},{"url":"http://www.brw.com.au/p/investing/year_rich_lister_geoff_harris_for_YdEcnNugFV3YxTdABjQuwM","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bailey, Michael (30 May 2019). \"Australia's 200 richest people revealed\". The Australian Financial Review. Nine Publishing. Retrieved 31 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.afr.com/rich-list/australia-s-10-wealthiest-people-revealed-20190529-p51sj0","url_text":"\"Australia's 200 richest people revealed\""}]},{"reference":"\"2015 Australia's 50 Richest: #50 Geoff Harris\". Forbes Asia. March 2015. Retrieved 14 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/profile/geoff-harris/?list=australia-billionaires","url_text":"\"2015 Australia's 50 Richest: #50 Geoff Harris\""}]},{"reference":"Bailey, Michael; Sprague, Julie-anne (30 October 2020). \"The full list: Australia's wealthiest 200 revealed\". The Australian Financial Review. Nine Publishing. Retrieved 31 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.afr.com/rich-list/the-10-richest-australians-revealed-20201028-p569c7","url_text":"\"The full list: Australia's wealthiest 200 revealed\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Australian_Financial_Review","url_text":"The Australian Financial Review"}]},{"reference":"\"2014 BRW Rich 200 list\". BRW (A Fairfax Media Publication). Sydney. 26 June 2014. Retrieved 31 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.brw.com.au/p/lists/rich-200/2014/","url_text":"\"2014 BRW Rich 200 list\""}]},{"reference":"\"2014 Australia's 50 Richest\". Forbes Asia. January 2014. Retrieved 30 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/australia-billionaires/list/","url_text":"\"2014 Australia's 50 Richest\""}]},{"reference":"\"2015 BRW Rich 200 list: Geoff Harris\". BRW. Sydney. May 2015. Retrieved 14 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.brw.com.au/lists/interactives/entity.html?entity=geoff-harris&edition=32&questions=819,820&sort=1,asc&page=0","url_text":"\"2015 BRW Rich 200 list: Geoff Harris\""}]},{"reference":"Stensholt, John, ed. (25 May 2017). \"Financial Review Rich List 2017\". The Australian Financial Review. Retrieved 8 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.afr.com/leadership/afr-lists/rich-list/financial-review-rich-list-2017-20170525-gwcvr6","url_text":"\"Financial Review Rich List 2017\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Australian_Financial_Review","url_text":"The Australian Financial Review"}]},{"reference":"Mayne, Stephen (26 May 2017). \"Mayne's take: The top 25 Australian billionaires, as claimed by Fairfax\". Crikey. Private Media. Retrieved 10 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Mayne","url_text":"Mayne, Stephen"},{"url":"https://www.crikey.com.au/2017/05/26/tmaynes-take-the-top-25-australian-billionaires-as-claimed-by-fairfax-media/","url_text":"\"Mayne's take: The top 25 Australian billionaires, as claimed by Fairfax\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crikey","url_text":"Crikey"}]},{"reference":"Stensholt, John, ed. (25 May 2018). \"2018 AFR Rich List: Who are Australia's richest people?\". The Australian Financial Review. Retrieved 26 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.afr.com/brand/afr-magazine/rich-list-overview-20180413-h0yqo5","url_text":"\"2018 AFR Rich List: Who are Australia's richest people?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Australian_Financial_Review","url_text":"The Australian Financial Review"}]},{"reference":"\"PCM Speech: Alastair Clarkson\". Hawthorn FC. 8 October 2017. Retrieved 8 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hawthornfc.com.au/video/2017-10-07/pcm-alastair-clarkson","url_text":"\"PCM Speech: Alastair Clarkson\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawthorn_FC","url_text":"Hawthorn FC"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.forbes.com/profile/geoff-harris/","external_links_name":"\"2015 Australia's 50 Richest: #50 Geoff Harris\""},{"Link":"http://www.smh.com.au/national/geoff-harris-helping-youth-take-off-20140330-35res.html","external_links_name":"\"Geoff Harris: Helping youth take off\""},{"Link":"http://www.brw.com.au/p/lists/rich-200/2013/geoff_harris_qY8sJmrokngYHPcCCAq23K","external_links_name":"\"BRW Rich 200: 49. Geoff Harris\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304094030/http://www.brw.com.au/p/investing/year_rich_lister_geoff_harris_for_YdEcnNugFV3YxTdABjQuwM","external_links_name":"\"Why rich lister Geoff Harris is letting this Melbourne mansion for $5 a year\""},{"Link":"http://www.brw.com.au/p/investing/year_rich_lister_geoff_harris_for_YdEcnNugFV3YxTdABjQuwM","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.afr.com/rich-list/australia-s-10-wealthiest-people-revealed-20190529-p51sj0","external_links_name":"\"Australia's 200 richest people revealed\""},{"Link":"https://www.forbes.com/profile/geoff-harris/?list=australia-billionaires","external_links_name":"\"2015 Australia's 50 Richest: #50 Geoff Harris\""},{"Link":"https://www.afr.com/rich-list/the-10-richest-australians-revealed-20201028-p569c7","external_links_name":"\"The full list: Australia's wealthiest 200 revealed\""},{"Link":"http://www.brw.com.au/p/lists/rich-200/2014/","external_links_name":"\"2014 BRW Rich 200 list\""},{"Link":"https://www.forbes.com/australia-billionaires/list/","external_links_name":"\"2014 Australia's 50 Richest\""},{"Link":"http://www.brw.com.au/lists/interactives/entity.html?entity=geoff-harris&edition=32&questions=819,820&sort=1,asc&page=0","external_links_name":"\"2015 BRW Rich 200 list: Geoff Harris\""},{"Link":"http://www.afr.com/leadership/afr-lists/rich-list/financial-review-rich-list-2017-20170525-gwcvr6","external_links_name":"\"Financial Review Rich List 2017\""},{"Link":"https://www.crikey.com.au/2017/05/26/tmaynes-take-the-top-25-australian-billionaires-as-claimed-by-fairfax-media/","external_links_name":"\"Mayne's take: The top 25 Australian billionaires, as claimed by Fairfax\""},{"Link":"http://www.afr.com/brand/afr-magazine/rich-list-overview-20180413-h0yqo5","external_links_name":"\"2018 AFR Rich List: Who are Australia's richest people?\""},{"Link":"http://www.hawthornfc.com.au/video/2017-10-07/pcm-alastair-clarkson","external_links_name":"\"PCM Speech: Alastair Clarkson\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belkis	Belkis	["1 See also"]	This article is about the given name. For the Turkish village, see Belkıs, Serik. For the Turkish isthmus (tombolo), see Belkıs Tombolo. For the music track, see Lonely Woman (album). Belkis, Belkıs and Belkız (as well as other variants) are feminine given names in Latin America and the Middle East, derived from Belqis, the Arabic given name of the Queen of Sheba; and it may refer to: Belkis Ayón (1967–1999), Cuban artist Belkis Cuza Malé (born 1942), Cuban-American writer Belkis Leal (born 1940), Venezuelan fencer Belkis Rodríguez (born 1965), Cuban retired tennis player Belkis Ulacio, Venezuelan politician Belkis, Regina di Saba, a ballet about the Queen of Sheba composed by Ottorino Respighi Belkıs Akkale (born 1956), Turkish singer Belkıs Sevket, first Turkish woman to fly Belkis Valdman (1942-2011) Turkish born naturalised Brazilian researcher, teacher and academic chemical engineer. Belkıs Zehra Kaya (born 1984), Turkish judoka See also Belcalis Name listThis page or section lists people that share the same given name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change that link to point directly to the intended article.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Belkıs, Serik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belk%C4%B1s,_Serik"},{"link_name":"Belkıs Tombolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belk%C4%B1s_Tombolo"},{"link_name":"Lonely Woman (album)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lonely_Woman_(album)"},{"link_name":"Queen of Sheba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_of_Sheba"},{"link_name":"Belkis Ayón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belkis_Ay%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Belkis Cuza Malé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belkis_Cuza_Mal%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Belkis Leal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belkis_Leal"},{"link_name":"Belkis Rodríguez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belkis_Rodr%C3%ADguez"},{"link_name":"Belkis Ulacio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belkis_Ulacio"},{"link_name":"Ottorino Respighi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottorino_Respighi"},{"link_name":"Belkıs Akkale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belk%C4%B1s_Akkale"},{"link_name":"Belkıs Sevket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belk%C4%B1s_Sevket"},{"link_name":"Belkis Valdman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belkis_Valdman"},{"link_name":"chemical engineer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_engineer"},{"link_name":"Belkıs Zehra Kaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belk%C4%B1s_Zehra_Kaya"}],"text":"This article is about the given name. For the Turkish village, see Belkıs, Serik. For the Turkish isthmus (tombolo), see Belkıs Tombolo. For the music track, see Lonely Woman (album).Belkis, Belkıs and Belkız (as well as other variants) are feminine given names in Latin America and the Middle East, derived from Belqis, the Arabic given name of the Queen of Sheba; and it may refer to:Belkis Ayón (1967–1999), Cuban artist\nBelkis Cuza Malé (born 1942), Cuban-American writer\nBelkis Leal (born 1940), Venezuelan fencer\nBelkis Rodríguez (born 1965), Cuban retired tennis player\nBelkis Ulacio, Venezuelan politician\nBelkis, Regina di Saba, a ballet about the Queen of Sheba composed by Ottorino Respighi\nBelkıs Akkale (born 1956), Turkish singer\nBelkıs Sevket, first Turkish woman to fly\nBelkis Valdman (1942-2011) Turkish born naturalised Brazilian researcher, teacher and academic chemical engineer.\nBelkıs Zehra Kaya (born 1984), Turkish judoka","title":"Belkis"}]	[]	[{"title":"Belcalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belcalis"},{"title":"given name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Given_name"},{"title":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Belkis&namespace=0"}]	[]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Belkis&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Safronov	Vladimir Safronov	["1 1956 Olympic results","2 References","3 External links"]	Russian boxer For the Russian diplomat, see Vladimir Safronkov. In this name that follows Eastern Slavic naming customs, the patronymic is Konstantinovich and the family name is Safronov. Vladimir Safronov Medal record Men's boxing Representing the Soviet Union Olympic Games 1956 Melbourne Featherweight European Amateur Championships 1957 Prague Featherweight Vladimir Konstantinovich Safronov (Russian: Владимир Константинович Сафронов) (29 December 1934 in Ulan-Ude, Buryat-Mongol ASSR — 26 December 1979) was a Russian featherweight boxer. Safronov trained at the Armed Forces sports society in Chita, Irkutsk, Moscow. He became the Honoured Master of Sports of the USSR in 1957 and was awarded the Order of the Badge of Honor in the same year. He became the first boxer of the USSR to win a gold medal at the Olympics. He won gold in Boxing at the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne in the featherweight division (– 57 kg). During his career Safronov won 564 fights out of 565. Safronov graduated from Moscow Poligraphy Institute in 1963 and worked as an art editor at Fizkultura i sport (physical culture and sports) publisher. 1956 Olympic results Below is the record of Vladimir Safronov, a featherweight boxer from the Soviet Union who competed at the 1956 Olympic Games in Melbourne: Round of 32: bye Round of 16: Defeated Agostino Cossia (Italy) points Quarterfinal: Defeated Andre de Souza (France) points Semifinal: Defeated Henryk Niedzwiedzki (Poland) points Final: Defeated Thomas Nicholls (Great Britain) points (Won gold medal) References ^ Могилы знаменитостей. Сафронов Владимир Константинович (1934-1979) ^ Khavin, Boris (1979). Всё об олимпийских играх (in Russian) (2nd ed.). Moscow: Fizkultura i sport. p. 578. ^ a b (in Russian) Profile in the Olympic Encyclopedia External links Olympic profile vteOlympic boxing champions – men's featherweight1904: 115–125 lb (52.2–56.7 kg) · 1908: 116–126 lb (52.6–57.2 kg) · 1920–1928: 118–126 lb (53.5–57.2 kg) · 1932–1936: 119–126 lb (54.0–57.2 kg) · 1948: 54–58 kg · 1952–2008: 54–57kg · 2020–: 53–57 kg 1904: Oliver Kirk (USA) 1908: Richard Gunn (GBR) 1912: not held 1920: Paul Fritsch (FRA) 1924: Jackie Fields (USA) 1928: Bep van Klaveren (NED) 1932: Carmelo Robledo (ARG) 1936: Oscar Casanovas (ARG) 1948: Ernesto Formenti (ITA) 1952: Ján Zachara (TCH) 1956: Vladimir Safronov (URS) 1960: Francesco Musso (ITA) 1964: Stanislav Stepashkin (URS) 1968: Antonio Roldán (MEX) 1972: Boris Kuznetsov (URS) 1976: Ángel Herrera (CUB) 1980: Rudi Fink (GDR) 1984: Meldrick Taylor (USA) 1988: Giovanni Parisi (ITA) 1992: Andreas Tews (GER) 1996: Somluck Kamsing (THA) 2000: Bekzat Sattarkhanov (KAZ) 2004: Aleksei Tishchenko (RUS) 2008: Vasyl Lomachenko (UKR) 2012–2016: not held 2020: Albert Batyrgaziev (ROC) This article about a Soviet Olympic medalist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This biographical article related to a Soviet boxer is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vladimir Safronkov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Safronkov"},{"link_name":"Eastern Slavic naming customs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Slavic_naming_customs"},{"link_name":"patronymic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patronymic"},{"link_name":"family name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"Ulan-Ude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulan-Ude"},{"link_name":"Buryat-Mongol ASSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buryat-Mongol_ASSR"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"featherweight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Featherweight"},{"link_name":"boxer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxing"},{"link_name":"Armed Forces sports society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armed_Forces_sports_society"},{"link_name":"Chita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chita,_Zabaykalsky_Krai"},{"link_name":"Irkutsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irkutsk"},{"link_name":"Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow"},{"link_name":"Honoured Master of Sports of the USSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honoured_Master_of_Sports_of_the_USSR"},{"link_name":"Order of the Badge of Honor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Badge_of_Honor"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Boxing at the 1956 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxing_at_the_1956_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne"},{"link_name":"featherweight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Featherweight"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ol-3"},{"link_name":"Fizkultura i sport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizkultura_i_sport_(publisher)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ol-3"}],"text":"For the Russian diplomat, see Vladimir Safronkov.In this name that follows Eastern Slavic naming customs, the patronymic is Konstantinovich and the family name is Safronov.Vladimir Konstantinovich Safronov (Russian: Владимир Константинович Сафронов) (29 December 1934 in Ulan-Ude, Buryat-Mongol ASSR — 26 December 1979[1]) was a Russian featherweight boxer.Safronov trained at the Armed Forces sports society in Chita, Irkutsk, Moscow. He became the Honoured Master of Sports of the USSR in 1957 and was awarded the Order of the Badge of Honor in the same year. He became the first boxer of the USSR to win a gold medal at the Olympics.[2] He won gold in Boxing at the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne in the featherweight division (– 57 kg). During his career Safronov won 564 fights out of 565.[3]Safronov graduated from Moscow Poligraphy Institute in 1963 and worked as an art editor at Fizkultura i sport (physical culture and sports) publisher.[3]","title":"Vladimir Safronov"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Agostino Cossia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agostino_Cossia"},{"link_name":"Andre de Souza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andre_de_Souza"},{"link_name":"Henryk Niedzwiedzki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henryk_Niedzwiedzki"},{"link_name":"Thomas Nicholls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Nicholls_(boxer)"}],"text":"Below is the record of Vladimir Safronov, a featherweight boxer from the Soviet Union who competed at the 1956 Olympic Games in Melbourne:Round of 32: bye\nRound of 16: Defeated Agostino Cossia (Italy) points\nQuarterfinal: Defeated Andre de Souza (France) points\nSemifinal: Defeated Henryk Niedzwiedzki (Poland) points\nFinal: Defeated Thomas Nicholls (Great Britain) points (Won gold medal)","title":"1956 Olympic results"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Khavin, Boris (1979). Всё об олимпийских играх [All About Olympic Games] (in Russian) (2nd ed.). Moscow: Fizkultura i sport. p. 578.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizkultura_i_sport_(publisher)","url_text":"Fizkultura i sport"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://m-necropol.narod.ru/safronov.html","external_links_name":"Могилы знаменитостей. Сафронов Владимир Константинович (1934-1979)"},{"Link":"http://slovari.yandex.ru/dict/olympic/article/olymp/ol21/ol2-1430.htm","external_links_name":"Profile in the Olympic Encyclopedia"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200418085309/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/sa/vladimir-safronov-1.html","external_links_name":"Olympic profile"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vladimir_Safronov&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vladimir_Safronov&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oola_(Star_Wars)	List of Star Wars characters	[]	Characters from the Star Wars franchise This article is about major characters appearing in Star Wars Canon media. For characters appearing only/introduced in Legends material, see List of Star Wars Legends characters. For characters appearing only/introduced in Knights of the Old Republic/The Old Republic material, see List of Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic characters. For characters appearing only/introduced in Rebels, see List of Star Wars Rebels characters. For Star Wars creatures/species, see List of Star Wars creatures. This list has no precise inclusion criteria as described in the Manual of Style for standalone lists. Please improve this article by adding inclusion criteria, or discuss this issue on the talk page. (March 2023) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "List of Star Wars characters" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This incomplete list of characters from the Star Wars franchise contains only those which are considered part of the official Star Wars canon, as of the changes made by Lucasfilm in April 2014. Following its acquisition by The Walt Disney Company in 2012, Lucasfilm rebranded most of the novels, comics, video games and other works produced since the originating 1977 film Star Wars as Star Wars Legends and declared them non-canon to the rest of the franchise. As such, the list contains only information from the Skywalker Saga films, the 2008 animated TV series Star Wars: The Clone Wars, and other films, shows, or video games published or produced after April 2014. The list includes humans and various alien species. No droid characters are included; for those, see the list of Star Wars droid characters. Some of the characters featured in this list have additional or alternate plotlines in the non-canonical Legends continuity. To see those or characters who do not exist at all in the current Star Wars canon, see the list of Star Wars Legends characters and list of Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic characters. Contents: A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z References A Gial Ackbar Main article: Admiral Ackbar Stass Allie Stass Allie is a Tholothian Jedi Master and the cousin of Adi Gallia. Allie is one of the many victims of Order 66. She was initially planned to die with Kit Fisto. The character has been portrayed by Lily Nyamwasa in Episode III. Almec Almec is a Mandalorian politician who serves as Prime Minister of Mandalore during the Clone Wars. A prominent supporter of Satine Kryze and her New Mandalorian government, he is imprisoned for his involvement in an illegal smuggling ring but is later freed and reinstated as a puppet leader after Darth Maul takes over the New Mandalorian capital city of Sundari. When Maul is later captured by Darth Sidious, Almec sends Mandalorian super commandos Gar Saxon and Rook Kast to rescue him. During the Siege of Mandalore, he is captured by Bo-Katan Kryze's force and is killed by Saxon when he attempts to relay information to Ahsoka, Rex, and Bo-Katan. The character has been voiced by Julian Holloway in The Clone Wars. Mas Amedda Mas Amedda is the Chagrian Vice Chair of the Galactic Senate. He is Grand Vizier and head of the Imperial Ruling Council, installed by Gallius Rax as the puppet leader of the Empire following Palpatine's death. Amedda is also one of the few people to know about Palpatine's secret persona as Darth Sidious. Amedda formally surrenders the Empire to the New Republic. The character has been portrayed by Jerome Blake and David Bowers in Episodes I-III, and voiced by Stephen Stanton in The Clone Wars and The Bad Batch. His story has also been expanded in Aftermath: Life Debt and Aftermath: Empire's End. Padmé Amidala Main article: Padmé Amidala Padme Amidala is the Queen of Naboo in Star Wars: Episode I - The Phantom Menace and later becomes the Senator of Naboo sometime between Episodes 1-2 and she continues to serve from Attack of the Clones, throughout the Clone Wars, and into Revenge of the Sith. Later on, she develops a relationship with Jedi Padawan Anakin Skywalker and secretly marries him on Naboo. Near the end of the war, she tells Anakin that she is pregnant, but Anakin starts having nightmares about her dying in childbirth. He turns his back on the Jedi and joins Darth Sidious to try to save her. Later, she travels to the volcanic system of Mustafar to try to bring him back to the light but he won't listen, and after Anakin sees Obi-wan Kenobi, he Force-chokes her and she falls unconscious. After Obi-wan defeats Anakin and takes her the medical facility on Poliss Massa, she gives birth to Luke and Leia but soon after dies of a broken heart. Cassian Andor Main article: Cassian Andor Maarva Andor Maarva Andor is a human female who lived during the final decades of the Galactic Republic and into the era of the Galactic Empire. Alongside her husband, Clem, Maarva became the adoptive mother of Cassian Andor, whom they rescued while smuggling on the planet Kenari. The character has been portrayed by Fiona Shaw in Andor. The Armorer Main article: The Armorer Raymus Antilles Raymus Antilles is captain of the CR90 corvette Tantive IV, where he is strangled to death by Darth Vader. Antilles was also the last master of C-3PO and R2-D2 before they fall under the ownership of Luke Skywalker. In the final days of the Republic, Antilles served as captain of the CR70 corvette Tantive III. The character has been portrayed by Peter Geddis in Episode IV, by Rohan Nichol in Episode III, and by Tim Beckmann in Rogue One. Wedge Antilles Main article: Wedge Antilles Chelli Lona Aphra Main article: Doctor Aphra Ryder Azadi Ryder Azadi is the former Governor of Lothal and a family friend to Ephraim and Mira Bridger. He secretly assisted them in their campaign against the Galactic Empire which led to their arrest. Ryder escaped prison, but his friends did not. He later met Ezra and Kanan on Lothal. After helping in a mission that also involved Princess Leia, Ryder decided to form a new Rebel cell on Lothal. He later pretends to betray the Rebels in order to lure Governor Pryce into a trap. During the final part of the battle, Ryder tries to get Pryce to come along quietly when the Imperial base begins to take off and explode to no avail, but Pryce chooses to die, staying loyal to the Empire until the end. After the liberation of Lothal, Ryder assisted in its reconstruction and assumed the governorship. The character has been voiced by Clancy Brown in Rebels, and Brown reprised his role in Ahsoka. Azmorigan Azmorigan is a Jablogian crime lord and business partner of Vizago's. He was first tricked by Lando Calrissian into giving the entrepreneur a mining-purposed puffer pig and trading it for Hera, who then outsmarted Azmorigan and escaped from his ship, the Merchant One, to Calrissian and the Ghost crew. Azmorigan cornered them at Vizago's mining estate, intending to reclaim the puffer pig and Hera along the Ghost and its crew but was defeated there and is forced to flee. In The Wynkahthu Job, having formed an alliance with Hondo, with the two of them attacking an Imperial cargo ship only to have it become caught in the storms of a nearby planet, forcing them to call upon the Ghost crew for help. The salvage operation gets the rebels several proton bombs and an encounter with Imperial Sentry Droids, while Hondo only succeeds in unintentionally recovering one of his Ugnaughts. The character has been voiced by James Hong in Rebels. B Ponda Baba Ponda Baba is an Aqualish mercenary who attacks Luke Skywalker in the Mos Eisley cantina, and then gets his arm cut off by Obi-Wan Kenobi's lightsaber. He is an associate of Dr. Cornelius Evazan, who also antagonizes Luke Skywalker in the cantina. When the original Kenner action figure for Baba was released, the then-unnamed alien was called simply "Walrus Man". In Episode IV the character was portrayed by Tommy Ilsley. In Rogue One, he is seen with Dr. Evazan on the streets of Jedha. Cad Bane Main article: Cad Bane Darth Bane Main article: Darth Bane Darth Bane was ancient Sith Lord who was responsible for creating the Rule of Two: A master and an apprentice. In the Clone Wars season 6 Lost Episodes, Grand Master Yoda travels to the ancient Sith system known as Moraband and he encounters an illusion of Darth Bane. Tobias Beckett Main article: Tobias Beckett Val Beckett Val Beckett is the wife and partner-in-crime of Tobias Beckett. She is killed during a failed Coaxium heist for the Crimson Dawn. The character has been portrayed by Thandiwe Newton in Solo. The Bendu The Bendu is an ancient Force-wielder whose philosophy predates the Jedi Order; encountered by the rebels on the planet Atollon, where he describes himself as being "the middle" between the ashla, light side of the Force, and the bogan, dark side of the Force. The character has been voiced by Tom Baker in Rebels. Kelleran Beq Kelleran Beq is a Jedi Master who rescued Grogu from Order 66 with the help of the Royal Naboo Security Forces. The character has been portrayed by Ahmed Best in The Mandalorian, reprising his role from the 2020 web-based children's game show Star Wars: Jedi Temple Challenge. Sio Bibble Sio Bibble is the Governor of Naboo. The character has been portrayed by Oliver Ford Davies in Episodes I-III. Depa Billaba Depa Billaba is a Jedi Master on the Jedi High Council who falls into a six-month coma after an encounter with General Grievous on Haruun Kal. While recovering, she forms a bond with Padawan Caleb Dume (who will later become known as Kanan Jarrus), whom she takes on as her apprentice. She sacrifices herself during Order 66 to save her Padawan. The character has been portrayed by Dipika O'Neill Joti in Episodes I-II, and voiced by Archie Panjabi in The Bad Batch. Jar Jar Binks Main article: Jar Jar Binks Jar Jar Binks is a Gungan from the Naboo system. At first Jar Jar was banished from Gungan City for being clumsy but then after meeting Jedi Master Qui-gon Ginn and his apprentice Obi-wan Kenobi, he took them to Gungan City. As soon as step foot in the city, he was taken into custody by General Tarpals and escorted along with Jedi to Boss Nass leader of the Gungans at the time. Once the Jedi convinced Boss Nass to let Jar Jar come with them, he helped them rescue the Queen. Later on Tattooine, he almost got in trouble with Sebulba, a dangerous Dug podracer but was saved by young Anakin Skywalker. Many years later, Jar Jar became the Representative of Naboo but he is responsible for giving Chancellor Palpatine emergency powers during the Clone Wars, which ultimately facilitated the rise of the Empire. Zorii Bliss Zorri Bliss is a leader of a group of spice-smugglers from the planet Kijimi and a past love interest of Resistance pilot Poe Dameron. She later was among the many who assisted the Resistance in the air battle against the Sith Eternal forces over Exegol. The character has been portrayed by Keri Russell in Episode IX. Lux Bonteri Lux Bonteri is son of Separatist senator Mina Bonteri, and freedom fighter during the Clone Wars; love interest of Ahsoka Tano. After his mother's assassination, he becomes the representative of his homeworld Onderon in the Galactic Senate. The character has been voiced by Jason Spisak in The Clone Wars. Bossk Bossk is a notorious Trandoshan bounty hunter who is one of the six summoned by Darth Vader to track down the Millennium Falcon. He is also seen in Jabba's Palace. Bossk is the son of bounty hunter Cradossk and is known for his hatred and hunting of Wookiees, with a particular vendetta against the Wookiee Chewbacca. During the Clone Wars, he mentors and serves as a bodyguard to a young Boba Fett, eventually joining his syndicate of bounty hunters. The character has been portrayed by Alan Harris in Episodes V-VI, and voiced by Dee Bradley Baker in The Clone Wars. In the fourth draft of The Empire Strikes Back, Bossk was written as a slimy, tentacled monster with two huge bloodshot eyes in a soft baggy face. Concept art of Bossk was drawn by artist Ralph McQuarrie in either late 1978 or early 1979. The head, feet, and arms of the character were recycled from the Mos Eisley cantina scene in A New Hope and sculpted by make-up artist Stuart Freeborn. The outfit used for the character was a High-Altitude Windak Pressure Suit used by the Royal Air Force in the 1960s and was recycled from the 1966 Doctor Who serial The Tenth Planet. An insignia was applied to the shoulder of the costume to give the appearance that Bossk was a part of an "organized unit." His weapon was made from a Webley-Schermuly Riot gun with various add-ons. Bossk is mentioned in Solo: A Star Wars Story, when Val complains to her husband Tobias Beckett about hiring Han Solo and Chewbacca instead of experienced mercenaries such as Bossk. In earlier drafts, Bossk was written in as a member of the Enfys Nest's Cloud Riders who abandons her at the end of movie. Screenwriter Jonathan Kasdan "fought long and hard" to include this in Solo but was overruled. Ezra Bridger Main article: Ezra Bridger Ezra Bridger is human male Jedi Knight from the planet of Lothal. He was born on Empire day(when the Republic became the Empire.)As a young boy, his parents spoke out against the Empire and as a result they were taken away from him and executed by the Empire. Now on his own, Ezra became a local thief surviving on his own. Then one day everything changed. His day started out the same, then he met Rebel fighter Kanan Jarrus who was escaping from some Imperial officers. Ezra caught up to him and eventually stole Kanan's lightsaber. Later on, Ezra joined the rest of the Ghost crew and became Kanan's apprentice. After many tests and trials, Ezra became a strong Jedi and he made a lightsaber pistol after retrieving his kyber crystal. However, that lightsaber would be destroyed by Darth Vader. A few more years went by and Ezra's power was growing every day. He made a new green lightsaber but would start behaving strangely due to the effects of a Sith Holocron he recovered and he started to seek out the old Sith Warrior Darth Maul, but thanks to his master, he was able to stay on the Light Side. Later on, Ezra lost Kanan when he sacrificed himself for Ezra, Sabine and Hera at an Fuel Foundry and he fell into a deep depression. Soon after knowing Kanan will always be with him, Ezra led the Liberation of Lothal and freed his people from the Empire but at a cost. He along with Grand Admiral Thrawn went deep into space going missing. It wouldn't be after the fall of the Empire and the Rise of the New Republic when Ezra was finally found by Ahsoka Tano and Sabine Wren and was able to make it back home. C Bix Caleen Bix Caleen is a mechanic and black market dealer who is Andor's ally. The character has been portrayed by Adria Arjona in Andor. Lando Calrissian Main article: Lando Calrissian Chewbacca Main article: Chewbacca Cid Scaleback Cid Scaleback (full first name Ciddarin) is a former Jedi informant who provides the Bad Batch with mercenary missions in the aftermath of the Clone Wars. She later betrays the Bad Batch after they return from Eriadu, handing Omega over to Royce Hemlock. The character has been voiced by Rhea Perlman in The Bad Batch. The Client Main article: The Client (Star Wars) Rush Clovis Rush Clovis is a Separatist Senator who represents the planet Scipio in the Galactic Senate, as well as a former suitor of Padmé Amidala though it is made clear he never really knew her. When the Clone Wars broke out, he became a delegate of the InterGalactic Banking Clan. During the Battle of Scipio, he sacrifices himself to save Padmé. The character has been voiced by Robin Atkin Downes in The Clone Wars. Commander CC-2224 "Cody" CC-2224, or "Cody", is a clone Commander of the 212th Attack Battalion, serving under Obi-Wan Kenobi during the Clone Wars. Following the Battle of Utapau, he unwillingly betrays and attempts to kill Kenobi when Order 66 is issued. The character has been portrayed by Temuera Morrison in Episode III, and voiced by Dee Bradley Baker in The Clone Wars and The Bad Batch. Kaydel Ko Connix Kaydel Ko Connix is a junior controller in the Resistance during the sequel trilogy. The character has been portrayed by Billie Lourd, daughter of Carrie Fisher, in Episodes VII-IX. Eno Cordova Eno Cordova is a Jedi Master, presumed survivor of Order 66, and former mentor of Cere Junda and owner of BD-1. He discovered an ancient vault built by the Force-sensitive Zeffo on the planet Bogano, where he hid a Jedi Holocron containing a list of Force-sensitive children, in the hopes that it could someday help rebuild the Jedi Order. The character has been voiced by Tony Amendola in Jedi: Fallen Order and Jedi: Survivor. CT-9904 "Crosshair" CT-9904, or "Crosshair", is a deformed clone trooper and member of Clone Force 99. He is the team's sniper, possessing genetic mutations that give him exceptional eyesight. He is the only member of Clone Force 99 whose biochip is activated when Order 66 is issued, causing him to turn on his squadmates after they rebel against the newly formed Galactic Empire. Crosshair is later put in charge of a unit of conscripted Imperial soldiers, and tasked with hunting down the Bad Batch. Though he eventually learns about his biochip and removes it, he continues to willingly serve the Empire, believing that attempting to fight it is useless and holding a grudge against the Bad Batch for abandoning him. After being forced to work with the Bad Batch to survive Tipoca City's destruction, Crosshair partially makes amends with his former squadmates, but still refuses to join them. He is later captured by Royce Hemlock and imprisoned at Dr Hemlock's base on Mount Tantiss, escaping with Omega and a lurca hound named Batcher. He joins the group on Pabu and at Hunter's request, gets his hand checked out by AZI-3. He is losing his accuracy and has a tremor in his hand from his months on Mount Tantiss. The character has been voiced by Dee Bradley Baker in The Clone Wars and The Bad Batch. Salacious B. Crumb Salacious B. Crumb is a Kowakian monkey-lizard in Jabba the Hutt's court. The character's name (and aspects of its appearance) is derived from creature designer Phil Tippett's drunken mispronunciation of the word "shoelaces" and an homage to underground comix cartoonist Robert Crumb. The character has been performed by Tim Rose in Episode VI, with his voice provided by Mark Dodson. Rose's antics controlling the Crumb puppet led to an increase in the character's prominence. D Figrin D'an Figrin D'an is the leader of the Bith band "Figrin D'an and the Modal Nodes", playing in the Mos Eisley cantina. The character has been portrayed by Rick Baker in Episode IV. Poe Dameron Main article: Poe Dameron Biggs Darklighter Biggs Darklighter is a pilot for the Rebel Alliance and a childhood friend of Luke Skywalker. In the Battle of Yavin, Darklighter was shot down and killed by Darth Vader. The character has been portrayed by Garrick Hagon in Episode IV. The Daughter One of the Mortis gods, the Daughter is the embodiment of the light side of the Force, child of the Father, and sister to the Son. She is obedient of her father and helps him test Anakin Skywalker to see whether he is the Chosen One and can replace the Father. She ultimately sacrifices herself to save her father from her brother and manages to also save Ahsoka Tano, who had been corrupted by the latter, before dying. She is believed to have been reincarnated as Morai, an owl who is seen accompanying Ahsoka several times and to whom she claims she owes her life. The character has been voiced by Adrienne Wilkinson in The Clone Wars. Dengar Dengar is a Corellian bounty hunter summoned by Darth Vader to hunt for the Millennium Falcon, and he is also briefly visible later in Jabba's Palace. During the Clone Wars, Dengar is part of a syndicate of bounty hunters betrayed by Asajj Ventress on the planet Quarzite. The character has been portrayed by Morris Bush in Episodes V-VI, and voiced by Simon Pegg in The Clone Wars. Dengar attempts to capture Han Solo and Chewbacca in the 2015 Star Wars Marvel comics series story-line "Showdown on the Smuggler's Moon" and makes appearances in the Star Wars: Darth Vader comic series as well. In the Aftermath novels, Dengar both battles and befriends fellow bounty hunter Mercurial Swift, before joining Jas Emari to rescue Norra Wexley during the Battle of Jakku, and receives a pardon from the New Republic. DJ DJ, an acronym for "Don't Join", is a slicer who assists and then betrays Finn and Rose Tico on their mission aboard the First Order flagship, the Mega-class Star Dreadnought Supremacy. The character has been portrayed by Benicio del Toro in Episode VIII. Din Djarin / The Mandalorian Main article: The Mandalorian (character) Tan Divo Tan Divo is a Coruscant police inspector during the Clone Wars, often displaying a pompous attitude. After the end of the Clone Wars, Divo lived on Alderaan and died when the first Death Star blew up the planet in an event known as "The Disaster". The character has been voiced by Tom Kenny in The Clone Wars. Lott Dod Lott Dod is a Neimoidian senator of the Trade Federation, representing the trade conglomerate's interests in the Galactic Senate. The character has been portrayed by Silas Carson in Episode I (voiced by Toby Longworth), and voiced by Gideon Emery in The Clone Wars. Jan Dodonna Jan Dodonna is a general and leader of the Rebel base on Yavin 4 who plans the attack on the first Death Star. The character has been portrayed by Alex McCrindle in Episode IV, voiced by Michael Bell in Rebels, and portrayed by Ian McElhinney in Rogue One. In Episode IV, he is also the first character to utter the phrase, "May the Force be with you". Count Dooku / Darth Tyranus Main article: Count Dooku Cin Drallig Cin Drallig is a Jedi Master who serves as the battlemaster and head of security for the Jedi Temple in the final days of the Clone Wars. He is killed by Darth Vader during the siege of the Jedi Temple. The character has been portrayed by Nick Gillard in Episode III, and voiced by Robin Atkin Downes in The Clone Wars. Caleb Dume / Kanan Jarrus Main article: Kanan Jarrus Cara Dune Main article: Cara Dune Rio Durant Rio Durant is an Ardennian pilot and long-time associate of criminals Tobias and Val Beckett. He is killed during a failed Coaxium heist for the Crimson Dawn. The character has been voiced by Jon Favreau in Solo. Tala Durith Tala Durith is a disillusioned Imperial officer on Mapuzo who aids Ben Kenobi and Princess Leia via the Path. The character has been portrayed by Indira Varma in Obi-Wan Kenobi. E CT-1409 "Echo" CT-1409, or "Echo", is an ARC Trooper and member of Domino Squad and the 501st Legion, who is seemingly killed in the Battle of Lola Sayu. In reality, however, he was captured and used against his will as a pawn by the Separatists for their campaign on Anaxes. After being rescued by Captain Rex and the Bad Batch, he plays a key role in leading the Republic to victory in the battle of Anaxes, before joining Clone Force 99 as its latest member. Following Order 66, Echo along with most of the team rebel against the Empire and become mercenaries. He later leaves the squad to join Rex to "do more" against the Empire. The character has been voiced by Dee Bradley Baker in The Clone Wars and The Bad Batch. The Eighth Brother The Eighth Brother is a masked Terellian Jango Jumper who trailed the former Sith Lord Darth Maul to the planet Malachor, before falling to his death attempting to flee from the combined might of Maul, Kanan Jarrus, and Ahsoka Tano. The character has been voiced by Robbie Daymond in Rebels. Morgan Elsbeth Morgan Elsbeth is a former protégé of Grand Admiral Thrawn who leads a small Imperial Remnant on the planet Corvus and a survivor of the Nightsisters. She is targeted by Ahsoka Tano, who eventually defeats her and liberates the town of Calodan with Din Djarin's help, before interrogating her for Thrawn's whereabouts. Later, Elsbeth will be freed by her allies Baylan Skoll and Shin Hati. She hires Marrok, a former Inquisitor to kill Ahsoka and free Thrawn from his exile. Despite Marrok's death, Elsbeth, Skoll and Hati go on Peridea and find Thrawn and the Great Mothers. During the battle on Peridea, Elsbeth is killed by Ahsoka. The character has been portrayed by Diana Lee Inosanto in The Mandalorian, Ahsoka, and Tales of the Empire. Embo Embo is a Kyuzo bounty hunter that works for the highest bidder, but has a sense of honor. His weapons include a bowcaster and his hat, which he uses as both a boomerang and board. The character has been voiced by Dave Filoni in The Clone Wars.' Galen Erso Galen Erso is an Imperial research scientist and the father of Jyn Erso. As prime designer of the Death Star, Erso supplies information on a critical weakness which he had deliberately included in the weapon's design to the Rebellion, allowing an attack on the seemingly invulnerable battle station. Despite this, he is later mortally wounded by the Rebels in an attack on an Imperial base on Eadu, and gets to briefly reunite with his daughter before dying. The character has been portrayed by Mads Mikkelsen in Rogue One. Jyn Erso Main article: Jyn Erso Haja Estree Haja Estree is a human male con artist who worked on the planet Daiyu during the reign of the Galactic Empire. The character has been portrayed by Kumail Nanjiani in Obi-Wan Kenobi. Cornelius Evazan Dr. Cornelius Evazan is a character who antagonizes Luke Skywalker and is subsequently attacked with a lightsaber by Obi-Wan Kenobi in the Mos Eisley cantina. He is a human male with a heavily scarred face, accompanied by his Aqualish associate Ponda Baba. He claims to be a wanted man who has the death sentence in 12 systems. Evazan also bumps into Jyn Erso and threatens her on the streets of Jedha in Rogue One. The character has been portrayed by Alfie Curtis in Episode IV, and by Michael Smiley in Rogue One. F Onaconda Farr Onaconda Farr is a senator from Rodia initially aligned with the CIS, before eventually returning to the Republic thanks to his old friend and fellow Senator Padmé Amidala. He is later killed with a poisoned drink by his personal aide, Lolo Purs, who held him responsible for bringing the war to Rodia. The character has been portrayed by Zuraya Hamilton in Episode II, and voiced by Dee Bradley Baker in The Clone Wars. The Father One of the three Mortis gods, the Father represents the balance of the Force, between his Daughter, who embodies the light side of the Force, and his Son, who embodies the dark side. After growing old, he lures Anakin Skywalker, Obi-Wan Kenobi, and Ahsoka Tano to Mortis in order to test the former and see if he is indeed the "Chosen One" and will bring balance to the Force. He eventually becomes convinced of this, but Anakin refuses his offer to stay on Mortis and become his successor. The Father later commits suicide, which renders the Son mortal and allows Anakin to kill him for all the harm he had done. The character has been voiced by Lloyd Sherr in The Clone Wars. Boba Fett Main article: Boba Fett Jango Fett Main article: Jango Fett The Fifth Brother The Fifth Brother is the second Inquisitor introduced in Rebels. A gray-skinned humanoid, he and the Seventh Sister are dispatched to hunt down the crew of the Ghost after the death of the Grand Inquisitor. They are both ultimately killed by Maul on Malachor. The character has been voiced by Philip Anthony-Rodriguez in Rebels, and portrayed by Sung Kang in Obi-Wan Kenobi. Finn / FN-2187 Main article: Finn (Star Wars) Kit Fisto Kit Fisto is a Nautolan Jedi Master and member of the Jedi Council. He dies when attempting to arrest Darth Sidious. The character has been portrayed by Zachariah Jensen and Daniel Zizmor in Episode II, by Ben Cooke in Episode III, and voiced by Phil LaMarr in The Clone Wars. Fisto was first developed as a male Sith concept by concept artist Dermot Power. When the alien Sith apprentice idea was abandoned, Power revisited the tentacle-headed alien as a Jedi, with a less malevolent face, yet still with an imposing presence. He was initially planned to die at the hands of treacherous clone troopers in Order 66. CT-27-5555 "Fives" CT-27-5555, or "Fives", is an ARC Trooper and member of the Domino Squad and the 501st Legion, who participates in numerous battles of the Clone Wars. After witnessing his close friend Clone Trooper Tup unwittingly executing Jedi General Tiplar during the Battle of Ringo Vinda, Fives goes to great lengths to find answers for Tup's actions, ultimately leading to his discovery of Order 66. However, because of this, Palpatine frames him for an assassination attempt. Before he could reveal what he learned to Captain Rex and Anakin Skywalker, Fives is killed by Commander Fox under Palpatine's orders. The character has been voiced by Dee Bradley Baker in The Clone Wars. Bib Fortuna Main article: Bib Fortuna Babu Frik Babu Frik is an Anzellan droidsmith on Kijimi who helps Rey, Finn and Poe Dameron decrypt a message inside C-3PO's memory. He later survives the Sith Eternal's destruction of Kijimi and is present at the Battle of Exegol. The character has been voiced by Shirley Henderson in Episode IX. Henderson later voiced other Anzellan droidsmiths in season 3 of The Mandalorian. Garsa Fwip Garsa Fwip is the Twi'lek owner of The Sanctuary, a cantina in Mos Espa on Tatooine in the years following the fall of the Empire. She briefly interacted with Boba Fett after he assumed control of Jabba's criminal empire, before being killed by the Pykes in the ensuing power struggle. The character has been portrayed by Jennifer Beals in The Book of Boba Fett. G Adi Gallia Adi Gallia is a Tholothian Jedi Master and member of the Jedi Council. Gallia is killed by Savage Oppress during the Clone Wars. She also appears as a disembodied voice empowering Rey to face the rejuvenated Darth Sidious. The character has been portrayed by Gin Clarke in Episode I, and voiced by Angelique Perrin in The Clone Wars and Episode IX. Yarna d'al' Gargan Yarna d'al' Gargan is a Askajian dancer who is enslaved to Jabba the Hutt. The character has been portrayed by Claire Davenport in Episode VI. Garindan Garindan is a Kubaz spy who leads Imperial stormtroopers to the Millennium Falcon. The character has appeared in Episode IV. Phee Genoa Phee Genoa is a pirate who often searches for ancient wonders and artifacts. She becomes close with Clone Force 99 and introduces them to the calm, tropical planet of Pabu. She is voiced by Wanda Sykes in The Bad Batch. Saw Gerrera Main article: Saw Gerrera Steela Gerrera Steela Gerrera is the sister of Saw Gerrera, who was part of his rebellion against the Separatists on Onderon during the Clone Wars, and was killed by a droid gunship during the final battle while risking her life to save King Dendup. Her death deeply affected her brother. The character has been voiced by Dawn-Lyen Gardner in The Clone Wars. Moff Gideon Main article: Moff Gideon The Grand Inquisitor The Grand Inquisitor is an unnamed Jedi of the Pau'an species who becomes disillusioned with the Jedi Order due to the actions of the Jedi Council during the Clone Wars, and ultimately defects from it during Order 66, joining the Galactic Empire. Trained by Darth Vader alongside the other Inquisitors, he is tasked with hunting down all remaining Jedi throughout the galaxy, a mission which eventually brings him into conflict with Jedi Padawan Kanan Jarrus, the leader of a Rebel cell on the planet Lothal. Following his defeat by Jarrus, the Grand Inquisitor opts to commit suicide to avoid Vader's punishment for his failure. Later, his redemeed spirit, known as the Sentinel, helps Jarrus complete his Jedi training in order to become a Jedi Knight, before being enslaved by the Sith as a Temple Guard once more. The character has been voiced by Jason Isaacs in Rebels and Tales of the Empire. The Grand Inquisitor received positive critical reception, leading to interest in him reprising his role in live-action media on Disney+. Ultimately, Rupert Friend was cast as the Grand Inquisitor, portraying the character in his first live-action appearance in Obi-Wan Kenobi. Commander CC-1004 "Gree" CC-1004, or "Gree", is a clone Commander of the 41st Elite Corps, serving under Jedi Luminara Unduli during the Clone Wars. He takes part in the Battle of Kashyyyk and attempts to carry out Order 66 by executing Yoda, but the Jedi Master senses his intentions and swiftly decapitates him and another trooper. The character has been voiced by Temuera Morrison in Episode III, and voiced by Dee Bradley Baker in The Clone Wars. Greedo Further information: Han shot first Greedo is a Rodian bounty hunter from the Tetsu Clan and worked for crime boss Jabba the Hutt. Greedo's Huttese language is based on Quechua, the Inca language. He appears in the first Star Wars film during a scene where he confronts and threatens Han Solo, only to be killed by Solo. The scene was later altered so that Greedo also shoots at Han, leading to the infamous fan controversy known as "Han shot first", which the character has since come to be most associated with. Greedo was portrayed in 1977 by Paul Blake, as well as Maria De Aragon for some close-in pickup shots in 1977. Linguist Larry Ward performed the voice, speaking in a simplified form of Quechua, a South American language. A younger version of him was played by Simon Rose and Oliver Walpole in a deleted scene from the 1999 prequel film Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace. The character has made appearances in a few other pieces of Star Wars media, including the 2008 animated series Star Wars: The Clone Wars (voiced by Tom Kenny) and the 2015 video game Star Wars Battlefront. Captain CC-5576-39 "Gregor" CC-5576-39, or "Gregor", is a clone Commando thought to have died in the Battle of Sarrish. Stricken with amnesia and living on Abafar, he is later told by Colonel Meebur Gascon that he is a clone trooper, and seemingly sacrifices himself to help the Colonel and his droids to get off Abafar to save many Republic lives. However, he survives this ordeal and eventually returns to the Republic, after which he removes his biochip, so that he would not be forced to carry out Order 66. When the Republic is reorganized into the Empire after the end of the Clone Wars, Gregor is forced to train conscripted Imperial soldiers, until the Bad Batch rescue him. Years later, Gregor ends up in the Seelos system with fellow retired clones Rex and Wolffe, and is shown to have developed some eccentric tendencies. He aids a group of rebels against Imperial forces in a skirmish on the planet, and later takes part in a battle to free the planet Lothal from Imperial occupation, though he is fatally wounded by an Imperial technician during the battle. The character has been voiced by Dee Bradley Baker in The Clone Wars, Rebels, and The Bad Batch. Grievous Main article: General Grievous Din Grogu / The Child Main article: Grogu Nute Gunray Nute Gunray is the Neimoidian Viceroy of the Trade Federation whose invasion of Naboo is supported by Darth Sidious. His animosity towards Padmé Amidala leads him to join the Separatist Alliance as one of its high-ranking members. Following Count Dooku's death, Gunray was sent with the other Separatist Council leaders to Mustafar by General Grievous where they are eventually executed by Darth Vader. The character has been portrayed by Silas Carson in Episodes I-III, and voiced by Tom Kenny in The Clone Wars. George Lucas, a longtime Democrat, is believed to have created the name based on two famous Republican Party figures he did not care for: Newt Gingrich and Ronald Reagan. H Rune Haako Rune Haako is Nute Gunray's right-hand man. He is a high-ranking member of the Trade Federation the Separatist Council. He is killed along with the other Separatist leaders on Mustafar by Darth Vader. The character has been portrayed by Jerome Blake and James Taylor (voice) in Episode I, by Alan Ruscoe and Chris Truswell (voice) in Episode II, and by Sandy Thompson in Episode III. Shin Hati Shin Hati is the apprentice of former Jedi Baylan Skoll, who found Hati after himself surviving Order 66 and fleeing into the Unknown Regions. During the era of the New Republic, both operate as Dark Jedi mercenaries in search of power, working with Morgan Elsbeth. After the battle on Peridea, Hati stays to lead the Peridea bandits. Her name is an allusion to the celestial wolf Hati in Norse mythology, the companion of the celestial wolf Sköll. The character has been portrayed by Ivanna Sakhno in Ahsoka. Dr. Royce Hemlock Doctor Royce Hemlock served for the Galactic Republic and then became head of the Advanced Science Division based at Mount Tantiss. He reports directly to the Emperor as he works on a secret, highly-classified experiment regarding cloning technology. Dr. Hemlock uses child test subjects in order to yield results. Dr. Hemlock is voiced by Jimmi Simpson in The Bad Batch. Valin Hess Valin Hess is an Imperial officer who used to have Migs Mayfeld as a soldier. He encounters Mayfield again when he and Din Djarin infiltrate an Imperial rhydonium refinery on Morak to discover Moff Gideon's whereabouts and is killed by his former soldier just as he recognizes him because he insulted the soldiers killed during Operation: Cinder. The character has been portrayed by Richard Brake in The Mandalorian. Amilyn Holdo Main article: Vice-Admiral Holdo Ri-Lee Howell Ri-Lee Howell is a Jedi Master revealed in Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker - The Visual Dictionary. In this novel, which expands more of the universe in The Rise of Skywalker film, Howell is cited as a Jedi Master who assembled the sacred texts that were passed from Luke Skywalker to Rey. These texts were featured in The Last Jedi. While many of the sacred Jedi texts were stored and lost in subsequently holocrons, Howell's dedication to writing physical passages is what kept them alive. Ri-Lee Howell is named after real-life Riley Howell, a 21-year-old who was killed as he tackled a gunman that opened fire at the University of North Carolina. Because of his actions, he saved his classmates' lives. A profile written by the New York Times following his death read, "He was also a deep scholar of Star Wars, amassing a legion of Jedi action figures with his brother Ted, 14.” Lucasfilm reached out to his family and promised that he would be honored in the Star Wars universe. “Riley’s courage and selflessness brings out the Jedi in all of us,” the letter read. "Hunter" Sergeant "Hunter" is a deformed clone trooper and commander of Clone Force 99. He has genetic mutations that give him enhanced senses, such as tracking and feeling electromagnetic signals. During Order 66, after witnessing Jedi Master Depa Billaba's death, he lets her Padawan, Caleb Dume, escape. After the formation of the Empire, Hunter, along with most of Clone Force 99, rebels and escapes Kamino with a young unaltered clone named Omega. They become mercenaries, and Hunter forms a strong father-daughter relationship with Omega, leading him to want to quit being a soldier to give her a normal life. The character has been voiced by Dee Bradley Baker in The Clone Wars and The Bad Batch. Armitage Hux Main article: General Hux I IG-88B The IG-88 line was a derivative of the IG-86 sentinel droids used during the Clone Wars. IG-88B later became one of the galaxy's most infamous bounty hunters. Chirrut Îmwe Chirrut Îmwe is a blind warrior who believes in the Force and is said to be one of the Guardians of the Whills. He aids the Rebel Alliance in stealing the plans for the Death Star in Rogue One, and he is killed during the Battle of Scarif. The character has been portrayed by Donnie Yen in Rogue One. J Jabba the Hutt Main article: Jabba the Hutt Jannah Jannah is a former First Order stormtrooper originally designated as TZ-1719 who joins the Resistance and befriends Finn. Later Jannah accepts Landos offer to help her find her family The character has been portrayed by Naomi Ackie in Episode IX. CT-5597 "Jesse" CT-5597, or "Jesse", is an ARC Trooper within the 501st Legion who fights in many battles throughout the Clone Wars. During the Siege of Mandalore, he is captured by Darth Maul to be used as bait in luring Ahsoka Tano to him, but is eventually rescued. When Order 66 is issued, Jesse is among the clones to attempt to execute Ahsoka, as well as Rex after he has his chip removed and sides with her. Along with all the other troopers aboard, Jesse is killed when the Venator-class Star Destroyer Tribunal they are on crashes on a small moon, and is buried by Ahsoka and Rex. The character has been voiced by Dee Bradley Baker in The Clone Wars and Tales of the Jedi. Dexter Jettster Dexter Jettster is the Besalisk owner of Dex's Diner, and an old friend of Obi-Wan Kenobi, who provides Kenobi with information regarding the planet Kamino. The character has been voiced by Ronald Falk in Episode II. Tiaan Jerjerrod Moff Tiaan Jerjerrod is the commanding officer of the second Death Star. Jerjerrod is tasked by Darth Vader to hurry the completion of the second Death Star and warned that the Emperor is not as forgiving as Vader. The character has been portrayed by Michael Pennington in Episode VI. Qui-Gon Jinn Main article: Qui-Gon Jinn Cere Junda Cere Junda is a former Jedi Knight who trained Trilla Suduri, survivor of Order 66, and the co-pilot of the Stinger Mantis. She becomes the mentor figure and master for Cal Kestis, while trying to escape her troubled past and resume her own role as a Jedi. The character has been voiced by Debra Wilson in Jedi: Fallen Order and Jedi: Survivor. K Alexsandr Kallus Agent Alexsandr Kallus is a former member of the Imperial Security Bureau who led the efforts to suppress an uprising on the planet Lothal and developed a rivalry with Zeb Orrelios because Kallus took part in the attacks that wiped out much of his kind. He eventually begins to question his morality and loyalty to the Empire after he and Zeb are forced to work together to survive upon being stranded on a remote planet, near Geonosis. By the time Thrawn is promoted to Grand Admiral, Kallus has become a spy for the Rebel Alliance, and fully defects once his treason is discovered. Kallus plays a major role in the liberation of Lothal from Imperial occupation, and ends up befriending Zeb. The character has been voiced by David Oyelowo in Rebels. Maz Kanata Main article: Maz Kanata Greef Karga Main article: Greef Karga Syril Karn Syril Karn is a Deputy Inspector for Preox-Morlana (Pre-Mor) Authority, a corporate conglomerate in charge of a trade sector. Karn works for Pre-Mor's security services and is determined to capture Andor after he is suspected of murdering two Pre-Mor security employees. The character has been portrayed by Kyle Soller in Andor. Soller described his character as having "an extreme sense of need to impress, and fill a hole in himself. And so that really is about ascending to the top of whatever field he's in. The field he's chosen is one of restriction and complete control, and one of domination." Dr. Emerie Karr Doctor Emerie Karr is part of the medical professional team working on a highly-classified experiment at Mount Tantiss. She studies directly underneath Dr. Hemlock, the director of the Empire's Advanced Science Division. However, she shows more compassion to her child test subjects than the others on her team. She is directly related to Omega and Jango Fett. The character has been voiced by Keisha Castle-Hughes in The Bad Batch. Kassius Konstantine Admiral Kassius Konstantine is an Imperial Navy officer who assists the Inquisitors, Darth Vader, and Grand Admiral Thrawn in pursuing the Rebels. He is killed during the Battle of Atollon. The character has been voiced by Dee Bradley Baker in Rebels. Katuunko Katuunko is the Toydarian monarch who aids the Republic during the Clone Wars; killed by Savage Oppress after the Battle of Sullust. The character has been voiced by Brian George in The Clone Wars. Cinta Kaz Cinta Kaz is a human female who was a rebel within a network operated by Luthen Rael in resistance to the Galactic Empire. The character has been portrayed by Varada Sethu in Andor. Obi-Wan Kenobi / Ben Kenobi Main article: Obi-Wan Kenobi Cal Kestis Main article: Cal Kestis Agen Kolar Agen Kolar is an Iridonian Zabrak Jedi Master and member of the Jedi Council. He used to have a green lightsaber like fellow Iridonian Zabrak Jedi Master Eeth Koth but after his Padawan Tan Yuster died during the Geonosian Arena he took his kyber crystal and replaced his green crystal with his Padawan's blue crystal so he could remember him. He is the first Jedi who was killed while trying to arrest Darth Sidious. The character has been portrayed by Tux Akindoyeni in Episodes II-III. Plo Koon Plo Koon is a Kel Dor Jedi Master and Jedi Council member in the prequel trilogy. He discovered Ahsoka Tano on her homeworld, Shili, and participated in many battles during the Clone Wars. He is killed when his Jedi starfighter is shot down at Cato Neimoidia by his own military escort (a squadron of ARC-170 starfighters led by Captain Jag) as part of Order 66. The character has been portrayed by Alan Ruscoe in Episode I, by Matt Sloan in Episodes II-III, and voiced by James Arnold Taylor in The Clone Wars. Eeth Koth Eeth Koth is an Iridonian Zabrak Jedi Master and member of the Jedi Council. He was removed from the Jedi Council at the end of the Clone Wars and intended on leaving the Order, but Order 66 was issued before he could do so. Surviving, he goes into hiding and starts a family, but is eventually tracked down and killed by Darth Vader. The character has been portrayed by Hassani Shapi in Episode I, and voiced by Chris Edgerly in The Clone Wars. Pong Krell Pong Krell is a Besalisk Jedi who serves as a temporary commander of the 501st Legion during the Battle of Umbara in the Clone Wars. He hates clones and has secret aspirations to be Count Dooku's new apprentice, but is executed by the trooper Dogma after his treachery becomes known. His distinct anatomy allows him to wield two double-bladed lightsabers. The character has been voiced by Dave Fennoy in The Clone Wars. Orson Krennic Main article: Orson Krennic Black Krrsantan Main article: Black Krrsantan Bo-Katan Kryze Main article: Bo-Katan Kryze Satine Kryze Satine Kryze is the Duchess of Mandalore, sister of Bo-Katan, and romantic interest of Obi-Wan Kenobi. A pacifist leader, she tries not to get involved in the Clone Wars, and forms the Council of Neutral Systems, much to the disgust of the Death Watch, who try to assassinate and replace her numerous times throughout the war, but all their attempts are thwarted by the Jedi, particularly Kenobi. The Jedi Master had previously protected Satine in her youth, and the two formed a close bond, with Kenobi claiming that he would have left the Jedi Order a long time ago had Satine asked. Satine later watches her world fall to the Shadow Collective, under Darth Maul, who ultimately murders her in front of a captured Kenobi. The character has been voiced by Anna Graves in The Clone Wars. Kuiil Main article: Kuiil L Beru Whitesun Lars Beru Lars is the step-aunt by marriage and surrogate mother of Luke Skywalker, who takes him in after Luke's mother Padmé Amidala dies in childbirth and his father Anakin Skywalker turns to the dark side and becomes Darth Vader, though she like Owen is told by Anakin's former Jedi Master Obi-Wan Kenobi that Anakin died, but unlike her husband does not seem to resent Obi-Wan. She and her husband Owen are killed by stormtroopers at their home on Tatooine. The character has been portrayed by Shelagh Fraser in Episode IV, and by Bonnie Piesse in Episodes II-III and Obi-Wan Kenobi. Cliegg Lars Cliegg Lars is a moisture farmer who purchases, then frees and marries, Shmi Skywalker, becoming the stepfather of Anakin Skywalker, whom he meets only briefly. He loses his leg when pursuing the Sand People who had kidnapped Shmi. Cliegg passes away sometime between the onset of the Clone Wars and Anakin's turn to the dark side. The character has been portrayed by Jack Thompson in Episode II. The name Cliegg, and variations of it, have been in Star Wars drafts since 1974. Owen Lars Owen Lars is the stepson of Shmi, step-brother of Anakin and step-uncle and surrogate father of Luke Skywalker, who takes him in after Luke's mother Padmé dies in childbirth and his father Anakin falls to the dark side of the force and becomes Darth Vader, although Owen is told by Obi-Wan that his step-brother died, eventually coming to resent the Jedi Master for having taken Anakin away from Shmi and for tearing apart the Skywalker family. Owen and his wife, Beru, are killed by stormtroopers at their home on Tatooine, while Luke was away meeting with Obi-Wan "Ben" Kenobi. The character has been portrayed by Phil Brown in Episode IV, and by Joel Edgerton in Episodes II-III and Obi-Wan Kenobi. Cut Lawquane Cut Lawquane is a former clone trooper who deserted the army to live a quiet life as a farmer on Saleucami. He has a wife Suu and two children, Jek and Shaeeah. During the Clone Wars, he meets Captain Rex, and the pair eventually come to trust one another after working together to defend Cut's family from Commando Droids, with Rex deciding not to report Cut. After the formation of the Galactic Empire, Cut and his family, with help from the Bad Batch, leave Saleucami due to increased military presence on the planet. The character has been voiced by Dee Bradley Baker in The Clone Wars and The Bad Batch. Lobot Lobot is Lando Calrissian's cyborg aide. He has a cybernetic implant that allows him to interface directly with Cloud City's central computer. The character has been portrayed by John Hollis in Episode V. Kino Loy Kino Loy is a Trusty Foreman at the Imperial factory facility on the planet Narkina 5. The character has been portrayed by Andy Serkis in Andor. Serkis previously portrayed Supreme Leader Snoke in the sequel trilogy. M Crix Madine Crix Madine is a Rebel general who comes up with the plan of destroying the shield generator for the second Death Star. The character has been portrayed by Dermot Crowley in Episode VI. Baze Malbus Baze Malbus is a mercenary and friend of Chirrut Îmwe who aids the Rebel Alliance in stealing the plans for the Death Star in Rogue One. He is killed during the Battle of Scarif. The character has been portrayed by Jiang Wen in Rogue One Taron Malicos Taron Malicos is a Jedi Master who fought in the Clone Wars and survived Order 66. Left stranded on Dathomir for years, he eventually succumbed to the dark side and sought to learn the Nightsisters' magic by manipulating Nightsister Merrin. He attempts to lure Cal Kestis to the dark side, but Kestis defeats him with Merrin's help, who buries him alive. The character has been voiced by Liam McIntyre in Jedi: Fallen Order. Kleya Marki Kleya Marki is a human female who served as a concierge at Luthen Rael's gallery of artifacts and antiquities in the upper levels of the galactic capital Coruscant. She is also crucial to the operation of Rael's resistance activities. The character has been portrayed by Elizabeth Dulau in Andor. Rafa and Trace Martez Rafa Martez, a smuggler, and Trace Martez, a pilot and mechanic, are sisters from Coruscant who use a hangar and a laundromat as fronts for Rafa's illegal affairs. After their parents were killed and the Jedi did little to nothing to help them, the sisters became embittered against the Order, and sought to make enough money to leave Coruscant. Near the end of the Clone Wars, the sisters befriend Ahsoka Tano, who helps them when a job to deliver spice to the Pyke Syndicate falls through, leading to Rafa and Trace changing their views of the Jedi. Shortly after the rise of the Galactic Empire, the sisters are hired by Captain Rex to retrieve data from a tactical droid on Corellia, where they have a run-in with the Bad Batch, looking for the same data. In the end, the Bad Batch give the data to Rafa and Trace after learning they want to use it to fight the Empire. Rafa Martez has been voiced by Elizabeth Rodriguez, and Trace Martez has been voiced by Brigitte Kali, both appearing in The Clone Wars and The Bad Batch. Darth Maul Main article: Darth Maul Migs Mayfeld Main article: Migs Mayfeld Mart Mattin Mart Mattin is a young human Rebel pilot who was in Hera Syndulla's fighter squad during their ultimately ill-fated attack on Lothal City's Imperial base. He is the only other Rebel pilot besides Hera and Chopper to survive the battle and escape captivity, and is later retrieved to join the Lothal Rebel cell in their guerilla fight against the Empire, implementing a secret plan devised by Ezra Bridger to bring in a pod of Purrgil against Admiral Thrawn's fleet. The character has been voiced by Zachary Gordon in Rebels. Dedra Meero Dedra Meero is a supervisor for the Imperial Security Bureau who takes a particular interest into the actions of Cassian Andor and the growing rebellion. The character has been portrayed by Denise Gough in Andor. Ruescott Melshi Sergeant Ruescott Melshi is a member of the Rebel Alliance's special forces during the early stages of the Galactic Civil War. Portrayed by Duncan Pow, the character first appears in the film Rogue One (2016) as part of the team who sacrifices their lives to retrieve the plans for the new Death Star from the Imperial security facility on Scarif. Melshi later appears in the television series Andor (2022–present), set before the events of Rogue One, which chronicles how he and Cassian Andor met in, and broke out of, Imperial prison. Melshi has also made appearances in Star Wars books, audiobooks, and a video game. Sly Moore Sly Moore is an Umbaran personal aide of Palpatine and one of the few people aware of his identity as Darth Sidious. The character has been portrayed by Sandi Findlay in Episodes II-III. Mon Mothma Main article: Mon Mothma General Motti General Motti makes an appearance in the Death Star conference room early in Episode IV. He gets Force Choked by Darth Vader after he expresses little faith in Vader's ability to use the Force. The character was portrayed by Richard LeParmentier in the original Star Wars movie. Peli Motto Peli Motto is a docking bay attendant and ship mechanic working at Mos Eisley who is visited several times by Din Djarin, befriending him and Grogu. The character has been portrayed by Amy Sedaris in The Mandalorian and The Book of Boba Fett. Ki-Adi-Mundi Ki-Adi-Mundi is a Cerean Jedi Master and Jedi Council member in the prequel trilogy. Born 92 BBY. He is one of the leaders of the Jedi strike force sent to rescue Obi-Wan Kenobi, Anakin Skywalker, and Padmé Amidala on Geonosis, and a Jedi General during the Clone Wars. At the end of the Clone Wars, he leads his clone troopers in the Battle of Mygeeto, and is killed as a result of Order 66. Originally, Saesee Tiin was planned to die with him. The character has been portrayed by Silas Carson in Episodes I-III, and voiced by Brian George in The Clone Wars and Tales of the Jedi. N Rugor Nass Boss Rugor Nass is a Gungan leader who first established a treaty with the Naboo humans, and he later attends Padmé Amidala's funeral. He was the one to banish Jar Jar Binks but he also let Jar Jar Binks be a general. The character has been voiced by Brian Blessed in Episode I. Enfys Nest Enfys Nest is the leader of a gang of pirates called the Cloud Riders, who are revealed to be supporters of the nascent Rebel Alliance. The character has been portrayed by Erin Kellyman in Solo. Captain Needa Needa was a captain of the Imperial Star Destroyer Avenger in The Empire Strikes Back (portrayed by Michael Culver) who pursued the Millennium Falcon into the Asteroid Field after the Battle of Hoth. After losing track of the craft Vader kills him via the Force. 99 "Ninety-Nine" "99" is a deformed clone trooper who helps the Domino Squad during the Clone Wars. He is killed during one of the battles of Kamino. He is the namesake of Clone Force 99. The character has been voiced by Dee Bradley Baker in The Clone Wars. Jocasta Nu Jocasta Nu is a Jedi librarian featured in the prequel trilogy. She survives Order 66, but is later killed by Darth Vader. The character has been portrayed by Alethea McGrath in Episode II, and voiced by Flo Di Re in The Clone Wars and Tales of the Jedi. Nien Nunb Main article: Nien Nunb O Commander CC-2237 "Odd Ball" CC-2237, or "Odd Ball", is a clone Commander and pilot, who participates in several battles throughout the Clone Wars under the command of Obi-Wan Kenobi, such as the Battle of Teth, the Battle of Umbara, the Battle of Coruscant, and the Battle of Utapau. A skilled pilot, Odd Ball flies an assortment of starfighters, including the V-19 Torrent and the ARC-170. The character has been voiced by Temuera Morrison in Episode III, and voiced by Dee Bradley Baker in The Clone Wars. Barriss Offee Barriss Offee is a Mirialan Jedi apprentice of Luminara Unduli and a close friend of Ahsoka Tano. She later betrays Ahsoka and frames her for a terrorist bombing after she becomes disillusioned with the Jedi Order's wartime policies. Offee is eventually unmasked and defeated by Anakin Skywalker, resulting in her arrest. The character has been portrayed by Nalini Krishan in Episode II, and voiced by Meredith Salenger in The Clone Wars and Tales of the Empire. Hondo Ohnaka Hondo Ohnaka is the leader of the space pirates known as the Ohnaka Gang which kidnaps and attempts to ransom Obi-Wan Kenobi, Anakin Skywalker, Count Dooku—and later Ahsoka Tano—to the highest bidder during the Clone Wars. He follows a code of honor and respects the Jedi, whom he ends up helping several times in the war, but is not above using sneaky tactics and treachery if it is for "good business". Years after the Clone Wars, despite losing his crew to the Galactic Empire, Hondo continues his criminal activities while having dealings with the crew of the Ghost. The character has been voiced by Jim Cummings in The Clone Wars, Rebels, and Forces of Destiny. Ric Olié Pilot who flies the queen's ship while escaping Naboo and an N-1 starfighter as leader of Bravo Squadron. The character has been portrayed by Ralph Brown in Episode I. Omega Omega is a young female clone who served as Nala Se's medical assistant on Kamino, until joining Clone Force 99 to escape from the planet after their betrayal of the Empire. She is later revealed to be an unaltered clone of Jango Fett, similar to Boba Fett. She is captured by the Empire as she is the only clone with a perfectly replicated M-count and she gets brought to Dr Hemlock's base on Mount Tantiss. She later escapes Mount Tantiss with a lurca hound that she rescued called Batcher, and she also brings along a very reluctant Crosshair. She returns to Pabu, where Asajj Ventress (who was hired by Fennec Shand after Hunter and Wrecker complete a bounty for Shand) tests her for Force sensitivity, which she fails. The character has been voiced by Michelle Ang in The Bad Batch. Ketsu Onyo Ketsu Onyo is a Mandalorian bounty hunter and former estranged friend of Sabine Wren. She and Sabine were cadets at the Imperial Academy, later escaping and becoming bounty hunting partners before Ketsu left Sabine for dead and began working for the Black Sun. After they reconcile, Ketsu aids the Rebel Alliance. The character has been voiced by Gina Torres in Rebels and Forces of Destiny. Oola Oola is a Twi'lek dancer enslaved by Jabba the Hutt and chained to his throne; she is killed by Jabba's rancor after dancing for him. The character has been portrayed by Femi Taylor in Episode VI. New scenes featuring the character were filmed for the Special Edition of Return of the Jedi. When Taylor arrived for her reshoots, producers were stunned to discover she still fit into her original costume and had barely aged at all in the 15 years since originally shooting her scenes. Taylor credited this to her impressive dance career. Savage Opress Savage Opress is a Dathomirian Zabrak Nightbrother, and the brother of Darth Maul. He is hand picked by Asajj Ventress as part of her scheme to kill Count Dooku for the attempt on her life and is altered by the Nightsisters, becoming more of a berserker on Ventress' call to the point of killing Feral, (his adoptive brother), without remorse, Opress manages to become Dooku's new apprentice and learns only a bit in the ways of the Sith before Ventress has him help her fight Dooku, due to his actions under him getting unwanted attention from the Jedi. However, in the heat of the moment and provoked by both of them, Opress tries to kill both Dooku and Ventress before escaping the Jedi and instructed by Mother Talzin to find Maul so he can complete his training to defend himself against the numerous enemies he has made. Finding Maul a shell of his former self on a junk planet, Opress manages to stir up his fellow nightbrother's grudge with Obi-Wan to aid him in his revenge against the Jedi. He is later killed in a duel by Darth Sidious on Mandalore. The character has been voiced by Clancy Brown in The Clone Wars. Bail Organa Bail Organa is Leia Organa's adoptive father, a Senator of Alderaan and one of the Rebel Alliance's founding members. He adopts Leia after his ally and her birth mother, Padmé, dies and her birth father, Anakin Skywalker, becomes Darth Vader. Bail is killed in the destruction of Alderaan by the Death Star. The character has been portrayed by Jimmy Smits in Episodes II-III, Rogue One, and Obi-Wan Kenobi, and voiced by Phil LaMarr in The Clone Wars, Rebels, Tales of the Jedi and The Bad Batch. He first appeared in Attack of the Clones, portrayed by Jimmy Smits, though he appeared in scenes cut from The Phantom Menace, where he was portrayed by Adrian Dunbar, with Dunbar's character retconned into a separate character named Bail Antilles. Breha Organa Breha Organa is Queen of Alderaan, wife of Bail Organa, and adoptive mother of Leia Organa. She is killed in the destruction of Alderaan. The character has been portrayed by Rebecca Jackson Mendoza in Episode III, and by Simone Kessell in Obi-Wan Kenobi. Breha is also featured in the short story "Eclipse" and in the 2017 novel Leia, Princess of Alderaan. Leia Organa Main article: Princess Leia Garazeb "Zeb" Orrelios Garazeb "Zeb" Orrelios is the former Captain of the Lasat high honor guard who rose up against the Empire, which led to the near-extinction of his people. He is the muscle of the Ghost crew, serving under call sign Spectre 4. The genocide campaign against his people left him with a gruff demeanor, as well as leading him into conflict with Agent Kallus, though eventually Kallus defects from the Empire to join the Alliance as a Rebel spy. The character has been voiced by Steve Blum in Star Wars Rebels and The Mandalorian. The physical appearance of the Lasat species is based on Ralph McQuarrie's original conceptual artwork for Chewbacca. Art director Kilian Plunkett said: "Zeb actually is very articulate and witty and funny, and that's sort of juxtaposed with what he looks like, makes for an interesting character". P Sheev Palpatine / Darth Sidious Main article: Palpatine Quarsh Panaka Quarsh Panaka is the captain of the Queen Amidala's guard. The character has been portrayed by Hugh Quarshie in Episode I. In the novel Leia, Princess of Alderaan, he meets a young Leia Organa, but is subsequently assassinated by Saw Gerrera and his Partisans. Baron Papanoida Baron Papanoida is a Pantoran Senator and Chairman of the Pantoran Assembly. The character has been portrayed by George Lucas in Episode III, and voiced by Corey Burton in The Clone Wars. Gilad Pellaeon Gilad Pellaeon is an Imperial officer who served as a captain in the naval forces of the Galactic Empire as part of Grand Admiral Thrawn's Seventh Fleet. He was first introduced in Timothy Zahn's Thrawn trilogy. The character made his live-action debut in the third season of The Mandalorian. The character has been voiced by Jim Cummings in Rebels and voiced by Xander Berkely in Tales of the Empire. Berkeley previously portrayed the character in The Mandalorian. Doctor Penn Pershing Penn Pershing is an Imperial Doctor working for Moff Gideon who experiments on Grogu, but does not want to harm him. The character has been portrayed by Omid Abtahi in The Mandalorian. Captain Phasma Main article: Captain Phasma Even Piell Even Piell is a Lannik Jedi Master and Council Member. During the Clone Wars, he participated in a mission regarding the Nexus Route, a key hyperspace lane discovered in the Outer Rim. Piell was captured, imprisoned, and tortured in the prison known as the Citadel, along with Wilhuff Tarkin, who held the other half of the secret information. A rescue mission was sent, but Piell was killed by local wolf-like anoobas just after giving Ahsoka Tano his piece of the information. The character has been portrayed by Michaela Cottrel in Episode I, and voiced by Bair Bless in The Clone Wars. Firmus Piett Main article: Admiral Piett Unkar Plutt Unkar Plutt is a Crolute Junkboss on the planet Jakku who pays out portions of food in exchange for pieces of salvage. He attempts to bargain the droid BB-8 from Rey and then tries to steal it when she refuses, but Rey ends up fleeing the planet by stealing the Millennium Falcon from him. The character has been portrayed by Simon Pegg in Episode VII, and voiced by Dee Bradley Baker in Forces of Destiny. Poggle the Lesser Poggle the Lesser is the Archduke of Geonosis, part of the Techno Union and one of the Separatist leaders killed by Darth Vader on Mustafar. Poggle controls the Geonosian battle droid factories and commands the droid army that fought in the two battles of Geonosis. He also assists in the early planning and construction of the first Death Star. The character has been voiced by Marton Csokas in Episode II, and voiced by Matthew Wood in The Clone Wars. Commander CT-411 "Ponds" CT-411, or "Ponds", is a Clone Commander who serves Mace Windu in the Clone Wars. He helps organize clone commando units on Geonosis and fights on Ryloth and Malastare in later battles. He is eventually captured by a group of bounty hunters and executed by Aurra Sing in an attempt to lure Windu into a trap. The character has been voiced by Temuera Morrison in Episode II, and voiced by Dee Bradley Baker in The Clone Wars. Yarael Poof Yarael Poof was a Quermian Jedi High Council member who died between Episode I and Episode II. The character has been portrayed by Michelle Taylor in Episode I. Jek Porkins Jek Porkins is a portly X-wing pilot codenamed "Red Six" who is killed in the attack on the first Death Star. The character has been portrayed by William Hootkins in Episode IV. Porkins has gained some comedic notoriety due to his size, manner and untimely death, which was spoofed in the Family Guy episode Blue Harvest. Arihnda Pryce Arihnda Pryce is the Imperial Governor of Lothal. She was killed when the Lothal Insurgents blew up the Imperial Dome during the Liberation of Lothal. The character has been voiced by Mary Elizabeth McGlynn in Rebels. Her backstory is explored in the novel Star Wars: Thrawn. Enric Pryde Enric Pryde is a former Imperial Admiral who rose to prominence as Allegiant General of the First Order during Kylo Ren's reign. He develops a rivalry with General Hux, whom he eventually executes after discovering his treason, and later is put in charge of the Sith Eternal's fleet, the Final Order, during the Battle of Exegol, where he dies when the command bridge of his Resurgent-class Star Destroyer Steadfast is destroyed by Finn. The character has been portrayed by Richard E. Grant in Episode IX. Lom Pyke Lom Pyke is Minister of the Pyke Syndicate during the Clone Wars who joins the Shadow Collective and participates in the attack on Sundari with his criminal allies. When the Jedi Council later investigate the disappearance of Sifo-Dyas, Obi-Wan Kenobi and Anakin Skywalker are sent to Oba Diah to confront the Pykes. Lom is forced to tell the truth behind the death of Sifo-Dyas to the Jedi, as well as the Pykes' involvement, though he offers his prisoner Silman in return for amnesty. When Count Dooku learns of this, he arrives on Oba Diah and kills Lom. The character has been voiced by Matt Lanter in The Clone Wars. Q Qi'ra Main article: Qi'ra Quarrie Quarrie (voiced by Corey Burton) is a Mon Calamari engineer living on the planet Shantipole. He built the prototype B-wing, the Blade Wing, which was gifted to Hera in "Wings of the Master", and later oversaw the secret construction of more B-wings for the Rebel Alliance at Senator Organa's request. The character has been voiced by Corey Burton in Rebels. He is named after Star Wars concept artist Ralph McQuarrie. Qui-Gon Jinn Main article: Qui-Gon Jinn R Raddus Raddus is a green-skinned Mon Calamari admiral of the Rebel Alliance that perishes during the Battle of Scarif. He serves as the namesake of the Resistance MC85 Star Cruiser known as the Raddus. The character has been portrayed by Paul Kasey and voiced by Stephen Stanton in Rogue One. Luthen Rael Luthen Rael is a part of the Rebel Alliance who hires Cassian on his first mission as a Rebel operative. Publicly, Luthen poses as an eccentric antiques dealer from Coruscant. The character has been portrayed by Stellan Skarsgård in Andor. Lyn Rakish / The Fourth Sister The Fourth Sister is the second Inquisitor introduced in Obi-Wan Kenobi. She was originally a Jedi Knight, but fell to the dark side of the Force and joined the Galactic Empire by becoming part of the Inquisitorius, Jedi hunters at the service of Darth Vader to hunt the Jedi into extinction. The Fourth Sister is later involved in trying to track down Obi-Wan Kenobi, a survivor of Order 66. The character has been portrayed by Rya Kihlstedt in Obi-Wan Kenobi and Tales of the Empire. Dak Ralter Dak Ralter is Luke Skywalker's snowspeeder gunner who dies in the Battle of Hoth when their snow speeder is damaged by an Imperial walker. The character has been portrayed by John Morton in Episode V. Vice Admiral Edmon Rampart Vice Admiral Rampart moved up the ranks after the fall of the Republic. He was stationed on Kamino to oversee the clone trooper for the new Galactic Empire. He unquestionably loyal to Governor Tarkin. Rampart gets arrested after the Galactic Senate sees evidence of his order destroying a city. He is sent to a forced labor camp on Erebus and is labeled as a traitor to the Empire. He is later rescued by Clone Force 99 as they need him to locate Mount Tantiss and rescue a trapped Omega. He is voiced by Noshir Dalal in The Bad Batch. Oppo Rancisis Oppo Rancisis is a Thisspiasian Jedi Master and Jedi Council member. He was trained by fellow Jedi Master Yaddle and at the end of the Clone Wars, he survived Order 66. The character has been portrayed by Jerome Blake in Episode I. Fenn Rau Fenn Rau is the leader of the Protectors of Concord Dawn, part of the elite Protectors organization who guard the royal family of Mandalore. A veteran of the Clone Wars, he accepted Imperial bribes to prevent rebel travel through his system, but later ordered his men to permit rebel passage to keep the Empire away after being captured by Sabine. He later sided with the Rebellion after his men were slaughtered by the Imperial Super Commandos and eventually joined Clan Wren in the Mandalorian Civil War. The character has been voiced by Kevin McKidd in Rebels. Max Rebo Max Rebo is an Ortolan keyboard player and leader of the Max Rebo Band. The character has been portrayed by Simon Williamson in Episode VI, as well as making a cameo appearance in The Book of Boba Fett. Ren Main article: Ren (Star Wars) Captain CT-7567 "Rex" Main article: Captain Rex Rey Main article: Rey (Star Wars) Nossor Ri Nossor Ri was the chieftain of the Quarren and lead the Quarren Isolation League. Ri conspired with the CIS to attack the Mon Calamari during the Clone Wars. He eventually realized his mistake and betrayed the CIS. Decades later he sacrificed his life to help the Resistance escape the First Order attack on Mon Cala. The character has been voiced by Corey Burton in The Clone Wars. Kawlan Roken Kawlan Roken is a human male dissident during the height of the Galactic Empire, who operated an underground network known as Hidden Path that smuggled surviving Jedi and Force-sensitives to safety during the Great Jedi Purge. The character has been portrayed by O'Shea Jackson Jr. in Obi-Wan Kenobi. Bodhi Rook Main article: Bodhi Rook Roshti Roshti is Governor of the planet Kiros and leader of a colony of 50,000 Togruta during the Clone Wars. The character has been voiced by Corey Burton in The Clone Wars. Rukh Rukh is a Noghri assassin who serves as an agent and tracker under Grand Admiral Thrawn. He has a keen sense of smell which he uses to track down victims, and he wields an electrostaff. He first tracks the Spectres after they try to escape with vital information about the TIE Defender, and he captures Hera Syndulla after the Rebel Alliance's failed attack on the Lothal TIE factory. Rukh battles Kanan during Hera's escape, and after getting knocked off the roof, tracks the escapees. He battles both Zeb and Sabine, but is defeated and nearly beaten to death by Zeb until Sabine stops him and sends him back unconscious and covered in paint by Sabine to the city as a living message to the Imperial forces. Rukh is later killed after Zeb traps him in an generator during the final battle on Lothal. The character has been voiced by Warwick Davis in Rebels and Tales of the Empire. Rukh originally appeared in the Star Wars Legends Thrawn novel trilogy, where he is Thrawn's bodyguard who ultimately turns against and kills Thrawn. S Sabé Sabé is one of Padmé Amidala's handmaidens. Sabé is the queen's decoy; for parts of the movie, the Sabé character is addressed as Amidala. She reappears in the Darth Vader comics. The character has been portrayed by Keira Knightley in Episode I. Vel Sartha Vel Sartha is a Rebel leader on the planet Aldhani, and cousin of Mon Mothma. In 2023, the character was portrayed by Faye Marsay in Andor. Jun Sato Jun Sato is the commander of the rebel cell Phoenix Squadron, which the Ghost crew joins. He is also the uncle of Rebel pilot Mart Mattin. He sacrifices himself during the Battle of Atollon in order for Ezra Bridger to get reinforcements. The character has been voiced by Keone Young in Rebels. Gar Saxon Gar Saxon is a Mandalorian warrior who serves under Darth Maul. Alongside Rook Kast, he aids Maul's escape from Darth Sidious and commands his forces during the Siege of Mandalore, until Maul betrays them and allows them to be captured by the Republic in order to make his own escape. Following the Galactic Empire's takeover of Mandalore, Saxon becomes Imperial Viceroy and Governor, wiping out the protectors, but is ultimately defeated by Sabine Wren and killed by Ursa Wren. The character has been voiced by Ray Stevenson in The Clone Wars and Rebels. Tiber Saxon Tiber Saxon is Gar Saxon's brother, appointed Imperial Governor of Mandalore and leader of the Super Commandos after his brother was killed by Clan Wren. To put down the Mandalorian rebellion, he ordered the construction of a weapon known as an Arc Pulse Generator, code-named the "Duchess" (after the late Duchess Satine Kryze), developed by Sabine Wren when she was a cadet at the Imperial Academy on Mandalore. The weapon specifically targeted the alloy used in Mandalorian armor and superheated it, vaporizing the wearer. However, as Sabine had destroyed the plans and damaged the prototype when she defected, the weapon was not at its full potential; Grand Admiral Thrawn ordered the new Governor Saxon to capture Sabine to perfect the weapon. Imprisoned aboard Saxon's Imperial I-class Star Destroyer in the Mandalorian capital, Sabine altered the weapon to affect the alloys in Imperial armor, before breaching its core with the Darksaber and escaping. The explosion vaporized the Star Destroyer, killing Saxon and those of his men still on board. The character has been voiced by Tobias Menzies in Rebels. Nala Se Nala Se is a Kaminoan scientist in charge of the cloning process. She cares for her medical assistant, a young female clone named Omega, and helps her and Clone Force 99 escape from Kamino after they betray the Empire. The character has been voiced by Gwendoline Yeo in The Clone Wars and The Bad Batch. Sebulba Sebulba is a Dug podracer who competes against Anakin Skywalker. He is very arrogant and competitive, and will resort to any means to achieve victory, even cheating. Once a slave, Sebulba's podracing skills bought his freedom. The character has been voiced by Lewis MacLeod in Episode I. Aayla Secura Aayla Secura is a Twi'lek Jedi. She is one of the thousands of Jedi to fall victim of Order 66, getting betrayed and killed by her own clone troopers on Felucia. Aayla also appears as a disembodied voice empowering Rey to face the revived Darth Sidious. The character has been portrayed by Amy Allen in Episodes II-III, and voiced by Jennifer Hale in The Clone Wars and Episode IX. Zev Senesca Zev Senesca is a member of the Rebel Alliance and Rogue Squadron pilot, designated as "Rogue Two", Senesca pilots a snowspeeder and dies during the Battle of Hoth in combat against the Imperial AT-AT walkers. He is also the pilot who locates Han Solo and Luke Skywalker, who are stranded in the snow away from the Rebel base on Hoth. The character has been portrayed by Christopher Malcolm in Episode V. Reva Sevander / The Third Sister Reva Sevander is a ruthless, ambitious Inquisitor who survived Order 66 as a Jedi Youngling. She takes special interest in hunting down Obi-Wan Kenobi among other surviving Jedi, blaming him for Anakin Skywalker's turn to the dark side to become Darth Vader. Secretly, she plans to use her position to assassinate Vader for killing her Youngling friends, stabbing and apparently killing the Grand Inquisitor and succeeding him in his role. Ultimately, she fails and is stabbed by Vader, revealing that her treachery was already suspected, and that the previous Grand Inquisitor survived her attempt at killing him. She survives and tries to seek further revenge on Vader by killing his young son, Luke, but she decides against it and reconciles with Kenobi. The character has been portrayed by Moses Ingram in Obi-Wan Kenobi. The Seventh Sister The Seventh Sister is a Mirialan Inquisitor introduced in the second season of Rebels, who uses mini probe droids to track her targets. After the Grand Inquisitor's death, she and the Fifth Brother are tasked with hunting the Ghost crew. They are both ultimately killed by Maul on Malachor. The character has been voiced by Sarah Michelle Gellar in Rebels. Fennec Shand Main article: Fennec Shand Aurra Sing Aurra Sing is a feared Palliduvan bounty hunter from Nar Shaddaa. She was once a member of the Jedi Order and had a past romantic relationship with Hondo Ohnaka. During the Clone Wars, Aurra takes jobs with other mercenaries such as Cad Bane, and even becomes a mentor and mother figure to a young Boba Fett. She is apparently killed by Tobias Beckett at a later point. The character has been portrayed by Michonne Bourriague in Episode I, and voiced by Jaime King in The Clone Wars. Tera Sinube Tera Sinube is an elderly Cosian Jedi Master who wielded a white lightsaber based on a cane sword. Sinube spent most of his time studying in the Jedi Temple Archives, and formed a friendship with Ahsoka Tano while helping her recover her stolen lightsaber. After the rise of the Empire, Sinube's body was discovered by Obi-Wan Kenobi in the Fortress Inquisitorius, preserved in amber, and likely meaning he survived Order 66 before being killed by Inquisitors. The character has been voiced by Greg Baldwin in The Clone Wars. The Sixth Brother The Sixth Brother is an Inquisitor of unknown species and origin, sent to hunt down and kill the rogue Jedi Ahsoka Tano after her escape from Order 66 based on the tip of a local villager who observed her using the Force. The Sixth Brother slaughters most of the community, and he is eventually killed by Tano after a quick duel. The character has been voiced by Clancy Brown in Tales of the Jedi. Baylan Skoll Baylan Skoll is a former Jedi who survived Order 66 by fleeing into the Unknown Regions, where he took on Shin Hati as his apprentice. During the era of the New Republic, both operate as Dark Jedi mercenaries in search of power, working with Morgan Elsbeth. After they found Thrawn and the battle of Peridea, Skoll follows his own agenda to pursue a mysterious force calling out to him. His name is an allusion to the celestial wolf Sköll in Norse mythology, the companion of the celestial wolf Hati. The character has been portrayed by Ray Stevenson in Ahsoka. Anakin Skywalker / Darth Vader Main article: Darth Vader Luke Skywalker Main article: Luke Skywalker Shmi Skywalker Shmi Skywalker is the mother of Anakin Skywalker, and Luke and Leia's paternal grandmother. Qui-Gon Jinn attempts to bargain for her freedom from slavery but fails. Shmi encourages Anakin to leave Tatooine with Qui-Gon to seek his destiny, but Anakin finds it hard to leave without her. A widowed moisture farmer named Cliegg Lars later falls in love with Shmi, and after he purchases her freedom from Watto, they marry. Shmi dies in Anakin's arms after being kidnapped and tortured by Tusken Raiders. The character has been portrayed by Pernilla August in Episodes I-II and The Clone Wars. Snoke Main article: Supreme Leader Snoke Sy Snootles Sy Snootles is a female Pa'lowick and lead vocalist of the Max Rebo Band. During the Clone Wars, she is Ziro the Hutt's lover, but works as a spy for the Hutt Clan and eventually kills him. The character has been performed by puppeteers Tim Rose and Mike Quinn in Episode VI, and voiced by Annie Arbogast in Episode VI, and voiced by Nika Futterman in The Clone Wars. Osi Sobek Osi Sobek is a Phindian CIS commander who serves as the warden of the prison known as "The Citadel" on the planet Lola Sayu. He is killed by Ahsoka Tano during a mission to break out Jedi Master Even Piell. The character has been voiced by James Arnold Taylor in The Clone Wars. Ben Solo / Kylo Ren Main article: Kylo Ren Han Solo Main article: Han Solo The Son One of the Mortis gods, the Son is the embodiment of the dark side of the Force, child of the Father, and brother to the Daughter. Unlike his sister, he is often disobedient to their father and secretly wishes to kill him so that he could escape from Mortis. To this ends, he corrupts Ahsoka Tano with his dark influence, and attempts to seduce Anakin Skywalker, whom the Father believed to be the Chosen One and a possible successor, to the dark side, which he briefly succeeds in doing by showing him visions of his future, until the Father erases those visions from Anakin's mind. While attempting to kill the Father, the Son accidentally kills his sister and, though devastated, does not stop from trying to achieve his goal. Realizing this, the Father commits suicide to render the Son mortal, who finally reconciles with him before Anakin kills him. The character has been voiced by Sam Witwer in The Clone Wars. Lama Su Lama Su is the Prime Minister of Kamino. During the Clone Wars, he is revealed to be in the employ of Darth Tyranus as part of the scheme to have the clones eliminate the Jedi. The character has been voiced by Anthony Phelan in Episode II, and by Bob Bergen in The Clone Wars and The Bad Batch. Trilla Suduri / The Second Sister Trilla Suduri is an Inquisitor and former Jedi Padawan of Cere Junda, who was captured and tortured by the Empire after Cere betrayed her location under intense interrogation. She is assigned to hunt down Cal Kestis and retrieve a Holocron containing a list of Force-sensitive children. She is later killed by Darth Vader for her failure. The character has been voiced by Elizabeth Grullon in Jedi: Fallen Order. The Second Sister also makes a cameo appearance in the comic series Darth Vader: Dark Lord of the Sith. Cham Syndulla Cham Syndulla is a Twi'lek freedom fighter who opposes the Separatists independently before allying with the Republic Army when the Clone Wars come to Ryloth. In the aftermath of the Clone Wars, Cham opposes the newly established Galactic Empire's occupation of his world and becomes distanced from his daughter Hera after the death of her mother due to his single-minded determination to liberate Ryloth at any cost. The pair are later reconciled after Cham and his warriors Gobi and Numa team up with Hera's crew to steal an Imperial carrier and shoot down an Imperial cruiser over Ryloth. The character has been voiced by Robin Atkin Downes in The Clone Wars, Rebels, and The Bad Batch. Hera Syndulla Main article: Hera Syndulla Jacen Syndulla Jacen Syndulla is a male human and Twi'lek hybrid who was born during the time of the Galactic Civil War. He was the son of General Hera Syndulla and the late Jedi Knight Kanan Jarrus, and the grandson of Twi'lek revolutionary leader Cham Syndulla. The character has been portrayed by Evan Whitten in Ahsoka. T Orn Free Taa Orn Free Taa is a Twi'lek who represents Ryloth in the Galactic Senate during the prequel trilogy. The character has been portrayed by Jerome Blake in Episode I, by Matt Rowan in Episodes II-III, and voiced by Phil LaMarr in The Clone Wars and The Bad Batch. General Taggi / Tagge General Taggi, portrayed by Don Henderson in the original Star Wars movie, makes an appearance in the Death Star conference room. He says that the Rebel Alliance should be taken more seriously, and seems appalled by the news of the dissolution of the Imperial Senate. In Marvel Comics, the character is given a back story and is referred as Cassio Tagge or Grand General Tagge. Mother Talzin Mother Talzin is the Dathomirian leader of the Nightsister clans before and during the Clone Wars, and the biological mother of Maul, Savage Opress, and Feral. She possesses great magical powers, including mind control, manipulating matter, and turning into mist. Following General Grievous's attack on Dathomir, she is one of the few surviving Nightsisters. Later, Talzin manipulates a cult into stealing the living Force within other beings and collect it in an orb for her. When enough is collected, Talzin intends to absorb the Force and gain great strength beyond any other Jedi or Sith. However, she is defeated by the combined efforts of Mace Windu and Jar Jar Binks. She is later killed by Grievous during a fight with Palpatine and Dooku. The character has been voiced by Barbara Goodson in The Clone Wars. Wat Tambor Wat Tambor is the Skakoan Foreman of the Techno Union and Executive of Baktoid Armor Workshop before and during the Clone Wars. He serves on the Separatist Council during the Clone Wars and helps to fund and supply the Confederacy of Independent Systems. He is one of the Separatist leaders killed by Darth Vader on Mustafar. The character has been voiced by Chris Truswell in Episode II, and voiced by Matthew Wood in The Clone Wars. Ahsoka Tano / Fulcrum / Ashla Main article: Ahsoka Tano Wilhuff Tarkin Main article: Grand Moff Tarkin Tarfful Tarfful is a Wookiee chieftain who, along with Chewbacca, commands the Wookiee warriors during the Battle of Kashyyyk, and later helps Yoda escape the clone troopers after Order 66 is given. The character has been portrayed by Michael Kingma in Episode III. He also appears in the video game Star Wars Jedi: Fallen Order. Roos Tarpals Roos Tarpals is a Gungan soldier who held the rank of Captain, and later General. He fought during the Clone Wars for the Gungan Grand Army and the Galactic Republic, starting with the Battle of the Grassy Plains in Naboo. He is killed in a confrontation with General Grievous, sacrificing his life to ensure the Confederate leader's capture. The character has been voiced by Steve Speirs in Episode I, and voiced by Fred Tatasciore in The Clone Wars. Jaro Tapal Jaro Tapal is a Lasat Jedi Master who trained Cal Kestis and sacrificed himself to help him escape during Order 66. Tapal's death haunted Cal for years, who blamed himself for what happened, but he eventually found the strength to forgive himself. The character has been voiced by Travis Willingham in Jedi: Fallen Order. "Tech" "Tech" is a deformed clone trooper and member of Clone Force 99. He is the team's brains, having genetic mutations that make him more intelligent and skilled with technology than other clones. Following Order 66, Tech along with most of the team rebel against the Empire and become mercenaries. He sacrifices himself for the Bad Batch so that the rest of them can return safely. The character has been voiced by Dee Bradley Baker in The Clone Wars and The Bad Batch. Lor San Tekka Lor San Tekka is a former explorer and a devout follower of the Church of the Force, as well as an old ally of Luke Skywalker, living on the planet Jakku. He gives Poe Dameron a fragment of the map needed to find Luke, and is subsequently executed by Kylo Ren. The character has been portrayed by Max von Sydow in Episode VII. Carson Teva Carson Teva is Captain in the New Republic's Starfighter Corps from Alderaan who rescues Din Djarin from a swarm of ice spiders on Maldo Kreis, and later offers Greef Karga the chance to help the New Republic defeat the Empire. The character has been portrayed by Paul Sun-Hyung Lee in The Mandalorian, The Book of Boba Fett and Ahsoka. Thrawn Main article: Grand Admiral Thrawn Shaak Ti Shaak Ti is a Togruta Jedi Master and member of the Jedi Council. She is killed by Darth Vader at the Jedi Temple on Coruscant during Order 66. The character has been portrayed by Orli Shoshan in Episodes II-III, and voiced by Tasia Valenza in The Clone Wars. Rose Tico Main article: Rose Tico Saesee Tiin Saesee Tiin is an Iktotchi Jedi Master and member of the Jedi High Council. He is the second of the four Jedi Masters who dies trying to arrest Darth Sidious. He uses a green lightsaber. The character has been portrayed by Khan Bonfils in Episode I, by Jesse Jensen in Episode II, by Kenji Oates in Episode III, and voiced by Dee Bradley Baker in The Clone Wars. Initially, he and Ki-Adi Mundi were going to be gunned down in Order 66 on Mygeeto in Revenge of the Sith. Trench Trench is the Harch Admiral of the Separatist Navy who commands the blockade of the planet Christophsis. He is one of the most skilled military tacticians at the time and supposedly has a history of being able to track cloaked ships. He seemingly dies early in the Clone Wars, but later reemerges with cybernetics covering nearly half of his body. Trench is finally killed by Anakin Skywalker. The character has been voiced by Dee Bradley Baker in The Clone Wars. CC-5385 "Tup" CC-5385, or "Tup", is a rookie clone trooper who has a teardrop tattoo on his face, and matching designs on his helmet. He participates in the Battle of Umbara, and was key to the capture of rogue Jedi General Pong Krell. During his time in the campaign on Ringo Vinda, Tup's biochip malfunctions, leading him to carry out Order 66 earlier than intended. As Tup was being shipped back to Kamino for evaluation, he was kidnapped by the Separatists but recovered shortly afterwards. He dies of medical complications on Kamino during the ensuing investigation. The character has been voiced by Dee Bradley Baker in The Clone Wars. Gregar Typho Gregar Typho is the nephew of Captain Panaka, and Amidala's bodyguard. The character has been portrayed by Jay Laga'aia in Episodes II-III, and voiced by James Mathis III in The Clone Wars. U Luminara Unduli Luminara Unduli is a Mirialan Jedi Master in the prequel trilogy and Barriss Offee's mentor. She is killed as a result of Order 66. Luminara's body was used to lure Rebels and surviving Jedi into a trap, under the guise that she was still alive. Luminara later appears as a disembodied voice empowering Rey to face the revived Darth Sidious. The character has been portrayed by Mary Oyaya in Episode II, Fay David in Episode III, and voiced by Cree Summer in Clone Wars, and by Olivia d'Abo in The Clone Wars and Episode IX. V Finis Valorum Finis Valorum is the Supreme Chancellor of the Galactic Republic, who is ousted from office, allowing Palpatine to rise to power. The character has been portrayed by Terence Stamp in Episode I, and voiced by Ian Ruskin in The Clone Wars. Finis valorum is Late Latin for "the end of values". According to performer Terence Stamp, the character was intended by George Lucas to be based on then-President of the United States Bill Clinton as a "good but beleaguered man," although Stamp noted that this had been before the Clinton impeachment trial. Valorum's name stems from the original drafts of The Star Wars, in which it belonged to a character combined with Vader, then Vader's master, before being phased out of the original trilogy. Cobb Vanth Main article: Cobb Vanth Maximilian Veers General Maximilian Veers is commander of the 501st Legion who leads the Empire's attack on Hoth, commanding the lead AT-AT Imperial Walker. The character has been portrayed by Julian Glover in Episode V. Asajj Ventress Main article: Asajj Ventress Iden Versio Main article: Iden Versio Cikatro Vizago Cikatro Vizago is a Devaronian crime lord who the Ghost crew occasionally runs errands and smuggles goods for in exchange for credits and information. He later aids the Ghost crew in getting past the Imperial blockade of Lothal, but is found out, sold as a slave to the Mining Guild and made to operate an ore crawler skimming Lothal's surface for minerals. After being freed by Ezra's team, he joins the Lothal rebels, and assists the Ghost crew in the final battle against Governor Pryce and Grand Admiral Thrawn. The character has been voiced by Keith Szarabajka in Rebels. Paz Vizsla Main article: Paz Vizsla Pre Vizsla Pre Vizsla is a Mandalorian warlord and the leader of the Death Watch during the Clone Wars. He wields the Darksaber, an ancient lightsaber forged by his ancestor, Tarre Vizsla. As the governor of Concordia, one of Mandalore's moons, Pre Vizsla initially forms a secret alliance with Count Dooku to take control of Mandalore by overthrowing its pacifist government led by Duchess Satine Kryze. Vizsla breaks ties with Dooku when their plan fails, and he later allies with Darth Maul and Savage Opress in recruiting the Black Sun, the Pyke Syndicate and the Hutt Clan to form a criminal organization known as the Shadow Collective. After ousting Duchess Satine, Vizsla betrays his allies and has them imprisoned, but Maul escapes and challenges Vizla to single combat. Vizsla accepts and is defeated by Maul, who executes him and takes over Mandalore and the Death Watch. The character has been voiced by Jon Favreau in The Clone Wars. Dryden Vos Dryden Vos is a near-human crime lord who serves as the figurehead of the Crimson Dawn crime syndicate, led from the shadows by Darth Maul, and has history with Tobias Beckett, whom he recruited to steal coaxium for him. He is killed and replaced by his top lieutenant, Qi'ra. The character has been portrayed by Paul Bettany in Solo. Vos also briefly appears as a hologram in the final season of The Clone Wars, which establishes him as a lieutenant of Maul from during the Clone Wars. Quinlan Vos Quinlan Vos is a Kiffar Jedi Master in The Clone Wars, and the master of Jedi Aayla Secura. He teams up with (and falls in love with) Asajj Ventress in an attempt to assassinate Count Dooku, but ends up turning to the dark side. He is eventually redeemed with Ventress's help, who sacrifices herself to save him. Vos later respectfully buries her on her homeworld, Dathomir, and is reinstated into the Jedi Order. He is one of the few known survivors of Order 66. The character has been voiced by Al Rodrigo in The Clone Wars. The character's design was based on a background extra from the Tatooine set in The Phantom Menace, and this extra was retroactively made Vos on a secret mission for the Jedi Council. W Wicket W. Warrick Main article: Wicket W. Warrick Watto Main article: Watto Taun We Taun We is a Kaminoan administrator who guides Obi-Wan Kenobi during his visit to the cloning facility. Following the rise of the Empire, she is killed by Fennec Shand. The character has been voiced by Rena Owen in Episode II and The Bad Batch. During filming, Owen wore a maquette of the alien's head atop a hardhat, providing her co-stars with the proper eye-line for talking with the character. Zam Wesell Zam Wesell is a Clawdite bounty hunter hired by Jango Fett to assassinate Padmé Amidala. She fails in her mission and is killed with a poison dart by Fett before she could reveal his involvement. The character has been portrayed by Leeanna Walsman in Episode II. Temmin "Snap" Wexley Temmin "Snap" Wexley is a Resistance X-wing fighter pilot, and he dies during the Battle of Exegol. He is the son of wayward Rebel pilot Norra Wexley. The character has been portrayed by Greg Grunberg in Episode VII and IX. He is also a major character in the Star Wars: Poe Dameron comic series, as well as the Aftermath trilogy as a resourceful teenager. Mace Windu Main article: Mace Windu Commander CC-3636 "Wolffe" CC-3636, or "Wolffe", is a Clone Commander of the 104th Battalion and leader of the "Wolfpack", serving under Jedi Plo Koon during the Clone Wars. During the war, he gained a large scar on his right eye. He is one of the few clones to have removed his inhibitor chip and, as such, was not forced to carry out Order 66. During the Galactic Empire era, he ends up in the Seelos system with fellow clones Rex and Gregor, and later helps the Rebels free Lothal from Imperial occupation. The character has been voiced by Dee Bradley Baker in The Clone Wars and Rebels. "Wrecker" "Wrecker" is a deformed clone trooper and member of Clone Force 99. He is the team's muscles, having genetic mutations that make him much larger and stronger than other clone troopers. Following Order 66, Wrecker along with most of the team rebel against the Empire and become mercenaries. Though Wrecker's biochip is later activated, causing him to briefly turn on his squadmates, though they manage to remove it from his brain and restore his free will. The character has been voiced by Dee Bradley Baker in The Clone Wars and The Bad Batch. Sabine Wren Main article: Sabine Wren X Xi'an Xi'an is a Twi'lek member of Ranzar Malk's crew, who is skilled in fighting with a knife, the sister of Qin, and an old associate and former lover of Din Djarin. After her brother is captured and imprisoned aboard a New Republic transport, the crew tries to rescue with the help of Djarin. Xi'an and the others secretly planned to abandon Djarin once they released Qin, but he outsmarts and defeats them, resulting in their arrest. The character has been portrayed by Natalia Tena in The Mandalorian. Hamato Xiono Hamato Xiono is a human male senator from the planet Hosnian Prime who served in the New Republic Senate and is the father of Resistance operative Kazuda Xiono. By 9 ABY, Xiono was performing his duties as a senator in the New Republic. During this time, his ideals for the direction the burgeoning republic should take directly clashed with warnings from General Hera Syndulla of the Imperial Grand Admiral Thrawn's return, culminating in a failed attempt to court-martial her for disobeying direct orders. The character has been voiced by Tzi Ma in Star Wars Resistance, and he is portrayed by Nelson Lee in Ahsoka. Y Yaddle Yaddle is a female member of Yoda's mysterious species who appears as a member of the Jedi Council. She trained Cal Kestis' Master Jaro Tapal and she is killed attempting to stop Dooku from turning to the dark side. The character has been portrayed by Phil Eason in Episode I, and voiced by Bryce Dallas Howard in Star Wars: Tales of the Jedi. She was created from a concept art by Iain McCaig for a young Yoda. Yoda Main article: Yoda Wullf Yularen Wullf Yularen is an Imperial officer on the first Death Star. During the Clone Wars, Yularen served as an admiral in the Republic Navy, and a leader of Anakin Skywalker's fleet. He is later transferred to colonel and also the leader of the Imperial Security Bureau. He was killed in the destruction of the Death Star. The character has been portrayed by Robert Clarke in Episode IV, voiced by Tom Kane in The Clone Wars and Rebels, and portrayed by Malcolm Sinclair in Andor. Z Ziro the Hutt Ziro is a Galactic Basic-speaking Hutt crime lord, Jabba the Hutt's flamboyant uncle, and Mama the Hutt's son, who secretly plots to overthrow the Hutt Clan and usurp all their power. During the Clone Wars, he makes a secret plan with Count Dooku to have Jabba's son captured by Assajj Ventress and blame the Jedi for the incident, but their scheme fails, as Jabba's son is rescued by Anakin Skywalker and Ahsoka Tano, and Ziro is discovered and arrested by Padmé Amidala. While in prison, he hires Aurra Sing to assassinate Amidala, but she fails. Later, fearing that Ziro will give the Republic the Hutt Council's records that he had hidden away, Jabba hires Cad Bane and a team of bounty hunters to break him out of prison, with them taking several Senators hostage in exchange for Ziro's release. Ziro then meets with the rest of the Hutt Clan on Nal Hutta, but refuses to tell them where he had hidden the records and, thus, is imprisoned. He is broken out by his lover, Sy Snootles, shortly after, and the two of them head over to Mama the Hutt's house on Teth, where the records are located. However, Snootles betrays Ziro and reveals that she was hired by Jabba to find the records, before killing him. The character has been voiced by Corey Burton in The Clone Wars. Zuckuss Zuckuss is a Gand bounty hunter among those who answer Darth Vader's call to capture the Millennium Falcon. He is a skilled tracker, and often works alongside the droid 4-LOM. The character has been portrayed by Cathy Munroe in Episode V. The action figure of the character released in Kenner's original Star Wars action figure line was misidentified as his droid colleague "4-LOM". See also Lists of Star Wars actors Lists of Star Wars film actors Lists of Star Wars television series actors List of Star Wars creatures List of The Mandalorian characters List of The Book of Boba Fett characters List of Star Wars droid characters List of Star Wars Legends characters List of Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic characters List of Star Wars books References ^ McMilian, Graeme (April 25, 2014). 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Kenner Action Names Sold Separately!". StarWars.com. Lucasfilm. Retrieved March 16, 2017. vteFictional universe of Star WarsConcepts The Force Architecture Clone Wars Languages Physics CharactersFilms Admiral Ackbar Padmé Amidala Cassian Andor Wedge Antilles BB-8 Tobias Beckett Jar Jar Binks C-3PO Lando Calrissian Chewbacca Poe Dameron Count Dooku / Darth Tyranus Jyn Erso Boba Fett Jango Fett Finn (FN-2187) Bib Fortuna Saw Gerrera Greedo General Grievous Vice-Admiral Holdo Jabba the Hutt General Hux Qui-Gon Jinn K-2SO Maz Kanata Obi-Wan Kenobi Orson Krennic Darth Maul Mon Mothma Nien Nunb Leia Organa Sheev Palpatine / Darth Sidious Captain Phasma Admiral Piett Qi'ra R2-D2 Kylo Ren / Ben Solo Rey Anakin Skywalker / Darth Vader Luke Skywalker Supreme Leader Snoke Han Solo Grand Moff Tarkin Rose Tico Quinlan Vos Wicket W. 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Spectacular Jedi Training: Trials of the Temple Star Tours The Adventures Continue Path of Jedi Galaxy's Edge Millennium Falcon – Smugglers Run Rise of the Resistance Galactic Starcruiser Hyperspace Mountain Launch Bay Star Wars Weekends Where Science Meets Imagination Star Wars Celebration In Concert Hyperspace Lounge Documentaries The Making of Star Wars SP FX: The Empire Strikes Back Classic Creatures: Return of the Jedi From Star Wars to Jedi: The Making of a Saga Empire of Dreams: The Story of the Star Wars Trilogy Science of Star Wars The Legacy Revealed Star Wars Tech Lego Droid Tales The Resistance Rises The Freemaker Adventures Rebuild the Galaxy Merchandise Action figures Kenner list Hasbro Vintage Collection Transformers Pez Force Trainer Shepperton Design Studios Trading cards Vinylmation Other Video games list Books reference books Star Wars Insider Comics list manga Legends characters Thrawn trilogy Shadows of the Empire Galaxies Knights of the Old Republic The Force Unleashed The Old Republic The High Republic Production George Lucas Lucasfilm Cast film television series Changes in film re-releases Han shot first Filming locations Opening crawl Art Sources and analogues comparison to Star Trek Accolades The Force Awakens Special effects of The Empire Strikes Back Duel of the Fates Light & Magic Cultural impact Star Wars fandom 501st Legion Rebel Legion Religion Chewbacchus Jediism Jedi census phenomenon Star Wars Day Star Wars and Other Galactic Funk Fan websites Wookieepedia TheForce.Net Spaceballs Force for Change Chewbacca defense Yoda conditions Death Star (business) Strategic Defense Initiative List of organisms named after the Star Wars series Robot Chicken: Star Wars The Family Guy Trilogy "The Saga Begins" Space Janitors The Force Awakens from Its Nap Rogue Not Quite One A Disturbance in the Force The Force is with Cristal Beer Category	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Star Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Wars"},{"link_name":"List of Star Wars Legends characters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Star_Wars_Legends_characters"},{"link_name":"List of Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic characters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Star_Wars:_Knights_of_the_Old_Republic_characters"},{"link_name":"List of Star Wars Rebels characters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Star_Wars_Rebels_characters"},{"link_name":"List of Star Wars creatures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Star_Wars_creatures"},{"link_name":"Star Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Wars"},{"link_name":"Lucasfilm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucasfilm"},{"link_name":"The Walt Disney Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Company"},{"link_name":"Star Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Wars_(film)"},{"link_name":"Star Wars Legends","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Wars_expanded_to_other_media"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-THR_Legends-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SW_Legends-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SW_Adult-3"},{"link_name":"Skywalker Saga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skywalker_Saga"},{"link_name":"Star Wars: The Clone Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Wars:_The_Clone_Wars_(2008_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"droid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droid_(Star_Wars)"},{"link_name":"the list of Star Wars droid characters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droid_(Star_Wars)#List_of_droid_characters"},{"link_name":"list of Star Wars Legends characters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Star_Wars_Legends_characters"},{"link_name":"list of Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic characters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Star_Wars:_Knights_of_the_Old_Republic_characters"},{"link_name":"A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#A"},{"link_name":"B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#B"},{"link_name":"C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#C"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#D"},{"link_name":"E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#E"},{"link_name":"F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#F"},{"link_name":"G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#G"},{"link_name":"H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#H"},{"link_name":"I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#I"},{"link_name":"J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#J"},{"link_name":"K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#K"},{"link_name":"L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#L"},{"link_name":"M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#M"},{"link_name":"N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#N"},{"link_name":"O","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#O"},{"link_name":"P","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#P"},{"link_name":"Q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Q"},{"link_name":"R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#R"},{"link_name":"S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#S"},{"link_name":"T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#T"},{"link_name":"U","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#U"},{"link_name":"V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#V"},{"link_name":"W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#W"},{"link_name":"X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#X"},{"link_name":"Y","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Y"},{"link_name":"Z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Z"},{"link_name":"References","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#References"}],"text":"This article is about major characters appearing in Star Wars Canon media. For characters appearing only/introduced in Legends material, see List of Star Wars Legends characters. For characters appearing only/introduced in Knights of the Old Republic/The Old Republic material, see List of Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic characters. For characters appearing only/introduced in Rebels, see List of Star Wars Rebels characters. For Star Wars creatures/species, see List of Star Wars creatures.This incomplete list of characters from the Star Wars franchise contains only those which are considered part of the official Star Wars canon, as of the changes made by Lucasfilm in April 2014. Following its acquisition by The Walt Disney Company in 2012, Lucasfilm rebranded most of the novels, comics, video games and other works produced since the originating 1977 film Star Wars as Star Wars Legends and declared them non-canon to the rest of the franchise.[1][2][3] As such, the list contains only information from the Skywalker Saga films, the 2008 animated TV series Star Wars: The Clone Wars, and other films, shows, or video games published or produced after April 2014.The list includes humans and various alien species. No droid characters are included; for those, see the list of Star Wars droid characters. Some of the characters featured in this list have additional or alternate plotlines in the non-canonical Legends continuity. To see those or characters who do not exist at all in the current Star Wars canon, see the list of Star Wars Legends characters and list of Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic characters.Contents: \n \nA\nB\nC\nD\nE\nF\nG\nH\nI\nJ\nK\nL\nM\nN\nO\nP\nQ\nR\nS\nT\nU\nV\nW\nX\nY\nZ\nReferences","title":"List of Star Wars characters"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"A"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Gial Ackbar","title":"A"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Stass Allie","text":"Stass Allie is a Tholothian Jedi Master and the cousin of Adi Gallia. Allie is one of the many victims of Order 66.[4] She was initially planned to die with Kit Fisto.[citation needed]The character has been portrayed by Lily Nyamwasa in Episode III.","title":"A"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Darth Maul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darth_Maul"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Julian Holloway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Holloway"}],"sub_title":"Almec","text":"Almec is a Mandalorian politician who serves as Prime Minister of Mandalore during the Clone Wars. A prominent supporter of Satine Kryze and her New Mandalorian government, he is imprisoned for his involvement in an illegal smuggling ring but is later freed and reinstated as a puppet leader after Darth Maul takes over the New Mandalorian capital city of Sundari. When Maul is later captured by Darth Sidious, Almec sends Mandalorian super commandos Gar Saxon and Rook Kast to rescue him. During the Siege of Mandalore, he is captured by Bo-Katan Kryze's force and is killed by Saxon when he attempts to relay information to Ahsoka, Rex, and Bo-Katan.[5]The character has been voiced by Julian Holloway in The Clone Wars.","title":"A"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gallius Rax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallius_Rax"},{"link_name":"Stephen Stanton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Stanton"},{"link_name":"Aftermath: Life Debt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Wars:_Aftermath:_Life_Debt"},{"link_name":"Aftermath: Empire's End","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Wars:_Aftermath:_Empire%27s_End"}],"sub_title":"Mas Amedda","text":"Mas Amedda is the Chagrian Vice Chair of the Galactic Senate. He is Grand Vizier and head of the Imperial Ruling Council, installed by Gallius Rax as the puppet leader of the Empire following Palpatine's death. Amedda is also one of the few people to know about Palpatine's secret persona as Darth Sidious. Amedda formally surrenders the Empire to the New Republic.The character has been portrayed by Jerome Blake and David Bowers in Episodes I-III, and voiced by Stephen Stanton in The Clone Wars and The Bad Batch. His story has also been expanded in Aftermath: Life Debt and Aftermath: Empire's End.","title":"A"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Padmé Amidala","text":"Padme Amidala is the Queen of Naboo in Star Wars: Episode I - The Phantom Menace and later becomes the Senator of Naboo sometime between Episodes 1-2 and she continues to serve from Attack of the Clones, throughout the Clone Wars, and into Revenge of the Sith. Later on, she develops a relationship with Jedi Padawan Anakin Skywalker and secretly marries him on Naboo. Near the end of the war, she tells Anakin that she is pregnant, but Anakin starts having nightmares about her dying in childbirth. He turns his back on the Jedi and joins Darth Sidious to try to save her. Later, she travels to the volcanic system of Mustafar to try to bring him back to the light but he won't listen, and after Anakin sees Obi-wan Kenobi, he Force-chokes her and she falls unconscious. After Obi-wan defeats Anakin and takes her the medical facility on Poliss Massa, she gives birth to Luke and Leia but soon after dies of a broken heart.","title":"A"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Cassian Andor","title":"A"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fiona Shaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiona_Shaw"}],"sub_title":"Maarva Andor","text":"Maarva Andor is a human female who lived during the final decades of the Galactic Republic and into the era of the Galactic Empire. Alongside her husband, Clem, Maarva became the adoptive mother of Cassian Andor, whom they rescued while smuggling on the planet Kenari.The character has been portrayed by Fiona Shaw in Andor.","title":"A"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"The Armorer","title":"A"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tantive IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tantive_IV"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NME-6"},{"link_name":"C-3PO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-3PO"},{"link_name":"R2-D2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R2-D2"},{"link_name":"Rohan Nichol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohan_Nichol"}],"sub_title":"Raymus Antilles","text":"Raymus Antilles is captain of the CR90 corvette Tantive IV, where he is strangled to death by Darth Vader.[6] Antilles was also the last master of C-3PO and R2-D2 before they fall under the ownership of Luke Skywalker. In the final days of the Republic, Antilles served as captain of the CR70 corvette Tantive III.The character has been portrayed by Peter Geddis in Episode IV, by Rohan Nichol in Episode III, and by Tim Beckmann in Rogue One.","title":"A"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Wedge Antilles","title":"A"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Chelli Lona Aphra","title":"A"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Clancy Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clancy_Brown"}],"sub_title":"Ryder Azadi","text":"Ryder Azadi is the former Governor of Lothal and a family friend to Ephraim and Mira Bridger. He secretly assisted them in their campaign against the Galactic Empire which led to their arrest. Ryder escaped prison, but his friends did not. He later met Ezra and Kanan on Lothal. After helping in a mission that also involved Princess Leia, Ryder decided to form a new Rebel cell on Lothal. He later pretends to betray the Rebels in order to lure Governor Pryce into a trap. During the final part of the battle, Ryder tries to get Pryce to come along quietly when the Imperial base begins to take off and explode to no avail, but Pryce chooses to die, staying loyal to the Empire until the end. After the liberation of Lothal, Ryder assisted in its reconstruction and assumed the governorship.The character has been voiced by Clancy Brown in Rebels, and Brown reprised his role in Ahsoka.","title":"A"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"James Hong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Hong"}],"sub_title":"Azmorigan","text":"Azmorigan is a Jablogian crime lord and business partner of Vizago's. He was first tricked by Lando Calrissian into giving the entrepreneur a mining-purposed puffer pig and trading it for Hera, who then outsmarted Azmorigan and escaped from his ship, the Merchant One, to Calrissian and the Ghost crew. Azmorigan cornered them at Vizago's mining estate, intending to reclaim the puffer pig and Hera along the Ghost and its crew but was defeated there and is forced to flee. In The Wynkahthu Job, having formed an alliance with Hondo, with the two of them attacking an Imperial cargo ship only to have it become caught in the storms of a nearby planet, forcing them to call upon the Ghost crew for help. The salvage operation gets the rebels several proton bombs and an encounter with Imperial Sentry Droids, while Hondo only succeeds in unintentionally recovering one of his Ugnaughts.The character has been voiced by James Hong in Rebels.","title":"A"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"B"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mos Eisley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mos_Eisley"},{"link_name":"Obi-Wan Kenobi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obi-Wan_Kenobi"},{"link_name":"lightsaber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightsaber"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-movieweb-8"},{"link_name":"Jedha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jedha"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-movieweb-8"}],"sub_title":"Ponda Baba","text":"Ponda Baba is an Aqualish mercenary who attacks Luke Skywalker in the Mos Eisley cantina, and then gets his arm cut off by Obi-Wan Kenobi's lightsaber. He is an associate of Dr. Cornelius Evazan, who also antagonizes Luke Skywalker in the cantina.[7] When the original Kenner action figure for Baba was released, the then-unnamed alien was called simply \"Walrus Man\".[8]In Episode IV the character was portrayed by Tommy Ilsley. In Rogue One, he is seen with Dr. Evazan on the streets of Jedha.[8]","title":"B"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Cad Bane","title":"B"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Darth Bane","text":"Darth Bane was ancient Sith Lord who was responsible for creating the Rule of Two: A master and an apprentice. In the Clone Wars season 6 Lost Episodes, Grand Master Yoda travels to the ancient Sith system known as Moraband and he encounters an illusion of Darth Bane.","title":"B"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Tobias Beckett","title":"B"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thandiwe Newton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thandiwe_Newton"}],"sub_title":"Val Beckett","text":"Val Beckett is the wife and partner-in-crime of Tobias Beckett. She is killed during a failed Coaxium heist for the Crimson Dawn.The character has been portrayed by Thandiwe Newton in Solo.","title":"B"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Force"},{"link_name":"Tom Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Baker"}],"sub_title":"The Bendu","text":"The Bendu is an ancient Force-wielder whose philosophy predates the Jedi Order; encountered by the rebels on the planet Atollon, where he describes himself as being \"the middle\" between the ashla, light side of the Force, and the bogan, dark side of the Force.The character has been voiced by Tom Baker in Rebels.","title":"B"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jedi Master","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jedi"},{"link_name":"Grogu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grogu"},{"link_name":"Order 66","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_66_(Star_Wars)"},{"link_name":"Naboo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naboo"},{"link_name":"Ahmed Best","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Best"},{"link_name":"web-based","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streaming_television"},{"link_name":"children's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children%27s_television_series"},{"link_name":"game show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_show"},{"link_name":"Star Wars: Jedi Temple Challenge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Wars:_Jedi_Temple_Challenge"}],"sub_title":"Kelleran Beq","text":"Kelleran Beq is a Jedi Master who rescued Grogu from Order 66 with the help of the Royal Naboo Security Forces.The character has been portrayed by Ahmed Best in The Mandalorian, reprising his role from the 2020 web-based children's game show Star Wars: Jedi Temple Challenge.","title":"B"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oliver Ford Davies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Ford_Davies"}],"sub_title":"Sio Bibble","text":"Sio Bibble is the Governor of Naboo.The character has been portrayed by Oliver Ford Davies in Episodes I-III.","title":"B"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"General Grievous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Grievous"},{"link_name":"Caleb Dume","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caleb_Dume"},{"link_name":"Kanan Jarrus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanan_Jarrus"},{"link_name":"Archie Panjabi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archie_Panjabi"}],"sub_title":"Depa Billaba","text":"Depa Billaba is a Jedi Master on the Jedi High Council who falls into a six-month coma after an encounter with General Grievous on Haruun Kal. While recovering, she forms a bond with Padawan Caleb Dume (who will later become known as Kanan Jarrus), whom she takes on as her apprentice. She sacrifices herself during Order 66 to save her Padawan.The character has been portrayed by Dipika O'Neill Joti in Episodes I-II, and voiced by Archie Panjabi in The Bad Batch.","title":"B"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Jar Jar Binks","text":"Jar Jar Binks is a Gungan from the Naboo system. At first Jar Jar was banished from Gungan City for being clumsy but then after meeting Jedi Master Qui-gon Ginn and his apprentice Obi-wan Kenobi, he took them to Gungan City. As soon as step foot in the city, he was taken into custody by General Tarpals and escorted along with Jedi to Boss Nass leader of the Gungans at the time. Once the Jedi convinced Boss Nass to let Jar Jar come with them, he helped them rescue the Queen. Later on Tattooine, he almost got in trouble with Sebulba, a dangerous Dug podracer but was saved by young Anakin Skywalker. Many years later, Jar Jar became the Representative of Naboo but he is responsible for giving Chancellor Palpatine emergency powers during the Clone Wars, which ultimately facilitated the rise of the Empire.","title":"B"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Keri Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keri_Russell"}],"sub_title":"Zorii Bliss","text":"Zorri Bliss is a leader of a group of spice-smugglers from the planet Kijimi and a past love interest of Resistance pilot Poe Dameron. She later was among the many who assisted the Resistance in the air battle against the Sith Eternal forces over Exegol.The character has been portrayed by Keri Russell in Episode IX.","title":"B"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ahsoka Tano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahsoka_Tano"},{"link_name":"Jason Spisak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Spisak"}],"sub_title":"Lux Bonteri","text":"Lux Bonteri is son of Separatist senator Mina Bonteri, and freedom fighter during the Clone Wars; love interest of Ahsoka Tano. After his mother's assassination, he becomes the representative of his homeworld Onderon in the Galactic Senate.The character has been voiced by Jason Spisak in The Clone Wars.","title":"B"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bounty hunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bounty_hunter"},{"link_name":"Darth Vader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darth_Vader"},{"link_name":"Millennium Falcon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium_Falcon"},{"link_name":"Jabba's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabba_the_Hutt"},{"link_name":"Wookiees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wookiee"},{"link_name":"Chewbacca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chewbacca"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15Bossk-9"},{"link_name":"bodyguard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodyguard"},{"link_name":"Boba Fett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boba_Fett"},{"link_name":"Dee Bradley Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dee_Bradley_Baker"},{"link_name":"The Clone Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Wars:_The_Clone_Wars_(2008_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Ralph McQuarrie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_McQuarrie"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-11"},{"link_name":"Mos Eisley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mos_Eisley"},{"link_name":"A New Hope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Wars_(film)"},{"link_name":"Stuart Freeborn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Freeborn"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-11"},{"link_name":"Royal Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Doctor Who","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Who"},{"link_name":"The Tenth Planet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tenth_Planet"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-11"},{"link_name":"Riot gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riot_gun"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ferguson-14"},{"link_name":"Solo: A Star Wars Story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solo:_A_Star_Wars_Story"},{"link_name":"Tobias Beckett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobias_Beckett"},{"link_name":"Han Solo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Solo"},{"link_name":"Chewbacca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chewbacca"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Enfys Nest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enfys_Nest"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Kasdan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Kasdan"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Bossk","text":"Bossk is a notorious Trandoshan bounty hunter who is one of the six summoned by Darth Vader to track down the Millennium Falcon. He is also seen in Jabba's Palace. Bossk is the son of bounty hunter Cradossk and is known for his hatred and hunting of Wookiees, with a particular vendetta against the Wookiee Chewbacca.[9] During the Clone Wars, he mentors and serves as a bodyguard to a young Boba Fett, eventually joining his syndicate of bounty hunters.The character has been portrayed by Alan Harris in Episodes V-VI, and voiced by Dee Bradley Baker in The Clone Wars.In the fourth draft of The Empire Strikes Back, Bossk was written as a slimy, tentacled monster with two huge bloodshot eyes in a soft baggy face.[10] Concept art of Bossk was drawn by artist Ralph McQuarrie in either late 1978 or early 1979.[11]The head, feet, and arms of the character were recycled from the Mos Eisley cantina scene in A New Hope and sculpted by make-up artist Stuart Freeborn.[11] The outfit used for the character was a High-Altitude Windak Pressure Suit used by the Royal Air Force in the 1960s and was recycled from the 1966 Doctor Who serial The Tenth Planet.[12][13] An insignia was applied to the shoulder of the costume to give the appearance that Bossk was a part of an \"organized unit.\"[11] His weapon was made from a Webley-Schermuly Riot gun with various add-ons.[14]Bossk is mentioned in Solo: A Star Wars Story, when Val complains to her husband Tobias Beckett about hiring Han Solo and Chewbacca instead of experienced mercenaries such as Bossk.[15] In earlier drafts, Bossk was written in as a member of the Enfys Nest's Cloud Riders who abandons her at the end of movie. Screenwriter Jonathan Kasdan \"fought long and hard\" to include this in Solo but was overruled.[16]","title":"B"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Ezra Bridger","text":"Ezra Bridger is human male Jedi Knight from the planet of Lothal. He was born on Empire day(when the Republic became the Empire.)As a young boy, his parents spoke out against the Empire and as a result they were taken away from him and executed by the Empire. Now on his own, Ezra became a local thief surviving on his own. Then one day everything changed. His day started out the same, then he met Rebel fighter Kanan Jarrus who was escaping from some Imperial officers. Ezra caught up to him and eventually stole Kanan's lightsaber. Later on, Ezra joined the rest of the Ghost crew and became Kanan's apprentice. After many tests and trials, Ezra became a strong Jedi and he made a lightsaber pistol after retrieving his kyber crystal. However, that lightsaber would be destroyed by Darth Vader. A few more years went by and Ezra's power was growing every day. He made a new green lightsaber but would start behaving strangely due to the effects of a Sith Holocron he recovered and he started to seek out the old Sith Warrior Darth Maul, but thanks to his master, he was able to stay on the Light Side. Later on, Ezra lost Kanan when he sacrificed himself for Ezra, Sabine and Hera at an Fuel Foundry and he fell into a deep depression. Soon after knowing Kanan will always be with him, Ezra led the Liberation of Lothal and freed his people from the Empire but at a cost. He along with Grand Admiral Thrawn went deep into space going missing. It wouldn't be after the fall of the Empire and the Rise of the New Republic when Ezra was finally found by Ahsoka Tano and Sabine Wren and was able to make it back home.","title":"B"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"C"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Adria Arjona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adria_Arjona"}],"sub_title":"Bix Caleen","text":"Bix Caleen is a mechanic and black market dealer who is Andor's ally.The character has been portrayed by Adria Arjona in Andor.","title":"C"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Lando Calrissian","title":"C"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Chewbacca","title":"C"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rhea Perlman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhea_Perlman"}],"sub_title":"Cid Scaleback","text":"Cid Scaleback (full first name Ciddarin) is a former Jedi informant who provides the Bad Batch with mercenary missions in the aftermath of the Clone Wars. She later betrays the Bad Batch after they return from Eriadu, handing Omega over to Royce Hemlock.The character has been voiced by Rhea Perlman in The Bad Batch.","title":"C"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"The Client","title":"C"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Padmé Amidala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padm%C3%A9_Amidala"},{"link_name":"Padmé.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padm%C3%A9_Amidala"},{"link_name":"Robin Atkin Downes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Atkin_Downes"}],"sub_title":"Rush Clovis","text":"Rush Clovis is a Separatist Senator who represents the planet Scipio in the Galactic Senate, as well as a former suitor of Padmé Amidala though it is made clear he never really knew her. When the Clone Wars broke out, he became a delegate of the InterGalactic Banking Clan. During the Battle of Scipio, he sacrifices himself to save Padmé.The character has been voiced by Robin Atkin Downes in The Clone Wars.","title":"C"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"clone Commander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clone_trooper"},{"link_name":"Obi-Wan Kenobi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obi-Wan_Kenobi"},{"link_name":"Utapau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utapau_(Star_Wars)"},{"link_name":"Temuera Morrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temuera_Morrison"},{"link_name":"Dee Bradley Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dee_Bradley_Baker"}],"sub_title":"Commander CC-2224 \"Cody\"","text":"CC-2224, or \"Cody\", is a clone Commander of the 212th Attack Battalion, serving under Obi-Wan Kenobi during the Clone Wars. Following the Battle of Utapau, he unwillingly betrays and attempts to kill Kenobi when Order 66 is issued.The character has been portrayed by Temuera Morrison in Episode III, and voiced by Dee Bradley Baker in The Clone Wars and The Bad Batch.","title":"C"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Connix-17"},{"link_name":"Billie Lourd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billie_Lourd"},{"link_name":"Carrie Fisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrie_Fisher"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Connix-17"}],"sub_title":"Kaydel Ko Connix","text":"Kaydel Ko Connix is a junior controller in the Resistance during the sequel trilogy.[17]The character has been portrayed by Billie Lourd, daughter of Carrie Fisher, in Episodes VII-IX.[17]","title":"C"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tony Amendola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Amendola"}],"sub_title":"Eno Cordova","text":"Eno Cordova is a Jedi Master, presumed survivor of Order 66, and former mentor of Cere Junda and owner of BD-1. He discovered an ancient vault built by the Force-sensitive Zeffo on the planet Bogano, where he hid a Jedi Holocron containing a list of Force-sensitive children, in the hopes that it could someday help rebuild the Jedi Order.The character has been voiced by Tony Amendola in Jedi: Fallen Order and Jedi: Survivor.","title":"C"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Clone Force 99","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bad_Batch_(Star_Wars)"},{"link_name":"sniper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sniper"},{"link_name":"Dee Bradley Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dee_Bradley_Baker"}],"sub_title":"CT-9904 \"Crosshair\"","text":"CT-9904, or \"Crosshair\", is a deformed clone trooper and member of Clone Force 99. He is the team's sniper, possessing genetic mutations that give him exceptional eyesight. He is the only member of Clone Force 99 whose biochip is activated when Order 66 is issued, causing him to turn on his squadmates after they rebel against the newly formed Galactic Empire. Crosshair is later put in charge of a unit of conscripted Imperial soldiers, and tasked with hunting down the Bad Batch. Though he eventually learns about his biochip and removes it, he continues to willingly serve the Empire, believing that attempting to fight it is useless and holding a grudge against the Bad Batch for abandoning him. After being forced to work with the Bad Batch to survive Tipoca City's destruction, Crosshair partially makes amends with his former squadmates, but still refuses to join them. He is later captured by Royce Hemlock and imprisoned at Dr Hemlock's base on Mount Tantiss, escaping with Omega and a lurca hound named Batcher. He joins the group on Pabu and at Hunter's request, gets his hand checked out by AZI-3. He is losing his accuracy and has a tremor in his hand from his months on Mount Tantiss.The character has been voiced by Dee Bradley Baker in The Clone Wars and The Bad Batch.","title":"C"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jabba the Hutt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabba_the_Hutt"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-crumb-18"},{"link_name":"Phil Tippett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Tippett"},{"link_name":"underground comix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underground_comix"},{"link_name":"Robert Crumb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Crumb"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Tim Rose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Rose_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Mark Dodson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Dodson_(actor)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-crumb-18"}],"sub_title":"Salacious B. Crumb","text":"Salacious B. Crumb is a Kowakian monkey-lizard in Jabba the Hutt's court.[18] The character's name (and aspects of its appearance) is derived from creature designer Phil Tippett's drunken mispronunciation of the word \"shoelaces\" and an homage to underground comix cartoonist Robert Crumb.[19][20]The character has been performed by Tim Rose in Episode VI, with his voice provided by Mark Dodson. Rose's antics controlling the Crumb puppet led to an increase in the character's prominence.[18]","title":"C"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"D"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rick Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Baker"}],"sub_title":"Figrin D'an","text":"Figrin D'an is the leader of the Bith band \"Figrin D'an and the Modal Nodes\", playing in the Mos Eisley cantina.The character has been portrayed by Rick Baker in Episode IV.","title":"D"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Poe Dameron","title":"D"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Garrick Hagon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garrick_Hagon"}],"sub_title":"Biggs Darklighter","text":"Biggs Darklighter is a pilot for the Rebel Alliance and a childhood friend of Luke Skywalker. In the Battle of Yavin, Darklighter was shot down and killed by Darth Vader.The character has been portrayed by Garrick Hagon in Episode IV.","title":"D"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Adrienne Wilkinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrienne_Wilkinson"}],"sub_title":"The Daughter","text":"One of the Mortis gods, the Daughter is the embodiment of the light side of the Force, child of the Father, and sister to the Son. She is obedient of her father and helps him test Anakin Skywalker to see whether he is the Chosen One and can replace the Father. She ultimately sacrifices herself to save her father from her brother and manages to also save Ahsoka Tano, who had been corrupted by the latter, before dying. She is believed to have been reincarnated as Morai, an owl who is seen accompanying Ahsoka several times and to whom she claims she owes her life.The character has been voiced by Adrienne Wilkinson in The Clone Wars.","title":"D"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Corellian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corellian"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Simon Pegg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Pegg"},{"link_name":"2015 Star Wars Marvel comics series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Wars_(2015_comic_book)"},{"link_name":"Star Wars: Darth Vader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Wars:_Darth_Vader"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Aftermath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Wars:_Aftermath_trilogy"},{"link_name":"Mercurial Swift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercurial_Swift"},{"link_name":"Jas Emari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jas_Emari"},{"link_name":"Norra Wexley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norra_Wexley"},{"link_name":"New Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Republic_(Star_Wars)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"Dengar","text":"Dengar is a Corellian bounty hunter summoned by Darth Vader to hunt for the Millennium Falcon, and he is also briefly visible later in Jabba's Palace.[21] During the Clone Wars, Dengar is part of a syndicate of bounty hunters betrayed by Asajj Ventress on the planet Quarzite.The character has been portrayed by Morris Bush in Episodes V-VI, and voiced by Simon Pegg in The Clone Wars.Dengar attempts to capture Han Solo and Chewbacca in the 2015 Star Wars Marvel comics series story-line \"Showdown on the Smuggler's Moon\" and makes appearances in the Star Wars: Darth Vader comic series as well.[22] In the Aftermath novels, Dengar both battles and befriends fellow bounty hunter Mercurial Swift, before joining Jas Emari to rescue Norra Wexley during the Battle of Jakku, and receives a pardon from the New Republic.[23][24]","title":"D"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Benicio del Toro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benicio_del_Toro"}],"sub_title":"DJ","text":"DJ, an acronym for \"Don't Join\",[25] is a slicer who assists and then betrays Finn and Rose Tico on their mission aboard the First Order flagship, the Mega-class Star Dreadnought Supremacy.The character has been portrayed by Benicio del Toro in Episode VIII.","title":"D"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Din Djarin / The Mandalorian","title":"D"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tom Kenny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Kenny"}],"sub_title":"Tan Divo","text":"Tan Divo is a Coruscant police inspector during the Clone Wars, often displaying a pompous attitude. After the end of the Clone Wars, Divo lived on Alderaan and died when the first Death Star blew up the planet in an event known as \"The Disaster\".The character has been voiced by Tom Kenny in The Clone Wars.","title":"D"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Silas Carson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silas_Carson"},{"link_name":"Toby Longworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toby_Longworth"},{"link_name":"Gideon Emery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gideon_Emery"}],"sub_title":"Lott Dod","text":"Lott Dod is a Neimoidian senator of the Trade Federation, representing the trade conglomerate's interests in the Galactic Senate.The character has been portrayed by Silas Carson in Episode I (voiced by Toby Longworth), and voiced by Gideon Emery in The Clone Wars.","title":"D"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yavin 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yavin_4"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Alex McCrindle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_McCrindle"},{"link_name":"Michael Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Bell_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Ian McElhinney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_McElhinney"},{"link_name":"May the Force be with you","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_the_Force_be_with_you"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-csmonitor_nationalstarwarsday-27"}],"sub_title":"Jan Dodonna","text":"Jan Dodonna is a general and leader of the Rebel base on Yavin 4 who plans the attack on the first Death Star.[26]The character has been portrayed by Alex McCrindle in Episode IV, voiced by Michael Bell in Rebels, and portrayed by Ian McElhinney in Rogue One. In Episode IV, he is also the first character to utter the phrase, \"May the Force be with you\".[27]","title":"D"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Count Dooku / Darth Tyranus","title":"D"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nick Gillard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Gillard"},{"link_name":"Robin Atkin Downes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Atkin_Downes"}],"sub_title":"Cin Drallig","text":"Cin Drallig is a Jedi Master who serves as the battlemaster and head of security for the Jedi Temple in the final days of the Clone Wars. He is killed by Darth Vader during the siege of the Jedi Temple.The character has been portrayed by Nick Gillard in Episode III, and voiced by Robin Atkin Downes in The Clone Wars.","title":"D"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Caleb Dume / Kanan Jarrus","title":"D"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Cara Dune","title":"D"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jon Favreau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Favreau"}],"sub_title":"Rio Durant","text":"Rio Durant is an Ardennian pilot and long-time associate of criminals Tobias and Val Beckett. He is killed during a failed Coaxium heist for the Crimson Dawn.The character has been voiced by Jon Favreau in Solo.","title":"D"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Indira Varma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indira_Varma"}],"sub_title":"Tala Durith","text":"Tala Durith is a disillusioned Imperial officer on Mapuzo who aids Ben Kenobi and Princess Leia via the Path.[28]The character has been portrayed by Indira Varma in Obi-Wan Kenobi.","title":"D"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"E"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dee Bradley Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dee_Bradley_Baker"}],"sub_title":"CT-1409 \"Echo\"","text":"CT-1409, or \"Echo\", is an ARC Trooper and member of Domino Squad and the 501st Legion, who is seemingly killed in the Battle of Lola Sayu. In reality, however, he was captured and used against his will as a pawn by the Separatists for their campaign on Anaxes. After being rescued by Captain Rex and the Bad Batch, he plays a key role in leading the Republic to victory in the battle of Anaxes, before joining Clone Force 99 as its latest member. Following Order 66, Echo along with most of the team rebel against the Empire and become mercenaries. He later leaves the squad to join Rex to \"do more\" against the Empire.The character has been voiced by Dee Bradley Baker in The Clone Wars and The Bad Batch.","title":"E"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robbie Daymond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robbie_Daymond"}],"sub_title":"The Eighth Brother","text":"The Eighth Brother is a masked Terellian Jango Jumper who trailed the former Sith Lord Darth Maul to the planet Malachor, before falling to his death attempting to flee from the combined might of Maul, Kanan Jarrus, and Ahsoka Tano.The character has been voiced by Robbie Daymond in Rebels.","title":"E"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"protégé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mentorship"},{"link_name":"Diana Lee Inosanto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana_Lee_Inosanto"}],"sub_title":"Morgan Elsbeth","text":"Morgan Elsbeth is a former protégé of Grand Admiral Thrawn who leads a small Imperial Remnant on the planet Corvus and a survivor of the Nightsisters. She is targeted by Ahsoka Tano, who eventually defeats her and liberates the town of Calodan with Din Djarin's help, before interrogating her for Thrawn's whereabouts. Later, Elsbeth will be freed by her allies Baylan Skoll and Shin Hati. She hires Marrok, a former Inquisitor to kill Ahsoka and free Thrawn from his exile. Despite Marrok's death, Elsbeth, Skoll and Hati go on Peridea and find Thrawn and the Great Mothers. During the battle on Peridea, Elsbeth is killed by Ahsoka.The character has been portrayed by Diana Lee Inosanto in The Mandalorian, Ahsoka, and Tales of the Empire.","title":"E"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dave Filoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Filoni"}],"sub_title":"Embo","text":"Embo is a Kyuzo bounty hunter that works for the highest bidder, but has a sense of honor. His weapons include a bowcaster and his hat, which he uses as both a boomerang and board.The character has been voiced by Dave Filoni in The Clone Wars.'","title":"E"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mads Mikkelsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mads_Mikkelsen"}],"sub_title":"Galen Erso","text":"Galen Erso is an Imperial research scientist and the father of Jyn Erso. As prime designer of the Death Star, Erso supplies information on a critical weakness which he had deliberately included in the weapon's design to the Rebellion, allowing an attack on the seemingly invulnerable battle station. Despite this, he is later mortally wounded by the Rebels in an attack on an Imperial base on Eadu, and gets to briefly reunite with his daughter before dying.The character has been portrayed by Mads Mikkelsen in Rogue One.","title":"E"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Jyn Erso","title":"E"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kumail Nanjiani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumail_Nanjiani"}],"sub_title":"Haja Estree","text":"Haja Estree is a human male con artist who worked on the planet Daiyu during the reign of the Galactic Empire.The character has been portrayed by Kumail Nanjiani in Obi-Wan Kenobi.","title":"E"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Jedha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jedha"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Alfie Curtis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfie_Curtis"},{"link_name":"Michael Smiley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Smiley"}],"sub_title":"Cornelius Evazan","text":"Dr. Cornelius Evazan is a character who antagonizes Luke Skywalker and is subsequently attacked with a lightsaber by Obi-Wan Kenobi in the Mos Eisley cantina. He is a human male with a heavily scarred face, accompanied by his Aqualish associate Ponda Baba. He claims to be a wanted man who has the death sentence in 12 systems.[29] Evazan also bumps into Jyn Erso and threatens her on the streets of Jedha in Rogue One.[30]The character has been portrayed by Alfie Curtis in Episode IV, and by Michael Smiley in Rogue One.","title":"E"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"F"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dee Bradley Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dee_Bradley_Baker"}],"sub_title":"Onaconda Farr","text":"Onaconda Farr is a senator from Rodia initially aligned with the CIS, before eventually returning to the Republic thanks to his old friend and fellow Senator Padmé Amidala. He is later killed with a poisoned drink by his personal aide, Lolo Purs, who held him responsible for bringing the war to Rodia.The character has been portrayed by Zuraya Hamilton in Episode II, and voiced by Dee Bradley Baker in The Clone Wars.","title":"F"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lloyd Sherr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd_Sherr"}],"sub_title":"The Father","text":"One of the three Mortis gods, the Father represents the balance of the Force, between his Daughter, who embodies the light side of the Force, and his Son, who embodies the dark side. After growing old, he lures Anakin Skywalker, Obi-Wan Kenobi, and Ahsoka Tano to Mortis in order to test the former and see if he is indeed the \"Chosen One\" and will bring balance to the Force. He eventually becomes convinced of this, but Anakin refuses his offer to stay on Mortis and become his successor. The Father later commits suicide, which renders the Son mortal and allows Anakin to kill him for all the harm he had done.The character has been voiced by Lloyd Sherr in The Clone Wars.","title":"F"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Boba Fett","title":"F"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Jango Fett","title":"F"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Malachor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malachor"},{"link_name":"Philip Anthony-Rodriguez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Anthony-Rodriguez"},{"link_name":"Sung Kang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sung_Kang"}],"sub_title":"The Fifth Brother","text":"The Fifth Brother is the second Inquisitor introduced in Rebels. A gray-skinned humanoid, he and the Seventh Sister are dispatched to hunt down the crew of the Ghost after the death of the Grand Inquisitor. They are both ultimately killed by Maul on Malachor.The character has been voiced by Philip Anthony-Rodriguez in Rebels, and portrayed by Sung Kang in Obi-Wan Kenobi.","title":"F"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Finn / FN-2187","title":"F"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Phil LaMarr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_LaMarr"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Kit Fisto","text":"Kit Fisto is a Nautolan Jedi Master and member of the Jedi Council. He dies when attempting to arrest Darth Sidious.The character has been portrayed by Zachariah Jensen and Daniel Zizmor in Episode II, by Ben Cooke in Episode III, and voiced by Phil LaMarr in The Clone Wars. Fisto was first developed as a male Sith concept by concept artist Dermot Power. When the alien Sith apprentice idea was abandoned, Power revisited the tentacle-headed alien as a Jedi, with a less malevolent face, yet still with an imposing presence.[citation needed]He was initially planned to die at the hands of treacherous clone troopers in Order 66.","title":"F"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Palpatine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palpatine"},{"link_name":"Anakin Skywalker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anakin_Skywalker"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Dee Bradley Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dee_Bradley_Baker"}],"sub_title":"CT-27-5555 \"Fives\"","text":"CT-27-5555, or \"Fives\", is an ARC Trooper and member of the Domino Squad and the 501st Legion, who participates in numerous battles of the Clone Wars. After witnessing his close friend Clone Trooper Tup unwittingly executing Jedi General Tiplar during the Battle of Ringo Vinda, Fives goes to great lengths to find answers for Tup's actions, ultimately leading to his discovery of Order 66. However, because of this, Palpatine frames him for an assassination attempt. Before he could reveal what he learned to Captain Rex and Anakin Skywalker, Fives is killed by Commander Fox under Palpatine's orders.[31]The character has been voiced by Dee Bradley Baker in The Clone Wars.","title":"F"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Bib Fortuna","title":"F"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kijimi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kijimi"},{"link_name":"Rey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rey_(Star_Wars)"},{"link_name":"Finn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finn_(Star_Wars)"},{"link_name":"Poe Dameron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poe_Dameron"},{"link_name":"C-3PO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-3PO"},{"link_name":"Shirley Henderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirley_Henderson"}],"sub_title":"Babu Frik","text":"Babu Frik is an Anzellan droidsmith on Kijimi who helps Rey, Finn and Poe Dameron decrypt a message inside C-3PO's memory. He later survives the Sith Eternal's destruction of Kijimi and is present at the Battle of Exegol.The character has been voiced by Shirley Henderson in Episode IX. Henderson later voiced other Anzellan droidsmiths in season 3 of The Mandalorian.","title":"F"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jennifer Beals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Beals"}],"sub_title":"Garsa Fwip","text":"Garsa Fwip is the Twi'lek owner of The Sanctuary, a cantina in Mos Espa on Tatooine in the years following the fall of the Empire. She briefly interacted with Boba Fett after he assumed control of Jabba's criminal empire, before being killed by the Pykes in the ensuing power struggle.The character has been portrayed by Jennifer Beals in The Book of Boba Fett.","title":"F"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"G"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rey_(Star_Wars)"}],"sub_title":"Adi Gallia","text":"Adi Gallia is a Tholothian Jedi Master and member of the Jedi Council. Gallia is killed by Savage Oppress during the Clone Wars. She also appears as a disembodied voice empowering Rey to face the rejuvenated Darth Sidious.The character has been portrayed by Gin Clarke in Episode I, and voiced by Angelique Perrin in The Clone Wars and Episode IX.","title":"G"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Claire Davenport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claire_Davenport"}],"sub_title":"Yarna d'al' Gargan","text":"Yarna d'al' Gargan is a Askajian dancer who is enslaved to Jabba the Hutt.[32]The character has been portrayed by Claire Davenport in Episode VI.","title":"G"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"sub_title":"Garindan","text":"Garindan is a Kubaz spy who leads Imperial stormtroopers to the Millennium Falcon.[33]The character has appeared in Episode IV.","title":"G"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Wanda Sykes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanda_Sykes"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"sub_title":"Phee Genoa","text":"Phee Genoa is a pirate who often searches for ancient wonders and artifacts. She becomes close with Clone Force 99 and introduces them to the calm, tropical planet of Pabu.[34]She is voiced by Wanda Sykes in The Bad Batch.[35]","title":"G"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Saw Gerrera","title":"G"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Steela Gerrera","text":"Steela Gerrera is the sister of Saw Gerrera, who was part of his rebellion against the Separatists on Onderon during the Clone Wars, and was killed by a droid gunship during the final battle while risking her life to save King Dendup. Her death deeply affected her brother.The character has been voiced by Dawn-Lyen Gardner in The Clone Wars.","title":"G"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Moff Gideon","title":"G"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Clone Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clone_Wars_(Star_Wars)"},{"link_name":"Order 66","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_66_(Star_Wars)"},{"link_name":"Galactic Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic_Empire_(Star_Wars)"},{"link_name":"Darth Vader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darth_Vader"},{"link_name":"Inquisitors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inquisitorius"},{"link_name":"Kanan Jarrus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanan_Jarrus"},{"link_name":"Rebel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebel_Alliance"},{"link_name":"Lothal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lothal_(Star_Wars)"},{"link_name":"suicide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide"},{"link_name":"spirit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Force_ghost"},{"link_name":"Sith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sith"},{"link_name":"Jason Isaacs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Isaacs"},{"link_name":"Disney+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney%2B"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Rupert Friend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupert_Friend"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Friend-38"}],"sub_title":"The Grand Inquisitor","text":"The Grand Inquisitor is an unnamed Jedi of the Pau'an species who becomes disillusioned with the Jedi Order due to the actions of the Jedi Council during the Clone Wars, and ultimately defects from it during Order 66, joining the Galactic Empire. Trained by Darth Vader alongside the other Inquisitors, he is tasked with hunting down all remaining Jedi throughout the galaxy, a mission which eventually brings him into conflict with Jedi Padawan Kanan Jarrus, the leader of a Rebel cell on the planet Lothal. Following his defeat by Jarrus, the Grand Inquisitor opts to commit suicide to avoid Vader's punishment for his failure. Later, his redemeed spirit, known as the Sentinel, helps Jarrus complete his Jedi training in order to become a Jedi Knight, before being enslaved by the Sith as a Temple Guard once more.The character has been voiced by Jason Isaacs in Rebels and Tales of the Empire. The Grand Inquisitor received positive critical reception, leading to interest in him reprising his role in live-action media on Disney+.[36][37] Ultimately, Rupert Friend was cast as the Grand Inquisitor, portraying the character in his first live-action appearance in Obi-Wan Kenobi.[38]","title":"G"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Temuera Morrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temuera_Morrison"},{"link_name":"Dee Bradley Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dee_Bradley_Baker"}],"sub_title":"Commander CC-1004 \"Gree\"","text":"CC-1004, or \"Gree\", is a clone Commander of the 41st Elite Corps, serving under Jedi Luminara Unduli during the Clone Wars. He takes part in the Battle of Kashyyyk and attempts to carry out Order 66 by executing Yoda, but the Jedi Master senses his intentions and swiftly decapitates him and another trooper.The character has been voiced by Temuera Morrison in Episode III, and voiced by Dee Bradley Baker in The Clone Wars.","title":"G"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Han shot first","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_shot_first"},{"link_name":"Rodian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Star_Wars_planets_and_moons#Rodia"},{"link_name":"bounty hunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bounty_hunter"},{"link_name":"the Tetsu Clan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Star_Wars_species_(P%E2%80%93T)#Rodian"},{"link_name":"crime boss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_boss"},{"link_name":"Jabba the Hutt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabba_the_Hutt"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DB-39"},{"link_name":"Quechua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quechuan_languages"},{"link_name":"Inca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inca_Empire"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Star Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Wars_(film)"},{"link_name":"Han Solo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Solo"},{"link_name":"Han shot first","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_shot_first"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GL_at_HR-41"},{"link_name":"Paul Blake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Blake_(actor)"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Larry Ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Ward_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Quechua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quechuan_languages"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Wars:_Episode_I_%E2%80%93_The_Phantom_Menace"},{"link_name":"Star Wars: The Clone Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Wars:_The_Clone_Wars_(2008_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Tom Kenny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Kenny"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Star Wars Battlefront","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Wars_Battlefront_(2015_video_game)"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"}],"sub_title":"Greedo","text":"Further information: Han shot firstGreedo is a Rodian bounty hunter from the Tetsu Clan and worked for crime boss Jabba the Hutt.[39] Greedo's Huttese language is based on Quechua, the Inca language.[40] He appears in the first Star Wars film during a scene where he confronts and threatens Han Solo, only to be killed by Solo. The scene was later altered so that Greedo also shoots at Han, leading to the infamous fan controversy known as \"Han shot first\", which the character has since come to be most associated with.[41]Greedo was portrayed in 1977 by Paul Blake, as well as Maria De Aragon for some close-in pickup shots in 1977.[42] Linguist Larry Ward performed the voice, speaking in a simplified form of Quechua, a South American language.[43] A younger version of him was played by Simon Rose and Oliver Walpole in a deleted scene from the 1999 prequel film Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace. The character has made appearances in a few other pieces of Star Wars media, including the 2008 animated series Star Wars: The Clone Wars (voiced by Tom Kenny)[44] and the 2015 video game Star Wars Battlefront.[45]","title":"G"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dee Bradley Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dee_Bradley_Baker"}],"sub_title":"Captain CC-5576-39 \"Gregor\"","text":"CC-5576-39, or \"Gregor\", is a clone Commando thought to have died in the Battle of Sarrish. Stricken with amnesia and living on Abafar, he is later told by Colonel Meebur Gascon that he is a clone trooper, and seemingly sacrifices himself to help the Colonel and his droids to get off Abafar to save many Republic lives. However, he survives this ordeal and eventually returns to the Republic, after which he removes his biochip, so that he would not be forced to carry out Order 66. When the Republic is reorganized into the Empire after the end of the Clone Wars, Gregor is forced to train conscripted Imperial soldiers, until the Bad Batch rescue him. Years later, Gregor ends up in the Seelos system with fellow retired clones Rex and Wolffe, and is shown to have developed some eccentric tendencies. He aids a group of rebels against Imperial forces in a skirmish on the planet, and later takes part in a battle to free the planet Lothal from Imperial occupation, though he is fatally wounded by an Imperial technician during the battle.The character has been voiced by Dee Bradley Baker in The Clone Wars, Rebels, and The Bad Batch.","title":"G"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Grievous","title":"G"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Din Grogu / The Child","title":"G"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Silas Carson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silas_Carson"},{"link_name":"Tom Kenny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Kenny"},{"link_name":"George Lucas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Lucas"},{"link_name":"Republican Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Newt Gingrich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newt_Gingrich"},{"link_name":"Ronald Reagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan"}],"sub_title":"Nute Gunray","text":"Nute Gunray is the Neimoidian Viceroy of the Trade Federation whose invasion of Naboo is supported by Darth Sidious. His animosity towards Padmé Amidala leads him to join the Separatist Alliance as one of its high-ranking members. Following Count Dooku's death, Gunray was sent with the other Separatist Council leaders to Mustafar by General Grievous where they are eventually executed by Darth Vader.The character has been portrayed by Silas Carson in Episodes I-III, and voiced by Tom Kenny in The Clone Wars.George Lucas, a longtime Democrat, is believed to have created the name based on two famous Republican Party figures he did not care for: Newt Gingrich and Ronald Reagan.","title":"G"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"H"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alan Ruscoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Ruscoe"},{"link_name":"Chris Truswell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Truswell"}],"sub_title":"Rune Haako","text":"Rune Haako is Nute Gunray's right-hand man. He is a high-ranking member of the Trade Federation the Separatist Council. He is killed along with the other Separatist leaders on Mustafar by Darth Vader.The character has been portrayed by Jerome Blake and James Taylor (voice) in Episode I, by Alan Ruscoe and Chris Truswell (voice) in Episode II, and by Sandy Thompson in Episode III.","title":"H"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hati_Hr%C3%B3%C3%B0vitnisson"},{"link_name":"Sköll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sk%C3%B6ll"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-46"},{"link_name":"Ivanna Sakhno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivanna_Sakhno"}],"sub_title":"Shin Hati","text":"Shin Hati is the apprentice of former Jedi Baylan Skoll, who found Hati after himself surviving Order 66 and fleeing into the Unknown Regions. During the era of the New Republic, both operate as Dark Jedi mercenaries in search of power, working with Morgan Elsbeth. After the battle on Peridea, Hati stays to lead the Peridea bandits.Her name is an allusion to the celestial wolf Hati in Norse mythology, the companion of the celestial wolf Sköll.[46]The character has been portrayed by Ivanna Sakhno in Ahsoka.","title":"H"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Jimmi Simpson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmi_Simpson"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"}],"sub_title":"Dr. Royce Hemlock","text":"Doctor Royce Hemlock served for the Galactic Republic and then became head of the Advanced Science Division based at Mount Tantiss. He reports directly to the Emperor as he works on a secret, highly-classified experiment regarding cloning technology. Dr. Hemlock uses child test subjects in order to yield results.[47]Dr. Hemlock is voiced by Jimmi Simpson in The Bad Batch.[48]","title":"H"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Migs Mayfeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayfeld"},{"link_name":"Moff Gideon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moff_Gideon"},{"link_name":"Richard Brake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Brake"}],"sub_title":"Valin Hess","text":"Valin Hess is an Imperial officer who used to have Migs Mayfeld as a soldier. He encounters Mayfield again when he and Din Djarin infiltrate an Imperial rhydonium refinery on Morak to discover Moff Gideon's whereabouts and is killed by his former soldier just as he recognizes him because he insulted the soldiers killed during Operation: Cinder.The character has been portrayed by Richard Brake in The Mandalorian.","title":"H"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Amilyn Holdo","title":"H"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"}],"sub_title":"Ri-Lee Howell","text":"Ri-Lee Howell is a Jedi Master revealed in Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker - The Visual Dictionary. In this novel, which expands more of the universe in The Rise of Skywalker film, Howell is cited as a Jedi Master who assembled the sacred texts that were passed from Luke Skywalker to Rey. These texts were featured in The Last Jedi. While many of the sacred Jedi texts were stored and lost in subsequently holocrons, Howell's dedication to writing physical passages is what kept them alive.Ri-Lee Howell is named after real-life Riley Howell, a 21-year-old who was killed as he tackled a gunman that opened fire at the University of North Carolina. Because of his actions, he saved his classmates' lives. A profile written by the New York Times following his death read, \"He was also a deep scholar of Star Wars, amassing a legion of Jedi action figures with his brother Ted, 14.” Lucasfilm reached out to his family and promised that he would be honored in the Star Wars universe. “Riley’s courage and selflessness brings out the Jedi in all of us,” the letter read.[49]","title":"H"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dee Bradley Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dee_Bradley_Baker"}],"sub_title":"\"Hunter\"","text":"Sergeant \"Hunter\" is a deformed clone trooper and commander of Clone Force 99. He has genetic mutations that give him enhanced senses, such as tracking and feeling electromagnetic signals. During Order 66, after witnessing Jedi Master Depa Billaba's death, he lets her Padawan, Caleb Dume, escape. After the formation of the Empire, Hunter, along with most of Clone Force 99, rebels and escapes Kamino with a young unaltered clone named Omega. They become mercenaries, and Hunter forms a strong father-daughter relationship with Omega, leading him to want to quit being a soldier to give her a normal life.The character has been voiced by Dee Bradley Baker in The Clone Wars and The Bad Batch.","title":"H"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Armitage Hux","title":"H"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"I"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"IG-88B","text":"The IG-88 line was a derivative of the IG-86 sentinel droids used during the Clone Wars. IG-88B later became one of the galaxy's most infamous bounty hunters.","title":"I"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Guardians of the Whills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardians_of_the_Whills"},{"link_name":"Donnie Yen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donnie_Yen"}],"sub_title":"Chirrut Îmwe","text":"Chirrut Îmwe is a blind warrior who believes in the Force and is said to be one of the Guardians of the Whills. He aids the Rebel Alliance in stealing the plans for the Death Star in Rogue One, and he is killed during the Battle of Scarif.The character has been portrayed by Donnie Yen in Rogue One.","title":"I"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"J"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Jabba the Hutt","title":"J"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Naomi Ackie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naomi_Ackie"}],"sub_title":"Jannah","text":"Jannah is a former First Order stormtrooper originally designated as TZ-1719 who joins the Resistance and befriends Finn. Later Jannah accepts Landos offer to help her find her familyThe character has been portrayed by Naomi Ackie in Episode IX.","title":"J"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Darth Maul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darth_Maul"},{"link_name":"Ahsoka Tano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahsoka_Tano"},{"link_name":"Dee Bradley Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dee_Bradley_Baker"}],"sub_title":"CT-5597 \"Jesse\"","text":"CT-5597, or \"Jesse\", is an ARC Trooper within the 501st Legion who fights in many battles throughout the Clone Wars. During the Siege of Mandalore, he is captured by Darth Maul to be used as bait in luring Ahsoka Tano to him, but is eventually rescued. When Order 66 is issued, Jesse is among the clones to attempt to execute Ahsoka, as well as Rex after he has his chip removed and sides with her. Along with all the other troopers aboard, Jesse is killed when the Venator-class Star Destroyer Tribunal they are on crashes on a small moon, and is buried by Ahsoka and Rex.The character has been voiced by Dee Bradley Baker in The Clone Wars and Tales of the Jedi.","title":"J"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"}],"sub_title":"Dexter Jettster","text":"Dexter Jettster is the Besalisk owner of Dex's Diner, and an old friend of Obi-Wan Kenobi, who provides Kenobi with information regarding the planet Kamino.[50]The character has been voiced by Ronald Falk in Episode II.","title":"J"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Michael Pennington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Pennington"}],"sub_title":"Tiaan Jerjerrod","text":"Moff Tiaan Jerjerrod is the commanding officer of the second Death Star. Jerjerrod is tasked by Darth Vader to hurry the completion of the second Death Star and warned that the Emperor is not as forgiving as Vader.[51]The character has been portrayed by Michael Pennington in Episode VI.","title":"J"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Qui-Gon Jinn","title":"J"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Debra Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debra_Wilson"}],"sub_title":"Cere Junda","text":"Cere Junda is a former Jedi Knight who trained Trilla Suduri, survivor of Order 66, and the co-pilot of the Stinger Mantis. She becomes the mentor figure and master for Cal Kestis, while trying to escape her troubled past and resume her own role as a Jedi.The character has been voiced by Debra Wilson in Jedi: Fallen Order and Jedi: Survivor.","title":"J"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"K"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Imperial Security Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Security_Bureau"},{"link_name":"Lothal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lothal_(Star_Wars)"},{"link_name":"wiped out much of his kind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing"},{"link_name":"Thrawn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Admiral_Thrawn"},{"link_name":"David Oyelowo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Oyelowo"}],"sub_title":"Alexsandr Kallus","text":"Agent Alexsandr Kallus is a former member of the Imperial Security Bureau who led the efforts to suppress an uprising on the planet Lothal and developed a rivalry with Zeb Orrelios because Kallus took part in the attacks that wiped out much of his kind. He eventually begins to question his morality and loyalty to the Empire after he and Zeb are forced to work together to survive upon being stranded on a remote planet, near Geonosis. By the time Thrawn is promoted to Grand Admiral, Kallus has become a spy for the Rebel Alliance, and fully defects once his treason is discovered. Kallus plays a major role in the liberation of Lothal from Imperial occupation, and ends up befriending Zeb.The character has been voiced by David Oyelowo in Rebels.","title":"K"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Maz Kanata","title":"K"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Greef Karga","title":"K"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kyle Soller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyle_Soller"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"}],"sub_title":"Syril Karn","text":"Syril Karn is a Deputy Inspector for Preox-Morlana (Pre-Mor) Authority, a corporate conglomerate in charge of a trade sector. Karn works for Pre-Mor's security services and is determined to capture Andor after he is suspected of murdering two Pre-Mor security employees.The character has been portrayed by Kyle Soller in Andor. Soller described his character as having \"an extreme sense of need to impress, and fill a hole in himself. And so that really is about ascending to the top of whatever field he's in. The field he's chosen is one of restriction and complete control, and one of domination.\"[52]","title":"K"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Keisha Castle-Hughes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keisha_Castle-Hughes"}],"sub_title":"Dr. Emerie Karr","text":"Doctor Emerie Karr is part of the medical professional team working on a highly-classified experiment at Mount Tantiss. She studies directly underneath Dr. Hemlock, the director of the Empire's Advanced Science Division. However, she shows more compassion to her child test subjects than the others on her team. She is directly related to Omega and Jango Fett.[53]The character has been voiced by Keisha Castle-Hughes in The Bad Batch.","title":"K"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dee Bradley Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dee_Bradley_Baker"}],"sub_title":"Kassius Konstantine","text":"Admiral Kassius Konstantine is an Imperial Navy officer who assists the Inquisitors, Darth Vader, and Grand Admiral Thrawn in pursuing the Rebels. He is killed during the Battle of Atollon.The character has been voiced by Dee Bradley Baker in Rebels.","title":"K"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sullust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sullust"},{"link_name":"Brian George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_George"}],"sub_title":"Katuunko","text":"Katuunko is the Toydarian monarch who aids the Republic during the Clone Wars; killed by Savage Oppress after the Battle of Sullust.The character has been voiced by Brian George in The Clone Wars.","title":"K"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Varada Sethu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varada_Sethu"}],"sub_title":"Cinta Kaz","text":"Cinta Kaz is a human female who was a rebel within a network operated by Luthen Rael in resistance to the Galactic Empire.The character has been portrayed by Varada Sethu in Andor.","title":"K"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Obi-Wan Kenobi / Ben Kenobi","title":"K"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Cal Kestis","title":"K"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Agen Kolar","text":"Agen Kolar is an Iridonian Zabrak Jedi Master and member of the Jedi Council. He used to have a green lightsaber like fellow Iridonian Zabrak Jedi Master Eeth Koth but after his Padawan Tan Yuster died during the Geonosian Arena he took his kyber crystal and replaced his green crystal with his Padawan's blue crystal so he could remember him. He is the first Jedi who was killed while trying to arrest Darth Sidious.The character has been portrayed by Tux Akindoyeni in Episodes II-III.","title":"K"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kel Dor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kel_Dor"},{"link_name":"Cato Neimoidia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cato_Neimoidia"},{"link_name":"Alan Ruscoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Ruscoe"},{"link_name":"Matt Sloan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Sloan_(voice_actor)"},{"link_name":"James Arnold Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Arnold_Taylor"}],"sub_title":"Plo Koon","text":"Plo Koon is a Kel Dor Jedi Master and Jedi Council member in the prequel trilogy. He discovered Ahsoka Tano on her homeworld, Shili, and participated in many battles during the Clone Wars. He is killed when his Jedi starfighter is shot down at Cato Neimoidia by his own military escort (a squadron of ARC-170 starfighters led by Captain Jag) as part of Order 66.The character has been portrayed by Alan Ruscoe in Episode I, by Matt Sloan in Episodes II-III, and voiced by James Arnold Taylor in The Clone Wars.","title":"K"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chris Edgerly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Edgerly"}],"sub_title":"Eeth Koth","text":"Eeth Koth is an Iridonian Zabrak Jedi Master and member of the Jedi Council. He was removed from the Jedi Council at the end of the Clone Wars and intended on leaving the Order, but Order 66 was issued before he could do so. Surviving, he goes into hiding and starts a family, but is eventually tracked down and killed by Darth Vader.The character has been portrayed by Hassani Shapi in Episode I, and voiced by Chris Edgerly in The Clone Wars.","title":"K"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jedi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jedi"},{"link_name":"Umbara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbara"},{"link_name":"Count Dooku's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_Dooku"},{"link_name":"treachery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treason"},{"link_name":"Dave Fennoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Fennoy"}],"sub_title":"Pong Krell","text":"Pong Krell is a Besalisk Jedi who serves as a temporary commander of the 501st Legion during the Battle of Umbara in the Clone Wars. He hates clones and has secret aspirations to be Count Dooku's new apprentice, but is executed by the trooper Dogma after his treachery becomes known. His distinct anatomy allows him to wield two double-bladed lightsabers.The character has been voiced by Dave Fennoy in The Clone Wars.","title":"K"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Orson Krennic","title":"K"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Black Krrsantan","title":"K"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Bo-Katan Kryze","title":"K"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Obi-Wan Kenobi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obi-Wan_Kenobi"},{"link_name":"pacifist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacifism"},{"link_name":"Anna Graves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Graves"}],"sub_title":"Satine Kryze","text":"Satine Kryze is the Duchess of Mandalore, sister of Bo-Katan, and romantic interest of Obi-Wan Kenobi. A pacifist leader, she tries not to get involved in the Clone Wars, and forms the Council of Neutral Systems, much to the disgust of the Death Watch, who try to assassinate and replace her numerous times throughout the war, but all their attempts are thwarted by the Jedi, particularly Kenobi. The Jedi Master had previously protected Satine in her youth, and the two formed a close bond, with Kenobi claiming that he would have left the Jedi Order a long time ago had Satine asked. Satine later watches her world fall to the Shadow Collective, under Darth Maul, who ultimately murders her in front of a captured Kenobi.The character has been voiced by Anna Graves in The Clone Wars.","title":"K"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Kuiil","title":"K"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"L"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-berulars-54"},{"link_name":"Shelagh Fraser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelagh_Fraser"},{"link_name":"Bonnie Piesse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonnie_Piesse"}],"sub_title":"Beru Whitesun Lars","text":"Beru Lars is the step-aunt by marriage and surrogate mother of Luke Skywalker, who takes him in after Luke's mother Padmé Amidala dies in childbirth and his father Anakin Skywalker turns to the dark side and becomes Darth Vader, though she like Owen is told by Anakin's former Jedi Master Obi-Wan Kenobi that Anakin died, but unlike her husband does not seem to resent Obi-Wan. She and her husband Owen are killed by stormtroopers at their home on Tatooine.[54]The character has been portrayed by Shelagh Fraser in Episode IV, and by Bonnie Piesse in Episodes II-III and Obi-Wan Kenobi.","title":"L"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jack Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Thompson_(actor)"}],"sub_title":"Cliegg Lars","text":"Cliegg Lars is a moisture farmer who purchases, then frees and marries, Shmi Skywalker, becoming the stepfather of Anakin Skywalker, whom he meets only briefly. He loses his leg when pursuing the Sand People who had kidnapped Shmi. Cliegg passes away sometime between the onset of the Clone Wars and Anakin's turn to the dark side.The character has been portrayed by Jack Thompson in Episode II. The name Cliegg, and variations of it, have been in Star Wars drafts since 1974.","title":"L"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-owenlars-55"},{"link_name":"Phil Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Brown_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Joel Edgerton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_Edgerton"}],"sub_title":"Owen Lars","text":"Owen Lars is the stepson of Shmi, step-brother of Anakin and step-uncle and surrogate father of Luke Skywalker, who takes him in after Luke's mother Padmé dies in childbirth and his father Anakin falls to the dark side of the force and becomes Darth Vader, although Owen is told by Obi-Wan that his step-brother died, eventually coming to resent the Jedi Master for having taken Anakin away from Shmi and for tearing apart the Skywalker family. Owen and his wife, Beru, are killed by stormtroopers at their home on Tatooine, while Luke was away meeting with Obi-Wan \"Ben\" Kenobi.[55]The character has been portrayed by Phil Brown in Episode IV, and by Joel Edgerton in Episodes II-III and Obi-Wan Kenobi.","title":"L"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Dee Bradley Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dee_Bradley_Baker"}],"sub_title":"Cut Lawquane","text":"Cut Lawquane is a former clone trooper who deserted the army to live a quiet life as a farmer on Saleucami. He has a wife Suu and two children, Jek and Shaeeah. During the Clone Wars, he meets Captain Rex, and the pair eventually come to trust one another after working together to defend Cut's family from Commando Droids, with Rex deciding not to report Cut.[56] After the formation of the Galactic Empire, Cut and his family, with help from the Bad Batch, leave Saleucami due to increased military presence on the planet.The character has been voiced by Dee Bradley Baker in The Clone Wars and The Bad Batch.","title":"L"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"John Hollis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hollis"}],"sub_title":"Lobot","text":"Lobot is Lando Calrissian's cyborg aide. He has a cybernetic implant that allows him to interface directly with Cloud City's central computer.[57]The character has been portrayed by John Hollis in Episode V.","title":"L"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Andy Serkis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Serkis"},{"link_name":"Supreme Leader Snoke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Leader_Snoke"},{"link_name":"sequel trilogy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Wars_sequel_trilogy"}],"sub_title":"Kino Loy","text":"Kino Loy is a Trusty Foreman at the Imperial factory facility on the planet Narkina 5.The character has been portrayed by Andy Serkis in Andor. Serkis previously portrayed Supreme Leader Snoke in the sequel trilogy.","title":"L"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Dermot Crowley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermot_Crowley"}],"sub_title":"Crix Madine","text":"Crix Madine is a Rebel general who comes up with the plan of destroying the shield generator for the second Death Star.[58]The character has been portrayed by Dermot Crowley in Episode VI.","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jiang Wen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiang_Wen"}],"sub_title":"Baze Malbus","text":"Baze Malbus is a mercenary and friend of Chirrut Îmwe who aids the Rebel Alliance in stealing the plans for the Death Star in Rogue One. He is killed during the Battle of Scarif.The character has been portrayed by Jiang Wen in Rogue One","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cal Kestis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cal_Kestis"},{"link_name":"Liam McIntyre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liam_McIntyre"}],"sub_title":"Taron Malicos","text":"Taron Malicos is a Jedi Master who fought in the Clone Wars and survived Order 66. Left stranded on Dathomir for years, he eventually succumbed to the dark side and sought to learn the Nightsisters' magic by manipulating Nightsister Merrin. He attempts to lure Cal Kestis to the dark side, but Kestis defeats him with Merrin's help, who buries him alive.The character has been voiced by Liam McIntyre in Jedi: Fallen Order.","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Kleya Marki","text":"Kleya Marki is a human female who served as a concierge at Luthen Rael's gallery of artifacts and antiquities in the upper levels of the galactic capital Coruscant. She is also crucial to the operation of Rael's resistance activities.The character has been portrayed by Elizabeth Dulau in Andor.","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Elizabeth Rodriguez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Rodriguez"}],"sub_title":"Rafa and Trace Martez","text":"Rafa Martez, a smuggler, and Trace Martez, a pilot and mechanic, are sisters from Coruscant who use a hangar and a laundromat as fronts for Rafa's illegal affairs. After their parents were killed and the Jedi did little to nothing to help them, the sisters became embittered against the Order, and sought to make enough money to leave Coruscant. Near the end of the Clone Wars, the sisters befriend Ahsoka Tano, who helps them when a job to deliver spice to the Pyke Syndicate falls through, leading to Rafa and Trace changing their views of the Jedi. Shortly after the rise of the Galactic Empire, the sisters are hired by Captain Rex to retrieve data from a tactical droid on Corellia, where they have a run-in with the Bad Batch, looking for the same data. In the end, the Bad Batch give the data to Rafa and Trace after learning they want to use it to fight the Empire.Rafa Martez has been voiced by Elizabeth Rodriguez, and Trace Martez has been voiced by Brigitte Kali, both appearing in The Clone Wars and The Bad Batch.","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Darth Maul","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Migs Mayfeld","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rebel pilot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebel_Alliance"},{"link_name":"fighter squad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squadron_(aviation)"},{"link_name":"Purrgil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purrgil"},{"link_name":"Zachary Gordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zachary_Gordon"}],"sub_title":"Mart Mattin","text":"Mart Mattin is a young human Rebel pilot who was in Hera Syndulla's fighter squad during their ultimately ill-fated attack on Lothal City's Imperial base. He is the only other Rebel pilot besides Hera and Chopper to survive the battle and escape captivity, and is later retrieved to join the Lothal Rebel cell in their guerilla fight against the Empire, implementing a secret plan devised by Ezra Bridger to bring in a pod of Purrgil against Admiral Thrawn's fleet.The character has been voiced by Zachary Gordon in Rebels.","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Denise Gough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denise_Gough"}],"sub_title":"Dedra Meero","text":"Dedra Meero is a supervisor for the Imperial Security Bureau who takes a particular interest into the actions of Cassian Andor and the growing rebellion.The character has been portrayed by Denise Gough in Andor.","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rebel Alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebel_Alliance"},{"link_name":"Duncan Pow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duncan_Pow"},{"link_name":"Rogue One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogue_One"},{"link_name":"Death Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_Star"},{"link_name":"Scarif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarif"},{"link_name":"Andor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andor_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Cassian Andor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassian_Andor"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"}],"sub_title":"Ruescott Melshi","text":"Sergeant Ruescott Melshi is a member of the Rebel Alliance's special forces during the early stages of the Galactic Civil War. Portrayed by Duncan Pow, the character first appears in the film Rogue One (2016) as part of the team who sacrifices their lives to retrieve the plans for the new Death Star from the Imperial security facility on Scarif. Melshi later appears in the television series Andor (2022–present), set before the events of Rogue One, which chronicles how he and Cassian Andor met in, and broke out of, Imperial prison. Melshi has also made appearances in Star Wars books, audiobooks, and a video game.[59][60][61]","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"}],"sub_title":"Sly Moore","text":"Sly Moore is an Umbaran personal aide of Palpatine and one of the few people aware of his identity as Darth Sidious.[62]The character has been portrayed by Sandi Findlay in Episodes II-III.","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Mon Mothma","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Richard LeParmentier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_LeParmentier"},{"link_name":"Star Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Wars_(film)"}],"sub_title":"General Motti","text":"General Motti makes an appearance in the Death Star conference room early in Episode IV. He gets Force Choked by Darth Vader after he expresses little faith in Vader's ability to use the Force.The character was portrayed by Richard LeParmentier in the original Star Wars movie.","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mos Eisley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mos_Eisley"},{"link_name":"Amy Sedaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy_Sedaris"}],"sub_title":"Peli Motto","text":"Peli Motto is a docking bay attendant and ship mechanic working at Mos Eisley who is visited several times by Din Djarin, befriending him and Grogu.The character has been portrayed by Amy Sedaris in The Mandalorian and The Book of Boba Fett.","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Silas Carson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silas_Carson"},{"link_name":"Brian George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_George"}],"sub_title":"Ki-Adi-Mundi","text":"Ki-Adi-Mundi is a Cerean Jedi Master and Jedi Council member in the prequel trilogy. Born 92 BBY. He is one of the leaders of the Jedi strike force sent to rescue Obi-Wan Kenobi, Anakin Skywalker, and Padmé Amidala on Geonosis, and a Jedi General during the Clone Wars. At the end of the Clone Wars, he leads his clone troopers in the Battle of Mygeeto, and is killed as a result of Order 66. Originally, Saesee Tiin was planned to die with him.The character has been portrayed by Silas Carson in Episodes I-III, and voiced by Brian George in The Clone Wars and Tales of the Jedi.","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"N"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"Brian Blessed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Blessed"}],"sub_title":"Rugor Nass","text":"Boss Rugor Nass is a Gungan leader who first established a treaty with the Naboo humans, and he later attends Padmé Amidala's funeral.[63] He was the one to banish Jar Jar Binks but he also let Jar Jar Binks be a general.The character has been voiced by Brian Blessed in Episode I.","title":"N"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"Erin Kellyman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erin_Kellyman"}],"sub_title":"Enfys Nest","text":"Enfys Nest is the leader of a gang of pirates called the Cloud Riders, who are revealed to be supporters of the nascent Rebel Alliance.[64]The character has been portrayed by Erin Kellyman in Solo.","title":"N"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Michael Culver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Culver"},{"link_name":"Millennium Falcon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium_Falcon"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"}],"sub_title":"Captain Needa","text":"Needa was a captain of the Imperial Star Destroyer Avenger in The Empire Strikes Back (portrayed by Michael Culver) who pursued the Millennium Falcon into the Asteroid Field after the Battle of Hoth. After losing track of the craft Vader kills him via the Force.[65]","title":"N"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"clone trooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clone_trooper"},{"link_name":"Kamino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamino_(Star_Wars)"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"Dee Bradley Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dee_Bradley_Baker"}],"sub_title":"99 \"Ninety-Nine\"","text":"\"99\" is a deformed clone trooper who helps the Domino Squad during the Clone Wars. He is killed during one of the battles of Kamino.[66] He is the namesake of Clone Force 99.The character has been voiced by Dee Bradley Baker in The Clone Wars.","title":"N"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Darth Vader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darth_Vader"},{"link_name":"Alethea McGrath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alethea_McGrath"}],"sub_title":"Jocasta Nu","text":"Jocasta Nu is a Jedi librarian featured in the prequel trilogy. She survives Order 66, but is later killed by Darth Vader.The character has been portrayed by Alethea McGrath in Episode II, and voiced by Flo Di Re in The Clone Wars and Tales of the Jedi.","title":"N"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Nien Nunb","title":"N"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"O"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Temuera Morrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temuera_Morrison"},{"link_name":"Dee Bradley Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dee_Bradley_Baker"}],"sub_title":"Commander CC-2237 \"Odd Ball\"","text":"CC-2237, or \"Odd Ball\", is a clone Commander and pilot, who participates in several battles throughout the Clone Wars under the command of Obi-Wan Kenobi, such as the Battle of Teth, the Battle of Umbara, the Battle of Coruscant, and the Battle of Utapau. A skilled pilot, Odd Ball flies an assortment of starfighters, including the V-19 Torrent and the ARC-170.The character has been voiced by Temuera Morrison in Episode III, and voiced by Dee Bradley Baker in The Clone Wars.","title":"O"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"Nalini Krishan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nalini_Krishan"},{"link_name":"Meredith Salenger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meredith_Salenger"}],"sub_title":"Barriss Offee","text":"Barriss Offee is a Mirialan Jedi apprentice of Luminara Unduli and a close friend of Ahsoka Tano. She later betrays Ahsoka and frames her for a terrorist bombing after she becomes disillusioned with the Jedi Order's wartime policies. Offee is eventually unmasked and defeated by Anakin Skywalker, resulting in her arrest.[67]The character has been portrayed by Nalini Krishan in Episode II, and voiced by Meredith Salenger in The Clone Wars and Tales of the Empire.","title":"O"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"Jim Cummings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Cummings"}],"sub_title":"Hondo Ohnaka","text":"Hondo Ohnaka is the leader of the space pirates known as the Ohnaka Gang which kidnaps and attempts to ransom Obi-Wan Kenobi, Anakin Skywalker, Count Dooku—and later Ahsoka Tano—to the highest bidder during the Clone Wars. He follows a code of honor and respects the Jedi, whom he ends up helping several times in the war, but is not above using sneaky tactics and treachery if it is for \"good business\". Years after the Clone Wars, despite losing his crew to the Galactic Empire, Hondo continues his criminal activities while having dealings with the crew of the Ghost.[68]The character has been voiced by Jim Cummings in The Clone Wars, Rebels, and Forces of Destiny.","title":"O"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"Ralph Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Brown"}],"sub_title":"Ric Olié","text":"Pilot who flies the queen's ship while escaping Naboo and an N-1 starfighter as leader of Bravo Squadron.[69]The character has been portrayed by Ralph Brown in Episode I.","title":"O"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Michelle Ang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelle_Ang"}],"sub_title":"Omega","text":"Omega is a young female clone who served as Nala Se's medical assistant on Kamino, until joining Clone Force 99 to escape from the planet after their betrayal of the Empire. She is later revealed to be an unaltered clone of Jango Fett, similar to Boba Fett. She is captured by the Empire as she is the only clone with a perfectly replicated M-count and she gets brought to Dr Hemlock's base on Mount Tantiss. She later escapes Mount Tantiss with a lurca hound that she rescued called Batcher, and she also brings along a very reluctant Crosshair. She returns to Pabu, where Asajj Ventress (who was hired by Fennec Shand after Hunter and Wrecker complete a bounty for Shand) tests her for Force sensitivity, which she fails.The character has been voiced by Michelle Ang in The Bad Batch.","title":"O"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sabine Wren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabine_Wren"},{"link_name":"Gina Torres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gina_Torres"}],"sub_title":"Ketsu Onyo","text":"Ketsu Onyo is a Mandalorian bounty hunter and former estranged friend of Sabine Wren. She and Sabine were cadets at the Imperial Academy, later escaping and becoming bounty hunting partners before Ketsu left Sabine for dead and began working for the Black Sun. After they reconcile, Ketsu aids the Rebel Alliance.The character has been voiced by Gina Torres in Rebels and Forces of Destiny.","title":"O"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"Femi Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femi_Taylor"},{"link_name":"Special Edition of Return of the Jedi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changes_in_Star_Wars_re-releases#Return_of_the_Jedi"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"}],"sub_title":"Oola","text":"Oola is a Twi'lek dancer enslaved by Jabba the Hutt and chained to his throne; she is killed by Jabba's rancor after dancing for him.[70]The character has been portrayed by Femi Taylor in Episode VI. New scenes featuring the character were filmed for the Special Edition of Return of the Jedi.[71][72] When Taylor arrived for her reshoots, producers were stunned to discover she still fit into her original costume and had barely aged at all in the 15 years since originally shooting her scenes. Taylor credited this to her impressive dance career.","title":"O"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Asajj Ventress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asajj_Ventress"},{"link_name":"Count Dooku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_Dooku"},{"link_name":"Nightsisters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nightsisters"},{"link_name":"berserker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berserker"},{"link_name":"Mandalore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandalore"},{"link_name":"Clancy Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clancy_Brown"}],"sub_title":"Savage Opress","text":"Savage Opress is a Dathomirian Zabrak Nightbrother, and the brother of Darth Maul. He is hand picked by Asajj Ventress as part of her scheme to kill Count Dooku for the attempt on her life and is altered by the Nightsisters, becoming more of a berserker on Ventress' call to the point of killing Feral, (his adoptive brother), without remorse, Opress manages to become Dooku's new apprentice and learns only a bit in the ways of the Sith before Ventress has him help her fight Dooku, due to his actions under him getting unwanted attention from the Jedi. However, in the heat of the moment and provoked by both of them, Opress tries to kill both Dooku and Ventress before escaping the Jedi and instructed by Mother Talzin to find Maul so he can complete his training to defend himself against the numerous enemies he has made. Finding Maul a shell of his former self on a junk planet, Opress manages to stir up his fellow nightbrother's grudge with Obi-Wan to aid him in his revenge against the Jedi. He is later killed in a duel by Darth Sidious on Mandalore.The character has been voiced by Clancy Brown in The Clone Wars.","title":"O"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bailorgana-73"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Smits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Smits"},{"link_name":"Phil LaMarr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_LaMarr"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Smits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Smits"},{"link_name":"Adrian Dunbar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrian_Dunbar"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bailorgana-73"},{"link_name":"retconned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retcon"}],"sub_title":"Bail Organa","text":"Bail Organa is Leia Organa's adoptive father, a Senator of Alderaan and one of the Rebel Alliance's founding members. He adopts Leia after his ally and her birth mother, Padmé, dies and her birth father, Anakin Skywalker, becomes Darth Vader. Bail is killed in the destruction of Alderaan by the Death Star.[73]The character has been portrayed by Jimmy Smits in Episodes II-III, Rogue One, and Obi-Wan Kenobi, and voiced by Phil LaMarr in The Clone Wars, Rebels, Tales of the Jedi and The Bad Batch. He first appeared in Attack of the Clones, portrayed by Jimmy Smits, though he appeared in scenes cut from The Phantom Menace, where he was portrayed by Adrian Dunbar,[73] with Dunbar's character retconned into a separate character named Bail Antilles.","title":"O"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rebecca Jackson Mendoza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebecca_Jackson_Mendoza"},{"link_name":"Simone Kessell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simone_Kessell"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"}],"sub_title":"Breha Organa","text":"Breha Organa is Queen of Alderaan, wife of Bail Organa, and adoptive mother of Leia Organa. She is killed in the destruction of Alderaan.The character has been portrayed by Rebecca Jackson Mendoza in Episode III, and by Simone Kessell in Obi-Wan Kenobi. Breha is also featured in the short story \"Eclipse\" and in the 2017 novel Leia, Princess of Alderaan.[74][75]","title":"O"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Leia Organa","title":"O"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Steve Blum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Blum"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zeb_Mandalorian-76"},{"link_name":"Ralph McQuarrie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_McQuarrie"},{"link_name":"Chewbacca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chewbacca"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"}],"sub_title":"Garazeb \"Zeb\" Orrelios","text":"Garazeb \"Zeb\" Orrelios is the former Captain of the Lasat high honor guard who rose up against the Empire, which led to the near-extinction of his people. He is the muscle of the Ghost crew, serving under call sign Spectre 4. The genocide campaign against his people left him with a gruff demeanor, as well as leading him into conflict with Agent Kallus, though eventually Kallus defects from the Empire to join the Alliance as a Rebel spy.The character has been voiced by Steve Blum in Star Wars Rebels and The Mandalorian.[76] The physical appearance of the Lasat species is based on Ralph McQuarrie's original conceptual artwork for Chewbacca. Art director Kilian Plunkett said: \"Zeb actually is very articulate and witty and funny, and that's sort of juxtaposed with what he looks like, makes for an interesting character\".[77]","title":"O"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"P"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Sheev Palpatine / Darth Sidious","title":"P"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hugh Quarshie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Quarshie"}],"sub_title":"Quarsh Panaka","text":"Quarsh Panaka is the captain of the Queen Amidala's guard.The character has been portrayed by Hugh Quarshie in Episode I. In the novel Leia, Princess of Alderaan, he meets a young Leia Organa, but is subsequently assassinated by Saw Gerrera and his Partisans.","title":"P"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"George Lucas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Lucas"},{"link_name":"Corey Burton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corey_Burton"}],"sub_title":"Baron Papanoida","text":"Baron Papanoida is a Pantoran Senator and Chairman of the Pantoran Assembly.The character has been portrayed by George Lucas in Episode III, and voiced by Corey Burton in The Clone Wars.","title":"P"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grand Admiral Thrawn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Admiral_Thrawn"},{"link_name":"Timothy Zahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Zahn"},{"link_name":"Thrawn trilogy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrawn_trilogy"},{"link_name":"third season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mandalorian_season_3"},{"link_name":"The Mandalorian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mandalorian"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"Jim Cummings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Cummings"},{"link_name":"Xander Berkely","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xander_Berkely"},{"link_name":"Tales of the Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tales_of_the_Empire"}],"sub_title":"Gilad Pellaeon","text":"Gilad Pellaeon is an Imperial officer who served as a captain in the naval forces of the Galactic Empire as part of Grand Admiral Thrawn's Seventh Fleet. He was first introduced in Timothy Zahn's Thrawn trilogy. The character made his live-action debut in the third season of The Mandalorian.[78]The character has been voiced by Jim Cummings in Rebels and voiced by Xander Berkely in Tales of the Empire. Berkeley previously portrayed the character in The Mandalorian.","title":"P"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Omid Abtahi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omid_Abtahi"}],"sub_title":"Doctor Penn Pershing","text":"Penn Pershing is an Imperial Doctor working for Moff Gideon who experiments on Grogu, but does not want to harm him.The character has been portrayed by Omid Abtahi in The Mandalorian.","title":"P"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Captain Phasma","title":"P"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Even Piell","text":"Even Piell is a Lannik Jedi Master and Council Member. During the Clone Wars, he participated in a mission regarding the Nexus Route, a key hyperspace lane discovered in the Outer Rim. Piell was captured, imprisoned, and tortured in the prison known as the Citadel, along with Wilhuff Tarkin, who held the other half of the secret information. A rescue mission was sent, but Piell was killed by local wolf-like anoobas just after giving Ahsoka Tano his piece of the information.The character has been portrayed by Michaela Cottrel in Episode I, and voiced by Bair Bless in The Clone Wars.","title":"P"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Firmus Piett","title":"P"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jakku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakku"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25_Droids-79"},{"link_name":"Simon Pegg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Pegg"},{"link_name":"Dee Bradley Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dee_Bradley_Baker"}],"sub_title":"Unkar Plutt","text":"Unkar Plutt is a Crolute Junkboss on the planet Jakku who pays out portions of food in exchange for pieces of salvage. He attempts to bargain the droid BB-8 from Rey and then tries to steal it when she refuses, but Rey ends up fleeing the planet by stealing the Millennium Falcon from him.[79]The character has been portrayed by Simon Pegg in Episode VII, and voiced by Dee Bradley Baker in Forces of Destiny.","title":"P"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"Marton Csokas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marton_Csokas"},{"link_name":"Matthew Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Wood_(sound_editor)"}],"sub_title":"Poggle the Lesser","text":"Poggle the Lesser is the Archduke of Geonosis, part of the Techno Union and one of the Separatist leaders killed by Darth Vader on Mustafar. Poggle controls the Geonosian battle droid factories and commands the droid army that fought in the two battles of Geonosis.[80] He also assists in the early planning and construction of the first Death Star.[81]The character has been voiced by Marton Csokas in Episode II, and voiced by Matthew Wood in The Clone Wars.","title":"P"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mace Windu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mace_Windu"},{"link_name":"Geonosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geonosis"},{"link_name":"Temuera Morrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temuera_Morrison"},{"link_name":"Dee Bradley Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dee_Bradley_Baker"}],"sub_title":"Commander CT-411 \"Ponds\"","text":"CT-411, or \"Ponds\", is a Clone Commander who serves Mace Windu in the Clone Wars. He helps organize clone commando units on Geonosis and fights on Ryloth and Malastare in later battles. He is eventually captured by a group of bounty hunters and executed by Aurra Sing in an attempt to lure Windu into a trap.The character has been voiced by Temuera Morrison in Episode II, and voiced by Dee Bradley Baker in The Clone Wars.","title":"P"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Yarael Poof","text":"Yarael Poof was a Quermian Jedi High Council member who died between Episode I and Episode II.The character has been portrayed by Michelle Taylor in Episode I.","title":"P"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Hootkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hootkins"},{"link_name":"Family Guy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_Guy"},{"link_name":"Blue Harvest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Harvest"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"}],"sub_title":"Jek Porkins","text":"Jek Porkins is a portly X-wing pilot codenamed \"Red Six\" who is killed in the attack on the first Death Star.The character has been portrayed by William Hootkins in Episode IV. Porkins has gained some comedic notoriety due to his size, manner and untimely death, which was spoofed in the Family Guy episode Blue Harvest.[82]","title":"P"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mary Elizabeth McGlynn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Elizabeth_McGlynn"},{"link_name":"Star Wars: Thrawn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Wars:_Thrawn"}],"sub_title":"Arihnda Pryce","text":"Arihnda Pryce is the Imperial Governor of Lothal. She was killed when the Lothal Insurgents blew up the Imperial Dome during the Liberation of Lothal.The character has been voiced by Mary Elizabeth McGlynn in Rebels. Her backstory is explored in the novel Star Wars: Thrawn.","title":"P"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Richard E. Grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_E._Grant"}],"sub_title":"Enric Pryde","text":"Enric Pryde is a former Imperial Admiral who rose to prominence as Allegiant General of the First Order during Kylo Ren's reign. He develops a rivalry with General Hux, whom he eventually executes after discovering his treason, and later is put in charge of the Sith Eternal's fleet, the Final Order, during the Battle of Exegol, where he dies when the command bridge of his Resurgent-class Star Destroyer Steadfast is destroyed by Finn.The character has been portrayed by Richard E. Grant in Episode IX.","title":"P"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Matt Lanter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Lanter"}],"sub_title":"Lom Pyke","text":"Lom Pyke is Minister of the Pyke Syndicate during the Clone Wars who joins the Shadow Collective and participates in the attack on Sundari with his criminal allies. When the Jedi Council later investigate the disappearance of Sifo-Dyas, Obi-Wan Kenobi and Anakin Skywalker are sent to Oba Diah to confront the Pykes. Lom is forced to tell the truth behind the death of Sifo-Dyas to the Jedi, as well as the Pykes' involvement, though he offers his prisoner Silman in return for amnesty. When Count Dooku learns of this, he arrives on Oba Diah and kills Lom.The character has been voiced by Matt Lanter in The Clone Wars.","title":"P"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Q"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Qi'ra","title":"Q"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Corey Burton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corey_Burton"},{"link_name":"Mon Calamari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mon_Calamari_(fictional_race)"},{"link_name":"B-wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-wing"},{"link_name":"Corey Burton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corey_Burton"},{"link_name":"Ralph McQuarrie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_McQuarrie"}],"sub_title":"Quarrie","text":"Quarrie (voiced by Corey Burton) is a Mon Calamari engineer living on the planet Shantipole. He built the prototype B-wing, the Blade Wing, which was gifted to Hera in \"Wings of the Master\", and later oversaw the secret construction of more B-wings for the Rebel Alliance at Senator Organa's request.The character has been voiced by Corey Burton in Rebels. He is named after Star Wars concept artist Ralph McQuarrie.","title":"Q"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Qui-Gon Jinn","title":"Q"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"R"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MC85 Star Cruiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raddus_(MC85_Star_Cruiser)"},{"link_name":"Paul Kasey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Kasey"},{"link_name":"Stephen Stanton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Stanton"}],"sub_title":"Raddus","text":"Raddus is a green-skinned Mon Calamari admiral of the Rebel Alliance that perishes during the Battle of Scarif. He serves as the namesake of the Resistance MC85 Star Cruiser known as the Raddus.The character has been portrayed by Paul Kasey and voiced by Stephen Stanton in Rogue One.","title":"R"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stellan Skarsgård","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellan_Skarsg%C3%A5rd"}],"sub_title":"Luthen Rael","text":"Luthen Rael is a part of the Rebel Alliance who hires Cassian on his first mission as a Rebel operative. Publicly, Luthen poses as an eccentric antiques dealer from Coruscant.The character has been portrayed by Stellan Skarsgård in Andor.","title":"R"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rya Kihlstedt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rya_Kihlstedt"}],"sub_title":"Lyn Rakish / The Fourth Sister","text":"The Fourth Sister is the second Inquisitor introduced in Obi-Wan Kenobi. She was originally a Jedi Knight, but fell to the dark side of the Force and joined the Galactic Empire by becoming part of the Inquisitorius, Jedi hunters at the service of Darth Vader to hunt the Jedi into extinction. The Fourth Sister is later involved in trying to track down Obi-Wan Kenobi, a survivor of Order 66.The character has been portrayed by Rya Kihlstedt in Obi-Wan Kenobi and Tales of the Empire.","title":"R"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"snowspeeder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Star_Wars_air,_aquatic,_and_ground_vehicles#Snowspeeder_(T-47_Airspeeder)"},{"link_name":"Imperial walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Walker"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ralter-83"},{"link_name":"John Morton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Morton_(actor)"}],"sub_title":"Dak Ralter","text":"Dak Ralter is Luke Skywalker's snowspeeder gunner who dies in the Battle of Hoth when their snow speeder is damaged by an Imperial walker.[83]The character has been portrayed by John Morton in Episode V.","title":"R"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"}],"sub_title":"Vice Admiral Edmon Rampart","text":"Vice Admiral Rampart moved up the ranks after the fall of the Republic. He was stationed on Kamino to oversee the clone trooper for the new Galactic Empire. He unquestionably loyal to Governor Tarkin. Rampart gets arrested after the Galactic Senate sees evidence of his order destroying a city. He is sent to a forced labor camp on Erebus and is labeled as a traitor to the Empire.[84] He is later rescued by Clone Force 99 as they need him to locate Mount Tantiss and rescue a trapped Omega.He is voiced by Noshir Dalal in The Bad Batch.[85]","title":"R"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Oppo Rancisis","text":"Oppo Rancisis is a Thisspiasian Jedi Master and Jedi Council member. He was trained by fellow Jedi Master Yaddle and at the end of the Clone Wars, he survived Order 66.The character has been portrayed by Jerome Blake in Episode I.","title":"R"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kevin McKidd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_McKidd"}],"sub_title":"Fenn Rau","text":"Fenn Rau is the leader of the Protectors of Concord Dawn, part of the elite Protectors organization who guard the royal family of Mandalore. A veteran of the Clone Wars, he accepted Imperial bribes to prevent rebel travel through his system, but later ordered his men to permit rebel passage to keep the Empire away after being captured by Sabine. He later sided with the Rebellion after his men were slaughtered by the Imperial Super Commandos and eventually joined Clan Wren in the Mandalorian Civil War.The character has been voiced by Kevin McKidd in Rebels.","title":"R"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Max Rebo Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Rebo_Band"}],"sub_title":"Max Rebo","text":"Max Rebo is an Ortolan keyboard player and leader of the Max Rebo Band.The character has been portrayed by Simon Williamson in Episode VI, as well as making a cameo appearance in The Book of Boba Fett.","title":"R"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Ren","title":"R"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Captain CT-7567 \"Rex\"","title":"R"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Rey","title":"R"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Corey Burton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corey_Burton"}],"sub_title":"Nossor Ri","text":"Nossor Ri was the chieftain of the Quarren and lead the Quarren Isolation League. Ri conspired with the CIS to attack the Mon Calamari during the Clone Wars. He eventually realized his mistake and betrayed the CIS. Decades later he sacrificed his life to help the Resistance escape the First Order attack on Mon Cala.The character has been voiced by Corey Burton in The Clone Wars.","title":"R"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"O'Shea Jackson Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%27Shea_Jackson_Jr."}],"sub_title":"Kawlan Roken","text":"Kawlan Roken is a human male dissident during the height of the Galactic Empire, who operated an underground network known as Hidden Path that smuggled surviving Jedi and Force-sensitives to safety during the Great Jedi Purge.The character has been portrayed by O'Shea Jackson Jr. in Obi-Wan Kenobi.","title":"R"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Bodhi Rook","title":"R"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Corey Burton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corey_Burton"}],"sub_title":"Roshti","text":"Roshti is Governor of the planet Kiros and leader of a colony of 50,000 Togruta during the Clone Wars.The character has been voiced by Corey Burton in The Clone Wars.","title":"R"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Warwick Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warwick_Davis"},{"link_name":"Star Wars Legends","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Wars_expanded_universe"},{"link_name":"Thrawn novel trilogy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrawn_trilogy"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"}],"sub_title":"Rukh","text":"Rukh is a Noghri assassin who serves as an agent and tracker under Grand Admiral Thrawn. He has a keen sense of smell which he uses to track down victims, and he wields an electrostaff. He first tracks the Spectres after they try to escape with vital information about the TIE Defender, and he captures Hera Syndulla after the Rebel Alliance's failed attack on the Lothal TIE factory. Rukh battles Kanan during Hera's escape, and after getting knocked off the roof, tracks the escapees. He battles both Zeb and Sabine, but is defeated and nearly beaten to death by Zeb until Sabine stops him and sends him back unconscious and covered in paint by Sabine to the city as a living message to the Imperial forces. Rukh is later killed after Zeb traps him in an generator during the final battle on Lothal.The character has been voiced by Warwick Davis in Rebels and Tales of the Empire. Rukh originally appeared in the Star Wars Legends Thrawn novel trilogy, where he is Thrawn's bodyguard who ultimately turns against and kills Thrawn.[86]","title":"R"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Keira Knightley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keira_Knightley"}],"sub_title":"Sabé","text":"Sabé is one of Padmé Amidala's handmaidens. Sabé is the queen's decoy; for parts of the movie, the Sabé character is addressed as Amidala. She reappears in the Darth Vader comics.The character has been portrayed by Keira Knightley in Episode I.","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Faye Marsay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faye_Marsay"},{"link_name":"Andor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andor_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"}],"sub_title":"Vel Sartha","text":"Vel Sartha is a Rebel leader on the planet Aldhani, and cousin of Mon Mothma.In 2023, the character was portrayed by Faye Marsay in Andor.[87]","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Jun Sato","text":"Jun Sato is the commander of the rebel cell Phoenix Squadron, which the Ghost crew joins. He is also the uncle of Rebel pilot Mart Mattin. He sacrifices himself during the Battle of Atollon in order for Ezra Bridger to get reinforcements.The character has been voiced by Keone Young in Rebels.","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ray Stevenson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Stevenson"}],"sub_title":"Gar Saxon","text":"Gar Saxon is a Mandalorian warrior who serves under Darth Maul. Alongside Rook Kast, he aids Maul's escape from Darth Sidious and commands his forces during the Siege of Mandalore, until Maul betrays them and allows them to be captured by the Republic in order to make his own escape. Following the Galactic Empire's takeover of Mandalore, Saxon becomes Imperial Viceroy and Governor, wiping out the protectors, but is ultimately defeated by Sabine Wren and killed by Ursa Wren.The character has been voiced by Ray Stevenson in The Clone Wars and Rebels.","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tobias Menzies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobias_Menzies"}],"sub_title":"Tiber Saxon","text":"Tiber Saxon is Gar Saxon's brother, appointed Imperial Governor of Mandalore and leader of the Super Commandos after his brother was killed by Clan Wren. To put down the Mandalorian rebellion, he ordered the construction of a weapon known as an Arc Pulse Generator, code-named the \"Duchess\" (after the late Duchess Satine Kryze), developed by Sabine Wren when she was a cadet at the Imperial Academy on Mandalore. The weapon specifically targeted the alloy used in Mandalorian armor and superheated it, vaporizing the wearer. However, as Sabine had destroyed the plans and damaged the prototype when she defected, the weapon was not at its full potential; Grand Admiral Thrawn ordered the new Governor Saxon to capture Sabine to perfect the weapon. Imprisoned aboard Saxon's Imperial I-class Star Destroyer in the Mandalorian capital, Sabine altered the weapon to affect the alloys in Imperial armor, before breaching its core with the Darksaber and escaping. The explosion vaporized the Star Destroyer, killing Saxon and those of his men still on board.The character has been voiced by Tobias Menzies in Rebels.","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gwendoline Yeo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwendoline_Yeo"}],"sub_title":"Nala Se","text":"Nala Se is a Kaminoan scientist in charge of the cloning process. She cares for her medical assistant, a young female clone named Omega, and helps her and Clone Force 99 escape from Kamino after they betray the Empire.The character has been voiced by Gwendoline Yeo in The Clone Wars and The Bad Batch.","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lewis MacLeod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_MacLeod_(actor)"}],"sub_title":"Sebulba","text":"Sebulba is a Dug podracer who competes against Anakin Skywalker. He is very arrogant and competitive, and will resort to any means to achieve victory, even cheating. Once a slave, Sebulba's podracing skills bought his freedom.The character has been voiced by Lewis MacLeod in Episode I.","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Felucia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felucia"},{"link_name":"Rey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rey_(Star_Wars)"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"Amy Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy_Allen_(actress)"},{"link_name":"Jennifer Hale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Hale"}],"sub_title":"Aayla Secura","text":"Aayla Secura is a Twi'lek Jedi. She is one of the thousands of Jedi to fall victim of Order 66, getting betrayed and killed by her own clone troopers on Felucia. Aayla also appears as a disembodied voice empowering Rey to face the revived Darth Sidious.[88][89]The character has been portrayed by Amy Allen in Episodes II-III, and voiced by Jennifer Hale in The Clone Wars and Episode IX.","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"Christopher Malcolm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Malcolm"}],"sub_title":"Zev Senesca","text":"Zev Senesca is a member of the Rebel Alliance and Rogue Squadron pilot, designated as \"Rogue Two\", Senesca pilots a snowspeeder and dies during the Battle of Hoth in combat against the Imperial AT-AT walkers.[90] He is also the pilot who locates Han Solo and Luke Skywalker, who are stranded in the snow away from the Rebel base on Hoth.The character has been portrayed by Christopher Malcolm in Episode V.","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Moses Ingram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses_Ingram"}],"sub_title":"Reva Sevander / The Third Sister","text":"Reva Sevander is a ruthless, ambitious Inquisitor who survived Order 66 as a Jedi Youngling. She takes special interest in hunting down Obi-Wan Kenobi among other surviving Jedi, blaming him for Anakin Skywalker's turn to the dark side to become Darth Vader. Secretly, she plans to use her position to assassinate Vader for killing her Youngling friends, stabbing and apparently killing the Grand Inquisitor and succeeding him in his role. Ultimately, she fails and is stabbed by Vader, revealing that her treachery was already suspected, and that the previous Grand Inquisitor survived her attempt at killing him. She survives and tries to seek further revenge on Vader by killing his young son, Luke, but she decides against it and reconciles with Kenobi.The character has been portrayed by Moses Ingram in Obi-Wan Kenobi.","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sarah Michelle Gellar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Michelle_Gellar"}],"sub_title":"The Seventh Sister","text":"The Seventh Sister is a Mirialan Inquisitor introduced in the second season of Rebels, who uses mini probe droids to track her targets. After the Grand Inquisitor's death, she and the Fifth Brother are tasked with hunting the Ghost crew. They are both ultimately killed by Maul on Malachor.The character has been voiced by Sarah Michelle Gellar in Rebels.","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Fennec Shand","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-91"},{"link_name":"Hondo Ohnaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hondo_Ohnaka"},{"link_name":"Cad Bane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cad_Bane"},{"link_name":"Tobias Beckett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobias_Beckett"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-92"},{"link_name":"Jaime King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaime_King"}],"sub_title":"Aurra Sing","text":"Aurra Sing is a feared Palliduvan bounty hunter from Nar Shaddaa.[91] She was once a member of the Jedi Order and had a past romantic relationship with Hondo Ohnaka. During the Clone Wars, Aurra takes jobs with other mercenaries such as Cad Bane, and even becomes a mentor and mother figure to a young Boba Fett. She is apparently killed by Tobias Beckett at a later point.[92]The character has been portrayed by Michonne Bourriague in Episode I, and voiced by Jaime King in The Clone Wars.","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cane sword","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cane_sword"},{"link_name":"Ahsoka Tano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahsoka_Tano"},{"link_name":"Obi-Wan Kenobi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obi-Wan_Kenobi"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"Greg Baldwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Baldwin"}],"sub_title":"Tera Sinube","text":"Tera Sinube is an elderly Cosian Jedi Master who wielded a white lightsaber based on a cane sword. Sinube spent most of his time studying in the Jedi Temple Archives, and formed a friendship with Ahsoka Tano while helping her recover her stolen lightsaber. After the rise of the Empire, Sinube's body was discovered by Obi-Wan Kenobi in the Fortress Inquisitorius, preserved in amber, and likely meaning he survived Order 66 before being killed by Inquisitors.[93]The character has been voiced by Greg Baldwin in The Clone Wars.","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Clancy Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clancy_Brown"}],"sub_title":"The Sixth Brother","text":"The Sixth Brother is an Inquisitor of unknown species and origin, sent to hunt down and kill the rogue Jedi Ahsoka Tano after her escape from Order 66 based on the tip of a local villager who observed her using the Force. The Sixth Brother slaughters most of the community, and he is eventually killed by Tano after a quick duel.The character has been voiced by Clancy Brown in Tales of the Jedi.","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Morgan Elsbeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Elsbeth"},{"link_name":"Sköll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sk%C3%B6ll"},{"link_name":"Hati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hati_Hr%C3%B3%C3%B0vitnisson"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-46"},{"link_name":"Ray Stevenson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Stevenson"}],"sub_title":"Baylan Skoll","text":"Baylan Skoll is a former Jedi who survived Order 66 by fleeing into the Unknown Regions, where he took on Shin Hati as his apprentice. During the era of the New Republic, both operate as Dark Jedi mercenaries in search of power, working with Morgan Elsbeth. After they found Thrawn and the battle of Peridea, Skoll follows his own agenda to pursue a mysterious force calling out to him.His name is an allusion to the celestial wolf Sköll in Norse mythology, the companion of the celestial wolf Hati.[46]The character has been portrayed by Ray Stevenson in Ahsoka.","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Anakin Skywalker / Darth Vader","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Luke Skywalker","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Qui-Gon Jinn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qui-Gon_Jinn"},{"link_name":"Tusken Raiders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tusken_Raiders"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"Pernilla August","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pernilla_August"}],"sub_title":"Shmi Skywalker","text":"Shmi Skywalker is the mother of Anakin Skywalker, and Luke and Leia's paternal grandmother. Qui-Gon Jinn attempts to bargain for her freedom from slavery but fails. Shmi encourages Anakin to leave Tatooine with Qui-Gon to seek his destiny, but Anakin finds it hard to leave without her. A widowed moisture farmer named Cliegg Lars later falls in love with Shmi, and after he purchases her freedom from Watto, they marry. Shmi dies in Anakin's arms after being kidnapped and tortured by Tusken Raiders.[94]The character has been portrayed by Pernilla August in Episodes I-II and The Clone Wars.","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Snoke","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Max Rebo Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Rebo_Band"},{"link_name":"Tim Rose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Rose_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Mike Quinn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Quinn_(puppeteer)"},{"link_name":"Nika Futterman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nika_Futterman"}],"sub_title":"Sy Snootles","text":"Sy Snootles is a female Pa'lowick and lead vocalist of the Max Rebo Band. During the Clone Wars, she is Ziro the Hutt's lover, but works as a spy for the Hutt Clan and eventually kills him.The character has been performed by puppeteers Tim Rose and Mike Quinn in Episode VI, and voiced by Annie Arbogast in Episode VI, and voiced by Nika Futterman in The Clone Wars.","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"James Arnold Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Arnold_Taylor"}],"sub_title":"Osi Sobek","text":"Osi Sobek is a Phindian CIS commander who serves as the warden of the prison known as \"The Citadel\" on the planet Lola Sayu. He is killed by Ahsoka Tano during a mission to break out Jedi Master Even Piell.The character has been voiced by James Arnold Taylor in The Clone Wars.","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Ben Solo / Kylo Ren","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Han Solo","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sam Witwer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Witwer"}],"sub_title":"The Son","text":"One of the Mortis gods, the Son is the embodiment of the dark side of the Force, child of the Father, and brother to the Daughter. Unlike his sister, he is often disobedient to their father and secretly wishes to kill him so that he could escape from Mortis. To this ends, he corrupts Ahsoka Tano with his dark influence, and attempts to seduce Anakin Skywalker, whom the Father believed to be the Chosen One and a possible successor, to the dark side, which he briefly succeeds in doing by showing him visions of his future, until the Father erases those visions from Anakin's mind. While attempting to kill the Father, the Son accidentally kills his sister and, though devastated, does not stop from trying to achieve his goal. Realizing this, the Father commits suicide to render the Son mortal, who finally reconciles with him before Anakin kills him.The character has been voiced by Sam Witwer in The Clone Wars.","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"Darth Tyranus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_Dooku"},{"link_name":"Bob Bergen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Bergen"}],"sub_title":"Lama Su","text":"Lama Su is the Prime Minister of Kamino.[95] During the Clone Wars, he is revealed to be in the employ of Darth Tyranus as part of the scheme to have the clones eliminate the Jedi.The character has been voiced by Anthony Phelan in Episode II, and by Bob Bergen in The Clone Wars and The Bad Batch.","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cal Kestis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cal_Kestis"},{"link_name":"cameo appearance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameo_appearance"}],"sub_title":"Trilla Suduri / The Second Sister","text":"Trilla Suduri is an Inquisitor and former Jedi Padawan of Cere Junda, who was captured and tortured by the Empire after Cere betrayed her location under intense interrogation. She is assigned to hunt down Cal Kestis and retrieve a Holocron containing a list of Force-sensitive children. She is later killed by Darth Vader for her failure.The character has been voiced by Elizabeth Grullon in Jedi: Fallen Order. The Second Sister also makes a cameo appearance in the comic series Darth Vader: Dark Lord of the Sith.","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ryloth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryloth"},{"link_name":"Robin Atkin Downes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Atkin_Downes"}],"sub_title":"Cham Syndulla","text":"Cham Syndulla is a Twi'lek freedom fighter who opposes the Separatists independently before allying with the Republic Army when the Clone Wars come to Ryloth. In the aftermath of the Clone Wars, Cham opposes the newly established Galactic Empire's occupation of his world and becomes distanced from his daughter Hera after the death of her mother due to his single-minded determination to liberate Ryloth at any cost. The pair are later reconciled after Cham and his warriors Gobi and Numa team up with Hera's crew to steal an Imperial carrier and shoot down an Imperial cruiser over Ryloth.The character has been voiced by Robin Atkin Downes in The Clone Wars, Rebels, and The Bad Batch.","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Hera Syndulla","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ahsoka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahsoka_(TV_series)"}],"sub_title":"Jacen Syndulla","text":"Jacen Syndulla is a male human and Twi'lek hybrid who was born during the time of the Galactic Civil War. He was the son of General Hera Syndulla and the late Jedi Knight Kanan Jarrus, and the grandson of Twi'lek revolutionary leader Cham Syndulla.The character has been portrayed by Evan Whitten in Ahsoka.","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"T"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Phil LaMarr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_LaMarr"}],"sub_title":"Orn Free Taa","text":"Orn Free Taa is a Twi'lek who represents Ryloth in the Galactic Senate during the prequel trilogy.The character has been portrayed by Jerome Blake in Episode I, by Matt Rowan in Episodes II-III, and voiced by Phil LaMarr in The Clone Wars and The Bad Batch.","title":"T"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Don Henderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Henderson"},{"link_name":"Star Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Wars_(film)"},{"link_name":"Rebel Alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebel_Alliance"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"non-primary source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"unreliable source?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources"}],"sub_title":"General Taggi / Tagge","text":"General Taggi, portrayed by Don Henderson in the original Star Wars movie, makes an appearance in the Death Star conference room. He says that the Rebel Alliance should be taken more seriously, and seems appalled by the news of the dissolution of the Imperial Senate.[96][97][98]In Marvel Comics, the character is given a back story and is referred as Cassio Tagge or Grand General Tagge.[99][non-primary source needed][100][unreliable source?]","title":"T"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Barbara Goodson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Goodson"}],"sub_title":"Mother Talzin","text":"Mother Talzin is the Dathomirian leader of the Nightsister clans before and during the Clone Wars, and the biological mother of Maul, Savage Opress, and Feral. She possesses great magical powers, including mind control, manipulating matter, and turning into mist. Following General Grievous's attack on Dathomir, she is one of the few surviving Nightsisters. Later, Talzin manipulates a cult into stealing the living Force within other beings and collect it in an orb for her. When enough is collected, Talzin intends to absorb the Force and gain great strength beyond any other Jedi or Sith. However, she is defeated by the combined efforts of Mace Windu and Jar Jar Binks. She is later killed by Grievous during a fight with Palpatine and Dooku.The character has been voiced by Barbara Goodson in The Clone Wars.","title":"T"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"Chris Truswell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Truswell"},{"link_name":"Matthew Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Wood_(sound_editor)"}],"sub_title":"Wat Tambor","text":"Wat Tambor is the Skakoan Foreman of the Techno Union and Executive of Baktoid Armor Workshop before and during the Clone Wars. He serves on the Separatist Council during the Clone Wars and helps to fund and supply the Confederacy of Independent Systems. He is one of the Separatist leaders killed by Darth Vader on Mustafar.[101]The character has been voiced by Chris Truswell in Episode II, and voiced by Matthew Wood in The Clone Wars.","title":"T"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Ahsoka Tano / Fulcrum / Ashla","title":"T"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Wilhuff Tarkin","title":"T"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kashyyyk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashyyyk"},{"link_name":"Michael Kingma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Kingma"},{"link_name":"Star Wars Jedi: Fallen Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Wars_Jedi:_Fallen_Order"}],"sub_title":"Tarfful","text":"Tarfful is a Wookiee chieftain who, along with Chewbacca, commands the Wookiee warriors during the Battle of Kashyyyk, and later helps Yoda escape the clone troopers after Order 66 is given.The character has been portrayed by Michael Kingma in Episode III. He also appears in the video game Star Wars Jedi: Fallen Order.","title":"T"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"killed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killed_in_action"},{"link_name":"sacrificing his life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altruistic_suicide"},{"link_name":"Steve Speirs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Speirs"},{"link_name":"Fred Tatasciore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Tatasciore"}],"sub_title":"Roos Tarpals","text":"Roos Tarpals is a Gungan soldier who held the rank of Captain, and later General. He fought during the Clone Wars for the Gungan Grand Army and the Galactic Republic, starting with the Battle of the Grassy Plains in Naboo. He is killed in a confrontation with General Grievous, sacrificing his life to ensure the Confederate leader's capture.The character has been voiced by Steve Speirs in Episode I, and voiced by Fred Tatasciore in The Clone Wars.","title":"T"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Travis Willingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travis_Willingham"}],"sub_title":"Jaro Tapal","text":"Jaro Tapal is a Lasat Jedi Master who trained Cal Kestis and sacrificed himself to help him escape during Order 66. Tapal's death haunted Cal for years, who blamed himself for what happened, but he eventually found the strength to forgive himself.The character has been voiced by Travis Willingham in Jedi: Fallen Order.","title":"T"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dee Bradley Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dee_Bradley_Baker"}],"sub_title":"\"Tech\"","text":"\"Tech\" is a deformed clone trooper and member of Clone Force 99. He is the team's brains, having genetic mutations that make him more intelligent and skilled with technology than other clones. Following Order 66, Tech along with most of the team rebel against the Empire and become mercenaries. He sacrifices himself for the Bad Batch so that the rest of them can return safely.The character has been voiced by Dee Bradley Baker in The Clone Wars and The Bad Batch.","title":"T"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Max von Sydow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_von_Sydow"}],"sub_title":"Lor San Tekka","text":"Lor San Tekka is a former explorer and a devout follower of the Church of the Force, as well as an old ally of Luke Skywalker, living on the planet Jakku. He gives Poe Dameron a fragment of the map needed to find Luke, and is subsequently executed by Kylo Ren.The character has been portrayed by Max von Sydow in Episode VII.","title":"T"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greef Karga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greef_Karga"},{"link_name":"Paul Sun-Hyung Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Sun-Hyung_Lee"}],"sub_title":"Carson Teva","text":"Carson Teva is Captain in the New Republic's Starfighter Corps from Alderaan who rescues Din Djarin from a swarm of ice spiders on Maldo Kreis, and later offers Greef Karga the chance to help the New Republic defeat the Empire.The character has been portrayed by Paul Sun-Hyung Lee in The Mandalorian, The Book of Boba Fett and Ahsoka.","title":"T"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Thrawn","title":"T"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Orli Shoshan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orli_Shoshan"},{"link_name":"Tasia Valenza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasia_Valenza"}],"sub_title":"Shaak Ti","text":"Shaak Ti is a Togruta Jedi Master and member of the Jedi Council. She is killed by Darth Vader at the Jedi Temple on Coruscant during Order 66.The character has been portrayed by Orli Shoshan in Episodes II-III, and voiced by Tasia Valenza in The Clone Wars.","title":"T"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Rose Tico","title":"T"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Khan Bonfils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khan_Bonfils"},{"link_name":"Dee Bradley Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dee_Bradley_Baker"}],"sub_title":"Saesee Tiin","text":"Saesee Tiin is an Iktotchi Jedi Master and member of the Jedi High Council. He is the second of the four Jedi Masters who dies trying to arrest Darth Sidious. He uses a green lightsaber.The character has been portrayed by Khan Bonfils in Episode I, by Jesse Jensen in Episode II, by Kenji Oates in Episode III, and voiced by Dee Bradley Baker in The Clone Wars. Initially, he and Ki-Adi Mundi were going to be gunned down in Order 66 on Mygeeto in Revenge of the Sith.","title":"T"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dee Bradley Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dee_Bradley_Baker"}],"sub_title":"Trench","text":"Trench is the Harch Admiral of the Separatist Navy who commands the blockade of the planet Christophsis. He is one of the most skilled military tacticians at the time and supposedly has a history of being able to track cloaked ships. He seemingly dies early in the Clone Wars, but later reemerges with cybernetics covering nearly half of his body. Trench is finally killed by Anakin Skywalker.The character has been voiced by Dee Bradley Baker in The Clone Wars.","title":"T"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"Dee Bradley Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dee_Bradley_Baker"}],"sub_title":"CC-5385 \"Tup\"","text":"CC-5385, or \"Tup\", is a rookie clone trooper who has a teardrop tattoo on his face, and matching designs on his helmet.[102] He participates in the Battle of Umbara, and was key to the capture of rogue Jedi General Pong Krell. During his time in the campaign on Ringo Vinda, Tup's biochip malfunctions, leading him to carry out Order 66 earlier than intended. As Tup was being shipped back to Kamino for evaluation, he was kidnapped by the Separatists but recovered shortly afterwards. He dies of medical complications on Kamino during the ensuing investigation.The character has been voiced by Dee Bradley Baker in The Clone Wars.","title":"T"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Jay Laga'aia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Laga%27aia"},{"link_name":"James Mathis III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_C._Mathis_III"}],"sub_title":"Gregar Typho","text":"Gregar Typho is the nephew of Captain Panaka,[citation needed] and Amidala's bodyguard.The character has been portrayed by Jay Laga'aia in Episodes II-III, and voiced by James Mathis III in The Clone Wars.","title":"T"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"U"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"Rey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rey_(Star_Wars)"},{"link_name":"Mary Oyaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Oyaya"},{"link_name":"Fay David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fay_David&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cree Summer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cree_Summer"},{"link_name":"Olivia d'Abo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivia_d%27Abo"}],"sub_title":"Luminara Unduli","text":"Luminara Unduli is a Mirialan Jedi Master in the prequel trilogy and Barriss Offee's mentor. She is killed as a result of Order 66.[103] Luminara's body was used to lure Rebels and surviving Jedi into a trap, under the guise that she was still alive. Luminara later appears as a disembodied voice empowering Rey to face the revived Darth Sidious.The character has been portrayed by Mary Oyaya in Episode II, Fay David in Episode III, and voiced by Cree Summer in Clone Wars, and by Olivia d'Abo in The Clone Wars and Episode IX.","title":"U"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"V"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Terence Stamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terence_Stamp"},{"link_name":"Late Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Latin"},{"link_name":"Terence Stamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terence_Stamp"},{"link_name":"George Lucas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Lucas"},{"link_name":"President of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Bill Clinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton"},{"link_name":"Clinton impeachment trial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinton_impeachment"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"}],"sub_title":"Finis Valorum","text":"Finis Valorum is the Supreme Chancellor of the Galactic Republic, who is ousted from office, allowing Palpatine to rise to power.The character has been portrayed by Terence Stamp in Episode I, and voiced by Ian Ruskin in The Clone Wars. Finis valorum is Late Latin for \"the end of values\". According to performer Terence Stamp, the character was intended by George Lucas to be based on then-President of the United States Bill Clinton as a \"good but beleaguered man,\" although Stamp noted that this had been before the Clinton impeachment trial.[104] Valorum's name stems from the original drafts of The Star Wars, in which it belonged to a character combined with Vader, then Vader's master, before being phased out of the original trilogy.[105]","title":"V"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Cobb Vanth","title":"V"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AT-AT Imperial Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walker_(Star_Wars)"},{"link_name":"Julian Glover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Glover"}],"sub_title":"Maximilian Veers","text":"General Maximilian Veers is commander of the 501st Legion who leads the Empire's attack on Hoth, commanding the lead AT-AT Imperial Walker.The character has been portrayed by Julian Glover in Episode V.","title":"V"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Asajj Ventress","title":"V"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Iden Versio","title":"V"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Devaronian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devaronian"},{"link_name":"Keith Szarabajka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Szarabajka"}],"sub_title":"Cikatro Vizago","text":"Cikatro Vizago is a Devaronian crime lord who the Ghost crew occasionally runs errands and smuggles goods for in exchange for credits and information. He later aids the Ghost crew in getting past the Imperial blockade of Lothal, but is found out, sold as a slave to the Mining Guild and made to operate an ore crawler skimming Lothal's surface for minerals. After being freed by Ezra's team, he joins the Lothal rebels, and assists the Ghost crew in the final battle against Governor Pryce and Grand Admiral Thrawn.The character has been voiced by Keith Szarabajka in Rebels.","title":"V"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Paz Vizsla","title":"V"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jon Favreau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Favreau"}],"sub_title":"Pre Vizsla","text":"Pre Vizsla is a Mandalorian warlord and the leader of the Death Watch during the Clone Wars. He wields the Darksaber, an ancient lightsaber forged by his ancestor, Tarre Vizsla. As the governor of Concordia, one of Mandalore's moons, Pre Vizsla initially forms a secret alliance with Count Dooku to take control of Mandalore by overthrowing its pacifist government led by Duchess Satine Kryze. Vizsla breaks ties with Dooku when their plan fails, and he later allies with Darth Maul and Savage Opress in recruiting the Black Sun, the Pyke Syndicate and the Hutt Clan to form a criminal organization known as the Shadow Collective. After ousting Duchess Satine, Vizsla betrays his allies and has them imprisoned, but Maul escapes and challenges Vizla to single combat. Vizsla accepts and is defeated by Maul, who executes him and takes over Mandalore and the Death Watch.The character has been voiced by Jon Favreau in The Clone Wars.","title":"V"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"figurehead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figurehead"},{"link_name":"Paul Bettany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Bettany"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"}],"sub_title":"Dryden Vos","text":"Dryden Vos is a near-human crime lord who serves as the figurehead of the Crimson Dawn crime syndicate, led from the shadows by Darth Maul, and has history with Tobias Beckett, whom he recruited to steal coaxium for him. He is killed and replaced by his top lieutenant, Qi'ra.The character has been portrayed by Paul Bettany in Solo. Vos also briefly appears as a hologram in the final season of The Clone Wars, which establishes him as a lieutenant of Maul from during the Clone Wars.[106]","title":"V"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Asajj Ventress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asajj_Ventress"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"Al Rodrigo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Rodrigo"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Quinlan Vos","text":"Quinlan Vos is a Kiffar Jedi Master in The Clone Wars, and the master of Jedi Aayla Secura. He teams up with (and falls in love with) Asajj Ventress in an attempt to assassinate Count Dooku, but ends up turning to the dark side. He is eventually redeemed with Ventress's help, who sacrifices herself to save him. Vos later respectfully buries her on her homeworld, Dathomir, and is reinstated into the Jedi Order. He is one of the few known survivors of Order 66.[clarification needed]The character has been voiced by Al Rodrigo in The Clone Wars. The character's design was based on a background extra from the Tatooine set in The Phantom Menace, and this extra was retroactively made Vos on a secret mission for the Jedi Council.[citation needed]","title":"V"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"W"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Wicket W. Warrick","title":"W"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Watto","title":"W"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fennec Shand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fennec_Shand"},{"link_name":"Rena Owen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rena_Owen"},{"link_name":"maquette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maquette"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-we-107"}],"sub_title":"Taun We","text":"Taun We is a Kaminoan administrator who guides Obi-Wan Kenobi during his visit to the cloning facility. Following the rise of the Empire, she is killed by Fennec Shand.The character has been voiced by Rena Owen in Episode II and The Bad Batch. During filming, Owen wore a maquette of the alien's head atop a hardhat, providing her co-stars with the proper eye-line for talking with the character.[107]","title":"W"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"Leeanna Walsman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeanna_Walsman"}],"sub_title":"Zam Wesell","text":"Zam Wesell is a Clawdite bounty hunter hired by Jango Fett to assassinate Padmé Amidala. She fails in her mission and is killed with a poison dart by Fett before she could reveal his involvement.[108]The character has been portrayed by Leeanna Walsman in Episode II.","title":"W"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Truitt_Aftermath-109"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"Norra Wexley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norra_Wexley"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Truitt_Aftermath-109"},{"link_name":"Greg Grunberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Grunberg"},{"link_name":"Star Wars: Poe Dameron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Wars:_Poe_Dameron"}],"sub_title":"Temmin \"Snap\" Wexley","text":"Temmin \"Snap\" Wexley is a Resistance X-wing fighter pilot, and he dies during the Battle of Exegol.[109][110][111] He is the son of wayward Rebel pilot Norra Wexley.[109]The character has been portrayed by Greg Grunberg in Episode VII and IX. He is also a major character in the Star Wars: Poe Dameron comic series, as well as the Aftermath trilogy as a resourceful teenager.","title":"W"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Mace Windu","title":"W"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dee Bradley Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dee_Bradley_Baker"}],"sub_title":"Commander CC-3636 \"Wolffe\"","text":"CC-3636, or \"Wolffe\", is a Clone Commander of the 104th Battalion and leader of the \"Wolfpack\", serving under Jedi Plo Koon during the Clone Wars. During the war, he gained a large scar on his right eye. He is one of the few clones to have removed his inhibitor chip and, as such, was not forced to carry out Order 66. During the Galactic Empire era, he ends up in the Seelos system with fellow clones Rex and Gregor, and later helps the Rebels free Lothal from Imperial occupation.The character has been voiced by Dee Bradley Baker in The Clone Wars and Rebels.","title":"W"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dee Bradley Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dee_Bradley_Baker"}],"sub_title":"\"Wrecker\"","text":"\"Wrecker\" is a deformed clone trooper and member of Clone Force 99. He is the team's muscles, having genetic mutations that make him much larger and stronger than other clone troopers. Following Order 66, Wrecker along with most of the team rebel against the Empire and become mercenaries. Though Wrecker's biochip is later activated, causing him to briefly turn on his squadmates, though they manage to remove it from his brain and restore his free will.The character has been voiced by Dee Bradley Baker in The Clone Wars and The Bad Batch.","title":"W"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Sabine Wren","title":"W"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"X"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ranzar Malk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_The_Mandalorian_characters#Ranzar_Malk"},{"link_name":"Qin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_The_Mandalorian_characters#Qin"},{"link_name":"Natalia Tena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalia_Tena"}],"sub_title":"Xi'an","text":"Xi'an is a Twi'lek member of Ranzar Malk's crew, who is skilled in fighting with a knife, the sister of Qin, and an old associate and former lover of Din Djarin. After her brother is captured and imprisoned aboard a New Republic transport, the crew tries to rescue with the help of Djarin. Xi'an and the others secretly planned to abandon Djarin once they released Qin, but he outsmarts and defeats them, resulting in their arrest.The character has been portrayed by Natalia Tena in The Mandalorian.","title":"X"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kazuda Xiono","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazuda_Xiono"},{"link_name":"Tzi Ma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tzi_Ma"},{"link_name":"Star Wars Resistance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Wars_Resistance"},{"link_name":"Nelson Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Lee"}],"sub_title":"Hamato Xiono","text":"Hamato Xiono is a human male senator from the planet Hosnian Prime who served in the New Republic Senate and is the father of Resistance operative Kazuda Xiono. By 9 ABY, Xiono was performing his duties as a senator in the New Republic. During this time, his ideals for the direction the burgeoning republic should take directly clashed with warnings from General Hera Syndulla of the Imperial Grand Admiral Thrawn's return, culminating in a failed attempt to court-martial her for disobeying direct orders.The character has been voiced by Tzi Ma in Star Wars Resistance, and he is portrayed by Nelson Lee in Ahsoka.","title":"X"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Y"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bryce Dallas Howard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryce_Dallas_Howard"},{"link_name":"Star Wars: Tales of the Jedi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tales_of_the_Jedi_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Yaddle","text":"Yaddle is a female member of Yoda's mysterious species who appears as a member of the Jedi Council. She trained Cal Kestis' Master Jaro Tapal and she is killed attempting to stop Dooku from turning to the dark side.The character has been portrayed by Phil Eason in Episode I, and voiced by Bryce Dallas Howard in Star Wars: Tales of the Jedi. She was created from a concept art by Iain McCaig for a young Yoda.[citation needed]","title":"Y"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Yoda","title":"Y"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tom Kane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Kane"},{"link_name":"Malcolm Sinclair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_Sinclair_(actor)"}],"sub_title":"Wullf Yularen","text":"Wullf Yularen is an Imperial officer on the first Death Star. During the Clone Wars, Yularen served as an admiral in the Republic Navy, and a leader of Anakin Skywalker's fleet. He is later transferred to colonel and also the leader of the Imperial Security Bureau. He was killed in the destruction of the Death Star.The character has been portrayed by Robert Clarke in Episode IV, voiced by Tom Kane in The Clone Wars and Rebels, and portrayed by Malcolm Sinclair in Andor.","title":"Y"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Z"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Corey Burton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corey_Burton"}],"sub_title":"Ziro the Hutt","text":"Ziro is a Galactic Basic-speaking Hutt crime lord, Jabba the Hutt's flamboyant uncle, and Mama the Hutt's son, who secretly plots to overthrow the Hutt Clan and usurp all their power. During the Clone Wars, he makes a secret plan with Count Dooku to have Jabba's son captured by Assajj Ventress and blame the Jedi for the incident, but their scheme fails, as Jabba's son is rescued by Anakin Skywalker and Ahsoka Tano, and Ziro is discovered and arrested by Padmé Amidala. While in prison, he hires Aurra Sing to assassinate Amidala, but she fails. Later, fearing that Ziro will give the Republic the Hutt Council's records that he had hidden away, Jabba hires Cad Bane and a team of bounty hunters to break him out of prison, with them taking several Senators hostage in exchange for Ziro's release. Ziro then meets with the rest of the Hutt Clan on Nal Hutta, but refuses to tell them where he had hidden the records and, thus, is imprisoned. He is broken out by his lover, Sy Snootles, shortly after, and the two of them head over to Mama the Hutt's house on Teth, where the records are located. However, Snootles betrays Ziro and reveals that she was hired by Jabba to find the records, before killing him.The character has been voiced by Corey Burton in The Clone Wars.","title":"Z"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Darth Vader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darth_Vader"},{"link_name":"Millennium Falcon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium_Falcon"},{"link_name":"4-LOM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-LOM"},{"link_name":"Cathy Munroe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cathy_Munroe&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Veekhoven-112"}],"sub_title":"Zuckuss","text":"Zuckuss is a Gand bounty hunter among those who answer Darth Vader's call to capture the Millennium Falcon. He is a skilled tracker, and often works alongside the droid 4-LOM.The character has been portrayed by Cathy Munroe in Episode V. The action figure of the character released in Kenner's original Star Wars action figure line was misidentified as his droid colleague \"4-LOM\".[112]","title":"Z"}]	[]	[{"title":"Lists of Star Wars actors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_Star_Wars_actors"},{"title":"Lists of Star Wars film actors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Star_Wars_film_actors"},{"title":"Lists of Star Wars television series actors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Star_Wars_television_series_actors"},{"title":"List of Star Wars creatures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Star_Wars_creatures"},{"title":"List of The Mandalorian characters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_The_Mandalorian_characters"},{"title":"List of The Book of Boba Fett characters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_The_Book_of_Boba_Fett_characters"},{"title":"List of Star Wars droid characters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droid_(Star_Wars)#List_of_droid_characters"},{"title":"List of Star Wars Legends characters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Star_Wars_Legends_characters"},{"title":"List of Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic characters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Star_Wars:_Knights_of_the_Old_Republic_characters"},{"title":"List of Star Wars books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Star_Wars_books"}]	[{"reference":"McMilian, Graeme (April 25, 2014). \"Lucasfilm Unveils New Plans for Star Wars Expanded Universe\". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved May 26, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/lucasfilm-unveils-new-plans-star-698973","url_text":"\"Lucasfilm Unveils New Plans for Star Wars Expanded Universe\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter","url_text":"The Hollywood Reporter"}]},{"reference":"\"The Legendary Star Wars Expanded Universe Turns a New Page\". StarWars.com. April 25, 2014. Retrieved May 26, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.starwars.com/news/the-legendary-star-wars-expanded-universe-turns-a-new-page","url_text":"\"The Legendary Star Wars Expanded Universe Turns a New Page\""}]},{"reference":"\"Disney and Random House announce relaunch of Star Wars Adult Fiction line\". StarWars.com. April 25, 2014. Retrieved May 26, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.starwars.com/news/disney-publishing-worldwide-and-random-house-announce-relaunch-of-star-wars-adult-fiction-line","url_text":"\"Disney and Random House announce relaunch of Star Wars Adult Fiction line\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stass Allie\". StarWars.com. Retrieved April 4, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.starwars.com/databank/stass-allie","url_text":"\"Stass Allie\""}]},{"reference":"\"Prime Minister Almec\". StarWars.com. Retrieved April 4, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.starwars.com/databank/prime-minister-almec","url_text":"\"Prime Minister Almec\""}]},{"reference":"\"Star Wars: The Series' Most Underrated Characters\". NME. September 29, 2016. Retrieved March 22, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nme.com/blogs/nme-blogs/star-wars-most-underrated-characters-759581","url_text":"\"Star Wars: The Series' Most Underrated Characters\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NME","url_text":"NME"}]},{"reference":"\"Ponda Baba\". StarWars.com. Lucasfilm. Retrieved January 4, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.starwars.com/databank/ponda-baba","url_text":"\"Ponda Baba\""}]},{"reference":"Orange, B. Alan (December 17, 2016). \"19 Star Wars Cameos in Rogue One You Probably Missed\". MovieWeb.","urls":[{"url":"https://movieweb.com/rogue-one-cameos-star-wars/","url_text":"\"19 Star Wars Cameos in Rogue One You Probably Missed\""}]},{"reference":"Michael, Graff (February 1, 2017). \"15 Things You Didn't Know About Bossk\". Screen Rant. Retrieved March 22, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://screenrant.com/star-wars-bossk-trandoshan-bounty-hunter-trivia/?view=all","url_text":"\"15 Things You Didn't Know About Bossk\""}]},{"reference":"Bouzereau, Laurent (September 8, 1997). Star Wars: The Annotated Screenplays. Del Rey Books. ISBN 0345409817.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Del_Rey_Books","url_text":"Del Rey Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0345409817","url_text":"0345409817"}]},{"reference":"Alinger, Brandon (October 28, 2014). Star Wars Costumes: The Original Trilogy. Chronicle Books. p. 105. ISBN 978-1-4521-3805-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronicle_Books","url_text":"Chronicle Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4521-3805-3","url_text":"978-1-4521-3805-3"}]},{"reference":"\"5 Recycled Star Wars Props and Costumes\". StarWars.com. August 6, 2015. Archived from the original on September 9, 2019. Retrieved March 11, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.starwars.com/news/5-recycled-star-wars-props-and-costumes","url_text":"\"5 Recycled Star Wars Props and Costumes\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190909213609/https://www.starwars.com/news/5-recycled-star-wars-props-and-costumes","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kim, Karsten (October 28, 2020). \"Star Wars: Bossk's Costume Was Recycled From Doctor Who\". Screen Rant. Retrieved March 11, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://screenrant.com/star-wars-bossk-doctor-who-recycled-costume/","url_text":"\"Star Wars: Bossk's Costume Was Recycled From Doctor Who\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_Rant","url_text":"Screen Rant"}]},{"reference":"Jonathan Ferguson (March 22, 2023). The riot gun used by a Star Wars assassin, with firearms and weapon expert, Jonathan Ferguson. Royal Armouries. Event occurs at 6:20-7:40. Retrieved March 22, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=68zzlyHd2wo","url_text":"The riot gun used by a Star Wars assassin, with firearms and weapon expert, Jonathan Ferguson"}]},{"reference":"Britt, Ryan (May 24, 2018). \"'Solo: A Star Wars Story' Easter Eggs: Aurra Sing and Bossk Explained\". Inverse. Retrieved March 11, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.inverse.com/article/45180-solo-star-wars-easter-eggs-aurra-sing-bossk-beckett-killed","url_text":"\"'Solo: A Star Wars Story' Easter Eggs: Aurra Sing and Bossk Explained\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverse_(website)","url_text":"Inverse"}]},{"reference":"Kasdan, Jon (September 14, 2018). \"continued\". Twitter. Retrieved March 11, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://twitter.com/JonKasdan/status/1040529511513616385/photo/1","url_text":"\"continued\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"Breznican, Anthony (December 18, 2015). \"Star Wars: The Force Awakens: A collection of cameos and Easter eggs: Friend of the General\". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved December 27, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Breznican","url_text":"Breznican, Anthony"},{"url":"https://ew.com/gallery/even-more-cameos-and-secrets-star-wars-force-awakens/2418123_all-crops-gallery-star-wars-vii-force-awakens-2015-billie-lourde","url_text":"\"Star Wars: The Force Awakens: A collection of cameos and Easter eggs: Friend of the General\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly","url_text":"Entertainment Weekly"}]},{"reference":"\"Salacious Crumb\". StarWars.com. Lucasfilm. October 8, 2008. Archived from the original on October 3, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081003075240/http://www.starwars.com/databank/character/salaciouscrumb/","url_text":"\"Salacious Crumb\""},{"url":"https://www.starwars.com/databank/Salacious-Crumb","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"LOUIS, BRANDON (June 1, 2022). \"Star Wars: Phil Tippett Reveals Salacious Crumb's Hilarious Origin Story\". Screen Rant.","urls":[{"url":"https://screenrant.com/star-wars-salacious-crumb-name-origin-phil-tippett","url_text":"\"Star Wars: Phil Tippett Reveals Salacious Crumb's Hilarious Origin Story\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_Rant","url_text":"Screen Rant"}]},{"reference":"VALVERDE, HECTOR (July 7, 2020). \"What's the MOST Star Wars Name in the Star Wars Universe?\". CBR.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbr.com/whats-the-most-star-wars-name-in-universe/","url_text":"\"What's the MOST Star Wars Name in the Star Wars Universe?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_Book_Resources","url_text":"CBR"}]},{"reference":"\"Dengar\". StarWars.com. Lucasfilm. April 21, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.starwars.com/databank/Dengar","url_text":"\"Dengar\""}]},{"reference":"White, Brett (December 19, 2015). \"10 Most Awesome Moments from Marvel's Star Wars Comic\". Comic Book Resources. Retrieved March 22, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cbr.com/10-most-awesome-moments-from-marvels-star-wars-comic/","url_text":"\"10 Most Awesome Moments from Marvel's Star Wars Comic\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_Book_Resources","url_text":"Comic Book Resources"}]},{"reference":"Ratcliffe, Amy (September 8, 2015). \"9 Connections Star Wars: Aftermath Makes to Known Star Wars Universe\". StarWars.com. Lucasfilm. 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StarWars.com. Lucasfilm. Retrieved October 8, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.starwars.com/databank/Jan-Dodonna","url_text":"\"Dodonna, Jan\""}]},{"reference":"O'Carroll, Eoin (May 4, 2010). \"National Star Wars Day: Our top 10 Star Wars quotes\". Christian Science Monitor. Archived from the original on May 31, 2020. Retrieved May 31, 2020. Viewers heard it first from Jan Dodonna in \"A New Hope,\" after the Alliance general explained the attack plan on the Death Star.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.csmonitor.com/Technology/2010/0504/National-Star-Wars-Day-Our-top-10-Star-Wars-quotes","url_text":"\"National Star Wars Day: Our top 10 Star Wars quotes\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200531003449/https://www.csmonitor.com/Technology/2010/0504/National-Star-Wars-Day-Our-top-10-Star-Wars-quotes","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Young, Bryan (June 8, 2022). \"Obi-Wan Kenobi Episode 4 Puts Obi-Wan Back On The Path\". /Film. 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Retrieved December 31, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.starwars.com/databank/arc-trooper-fives","url_text":"\"Databank: ARC Trooper Fives\""}]},{"reference":"\"Yarna d'al' Gargan\". StarWars.com. Retrieved March 22, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.starwars.com/databank/yarna-d-al-gargan","url_text":"\"Yarna d'al' Gargan\""}]},{"reference":"\"Garindan (Long Snoot)\". StarWars.com. Lucasfilm. Retrieved October 8, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.starwars.com/databank/garindan/","url_text":"\"Garindan (Long Snoot)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Phee Genoa\". starwars.com. Lucasfilm. Retrieved May 6, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.starwars.com/databank/phee-genoa","url_text":"\"Phee Genoa\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wanda Sykes: Phee Genoa\". IMDB.com. IMDB. 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Abrams' good luck charm Greg Grunberg reveals his Force Awakens character Snap Wexley\""},{"Link":"https://www.starwars.com/news/tessek-sim-aloo-pagetti-rook-kenner-action-names-sold-separately","external_links_name":"\"Tessek, Sim Aloo, Pagetti Rook ... Kenner Action Names Sold Separately!\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-clutching	Double-clutching (technique)	["1 History","2 Technique","3 Theory","4 References"]	Method of shifting gears This article is about the driving technique. For other uses, see Double clutch (disambiguation). Not to be confused with Dual-clutch transmission. This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article may be confusing or unclear to readers. Please help clarify the article. There might be a discussion about this on the talk page. (August 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (August 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Double-clutching (also called double de-clutching outside of the United States) is a method of shifting gears used primarily for vehicles with an unsynchronized manual transmission, such as commercial trucks and specialty vehicles. While double clutching is not necessary in a vehicle that has a synchronized manual transmission, the technique can be advantageous for smoothly downshifting in order to accelerate and, when done correctly, it prevents wear on the synchronizers which normally equalize transmission input and output speeds to allow downshifting. With this method, instead of pushing the clutch in once and shifting directly to another gear, the driver first engages the transmission in neutral before shifting to the next gear. The clutch is depressed and released with each change. A related downshifting or rpm-matching technique is heel-and-toe shifting, in which the throttle is blipped (i.e. momentarily opened during downshifting) by the driver's heel during braking. History This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Before the introduction of transmission synchronizers in 1927, double clutching was a technique required to prevent damage to an automobile's gearing during shifts. Due to the difficulty and most often unnecessary redundancy involved in the technique, coupled with the advent of synchronized gearing systems, it has largely fallen into disuse in light vehicles. However, many tractor units are still supplied with an unsynchronised gearbox which requires a double-clutching technique to be used. Technique In a non-synchromesh gearbox with neutral between gears, a typical shift involves two gear changes, once into neutral, and again into the target gear. During any shift, disconnecting drive components via a clutch unloads the force from the opposing components from the engine and transmission. Disengaging the clutch for each shift out of, and then into, each gear is double clutching or declutching. Due to the absence of a neutral spacing, double-clutching is impossible for sequential gear changes, as with a fully sequential gearbox used in motorcycles and racecars. The double-clutching technique involves the following steps: The accelerator (throttle) is released, the clutch pedal is pressed and the gearbox is shifted into neutral. The clutch pedal is then released, and the driver matches the engine speed to the gear speed either using the throttle (accelerator) (when changing to a lower gear) or waiting for the engine speed to decrease (when changing to a higher gear) to a level suitable for shifting into the next gear. At the moment when the revs between the input shaft (i.e. engine revs) and gear are closely matched, the driver then presses the clutch again, shifts into the next gear, and releases the clutch. The result should be a smooth gear change. Although double clutching is a testing requirement when obtaining a commercial driver's license in some jurisdictions, many truckers learn to shift gears without using the clutch. This is known as floating gears or float shifting, with the clutch needed only during starting and stopping. However, this is not recommended by non-synchro gearbox manufacturers such as Eaton as it will generally cause additional wear on the gears. Double clutching can be difficult to master, as it requires the driver to gauge the speed of the vehicle and throttle to the intended gear accurately; vehicle weight and road gradient are important factors as they influence the vehicle's acceleration or deceleration during the shift. Sometimes, truck drivers use the engine brake to help match the engine speed to the gear. The most common situation is with a loaded vehicle that has no split gears or half gears in the lower range, from gears 1–4. In this case, it is especially difficult and sometimes impossible to get from 1 to 2, and sometimes even from 2 to 3 while starting on a hill. The problem is that by the time the engine speed has dropped sufficiently to enable a shift into the higher gear, the vehicle will have slowed down too much or possibly even stopped, making the shift impossible. The engine brakes, which on some models can be set to different intensities (retarding variable numbers of engine cylinders) enable a shift by dropping the engine speed quickly enough to catch the higher gear before the vehicle has decelerated too much. This technique, sometimes called "jake shifting", requires high skill and much practice shifting without the clutch, and is usually not recommended among truck drivers because mistakes can cause damage to the transmission. According to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), municipalities across the United States have banned the use of compression-release engine brakes, which includes jake shifting, because of noise emission. Theory The purpose of the double-clutch technique is to aid in matching the rotational speed of the input shaft being driven by the engine to the rotational speed of the gear the driver wishes to select. The output shaft in the transmission is directly driven by the rotating wheels, and each gear set is a different ratio, so in a five-speed transmission in fourth gear, one will have three lower gearsets not engaged spinning at three different, and faster, rates and one higher gear spinning at a slower rate than the input shaft. In order to shift down, the fourth gear has to be disengaged, leaving no gears connected to the input shaft. This is neutral, and the input shaft and gears all need to be accelerated so the speed of the output shaft and the lower gear the operator wishes to select match speeds long enough for the dog clutch to lock them together. When the speeds are matched, the gear will engage smoothly and no clutch is required. If the speeds are not matched, the dog teeth on the collar will "clash" or grate as they attempt to fit into the holes on the desired gear. A modern synchromesh gearbox accomplishes this synchronization more efficiently. However, when the engine speed is significantly different from the transmission speed, the desired gear can often not be engaged even in a fully synchronized gearbox. An example is trying to shift into a gear while traveling outside the gear's speed or directional range, such as accidentally into first from near the top of the second, or intentionally from reverse to forward gear while still moving at speed. Double clutching, although (slightly) time-consuming, ease gear selection when an extended delay or variance exists between engine and transmission speeds, and reduces wear on the synchronizers (or baulk rings), which are brass cone clutches themselves, and wear very slightly each time they are used to equalize the transmission revs with the output revs. References ^ "Double-Clutch". Dictionary.com. Retrieved August 9, 2012. ^ https://www.transmissiondigest.com/synchronization-a-study-in-timing/ ^ "How to change gear with an 18-speed non-synchro gearbox". Driving Tests Resources. 28 June 2021. ^ "What's All This Double-Clutching Stuff, Anyhow?". ^ "Introduction to professional shifting by Eaton". YouTube. Archived from the original on 2021-12-12. ^ Kaminski, Janet L. (September 22, 2004). "Jake Brakes". cga.ct.gov.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Double clutch (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_clutch_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Dual-clutch transmission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual-clutch_transmission"},{"link_name":"unsynchronized manual transmission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unsynchronized_manual_transmission"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"clutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clutch"},{"link_name":"heel-and-toe shifting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heel-and-toe_shifting"}],"text":"This article is about the driving technique. For other uses, see Double clutch (disambiguation).Not to be confused with Dual-clutch transmission.Double-clutching (also called double de-clutching outside of the United States) is a method of shifting gears used primarily for vehicles with an unsynchronized manual transmission, such as commercial trucks and specialty vehicles. While double clutching[1] is not necessary in a vehicle that has a synchronized manual transmission, the technique can be advantageous for smoothly downshifting in order to accelerate and, when done correctly, it prevents wear on the synchronizers which normally equalize transmission input and output speeds to allow downshifting.With this method, instead of pushing the clutch in once and shifting directly to another gear, the driver first engages the transmission in neutral before shifting to the next gear. The clutch is depressed and released with each change. A related downshifting or rpm-matching technique is heel-and-toe shifting, in which the throttle is blipped (i.e. momentarily opened during downshifting) by the driver's heel during braking.","title":"Double-clutching (technique)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"transmission synchronizers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manual_transmission#Synchronized_transmission"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"tractor units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tractor_unit"}],"text":"Before the introduction of transmission synchronizers in 1927,[2] double clutching was a technique required to prevent damage to an automobile's gearing during shifts. Due to the difficulty and most often unnecessary redundancy involved in the technique, coupled with the advent of synchronized gearing systems, it has largely fallen into disuse in light vehicles. However, many tractor units are still supplied with an unsynchronised gearbox which requires a double-clutching technique to be used.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"sequential gearbox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequential_manual_transmission"},{"link_name":"throttle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Throttle"},{"link_name":"clutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clutch"},{"link_name":"commercial driver's license","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_driver%27s_license"},{"link_name":"floating gears or float shifting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Float_shifting"},{"link_name":"Eaton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eaton_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"compression-release engine brakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compression-release_engine_brake"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"In a non-synchromesh gearbox with neutral between gears, a typical shift involves two gear changes, once into neutral, and again into the target gear.[3] During any shift, disconnecting drive components via a clutch unloads the force from the opposing components from the engine and transmission. Disengaging the clutch for each shift out of, and then into, each gear is double clutching or declutching.[4] Due to the absence of a neutral spacing, double-clutching is impossible for sequential gear changes, as with a fully sequential gearbox used in motorcycles and racecars.The double-clutching technique involves the following steps:The accelerator (throttle) is released, the clutch pedal is pressed and the gearbox is shifted into neutral.\nThe clutch pedal is then released, and the driver matches the engine speed to the gear speed either using the throttle (accelerator) (when changing to a lower gear) or waiting for the engine speed to decrease (when changing to a higher gear) to a level suitable for shifting into the next gear.\nAt the moment when the revs between the input shaft (i.e. engine revs) and gear are closely matched, the driver then presses the clutch again, shifts into the next gear, and releases the clutch. The result should be a smooth gear change.Although double clutching is a testing requirement when obtaining a commercial driver's license in some jurisdictions, many truckers learn to shift gears without using the clutch. This is known as floating gears or float shifting, with the clutch needed only during starting and stopping. However, this is not recommended by non-synchro gearbox manufacturers such as Eaton[5] as it will generally cause additional wear on the gears.Double clutching can be difficult to master, as it requires the driver to gauge the speed of the vehicle and throttle to the intended gear accurately; vehicle weight and road gradient are important factors as they influence the vehicle's acceleration or deceleration during the shift.Sometimes, truck drivers use the engine brake to help match the engine speed to the gear. The most common situation is with a loaded vehicle that has no split gears or half gears in the lower range, from gears 1–4. In this case, it is especially difficult and sometimes impossible to get from 1 to 2, and sometimes even from 2 to 3 while starting on a hill. The problem is that by the time the engine speed has dropped sufficiently to enable a shift into the higher gear, the vehicle will have slowed down too much or possibly even stopped, making the shift impossible. The engine brakes, which on some models can be set to different intensities (retarding variable numbers of engine cylinders) enable a shift by dropping the engine speed quickly enough to catch the higher gear before the vehicle has decelerated too much. This technique, sometimes called \"jake shifting\", requires high skill and much practice shifting without the clutch, and is usually not recommended among truck drivers because mistakes can cause damage to the transmission. According to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), municipalities across the United States have banned the use of compression-release engine brakes, which includes jake shifting, because of noise emission.[6]","title":"Technique"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dog clutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog_clutch"},{"link_name":"synchromesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchromesh"}],"text":"The purpose of the double-clutch technique is to aid in matching the rotational speed of the input shaft being driven by the engine to the rotational speed of the gear the driver wishes to select. The output shaft in the transmission is directly driven by the rotating wheels, and each gear set is a different ratio, so in a five-speed transmission in fourth gear, one will have three lower gearsets not engaged spinning at three different, and faster, rates and one higher gear spinning at a slower rate than the input shaft. In order to shift down, the fourth gear has to be disengaged, leaving no gears connected to the input shaft. This is neutral, and the input shaft and gears all need to be accelerated so the speed of the output shaft and the lower gear the operator wishes to select match speeds long enough for the dog clutch to lock them together. When the speeds are matched, the gear will engage smoothly and no clutch is required. If the speeds are not matched, the dog teeth on the collar will \"clash\" or grate as they attempt to fit into the holes on the desired gear.A modern synchromesh gearbox accomplishes this synchronization more efficiently. However, when the engine speed is significantly different from the transmission speed, the desired gear can often not be engaged even in a fully synchronized gearbox. An example is trying to shift into a gear while traveling outside the gear's speed or directional range, such as accidentally into first from near the top of the second, or intentionally from reverse to forward gear while still moving at speed. Double clutching, although (slightly) time-consuming, ease gear selection when an extended delay or variance exists between engine and transmission speeds, and reduces wear on the synchronizers (or baulk rings), which are brass cone clutches themselves, and wear very slightly each time they are used to equalize the transmission revs with the output revs.","title":"Theory"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Double-Clutch\". Dictionary.com. Retrieved August 9, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/double-Clutch","url_text":"\"Double-Clutch\""}]},{"reference":"\"How to change gear with an 18-speed non-synchro gearbox\". Driving Tests Resources. 28 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.drivingtests.co.nz/resources/how-do-you-change-gears-with-an-18-speed-roadranger-gearbox/","url_text":"\"How to change gear with an 18-speed non-synchro gearbox\""}]},{"reference":"\"What's All This Double-Clutching Stuff, Anyhow?\".","urls":[{"url":"http://electronicdesign.com/archive/whats-all-double-clutching-stuff-anyhow","url_text":"\"What's All This Double-Clutching Stuff, Anyhow?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Introduction to professional shifting by Eaton\". YouTube. Archived from the original on 2021-12-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zL0LX0oo0Mg&t=481s","url_text":"\"Introduction to professional shifting by Eaton\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/zL0LX0oo0Mg","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kaminski, Janet L. (September 22, 2004). \"Jake Brakes\". cga.ct.gov.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cga.ct.gov/2004/rpt/2004-r-0741.htm","url_text":"\"Jake Brakes\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/double-Clutch","external_links_name":"\"Double-Clutch\""},{"Link":"https://www.transmissiondigest.com/synchronization-a-study-in-timing/","external_links_name":"https://www.transmissiondigest.com/synchronization-a-study-in-timing/"},{"Link":"https://www.drivingtests.co.nz/resources/how-do-you-change-gears-with-an-18-speed-roadranger-gearbox/","external_links_name":"\"How to change gear with an 18-speed non-synchro gearbox\""},{"Link":"http://electronicdesign.com/archive/whats-all-double-clutching-stuff-anyhow","external_links_name":"\"What's All This Double-Clutching Stuff, Anyhow?\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zL0LX0oo0Mg&t=481s","external_links_name":"\"Introduction to professional shifting by Eaton\""},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/zL0LX0oo0Mg","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.cga.ct.gov/2004/rpt/2004-r-0741.htm","external_links_name":"\"Jake Brakes\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_South	Franklin South	["1 Population centres","2 History","2.1 Election results","3 Notes","4 References"]	Former electorate in Auckland, New Zealand Franklin South was a parliamentary electorate in the southern part of the Auckland Region of New Zealand from 1881 to 1890. During the three parliamentary terms of its existence, the electorate was represented by Ebenezer Hamlin. Population centres The previous electoral redistribution was undertaken in 1875 for the 1875–1876 election. In the six years since, New Zealand's European population had increased by 65%. In the 1881 electoral redistribution, the House of Representatives increased the number of European representatives to 91 (up from 84 since the 1875–76 election). The number of Māori electorates was held at four. The House further decided that electorates should not have more than one representative, which led to 22 new electorates being formed, including Franklin South, which necessitated a major disruption to existing boundaries. Basically, the former Franklin electorate was split up into Franklin North and Franklin South. Franklin South originally included the towns of Pukekohe and Waiuku. It covered the area from the West Coast to the Firth of Thames. In 1887 with the growth of Auckland, Papakura was transferred from Franklin North. In the 1890 electoral redistribution, the House of Representatives reduced its membership from 91 to 70, which caused significant changes to electorate boundaries. Franklin South was abolished and most of its area went to the reconstituted Franklin electorate, but Papakura went to the northern neighbour again. The new Manukau electorate covered Franklin North and include Papakura. History The electorate was represented by one Member of Parliament, Ebenezer Hamlin. Election results Key Independent Election Winner 1881 election Ebenezer Hamlin 1884 election 1887 election (Electorate abolished 1890, see Franklin) Notes ^ McRobie 1989, pp. 43–48. ^ McRobie 1989, pp. 42, 46. ^ McRobie 1989, p. 46. ^ McRobie 1989, p. 50. ^ McRobie 1989, pp. 50–55. ^ Wilson 1985, p. 202. References McRobie, Alan (1989). Electoral Atlas of New Zealand. Wellington: GP Books. ISBN 0-477-01384-8. Wilson, James Oakley (1985) . New Zealand Parliamentary Record, 1840–1984 (4th ed.). Wellington: V.R. Ward, Govt. Printer. OCLC 154283103. vteHistorical electorates of New Zealand « current electorates »General electorates Akaroa Albany Aoraki Arch Hill Ashburton Ashley Auckland Auckland East Auckland North Auckland Suburbs Auckland West Avon Awarua Bay of Islands Birkenhead Brooklyn Bruce Buller Caversham Chalmers Cheviot Christchurch Christchurch Country Christchurch North Christchurch South Christchurch West City of Auckland City of Christchurch City of Dunedin City of Nelson City of Wellington Clevedon Clive Clutha Clutha-Southland Coleridge Collingwood County of Hawke Courtenay Dunedin Central Dunedin Country Dunedin East Dunedin North Dunedin South Dunedin and Suburbs North Dunedin and Suburbs South Dunedin Suburbs Dunedin West Dunstan East Cape Eastern Bay of Plenty Eastern Hutt Eden Egmont Ellesmere Fendalton Far North Foxton Franklin Franklin North Franklin South Geraldine Gisborne Glenfield Gladstone Grey Grey and Bell Grey Lynn Greymouth Grey Valley Halswell Hamilton Hampden Hastings Hauraki Hawera Hawkes Bay Heathcote Helensville Henderson Heretaunga Hobson Hokitika Hokonui Horowhenua Howick Hunua Hurunui Hutt Inangahua Island Bay Kaiapoi Kaimai Kaipara Kapiti Karapiro Karori King Country Kumara Lincoln Linwood Lyttelton Mahia Manawatu Manuherikia Manukau Manukau East Maramarua Marlborough Marsden Masterton Matakana Matamata Mataura Mid-Canterbury Miramar Moeraki Mongonui Mongonui and Bay of Islands Mornington Motueka Motueka and Massacre Bay Mount Herbert Mount Ida Mount Victoria Newton Newtown Northern Division Oamaru Ohariu-Belmont Ohinemuri Omata Onehunga Onslow Oroua Otago Otago Central Otahuhu Otara Owairaka Pahiatua Palmerston Panmure Papanui Papatoetoe Pareora Parnell Patea Pencarrow Peninsula Pensioner Settlements Petone Piako Picton Ponsonby Porirua Port Chalmers Port Hills Raglan Rakaia Rangiora Rangiriri Remuera Riccarton Riverton Rodney Roskill Roslyn Ruahine St Albans St Kilda South Canterbury Southern Division Stanmore Stratford Suburbs of Auckland Suburbs of Nelson Sydenham Taranaki Tarawera Tasman Taumarunui Te Aro Te Aroha Temuka Thames Thorndon Timaru Titirangi Tongariro Totara Tuapeka Waiapu Waihemo Waikaia Waikaremoana Waikouaiti Waimarino Waimate Waimea Waimea-Picton Waimea-Sounds Waipa Waipareira Waipawa Wairarapa and Hawke's Bay Wairarapa North Wairarapa South Wairau Waitemata Waitakere Waitomo Waitotara Wakanui Wakatipu Wallace Wanganui and Rangitikei Wellington Wellington Country Wellington East Wellington-Karori Wellington North Wellington South Wellington South and Suburbs Wellington Suburbs Wellington Suburbs and Country Wellington West West Auckland West Coast Western Hutt Westland Westland North Westland South Woodville Yaldhurst Māori electorates Eastern Maori Hauraki Māori Northern Maori Southern Maori Tainui Te Puku O Te Whenua Te Tai Rawhiti Western Maori Goldminers' electorates Gold Fields Gold Field Towns Westland Boroughs	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"electorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_electorates"},{"link_name":"Auckland Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland_Region"},{"link_name":"Ebenezer Hamlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebenezer_Hamlin"}],"text":"Franklin South was a parliamentary electorate in the southern part of the Auckland Region of New Zealand from 1881 to 1890. During the three parliamentary terms of its existence, the electorate was represented by Ebenezer Hamlin.","title":"Franklin South"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1875–1876 election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1875%E2%80%931876_New_Zealand_general_election"},{"link_name":"House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRobie198943%E2%80%9348-1"},{"link_name":"Franklin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_(New_Zealand_electorate)"},{"link_name":"Franklin North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_North"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRobie198942,_46-2"},{"link_name":"Pukekohe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pukekohe"},{"link_name":"Waiuku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waiuku"},{"link_name":"Firth of Thames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firth_of_Thames"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRobie198946-3"},{"link_name":"Papakura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papakura"},{"link_name":"Franklin North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_North"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRobie198950-4"},{"link_name":"Manukau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manukau_(New_Zealand_electorate)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRobie198950%E2%80%9355-5"}],"text":"The previous electoral redistribution was undertaken in 1875 for the 1875–1876 election. In the six years since, New Zealand's European population had increased by 65%. In the 1881 electoral redistribution, the House of Representatives increased the number of European representatives to 91 (up from 84 since the 1875–76 election). The number of Māori electorates was held at four. The House further decided that electorates should not have more than one representative, which led to 22 new electorates being formed, including Franklin South, which necessitated a major disruption to existing boundaries.[1] Basically, the former Franklin electorate was split up into Franklin North and Franklin South.[2]Franklin South originally included the towns of Pukekohe and Waiuku. It covered the area from the West Coast to the Firth of Thames.[3] In 1887 with the growth of Auckland, Papakura was transferred from Franklin North.[4]In the 1890 electoral redistribution, the House of Representatives reduced its membership from 91 to 70, which caused significant changes to electorate boundaries. Franklin South was abolished and most of its area went to the reconstituted Franklin electorate, but Papakura went to the northern neighbour again. The new Manukau electorate covered Franklin North and include Papakura.[5]","title":"Population centres"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Member of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_parliament"},{"link_name":"Ebenezer Hamlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebenezer_Hamlin"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1985202-6"}],"text":"The electorate was represented by one Member of Parliament, Ebenezer Hamlin.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Independent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_politician"}],"sub_title":"Election results","text":"KeyIndependent","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcRobie198943%E2%80%9348_1-0"},{"link_name":"McRobie 1989","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMcRobie1989"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcRobie198942,_46_2-0"},{"link_name":"McRobie 1989","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMcRobie1989"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcRobie198946_3-0"},{"link_name":"McRobie 1989","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMcRobie1989"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcRobie198950_4-0"},{"link_name":"McRobie 1989","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMcRobie1989"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcRobie198950%E2%80%9355_5-0"},{"link_name":"McRobie 1989","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMcRobie1989"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson1985202_6-0"},{"link_name":"Wilson 1985","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFWilson1985"}],"text":"^ McRobie 1989, pp. 43–48.\n\n^ McRobie 1989, pp. 42, 46.\n\n^ McRobie 1989, p. 46.\n\n^ McRobie 1989, p. 50.\n\n^ McRobie 1989, pp. 50–55.\n\n^ Wilson 1985, p. 202.","title":"Notes"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"McRobie, Alan (1989). Electoral Atlas of New Zealand. Wellington: GP Books. ISBN 0-477-01384-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-477-01384-8","url_text":"0-477-01384-8"}]},{"reference":"Wilson, James Oakley (1985) [First published in 1913]. New Zealand Parliamentary Record, 1840–1984 (4th ed.). Wellington: V.R. Ward, Govt. Printer. OCLC 154283103.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/154283103","url_text":"154283103"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/154283103","external_links_name":"154283103"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.257_Weatherby_Magnum	.257 Weatherby Magnum	["1 Cartridge history","2 Design and specifications","3 Performance","4 Sporting usage","5 Rifles and ammunition","6 Criticism","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]	Rifle cartridge .257 Weatherby Magnum.257 Weatherby Magnum (center) with .308 Winchester (left) and .375 H&H Magnum (right).TypeRiflePlace of originUnited StatesProduction historyDesignerRoy WeatherbyDesigned1944ManufacturerWeatherbyProduced1948 – presentSpecificationsParent case.375 H&H MagnumCase typeBelted MagnumBullet diameter.257 in (6.5 mm)Neck diameter.283 in (7.2 mm)Shoulder diameter.492 in (12.5 mm)Base diameter.512 in (13.0 mm)Rim diameter.5315 in (13.50 mm)Rim thickness.051 in (1.3 mm)Case length2.545 in (64.6 mm)Overall length3.209 in (81.5 mm)Case capacity84 gr H2O (5.4 cm3)Rifling twist1 in 10 in (250 mm)Primer typeLarge Rifle (magnum)Maximum pressure65,000 psi (450 MPa)Ballistic performance Bullet mass/type Velocity Energy 87 gr (5.6 g) SP 3,825 ft/s (1,166 m/s) 2,826 ft⋅lbf (3,832 J) 100 gr (6.5 g) SP 3,602 ft/s (1,098 m/s) 2,881 ft⋅lbf (3,906 J) 117 gr (7.6 g) BST 3,400 ft/s (1,000 m/s) 2,952 ft⋅lbf (4,002 J) 120 gr (7.8 g) Partition 3,305 ft/s (1,007 m/s) 2,910 ft⋅lbf (3,950 J) Test barrel length: 26 in (660 mm)Source(s): Weatherby The .257 Weatherby Magnum is a .257 caliber (6.53 mm) belted bottlenecked cartridge. It is one of the original standard length magnums developed by shortening the .375 H&H Magnum case to approx. 2.5 in (64 mm). Of the cartridges developed by Roy Weatherby, the .257 Weatherby Magnum was known to have been his favorite, and the cartridge currently ranks third in Weatherby cartridge sales, after the .30-378 Weatherby Magnum and the .300 Weatherby Magnum. The .257 Weatherby Magnum is capable of firing a 115 gr (7.5 g) Nosler Ballistic Tip bullet at 3,400 ft/s (1,036 m/s) generating 2,952 ft⋅lbf (4,002 J) of energy which is comparable to factory loadings of the .30-06 Springfield and the .35 Whelen in terms of energy. Discrepancies between the metric and U.S. diameters of the bullet may cause some confusion. A .257 bullet has a metric bullet diameter of 6.53 mm. However, in Europe cartridge designation nomenclature for a large part relies on the bore diameter. As the bore diameter of the .257 Weatherby Magnum is .250 inches this would make it a 6.35 mm caliber cartridge which uses 6.5 mm bullets (not to be confused with 6.5 mm caliber cartridges which use 6.7 mm/.264" bullets). Cartridge history The .257 Weatherby Magnum was designed in 1944 and introduced commercially in 1945 by Roy Weatherby as a wildcat cartridge as a chambering in his rifles. The 257 Weatherby Magnum is one of Roy Weatherby's favorite calibers. The original cartridge was developed using the H&H Super 30 (a close variant of the .300 H&H Magnum which in turn is based on the .375 H&H Magnum) shortened, blown out, and necked down to accept a .25 caliber (6.35 mm) bullet. Together with the .270 Weatherby Magnum, the 7mm Weatherby Magnum, and the .300 Weatherby Magnum, the .257 Weatherby Magnum were the earliest cartridges introduced by Roy Weatherby. The original cartridges were formed using Winchester's .300 H&H Magnum (H&H Super 30) and was only available as a component from Weatherby. Beginning in 1948 Weatherby began offering loaded ammunition for the .257 Weatherby Magnum cartridge which was loaded in house. Until then the cartridge was only available as a component brass which would require being loaded before use. Sometime later, the .257 Weatherby brass was manufactured by Richard Speer for Weatherby. However, due to space and organizational constraints Weatherby began looking for a source of ammunition for his cartridge. The search culminated in 1951 with Norma Projektilfabrik being awarded a contract to produce ammunition. Since then, all Weatherby Ammunition has been manufactured by Norma with the exception of a brief period of time between 1963 and 1964 when production moved to RWS/Dynamit-Nobel, a company which had entered into partnership with Weatherby. Ever since the release of the .257 Weatherby Magnum it has remained one of the more popular cartridges in terms of Weatherby sales. Gun writers such as Layne Simpson consider the .257 Weatherby one of his favorite long range cartridges. Design and specifications The .257 Weatherby Magnum shares the same cartridge case as the .270 Weatherby Magnum and the 7mm Weatherby Magnum. The .30 Super Belted Rimless H&H manufactured by Winchester served as the direct parent cartridge for the case design. The .257 Weatherby Magnum was one of the first cartridges which used the shortened, blown out and necked down .375 H&H Magnum case and served as the forerunner to the standard length magnum cartridges such as the 7mm Remington Magnum and the .338 Winchester Magnum. There has been some speculation that Roy Weatherby may have used the full length .375 H&H Magnum case if he had slow burning powders available today when the cartridge was designed. The shortening of the case allowed for the more efficient use of the slow powder of the day, IMR 4350; a powder which would not have provided any great advantage for such cartridges as the .257 Weatherby Magnum or the .270 Weatherby Magnum if such cartridges utilized the full length H&H case. Today, IMR 4350 is considered too fast a burning propellant for the cartridge which comes into its own with the slowest burning powders now available. Both SAAMI and the CIP have published specification for the cartridge. The CIP standards for the cartridge were published in January 1994. .257 Weatherby Magnum SAAMI compliant schematic. All dimensions in inches . SAAMI recommends a barrel rifling contour of 6 grooves with a bore Ø of .2505 in (6.36 mm) and a groove Ø of .257 in (6.5 mm) with each groove being .098 in (2.5 mm) wide. The recommended optional twist rate is one revolution in 10 in (250 mm). Both SAAMI and Weatherby recommend a freebore of .378 in (9.6 mm). Early .257 Weatherby rifles has a twist rate of 1 revolution in 12 in (300 mm) but all current rifles are manufactured with a twist rate of 1 revolution in 10 in (250 mm). The .257 Weatherby Magnum has a case capacity of 84 gr. of water (5.45 cm3). Sources such as Lyman and Weatherby's pressure rating suggest maximum average pressure limit of 66,000 psi (4,600 bar). CIP limits the .257 Weatherby Magnum to a maximum average pressure of 4,400 bar (64,000 psi). The .257 Weatherby Magnum features the Weatherby double radius shoulder. The shoulder continuously curves and transitions from the body radius to the neck radius at the point of tangency at the shoulder between the two radii. The SAAMI dimensions for the cartridge reflect this implementation of shoulder to neck transition. While the CIP recognizes the correct radii for both the r1 and r2 values, they treat the transition from the body to shoulder and neck to shoulder as filet radii. For this reason the body and neck dimensions are lengthened and a shoulder angle provided. The treatment of the body-shoulder-neck transition zone accounts for the inconsistencies between SAAMI and CIP official dimensions for the cartridge. Performance Comparison of trajectories of the .30-06 Springfield, .270 Winchester and the .257 Weatherby Magnum The .257 Weatherby is known for its long range performance and is considered an accurate flat shooting cartridge. Initially due to the cartridge's high velocity the cartridge exhibits less bullet drop than most other cartridges. However, due to lower ballistic coefficients of these bullets, velocity (and therefore energy) is shed more quickly. Weatherby's B25780TTSX, B257100TSX and the N257115BST ammunition have point blank ranges of 369 yd (337 m), 350 yd (320 m) and 323 yd (295 m) respectively. Thus no hold over is necessary when shooting at game at these ranges given that the rifles is zeroed correctly to accomplish this task. The .257 Weatherby offers a 300–400 ft/s (91–122 m/s) over the 25-06 Remington cartridge which translates to around 600 ft⋅lbf (810 J) greater energy than the latter cartridge. Comparing the Remington's Premium PRC2506RA ammunition for the 25-06 Remington Weatherby's N257115BST .257 Weatherby bullet when zeroed for 200 yd (180 m) drops less than 30 in (76 cm) while the 25-06 Remington drop slightly over 44 in (110 cm) at 500 yd (460 m). When sighted in for 300 yd (270 m) the bullet of Weatherby's N257115BST ammunition has only dropped 21.9 in (56 cm) at 500 yd (460 m) and retains 1,347 ft⋅lbf (1,826 J) energy. Compared to the Winchester's .270 WSM SXP270S ammunition show a bullet drop of 24.5 in (62 cm) but retains 1,552 ft⋅lbf (2,104 J). The N257115BST bullet retains enough energy to be effective on deer out to 550 yd (500 m) while the SXP270S's bullet extends this range out by a further 100 yd (91 m) although both the Weatherby's and Winchester's ammunition start with roughly the same muzzle energy. Weatherby guarantees a 1.5 MOA accuracy with their ammunition in a Weatherby rifle, .99 MOA or better with their Sub-MOA Vanguard rifles, and .99 MOA or better with the new Vanguard Series 2 Rifles. Sporting usage The .257 Weatherby is a hunting cartridge and has not, to a significant extent, been adopted into any other shooting discipline. Due to the cartridge's use of lighter bullets of a quarter bore diameter it should be restricted to medium game species. The cartridge comes into its own where shooting over long distances is anticipated. This is especially true in major grasslands such as prairies, steppes, Pampas, or savannah; or in mountainous terrain such as the Rockies, Alps or the Himalayas. The .257 Weatherby makes an ideal pronghorn cartridge. Due to the habitat of the species and its wariness, shooting distances are generally longer than for other species in North America. The typical pronghorn weighs less than 175 lb (79 kg) and as a small bodied ungulate does not require bullets with a great penetrative ability. Bullets which open quickly and have a weight ranging between 95–110 gr (6.2–7.1 g) such as the Nosler Ballistic Tip bullet are excellent choices for this game species. The cartridge is an excellent choice for smaller deer species such as whitetail and mule deer. These deer species are typically larger and tougher than the pronghorn antelope and may require a slightly heavier bullet. Bullets ranging in weight from 100 gr (6.5 g) to 115 gr (7.5 g) should be chosen for these deer species. Although the .257 Weatherby is used as an elk and moose cartridge with success in North America, the cartridge is thought of as being ill-suited for these heavier deer, with elk weighing on average 700 lb (320 kg) and moose on average between 1,000–1,400 lb (450–640 kg), depending on subspecies. The cartridge has had success against mountain sheep and goat whether it be in the Alps, Rockies, Caucasus, Pamir or the Himalayas. Shooting distances are typically long, and the .257 Weatherby is able to reach out to the long ranges required to take the game. Should the cartridge be employed for plains game in Africa, use should be restricted to game species under 440 lb (200 kg). The cartridge is effective against smaller plains game species such as gemsbok, waterbuck, nyala and impala. The .257 Weatherby is used as an ideal small predator cartridge for animals such as lynx, cougar, bobcat, fox, coyote, and wolverine, all of which are taken yearly with the cartridge. While the .257 Weatherby can be employed as an effective varmint round, the cost per cartridge and the muzzle blast precludes its use as a varmint cartridge in large numbers. Furthermore, barrel heating and wear are a consideration when employing the .257 Weatherby for such duties where one would shoot long strings of shots in a short period of time. Due to the cartridge's high velocity and use of lightly constructed bullets, the use of the cartridge as a small game cartridge is not recommended as there are far better choices available which do not destroy the meat as the .257 Weatherby does. If solids or FMJ bullets are used this should not be an issue with regard to small game intended for the table. Roy Weatherby took the .257 Weatherby Magnum to Africa and took an African Cape buffalo with a single shot to prove to himself that it could be done. Although the cartridge has been used against lion and bears, the cartridge is ill-suited for dangerous game species as it lacks bullets with good weights and sectional densities to be considered an even moderately effective cartridge against such game. Rifles and ammunition Weatherby continues to chamber the .257 Weatherby Magnum in several models based on both the Mark V and Vanguard action types. The Weatherby Custom Shop offers a more personalized rifle based on these actions. Remington Arms manufactures released the Special Editions of the Model 700 CDL SF and the Model 700 LSS in 2008. The Weatherby rifles have deeply blued barrels while the Remington rifles have matte stainless steel barrels. Weatherby rifle ammunition for the .257 Weatherby Magnum is manufactured by Norma of Sweden. Conley Precision Cartridge Company manufactures several premium lines of .257 Weatherby ammunition using Barnes, Nosler, Speer, Swift and Trophy Bonded bullets. Double Tap ammunition also offers loaded ammunition for sale. .257 Weatherby Magnum Ammunition Ammunition Bullet Muzzle Velocity Muzzle Energy MPBR/Zero Weatherby B25780TTSX 80 gr (5.2 g) Barnes TTSX 3,870 ft/s (1,180 m/s) 2,661 ft⋅lbf (3,608 J) 369 yd (337 m)/317 yd (290 m) Weatherby H25787SP 87 gr (5.6 g) Hornady SP 3,825 ft/s (1,166 m/s) 2,826 ft⋅lbf (3,832 J) 356 yd (326 m)/309 yd (283 m) Weatherby G257100SR 100 gr (6.5 g) Norma SP 3,500 ft/s (1,100 m/s) 2,721 ft⋅lbf (3,689 J) 318 yd (291 m)/274 yd (251 m) Weatherby H257100SP 100 gr (6.5 g) Hornady SP 3,602 ft/s (1,098 m/s) 2,881 ft⋅lbf (3,906 J) 345 yd (315 m)/296 yd (271 m) Weatherby B257100TSX 100 gr (6.5 g) Barnes TSX 3,570 ft/s (1,090 m/s) 2,731 ft⋅lbf (3,703 J) 350 yd (320 m)/301 yd (275 m) Weatherby N257110ACB 110 gr (7.1 g) Nosler Accubond 3,460 ft/s (1,050 m/s) 2,925 ft⋅lbf (3,966 J) 334 yd (305 m)/284 yd (260 m) Weatherby N257115BST 115 gr (7.5 g) Nosler BT 3,400 ft/s (1,000 m/s) 2,952 ft⋅lbf (4,002 J) 332 yd (304 m)/282 yd (258 m) Weatherby H257117RN 117 gr (7.6 g) Hornady RN 3,402 ft/s (1,037 m/s) 3,007 ft⋅lbf (4,077 J) 308 yd (282 m)/266 yd (243 m) Weatherby N257120PT 120 gr (7.8 g) Nosler Partition 3,305 ft/s (1,007 m/s) 2,910 ft⋅lbf (3,950 J) 318 yd (291 m)/270 yd (250 m) Values courtesy of the Weatherby. MPBR/Zero values courtesy of Big Game Info. The 120 gr (7.8 g) Weatherby N257120PT ammunition should not be used in older .257 Weatherby rifles as the twist rate is too slow to adequately stabilize the bullet. The 117 gr (7.6 g) Weatherby H257117RN ammunition is manufactured for rifles with the slower twist rate. Criticism The .257 Weatherby Magnum is one of the most overbore cartridges available. The cartridge rates higher on the overbore index than the .264 Winchester Magnum and the 7mm Shooting Times Westerner but less than the 7mm RUM and the .30-378 Weatherby Magnum. The consequence of burning a large quantity of powder and driving a bullet faster is poor barrel life and throat erosion all of which affects accuracy and usable life of the firearm. Giving the barrel time to cool between each discharge of the weapon and following recommended cleaning procedures will help mitigate this issue and extend the usable life of the firearm chambered for this cartridge. Stainless steel barrels can further extend the barrel life of rifles chambered in the 257 Weatherby Magnum. Earlier .257 Weatherby Magnum rifles had a twist rate of 1 rotation in 12 in (300 mm), which is too slow to stabilize long for caliber bullet. These bullets include most Barnes' bullets over 110 gr (7.1 g) and any conventional spitzer bullet of over 115 gr (7.5 g). Hornady's 117 gr (7.6 g) round nose bullet is made for such firearms which have the slower spin rate. Norma loads this bullet in the Weatherby's H257117RN ammunition for owner of such rifles who require a heavier bullet. See also .25-06 Remington .25 WSSM .257 Roberts List of rifle cartridges Table of handgun and rifle cartridges References ^ "Weatherby Inc". Archived from the original on 16 February 2005. Retrieved 31 July 2007. ^ a b c Layne Simpson. "In Praise of The .257 Weatherby Magnum". Shooting Times Magazine. Intermedia Outdoors Inc. Archived from the original on 5 April 2009. Retrieved 19 December 2010. ^ ".257 Wby. Mag". Weatherby Inc. Archived from the original on 30 November 2010. Retrieved 19 December 2010. ^ "When Were the Weatherby Cartridges Developed?". Weatherby Inc. Archived from the original on 21 December 2010. Retrieved 19 December 2010. ^ Gresham, Grits; Gresham, Tom (2007) . Weatherby: The Man. The Gun. The Legend (1st ed.). Natchitoches, LA: Cane River Publishing. p. 290. ISBN 978-0-944438-02-2. Archived from the original (Hardback) on 23 September 2010. Retrieved 19 December 2010. ^ Dave Anderson (September 2001). "The Cartridges of Weatherby". Guns Magazine. FMG Publication. Retrieved 19 December 2010. ^ "Weatherby.com". Archived from the original on 7 August 2012. Retrieved 10 August 2012. ^ a b c Hawks, Chuck. "The Overlooked .25 Caliber Cartridges". chuckhawks.com. Archived from the original on 4 June 2011. Retrieved 25 May 2011. ^ Simpson, Layne (2005). Layne Simpson's Shooter's Handbook. Iola, WI: Krause Publications. p. 384. ISBN 0-87349-939-5. ^ "Ballistics Calculatorl". biggameinfo.com. Big Game Info. Archived from the original on 26 October 2010. Retrieved 22 December 2010. The .257 Weatherby Magnum by Chuck Hawks External links In Praise of the .257 Weatherby Magnum article in Shooting Times Ultra-Long Range Rifles and Cartridges by Chuck Hawks vteWeatherby firearms and cartridgesHandguns Centerfire Pistol (CFP) Silhouette Pistol Rifles Mark XXII Mark V Vanguard Vanguard Series 2 Varmintmaster Threat Response Rifle Shotguns Athena Orion O/U Orion SxS PA-08 PA-459 SA-08 SA-459 Cartridges .220 Weatherby Rocket .224 Weatherby Magnum .228 Weatherby Magnum .240 Weatherby Magnum .257 Weatherby Magnum 6.5 Weatherby RPM 6.5-300 Weatherby Magnum .270 Weatherby Magnum 7mm Weatherby Magnum .300 Weatherby Magnum .30-378 Weatherby Magnum .338 Weatherby RPM .338-378 Weatherby Magnum .340 Weatherby Magnum .375 Weatherby Magnum .378 Weatherby Magnum .416 Weatherby Magnum .460 Weatherby Magnum	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":".375 H&H Magnum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.375_Holland_%26_Holland_Magnum"},{"link_name":".30-378 Weatherby Magnum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.30-378_Weatherby_Magnum"},{"link_name":".300 Weatherby Magnum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.300_Weatherby_Magnum"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-InPraise-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":".30-06 Springfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.30-06_Springfield"},{"link_name":".35 Whelen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.35_Whelen"}],"text":"The .257 Weatherby Magnum is a .257 caliber (6.53 mm) belted bottlenecked cartridge. It is one of the original standard length magnums developed by shortening the .375 H&H Magnum case to approx. 2.5 in (64 mm). Of the cartridges developed by Roy Weatherby, the .257 Weatherby Magnum was known to have been his favorite, and the cartridge currently ranks third in Weatherby cartridge sales, after the .30-378 Weatherby Magnum and the .300 Weatherby Magnum.[2]The .257 Weatherby Magnum is capable of firing a 115 gr (7.5 g) Nosler Ballistic Tip bullet at 3,400 ft/s (1,036 m/s) generating 2,952 ft⋅lbf (4,002 J) of energy[3] which is comparable to factory loadings of the .30-06 Springfield and the .35 Whelen in terms of energy.Discrepancies between the metric and U.S. diameters of the bullet may cause some confusion. A .257 bullet has a metric bullet diameter of 6.53 mm. However, in Europe cartridge designation nomenclature for a large part relies on the bore diameter. As the bore diameter of the .257 Weatherby Magnum is .250 inches this would make it a 6.35 mm caliber cartridge which uses 6.5 mm bullets (not to be confused with 6.5 mm caliber cartridges which use 6.7 mm/.264\" bullets).","title":".257 Weatherby Magnum"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"H&H Super 30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.300_H%26H_Magnum"},{"link_name":".270 Weatherby Magnum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.270_Weatherby_Magnum"},{"link_name":"7mm Weatherby Magnum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7mm_Weatherby_Magnum"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WeatherbyBook-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-InPraise-2"}],"text":"The .257 Weatherby Magnum was designed in 1944 and introduced commercially in 1945 by Roy Weatherby as a wildcat cartridge as a chambering in his rifles. The 257 Weatherby Magnum is one of Roy Weatherby's favorite calibers. The original cartridge was developed using the H&H Super 30 (a close variant of the .300 H&H Magnum which in turn is based on the .375 H&H Magnum) shortened, blown out, and necked down to accept a .25 caliber (6.35 mm) bullet. Together with the .270 Weatherby Magnum, the 7mm Weatherby Magnum, and the .300 Weatherby Magnum, the .257 Weatherby Magnum were the earliest cartridges introduced by Roy Weatherby.[4]The original cartridges were formed using Winchester's .300 H&H Magnum (H&H Super 30) and was only available as a component from Weatherby. Beginning in 1948 Weatherby began offering loaded ammunition for the .257 Weatherby Magnum cartridge which was loaded in house. Until then the cartridge was only available as a component brass which would require being loaded before use. Sometime later, the .257 Weatherby brass was manufactured by Richard Speer for Weatherby. However, due to space and organizational constraints Weatherby began looking for a source of ammunition for his cartridge. The search culminated in 1951 with Norma Projektilfabrik being awarded a contract to produce ammunition. Since then, all Weatherby Ammunition has been manufactured by Norma with the exception of a brief period of time between 1963 and 1964 when production moved to RWS/Dynamit-Nobel, a company which had entered into partnership with Weatherby.[5]Ever since the release of the .257 Weatherby Magnum it has remained one of the more popular cartridges in terms of Weatherby sales. Gun writers such as Layne Simpson consider the .257 Weatherby one of his favorite long range cartridges.[2]","title":"Cartridge history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-InPraise-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:257WeatherbyMagnum01.png"}],"text":"The .257 Weatherby Magnum shares the same cartridge case as the .270 Weatherby Magnum and the 7mm Weatherby Magnum.[6] The .30 Super Belted Rimless H&H manufactured by Winchester served as the direct parent cartridge for the case design. The .257 Weatherby Magnum was one of the first cartridges which used the shortened, blown out and necked down .375 H&H Magnum case and served as the forerunner to the standard length magnum cartridges such as the 7mm Remington Magnum and the .338 Winchester Magnum. There has been some speculation that Roy Weatherby may have used the full length .375 H&H Magnum case if he had slow burning powders available today when the cartridge was designed. The shortening of the case allowed for the more efficient use of the slow powder of the day, IMR 4350;[2] a powder which would not have provided any great advantage for such cartridges as the .257 Weatherby Magnum or the .270 Weatherby Magnum if such cartridges utilized the full length H&H case. Today, IMR 4350 is considered too fast a burning propellant for the cartridge which comes into its own with the slowest burning powders now available.Both SAAMI and the CIP have published specification for the cartridge. The CIP standards for the cartridge were published in January 1994..257 Weatherby Magnum SAAMI compliant schematic. All dimensions in inches [millimeters].SAAMI recommends a barrel rifling contour of 6 grooves with a bore Ø of .2505 in (6.36 mm) and a groove Ø of .257 in (6.5 mm) with each groove being .098 in (2.5 mm) wide. The recommended optional twist rate is one revolution in 10 in (250 mm). Both SAAMI and Weatherby recommend a freebore of .378 in (9.6 mm). Early .257 Weatherby rifles has a twist rate of 1 revolution in 12 in (300 mm) but all current rifles are manufactured with a twist rate of 1 revolution in 10 in (250 mm).The .257 Weatherby Magnum has a case capacity of 84 gr. of water (5.45 cm3). Sources such as Lyman and Weatherby's pressure rating suggest maximum average pressure limit of 66,000 psi (4,600 bar). CIP limits the .257 Weatherby Magnum to a maximum average pressure of 4,400 bar (64,000 psi).The .257 Weatherby Magnum features the Weatherby double radius shoulder. The shoulder continuously curves and transitions from the body radius to the neck radius at the point of tangency at the shoulder between the two radii. The SAAMI dimensions for the cartridge reflect this implementation of shoulder to neck transition. While the CIP recognizes the correct radii for both the r1 and r2 values, they treat the transition from the body to shoulder and neck to shoulder as filet radii. For this reason the body and neck dimensions are lengthened and a shoulder angle provided. The treatment of the body-shoulder-neck transition zone accounts for the inconsistencies between SAAMI and CIP official dimensions for the cartridge.","title":"Design and specifications"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:257WBYDrop.png"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Comparison of trajectories of the .30-06 Springfield, .270 Winchester and the .257 Weatherby MagnumThe .257 Weatherby is known for its long range performance and is considered an accurate flat shooting cartridge. Initially due to the cartridge's high velocity the cartridge exhibits less bullet drop than most other cartridges. However, due to lower ballistic coefficients of these bullets, velocity (and therefore energy) is shed more quickly.Weatherby's B25780TTSX, B257100TSX and the N257115BST ammunition have point blank ranges of 369 yd (337 m), 350 yd (320 m) and 323 yd (295 m) respectively. Thus no hold over is necessary when shooting at game at these ranges given that the rifles is zeroed correctly to accomplish this task.The .257 Weatherby offers a 300–400 ft/s (91–122 m/s) over the 25-06 Remington cartridge which translates to around 600 ft⋅lbf (810 J) greater energy than the latter cartridge. Comparing the Remington's Premium PRC2506RA ammunition for the 25-06 Remington Weatherby's N257115BST .257 Weatherby bullet when zeroed for 200 yd (180 m) drops less than 30 in (76 cm) while the 25-06 Remington drop slightly over 44 in (110 cm) at 500 yd (460 m).When sighted in for 300 yd (270 m) the bullet of Weatherby's N257115BST ammunition has only dropped 21.9 in (56 cm) at 500 yd (460 m) and retains 1,347 ft⋅lbf (1,826 J) energy. Compared to the Winchester's .270 WSM SXP270S ammunition show a bullet drop of 24.5 in (62 cm) but retains 1,552 ft⋅lbf (2,104 J). The N257115BST bullet retains enough energy to be effective on deer out to 550 yd (500 m) while the SXP270S's bullet extends this range out by a further 100 yd (91 m) although both the Weatherby's and Winchester's ammunition start with roughly the same muzzle energy.Weatherby guarantees a 1.5 MOA accuracy with their ammunition in a Weatherby rifle, .99 MOA or better with their Sub-MOA Vanguard rifles, and .99 MOA or better with the new Vanguard Series 2 Rifles.[7]","title":"Performance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CHawksOver25-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SimpsonSHB-9"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CHawksOver25-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CHawksOver25-8"}],"text":"The .257 Weatherby is a hunting cartridge and has not, to a significant extent, been adopted into any other shooting discipline. Due to the cartridge's use of lighter bullets of a quarter bore diameter it should be restricted to medium game species. The cartridge comes into its own where shooting over long distances is anticipated. This is especially true in major grasslands such as prairies, steppes, Pampas, or savannah; or in mountainous terrain such as the Rockies, Alps or the Himalayas.The .257 Weatherby makes an ideal pronghorn cartridge.[8][9] Due to the habitat of the species and its wariness, shooting distances are generally longer than for other species in North America. The typical pronghorn weighs less than 175 lb (79 kg) and as a small bodied ungulate does not require bullets with a great penetrative ability. Bullets which open quickly and have a weight ranging between 95–110 gr (6.2–7.1 g) such as the Nosler Ballistic Tip bullet are excellent choices for this game species.The cartridge is an excellent choice for smaller deer species such as whitetail and mule deer. These deer species are typically larger and tougher than the pronghorn antelope and may require a slightly heavier bullet. Bullets ranging in weight from 100 gr (6.5 g) to 115 gr (7.5 g) should be chosen for these deer species. Although the .257 Weatherby is used as an elk and moose cartridge with success in North America, the cartridge is thought of as being ill-suited for these heavier deer, with elk weighing on average 700 lb (320 kg) and moose on average between 1,000–1,400 lb (450–640 kg), depending on subspecies.The cartridge has had success against mountain sheep and goat whether it be in the Alps, Rockies, Caucasus, Pamir or the Himalayas.[8] Shooting distances are typically long, and the .257 Weatherby is able to reach out to the long ranges required to take the game.Should the cartridge be employed for plains game in Africa, use should be restricted to game species under 440 lb (200 kg).[8] The cartridge is effective against smaller plains game species such as gemsbok, waterbuck, nyala and impala.The .257 Weatherby is used as an ideal small predator cartridge for animals such as lynx, cougar, bobcat, fox, coyote, and wolverine, all of which are taken yearly with the cartridge. While the .257 Weatherby can be employed as an effective varmint round, the cost per cartridge and the muzzle blast precludes its use as a varmint cartridge in large numbers. Furthermore, barrel heating and wear are a consideration when employing the .257 Weatherby for such duties where one would shoot long strings of shots in a short period of time. Due to the cartridge's high velocity and use of lightly constructed bullets, the use of the cartridge as a small game cartridge is not recommended as there are far better choices available which do not destroy the meat as the .257 Weatherby does. If solids or FMJ bullets are used this should not be an issue with regard to small game intended for the table.Roy Weatherby took the .257 Weatherby Magnum to Africa and took an African Cape buffalo with a single shot to prove to himself that it could be done. Although the cartridge has been used against lion and bears, the cartridge is ill-suited for dangerous game species as it lacks bullets with good weights and sectional densities to be considered an even moderately effective cartridge against such game.","title":"Sporting usage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Weatherby continues to chamber the .257 Weatherby Magnum in several models based on both the Mark V and Vanguard action types. The Weatherby Custom Shop offers a more personalized rifle based on these actions. Remington Arms manufactures released the Special Editions of the Model 700 CDL SF and the Model 700 LSS in 2008. The Weatherby rifles have deeply blued barrels while the Remington rifles have matte stainless steel barrels.Weatherby rifle ammunition for the .257 Weatherby Magnum is manufactured by Norma of Sweden. Conley Precision Cartridge Company manufactures several premium lines of .257 Weatherby ammunition using Barnes, Nosler, Speer, Swift and Trophy Bonded bullets. Double Tap ammunition also offers loaded ammunition for sale..257 Weatherby Magnum Ammunition\n\n\nAmmunition \n\nBullet\n\nMuzzle Velocity\n\nMuzzle Energy\n\nMPBR/Zero\n\n\nWeatherby B25780TTSX\n80 gr (5.2 g) Barnes TTSX\n3,870 ft/s (1,180 m/s)\n2,661 ft⋅lbf (3,608 J)\n369 yd (337 m)/317 yd (290 m)\n\n\nWeatherby H25787SP\n87 gr (5.6 g) Hornady SP\n3,825 ft/s (1,166 m/s)\n2,826 ft⋅lbf (3,832 J)\n356 yd (326 m)/309 yd (283 m)\n\n\nWeatherby G257100SR\n100 gr (6.5 g) Norma SP\n3,500 ft/s (1,100 m/s)\n2,721 ft⋅lbf (3,689 J)\n318 yd (291 m)/274 yd (251 m)\n\n\nWeatherby H257100SP\n100 gr (6.5 g) Hornady SP\n3,602 ft/s (1,098 m/s)\n2,881 ft⋅lbf (3,906 J)\n345 yd (315 m)/296 yd (271 m)\n\n\nWeatherby B257100TSX\n100 gr (6.5 g) Barnes TSX\n3,570 ft/s (1,090 m/s)\n2,731 ft⋅lbf (3,703 J)\n350 yd (320 m)/301 yd (275 m)\n\n\nWeatherby N257110ACB\n110 gr (7.1 g) Nosler Accubond\n3,460 ft/s (1,050 m/s)\n2,925 ft⋅lbf (3,966 J)\n334 yd (305 m)/284 yd (260 m)\n\n\nWeatherby N257115BST\n115 gr (7.5 g) Nosler BT\n3,400 ft/s (1,000 m/s)\n2,952 ft⋅lbf (4,002 J)\n332 yd (304 m)/282 yd (258 m)\n\n\nWeatherby H257117RN\n117 gr (7.6 g) Hornady RN\n3,402 ft/s (1,037 m/s)\n3,007 ft⋅lbf (4,077 J)\n308 yd (282 m)/266 yd (243 m)\n\n\nWeatherby N257120PT\n120 gr (7.8 g) Nosler Partition\n3,305 ft/s (1,007 m/s)\n2,910 ft⋅lbf (3,950 J)\n318 yd (291 m)/270 yd (250 m)\n\n\nValues courtesy of the Weatherby. MPBR/Zero values courtesy of Big Game Info.[10]The 120 gr (7.8 g) Weatherby N257120PT ammunition should not be used in older .257 Weatherby rifles as the twist rate is too slow to adequately stabilize the bullet. The 117 gr (7.6 g) Weatherby H257117RN ammunition is manufactured for rifles with the slower twist rate.","title":"Rifles and ammunition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"overbore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overbore"},{"link_name":".264 Winchester Magnum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.264_Winchester_Magnum"},{"link_name":"7mm Shooting Times Westerner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7_mm_STW"},{"link_name":"7mm RUM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7mm_Remington_Ultra_Magnum"}],"text":"The .257 Weatherby Magnum is one of the most overbore cartridges available. The cartridge rates higher on the overbore index than the .264 Winchester Magnum and the 7mm Shooting Times Westerner but less than the 7mm RUM and the .30-378 Weatherby Magnum. The consequence of burning a large quantity of powder and driving a bullet faster is poor barrel life and throat erosion all of which affects accuracy and usable life of the firearm. Giving the barrel time to cool between each discharge of the weapon and following recommended cleaning procedures will help mitigate this issue and extend the usable life of the firearm chambered for this cartridge. Stainless steel barrels can further extend the barrel life of rifles chambered in the 257 Weatherby Magnum.Earlier .257 Weatherby Magnum rifles had a twist rate of 1 rotation in 12 in (300 mm), which is too slow to stabilize long for caliber bullet. These bullets include most Barnes' bullets over 110 gr (7.1 g) and any conventional spitzer bullet of over 115 gr (7.5 g). Hornady's 117 gr (7.6 g) round nose bullet is made for such firearms which have the slower spin rate. Norma loads this bullet in the Weatherby's H257117RN ammunition for owner of such rifles who require a heavier bullet.","title":"Criticism"}]	[{"image_text":"Comparison of trajectories of the .30-06 Springfield, .270 Winchester and the .257 Weatherby Magnum","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/257WBYDrop.png/400px-257WBYDrop.png"}]	[{"title":".25-06 Remington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.25-06_Remington"},{"title":".25 WSSM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.25_WSSM"},{"title":".257 Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.257_Roberts"},{"title":"List of rifle cartridges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rifle_cartridges"},{"title":"Table of handgun and rifle cartridges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_of_handgun_and_rifle_cartridges"}]	[{"reference":"\"Weatherby Inc\". Archived from the original on 16 February 2005. Retrieved 31 July 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050216045859/http://www.weatherby.com/products/ammo.asp?prd_id=3","url_text":"\"Weatherby Inc\""},{"url":"http://www.weatherby.com/products/ammo.asp?prd_id=3","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Layne Simpson. \"In Praise of The .257 Weatherby Magnum\". Shooting Times Magazine. Intermedia Outdoors Inc. Archived from the original on 5 April 2009. Retrieved 19 December 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090405180307/http://www.shootingtimes.com/ammunition/ST257weatherbymagnum_031706/","url_text":"\"In Praise of The .257 Weatherby Magnum\""},{"url":"http://www.shootingtimes.com/ammunition/ST257weatherbymagnum_031706/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\".257 Wby. Mag\". Weatherby Inc. Archived from the original on 30 November 2010. Retrieved 19 December 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101130151405/http://weatherby.com/product/ammunition/cartridges/40325","url_text":"\".257 Wby. Mag\""},{"url":"http://www.weatherby.com/product/ammunition/cartridges/40325","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"When Were the Weatherby Cartridges Developed?\". Weatherby Inc. Archived from the original on 21 December 2010. Retrieved 19 December 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101221134715/http://weatherby.com/support/faq/item/view/44331?categoryId=22638","url_text":"\"When Were the Weatherby Cartridges Developed?\""},{"url":"http://www.weatherby.com/support/faq/item/view/44331?categoryId=22638","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Gresham, Grits; Gresham, Tom (2007) [1992]. Weatherby: The Man. The Gun. The Legend (1st ed.). Natchitoches, LA: Cane River Publishing. p. 290. ISBN 978-0-944438-02-2. Archived from the original (Hardback) on 23 September 2010. Retrieved 19 December 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100923043512/http://weatherby.com/product/accessories/collectibles/40431#","url_text":"Weatherby: The Man. The Gun. The Legend"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-944438-02-2","url_text":"978-0-944438-02-2"},{"url":"http://weatherby.com/product/accessories/collectibles/40431","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Dave Anderson (September 2001). \"The Cartridges of Weatherby\". Guns Magazine. FMG Publication. Retrieved 19 December 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0BQY/is_9_47/ai_77824231/","url_text":"\"The Cartridges of Weatherby\""}]},{"reference":"\"Weatherby.com\". Archived from the original on 7 August 2012. Retrieved 10 August 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120807115323/http://www.weatherby.com/product/rifles/vanguard_2/series_2_synthetic","url_text":"\"Weatherby.com\""},{"url":"http://www.weatherby.com/product/rifles/vanguard_2/series_2_synthetic","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hawks, Chuck. \"The Overlooked .25 Caliber Cartridges\". chuckhawks.com. Archived from the original on 4 June 2011. Retrieved 25 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110604035659/http://www.chuckhawks.com/25caliber_cartridges.htm","url_text":"\"The Overlooked .25 Caliber Cartridges\""},{"url":"http://www.chuckhawks.com/25caliber_cartridges.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Simpson, Layne (2005). Layne Simpson's Shooter's Handbook. Iola, WI: Krause Publications. p. 384. ISBN 0-87349-939-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87349-939-5","url_text":"0-87349-939-5"}]},{"reference":"\"Ballistics Calculatorl\". biggameinfo.com. Big Game Info. Archived from the original on 26 October 2010. Retrieved 22 December 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101026024639/http://biggameinfo.com/BalCalc.aspx","url_text":"\"Ballistics Calculatorl\""},{"url":"http://www.biggameinfo.com/BalCalc.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050216045859/http://www.weatherby.com/products/ammo.asp?prd_id=3","external_links_name":"\"Weatherby Inc\""},{"Link":"http://www.weatherby.com/products/ammo.asp?prd_id=3","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090405180307/http://www.shootingtimes.com/ammunition/ST257weatherbymagnum_031706/","external_links_name":"\"In Praise of The .257 Weatherby Magnum\""},{"Link":"http://www.shootingtimes.com/ammunition/ST257weatherbymagnum_031706/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101130151405/http://weatherby.com/product/ammunition/cartridges/40325","external_links_name":"\".257 Wby. Mag\""},{"Link":"http://www.weatherby.com/product/ammunition/cartridges/40325","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101221134715/http://weatherby.com/support/faq/item/view/44331?categoryId=22638","external_links_name":"\"When Were the Weatherby Cartridges Developed?\""},{"Link":"http://www.weatherby.com/support/faq/item/view/44331?categoryId=22638","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100923043512/http://weatherby.com/product/accessories/collectibles/40431#","external_links_name":"Weatherby: The Man. The Gun. The Legend"},{"Link":"http://weatherby.com/product/accessories/collectibles/40431","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0BQY/is_9_47/ai_77824231/","external_links_name":"\"The Cartridges of Weatherby\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120807115323/http://www.weatherby.com/product/rifles/vanguard_2/series_2_synthetic","external_links_name":"\"Weatherby.com\""},{"Link":"http://www.weatherby.com/product/rifles/vanguard_2/series_2_synthetic","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110604035659/http://www.chuckhawks.com/25caliber_cartridges.htm","external_links_name":"\"The Overlooked .25 Caliber Cartridges\""},{"Link":"http://www.chuckhawks.com/25caliber_cartridges.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101026024639/http://biggameinfo.com/BalCalc.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Ballistics Calculatorl\""},{"Link":"http://www.biggameinfo.com/BalCalc.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.chuckhawks.com/25mag.htm","external_links_name":"The .257 Weatherby Magnum"},{"Link":"http://www.shootingtimes.com/?s=257","external_links_name":"In Praise of the .257 Weatherby Magnum"},{"Link":"http://www.chuckhawks.com/ultra-long-range.htm","external_links_name":"Ultra-Long Range Rifles and Cartridges"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guity_Novin	Guity Novin	["1 Early life and education","2 Career","2.1 Vancouver period, 1996 to present","2.2 Graphic design work","3 Notes and references","4 Further reading","5 External links"]	Artist This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Guity Novin" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Guity NovinBornGuity Navran1944 (age 79–80)Kermanshah, IranNationalityCanadian-IranianEducationFaculty of Decorative Arts, TehranKnown forOil painterWatercoloristMixed media artistGraphic design Guity Novin (née Navran; born 1944) is an Iranian-born Canadian artist, known as a figurative painter and graphic designer. She classifies her work as "transpressionism" (trans- and impressionism), a term coined by Novin in the 1990s. Her works are in private and public collections worldwide. Novin has served on a UNESCO national committee of artists. Early life and education Novin was born Guity Navran in 1944 in Kermanshah, Iran. In early 1953, the Navran family moved to Tehran. Career After graduating from the Faculty of Fine Arts with a BA in graphic design, Novin was employed as a graphic designer in the Department of Graphic Arts at the Ministry of Culture and Arts (MCA) in Tehran, in 1970. She also began to design the cover of magazines like Zaman, and various literally periodicals such as Chaapar, and Daricheh. In addition she participated in numerous group exhibitions such as the Women artists exhibition during Asian Games of 1974. As well, She exhibited in the Salon d' autumn, Paris.Novin in her studio in Kingston, Ontario, 1981 Her illustrations were published in Le Carnaval de la licorne (2001), and her work Pears in Blue was published in Abnormal Psychology. Vancouver period, 1996 to present Novin moved to Vancouver in 1996. From 1996 onwards in a series of shows, she called her style as Transpressionism, and viewed it as a new initiative in art. Solo shows in this period include The Bliss of Solitude (2004), And Yet the Menace of the Years Find, and Shall Find, Me Unafraid (2006), Whispered of peace, and truth, and friendliness unquelled (2007), 'She opened her door and her window, And the heart and the soul came through" (2008), and "but love is the sky and I am for you, just so long and long enough" (2009) (All at North Vancouver Community Arts Council, "Art in Garden"). She also participated in a number of group shows, including two shows at the Ferry Building Gallery in 2006 and 2008, and in the CityScape gallery in 2009. Graphic design work Novin has illustrated the covers of magazines like Negin and Zaman; and the publications of the Free Cinema of Iran. She was also the graphic designer of the First Tehran International Film Festival. In Ottawa her illustrations were published in the Breaking The Silence Magazine during the 1980s. Poster protesting hunger, 2010 Poster protesting homelessness, 2010 Poster protesting the treatment of Roma gypsies by France Notes and references ^ Thomas F. Oltmanns, Robert E. Emery, & Steven Taylor, Abnormal Psychology, Canadian Edition, Prentice Hall, Toronto,2002, p. 713. See also: Joice Goodwin, Art in the Garden, Arts Alive Magazine, Vol. 12, No. 3, May–June 2007. ^ "Iran Chamber Society: Iranian Visual Arts: Guity Novin". IranChamber.com. Retrieved 18 December 2019. ^ "The People's Graphic Design Archive". ^ "Art Vancouver". ^ "Government of Canada, Artist in Canada". ^ "Guity Novin". North Van Arts. ^ Ramin Mahjouri, Guity Novin: the Quiet Artist, Paivand, Vancouver, Vol. 6, No. 228, 18 August 2000 ^ First Teheran International Art Exhibition, by M. Pirnia Kayhan, 22 December 1974, No. 9444, p. 5 ^ "Le Carnaval de la licorne" by Julie Huard, Les Edition L'Interligne, 2001 Archived 27 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine Julie Huard web page. Accessed 6 January 2007 ^ Oltmanns, T.F., Emery, R.E., and Taylor, Steven, p.335, p. 713, Prentice Hall, Toronto, 2001 ^ "Articles" guitynovin.com – click "articles" then "resume". Accessed 6 January 2007 ^ "Joyce Goodwin - arts alive, Vol. 12, No. 3, May/June 2007, p. 14". Arts-alive.ca. Retrieved 26 September 2013. ^ "Heres looking at you" exhibition at the Ferry Building Gallery Archived 10 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine ^ "North Vancouver Community Arts Council presents Longing – 18 Jun". Artsy-Dartsy.com. 16 June 2009. Archived from the original on 7 July 2011. ^ See for example: Breaking the Scilence, a feminist quarterly, June 1988, ISSN 0713-4266, pages 4, 6, 11, 12. Further reading L'actuelle exposition des peintures de Guity Novin à la Galerie Negar, Nicole Van de Ven, Journal de Téhéran, 2 Dec Whispering of A Woman Painter, By Florence, Ayandegan, 23rd, Azar 1350, November 1971, p. 4 A Critique of Guity Novin Exhibition, in Negar Gallery, by Mansooreh Hosseini, Kayhan, November 1971 Expression of Silence, Negin, 30th, Mehr 1350, September 1971. No. 77, 7th Year. p. 19. Expression of Silence, by F. Hajir, Ettelaat, No. 13666, 16th, Azar 1350, 1971, p 11. The rapture of Young Painters, Zan-e Rooz, No. 352, Azar 1350, October 1971. Exhibition of Paintings by Guity Novin—A journey into the Poetic Spaces of Shamloo, in Seyhoon Gallery, Ayandegan, Khordad, 1352, May 1973, p. 4. "I'm the Painter of Poetical Spaces" – A Conversation with Guity Novin, Ettelaat, 17th, Khordad 1352, May 1973, No. 14119. p. 7. A great quest in an exhibition, Ettelaat-e Banuvan, 6th, Tir 1352 July 1973. " A poetic cry in painting" – on Exhibition of Guity Navran (Novin) in Seyhoon Gallery, Zan-e Rooz, 30th, Tir 1352, June 1973. No. 431. A review of Guity Navran exhibition – a Journey into the poetical spaces of Shamloo"', by Firoozeh Mizani, Tamasha, 26th, Khordad 1352, May 1971, No. 114. "A Heritage from Ancient Persia," a critique of Guity Novin's exhibition Lost Serenade at the Brock street Gallery by Don McCallum, The Whig-Standard, Vol. 2, No. 51, Kingston, Ontario, 3 October 1981. "Artistic Underground Surfaces" on Brock Street, by Frank Berry, The Queen's Journal, 9 October 1981. "Circles of Time, A Conversation with Guity Novin", by S. Motazedi, Shahrvand, Toronto, Vol. 10, No. 532, November 2000, p. 30. External links Wikiquote has quotations related to Guity Novin. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Guity Novin. Official website The Transpressionism Website Authority control databases ISNI VIAF	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"née","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9e"},{"link_name":"figurative painter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figurative_painter"},{"link_name":"impressionism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impressionism"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"UNESCO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Guity Novin (née Navran; born 1944) is an Iranian-born Canadian artist, known as a figurative painter and graphic designer. She classifies her work as \"transpressionism\" (trans- and impressionism), a term coined by Novin in the 1990s.[1] Her works are in private and public collections worldwide.[2] Novin has served on a UNESCO national committee of artists. [3][4]","title":"Guity Novin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kermanshah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kermanshah"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Tehran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehran"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Novin was born Guity Navran in 1944 in Kermanshah, Iran.[5][6] In early 1953, the Navran family moved to Tehran.[citation needed]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Guity_Novin_in_her_Studio_at_Kingston_Ontario.JPG"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"After graduating from the Faculty of Fine Arts with a BA in graphic design,[when?] Novin was employed as a graphic designer in the Department of Graphic Arts at the Ministry of Culture and Arts (MCA) in Tehran, in 1970.[citation needed] She also began to design the cover of magazines like Zaman, and various literally periodicals such as Chaapar, and Daricheh.[7]In addition she participated in numerous group exhibitions such as the Women artists exhibition during Asian Games of 1974. As well, She exhibited in the Salon d' autumn, Paris.[8]Novin in her studio in Kingston, Ontario, 1981Her illustrations were published in Le Carnaval de la licorne (2001),[9] and her work Pears in Blue was published in Abnormal Psychology.[10]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-officialarticlesresume-11"},{"link_name":"non-primary source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AD-20090616-14"}],"sub_title":"Vancouver period, 1996 to present","text":"Novin moved to Vancouver in 1996. From 1996 onwards in a series of shows, she called her style as Transpressionism, and viewed it as a new initiative in art. Solo shows in this period include The Bliss of Solitude (2004), And Yet the Menace of the Years Find, and Shall Find, Me Unafraid (2006), Whispered of peace, and truth, and friendliness unquelled (2007), 'She opened her door and her window, And the heart and the soul came through\" (2008), and \"but love is the sky and I am for you, just so long and long enough\" (2009) (All at North Vancouver Community Arts Council, \"Art in Garden\").[11][non-primary source needed][12] She also participated in a number of group shows, including two shows at the Ferry Building Gallery in 2006 and 2008,[13] and in the CityScape gallery in 2009.[14]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Guity_Novin_Hunger.jpg"},{"link_name":"hunger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunger"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Homeless_by_Guity_Novin.jpg"},{"link_name":"homelessness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homelessness"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:J_Accuse.jpg"},{"link_name":"Roma gypsies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma_gypsies"}],"sub_title":"Graphic design work","text":"Novin has illustrated the covers of magazines like Negin and Zaman; and the publications of the Free Cinema of Iran. She was also the graphic designer of the First Tehran International Film Festival. In Ottawa her illustrations were published in the Breaking The Silence Magazine during the 1980s.[15]Poster protesting hunger, 2010\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPoster protesting homelessness, 2010\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPoster protesting the treatment of Roma gypsies by France","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Iran Chamber Society: Iranian Visual Arts: Guity Novin\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.iranchamber.com/art/gnovin/guity_novin.php"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"The People's Graphic Design Archive\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//peoplesgdarchive.org/item/10099/guity-novin"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"Art Vancouver\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.facebook.com/artvancouverexhibition/photos/a.669589856502905/3054405214688012/?type=3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"Government of Canada, Artist in Canada\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//app.pch.gc.ca/application/aac-aic/artiste_detailler_ind-artist_detail_ind.app?lang=en&qlang=fr&rID=27966&pID=1&fID=2&anm=Novin%2C+Guity&sort=AM_ASC&ps=50&pID1=790&ps1=50&ansf=TAM&sort1=ascending"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"Guity Novin\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//northvanarts.ca/profiles/guity-novin/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"Kayhan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayhan"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"\"Le Carnaval de la licorne\" by Julie Huard, Les Edition L'Interligne, 2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.servicedulivre.be/activite/Salonregionslivre/auteurs-srl/huard-outaouais.htm"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20070927215331/http://www.servicedulivre.be/activite/Salonregionslivre/auteurs-srl/huard-outaouais.htm"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-officialarticlesresume_11-0"},{"link_name":"\"Articles\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.guitynovin.com/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"\"Joyce Goodwin - arts alive, Vol. 12, No. 3, May/June 2007, p. 14\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.arts-alive.ca"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"\"Heres looking at you\" exhibition at the Ferry Building Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//ferrybuildinggallery.com/exhibitions/past_exhibitions/heres_looking_at_you"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110710234858/http://ferrybuildinggallery.com/exhibitions/past_exhibitions/heres_looking_at_you"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-AD-20090616_14-0"},{"link_name":"\"North Vancouver Community Arts Council presents Longing – 18 Jun\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110707170748/http://artsy-dartsy.com/Blog.aspx?BlogId=186718e2-81b6-4ca4-acd5-160720373604"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//artsy-dartsy.com/Blog.aspx?BlogId=186718e2-81b6-4ca4-acd5-160720373604"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0713-4266","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0713-4266"}],"text":"^ Thomas F. Oltmanns, Robert E. Emery, & Steven Taylor, Abnormal Psychology, Canadian Edition, Prentice Hall, Toronto,2002, p. 713. See also: Joice Goodwin, Art in the Garden, Arts Alive Magazine, Vol. 12, No. 3, May–June 2007.\n\n^ \"Iran Chamber Society: Iranian Visual Arts: Guity Novin\". IranChamber.com. Retrieved 18 December 2019.\n\n^ \"The People's Graphic Design Archive\".\n\n^ \"Art Vancouver\".\n\n^ \"Government of Canada, Artist in Canada\".\n\n^ \"Guity Novin\". North Van Arts.\n\n^ Ramin Mahjouri, Guity Novin: the Quiet Artist, Paivand, Vancouver, Vol. 6, No. 228, 18 August 2000\n\n^ First Teheran International Art Exhibition, by M. Pirnia Kayhan, 22 December 1974, No. 9444, p. 5\n\n^ \"Le Carnaval de la licorne\" by Julie Huard, Les Edition L'Interligne, 2001 Archived 27 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine Julie Huard web page. Accessed 6 January 2007\n\n^ Oltmanns, T.F., Emery, R.E., and Taylor, Steven, p.335, p. 713, Prentice Hall, Toronto, 2001\n\n^ \"Articles\" guitynovin.com – click \"articles\" then \"resume\". Accessed 6 January 2007\n\n^ \"Joyce Goodwin - arts alive, Vol. 12, No. 3, May/June 2007, p. 14\". Arts-alive.ca. Retrieved 26 September 2013.\n\n^ \"Heres looking at you\" exhibition at the Ferry Building Gallery Archived 10 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine\n\n^ \"North Vancouver Community Arts Council presents Longing – 18 Jun\". Artsy-Dartsy.com. 16 June 2009. Archived from the original on 7 July 2011.\n\n^ See for example: Breaking the Scilence, a feminist quarterly, June 1988, ISSN 0713-4266, pages 4, 6, 11, 12.","title":"Notes and references"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Journal de Téhéran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_de_T%C3%A9h%C3%A9ran"},{"link_name":"Ayandegan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayandegan"},{"link_name":"Mansooreh Hosseini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansooreh_Hosseini"},{"link_name":"Kayhan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayhan"},{"link_name":"Negin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negin"},{"link_name":"Ettelaat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ettelaat"},{"link_name":"Zan-e Rooz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zan-e_Rooz"},{"link_name":"Ayandegan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayandegan"},{"link_name":"Ettelaat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ettelaat"},{"link_name":"Ettelaat-e Banuvan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ettelaat-e_Banuvan"},{"link_name":"Zan-e Rooz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zan-e_Rooz"},{"link_name":"Firoozeh Mizani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firouzeh_Mizani"},{"link_name":"Tamasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamasha"},{"link_name":"Don McCallum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_McCallum"},{"link_name":"The Whig-Standard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//webarchive.loc.gov/all/20061214135556/http%3A//www.thewhig.com/webapp/sitepages/"},{"link_name":"The Queen's Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Queen%27s_Journal"},{"link_name":"Shahrvand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20061230173442/http://www.shahrvand.com/EN/Default.asp?Content=ABEN"}],"text":"L'actuelle exposition des peintures de Guity Novin à la Galerie Negar, Nicole Van de Ven, Journal de Téhéran, 2 Dec\nWhispering of A Woman Painter, By Florence, Ayandegan, 23rd, Azar 1350, November 1971, p. 4\nA Critique of Guity Novin Exhibition, in Negar Gallery, by Mansooreh Hosseini, Kayhan, November 1971\nExpression of Silence, Negin, 30th, Mehr 1350, September 1971. No. 77, 7th Year. p. 19.\nExpression of Silence, by F. Hajir, Ettelaat, No. 13666, 16th, Azar 1350, 1971, p 11.\nThe rapture of Young Painters, Zan-e Rooz, No. 352, Azar 1350, October 1971.\nExhibition of Paintings by Guity Novin—A journey into the Poetic Spaces of Shamloo, in Seyhoon Gallery, Ayandegan, Khordad, 1352, May 1973, p. 4.\n\"I'm the Painter of Poetical Spaces\" – A Conversation with Guity Novin, Ettelaat, 17th, Khordad 1352, May 1973, No. 14119. p. 7.\nA great quest in an exhibition, Ettelaat-e Banuvan, 6th, Tir 1352 July 1973.\n\" A poetic cry in painting\" – on Exhibition of Guity Navran (Novin) in Seyhoon Gallery, Zan-e Rooz, 30th, Tir 1352, June 1973. No. 431.\nA review of Guity Navran exhibition – a Journey into the poetical spaces of Shamloo\"', by Firoozeh Mizani, Tamasha, 26th, Khordad 1352, May 1971, No. 114.\n\"A Heritage from Ancient Persia,\" a critique of Guity Novin's exhibition Lost Serenade at the Brock street Gallery by Don McCallum, The Whig-Standard, Vol. 2, No. 51, Kingston, Ontario, 3 October 1981.\n\"Artistic Underground Surfaces\" on Brock Street, by Frank Berry, The Queen's Journal, 9 October 1981.\n\"Circles of Time, A Conversation with Guity Novin\", by S. Motazedi, Shahrvand, Toronto, Vol. 10, No. 532, November 2000, p. 30.","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"Novin in her studio in Kingston, Ontario, 1981","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Guity_Novin_in_her_Studio_at_Kingston_Ontario.JPG/220px-Guity_Novin_in_her_Studio_at_Kingston_Ontario.JPG"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Iran Chamber Society: Iranian Visual Arts: Guity Novin\". IranChamber.com. Retrieved 18 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iranchamber.com/art/gnovin/guity_novin.php","url_text":"\"Iran Chamber Society: Iranian Visual Arts: Guity Novin\""}]},{"reference":"\"The People's Graphic Design Archive\".","urls":[{"url":"https://peoplesgdarchive.org/item/10099/guity-novin","url_text":"\"The People's Graphic Design Archive\""}]},{"reference":"\"Art Vancouver\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.facebook.com/artvancouverexhibition/photos/a.669589856502905/3054405214688012/?type=3","url_text":"\"Art Vancouver\""}]},{"reference":"\"Government of Canada, Artist in Canada\".","urls":[{"url":"https://app.pch.gc.ca/application/aac-aic/artiste_detailler_ind-artist_detail_ind.app?lang=en&qlang=fr&rID=27966&pID=1&fID=2&anm=Novin%2C+Guity&sort=AM_ASC&ps=50&pID1=790&ps1=50&ansf=TAM&sort1=ascending","url_text":"\"Government of Canada, Artist in Canada\""}]},{"reference":"\"Guity Novin\". North Van Arts.","urls":[{"url":"https://northvanarts.ca/profiles/guity-novin/","url_text":"\"Guity Novin\""}]},{"reference":"\"Joyce Goodwin - arts alive, Vol. 12, No. 3, May/June 2007, p. 14\". Arts-alive.ca. Retrieved 26 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.arts-alive.ca/","url_text":"\"Joyce Goodwin - arts alive, Vol. 12, No. 3, May/June 2007, p. 14\""}]},{"reference":"\"North Vancouver Community Arts Council presents Longing – 18 Jun\". Artsy-Dartsy.com. 16 June 2009. Archived from the original on 7 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110707170748/http://artsy-dartsy.com/Blog.aspx?BlogId=186718e2-81b6-4ca4-acd5-160720373604","url_text":"\"North Vancouver Community Arts Council presents Longing – 18 Jun\""},{"url":"http://artsy-dartsy.com/Blog.aspx?BlogId=186718e2-81b6-4ca4-acd5-160720373604","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Guity+Novin%22","external_links_name":"\"Guity Novin\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Guity+Novin%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Guity+Novin%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Guity+Novin%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Guity+Novin%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Guity+Novin%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.iranchamber.com/art/gnovin/guity_novin.php","external_links_name":"\"Iran Chamber Society: Iranian Visual Arts: Guity Novin\""},{"Link":"https://peoplesgdarchive.org/item/10099/guity-novin","external_links_name":"\"The People's Graphic Design Archive\""},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/artvancouverexhibition/photos/a.669589856502905/3054405214688012/?type=3","external_links_name":"\"Art Vancouver\""},{"Link":"https://app.pch.gc.ca/application/aac-aic/artiste_detailler_ind-artist_detail_ind.app?lang=en&qlang=fr&rID=27966&pID=1&fID=2&anm=Novin%2C+Guity&sort=AM_ASC&ps=50&pID1=790&ps1=50&ansf=TAM&sort1=ascending","external_links_name":"\"Government of Canada, Artist in Canada\""},{"Link":"https://northvanarts.ca/profiles/guity-novin/","external_links_name":"\"Guity Novin\""},{"Link":"http://www.servicedulivre.be/activite/Salonregionslivre/auteurs-srl/huard-outaouais.htm","external_links_name":"\"Le Carnaval de la licorne\" by Julie Huard, Les Edition L'Interligne, 2001"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070927215331/http://www.servicedulivre.be/activite/Salonregionslivre/auteurs-srl/huard-outaouais.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.guitynovin.com/","external_links_name":"\"Articles\""},{"Link":"http://www.arts-alive.ca/","external_links_name":"\"Joyce Goodwin - arts alive, Vol. 12, No. 3, May/June 2007, p. 14\""},{"Link":"http://ferrybuildinggallery.com/exhibitions/past_exhibitions/heres_looking_at_you","external_links_name":"\"Heres looking at you\" exhibition at the Ferry Building Gallery"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110710234858/http://ferrybuildinggallery.com/exhibitions/past_exhibitions/heres_looking_at_you","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110707170748/http://artsy-dartsy.com/Blog.aspx?BlogId=186718e2-81b6-4ca4-acd5-160720373604","external_links_name":"\"North Vancouver Community Arts Council presents Longing – 18 Jun\""},{"Link":"http://artsy-dartsy.com/Blog.aspx?BlogId=186718e2-81b6-4ca4-acd5-160720373604","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0713-4266","external_links_name":"0713-4266"},{"Link":"http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20061214135556/http%3A//www.thewhig.com/webapp/sitepages/","external_links_name":"The Whig-Standard"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061230173442/http://www.shahrvand.com/EN/Default.asp?Content=ABEN","external_links_name":"Shahrvand"},{"Link":"http://www.guitynovin.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070212060618/http://www.transpressionism.com/","external_links_name":"The Transpressionism Website"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000451610116","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/316968929","external_links_name":"VIAF"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Tae-min_(footballer)	Lee Tae-min (footballer)	["1 Club career","1.1 Busan IPark","1.1.1 Gimpo (loan)","1.1.2 Jeonnam Dragons (loan)","1.2 Perak","2 International career","3 Career statistics","3.1 Club","4 References"]	South Korean footballer Not to be confused with Lee Tae-min. Lee Tae-minPersonal informationDate of birth (2003-05-09) 9 May 2003 (age 21)Place of birth South KoreaHeight 1.77 m (5 ft 10 in)Position(s) ForwardTeam informationCurrent team PerakNumber 10Youth career2011–2013 Namhae Elementary School2014–2015 Suncheon Jungang Elementary School2016–2018 Pohang Steelers2019–2021 Busan IParkSenior careerYears Team Apps (Gls)2021–2024 Busan IPark 24 (0)2022 → Gimpo (loan) 18 (0)2023 → Jeonnam Dragons (loan) 0 (0)2024– Perak 3 (2)International career‡2020 South Korea U17 3 (1) Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 17 October 2022‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of 14:18, 25 July 2021 (UTC) Lee Tae-minHangul이태민Revised RomanizationLee TaeminMcCune–ReischauerLee T'aemin Lee Tae-min (Korean: 이태민; born 9 May 2003) is a South Korean footballer who plays as a forward for Malaysia Super League club Perak. Club career Busan IPark On 26 February 2021, Lee was promoted to the senior squad of Busan IPark. On 7 March, he make his debut for the club in a 2–1 in over Daejeon Hana Citizen. Gimpo (loan) On 20 June 2022, Lee joined K League 2 club Gimpo on loan until 31 December 2022. Jeonnam Dragons (loan) On 20 July 2023, Lee joined another K League 2 club, Jeonnam Dragons on loan until the end of the season. Perak In March 2024, Lee moved to Southeast Asia to joined Malaysia Super League club, Perak. On 24 May, he scored a brace to defeat Kedah Darul Aman 2–0 which is also his first professional career goal. International career Lee played for South Korea U17 in 2020 where he played against Portugal U17, Spain U17 and also scoring a goal in a 8–2 defeat to Germany U17. Career statistics Club As of 17 October 2022 Club Season League Cup Continental Other Total Division Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Busan IPark 2021 K League 2 16 0 1 0 – 0 0 17 0 2022 8 0 1 0 – 0 0 9 0 Gimpo (loan) 18 0 0 0 – 0 0 18 0 Jeonnam Dragons (loan) 2023 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Career total 42 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 44 0 Notes References ^ Lee Tae-min at Soccerway vtePerak F.C. – current squad 1 Bryan 2 Afolabi 3 Hafizal (c) 4 Raja Imran 5 Guaycochea 6 Khairul Asyraf 7 Hadi 8 Shivan 9 Sunil 10 Syukri 11 Wan Zack 12 Afif 14 Amirul 15 Nyholm 16 Fadhil 17 Syafiq 18 Azali 19 Fahmi 20 Amirul 24 Firdaus 26 Haziq 27 Harith 29 Farris 30 Milunović 33 Hasnul 36 Shaheeswaran 39 Azeem 41 Nasrol 42 Nazmi 43 Farhan 45 Ilham 53 Aris 55 Shafizi 66 Oswyn 72 Kim 77 Seo 88 Ikhwan 92 Arif 93 Aizat Head coach: Yusri Che Lah This biographical article related to a South Korean association football midfielder is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lee Tae-min","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Tae-min"},{"link_name":"Korean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_language"},{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"forward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Malaysia Super League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia_Super_League"},{"link_name":"Perak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak_F.C."}],"text":"Not to be confused with Lee Tae-min.Lee Tae-min (Korean: 이태민; born 9 May 2003) is a South Korean footballer who plays as a forward for Malaysia Super League club Perak.","title":"Lee Tae-min (footballer)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Busan IPark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Busan_IPark"},{"link_name":"Daejeon Hana Citizen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daejeon_Hana_Citizen"}],"sub_title":"Busan IPark","text":"On 26 February 2021, Lee was promoted to the senior squad of Busan IPark. On 7 March, he make his debut for the club in a 2–1 in over Daejeon Hana Citizen.","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"K League 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_K_League_2"},{"link_name":"Gimpo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gimpo_FC"}],"sub_title":"Busan IPark - Gimpo (loan)","text":"On 20 June 2022, Lee joined K League 2 club Gimpo on loan until 31 December 2022.","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jeonnam Dragons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeonnam_Dragons"}],"sub_title":"Busan IPark - Jeonnam Dragons (loan)","text":"On 20 July 2023, Lee joined another K League 2 club, Jeonnam Dragons on loan until the end of the season.","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Malaysia Super League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia_Super_League"},{"link_name":"Perak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak_F.C."},{"link_name":"Kedah Darul Aman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kedah_Darul_Aman_F.C."}],"sub_title":"Perak","text":"In March 2024, Lee moved to Southeast Asia to joined Malaysia Super League club, Perak. On 24 May, he scored a brace to defeat Kedah Darul Aman 2–0 which is also his first professional career goal.","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"South Korea U17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea_national_under-17_football_team"},{"link_name":"Portugal U17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal_national_under-17_football_team"},{"link_name":"Spain U17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain_national_under-17_football_team"},{"link_name":"Germany U17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany_national_under-17_football_team"}],"text":"Lee played for South Korea U17 in 2020 where he played against Portugal U17, Spain U17 and also scoring a goal in a 8–2 defeat to Germany U17.","title":"International career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"sub_title":"Club","text":"As of 17 October 2022[1]Notes","title":"Career statistics"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://int.soccerway.com/players/tae-min-lee/693004/","external_links_name":"Lee Tae-min"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lee_Tae-min_(footballer)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabang_Sajanikanta_Mahavidyalaya	Sabang Sajanikanta Mahavidyalaya	["1 History","2 Departments","2.1 Sciences","2.2 Arts and Commerce","3 Accreditation","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]	Coordinates: 22°13′12″N 87°33′54″E / 22.2199°N 87.5650°E / 22.2199; 87.5650 This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Sabang Sajanikanta Mahavidyalaya" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Sabang Sajanikanta MahavidyalayaTypeUndergraduate college Public collegeEstablished1970; 54 years ago (1970)FounderSri Swarupananda Paramahansa DevaAffiliationVidyasagar UniversityPresidentDr. Manas Ranjan BhuniaPrincipalDr.Tapan Dutta.AddressTemathani - Bene Dighi Road, Lutunia, Sabang, West Bengal, 721166, India22°13′12″N 87°33′54″E / 22.2199°N 87.5650°E / 22.2199; 87.5650CampusUrbanWebsiteSabang Sajanikanta MahavidyalayaLocation in West BengalShow map of West BengalSabang Sajanikanta Mahavidyalaya (India)Show map of India Sabang Sajanikanta Mahavidyalaya, also known as Sabang College, is a college situated at Lutunia, Sabang, in Paschim Medinipur district, West Bengal, India. It was established in 1970. It offers undergraduate courses in arts, commerce and sciences. It is affiliated to Vidyasagar University. History Sabang Sajanikanta Mahavidyalaya was established in 1970 and foundation stone of this college was laid by Sri Sri Swarupananda Paramahansa Deva. The college owes its origin to princely donation from Late Sajanikanta Giri. At the time of inception, this college was affiliated to University of Calcutta. Presently, it is affiliated to Vidyasagar University Departments Sciences Chemistry Physics Mathematics Botany Zoology Physiology Geography Arts and Commerce Bengali Santali English Sanskrit History Political Science Philosophy Education Economics Physical Education Commerse Accreditation The college is recognized by the University Grants Commission (UGC). See also List of institutions of higher education in West Bengal Education in India Education in West Bengal References ^ a b Colleges in West Bengal, University Grants Commission ^ "Affiliated College of Vidyasagar University". Archived from the original on 25 February 2012. External links Sabang Sajanikanta Mahavidyalaya vteColleges affiliated to Vidyasagar UniversityPaschim Medinipur district Belda College Bhatter College Chaipat S.P.B. Mahavidyalaya Chandrakona Vidyasagar College College of Paramedical Science Debra Thana Sahid Kshudiram Smriti Mahavidyalaya Garhbeta College Ghatal Rabindra Satabirshiki Mahavidyalaya Gourav Guin Memorial College Government General Degree College, Kharagpur-II Government General Degree College, Mohanpur Government General Degree College, Narayangarh Hijli College Kabi Sukanta Secondary Teachers' Training Institute K.D. College of Commerce and General Studies Keshiary Government College Kharagpur College Midnapore College Midnapore Law College Midnapore City College Midnapore Rehabilitation Centre for Children Moyna College Narajole Raj College Oriental Institute of Science and Technology, Midnapore Pingla Thana Mahavidyalaya Raja Narendra Lal Khan Women's College Ratulia Secondary Teachers' Training Institute Sabang Sajanikanta Mahavidyalaya Salboni Government College Santal Bidroha Sardha Satabarsiki Mahavidyalaya Sukumar Sengupta Mahavidyalaya Vidyasagar Institute of Health Vidyasagar School of Social Work Purba Medinipur district Bajkul Milani Mahavidyalaya Deshapran Mahavidyalaya Egra Sarada Shashi Bhusan College Haldia Government College Haldia Law College Institute of Education, Haldia International Institute of Maritime Studies and Research Khejuri College Maharaja Nandakumar Mahavidyalaya Mahishadal Girls' College Mahishadal Raj College Mugberia Gangadhar Mahavidyalaya Panskura Banamali College Prabhat Kumar College Ramnagar College Rabindra Bharati Mahavidyalaya Shahid Matangini Hazra Government College for Women Siddhinath Mahavidyalaya Sitananda College Swarnamoyee Jogendranath Mahavidyalaya Tamralipta Mahavidyalaya Vivekananda Mission Asram Vivekananda Mission Mahavidyalaya Vivekananda Satavarshiki Mahavidyalaya Yogoda Satsanga Palpara Mahavidyalaya Jhargram district Jhargram Raj College Jhargram Raj College (Girls' Wing) Lalgarh Government College Nayagram Pandit Raghunath Murmu Government College Sankrail Anil Biswas Smriti Mahavidyalaya Seva Bharati Mahavidyalaya Sevayatan Sikshan Mahavidyalaya Silda Chandra Sekhar College Subarnarekha Mahavidyalaya Government General Degree College, Gopiballavpur-II Other MIES R.M. Law College This article about a university or college in West Bengal, India is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lutunia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutunia"},{"link_name":"Sabang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabang_(community_development_block)"},{"link_name":"Paschim Medinipur district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paschim_Medinipur_district"},{"link_name":"West Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bengal"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UGC-1"},{"link_name":"Vidyasagar University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidyasagar_University"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Sabang Sajanikanta Mahavidyalaya, also known as Sabang College, is a college situated at Lutunia, Sabang, in Paschim Medinipur district, West Bengal, India. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_United_States_Senate_elections	2024 United States Senate elections	["1 Partisan composition","2 Change in composition","2.1 Before the elections","2.2 After the elections","3 Predictions","4 Retirements","5 Race summary","5.1 Special elections during the preceding Congress","5.2 Elections leading to the next Congress","6 Arizona","7 California","8 Connecticut","9 Delaware","10 Florida","11 Hawaii","12 Indiana","13 Maine","14 Maryland","15 Massachusetts","16 Michigan","17 Minnesota","18 Mississippi","19 Missouri","20 Montana","21 Nebraska","21.1 Nebraska (regular)","21.2 Nebraska (special)","22 Nevada","23 New Jersey","24 New Mexico","25 New York","26 North Dakota","27 Ohio","28 Pennsylvania","29 Rhode Island","30 Tennessee","31 Texas","32 Utah","33 Vermont","34 Virginia","35 Washington","36 West Virginia","37 Wisconsin","38 Wyoming","39 See also","40 Notes","41 References"]	For related races, see 2024 United States elections. 2024 United States Senate elections ← 2022 November 5, 2024 2026 → 34 of the 100 seats in the United States Senate51 seats needed for a majority Leader Chuck Schumer Mitch McConnell(retiring as leader) Party Democratic Republican Leader since January 3, 2017 January 3, 2007 Leader's seat New York Kentucky Current seats 47 49 Seats needed 2 (or 1 + VP) Seats up 19 11 Party Independent Current seats 4 Seats up 4 Map of the incumbents: Democratic incumbent running Democratic incumbent retiring Republican incumbent running Republican incumbent retiring Independent incumbent running Independent incumbent retiring No election Rectangular inset (Nebraska): both seats up for election Incumbent Majority Leader Chuck Schumer Democratic The 2024 United States Senate elections are scheduled to be held on November 5, 2024, as part of the 2024 United States elections. 33 of the 100 seats in the U.S. Senate will be contested in regular elections. Senators are divided into three classes whose six-year terms are staggered so that a different class is elected every two years. Class 1 senators will face election in 2024. As of June 2024, 26 senators (15 Democrats, nine Republicans, and two independents) are seeking reelection in 2024. Two Republicans (Mike Braun of Indiana and Mitt Romney of Utah), three Democrats (Ben Cardin of Maryland, Tom Carper of Delaware, and Debbie Stabenow of Michigan), and two independents (Kyrsten Sinema of Arizona and Joe Manchin of West Virginia) are not seeking reelection. Laphonza Butler of California, a Democrat who was appointed to her current seat in 2023, is not seeking election in 2024. Two special Senate elections will take place concurrently with the 2024 regular Senate elections: one in California, to fill the final two months of Senator Dianne Feinstein's term following her death in September of 2023, and one in Nebraska, to fill the remaining two years of Ben Sasse's term following his resignation in January of 2023. Elections analysts consider the map for these Senate elections to be highly unfavorable to Democrats. Democrats will be defending 23 of the 33 Class 1 seats. Three seats being defended by Democrats are in states won by Republican Donald Trump in both 2016 and 2020, while there are no seats in this class held by Republicans in states won by Democrat Joe Biden in 2020. In the previous two Senate election cycles that coincided with presidential elections (2016 and 2020), only one senator (Susan Collins in 2020) was elected in a state that was simultaneously won by the presidential nominee of the opposite party. Partisan composition All 33 Class 1 Senate seats and one Class 2 seat are up for election in 2024; Class 1 currently consists of 20 Democrats, 4 independents who caucus with the Senate Democrats (before the end of the 117th Congress, Kyrsten Sinema left the Democratic Party and became an independent. She later announced her retirement in March 2024), and 10 Republicans. If another vacancy occurs in other Class 2 or Class 3 Senate seats, that state might require a special election to take place during the 118th Congress, possibly concurrently with the other 2024 Senate elections. Change in composition Each block represents one of the 100 seats in the U.S. Senate. "D#" is a Democratic/active senator, "I#" is an Independent senator, and "R#" is a Republican/active senator. They are arranged so that the parties are separated, and a majority is clear by crossing the middle. Before the elections Each block indicates an incumbent senator's actions going into the election. D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 D8 D9 D10 D20 D19 D18 D17 D16 D15 D14 D13 D12 D11 D21 D22 D23 D24 D25 D26 D27 D28 D29Calif.Retiring D30Conn.Running D40N.M.Running D39N.J.Running D38Nev.Running D37Mont.Running D36Minn.Running D35Mich.Retiring D34Mass.Running D33Md.Retiring D32HawaiiRunning D31Del.Retiring D41N.Y.Running D42OhioRunning D43Pa.Running D44R.I.Running D45Va.Running D46Wash.Running D47Wis.Running I1Ariz.Retiring I2MaineRunning I3Vt.Running Majority (with Independents) ↑ R41Miss.Running R42Mo.Running R43Neb. (reg)Running R44Neb. (sp)Running R45N.D.Running R46Tenn.Running R47TexasRunning R48UtahRetiring R49Wyo.Running I4W.Va.Retiring R40Ind.Retiring R39Fla.Running R38 R37 R36 R35 R34 R33 R32 R31 R21 R22 R23 R24 R25 R26 R27 R28 R29 R30 R20 R19 R18 R17 R16 R15 R14 R13 R12 R11 R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8 R9 R10 After the elections D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 D8 D9 D10 D20 D19 D18 D17 D16 D15 D14 D13 D12 D11 D21 D22 D23 D24 D25 D26 D27 D28 Ariz.TBD Calif.TBD Minn.TBD Mich.TBD Mass.TBD Md.TBD MaineTBD Ind.TBD HawaiiTBD Fla.TBD Del.TBD Conn.TBD Mont.TBD Miss.TBD Mo.TBD N.D.TBD Neb. (reg)TBD Neb. (sp)TBD Nev.TBD N.J.TBD N.M.TBD N.Y.TBD Majority TBD → W.Va.TBD Wash.TBD Va.TBD Vt.TBD UtahTBD TexasTBD Tenn.TBD R.I.TBD Pa.TBD OhioTBD Wis.TBD Wyo.TBD R38 R37 R36 R35 R34 R33 R32 R31 R21 R22 R23 R24 R25 R26 R27 R28 R29 R30 R20 R19 R18 R17 R16 R15 R14 R13 R12 R11 R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8 R9 R10 Key D# Democratic R# Republican I# Independent, caucusing with Democrats Predictions Pie Chart showing expected seat outcomes based on the large table below. List Democratic Party Republican Party Tossup Map showing average forecast from the large table below. The list below shows the expected advantage. Democratic Party Safe Democratic Party Likely Democratic Party Lean Democratic Party Tilt Independent Safe Tossup Republican Party Safe Republican Party Likely Republican Party Lean Several sites and individuals published predictions of competitive seats. These predictions looked at factors such as the strength of the incumbent (if the incumbent was running for reelection) and the other candidates, and the state's partisan lean (reflected in part by the state's Cook Partisan Voting Index rating). The predictions assigned ratings to each seat, indicating the predicted advantage that a party had in winning that seat. Most election predictors used: "tossup": no advantage "tilt" (used by some predictors): advantage that is not quite as strong as "lean" "lean" or "leans": slight advantage "likely": significant, but surmountable, advantage "safe" or "solid": near-certain chance of victory Constituency Incumbent Ratings State PVI Senator Lastelection CookMay 17,2024 IEMay 9,2024 SabatoJune 13,2024 RCPMay 15,2024 CNalysisMay 14,2024 DDHQ/The HillMay 28,2024 Arizona R+2 Kyrsten Sinema(retiring) 50.0% D Lean D (flip) Tilt D (flip) Lean D (flip) Tossup Tossup Tossup California D+13 Laphonza Butler(retiring) Appointed(2023) Solid D Solid D Safe D Solid D Solid D Safe D Connecticut D+7 Chris Murphy 59.5% D Solid D Solid D Safe D Solid D Solid D Safe D Delaware D+7 Tom Carper(retiring) 60.0% D Solid D Solid D Safe D Solid D Solid D Safe D Florida R+3 Rick Scott 50.1% R Likely R Solid R Likely R Lean R Very Likely R Likely R Hawaii D+14 Mazie Hirono 71.2% D Solid D Solid D Safe D Solid D Solid D Safe D Indiana R+11 Mike Braun(retiring) 50.7% R Solid R Solid R Safe R Solid R Solid R Safe R Maine D+2 Angus King 54.3% I Safe I Safe I Likely I Solid I Solid I Likely I Maryland D+14 Ben Cardin(retiring) 64.9% D Likely D Likely D Likely D Tossup Solid D Safe D Massachusetts D+15 Elizabeth Warren 60.3% D Solid D Solid D Safe D Solid D Solid D Safe D Michigan R+1 Debbie Stabenow(retiring) 52.3% D Lean D Tilt D Lean D Tossup Lean D Tossup Minnesota D+1 Amy Klobuchar 60.3% D Solid D Solid D Safe D Solid D Solid D Likely D Mississippi R+11 Roger Wicker 58.5% R Solid R Solid R Safe R Solid R Solid R Safe R Missouri R+10 Josh Hawley 51.4% R Solid R Solid R Safe R Likely R Solid R Safe R Montana R+11 Jon Tester 50.3% D Tossup Tossup Tossup Tossup Tossup Lean R (flip) Nebraska(regular) R+13 Deb Fischer 57.7% R Solid R Solid R Safe R Solid R Solid R Safe R Nebraska(special) R+13 Pete Ricketts Appointed(2023) Solid R Solid R Safe R Solid R Solid R Safe R Nevada R+1 Jacky Rosen 50.4% D Tossup Tilt D Lean D Tossup Tilt D Lean D New Jersey D+6 Bob Menendez(running as independent) 54.0% D Solid D Solid D Safe D Likely D Solid D Safe D New Mexico D+3 Martin Heinrich 54.1% D Solid D Solid D Safe D Lean D Solid D Safe D New York D+10 Kirsten Gillibrand 67.0% D Solid D Solid D Safe D Solid D Solid D Safe D North Dakota R+20 Kevin Cramer 55.1% R Solid R Solid R Safe R Solid R Solid R Safe R Ohio R+6 Sherrod Brown 53.4% D Tossup Tossup Tossup Tossup Tossup Tossup Pennsylvania R+2 Bob Casey Jr. 55.7% D Lean D Tilt D Lean D Tossup Likely D Lean D Rhode Island D+8 Sheldon Whitehouse 61.4% D Solid D Solid D Safe D Solid D Solid D Safe D Tennessee R+14 Marsha Blackburn 54.7% R Solid R Solid R Safe R Solid R Solid R Safe R Texas R+5 Ted Cruz 50.9% R Likely R Likely R Likely R Tossup Lean R Likely R Utah R+13 Mitt Romney(retiring) 62.6% R Solid R Solid R Safe R Solid R Solid R Safe R Vermont D+16 Bernie Sanders 67.4% I Safe I Safe I Safe I Solid I Solid I Safe I Virginia D+3 Tim Kaine 57.0% D Solid D Solid D Safe D Solid D Solid D Likely D Washington D+8 Maria Cantwell 58.3% D Solid D Solid D Safe D Solid D Solid D Safe D West Virginia R+22 Joe Manchin(retiring) 49.6% D Solid R (flip) Solid R (flip) Safe R (flip) Solid R (flip) Solid R (flip) Safe R (flip) Wisconsin R+2 Tammy Baldwin 55.4% D Lean D Lean D Lean D Tossup Lean D Lean D Wyoming R+25 John Barrasso 67.0% R Solid R Solid R Safe R Solid R Solid R Safe R Overall D/I - 47R - 503 tossups D/I - 48R - 502 tossups D/I - 48R - 502 tossups D/I - 42R - 499 tossups D/I - 47R - 503 tossups D/I - 46R - 513 tossups Retirements As of June 2024, eight senators have announced plans to retire. Dianne Feinstein of California announced her intent to retire at the end of her term, but she died in office on September 29, 2023. Laphonza Butler, who was appointed by California governor Gavin Newsom to continue Feinstein's term, announced on October 19 that she will not run for a full term and to finish the final two months of Feinstein's term. State Senator Ref Arizona Kyrsten Sinema California Laphonza Butler Delaware Tom Carper Indiana Mike Braun Maryland Ben Cardin Michigan Debbie Stabenow Utah Mitt Romney West Virginia Joe Manchin Race summary Special elections during the preceding Congress In each special election, the winner's term begins immediately after their election is certified by their state's government. Elections are sorted by date then state. State(linked tosummaries below) Incumbent Status Candidates Senator Party Electoral history California(Class 1) Laphonza Butler Democratic 2023 (appointed) Interim appointee retiring ▌Steve Garvey (Republican) ▌Adam Schiff (Democratic) Nebraska(Class 2) Pete Ricketts Republican 2023 (appointed) Interim appointee nominated ▌Preston Love Jr. (Democratic) ▌Pete Ricketts (Republican) Elections leading to the next Congress In these general elections, the winners will be elected for the term beginning January 3, 2025. State(linked tosummaries below) Incumbent Candidates Senator Party Electoral history Last race Result Arizona Kyrsten Sinema Independent 2018 50.0% D Incumbent retiring ▌Ruben Gallego (Democratic) ▌Arturo Hernandez (Green) ▌Kari Lake (Republican) ▌Mark Lamb (Republican) ▌Michael Norton (Green) ▌Elizabeth Reye (Republican) California Laphonza Butler Democratic 2023 (appointed) 54.2% D Interim appointee retiring ▌Steve Garvey (Republican) ▌Adam Schiff (Democratic) Connecticut Chris Murphy Democratic 20122018 59.5% D Incumbent running ▌John Flynn (Republican) ▌Robert Hyde (Republican) ▌Chris Murphy (Democratic) ▌Justin Paglino (Green) ▌Gerry Smith (Republican) Delaware Tom Carper Democratic 2000200620122018 60.0% D Incumbent retiring ▌Lisa Blunt Rochester (Democratic) ▌Eric Hansen (Republican) ▌Michael Katz (Independent Party) Florida Rick Scott Republican 2018 50.1% R Incumbent running ▌Shantele Bennett (Independent) ▌Feena Bonoan (Libertarian) ▌Stanley Campbell (Democratic) ▌John Columbus (Republican) ▌Ben Everidge (Independent) ▌Keith Gross (Republican) ▌Rod Joseph (Democratic) ▌Debbie Mucarsel-Powell (Democratic) ▌Tuan Nguyen (Independent) ▌Brian Rush (Democratic) ▌Rick Scott (Republican) Hawaii Mazie Hirono Democratic 20122018 71.2% D Incumbent running ▌Melba Amaral (Republican) ▌Shelby Billionaire (We the People) ▌Ron Curtis (Democratic) ▌John Giuffre (Independent) ▌Paul Dolan (Republican) ▌Mazie Hirono (Democratic) ▌Adriel Lam (Republican) ▌Clyde Lewman (Democratic) ▌Bob McDermott (Republican) ▌Emma Pohlman (Green) ▌Arturo Reyes (Republican) ▌Emmanuel Tipon (Republican) Indiana Mike Braun Republican 2018 50.7% R Incumbent retiring torun for governor ▌Jim Banks (Republican) ▌Andy Horning (Libertarian) ▌Valerie McCray (Democratic) Maine Angus King Independent 20122018 54.3% I Incumbent renominated ▌David Costello (Democratic) ▌Angus King (Independent) ▌Demitroula Kouzounas (Republican) Maryland Ben Cardin Democratic 200620122018 64.9% D Incumbent retiring ▌Angela Alsobrooks (Democratic) ▌Larry Hogan (Republican) ▌Emmanuel Osuchukwu (Independent) ▌Mike Scott (Libertarian) ▌Nancy Wallace (Independent) Massachusetts Elizabeth Warren Democratic 20122018 60.3% D Incumbent running ▌Robert Antonellis (Republican) ▌Ian Cain (Republican) ▌John Deaton (Republican) ▌Elizabeth Warren (Democratic) Michigan Debbie Stabenow Democratic 2000200620122018 52.3% D Incumbent retiring ▌Justin Amash (Republican) ▌Hill Harper (Democratic) ▌Sherry O'Donnell (Republican) ▌Sandy Pensler (Republican) ▌Mike Rogers (Republican) ▌Elissa Slotkin (Democratic) Minnesota Amy Klobuchar DFL 200620122018 60.3% DFL Incumbent running ▌John Berman (Republican) ▌Loner Blue (Republican) ▌Steve Carlson (DFL) ▌Joe Fraser (Republican) ▌Ahmad Hassan (DFL) ▌George Kalberer (DFL) ▌Amy Klobuchar (DFL) ▌Patrick Munro (Republican) ▌Raymond Peterson (Republican) ▌Ole Savior (DFL) ▌Christopher Seymour (Republican) ▌Royce White (Republican) Mississippi Roger Wicker Republican 2007 (appointed)2008 (special)20122018 58.5% R Incumbent renominated ▌Ty Pinkins (Democratic) ▌Roger Wicker (Republican) Missouri Josh Hawley Republican 2018 51.4% R Incumbent running ▌Mita Biswas (Democratic) ▌December Harmon (Democratic) ▌Josh Hawley (Republican) ▌Lucas Kunce (Democratic) ▌Karla May (Democratic) ▌Jared Young (Independent) ▌W. C. Young (Libertarian) Montana Jon Tester Democratic 200620122018 50.3% D Incumbent renominated ▌Sid Daoud (Libertarian) ▌Michael Downey (Green) ▌Tim Sheehy (Republican) ▌Jon Tester (Democratic) Nebraska Deb Fischer Republican 20122018 57.7% R Incumbent renominated ▌Kerry Eddy (Legal Marijuana Now) ▌Deb Fischer (Republican) ▌Dan Osborn (Independent) Nevada Jacky Rosen Democratic 2018 50.4% D Incumbent renominated ▌Sam Brown (Republican) ▌Christopher Cunningham (Libertarian) ▌Joseph Destin (Independent) ▌Janine Hansen (Independent American) ▌Chris Mazlo (Independent) ▌Allen Rheinhart (Independent) ▌Jacky Rosen (Democratic) ▌Edmund Uehling (Independent) New Jersey Bob Menendez Democratic 2006 (appointed)200620122018 54.0% D Incumbent runningas an independent ▌Curtis Bashaw (Republican) ▌Ken Kaplan (Libertarian) ▌Christina Khalil (Green) ▌Andy Kim (Democratic) ▌Joanne Kuniansky (Socialist Workers) ▌Bob Menendez (Independent) ▌Patricia Mooneyham (Independent) New Mexico Martin Heinrich Democratic 20122018 54.1% D Incumbent renominated ▌Nella Domenici (Republican) ▌Martin Heinrich (Democratic) New York Kirsten Gillibrand Democratic 2009 (appointed)2010 (special)20122018 67.0% D Incumbent running ▌Kirsten Gillibrand (Democratic) ▌Mike Sapraicone (Republican) North Dakota Kevin Cramer Republican 2018 55.1% R Incumbent renominated ▌Katrina Christiansen (Democratic–NPL) ▌Kevin Cramer (Republican) Ohio Sherrod Brown Democratic 200620122018 53.4% D Incumbent renominated ▌Sherrod Brown (Democratic) ▌Bernie Moreno (Republican) Pennsylvania Bob Casey Jr. Democratic 200620122018 55.7% D Incumbent renominated ▌Bob Casey Jr. (Democratic) ▌David McCormick (Republican) ▌John Thomas (Libertarian) Rhode Island Sheldon Whitehouse Democratic 200620122018 61.4% D Incumbent running ▌Raymond McKay (Republican) ▌Patricia Morgan (Republican) ▌Sheldon Whitehouse (Democratic) Tennessee Marsha Blackburn Republican 2018 54.7% R Incumbent running ▌Marsha Blackburn (Republican) ▌Marquita Bradshaw (Democratic) ▌Lola Brown (Democratic) ▌Tharon Chandler (Independent) ▌Gloria Johnson (Democratic) ▌Civil Miller-Watkins (Democratic) ▌Pamela Moses (Independent) ▌Hastina Robinson (Independent) ▌Tres Wittum (Republican) Texas Ted Cruz Republican 20122018 50.9% R Incumbent renominated ▌Colin Allred (Democratic) ▌Ted Cruz (Republican) Utah Mitt Romney Republican 2018 62.6% R Incumbent retiring ▌Carlton Bowen (Independent American) ▌John Curtis (Republican) ▌Caroline Gleich (Democratic) ▌Trent Staggs (Republican) ▌Jason Walton (Republican) ▌Brad Wilson (Republican) Vermont Bernie Sanders Independent 200620122018 67.4% I Incumbent running ▌Matt Hill (Independent) ▌Gerald Malloy (Republican) ▌Bernie Sanders (Independent) Virginia Tim Kaine Democratic 20122018 57.0% D Incumbent renominated ▌Hung Cao (Republican ▌Tim Kaine (Democratic) Washington Maria Cantwell Democratic 2000200620122018 58.3% D Incumbent running ▌Thor Amundson (Independent) ▌Maria Cantwell (Democratic) ▌Henry Clay Dennison (Socialist Workers) ▌Raul Garcia (Republican) ▌Paul Giesick (Democratic) ▌Goodspaceguy (Republican) ▌Isaac Holyk (Republican) ▌Chuck Jackson (Independent) ▌Scott Nazarino (Republican) ▌Mel Ram (Republican) ▌David Tilton (Independent) West Virginia Joe Manchin Independent 2010 (special)20122018 49.6% D Incumbent retiring ▌Glenn Elliott (Democratic) ▌Jim Justice (Republican) ▌David Moran (Libertarian) Wisconsin Tammy Baldwin Democratic 20122018 55.4% D Incumbent running ▌Phil Anderson (Disrupt the Corruption) ▌Tammy Baldwin (Democratic) ▌Charles Barman (Republican) ▌Eric Hovde (Republican) ▌Thomas Leager (America First) ▌Rejani Raveendran (Republican) Wyoming John Barrasso Republican 2007 (appointed)2008 (special)20122018 67.0% R Incumbent running ▌John Barrasso (Republican) ▌John Holtz (Republican) ▌Scott Morrow (Democratic) ▌Reid Rasner (Republican) Arizona Main article: 2024 United States Senate election in Arizona See also: List of United States senators from Arizona and 2024 United States House of Representatives elections in Arizona One-term independent Kyrsten Sinema was narrowly elected in 2018 as a Democrat with 50.0% of the vote. She left the Democratic Party in December 2022. Sinema announced on March 5, 2024, that she would not run for reelection. Prior to her retirement announcement, Sinema was considered vulnerable to challengers from the Democratic Party due to her opposition to some of President Joe Biden's agenda, and U.S. representative Ruben Gallego launched an early bid for the Democratic nomination. Among Republicans, Pinal County sheriff Mark Lamb and 2022 gubernatorial nominee Kari Lake have announced their candidacies. California California election← 20182030 → Candidate Adam Schiff Steve Garvey Party Democratic Republican Incumbent U.S. senator Laphonza Butler Democratic Main article: 2024 United States Senate elections in California See also: List of United States senators from California and 2024 United States House of Representatives elections in California Five-term Democrat Dianne Feinstein was reelected in 2018 with 54.2% of the vote against another Democrat. On February 14, 2023, Feinstein announced that she would not seek reelection to a sixth term. However, she died on September 29, 2023, leaving the seat vacant. Democrat Laphonza Butler, president of EMILY's List, was appointed by California Governor Gavin Newsom to succeed Feinstein on October 2, 2023. Butler is not running for election to a full term, or for the final two months of the current term. There were three major Democratic candidates for the seat — U.S. representatives Barbara Lee, Katie Porter, and Adam Schiff — along with former professional baseball player Steve Garvey running as a Republican. Schiff was viewed as representing the establishment wing of the Democratic Party, while Porter and Lee represent the progressive wing. Adam Schiff and Steve Garvey won the non-partisan primary election which took place on March 5, 2024, during Super Tuesday, setting up a general election campaign between the two. Due to California's election rules, similar to the previous election for the other seat, there will be two ballot items for the same seat: a general election, to elect a Class 1 senator to a full term beginning with the 119th United States Congress, to be sworn in on January 3, 2025; and a special election to fill that seat for the final weeks of the 118th Congress. Connecticut Main article: 2024 United States Senate election in Connecticut See also: List of United States senators from Connecticut and 2024 United States House of Representatives elections in Connecticut Two-term Democrat Chris Murphy was reelected in 2018 with 59.5% of the vote. He has announced he is running for a third term. Beacon Falls First Selectman Gerry Smith announced his campaign in early February 2024. Lobbyist Robert F. Hyde is also a Republican candidate. Delaware Main article: 2024 United States Senate election in Delaware See also: List of United States senators from Delaware and 2024 United States House of Representatives election in Delaware Four-term Democrat Tom Carper was reelected in 2018 with 60.0% of the vote. He announced on May 22, 2023, that he will be retiring, and will not run for a fifth term. Delaware's at-large U.S. representative Lisa Blunt Rochester is running for the Democratic nomination to succeed Carper, who endorsed her when he announced his retirement. Term-limited governor John Carney was also considered a possible Democratic candidate. Carney announced that he is running for mayor of Wilmington. Among Republicans, businessman Eric Hansen has announced his candidacy. Florida Main article: 2024 United States Senate election in Florida See also: List of United States senators from Florida and 2024 United States House of Representatives elections in Florida Former governor and incumbent one-term Republican Rick Scott was narrowly elected in 2018 with 50.06% of the vote. He is running for reelection to a second term. Brevard County assistant district attorney Keith Gross and actor John Columbus are challenging Scott for the Republican nomination. Former U.S. Representative Debbie Mucarsel-Powell is running for the Democratic nomination to challenge Scott. Hawaii Main article: 2024 United States Senate election in Hawaii See also: List of United States senators from Hawaii and 2024 United States House of Representatives elections in Hawaii Two-term Democrat Mazie Hirono was reelected in 2018 with 71.2% of the vote. Hirono is running for a third term. Indiana Indiana election← 20182030 → Nominee Jim Banks Valerie McCray Party Republican Democratic Incumbent U.S. senator Mike Braun Republican Main article: 2024 United States Senate election in Indiana See also: List of United States senators from Indiana and 2024 United States House of Representatives elections in Indiana One-term Republican Mike Braun was elected in 2018 with 50.8% of the vote. Braun is retiring to prepare to run for governor of Indiana. U.S. representative Jim Banks is running unopposed after his only competition, businessman John Rust, was disqualified. Psychologist Valerie McCray defeated former state Representative Marc Carmichael for the Democratic nomination. Maine Maine election← 20182030 → Nominee Angus King Demitroula Kouzounas David Costello Party Independent Republican Democratic Incumbent U.S. senator Angus King Independent Main article: 2024 United States Senate election in Maine See also: List of United States senators from Maine and 2024 United States House of Representatives elections in Maine Two-term Independent incumbent Angus King was reelected in 2018 with 54.3% of the vote in a three-candidate election. He intends to run for a third term despite previously hinting that he may retire. Democratic consultant David Costello and former Maine Republican Party chair Demitroula Kouzounas each won their respective party primaries unopposed. They will both face King in the general election in November. Maryland Maryland election← 20182030 → Nominee Angela Alsobrooks Larry Hogan Party Democratic Republican Incumbent U.S. senator Ben Cardin Democratic Main article: 2024 United States Senate election in Maryland See also: List of United States senators from Maryland and 2024 United States House of Representatives elections in Maryland Three-term Democrat Ben Cardin was reelected in 2018 with 64.9% of the vote. On May 1, 2023, Cardin announced he is not running for reelection. Prince George's County executive Angela Alsobrooks defeated U.S. Representative David Trone for the Democratic nomination after a contentious primary, where Trone spent heavily from his personal wealth while Alsobrooks had the support of most elected Democrats. Former Governor Larry Hogan easily defeated conservative former state Delegate Robin Ficker for the Republican nomination. A popular moderate known for his political independence, Hogan had previously declined to run, but unexpectedly filed to run hours before the candidate filing deadline. Massachusetts Main article: 2024 United States Senate election in Massachusetts See also: List of United States senators from Massachusetts and 2024 United States House of Representatives elections in Massachusetts Two-term Democrat Elizabeth Warren was reelected in 2018 with 60.3% of the vote. On March 27, 2023, Warren announced that she is running for reelection. Software company owner Robert Antonellis is running as a Republican. Former lieutenant governor Karyn Polito is seen as a potential candidate for the Republican nomination. Michigan Main article: 2024 United States Senate election in Michigan See also: List of United States senators from Michigan and 2024 United States House of Representatives elections in Michigan Four-term Democrat Debbie Stabenow was reelected in 2018 with 52.3% of the vote. She announced on January 5, 2023, that she will retire, and will not run for a fifth term. The primary will take place on August 6, 2024. Representative Elissa Slotkin, and state representative Leslie Love have announced their candidacies for the Democratic nomination. Businessman and 2006 Republican candidate for this seat Nasser Beydoun has also declared his candidacy as a Democrat. Actor Hill Harper announced his campaign for the Democratic nomination in July 2023. Former U.S. representatives Mike Rogers, Justin Amash, and hedge fund manager Sandy Pensler are running for the Republican nomination. Representative John James, the Republican nominee for this seat in 2018 and for Michigan's other Senate seat in 2020, declined to run. Minnesota Main article: 2024 United States Senate election in Minnesota See also: List of United States senators from Minnesota and 2024 United States House of Representatives elections in Minnesota Three-term Democrat Amy Klobuchar was reelected in 2018 with 60.3% of the vote. She is running for a fourth term. Among Republicans, former NBA basketball player Royce White and, banker and retired U.S. Navy commander, Joe Fraser, have declared their candidacies. Third party candidates consist of guardianship advocate and Republican candidate for governor in 2022, Independence-Alliance Party candidate, Joyce Lacy. Mississippi Mississippi election← 20182030 → Nominee Roger Wicker Ty Pinkins Party Republican Democratic Incumbent U.S. senator Roger Wicker Republican Main article: 2024 United States Senate election in Mississippi See also: List of United States senators from Mississippi and 2024 United States House of Representatives elections in Mississippi Two-term Republican Roger Wicker was reelected in 2018 with 58.5% of the vote. Wicker is running for a third full term. He faced a primary challenge from conservative state representative Dan Eubanks and won by a comfortable margin. Wicker will be face Democratic lawyer Ty Pinkins in the general election. Missouri Main article: 2024 United States Senate election in Missouri See also: List of United States senators from Missouri and 2024 United States House of Representatives elections in Missouri One-term Republican Josh Hawley was elected in 2018 with 51.4% of the vote. He is running for reelection. Marine Veteran Lucas Kunce, who ran unsuccessfully for the Democratic nomination in 2022, has announced he is running again. State Senator Karla May and December Harmon, a member of the Columbia Police Review Board, have also announced their campaigns for the Democratic nomination. Montana Montana election← 20182030 → Nominee Jon Tester Tim Sheehy Party Democratic Republican Incumbent U.S. senator Jon Tester Democratic Main article: 2024 United States Senate election in Montana See also: List of United States senators from Montana and 2024 United States House of Representatives elections in Montana Three-term Democrat Jon Tester was narrowly reelected in 2018 with 50.3% of the vote. On February 22, 2023, he announced he is running for a fourth term. Tester is one of two Democratic senators running for reelection who represent states won by Republican Donald Trump in both the 2016 and 2020 presidential elections. Businessman and former Navy Seal Tim Sheehy is running for the Republican nomination. U.S. representative Matt Rosendale, also a Republican, announced his candidacy on February 9, 2024, but withdrew his candidacy on February 16, 2024. Nebraska See also: List of United States senators from Nebraska and 2024 United States House of Representatives elections in Nebraska There will be two elections in Nebraska, due to the resignation of Ben Sasse. Nebraska (regular) Nebraska general election← 20182030 → Nominee Deb Fischer Dan Osborn Party Republican Independent Incumbent U.S. senator Deb Fischer Republican Main article: 2024 United States Senate election in Nebraska Two-term Republican Deb Fischer was reelected in 2018 with 57.7% of the vote. On May 14, 2021, Fischer announced she is seeking reelection, despite previously declaring an intention to retire. Dan Osborn, a union leader and steamfitter, is running as an independent. Since no Democrats have filed, the state party is considering supporting him. Nebraska (special) Nebraska special election← 20202026 → Nominee Pete Ricketts Preston Love Jr. Party Republican Democratic Incumbent U.S. senator Pete Ricketts Republican Main article: 2024 United States Senate special election in Nebraska Two-term Republican Ben Sasse resigned his seat on January 8, 2023, to become president of the University of Florida. Former Governor and 2006 Senate nominee Pete Ricketts was appointed by Governor Jim Pillen and a special election for the seat will take place concurrently with the 2024 regular Senate elections. Ricketts and Air Force veteran John Glen Weaver have declared their candidacies for the Republican nomination. Former University of Nebraska Omaha professor Preston Love Jr. is running as a Democrat. Nevada Nevada election← 20182030 → Nominee Jacky Rosen Sam Brown Party Democratic Republican Incumbent U.S. senator Jacky Rosen Democratic Main article: 2024 United States Senate election in Nevada See also: List of United States senators from Nevada and 2024 United States House of Representatives elections in Nevada One-term Democrat Jacky Rosen was elected in 2018 with 50.4% of the vote. Rosen is running for a second term. Veteran and 2022 Senate candidate Sam Brown was declared the Republican nominee after winning the June 11 primary. Brown won against former ambassador to Iceland Jeffrey Ross Gunter and former state assemblyman Jim Marchant, among others. New Jersey New Jersey election← 20182030 → Nominee Bob Menendez Andy Kim Curtis Bashaw Party Independent Democratic Republican Incumbent U.S. senator Bob Menendez Democratic Main article: 2024 United States Senate election in New Jersey See also: List of United States senators from New Jersey and 2024 United States House of Representatives elections in New Jersey Democrat Bob Menendez was reelected in 2018 with 54.0% of the vote. On July 13, 2021, The New Jersey Globe reported that Menendez planned to run for a fourth full term. On September 22, 2023, Menendez was indicted on federal bribery charges. On March 14, 2024, a week after his planned retirement, Menendez reversed his decision considering to run for re-election as an Independent candidate. Numerous national and New Jersey Democrats, including New Jersey Governor Phil Murphy, called on Menendez to resign the same day, including Congressman Andy Kim, who is running for the Democratic nomination. Financier and current First Lady of New Jersey Tammy Murphy also ran for the Democratic nomination but ended her campaign in March 2024. Mendham Mayor Christine Serrano Glassner and real estate developer Curtis Bashaw ran for the Republican nomination. On June 4, 2024, Bashaw won the Republican primary in an upset. New Mexico New Mexico election← 20182030 → Nominee Martin Heinrich Nella Domenici Party Democratic Republican Incumbent U.S. senator Martin Heinrich Democratic Main article: 2024 United States Senate election in New Mexico See also: List of United States senators from New Mexico and 2024 United States House of Representatives elections in New Mexico Two-term Democrat Martin Heinrich was reelected in 2018 with 54.1% of the vote in a three-candidate race. He is running for a third term. Hedge fund executive Nella Domenici, whose father Pete served in the U.S. Senate from 1973 to 2009, announced her candidacy for the Republican nomination on January 17, 2024. New York Main article: 2024 United States Senate election in New York See also: List of United States senators from New York and 2024 United States House of Representatives elections in New York Two-term Democrat Kirsten Gillibrand was reelected in 2018 with 67.0% of the vote. She is running for a third full term. Former New York City Police Detective Mike Sapraico has declared his candidacy as a Republican. North Dakota North Dakota election← 20182030 → Nominee Kevin Cramer Katrina Christiansen Party Republican Democratic–NPL Incumbent U.S. senator Kevin Cramer Republican Main article: 2024 United States Senate election in North Dakota See also: List of United States senators from North Dakota and 2024 United States House of Representatives election in North Dakota One-term Republican Kevin Cramer was elected in 2018 with 55.1% of the vote. Cramer, as of now, is running for re-election. Democrat Katrina Christiansen, an engineering professor from the University of Jamestown and candidate for the Senate in 2022 filed paperwork and announced her candidacy in early October. Democrat Kristin Hedger, a businesswoman and nominee for North Dakota secretary of state in 2006 has filed paperwork to run for Cramer's seat, but has yet to make an official announcement. Ohio Ohio election← 20182030 → Nominee Sherrod Brown Bernie Moreno Party Democratic Republican Incumbent U.S. senator Sherrod Brown Democratic Main article: 2024 United States Senate election in Ohio See also: List of United States senators from Ohio and 2024 United States House of Representatives elections in Ohio Three-term Democrat Sherrod Brown was reelected in 2018 with 53.4% of the vote. Brown is running for a fourth term. He is also one of two Democratic senators running for reelection who represent states won by Republican Donald Trump in both the 2016 and 2020 presidential elections. The Republican nominee is businessman Bernie Moreno, who defeated state senator Matt Dolan and secretary of state Frank LaRose in the primary election. Pennsylvania Pennsylvania election← 20182030 → Nominee Bob Casey Jr. David McCormick Party Democratic Republican Incumbent U.S. senator Bob Casey Jr. Democratic Main article: 2024 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania See also: List of United States senators from Pennsylvania and 2024 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania Three-term Democrat Bob Casey Jr., was reelected in 2018 with 55.7% of the vote. Casey is running for a fourth term. He is being challenged by engineer Blaine Forkner. 2022 Senate candidate David McCormick is running for the Republican nomination. On September 30, 2023, the Pennsylvania Republican Party endorsed McCormick. Conestoga Township treasurer Brandi Tomasetti is also running for the nomination. Rhode Island Main article: 2024 United States Senate election in Rhode Island See also: List of United States senators from Rhode Island and 2024 United States House of Representatives elections in Rhode Island Three-term Democrat Sheldon Whitehouse was reelected in 2018 with 61.4% of the vote. He is running for a fourth term. Republicans who have announced their candidacies include state Representative Patricia Morgan and IT professional Raymond McKay. Tennessee Main article: 2024 United States Senate election in Tennessee See also: List of United States senators from Tennessee and 2024 United States House of Representatives elections in Tennessee One-term Republican Marsha Blackburn was elected in 2018 with 54.7% of the vote. Blackburn has filed paperwork to run for reelection. Democratic state Representative Gloria Johnson, who avoided expulsion by one vote in April 2023, announced her candidacy in September. Texas Texas election← 20182030 → Nominee Ted Cruz Colin Allred Party Republican Democratic Incumbent U.S. senator Ted Cruz Republican Main article: 2024 United States Senate election in Texas See also: List of United States senators from Texas and 2024 United States House of Representatives elections in Texas Two-term Republican Ted Cruz was narrowly reelected in 2018 with 50.9% of the vote. Cruz is running for a third term. The Democratic nominee is U.S. representative Colin Allred, who defeated state senator Roland Gutierrez and state representative Carl Sherman in the primary election. Utah Main article: 2024 United States Senate election in Utah See also: List of United States senators from Utah and 2024 United States House of Representatives elections in Utah One-term Republican Mitt Romney was elected in 2018 with 62.6% of the vote. On September 13, 2023, Romney announced he would not seek reelection in 2024. Announced Republican candidates include Riverton Mayor Trent Staggs, state House Speaker Brad Wilson, and U.S. Representative John Curtis. The Democratic nominee is professional skier Caroline Gleich. Vermont Main article: 2024 United States Senate election in Vermont See also: List of United States senators from Vermont and 2024 United States House of Representatives election in Vermont Three-term independent Bernie Sanders was re-elected in 2018 with 67.4% of the vote. He is being challenged by artist Cris Ericson, an independent perennial candidate. Virginia Virginia election← 20182030 → Nominee Tim Kaine Hung Cao Party Democratic Republican Incumbent U.S. senator Tim Kaine Democratic Main article: 2024 United States Senate election in Virginia See also: List of United States senators from Virginia and 2024 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia Two-term Democrat Tim Kaine was reelected in 2018 with 57.0% of the vote. On January 20, 2023, he confirmed he is running for reelection to a third term. Governor Glenn Youngkin, who will be term-limited in 2025, was considered a possible Republican candidate. On July 18, 2023, Navy veteran Hung Cao announced he would run as a Republican. Cao unsuccessfully ran for the U.S. House of Representatives against Democrat Jennifer Wexton in 2022. Washington Main article: 2024 United States Senate election in Washington See also: List of United States senators from Washington and 2024 United States House of Representatives elections in Washington Four-term Democrat Maria Cantwell was reelected in 2018 with 58.3% of the vote. Emergency room physician Raul Garcia announced that he would run as a Republican. West Virginia West Virginia election← 20182030 → Nominee Glenn Elliott Jim Justice Party Democratic Republican Incumbent U.S. senator Joe Manchin Independent Main article: 2024 United States Senate election in West Virginia See also: List of United States senators from West Virginia and 2024 United States House of Representatives elections in West Virginia Independent Joe Manchin, who was elected as a Democrat, was re-elected in 2018 with 49.6% of the vote. On November 9, 2023, Manchin announced he would not seek re-election. Since Manchin announced his retirement, all major outlets have since rated this seat as expected to flip to GOP control, which would put this seat in Republican hands for the first time in 68 years. Wheeling Mayor Glenn Elliott, who has Manchin's endorsement, defeated community organizer and U.S. Marine Corps veteran Zachary Shrewsbury and former coal executive Don Blankenship in the primary for the Democratic Party nomination. Governor Jim Justice defeated U.S. Representative Alex Mooney in the Republican primary. Wisconsin Main article: 2024 United States Senate election in Wisconsin See also: List of United States senators from Wisconsin and 2024 United States House of Representatives elections in Wisconsin Two-term Democrat Tammy Baldwin was reelected in 2018 with 55.4% of the vote. She is running for reelection. Hedge fund manager Eric Hovde, candidate for the Senate in 2012, announced a second attempt at the Republican nomination. Former Milwaukee County sheriff David Clarke was seen as a potential Republican challenger to Hovde's bid but never ended up beginning a campaign for senate. Wyoming Main article: 2024 United States Senate election in Wyoming See also: List of United States senators from Wyoming and 2024 United States House of Representatives election in Wyoming Republican John Barrasso was reelected in 2018 with 67.0% of the vote. On April 19, 2024, Barrasso announced he would run for reelection. See also 2024 United States elections 2024 United States gubernatorial elections 2024 United States presidential election 2024 United States House of Representatives elections 118th United States Congress 119th United States Congress Notes ^ Majority control in an evenly divided Senate is determined by the Vice President of the United States, who has the power to break tied votes in their constitutional capacity as President of the Senate; accordingly, Senate control requires 51 seats without control of the vice presidency or 50 seats with control of the vice presidency. ^ a b All four independent senators (Bernie Sanders of Vermont, Angus King of Maine, Kyrsten Sinema of Arizona, and Joe Manchin of West Virginia), caucus with the Senate Democrats. ^ The U.S. vice president, who will be determined in 2024, breaks ties in a 50–50 Senate. Republicans need 50 seats if they win the vice presidency or 51 if they do not. ^ a b c d Despite filing to run as an independent candidate for Senate, Menendez is still a registered Democrat. ^ The last elections for this group of senators were in 2018, except for those elected in a special election or who were appointed after the resignation or death of a sitting senator, as noted. ^ a b Sinema was elected as a Democrat and switched to being an independent in December 2022. ^ In both the regular election and the special election. ^ a b Democrat Dianne Feinstein won with 54.2% of the vote in 2018 against a fellow Democrat, but died in office on September 29, 2023. ^ Republican Ben Sasse won with 62.7% of the vote in 2020, but resigned January 8, 2023, to become president of the University of Florida. ^ Democratic total includes Independents who caucus with the Democrats. ^ Manchin was originally elected as a Democrat. He became an independent in May 2024. ^ In October 2023, Butler was appointed by Governor Gavin Newsom to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Senator Dianne Feinstein. References ^ 2023 Congressional Record, Vol. 169, Page S22 (January 3, 2023) ^ Svitek, Patrick. "Manchin changes party registration to independent, fueling speculation". Washington Post. Retrieved June 1, 2024. Manchin joins three other members of the Senate who identify as independents: Sens. Bernie Sanders (Vt.), Angus King (Maine) and Kyrsten Sinema (Ariz.), who each caucus with Democrats. A Manchin spokesperson said he will continue to caucus with Democrats. ^ "The 2024 Senate elections are fast approaching. These are the seats up for re-election". USA Today. Archived from the original on February 16, 2024. Retrieved February 16, 2024. ^ "US midterm election: What you need to know – DW – 11/07/2022". dw.com. Archived from the original on February 16, 2024. 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"Mitt Romney says he will not seek a second term in the Senate". Washington Post. Archived from the original on September 13, 2023. Retrieved September 13, 2023. ^ Bates, Suzanne (May 23, 2023). "Riverton Mayor Trent Staggs announces run for Mitt Romney's Senate seat". Deseret News. Archived from the original on May 24, 2023. Retrieved May 23, 2023. ^ Irwin, Lauren (September 27, 2023). "Utah House speaker joins race to replace Romney". The Hill. Archived from the original on September 28, 2023. Retrieved September 28, 2023. ^ Aerts, Lindsay (January 2, 2024). "Rep. John Curtis officially running for Romney's senate seat". KSL TV. Archived from the original on January 3, 2024. Retrieved January 2, 2024. ^ "World-renowned ski mountaineer, environmental activist running for Utah's open Senate seat". ^ Frisk, Garrett (April 26, 2023). "First Challenger to Senator Bernie Sanders is a Familiar Face in Vermont Politics". Diamond Eye Candidate Report. Archived from the original on March 13, 2024. Retrieved April 29, 2023. ^ Ali Zaslav; Ted Barrett; Clare Foran (January 20, 2023). "Virginia Democratic Sen. Tim Kaine announces he's running for reelection in 2024". CNN Politics. CNN. Archived from the original on February 6, 2023. Retrieved February 27, 2023. ^ Va. Gov. Glenn Youngkin: "I have my eyes on 2024" \| Spicer and Co. Newsmax. May 26, 2022. Archived from the original on December 14, 2022. Retrieved March 28, 2023 – via YouTube. ^ "Navy veteran Hung Cao enters GOP race to challenge Virginia Sen. Tim Kaine in 2024". AP News. July 18, 2023. Archived from the original on July 18, 2023. Retrieved August 3, 2023. ^ Mikkelsen, Drew (July 7, 2023). "Raul Garcia drops out of governor's race, will run for US Senate in 2024". king5.com. Archived from the original on July 8, 2023. Retrieved July 9, 2023. ^ Gans, Jared (April 22, 2024). "Manchin endorses Wheeling mayor to replace him in Senate". The Hill. Retrieved April 25, 2024. ^ "Alert: Glenn Elliott wins Democratic nomination for U.S. Senate in West Virginia primary election". Times Union. May 14, 2024. ^ https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/other/west-virginia-gov-jim-justice-will-win-republican-nomination-for-manchin-s-seat-cnn-projects/ar-BB1moO9N ^ "Wooed by GOP, Gallagher decides against Wisconsin Senate run". Roll Call. June 9, 2023. Archived from the original on June 12, 2023. Retrieved June 13, 2023. ^ Glauber, Bill; Andrea, Lawrence (February 13, 2023). "Meet the Wisconsin Republicans who could challenge Democratic U.S. Sen. Tammy Baldwin and why 2024 could be a big year for the GOP". Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. Retrieved February 27, 2023. ^ Weaver, Al; Manchester, Julia (June 14, 2023). "Republicans face tough bid to oust Baldwin in Wisconsin Senate race". The Hill. Archived from the original on June 16, 2023. Retrieved June 16, 2023. ^ Engel, Ivy (April 19, 2024). "Senator John Barrasso announces a run for re-election". Wyoming Public Media. Retrieved June 7, 2024. vteUnited States Senate elections1788–1913(elected by statelegislatures) 1788–89 1790–91 1792–93 1794–95 1796–97 1798–99 1800–01 1802–03 1804–05 1806–07 1808–09 1810–11 1812–13 1814–15 1816–17 1818–19 1820–21 1822–23 1824–25 1826–27 1828–29 1830–31 1832–33 1834–35 1836–37 1838–39 1840–41 1842–43 1844–45 1846–47 1848–49 1850–51 1852–53 1854–55 1856–57 1858–59 1860–61 1862–63 1864–65 1866–67 1868–69 1870–71 1872–73 1874–75 1876–77 1878–79 1880–81 1882–83 1884–85 1886–87 1888–89 1890–91 1892–93 1894–95 1896–97 1898–99 1900–01 1902–03 1904–05 1906–07 1908–09 1910–11 1912–13 1914–present(popular election)Regularsandeven-yearspecials 1914 1916 1918 1920 1922 1924 1926 1928 1930 1932 1934 1936 1938 1940 1942 1944 1946 1948 1950 1952 1954 1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 2026 2028 Odd-yearspecials 1921 1923 1925 1931 1933 1937 1941 1947 1949 1957 1959 1961 1974–75 1983 1991 1993 2013 2017 List of all specials Elections by state Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Special elections Election disputes Results by state List of US elections House elections Presidential elections Gubernatorial elections vte(2023 ←) 2024 United States elections (→ 2025)U.S.President Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Guam (straw poll) U.S.Senate Arizona California Connecticut Delaware Florida Hawaii Indiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska (regular) Nebraska (special) Nevada New Jersey New Mexico New York North Dakota Ohio Pennsylvania Rhode Island Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming U.S.House(electionratings) Alabama Alaska American Samoa Arizona Arkansas California 16th 20th sp 30th 45th 47th Colorado 4th sp Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Guam Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland 6th Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey 10th sp New Mexico New York 3rd sp 26th sp North Carolina North Dakota Northern Mariana Islands Ohio 6th sp Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Puerto Rico Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia U.S. Virgin Islands Washington West Virginia Wisconsin 8th sp Wyoming Governors American Samoa Delaware Lt. Gov Indiana Missouri Lt. Gov Montana New Hampshire North Carolina Lt. Gov North Dakota Puerto Rico Utah Vermont Lt. Gov Washington Lt. Gov West Virginia Attorneysgeneral Indiana Missouri Montana North Carolina Oregon Pennsylvania Utah Vermont Washington West Virginia Secretariesof state Missouri Montana North Carolina Oregon Vermont Washington West Virginia Statetreasurers Arkansas (special) Missouri North Carolina North Dakota Oregon Pennsylvania Utah Vermont Washington West Virginia Otherstatewideelections Arizona Corporation Commission Georgia Judicial Kentucky Supreme Court Montana State Auditor New Hampshire Executive Council North Carolina Council of State North Dakota State Auditor Pennsylvania Auditor General Utah State Auditor Washington State Auditor Public Lands Commissioner West Virginia State Auditor Statelegislative Alaska House Senate Arizona House Senate Arkansas House Senate California Assembly Senate Colorado House Senate Connecticut House Senate Delaware House Senate Florida House Senate Georgia House Senate Hawaii House Senate Idaho House Senate Illinois House Senate Indiana House Senate Iowa House Senate Kansas House Senate Kentucky House Senate Maine House Senate Massachusetts House Senate Michigan House Minnesota House Missouri House Senate Montana House Senate Nebraska Nevada Assembly Senate New Hampshire House Senate New Mexico House Senate New York Assembly Senate North Carolina House Senate North Dakota House Senate Ohio House Senate Oklahoma House Senate Oregon House Senate Pennsylvania House Senate Puerto Rico House Senate Rhode Island House Senate South Carolina House Senate South Dakota House Senate Tennessee House Senate Texas House Senate Utah House Senate Vermont House Senate Washington House Senate West Virginia House Senate Wisconsin Assembly Senate Wyoming House Senate Special elections Mayors Alexandria, VA Anchorage, AK Austin, TX Bakersfield, CA Baltimore, MD Baton Rouge, LA Bridgeport, CT Burlington, VT El Paso, TX Fresno, CA Grand Rapids, MI Honolulu, HI Las Vegas, NV Mesa, AZ Miami-Dade County, FL Milwaukee, WI Phoenix, AZ Portland, OR Pueblo, CO Raleigh, NC Richmond, VA Riverside, CA Sacramento, CA Salt Lake City, UT San Diego, CA San Francisco, CA Stockton, CA Tulsa, OK Virginia Beach, VA Wilmington, DE Local Chicago, IL Los Angeles, CA Los Angeles County, CA Maricopa County, AZ Multnomah County, OR Orange County, CA Portland, OR City Auditor City Council San Francisco, CA San Mateo County, CA Washington, D.C. States andterritories Alabama Alaska American Samoa Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Guam Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Northern Mariana Islands Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Puerto Rico Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas U.S. Virgin Islands Utah Vermont Virginia Washington Washington, D.C. West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Ballotmeasures California Proposition 1 Florida Amendment 3 Amendment 4 Kentucky Amendment 2 Maryland abortion referendum South Dakota Amendment G Amendment H	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2024 United States elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_United_States_elections"},{"link_name":"2024 United States elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_United_States_elections"},{"link_name":"U.S. Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"classes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classes_of_United_States_senators"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Democrats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Republicans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"independents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_politician#United_States"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Mike Braun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Braun"},{"link_name":"Mitt Romney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitt_Romney"},{"link_name":"Ben Cardin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Cardin"},{"link_name":"Tom Carper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Carper"},{"link_name":"Debbie Stabenow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debbie_Stabenow"},{"link_name":"Kyrsten Sinema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyrsten_Sinema"},{"link_name":"Joe Manchin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Manchin"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Braun-10"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CardinMD-11"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Carper-12"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RomneyUT-13"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ManchinWV-14"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-StabenowMI-15"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sinema-16"},{"link_name":"Laphonza Butler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laphonza_Butler"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Butler-17"},{"link_name":"Dianne Feinstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dianne_Feinstein"},{"link_name":"Ben Sasse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Sasse"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SasseResig-18"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-StabenowMI-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-20"},{"link_name":"Donald Trump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump"},{"link_name":"2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"2020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"Joe Biden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden"},{"link_name":"2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"2020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"Susan Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Collins"},{"link_name":"2020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_Senate_election_in_Maine"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SabatoGA-21"}],"text":"For related races, see 2024 United States elections.The 2024 United States Senate elections are scheduled to be held on November 5, 2024, as part of the 2024 United States elections. 33 of the 100 seats in the U.S. Senate will be contested in regular elections.[3] Senators are divided into three classes whose six-year terms are staggered so that a different class is elected every two years.[4] Class 1 senators will face election in 2024.[5]As of June 2024, 26 senators (15 Democrats, nine Republicans, and two independents) are seeking reelection in 2024.[6] Two Republicans (Mike Braun of Indiana and Mitt Romney of Utah), three Democrats (Ben Cardin of Maryland, Tom Carper of Delaware, and Debbie Stabenow of Michigan), and two independents (Kyrsten Sinema of Arizona and Joe Manchin of West Virginia) are not seeking reelection.[7][8][9][10][11][12][13] Laphonza Butler of California, a Democrat who was appointed to her current seat in 2023, is not seeking election in 2024.[14]Two special Senate elections will take place concurrently with the 2024 regular Senate elections: one in California, to fill the final two months of Senator Dianne Feinstein's term following her death in September of 2023, and one in Nebraska, to fill the remaining two years of Ben Sasse's term following his resignation in January of 2023.[15][12][16]Elections analysts consider the map for these Senate elections to be highly unfavorable to Democrats. Democrats will be defending 23 of the 33 Class 1 seats.[17] Three seats being defended by Democrats are in states won by Republican Donald Trump in both 2016 and 2020, while there are no seats in this class held by Republicans in states won by Democrat Joe Biden in 2020. In the previous two Senate election cycles that coincided with presidential elections (2016 and 2020), only one senator (Susan Collins in 2020) was elected in a state that was simultaneously won by the presidential nominee of the opposite party.[18]","title":"2024 United States Senate elections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Class 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classes_of_United_States_senators"},{"link_name":"caucus with the Senate Democrats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Caucus_of_the_United_States_Senate"},{"link_name":"117th Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/117th_United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"Kyrsten Sinema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyrsten_Sinema"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"special election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_election"},{"link_name":"118th Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/118th_United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"All 33 Class 1 Senate seats and one Class 2 seat are up for election in 2024; Class 1 currently consists of 20 Democrats, 4 independents who caucus with the Senate Democrats (before the end of the 117th Congress, Kyrsten Sinema left the Democratic Party and became an independent. She later announced her retirement in March 2024[19]), and 10 Republicans. If another vacancy occurs in other Class 2 or Class 3 Senate seats, that state might require a special election to take place during the 118th Congress, possibly concurrently with the other 2024 Senate elections.[citation needed]","title":"Partisan composition"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Each block represents one of the 100 seats in the U.S. Senate. \"D#\" is a Democratic/active senator, \"I#\" is an Independent senator, and \"R#\" is a Republican/active senator. They are arranged so that the parties are separated, and a majority is clear by crossing the middle.","title":"Change in composition"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Before the elections","text":"Each block indicates an incumbent senator's actions going into the election.","title":"Change in composition"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"After the elections","title":"Change in composition"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pie_Chart_Predictions_2024_US_Senate.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Predictions_2024_US_Senate_Map.png"},{"link_name":"incumbent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incumbent"},{"link_name":"Cook Partisan Voting Index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cook_Partisan_Voting_Index"}],"text":"Pie Chart showing expected seat outcomes based on the large table below. List Democratic Party Republican Party TossupMap showing average forecast from the large table below. The list below shows the expected advantage. Democratic Party Safe Democratic Party Likely Democratic Party Lean Democratic Party Tilt Independent Safe Tossup Republican Party Safe Republican Party Likely Republican Party LeanSeveral sites and individuals published predictions of competitive seats. These predictions looked at factors such as the strength of the incumbent (if the incumbent was running for reelection) and the other candidates, and the state's partisan lean (reflected in part by the state's Cook Partisan Voting Index rating). The predictions assigned ratings to each seat, indicating the predicted advantage that a party had in winning that seat. Most election predictors used:\"tossup\": no advantage\n\"tilt\" (used by some predictors): advantage that is not quite as strong as \"lean\"\n\"lean\" or \"leans\": slight advantage\n\"likely\": significant, but surmountable, advantage\n\"safe\" or \"solid\": near-certain chance of victory","title":"Predictions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dianne Feinstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dianne_Feinstein"},{"link_name":"Laphonza Butler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laphonza_Butler"},{"link_name":"Gavin Newsom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavin_Newsom"}],"text":"As of June 2024, eight senators have announced plans to retire. Dianne Feinstein of California announced her intent to retire at the end of her term, but she died in office on September 29, 2023. Laphonza Butler, who was appointed by California governor Gavin Newsom to continue Feinstein's term, announced on October 19 that she will not run for a full term and to finish the final two months of Feinstein's term.","title":"Retirements"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Race summary"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Special elections during the preceding Congress","text":"In each special election, the winner's term begins immediately after their election is certified by their state's government.Elections are sorted by date then state.","title":"Race summary"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Elections leading to the next Congress","text":"In these general elections, the winners will be elected for the term beginning January 3, 2025.","title":"Race summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States senators from Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Arizona"},{"link_name":"2024 United States House of Representatives elections in Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Kyrsten Sinema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyrsten_Sinema"},{"link_name":"narrowly elected in 2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_United_States_Senate_election_in_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Democrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"Joe Biden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"U.S. representative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Ruben Gallego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruben_Gallego"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"Pinal County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinal_County"},{"link_name":"Mark Lamb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Lamb_(sheriff)"},{"link_name":"2022 gubernatorial nominee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Arizona_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"Kari Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kari_Lake"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lake-88"}],"text":"See also: List of United States senators from Arizona and 2024 United States House of Representatives elections in ArizonaOne-term independent Kyrsten Sinema was narrowly elected in 2018 as a Democrat with 50.0% of the vote. She left the Democratic Party in December 2022.[71] Sinema announced on March 5, 2024, that she would not run for reelection.[72]Prior to her retirement announcement, Sinema was considered vulnerable to challengers from the Democratic Party due to her opposition to some of President Joe Biden's agenda,[73] and U.S. representative Ruben Gallego launched an early bid for the Democratic nomination.[74][75]Among Republicans, Pinal County sheriff Mark Lamb and 2022 gubernatorial nominee Kari Lake have announced their candidacies.[76][77]","title":"Arizona"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States senators from California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_California"},{"link_name":"2024 United States House of Representatives elections in California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California"},{"link_name":"Dianne Feinstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dianne_Feinstein"},{"link_name":"reelected in 2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_United_States_Senate_election_in_California"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"Laphonza Butler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laphonza_Butler"},{"link_name":"EMILY's List","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMILY%27s_List"},{"link_name":"California Governor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Governor"},{"link_name":"Gavin Newsom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavin_Newsom"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Butler-17"},{"link_name":"Barbara Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Lee"},{"link_name":"Katie Porter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katie_Porter"},{"link_name":"Adam Schiff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Schiff"},{"link_name":"professional baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_baseball"},{"link_name":"Steve Garvey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Garvey"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schiff-92"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LeeCA-93"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Porter-94"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-97"},{"link_name":"non-partisan primary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonpartisan_blanket_primary"},{"link_name":"Super Tuesday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Tuesday"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-97"},{"link_name":"previous election for the other seat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_United_States_Senate_elections_in_California"},{"link_name":"Class 1 senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classes_of_United_States_Senators"},{"link_name":"119th United States Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/119th_United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"118th Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/118th_United_States_Congress"}],"text":"See also: List of United States senators from California and 2024 United States House of Representatives elections in CaliforniaFive-term Democrat Dianne Feinstein was reelected in 2018 with 54.2% of the vote against another Democrat. On February 14, 2023, Feinstein announced that she would not seek reelection to a sixth term.[78] However, she died on September 29, 2023, leaving the seat vacant. Democrat Laphonza Butler, president of EMILY's List, was appointed by California Governor Gavin Newsom to succeed Feinstein on October 2, 2023.[79] Butler is not running for election to a full term, or for the final two months of the current term.[14]There were three major Democratic candidates for the seat — U.S. representatives Barbara Lee, Katie Porter, and Adam Schiff — along with former professional baseball player Steve Garvey running as a Republican.[80][81][82][83][84] Schiff was viewed as representing the establishment wing of the Democratic Party, while Porter and Lee represent the progressive wing.[85]Adam Schiff and Steve Garvey won the non-partisan primary election which took place on March 5, 2024, during Super Tuesday, setting up a general election campaign between the two.[85]Due to California's election rules, similar to the previous election for the other seat, there will be two ballot items for the same seat: a general election, to elect a Class 1 senator to a full term beginning with the 119th United States Congress, to be sworn in on January 3, 2025; and a special election to fill that seat for the final weeks of the 118th Congress.","title":"California"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States senators from Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"2024 United States House of Representatives elections in Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Chris Murphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Murphy"},{"link_name":"reelected in 2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_United_States_Senate_election_in_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"Beacon Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beacon_Falls"},{"link_name":"First Selectman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Selectman"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-43"},{"link_name":"Robert F. Hyde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_F._Hyde"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"}],"text":"See also: List of United States senators from Connecticut and 2024 United States House of Representatives elections in ConnecticutTwo-term Democrat Chris Murphy was reelected in 2018 with 59.5% of the vote. He has announced he is running for a third term.[86] Beacon Falls First Selectman Gerry Smith announced his campaign in early February 2024.[33] Lobbyist Robert F. Hyde is also a Republican candidate.[87]","title":"Connecticut"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States senators from Delaware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Delaware"},{"link_name":"2024 United States House of Representatives election in Delaware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_United_States_House_of_Representatives_election_in_Delaware"},{"link_name":"Tom Carper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Carper"},{"link_name":"reelected in 2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_United_States_Senate_election_in_Delaware"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-100"},{"link_name":"Lisa Blunt Rochester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Blunt_Rochester"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Politico-June-1-101"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LBR-44"},{"link_name":"governor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Delaware"},{"link_name":"John Carney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Carney_(Delaware_politician)"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-100"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"Wilmington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilmington,_Delaware"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"}],"text":"See also: List of United States senators from Delaware and 2024 United States House of Representatives election in DelawareFour-term Democrat Tom Carper was reelected in 2018 with 60.0% of the vote. He announced on May 22, 2023, that he will be retiring, and will not run for a fifth term.[88]Delaware's at-large U.S. representative Lisa Blunt Rochester is running for the Democratic nomination to succeed Carper, who endorsed her when he announced his retirement.[89][34]Term-limited governor John Carney was also considered a possible Democratic candidate.[88][90] Carney announced that he is running for mayor of Wilmington.[91]Among Republicans, businessman Eric Hansen has announced his candidacy.[92]","title":"Delaware"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States senators from Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Florida"},{"link_name":"2024 United States House of Representatives elections in Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Florida"},{"link_name":"governor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Florida"},{"link_name":"Rick Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Scott"},{"link_name":"narrowly elected in 2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_United_States_Senate_election_in_Florida"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ScottRunning-105"},{"link_name":"Brevard County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brevard_County"},{"link_name":"assistant district attorney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assistant_District_Attorney"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"Debbie Mucarsel-Powell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debbie_Mucarsel-Powell"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MucarselPowell-108"}],"text":"See also: List of United States senators from Florida and 2024 United States House of Representatives elections in FloridaFormer governor and incumbent one-term Republican Rick Scott was narrowly elected in 2018 with 50.06% of the vote. He is running for reelection to a second term.[93] Brevard County assistant district attorney Keith Gross and actor John Columbus are challenging Scott for the Republican nomination.[94][95]Former U.S. Representative Debbie Mucarsel-Powell is running for the Democratic nomination to challenge Scott.[96]","title":"Florida"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States senators from Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Hawaii"},{"link_name":"2024 United States House of Representatives elections in Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Hawaii"},{"link_name":"Mazie Hirono","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazie_Hirono"},{"link_name":"reelected in 2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_United_States_Senate_election_in_Hawaii"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Politico_2024-41"}],"text":"See also: List of United States senators from Hawaii and 2024 United States House of Representatives elections in HawaiiTwo-term Democrat Mazie Hirono was reelected in 2018 with 71.2% of the vote. Hirono is running for a third term.[31]","title":"Hawaii"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States senators from Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Indiana"},{"link_name":"2024 United States House of Representatives elections in Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Mike Braun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Braun"},{"link_name":"elected in 2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_United_States_Senate_election_in_Indiana"},{"link_name":"run","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Indiana_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"governor of Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Indiana"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Braun-10"},{"link_name":"U.S. representative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Jim Banks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Banks"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"state Representative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Marc Carmichael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Carmichael"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"}],"text":"See also: List of United States senators from Indiana and 2024 United States House of Representatives elections in IndianaOne-term Republican Mike Braun was elected in 2018 with 50.8% of the vote. Braun is retiring to prepare to run for governor of Indiana.[7] U.S. representative Jim Banks is running unopposed after his only competition, businessman John Rust, was disqualified.[97]Psychologist Valerie McCray defeated former state Representative Marc Carmichael for the Democratic nomination.[98]","title":"Indiana"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States senators from Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Maine"},{"link_name":"2024 United States House of Representatives elections in Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Maine"},{"link_name":"Angus King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angus_King"},{"link_name":"reelected in 2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_United_States_Senate_election_in_Maine"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-angusking-111"},{"link_name":"Maine Republican Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maine_Republican_Party"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"}],"text":"See also: List of United States senators from Maine and 2024 United States House of Representatives elections in MaineTwo-term Independent incumbent Angus King was reelected in 2018 with 54.3% of the vote in a three-candidate election. He intends to run for a third term despite previously hinting that he may retire.[99]Democratic consultant David Costello and former Maine Republican Party chair Demitroula Kouzounas each won their respective party primaries unopposed.[100] They will both face King in the general election in November.","title":"Maine"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States senators from Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Maryland"},{"link_name":"2024 United States House of Representatives elections in Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Maryland"},{"link_name":"Ben Cardin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Cardin"},{"link_name":"reelected in 2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_United_States_Senate_election_in_Maryland"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"link_name":"Prince George's County executive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_George%27s_County,_Maryland#County_executive_and_council"},{"link_name":"Angela Alsobrooks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Alsobrooks"},{"link_name":"David Trone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Trone"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"},{"link_name":"Governor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland_Governor"},{"link_name":"Larry Hogan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Hogan"},{"link_name":"state Delegate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland_House_of_Delegates"},{"link_name":"Robin Ficker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Ficker"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HoganSenate-116"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MD2024-51"}],"text":"See also: List of United States senators from Maryland and 2024 United States House of Representatives elections in MarylandThree-term Democrat Ben Cardin was reelected in 2018 with 64.9% of the vote. On May 1, 2023, Cardin announced he is not running for reelection.[101]Prince George's County executive Angela Alsobrooks defeated U.S. Representative David Trone for the Democratic nomination after a contentious primary, where Trone spent heavily from his personal wealth while Alsobrooks had the support of most elected Democrats.[102]Former Governor Larry Hogan easily defeated conservative former state Delegate Robin Ficker for the Republican nomination.[103] A popular moderate known for his political independence, Hogan had previously declined to run,[104] but unexpectedly filed to run hours before the candidate filing deadline.[41]","title":"Maryland"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States senators from Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"2024 United States House of Representatives elections in Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Warren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Warren"},{"link_name":"reelected in 2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_United_States_Senate_election_in_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"},{"link_name":"lieutenant governor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Karyn Polito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karyn_Polito"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"}],"text":"See also: List of United States senators from Massachusetts and 2024 United States House of Representatives elections in MassachusettsTwo-term Democrat Elizabeth Warren was reelected in 2018 with 60.3% of the vote. On March 27, 2023, Warren announced that she is running for reelection.[105]Software company owner Robert Antonellis is running as a Republican.[106] Former lieutenant governor Karyn Polito is seen as a potential candidate for the Republican nomination.[107]","title":"Massachusetts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States senators from Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Michigan"},{"link_name":"2024 United States House of Representatives elections in Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Debbie Stabenow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debbie_Stabenow"},{"link_name":"reelected in 2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_United_States_Senate_election_in_Michigan"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-StabenowMI-15"},{"link_name":"Elissa Slotkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elissa_Slotkin"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-120"},{"link_name":"state representative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Leslie Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Love"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-121"},{"link_name":"2006 Republican candidate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_United_States_Senate_election_in_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Nasser Beydoun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasser_Beydoun"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-122"},{"link_name":"Hill Harper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hill_Harper"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-123"},{"link_name":"Mike Rogers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Rogers_(Michigan_politician)"},{"link_name":"Justin Amash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Amash"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-124"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-125"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Meijer-126"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-127"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-128"},{"link_name":"John James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_James_(Michigan_politician)"},{"link_name":"in 2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_United_States_Senate_election_in_Michigan"},{"link_name":"in 2020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_Senate_election_in_Michigan"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-129"}],"text":"See also: List of United States senators from Michigan and 2024 United States House of Representatives elections in MichiganFour-term Democrat Debbie Stabenow was reelected in 2018 with 52.3% of the vote. She announced on January 5, 2023, that she will retire, and will not run for a fifth term.[12]The primary will take place on August 6, 2024. Representative Elissa Slotkin,[108] and state representative Leslie Love[109] have announced their candidacies for the Democratic nomination. Businessman and 2006 Republican candidate for this seat Nasser Beydoun has also declared his candidacy as a Democrat.[110] Actor Hill Harper announced his campaign for the Democratic nomination in July 2023.[111]Former U.S. representatives Mike Rogers, Justin Amash, and hedge fund manager Sandy Pensler[112] are running for the Republican nomination.[113][114][115][116]Representative John James, the Republican nominee for this seat in 2018 and for Michigan's other Senate seat in 2020, declined to run.[117]","title":"Michigan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States senators from Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"2024 United States House of Representatives elections in Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Amy Klobuchar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy_Klobuchar"},{"link_name":"reelected in 2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_United_States_Senate_election_in_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Politico_2024-41"},{"link_name":"NBA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBA"},{"link_name":"Royce White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royce_White"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-130"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-131"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-132"}],"text":"See also: List of United States senators from Minnesota and 2024 United States House of Representatives elections in MinnesotaThree-term Democrat Amy Klobuchar was reelected in 2018 with 60.3% of the vote. She is running for a fourth term.[31]Among Republicans, former NBA basketball player Royce White and, banker and retired U.S. Navy commander, Joe Fraser, have declared their candidacies.[118][119]Third party candidates consist of guardianship advocate and Republican candidate for governor in 2022, Independence-Alliance Party candidate, Joyce Lacy.[120]","title":"Minnesota"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States senators from Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"2024 United States House of Representatives elections in Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"Roger Wicker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Wicker"},{"link_name":"reelected in 2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_United_States_Senate_election_in_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"state representative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Dan Eubanks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Eubanks"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-133"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ty-134"}],"text":"See also: List of United States senators from Mississippi and 2024 United States House of Representatives elections in MississippiTwo-term Republican Roger Wicker was reelected in 2018 with 58.5% of the vote. Wicker is running for a third full term. He faced a primary challenge from conservative state representative Dan Eubanks and won by a comfortable margin.[121] Wicker will be face Democratic lawyer Ty Pinkins in the general election.[122]","title":"Mississippi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States senators from Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Missouri"},{"link_name":"2024 United States House of Representatives elections in Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Josh Hawley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Hawley"},{"link_name":"elected in 2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_United_States_Senate_election_in_Missouri"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HawleyRunning-135"},{"link_name":"Lucas Kunce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucas_Kunce"},{"link_name":"State Senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_State_Senate"},{"link_name":"Karla May","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karla_May"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-136"},{"link_name":"Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-137"}],"text":"See also: List of United States senators from Missouri and 2024 United States House of Representatives elections in MissouriOne-term Republican Josh Hawley was elected in 2018 with 51.4% of the vote. He is running for reelection.[123]Marine Veteran Lucas Kunce, who ran unsuccessfully for the Democratic nomination in 2022, has announced he is running again. State Senator Karla May[124] and December Harmon, a member of the Columbia Police Review Board,[125] have also announced their campaigns for the Democratic nomination.","title":"Missouri"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States senators from Montana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Montana"},{"link_name":"2024 United States House of Representatives elections in Montana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Montana"},{"link_name":"Jon Tester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Tester"},{"link_name":"narrowly reelected in 2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_United_States_Senate_election_in_Montana"},{"link_name":"Donald Trump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-138"},{"link_name":"Navy Seal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navy_Seal"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sheehy-139"},{"link_name":"U.S. representative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Representative"},{"link_name":"Matt Rosendale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Rosendale"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-140"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-141"}],"text":"See also: List of United States senators from Montana and 2024 United States House of Representatives elections in MontanaThree-term Democrat Jon Tester was narrowly reelected in 2018 with 50.3% of the vote. On February 22, 2023, he announced he is running for a fourth term. Tester is one of two Democratic senators running for reelection who represent states won by Republican Donald Trump in both the 2016 and 2020 presidential elections.[126]Businessman and former Navy Seal Tim Sheehy is running for the Republican nomination.[127] U.S. representative Matt Rosendale, also a Republican, announced his candidacy on February 9, 2024,[128] but withdrew his candidacy on February 16, 2024.[129]","title":"Montana"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States senators from Nebraska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Nebraska"},{"link_name":"2024 United States House of Representatives elections in Nebraska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Nebraska"},{"link_name":"Ben Sasse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Sasse"}],"text":"See also: List of United States senators from Nebraska and 2024 United States House of Representatives elections in NebraskaThere will be two elections in Nebraska, due to the resignation of Ben Sasse.","title":"Nebraska"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Deb Fischer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deb_Fischer"},{"link_name":"reelected in 2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_United_States_Senate_election_in_Nebraska"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0a-142"},{"link_name":"Dan Osborn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Osborn"},{"link_name":"steamfitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steamfitter"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-143"}],"sub_title":"Nebraska (regular)","text":"Two-term Republican Deb Fischer was reelected in 2018 with 57.7% of the vote. On May 14, 2021, Fischer announced she is seeking reelection, despite previously declaring an intention to retire.[130]Dan Osborn, a union leader and steamfitter, is running as an independent. Since no Democrats have filed, the state party is considering supporting him.[131]","title":"Nebraska"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ben Sasse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Sasse"},{"link_name":"University of Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Florida"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-144"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SasseResig-18"},{"link_name":"Governor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Nebraska"},{"link_name":"2006 Senate nominee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_United_States_Senate_election_in_Nebraska"},{"link_name":"Pete Ricketts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Ricketts"},{"link_name":"Jim Pillen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Pillen"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-145"},{"link_name":"University of Nebraska Omaha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Nebraska_Omaha"},{"link_name":"Preston Love Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preston_Love_Jr."},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-146"}],"sub_title":"Nebraska (special)","text":"Two-term Republican Ben Sasse resigned his seat on January 8, 2023, to become president of the University of Florida.[132][15] Former Governor and 2006 Senate nominee Pete Ricketts was appointed by Governor Jim Pillen and a special election for the seat will take place concurrently with the 2024 regular Senate elections. Ricketts and Air Force veteran John Glen Weaver have declared their candidacies for the Republican nomination.[133] Former University of Nebraska Omaha professor Preston Love Jr. is running as a Democrat.[134]","title":"Nebraska"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States senators from Nevada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Nevada"},{"link_name":"2024 United States House of Representatives elections in Nevada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Nevada"},{"link_name":"Jacky Rosen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacky_Rosen"},{"link_name":"elected in 2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_United_States_Senate_election_in_Nevada"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Politico_2024-41"},{"link_name":"2022 Senate candidate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_United_States_Senate_election_in_Nevada"},{"link_name":"Sam Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Brown_(military)"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-147"},{"link_name":"ambassador to Iceland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambassadors_to_Iceland"},{"link_name":"Jeffrey Ross Gunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Ross_Gunter"},{"link_name":"state assemblyman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevada_Assembly"},{"link_name":"Jim Marchant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Marchant"}],"text":"See also: List of United States senators from Nevada and 2024 United States House of Representatives elections in NevadaOne-term Democrat Jacky Rosen was elected in 2018 with 50.4% of the vote. Rosen is running for a second term.[31]Veteran and 2022 Senate candidate Sam Brown was declared the Republican nominee after winning the June 11 primary.[135] Brown won against former ambassador to Iceland Jeffrey Ross Gunter and former state assemblyman Jim Marchant, among others.","title":"Nevada"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States senators from New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"2024 United States House of Representatives elections in New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Bob Menendez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Menendez"},{"link_name":"reelected in 2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_United_States_Senate_election_in_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-menendezrunning-148"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newjerseyglobe.com-149"},{"link_name":"bribery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bribery"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-150"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-151"},{"link_name":"New Jersey Governor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Governor"},{"link_name":"Phil Murphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Murphy"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-152"},{"link_name":"Andy Kim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Kim_(politician)"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Globe-Kim-153"},{"link_name":"Tammy Murphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tammy_Murphy"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-154"},{"link_name":"Mendham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendham_Borough,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-155"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-156"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cruz-157"},{"link_name":"upset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upset_(competition)"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-158"}],"text":"See also: List of United States senators from New Jersey and 2024 United States House of Representatives elections in New JerseyDemocrat Bob Menendez was reelected in 2018 with 54.0% of the vote. On July 13, 2021, The New Jersey Globe reported that Menendez planned to run for a fourth full term.[136][137] On September 22, 2023, Menendez was indicted on federal bribery charges.[138] On March 14, 2024, a week after his planned retirement, Menendez reversed his decision considering to run for re-election as an Independent candidate.[139] Numerous national and New Jersey Democrats, including New Jersey Governor Phil Murphy, called on Menendez to resign the same day,[140] including Congressman Andy Kim, who is running for the Democratic nomination.[141]Financier and current First Lady of New Jersey Tammy Murphy also ran for the Democratic nomination but ended her campaign in March 2024.[142]Mendham Mayor Christine Serrano Glassner[143] and real estate developer Curtis Bashaw[144] ran for the Republican nomination.[145] On June 4, 2024, Bashaw won the Republican primary in an upset.[146]","title":"New Jersey"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States senators from New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"2024 United States House of Representatives elections in New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Martin Heinrich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Heinrich"},{"link_name":"reelected in 2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_United_States_Senate_election_in_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"[147]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-heinrich-159"},{"link_name":"Pete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Domenici"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-160"}],"text":"See also: List of United States senators from New Mexico and 2024 United States House of Representatives elections in New MexicoTwo-term Democrat Martin Heinrich was reelected in 2018 with 54.1% of the vote in a three-candidate race. He is running for a third term.[147] Hedge fund executive Nella Domenici, whose father Pete served in the U.S. Senate from 1973 to 2009, announced her candidacy for the Republican nomination on January 17, 2024.[148]","title":"New Mexico"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States senators from New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_New_York"},{"link_name":"2024 United States House of Representatives elections in New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_New_York"},{"link_name":"Kirsten Gillibrand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirsten_Gillibrand"},{"link_name":"reelected in 2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_United_States_Senate_election_in_New_York"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-161"},{"link_name":"New York City Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Police"},{"link_name":"Detective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_detective"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-162"}],"text":"See also: List of United States senators from New York and 2024 United States House of Representatives elections in New YorkTwo-term Democrat Kirsten Gillibrand was reelected in 2018 with 67.0% of the vote. She is running for a third full term.[149]Former New York City Police Detective Mike Sapraico has declared his candidacy as a Republican.[150]","title":"New York"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States senators from North Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_North_Dakota"},{"link_name":"2024 United States House of Representatives election in North Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_United_States_House_of_Representatives_election_in_North_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Kevin Cramer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Cramer"},{"link_name":"elected in 2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_United_States_Senate_election_in_North_Dakota"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-163"},{"link_name":"University of Jamestown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Jamestown"},{"link_name":"candidate for the Senate in 2022","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_United_States_Senate_election_in_North_Dakota"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-164"},{"link_name":"[153]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-165"},{"link_name":"North Dakota secretary of state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Dakota_Secretary_of_State"},{"link_name":"2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_North_Dakota_state_elections#Secretary_of_State"},{"link_name":"[154]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-166"}],"text":"See also: List of United States senators from North Dakota and 2024 United States House of Representatives election in North DakotaOne-term Republican Kevin Cramer was elected in 2018 with 55.1% of the vote. Cramer, as of now, is running for re-election.[151]Democrat Katrina Christiansen, an engineering professor from the University of Jamestown and candidate for the Senate in 2022 filed paperwork and announced her candidacy in early October.[152][153] Democrat Kristin Hedger, a businesswoman and nominee for North Dakota secretary of state in 2006 has filed paperwork to run for Cramer's seat, but has yet to make an official announcement.[154]","title":"North Dakota"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States senators from Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Ohio"},{"link_name":"2024 United States House of Representatives elections in Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Sherrod Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherrod_Brown"},{"link_name":"reelected in 2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_United_States_Senate_election_in_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Donald Trump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump"},{"link_name":"[155]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SherrodBrown-167"},{"link_name":"Bernie Moreno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Moreno"},{"link_name":"state senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_Senate"},{"link_name":"Matt Dolan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Dolan"},{"link_name":"secretary of state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_Secretary_of_State"},{"link_name":"Frank LaRose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_LaRose"},{"link_name":"[156]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-168"}],"text":"See also: List of United States senators from Ohio and 2024 United States House of Representatives elections in OhioThree-term Democrat Sherrod Brown was reelected in 2018 with 53.4% of the vote. Brown is running for a fourth term. He is also one of two Democratic senators running for reelection who represent states won by Republican Donald Trump in both the 2016 and 2020 presidential elections.[155]The Republican nominee is businessman Bernie Moreno, who defeated state senator Matt Dolan and secretary of state Frank LaRose in the primary election.[156]","title":"Ohio"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States senators from Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"2024 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Bob Casey Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Casey_Jr."},{"link_name":"reelected in 2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_United_States_Senate_election_in_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[157]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-169"},{"link_name":"[158]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bfpa-170"},{"link_name":"2022 Senate candidate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_United_States_Senate_election_in_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"David McCormick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_McCormick"},{"link_name":"[159]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-171"},{"link_name":"[160]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-172"},{"link_name":"[161]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-173"},{"link_name":"[162]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-174"},{"link_name":"[163]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-175"},{"link_name":"[164]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-176"},{"link_name":"[165]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-177"},{"link_name":"Conestoga Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conestoga_Township,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[166]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-btpa-178"}],"text":"See also: List of United States senators from Pennsylvania and 2024 United States House of Representatives elections in PennsylvaniaThree-term Democrat Bob Casey Jr., was reelected in 2018 with 55.7% of the vote. Casey is running for a fourth term.[157] He is being challenged by engineer Blaine Forkner.[158]2022 Senate candidate David McCormick is running for the Republican nomination.[159][160][161][162][163][164] On September 30, 2023, the Pennsylvania Republican Party endorsed McCormick.[165] Conestoga Township treasurer Brandi Tomasetti is also running for the nomination.[166]","title":"Pennsylvania"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States senators from Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"2024 United States House of Representatives elections in Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"Sheldon Whitehouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheldon_Whitehouse"},{"link_name":"reelected in 2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_United_States_Senate_election_in_Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"state Representative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhode_Island_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Patricia Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patricia_Morgan"},{"link_name":"[167]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-179"},{"link_name":"IT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IT"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rmkri-69"}],"text":"See also: List of United States senators from Rhode Island and 2024 United States House of Representatives elections in Rhode IslandThree-term Democrat Sheldon Whitehouse was reelected in 2018 with 61.4% of the vote. He is running for a fourth term. Republicans who have announced their candidacies include state Representative Patricia Morgan[167] and IT professional Raymond McKay.[59]","title":"Rhode Island"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States senators from Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"2024 United States House of Representatives elections in Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Marsha Blackburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsha_Blackburn"},{"link_name":"elected in 2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_United_States_Senate_election_in_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"state Representative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Gloria Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloria_Johnson_(politician)"},{"link_name":"avoided expulsion by one vote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Tennessee_House_of_Representatives_expulsions"},{"link_name":"[168]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gjohnson-180"}],"text":"See also: List of United States senators from Tennessee and 2024 United States House of Representatives elections in TennesseeOne-term Republican Marsha Blackburn was elected in 2018 with 54.7% of the vote. Blackburn has filed paperwork to run for reelection. Democratic state Representative Gloria Johnson, who avoided expulsion by one vote in April 2023, announced her candidacy in September.[168]","title":"Tennessee"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States senators from Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Texas"},{"link_name":"2024 United States House of Representatives elections in Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Ted Cruz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Cruz"},{"link_name":"reelected in 2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_United_States_Senate_election_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"[169]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-181"},{"link_name":"Colin Allred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Allred"},{"link_name":"state senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Senator"},{"link_name":"Roland Gutierrez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_Gutierrez_(politician)"},{"link_name":"state representative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Carl Sherman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_O._Sherman"},{"link_name":"[170]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Allred-182"},{"link_name":"[171]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-183"}],"text":"See also: List of United States senators from Texas and 2024 United States House of Representatives elections in TexasTwo-term Republican Ted Cruz was narrowly reelected in 2018 with 50.9% of the vote. Cruz is running for a third term.[169]The Democratic nominee is U.S. representative Colin Allred, who defeated state senator Roland Gutierrez and state representative Carl Sherman in the primary election.[170][171]","title":"Texas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States senators from Utah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Utah"},{"link_name":"2024 United States House of Representatives elections in Utah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Utah"},{"link_name":"Mitt Romney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitt_Romney"},{"link_name":"elected in 2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_United_States_Senate_election_in_Utah"},{"link_name":"[172]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-184"},{"link_name":"Riverton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverton,_Utah"},{"link_name":"Trent Staggs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trent_Staggs"},{"link_name":"[173]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-185"},{"link_name":"state House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Brad Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad_Wilson_(politician)"},{"link_name":"[174]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-186"},{"link_name":"U.S. Representative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"John Curtis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Curtis_(Utah_politician)"},{"link_name":"[175]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-187"},{"link_name":"Caroline Gleich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroline_Gleich"},{"link_name":"[176]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-188"}],"text":"See also: List of United States senators from Utah and 2024 United States House of Representatives elections in UtahOne-term Republican Mitt Romney was elected in 2018 with 62.6% of the vote. On September 13, 2023, Romney announced he would not seek reelection in 2024.[172]Announced Republican candidates include Riverton Mayor Trent Staggs,[173] state House Speaker Brad Wilson,[174] and U.S. Representative John Curtis.[175]The Democratic nominee is professional skier Caroline Gleich.[176]","title":"Utah"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States senators from Vermont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Vermont"},{"link_name":"2024 United States House of Representatives election in Vermont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_United_States_House_of_Representatives_election_in_Vermont"},{"link_name":"Bernie Sanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Sanders"},{"link_name":"re-elected in 2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_United_States_Senate_election_in_Vermont"},{"link_name":"perennial candidate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perennial_candidate"},{"link_name":"[177]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cevt-189"}],"text":"See also: List of United States senators from Vermont and 2024 United States House of Representatives election in VermontThree-term independent Bernie Sanders was re-elected in 2018 with 67.4% of the vote. He is being challenged by artist Cris Ericson, an independent perennial candidate.[177]","title":"Vermont"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States senators from Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Virginia"},{"link_name":"2024 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Tim Kaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Kaine"},{"link_name":"reelected in 2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_United_States_Senate_election_in_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[178]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-190"},{"link_name":"Governor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Glenn Youngkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Youngkin"},{"link_name":"[179]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-191"},{"link_name":"U.S. House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Jennifer Wexton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Wexton"},{"link_name":"[180]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-192"}],"text":"See also: List of United States senators from Virginia and 2024 United States House of Representatives elections in VirginiaTwo-term Democrat Tim Kaine was reelected in 2018 with 57.0% of the vote. On January 20, 2023, he confirmed he is running for reelection to a third term.[178] Governor Glenn Youngkin, who will be term-limited in 2025, was considered a possible Republican candidate.[179]On July 18, 2023, Navy veteran Hung Cao announced he would run as a Republican. Cao unsuccessfully ran for the U.S. House of Representatives against Democrat Jennifer Wexton in 2022.[180]","title":"Virginia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States senators from Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Washington"},{"link_name":"2024 United States House of Representatives elections in Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Washington"},{"link_name":"Maria Cantwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Cantwell"},{"link_name":"reelected in 2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_United_States_Senate_election_in_Washington"},{"link_name":"[181]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-193"}],"text":"See also: List of United States senators from Washington and 2024 United States House of Representatives elections in WashingtonFour-term Democrat Maria Cantwell was reelected in 2018 with 58.3% of the vote.Emergency room physician Raul Garcia announced that he would run as a Republican.[181]","title":"Washington"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States senators from West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"2024 United States House of Representatives elections in West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Joe Manchin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Manchin"},{"link_name":"re-elected in 2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_United_States_Senate_election_in_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ManchinWV-14"},{"link_name":"68 years","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956_United_States_Senate_elections#West_Virginia_(special)"},{"link_name":"Wheeling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheeling,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[182]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-194"},{"link_name":"community organizer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_organizer"},{"link_name":"U.S. Marine Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Marine_Corps"},{"link_name":"Don Blankenship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Blankenship"},{"link_name":"[183]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-195"},{"link_name":"Governor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Jim Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Justice"},{"link_name":"Alex Mooney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Mooney"},{"link_name":"[184]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-196"}],"text":"See also: List of United States senators from West Virginia and 2024 United States House of Representatives elections in West VirginiaIndependent Joe Manchin, who was elected as a Democrat, was re-elected in 2018 with 49.6% of the vote. On November 9, 2023, Manchin announced he would not seek re-election.[11] Since Manchin announced his retirement, all major outlets have since rated this seat as expected to flip to GOP control, which would put this seat in Republican hands for the first time in 68 years.Wheeling Mayor Glenn Elliott, who has Manchin's endorsement,[182] defeated community organizer and U.S. Marine Corps veteran Zachary Shrewsbury and former coal executive Don Blankenship in the primary for the Democratic Party nomination.[183]Governor Jim Justice defeated U.S. Representative Alex Mooney[184] in the Republican primary.","title":"West Virginia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States senators from Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"2024 United States House of Representatives elections in Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Tammy Baldwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tammy_Baldwin"},{"link_name":"reelected in 2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_United_States_Senate_election_in_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WI2024-80"},{"link_name":"Hedge fund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedge_fund"},{"link_name":"candidate for the Senate in 2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_United_States_Senate_election_in_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Milwaukee County sheriff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee_County_Sheriff"},{"link_name":"David Clarke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Clarke_(sheriff)"},{"link_name":"[185]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-197"},{"link_name":"[186]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-198"},{"link_name":"[187]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-199"}],"text":"See also: List of United States senators from Wisconsin and 2024 United States House of Representatives elections in WisconsinTwo-term Democrat Tammy Baldwin was reelected in 2018 with 55.4% of the vote. She is running for reelection.[69] Hedge fund manager Eric Hovde, candidate for the Senate in 2012, announced a second attempt at the Republican nomination. Former Milwaukee County sheriff David Clarke[185] was seen as a potential Republican challenger to Hovde's bid but never ended up beginning a campaign for senate.[186][187]","title":"Wisconsin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States senators from Wyoming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Wyoming"},{"link_name":"2024 United States House of Representatives election in Wyoming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_United_States_House_of_Representatives_election_in_Wyoming"},{"link_name":"John Barrasso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Barrasso"},{"link_name":"reelected in 2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_United_States_Senate_election_in_Wyoming"},{"link_name":"[188]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-200"}],"text":"See also: List of United States senators from Wyoming and 2024 United States House of Representatives election in WyomingRepublican John Barrasso was reelected in 2018 with 67.0% of the vote. On April 19, 2024, Barrasso announced he would run for reelection.[188]","title":"Wyoming"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Vice President of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Independents_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Independents_4-1"},{"link_name":"Bernie Sanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Sanders"},{"link_name":"Vermont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermont"},{"link_name":"Angus King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angus_King"},{"link_name":"Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maine"},{"link_name":"Kyrsten Sinema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyrsten_Sinema"},{"link_name":"Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona"},{"link_name":"Joe Manchin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Manchin"},{"link_name":"West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Menendez_23-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Menendez_23-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Menendez_23-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Menendez_23-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-25"},{"link_name":"special election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_election"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Sinema_32-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Sinema_32-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-California_33-0"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Feinstein_34-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Feinstein_34-1"},{"link_name":"Dianne Feinstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dianne_Feinstein"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-35"},{"link_name":"Ben Sasse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Sasse"},{"link_name":"University of Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Florida"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-36"},{"link_name":"caucus with the Democrats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Democrat"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-78"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-89"},{"link_name":"Gavin Newsom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavin_Newsom"},{"link_name":"Dianne Feinstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dianne_Feinstein"}],"text":"^ Majority control in an evenly divided Senate is determined by the Vice President of the United States, who has the power to break tied votes in their constitutional capacity as President of the Senate; accordingly, Senate control requires 51 seats without control of the vice presidency or 50 seats with control of the vice presidency.\n\n^ a b All four independent senators (Bernie Sanders of Vermont, Angus King of Maine, Kyrsten Sinema of Arizona, and Joe Manchin of West Virginia), caucus with the Senate Democrats.[1][2]\n\n^ The U.S. vice president, who will be determined in 2024, breaks ties in a 50–50 Senate. Republicans need 50 seats if they win the vice presidency or 51 if they do not.\n\n^ a b c d Despite filing to run as an independent candidate for Senate, Menendez is still a registered Democrat.\n\n^ The last elections for this group of senators were in 2018, except for those elected in a special election or who were appointed after the resignation or death of a sitting senator, as noted.\n\n^ a b Sinema was elected as a Democrat and switched to being an independent in December 2022.\n\n^ In both the regular election and the special election.\n\n^ a b Democrat Dianne Feinstein won with 54.2% of the vote in 2018 against a fellow Democrat, but died in office on September 29, 2023.\n\n^ Republican Ben Sasse won with 62.7% of the vote in 2020, but resigned January 8, 2023, to become president of the University of Florida.\n\n^ Democratic total includes Independents who caucus with the Democrats.\n\n^ Manchin was originally elected as a Democrat. He became an independent in May 2024.\n\n^ In October 2023, Butler was appointed by Governor Gavin Newsom to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Senator Dianne Feinstein.","title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/2024_United_States_Senate_elections_retirements_map.svg/350px-2024_United_States_Senate_elections_retirements_map.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Pie Chart showing expected seat outcomes based on the large table below. List Democratic Party Republican Party Tossup ","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pie_Chart_Predictions_2024_US_Senate.png/220px-Pie_Chart_Predictions_2024_US_Senate.png"},{"image_text":" Map showing average forecast from the large table below. The list below shows the expected advantage. Democratic Party Safe Democratic Party Likely Democratic Party Lean Democratic Party Tilt Independent Safe Tossup Republican Party Safe Republican Party Likely Republican Party Lean ","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Predictions_2024_US_Senate_Map.png/299px-Predictions_2024_US_Senate_Map.png"}]	[{"title":"2024 United States elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_United_States_elections"},{"title":"2024 United States gubernatorial elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_United_States_gubernatorial_elections"},{"title":"2024 United States presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_United_States_presidential_election"},{"title":"2024 United States House of Representatives elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections"},{"title":"118th United States Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/118th_United_States_Congress"},{"title":"119th United States Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/119th_United_States_Congress"}]	[{"reference":"Svitek, Patrick. \"Manchin changes party registration to independent, fueling speculation\". Washington Post. Retrieved June 1, 2024. Manchin joins three other members of the Senate who identify as independents: Sens. Bernie Sanders (Vt.), Angus King (Maine) and Kyrsten Sinema (Ariz.), who each caucus with Democrats. A Manchin spokesperson said he will continue to caucus with Democrats.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2024/05/31/joe-manchin-independent-registration/","url_text":"\"Manchin changes party registration to independent, fueling speculation\""}]},{"reference":"\"The 2024 Senate elections are fast approaching. These are the seats up for re-election\". USA Today. Archived from the original on February 16, 2024. Retrieved February 16, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/elections/2023/07/31/2024-senate-elections-seats-up-for-reelection/70321610007/","url_text":"\"The 2024 Senate elections are fast approaching. These are the seats up for re-election\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today","url_text":"USA Today"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240216134445/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/elections/2023/07/31/2024-senate-elections-seats-up-for-reelection/70321610007/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"US midterm election: What you need to know – DW – 11/07/2022\". dw.com. Archived from the original on February 16, 2024. Retrieved February 16, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dw.com/en/us-midterm-election-what-you-need-to-know/a-63656210","url_text":"\"US midterm election: What you need to know – DW – 11/07/2022\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240216134445/https://www.dw.com/en/us-midterm-election-what-you-need-to-know/a-63656210","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kilgore, Ed (January 29, 2023). \"2024 Looks Very Dark for Senate Democrats\". Intelligencer. Archived from the original on February 16, 2024. 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Ben Cardin says 'I have run my last election,' as candidates line up to seek vacant seat\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_Sun","url_text":"Baltimore Sun"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230501153336/https://www.baltimoresun.com/politics/bs-md-pol-cardin-2024-20230501-6o4r3dufcjbl3o26iv4ze6drju-story.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Newman, Meredith. \"U.S. Sen. Tom Carper to retire from politics after nearly 50 years in office\". Delaware Online. Archived from the original on May 22, 2023. Retrieved May 22, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.delawareonline.com/story/news/politics/2023/05/22/tom-carper-us-senator-delaware-retire-politics/70241463007/","url_text":"\"U.S. Sen. Tom Carper to retire from politics after nearly 50 years in office\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230522162821/https://www.delawareonline.com/story/news/politics/2023/05/22/tom-carper-us-senator-delaware-retire-politics/70241463007/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Balz, Dan (September 13, 2023). \"Mitt Romney says he will not seek a second term in the Senate\". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on September 13, 2023. Retrieved September 13, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2023/09/13/mitt-romney-senate-reelection/","url_text":"\"Mitt Romney says he will not seek a second term in the Senate\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post","url_text":"The Washington Post"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230913213815/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2023/09/13/mitt-romney-senate-reelection/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Breuninger, Kevin (November 9, 2023). \"Democratic Sen. Joe Manchin says he is not running for re-election\". CNBC. Archived from the original on December 4, 2023. Retrieved November 9, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cnbc.com/2023/11/09/democratic-sen-joe-manchin-says-he-is-not-running-for-reelection.html","url_text":"\"Democratic Sen. Joe Manchin says he is not running for re-election\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNBC","url_text":"CNBC"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231204134900/https://www.cnbc.com/2023/11/09/democratic-sen-joe-manchin-says-he-is-not-running-for-reelection.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Burke, Melissa Nann (January 5, 2023). \"Michigan's U.S. Sen. Stabenow won't seek reelection in 2024\". Detroit News. Archived from the original on February 15, 2023. Retrieved January 5, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://detroitnews.com/story/news/local/michigan/2023/01/05/michigan-democratic-senator-debbie-stabenow-wont-seek-re-election-in-2024-to-retire-2025/69779936007/","url_text":"\"Michigan's U.S. Sen. Stabenow won't seek reelection in 2024\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230215031305/https://www.detroitnews.com/restricted/?return=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.detroitnews.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fmichigan%2F2023%2F01%2F05%2Fmichigan-democratic-senator-debbie-stabenow-wont-seek-re-election-in-2024-to-retire-2025%2F69779936007%2F","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Collins, Eliza (March 5, 2024). \"Sen. Kyrsten Sinema Won't Run for Re-Election\". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on March 17, 2024. Retrieved March 5, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/politics/elections/sen-kyrsten-sinema-wont-run-for-reelection-0af004de","url_text":"\"Sen. Kyrsten Sinema Won't Run for Re-Election\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240317133404/https://www.wsj.com/politics/elections/sen-kyrsten-sinema-wont-run-for-reelection-0af004de","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Hubler, Shawn (October 19, 2023). \"Laphonza Butler will not run for Senate in 2024\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 19, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/19/us/laphonza-butler-senate-california.html","url_text":"\"Laphonza Butler will not run for Senate in 2024\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231019210724/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/19/us/laphonza-butler-senate-california.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Everett, Burgess; Levine, Marianne (October 5, 2022). \"Sasse expected to resign from Senate\". Politico. Archived from the original on October 7, 2022. Retrieved October 6, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.politico.com/news/2022/10/06/sasse-expected-to-resign-from-senate-00060812","url_text":"\"Sasse expected to resign from Senate\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politico","url_text":"Politico"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221007034843/https://www.politico.com/news/2022/10/06/sasse-expected-to-resign-from-senate-00060812","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Johnson, Ted (September 29, 2023). \"Sen. Dianne Feinstein Dies: Groundbreaking California Democrat Was 90\". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on September 29, 2023. Retrieved September 29, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2023/09/dianne-feinstein-dead-1235559632/","url_text":"\"Sen. Dianne Feinstein Dies: Groundbreaking California Democrat Was 90\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadline_Hollywood","url_text":"Deadline Hollywood"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230929135310/https://deadline.com/2023/09/dianne-feinstein-dead-1235559632/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Everett, Burgess (October 5, 2022). \"Senate Dems face brutal 2024 map with at least eight undecided incumbents\". Politico. Archived from the original on October 5, 2022. Retrieved October 5, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.politico.com/news/2022/10/05/senate-dems-reelection-00060062","url_text":"\"Senate Dems face brutal 2024 map with at least eight undecided incumbents\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politico","url_text":"Politico"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221005141827/https://www.politico.com/news/2022/10/05/senate-dems-reelection-00060062","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Georgia's Runoff is the Opening Battle of the 2024 Senate Cycle\". Sabato's Crystal Ball. November 16, 2022. Archived from the original on November 16, 2022. Retrieved November 17, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://centerforpolitics.org/crystalball/articles/ga-runoff-is-the-opening-battle-of-the-2024-senate-cycle/","url_text":"\"Georgia's Runoff is the Opening Battle of the 2024 Senate Cycle\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabato%27s_Crystal_Ball","url_text":"Sabato's Crystal Ball"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221116233813/https://centerforpolitics.org/crystalball/articles/ga-runoff-is-the-opening-battle-of-the-2024-senate-cycle/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Foran, Manu Raju, Clare (March 5, 2024). \"Kyrsten Sinema announces she is retiring from the Senate \| CNN Politics\". CNN. Archived from the original on March 5, 2024. 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Tim Kaine announces he's running for reelection in 2024\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN","url_text":"CNN"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230206065222/https://www.cnn.com/2023/01/20/politics/tim-kaine-running-reelection/index.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Va. Gov. Glenn Youngkin: \"I have my eyes on 2024\" \| Spicer and Co. Newsmax. May 26, 2022. Archived from the original on December 14, 2022. Retrieved March 28, 2023 – via YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qlJwL4YXOPc","url_text":"Va. Gov. Glenn Youngkin: \"I have my eyes on 2024\" \| Spicer and Co"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsmax","url_text":"Newsmax"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221214143157/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qlJwL4YXOPc","url_text":"Archived"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"}]},{"reference":"\"Navy veteran Hung Cao enters GOP race to challenge Virginia Sen. Tim Kaine in 2024\". AP News. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakshmi_Shankar	Lakshmi Shankar	["1 Biography","2 Discography","3 References","4 External links"]	For the violinist, see L. Shankar. Lakshmi ShankarLakshmi Shankar singing in a concertBackground informationBirth nameLakshmi SastriBorn(1926-06-16)16 June 1926Jamshedpur, Bihar, (now in Jharkhand) British IndiaDied30 December 2013(2013-12-30) (aged 87)Simi Valley, California, United StatesGenresHindustani classicalOccupation(s)Singer, dancerMusical artist Lakshmi Shankar (née Sastri, 16 June 1926 – 30 December 2013) was an Indian singer and a noted Hindustani classical. Born into a south Indian Hindu family, she became an outstanding Hindustani vocalist of the Patiala Gharana and married Rajendra Shankar, brother of Uday Shankar, a Bengali by birth. She was known for her performances of khyal, thumri, and bhajan. She was the sister-in-law of sitar player Ravi Shankar and the mother-in-law of violinist L. Subramaniam (her daughter Viji (Vijayashree Shankar) Subramaniam being his first wife). Biography Born in 1926, Lakshmi Shankar started her career in dancing. Her father Bhimrao Shastri was a noted Sanskritist who took active participation in India's struggle for freedom and was a close associate of Mahatma Gandhi. She was the co-editor of 'Harijan'. In 1939, when Uday Shankar brought his dance troupe to Madras (recently renamed Chennai), she joined the Almora Centre to learn Shankar's dance style based on the Indian classics, and became a part of the troupe. In 1941, she married Uday Shankar's younger brother, Rajendra (nicknamed Raju). Her sister Kamala was also a dancer at Uday Shankar's ballet troupe. During a period of illness, Lakshmi Shankar had to give up dancing, and already having had a background of Carnatic music, she undertook learning Hindustani classical music for many years under Ustad Abdul Rehman Khan. Later, she also trained with Ravi Shankar, the sitar maestro and youngest brother of Rajendra and Uday. In 1974, Lakshmi Shankar performed in Europe as part of Ravi Shankar's Music Festival from India. Late that same year, she toured North America with Ravi Shankar and George Harrison, who produced the Shankar Family & Friends album (1974), including the pop single "I Am Missing You" with vocals by Lakshmi Shankar. Following Ravi Shankar's heart attack during the tour, she conducted his ensemble of musicians. Lakshmi Shankar has shown her versatility and adaptability by composing music for Bharatanatyam for the leading dance company Shakti School of Bharatanatyam, located in Los Angeles. Shankar died on 30 December 2013 in California. Discography LP records • Nirmala Devi & Lakshmi Shankar - The Gramophone Company of India, India, 1968 The Voice of Lakshmi Shankar – World Pacific, US, 1969 Le chant indien, classique et dévotionnel – Stil discothèque, France, 1976 Les Heures et les Saisons – Ocora, France, studio 107 de Radio France 1983, 1987 CDs Les Heures et les Saisons – Ocora, France, studio 107 de Radio France 1983, 1989 Chants de dévotion / Songs of Devotion – Auvidis (Ethnic), France, 1990 Live Concert from Los Angeles – Ravi Shankar Music Circle, US Jai Uttal Footprints, featuring Lakshmi Shankar and Don Cherry – Triloka, Los Angeles, California, US, 1990 Live in London – Navras, UK Bhakti Ras (Live in London, Vol. 2, September 1992) – Navras, UK, 1995 Shringar: Thumris – Music Today, India Ecstasy – Audiorec, 1991 Amrut Ras, Lakshmi Shankar sings songs from the devotional tradition – Audiorec Classics UK (Cat No 766032 1055-2), 2003 Divine Love – Navras UK, 2005, 2006 A life of dedication – Navras UK, 2006, 2006 Dancing in the Light – World Village, recorded live, 9 April 2005 at On the Path Studio, Santa Monica, California, US, 2008 Cassettes Live in London – Navras, UK Bhakti Ras – Navras, UK Songs of the Seasons – Music Today, India Shringar: Thumris – Music Today, India Thumris – HMV – India Lakshmi Shankar Vocal with Zakir Hussain and L. Subramaniam – HMV, India References ^ "Making music, with love". The Hindu. 1 January 2001. Archived from the original on 5 November 2013. Retrieved 21 March 2013. ^ "Ageless artiste, timeless charm..." The Hindu. 24 March 2006. Archived from the original on 5 November 2013. Retrieved 21 March 2013. ^ "Pop And Jazz Guide: Lakshmi Shankar, Shweta Jhaveri, Anuradha Pal". New York Times. 2 April 2004. p. 4. Retrieved 21 March 2013. Lakshmi Shankar's clear, supple voice has made her one of India's most acclaimed classical singers. ^ Lavezzoli, Peter (2006). The Dawn of Indian Music in the West. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 196. ISBN 0-8264-1815-5. ^ "Classical Vocalist Lakshmi Shankar Passes Away". Indiawest.com. 16 June 1926. Archived from the original on 3 January 2014. Retrieved 5 January 2014. External links Interview with Lakshmi Shankar Lakshmi Shankar at AllMusic Lakshmi Shankar at IMDb Lakshmi Shankar at Last.fm Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Italy Finland United States Netherlands Artists MusicBrainz Other SNAC IdRef vteShankar family1st generation Shyam Shankar Chowdhury 2nd generation Uday Shankar Ravi Shankar Amala Shankar Lakshmi Shankar Annapurna Devi Sue Jones 3rd generation Ananda Shankar Tanusree Shankar Mamata Shankar Vijayashree Shankar Subramaniam L. Subramaniam Shubhendra Shankar Anoushka Shankar Norah Jones Joe Wright 4th generation Ratul Shankar Gingger Shankar Ambi Subramaniam Bindu Subramaniam	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"L. Shankar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._Shankar"},{"link_name":"née","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9e"},{"link_name":"Hindustani classical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustani_classical_music"},{"link_name":"Hindustani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustani_music"},{"link_name":"Patiala Gharana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patiala_Gharana"},{"link_name":"Uday Shankar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uday_Shankar"},{"link_name":"Bengali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_people"},{"link_name":"khyal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khyal"},{"link_name":"thumri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thumri"},{"link_name":"bhajan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhajans"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Ravi Shankar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravi_Shankar"},{"link_name":"L. Subramaniam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._Subramaniam"},{"link_name":"Viji (Vijayashree Shankar) Subramaniam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viji_Subramaniam"}],"text":"For the violinist, see L. Shankar.Musical artistLakshmi Shankar (née Sastri, 16 June 1926 – 30 December 2013) was an Indian singer and a noted Hindustani classical. Born into a south Indian Hindu family, she became an outstanding Hindustani vocalist of the Patiala Gharana and married Rajendra Shankar, brother of Uday Shankar, a Bengali by birth. She was known for her performances of khyal, thumri, and bhajan.[1][2][3] She was the sister-in-law of sitar player Ravi Shankar and the mother-in-law of violinist L. Subramaniam (her daughter Viji (Vijayashree Shankar) Subramaniam being his first wife).","title":"Lakshmi Shankar"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Uday Shankar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uday_Shankar"},{"link_name":"Madras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madras"},{"link_name":"Chennai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennai"},{"link_name":"Almora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almora"},{"link_name":"Carnatic music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnatic_music"},{"link_name":"Hindustani classical music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustani_classical_music"},{"link_name":"Abdul Rehman Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Rehman_Khan"},{"link_name":"Ravi Shankar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravi_Shankar"},{"link_name":"sitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitar"},{"link_name":"Ravi Shankar's Music Festival from India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravi_Shankar%27s_Music_Festival_from_India"},{"link_name":"George Harrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Harrison"},{"link_name":"Shankar Family & Friends","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shankar_Family_%26_Friends"},{"link_name":"I Am Missing You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Am_Missing_You"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lavezzolip196-4"},{"link_name":"Bharatanatyam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharatanatyam"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Born in 1926, Lakshmi Shankar started her career in dancing. Her father Bhimrao Shastri was a noted Sanskritist who took active participation in India's struggle for freedom and was a close associate of Mahatma Gandhi. She was the co-editor of 'Harijan'. In 1939, when Uday Shankar brought his dance troupe to Madras (recently renamed Chennai), she joined the Almora Centre to learn Shankar's dance style based on the Indian classics, and became a part of the troupe. In 1941, she married Uday Shankar's younger brother, Rajendra (nicknamed Raju). Her sister Kamala was also a dancer at Uday Shankar's ballet troupe.During a period of illness, Lakshmi Shankar had to give up dancing, and already having had a background of Carnatic music, she undertook learning Hindustani classical music for many years under Ustad Abdul Rehman Khan. Later, she also trained with Ravi Shankar, the sitar maestro and youngest brother of Rajendra and Uday.In 1974, Lakshmi Shankar performed in Europe as part of Ravi Shankar's Music Festival from India. Late that same year, she toured North America with Ravi Shankar and George Harrison, who produced the Shankar Family & Friends album (1974), including the pop single \"I Am Missing You\" with vocals by Lakshmi Shankar. Following Ravi Shankar's heart attack during the tour, she conducted his ensemble of musicians.[4]Lakshmi Shankar has shown her versatility and adaptability by composing music for Bharatanatyam for the leading dance company Shakti School of Bharatanatyam, located in Los Angeles.Shankar died on 30 December 2013 in California.[5]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ravi Shankar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravi_Shankar"},{"link_name":"Jai Uttal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jai_Uttal"},{"link_name":"Zakir Hussain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zakir_Hussain_(musician)"},{"link_name":"L. Subramaniam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._Subramaniam"}],"text":"LP records• Nirmala Devi & Lakshmi Shankar - The Gramophone Company of India, India, 1968The Voice of Lakshmi Shankar – World Pacific, US, 1969\nLe chant indien, classique et dévotionnel – Stil discothèque, France, 1976\nLes Heures et les Saisons – Ocora, France, studio 107 de Radio France 1983, 1987CDsLes Heures et les Saisons – Ocora, France, studio 107 de Radio France 1983, 1989\nChants de dévotion / Songs of Devotion – Auvidis (Ethnic), France, 1990\nLive Concert from Los Angeles – Ravi Shankar Music Circle, US\nJai Uttal Footprints, featuring Lakshmi Shankar and Don Cherry – Triloka, Los Angeles, California, US, 1990\nLive in London – Navras, UK\nBhakti Ras (Live in London, Vol. 2, September 1992) – Navras, UK, 1995\nShringar: Thumris – Music Today, India\nEcstasy – Audiorec, 1991\nAmrut Ras, Lakshmi Shankar sings songs from the devotional tradition – Audiorec Classics UK (Cat No 766032 1055-2), 2003\nDivine Love – Navras UK, 2005, 2006\nA life of dedication – Navras UK, 2006, 2006\nDancing in the Light – World Village, recorded live, 9 April 2005 at On the Path Studio, Santa Monica, California, US, 2008CassettesLive in London – Navras, UK\nBhakti Ras – Navras, UK\nSongs of the Seasons – Music Today, India\nShringar: Thumris – Music Today, India\nThumris – HMV – India\nLakshmi Shankar Vocal with Zakir Hussain and L. Subramaniam – HMV, India","title":"Discography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Making music, with love\". The Hindu. 1 January 2001. Archived from the original on 5 November 2013. Retrieved 21 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131105105349/http://www.hindu.com/2001/01/01/stories/09010702.htm","url_text":"\"Making music, with love\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hindu","url_text":"The Hindu"},{"url":"http://www.hindu.com/2001/01/01/stories/09010702.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ageless artiste, timeless charm...\" The Hindu. 24 March 2006. Archived from the original on 5 November 2013. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Kilmer_(programmer)	Richard Kilmer	["1 References","2 External links"]	This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Richard Kilmer" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Rich Kilmer presenting at the annual Ruby Conference Richard Kilmer (born Hemet, California, 1969) is a technology entrepreneur, software programmer and conference host and speaker in the open-source software community. He is an open-source contributor and developer of commercial software applications built in Ruby and Flash. His best known open-source software creation is of RubyGems, a package manager for the Ruby programming language most commonly used in downloads and deployments of the Ruby on Rails web application framework. He is currently the Co-Founder and CEO of CargoSense, Inc. In 2001, he co-founded both the non-profit corporation Ruby Central, Inc. dedicated to the promotion of the Ruby programming language, and the for-profit corporation InfoEther, Inc., created to focus on applying the Ruby computer language in business. He served as president and CEO of InfoEther until its acquisition by LivingSocial in March 2011. At LivingSocial he was appointed a vice president working in roles in R&D, and led the software development of numerous projects in Merchant Services and mobile. After several years at LivingSocial, he left in 2013 to form his current company, CargoSense, Inc. , a Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) company aimed at bringing innovation to the logistics supply chain in numerous industries using sensor technology in the Internet of Things arena. Prior to 2001, he was the co-founder and Chief Technology Officer for a leading-edge P2P software company where he was granted two U.S. patents and co-wrote a massive Java codebase. Between 2002 and 2005 his for-profit company performed work for DARPA on both a massively multi-agent logistics software system and the Semantic Web project developing an early Ontological Web Language (OWL) library. Both projects drew on his expertise in computer security gained as a systems security manager while in the U.S. Air Force stationed at The Pentagon. When an active board member in the non-profit Ruby Central, he played host to the annual international conferences put on by that organization for both Ruby and Ruby on Rails. By 2006, the Ruby on Rails conferences had become so large and popular that Ruby Central entered into an agreement with O'Reilly Media to co-promote Rails events in both the U.S. and Europe. Previously Rich had spoken at numerous O'Reilly Media open-source conferences. He has also been a consistent contributor at the Foo Camp events put on by O'Reilly Media and is a technology blogger. References ^ LivingSocial Acquires Ruby/Rails Consultancy InfoEther External links CargoSense, Inc. Ruby Central, Inc. Rails Conferences Rich Kilmer video interview on the Power of Ruby	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rich_kilmer.jpg"},{"link_name":"entrepreneur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entrepreneur"},{"link_name":"software programmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_programmer"},{"link_name":"conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_conference"},{"link_name":"open-source software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-source_software"},{"link_name":"Ruby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)"},{"link_name":"Flash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adobe_Flash"},{"link_name":"RubyGems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RubyGems"},{"link_name":"package manager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Package_manager"},{"link_name":"Ruby programming language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby_programming_language"},{"link_name":"Ruby on Rails","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby_on_Rails"},{"link_name":"web application framework","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_application_framework"},{"link_name":"Ruby Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby_Central"},{"link_name":"CEO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_executive_officer"},{"link_name":"LivingSocial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LivingSocial"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cargosense.com"},{"link_name":"SaaS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SaaS"},{"link_name":"Internet of Things","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_of_Things"},{"link_name":"Chief Technology Officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_technology_officer"},{"link_name":"P2P","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer-to-peer"},{"link_name":"patents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent"},{"link_name":"Java","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(programming_language)"},{"link_name":"DARPA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA"},{"link_name":"Semantic Web","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_Web"},{"link_name":"Ontological Web Language (OWL)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_Ontology_Language"},{"link_name":"computer security","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_security"},{"link_name":"U.S. Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Air_Force"},{"link_name":"The Pentagon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pentagon"},{"link_name":"O'Reilly Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%27Reilly_Media"},{"link_name":"Rails","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby_on_Rails"},{"link_name":"Foo Camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foo_Camp"}],"text":"Rich Kilmer presenting at the annual Ruby ConferenceRichard Kilmer (born Hemet, California, 1969) is a technology entrepreneur, software programmer and conference host and speaker in the open-source software community. He is an open-source contributor and developer of commercial software applications built in Ruby and Flash. His best known open-source software creation is of RubyGems, a package manager for the Ruby programming language most commonly used in downloads and deployments of the Ruby on Rails web application framework. He is currently the Co-Founder and CEO of CargoSense, Inc.In 2001, he co-founded both the non-profit corporation Ruby Central, Inc. dedicated to the promotion of the Ruby programming language, and the for-profit corporation InfoEther, Inc., created to focus on applying the Ruby computer language in business. He served as president and CEO of InfoEther until its acquisition by LivingSocial in March 2011.[1] At LivingSocial he was appointed a vice president working in roles in R&D, and led the software development of numerous projects in Merchant Services and mobile.After several years at LivingSocial, he left in 2013 to form his current company, CargoSense, Inc. [1], a Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) company aimed at bringing innovation to the logistics supply chain in numerous industries using sensor technology in the Internet of Things arena.Prior to 2001, he was the co-founder and Chief Technology Officer for a leading-edge P2P software company where he was granted two U.S. patents and co-wrote a massive Java codebase.Between 2002 and 2005 his for-profit company performed work for DARPA on both a massively multi-agent logistics software system and the Semantic Web project developing an early Ontological Web Language (OWL) library. Both projects drew on his expertise in computer security gained as a systems security manager while in the U.S. Air Force stationed at The Pentagon.When an active board member in the non-profit Ruby Central, he played host to the annual international conferences put on by that organization for both Ruby and Ruby on Rails. By 2006, the Ruby on Rails conferences had become so large and popular that Ruby Central entered into an agreement with O'Reilly Media to co-promote Rails events in both the U.S. and Europe. Previously Rich had spoken at numerous O'Reilly Media open-source conferences. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasaran	Pasaran	["1 References"]	Coordinates: 5°27′50.3″S 105°15′53.6″E / 5.463972°S 105.264889°E / -5.463972; 105.264889Island in Indonesia This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Pasaran" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The pasaran is also a cycle in the Javanese calendar. Pasaran is a reclaimed island in the province of Lampung, Indonesia. The island is about 1 km from the provincial capital, Bandar Lampung and is administratively part of the city. It has an area of approximately 11.73 hectares and a population of about 600 in 250 households. 5°27′50.3″S 105°15′53.6″E / 5.463972°S 105.264889°E / -5.463972; 105.264889 References ^ "Pulau Pasaran" (in Indonesian). Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries. Retrieved 4 October 2017. This Lampung location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Javanese calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javanese_calendar"},{"link_name":"reclaimed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_reclamation"},{"link_name":"island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island"},{"link_name":"province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Lampung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampung"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Bandar Lampung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandar_Lampung"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"5°27′50.3″S 105°15′53.6″E / 5.463972°S 105.264889°E / -5.463972; 105.264889","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pasaran&params=5_27_50.3_S_105_15_53.6_E_"}],"text":"Island in IndonesiaThe pasaran is also a cycle in the Javanese calendar.Pasaran is a reclaimed island in the province of Lampung, Indonesia. The island is about 1 km from the provincial capital, Bandar Lampung and is administratively part of the city. It has an area of approximately 11.73 hectares and a population of about 600 in 250 households.[1]5°27′50.3″S 105°15′53.6″E / 5.463972°S 105.264889°E / -5.463972; 105.264889","title":"Pasaran"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Pulau Pasaran\" (in Indonesian). Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries. Retrieved 4 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ppk-kp3k.kkp.go.id/direktori-pulau/index.php/public_c/pulau_info/1886","url_text":"\"Pulau Pasaran\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Maritime_Affairs_and_Fisheries_(Indonesia)","url_text":"Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pasaran&params=5_27_50.3_S_105_15_53.6_E_","external_links_name":"5°27′50.3″S 105°15′53.6″E / 5.463972°S 105.264889°E / -5.463972; 105.264889"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Pasaran%22","external_links_name":"\"Pasaran\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Pasaran%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Pasaran%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Pasaran%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Pasaran%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Pasaran%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pasaran&params=5_27_50.3_S_105_15_53.6_E_","external_links_name":"5°27′50.3″S 105°15′53.6″E / 5.463972°S 105.264889°E / -5.463972; 105.264889"},{"Link":"http://www.ppk-kp3k.kkp.go.id/direktori-pulau/index.php/public_c/pulau_info/1886","external_links_name":"\"Pulau Pasaran\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pasaran&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardston-Taber-Warner	Cardston-Taber-Warner	["1 History","1.1 Boundary history","1.2 Electoral history","2 Legislative election results","2.1 1997","2.2 2001","2.3 2004","2.4 2008","2.5 2012","2.6 2015","3 Senate nominee election results","3.1 2004","3.2 2012","4 Student vote results","4.1 2004","4.2 2012","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]	Coordinates: 49°27′11″N 112°35′56″W / 49.453°N 112.599°W / 49.453; -112.599Defunct provincial electoral district in Alberta, Canada Cardston-Taber-Warner Alberta electoral district2010 boundariesDefunct provincial electoral districtLegislatureLegislative Assembly of AlbertaDistrict created1996District abolished2017First contested1997Last contested2015 Cardston-Taber-Warner was a provincial electoral district in Alberta, Canada, mandated to return a single member to the Legislative Assembly of Alberta using the first-past-the-post method of voting from 1996 and 2019. The district was created in the 1996 boundary redistribution when Cardston-Chief Mountain and Taber-Warner were merged. The district comprises most of southern southwest Alberta on the United States-Canada border. It is mostly rural and contains a wide range of topography from Mountains to farmlands, including Waterton Lakes National Park and the Blood Reserve. Cardston-Taber-Warner and its antecedents have a long history that dates back to the old Cardston riding in the Northwest Territories. The district has been held by right of center parties since it was created in 1997, and has held the distinction of being one rural riding not continuously held by the Progressive Conservatives in Alberta before many were lost in the 2012 Alberta general election. The Progressive Conservatives elected Ron Hirath and then Broyce Jacobs and the Alberta Alliance captured the district in 2004 holding it for a term before Broyce Jacobs won it back in 2008. The Wildrose Party won the district when Gary Bikman won it in the 2012 Alberta general election, and regained the seat in the 2015 Alberta general election, months after Bikman crossed to the PC Party. History The electoral district was created in the 1996 boundary re-distribution from the old ridings of Cardston-Chief Mountain and Taber-Warner. The 2010 Alberta boundary re-distribution saw only one minor change made to the riding when the Blood Reserve was transferred to the district from Livingstone-Macleod. The Cardston-Taber-Warner electoral district was dissolved in the 2017 electoral boundary re-distribution, and portions of the district would form the newly created Cardston-Siksika and Taber-Warner electoral districts. Boundary history 49 Cardston-Taber-Warner 2003 boundaries Bordering districts North East West South Livingstone-Macleod and Little Bow Cypress-Medicine Hat British Columbia boundary Montana boundary riding map goes here Legal description from the Statutes of Alberta 2003, Electoral Divisions Act. Starting at the intersection of the Alberta-British Columbia boundary and the north boundary of Waterton Lakes National Park; then 1. in a generally easterly direction along the north park boundary to the right bank of the Waterton River; 2. downstream in a northeast direction to the intersection with the Belly River and the Blood Indian Reserve No. 148; 3. along the west, south and east boundary of the Indian Reserve to its intersection with the right bank of Pothole Creek; 4. upstream along the right bank to the north boundary of Sec. 8 in Twp. 7, Rge. 21 W4; 5. east along the north boundary of Secs. 8, 9, 10 and 11 to the east boundary of Sec. 11 in the Twp.; 6. south along the east boundary to the north boundary of Sec. 1 in the Twp.; 7. east along the north boundary of Sec. 1 in the Twp. and the north boundary of Secs. 6, 5, 4, 3, 2 and 1 in Twp. 7, Rge. 20 W4 to the east boundary of Rge. 20 W4; 8. south along the east boundary to the north boundary of Twp. 6; 9. east along the north boundary to the east boundary of Sec. 6 in Twp. 7, Rge. 19 W4; 10. north along the east boundary of Secs. 6, 7 and 18 to the north boundary of Sec. 17 in the Twp.; 11. east along the north boundary of Secs. 17, 16, 15, 14 and 13 in Twp. 7, Rge. 19 W4 and Secs. 18, 17, 16 and 15 in Twp. 7, Rge. 18 W4 to the east boundary of Sec. 22 in the Twp.; 12. north along the east boundary of Secs. 22, 27 and 34 in the Twp. to the north boundary of Twp. 7; 13. east along the north boundary to the east boundary of Sec. 3 in Twp. 8, Rge. 17 W4; 14. north along the east boundary to the north boundary of the south half of Sec. 3 in the Twp.; 15. west along the north boundary of the south half of Sec. 3 to the east boundary of Sec. 4 in the Twp.; 16. north along the east boundary to the north boundary of Sec. 4 in the Twp.; 17. west along the north boundary to the east boundary of the west half of Sec. 9 in the Twp.; 18. north along the east boundary of the west half of Secs. 9 and 16 to the north boundary of the south half of Sec. 16 in the Twp.; 19. west along the north boundary to the east boundary of Sec. 17 in the Twp.; 20. north along the east boundary to the north boundary of Sec. 17 in the Twp.; 21. west along the north boundary to the east boundary of the west half of Sec. 20 in the Twp.; 22. north along the east boundary to the north boundary of the south half of Sec. 20 in the Twp.; 23. west along the north boundary of the south half of Secs. 20 and 19 to the east boundary of Rge. 18 W4; 24. north along the east boundary to the north boundary of Sec. 24 in Twp. 8, Rge. 18 W4; 25. west along the north boundary to the east boundary of Sec. 26 in the Twp.; 26. north along the east boundary to the north boundary of the south half of Sec. 26 in the Twp.; 27. west along the north boundary to the east boundary of the west half of Sec. 26 in the Twp.; 28. north along the east boundary to the north boundary of Sec. 26 in the Twp.; 29. west along the north boundary of Secs. 26 and 27 to the east boundary of the west half of Sec. 34 in the Twp.; 30. north along the east boundary to the north boundary of the south half of Sec. 34 in the Twp.; 31. west along the north boundary of the south half of Secs. 34 and 33 to the east boundary of Sec. 32 in the Twp.; 32. north along the east boundary to the north boundary of Twp. 8; 33. west along the north boundary to the east boundary of Sec. 6 in Twp. 9, Rge. 18 W4; 34. north along the east boundary of Sec. 6 to the north boundary of the south half of Sec. 6; 35. west along the north boundary of the south half to the east boundary of the west half of Sec. 6; 36. north along the east boundary of the west half of Secs. 6 and 7 to the north boundary of the south half of Sec. 7 in the Twp.; 37. west along the north boundary to the east boundary of Rge. 19 W4; 38. north along the east boundary to the right bank of the Oldman River; 39. downstream along the right bank of the Oldman River to the right bank of the South Saskatchewan River; 40. downstream along the right bank of the South Saskatchewan River to the east boundary of Rge. 13 W4; 41. south along the east boundary to the north boundary of the south half of Sec. 1 in Twp. 7, Rge. 13 W4; 42. west along the north boundary of the south half of Secs. 1 and 2 to the east boundary of Sec. 3 in the Twp.; 43. north along the east boundary to the north boundary of Sec. 3 in the Twp.; 44. west along the north boundary to the east boundary of Sec. 9 in the Twp.; 45. north along the east boundary to the north boundary of the south half of Sec. 9 in the Twp.; 46. west along the north boundary of the south half of Secs. 9, 8 and 7 in the Twp. to the east boundary of Rge. 14 W4; 47. north along the east boundary to the north boundary of Sec. 12 in Twp. 7, Rge. 14 W4; 48. west along the north boundary to the east boundary of Sec. 14 in the Twp.; 49. north along the east boundary to the north boundary of the south half of Sec. 14 in the Twp.; 50. west along the north boundary of the south half of Secs. 14 and 15 to the east boundary of Sec. 16 in the Twp.; 51. north along the east boundary to the north boundary of Sec. 16 in the Twp.; 52. west along the north boundary of Secs. 16, 17 and 18 in the Twp. to the east boundary of Rge. 15 W4; 53. south along the east boundary to the north boundary of Twp. 4; 54. east along the north boundary to the east boundary of Rge. 14 W4; 55. south along the east boundary to the north boundary of Twp. 3; 56. east along the north boundary to the east boundary of Sec. 32 in Twp. 3, Rge. 11 W4 (Highway 879); 57. south along the east boundary of Secs. 32, 29, 20, 17, 8 and 5 in the Twp. and the east boundary of Secs. 32, 29 and 20 in Twp. 2 to the right bank of the Milk River; 58. downstream along the right bank to the east boundary of Rge. 11 W4; 59. south along the east boundary to the south boundary of the province; 60. west along the south boundary to the Alberta-British Columbia boundary; 61. in a northwesterly direction to the starting point. Note: 53 Cardston-Taber-Warner 2010 boundaries Bordering districts North East West South Lethbridge-West, Little Bow and Livingstone-Macleod Cypress-Medicine Hat British Columbia boundary Montana boundary Legal description from the Statutes of Alberta 2010, Electoral Divisions Act. Note: Electoral history Members of the Legislative Assembly for Cardston-Taber-Warner Assembly Years Member Party See Cardston-Chief Mountain 1993-1997and Taber-Warner 1963-1997 24th 1997–2001 Ron Hierath Progressive Conservative 25th 2001–2004 Broyce Jacobs 26th 2004–2008 Paul Hinman Alberta Alliance 2008 Wildrose Alliance 27th 2008–2012 Broyce Jacobs Progressive Conservative 28th 2012–2014 Gary Bikman Wildrose 2014–2015 Progressive Conservative 29th 2015–2017 Grant Hunter Wildrose 2017-2019 United Conservative See Cardston-Siksika and Taber-Warner 2019- Cardston-Taber-Warner was contested six times in general elections, each time changing its MLA. The first election held in 1997 saw Taber-Warner incumbent Ron Hierath run for his second term in office in the district. He ran against three other candidates taking 60% of the vote to pick up the new district for the Progressive Conservatives. Hierath retired at dissolution in 2001. He was replaced by Progressive Conservative candidate Broyce Jacobs who the district easily over Alberta First Party leader John Reil who made a strong second place showing in the field of four candidates. Jacobs stood for a second term in office in the 2004 general election but was defeated in a hotly contested race by Alberta Alliance candidate Paul Hinman. The Senate nominee election results also favored the Alberta Alliance well with the three Alliance candidates finishing in the top four spots. Hinman became leader of the Alberta Alliance in 2005. He would lead his party to a merger with the unregistered Wildrose Party headed by party President Link Byfield on January 19, 2008. However Hinman would be defeated by Jacobs in the 2008 election held just weeks after his party merger. Jacobs would be forced into retirement in the run up to the 2012 election after he lost his party nomination meeting to Pat Shimbashi. The general election saw the Wildrose party reclaim the district with candidate Gary Bikman defeating Shimbashi by a wide margin to earn his first term in office. Bikman subsequently crossed the floor to the PCs in 2014. Wildrose re-gained the riding in 2015, with Grant Hunter becoming its last MLA. He also crossed the floor, joining the United Conservative Party when the PCs and Wildrose decided to merge in 2017. Legislative election results 1997 vte1997 Alberta general election Party Candidate Votes % ±% Progressive Conservative Ron Hierath 5,157 59.18% – Social Credit Ken Rose 1,568 17.99% – Liberal James Jackson 1,471 16.88% – New Democratic Suzanne Sirias 518 5.94% – Total 8,714 – – Rejected, spoiled and declined 18 – – Eligible electors / turnout 17,741 49.22% – Progressive Conservative pickup new district. Source(s) Source: "Cardston-Taber-Warner Official Results 1997 Alberta general election". Alberta Heritage Community Foundation. Retrieved May 21, 2020. 2001 vte2001 Alberta general election Party Candidate Votes % ±% Progressive Conservative Broyce Jacobs 5,256 53.63% −5.55% Alberta First John Reil 2,557 26.09% – Liberal Ron Hancock 1,747 17.83% 0.95% New Democratic Suzanne Sirias 240 2.45% −3.50% Total 9,800 – – Rejected, spoiled and declined 21 – – Eligible electors / turnout 18,470 53.17% – Progressive Conservative hold Swing −15.82% Source(s) Source: "Cardston-Taber-Warner Official Results 2001 Alberta general election" (PDF). Elections Alberta. Retrieved March 9, 2020. 2004 vte2004 Alberta general election Party Candidate Votes % ±% Alberta Alliance Paul Hinman 3,885 43.98% – Progressive Conservative Broyce Jacobs 3,756 42.52% -11.12% Liberal Paula Shimp 783 8.86% -8.96% Greens Lindsay Ferguson 225 2.55% – New Democratic Luann Bannister 185 2.09% -0.35% Total 8,834 – – Rejected, spoiled and declined 47 – – Eligible electors / turnout 19,030 46.67% -6.44% Alberta Alliance gain from Progressive Conservative Swing -13.04% Source(s) Source: "Cardston-Taber-Warner Statement of Official Results 2004 Alberta general election" (PDF). Elections Alberta. Retrieved March 17, 2020. 2008 vte2008 Alberta general election Party Candidate Votes % ±% Progressive Conservative Broyce Jacobs 4,374 46.02% 3.50% Wildrose Alliance Paul Hinman 4,325 45.50% 2.98% Liberal Ron Hancock 436 4.59% -4.28% New Democratic Suzanne Sirias 190 2.00% -0.10% Green William Turner 180 1.89% -0.66% Total 9,505 – – Rejected, spoiled and declined 14 – – Eligible electors / turnout 19,905 47.82% 1.15% Progressive Conservative gain from Alberta Alliance Swing -0.47% Source(s) Source: The Report on the March 3, 2008 Provincial General Election of the Twenty-seventh Legislative Assembly (PDF). Elections Alberta. July 28, 2008. pp. 386–391. Retrieved June 17, 2020. 2012 vte2012 Alberta general election Party Candidate Votes % ±% Wildrose Gary Bikman 6,116 54.57% 9.07% Progressive Conservative Patrick Shimbashi 4,269 38.09% -7.93% New Democratic Aaron Haugen 482 4.30% 2.30% Liberal Helen McMenamin 341 3.04% -1.54% Total 11,208 – – Rejected, spoiled and declined 54 – – Eligible electors / turnout 24,845 45.33% -2.49% Wildrose gain from Progressive Conservative Swing 7.98% Source(s) Source: "53 - Cardston-Taber-Warner Official Results 2012 Alberta general election". officialresults.elections.ab.ca. Elections Alberta. Retrieved May 21, 2020. 2015 vte2015 Alberta general election Party Candidate Votes % ±% Wildrose Grant Hunter 5,126 41.79% -12.78% Progressive Conservative Brian Brewin 4,356 35.51% -2.58% New Democratic Aaron Haugen 2,407 19.62% 15.32% Alberta Party Delbert Bodnarek 378 3.08% – Total 12,267 – – Rejected, spoiled and declined 18 – – Eligible electors / turnout 23,918 51.36% 6.03% Wildrose hold Swing -5.10% Source(s) Source: "53 - Cardston-Taber-Warner Official Results 2015 Alberta general election". officialresults.elections.ab.ca. Elections Alberta. Retrieved May 21, 2020. Senate nominee election results 2004 2004 Alberta Senate nominee election results: Cardston-Taber-Warner Turnout 46.43% Affiliation Candidate Votes % votes % ballots Rank Alberta Alliance Vance Gough 3,672 15.58% 46.75% 8 Progressive Conservative Bert Brown 3,076 13.05% 39.16% 1 Alberta Alliance Michael Roth 2,961 12.56% 37.70% 7 Alberta Alliance Gary Horan 2,775 11.77% 35.33% 10 Progressive Conservative Betty Unger 2,407 10.21% 30.64% 2 Independent Link Byfield 2,263 9.60% 28.81% 4 Progressive Conservative Cliff Breitkreuz 1,732 7.35% 22.05% 3 Progressive Conservative David Usherwood 1,649 7.00% 20.99% 6 Progressive Conservative Jim Silye 1,639 6.95% 20.87% 5 Independent Tom Sindlinger 1,395 5.93% 17.76% 9 Total votes 23,569 100% Total ballots 7,855 3.00 votes per ballot Rejected, spoiled and declined 980 Voters had the option of selecting four candidates on the ballot 2012 Student vote results 2004 Participating schools Glenwood School Magrath Junior Senior High School Raymond Jr. High School St. Marys School Taber Christian School Tween Valley Christian School W.R. Myers High School On November 19, 2004 a student vote was conducted at participating Alberta schools to parallel the 2004 Alberta general election results. The vote was designed to educate students and simulate the electoral process for persons who have not yet reached the legal majority. The vote was conducted in 80 of the 83 provincial electoral districts with students voting for actual election candidates. Schools with a large student body that reside in another electoral district had the option to vote for candidates outside of the electoral district then where they were physically located. 2004 Alberta student vote results Affiliation Candidate Votes % Alberta Alliance Paul Hinman 382 38.90% Progressive Conservative Broyce Jacobs 367 37.37% Green Lindsay Ferguson 103 10.49% New Democratic Luann Bannister 73 7.43% Liberal Paula Shimp 57 5.81% Total 982 100% Rejected, spoiled and declined 46 2012 2012 Alberta student vote results Affiliation Candidate Votes % Progressive Conservative Pat Shimbashi 4270 % Wildrose Gary Bikman 6111 % Liberal Helen McNenamin 341 % New Democratic Aaron Haugen 482 % Social Credit % Total 100% See also List of Alberta provincial electoral districts References ^ Alberta Electoral Boundaries Commission (June 2010). "Proposed Electoral Division Areas, Boundaries, and Names for Alberta. Final Report to the Speaker of the Legislative Assembly of Alberta" (PDF). Legislative Assembly of Alberta. ISBN 978-0-9865367-1-7. Retrieved May 29, 2020. ^ Alberta Electoral Boundaries Commission (October 2017). "Proposed Electoral Division Areas, Boundaries, and Names for Alberta. Final Report to the Speaker of the Legislative Assembly of Alberta" (PDF). Legislative Assembly of Alberta. ISBN 978-1-988620-04-6. Retrieved May 29, 2020. ^ Electoral Divisions Act, S.A. 2003, c. E-4.1 ^ "Members of the Legislative Assembly of Alberta 1905-2006" (PDF). Legislative Assembly of Alberta. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 26, 2010. Retrieved February 27, 2010. ^ "9 Wildrose MLAs, including Danielle Smith, cross to Alberta Tories". CBC News. Edmonton, AB: CBC News. December 17, 2014. Retrieved June 17, 2020. ^ Bellefontaine, Michelle (July 22, 2017). "Wildrose and PC members approve unite-the-right deal with 95% voting 'yes'". CBC News. Retrieved July 23, 2017. ^ "Senate Nominee Election 2004 Tabulation of Official Results" (PDF). Elections Alberta. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 4, 2009. Retrieved March 1, 2010. ^ "School by School results". Student Vote Canada. Archived from the original on October 5, 2007. Retrieved April 27, 2008. ^ "Riding by Riding Results - the Candidates". Student Vote Canada. Archived from the original on October 6, 2007. Retrieved April 19, 2008. External links Elections Alberta The Legislative Assembly of Alberta Demographics for Cardston-Taber-Warner vteFormer Alberta provincial electoral districtsNorth Athabasca Athabasca-Lac La Biche Athabasca-Redwater Athabasca-Sturgeon-Redwater Athabasca-Wabasca Barrhead Barrhead-Morinville-Westlock Barrhead-Westlock Beaver River Bonnyville Bonnyville-Cold Lake Clearwater Dunvegan Dunvegan-Central Peace Dunvegan-Central Peace-Notley Edson Fort McMurray Fort McMurray-Conklin Grande Prairie-Smoky Grouard Lac La Biche Lac La Biche-McMurray Lac La Biche-St. Paul Lac La Biche-St. Paul-Two Hills Pakan Pembina Redwater Redwater-Andrew Smoky River Spirit River Spirit River-Fairview Spruce Grove-Sturgeon-St. Albert St. Paul Sturgeon Victoria Westlock-Sturgeon Whitecourt Whitecourt-Ste. Anne Whitford Edmonton Edmonton Edmonton-Avonmore Edmonton-Belmont Edmonton-Beverly Edmonton-Beverly-Belmont Edmonton-Calder Edmonton-Centre Edmonton East Edmonton-Glengarry Edmonton-Highlands Edmonton-Highlands-Beverly Edmonton-Jasper Place Edmonton-Kingsway Edmonton-Mayfield Edmonton-Meadowlark Edmonton-Mill Creek Edmonton North Edmonton North East Edmonton-Norwood Edmonton-Ottewell Edmonton-Parkallen Edmonton-Roper Edmonton-Sherwood Park Edmonton West Jasper West Strathcona Strathcona Centre Strathcona East Strathcona South Strathcona West Central Acadia Acadia-Coronation Alexandra Battle River-Wainwright Bruce Chinook Clover Bar Clover Bar-Fort Saskatchewan Didsbury Drayton Valley Drayton Valley-Calmar Drumheller Drumheller-Chinook Drumheller-Gleichen Gleichen Hand Hills Hand Hills-Acadia Hanna-Oyen Innisfail Lac Ste. Anne Lacombe Lacombe-Stettler Leduc Leduc-Beaumont-Devon Lloydminster Olds Olds-Didsbury Ponoka Ponoka-Rimbey Red Deer Ribstone Rocky Mountain House Sedgewick Sedgewick-Coronation Spruce Grove-St. Albert Stettler Stony Plain Three Hills Three Hills-Airdrie Vegreville Vegreville-Bruce Vegreville-Viking Vermilion Vermilion-Lloydminster Vermilion-Viking Wainwright Wetaskiwin Wetaskiwin-Camrose Wetaskiwin-Leduc Willingdon Willingdon-Two Hills Calgary Calgary Calgary Bowness Calgary Centre Calgary-Egmont Calgary-Forest Lawn Calgary-Fort Calgary-Hawkwood Calgary-Mackay Calgary-Mackay-Nose Hill Calgary-McKnight Calgary-Millican Calgary-Montrose Calgary-North Hill Calgary-Nose Creek Calgary-Nose Hill Calgary Queens Park Calgary South Calgary Victoria Park Centre Calgary North Calgary South Calgary South Airdrie Airdrie-Chestermere Airdrie-Rocky View Banff Banff-Cochrane Bow Valley Bow Valley-Empress Cardston Cardston-Chief Mountain Cardston-Taber-Warner Chestermere-Rocky View Claresholm Cochrane Coronation Cypress Cypress-Redcliff Empress Foothills-Rocky View High River Lethbridge Lethbridge City Lethbridge District Little Bow Macleod Medicine Hat Medicine Hat-Redcliff Nanton Nanton-Claresholm Okotoks Okotoks-High River Pincher Creek Pincher Creek-Crowsnest Pincher Creek-Macleod Redcliff Rocky Mountain Rosebud Strathmore-Brooks Taber Warner vte Elections and referendums in AlbertaGeneral elections 1905 1909 1913 1917 1921 1926 1930 1935 1940 1944 1948 1952 1955 1959 1963 1967 1971 1975 1979 1982 1986 1989 1993 1997 2001 2004 2008 2012 2015 2019 2023 Next By-elections 26th Alberta Legislature (2004–2008) 27th Alberta Legislature (2008–2012) 28th Legislature (2012–2015) 29th Legislature (2015–2019) Senate nominee elections 1989 1998 2004 2012 2021 Municipal elections 1968 1971 1974 1977 1980 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007 2010 2013 2017 2021 Referendums 1915 1920 1923 1948 1957 1967 1971 2021 See also: Elections in Canada 49°27′11″N 112°35′56″W / 49.453°N 112.599°W / 49.453; -112.599	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"provincial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"electoral district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_district_(Canada)"},{"link_name":"Alberta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Legislative Assembly of Alberta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Alberta"},{"link_name":"first-past-the-post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-past-the-post"},{"link_name":"Cardston-Chief Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardston-Chief_Mountain"},{"link_name":"Taber-Warner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taber-Warner"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Waterton Lakes National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterton_Lakes_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Blood Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_Indian_Reserve_No._148"},{"link_name":"Cardston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardston_(N.W.T._electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Northwest Territories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_Territories"},{"link_name":"2012 Alberta general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Alberta_general_election"},{"link_name":"Alberta Alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta_Alliance_Party"},{"link_name":"Broyce Jacobs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broyce_Jacobs"},{"link_name":"Wildrose Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildrose_Party"},{"link_name":"Gary Bikman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Bikman"},{"link_name":"2012 Alberta general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Alberta_general_election"},{"link_name":"2015 Alberta general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Alberta_general_election"}],"text":"Defunct provincial electoral district in Alberta, CanadaCardston-Taber-Warner was a provincial electoral district in Alberta, Canada, mandated to return a single member to the Legislative Assembly of Alberta using the first-past-the-post method of voting from 1996 and 2019.The district was created in the 1996 boundary redistribution when Cardston-Chief Mountain and Taber-Warner were merged. The district comprises most of southern southwest Alberta on the United States-Canada border. It is mostly rural and contains a wide range of topography from Mountains to farmlands, including Waterton Lakes National Park and the Blood Reserve. Cardston-Taber-Warner and its antecedents have a long history that dates back to the old Cardston riding in the Northwest Territories.The district has been held by right of center parties since it was created in 1997, and has held the distinction of being one rural riding not continuously held by the Progressive Conservatives in Alberta before many were lost in the 2012 Alberta general election. The Progressive Conservatives elected Ron Hirath and then Broyce Jacobs and the Alberta Alliance captured the district in 2004 holding it for a term before Broyce Jacobs won it back in 2008. The Wildrose Party won the district when Gary Bikman won it in the 2012 Alberta general election, and regained the seat in the 2015 Alberta general election, months after Bikman crossed to the PC Party.","title":"Cardston-Taber-Warner"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2010 Alberta boundary re-distribution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta_Electoral_Boundary_Re-distribution,_2010"},{"link_name":"Livingstone-Macleod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livingstone-Macleod"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2010changes-1"},{"link_name":"Cardston-Siksika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardston-Siksika"},{"link_name":"Taber-Warner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taber-Warner"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2017boundarychanges-2"}],"text":"The electoral district was created in the 1996 boundary re-distribution from the old ridings of Cardston-Chief Mountain and Taber-Warner.The 2010 Alberta boundary re-distribution saw only one minor change made to the riding when the Blood Reserve was transferred to the district from Livingstone-Macleod.[1]The Cardston-Taber-Warner electoral district was dissolved in the 2017 electoral boundary re-distribution, and portions of the district would form the newly created Cardston-Siksika and Taber-Warner electoral districts.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Boundary history","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Taber-Warner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taber-Warner"},{"link_name":"John Reil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Reil"},{"link_name":"Paul Hinman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Hinman"},{"link_name":"leader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Alberta_Alliance_Party_leadership_election"},{"link_name":"Wildrose Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildrose_Party_of_Alberta"},{"link_name":"Link Byfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Link_Byfield"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Grant Hunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grant_Hunter"},{"link_name":"United Conservative Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Conservative_Party"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cbcmerge-6"}],"sub_title":"Electoral history","text":"Cardston-Taber-Warner was contested six times in general elections, each time changing its MLA. The first election held in 1997 saw Taber-Warner incumbent Ron Hierath run for his second term in office in the district. He ran against three other candidates taking 60% of the vote to pick up the new district for the Progressive Conservatives.Hierath retired at dissolution in 2001. He was replaced by Progressive Conservative candidate Broyce Jacobs who the district easily over Alberta First Party leader John Reil who made a strong second place showing in the field of four candidates.Jacobs stood for a second term in office in the 2004 general election but was defeated in a hotly contested race by Alberta Alliance candidate Paul Hinman. The Senate nominee election results also favored the Alberta Alliance well with the three Alliance candidates finishing in the top four spots.Hinman became leader of the Alberta Alliance in 2005. He would lead his party to a merger with the unregistered Wildrose Party headed by party President Link Byfield on January 19, 2008. However Hinman would be defeated by Jacobs in the 2008 election held just weeks after his party merger.Jacobs would be forced into retirement in the run up to the 2012 election after he lost his party nomination meeting to Pat Shimbashi. The general election saw the Wildrose party reclaim the district with candidate Gary Bikman defeating Shimbashi by a wide margin to earn his first term in office. Bikman subsequently crossed the floor to the PCs in 2014.[5]Wildrose re-gained the riding in 2015, with Grant Hunter becoming its last MLA. He also crossed the floor, joining the United Conservative Party when the PCs and Wildrose decided to merge in 2017.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Legislative election results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1997","title":"Legislative election results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2001","title":"Legislative election results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2004","title":"Legislative election results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2008","title":"Legislative election results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2012","title":"Legislative election results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2015","title":"Legislative election results"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Senate nominee election results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2004","text":"Voters had the option of selecting four candidates on the ballot","title":"Senate nominee election results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2012","title":"Senate nominee election results"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Student vote results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2004","text":"On November 19, 2004 a student vote was conducted at participating Alberta schools to parallel the 2004 Alberta general election results. The vote was designed to educate students and simulate the electoral process for persons who have not yet reached the legal majority. The vote was conducted in 80 of the 83 provincial electoral districts with students voting for actual election candidates. Schools with a large student body that reside in another electoral district had the option to vote for candidates outside of the electoral district then where they were physically located.","title":"Student vote results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2012","title":"Student vote results"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of Alberta provincial electoral districts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Alberta_provincial_electoral_districts"}]	[{"reference":"Alberta Electoral Boundaries Commission (June 2010). \"Proposed Electoral Division Areas, Boundaries, and Names for Alberta. Final Report to the Speaker of the Legislative Assembly of Alberta\" (PDF). Legislative Assembly of Alberta. ISBN 978-0-9865367-1-7. Retrieved May 29, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.assembly.ab.ca/lao/library/egovdocs/2010/alch/9780986536717.pdf","url_text":"\"Proposed Electoral Division Areas, Boundaries, and Names for Alberta. Final Report to the Speaker of the Legislative Assembly of Alberta\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Alberta","url_text":"Legislative Assembly of Alberta"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9865367-1-7","url_text":"978-0-9865367-1-7"}]},{"reference":"Alberta Electoral Boundaries Commission (October 2017). \"Proposed Electoral Division Areas, Boundaries, and Names for Alberta. Final Report to the Speaker of the Legislative Assembly of Alberta\" (PDF). Legislative Assembly of Alberta. ISBN 978-1-988620-04-6. Retrieved May 29, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.assembly.ab.ca/lao/library/egovdocs/2017/alch/224424.pdf","url_text":"\"Proposed Electoral Division Areas, Boundaries, and Names for Alberta. Final Report to the Speaker of the Legislative Assembly of Alberta\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Alberta","url_text":"Legislative Assembly of Alberta"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-988620-04-6","url_text":"978-1-988620-04-6"}]},{"reference":"\"Members of the Legislative Assembly of Alberta 1905-2006\" (PDF). Legislative Assembly of Alberta. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 26, 2010. Retrieved February 27, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101026192825/http://www.assembly.ab.ca/legislaturecentennial/pdf/membersBooklet.pdf","url_text":"\"Members of the Legislative Assembly of Alberta 1905-2006\""},{"url":"https://www.assembly.ab.ca/legislaturecentennial/pdf/membersBooklet.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"9 Wildrose MLAs, including Danielle Smith, cross to Alberta Tories\". CBC News. Edmonton, AB: CBC News. December 17, 2014. Retrieved June 17, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/edmonton/9-wildrose-mlas-including-danielle-smith-cross-to-alberta-tories-1.2876412","url_text":"\"9 Wildrose MLAs, including Danielle Smith, cross to Alberta Tories\""}]},{"reference":"Bellefontaine, Michelle (July 22, 2017). \"Wildrose and PC members approve unite-the-right deal with 95% voting 'yes'\". CBC News. Retrieved July 23, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/edmonton/wildrose-unity-pcs-vote-1.4217598","url_text":"\"Wildrose and PC members approve unite-the-right deal with 95% voting 'yes'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Senate Nominee Election 2004 Tabulation of Official Results\" (PDF). Elections Alberta. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 4, 2009. Retrieved March 1, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090704143923/http://www.elections.ab.ca/Public%20Website/files/Reports/SN_snetabulation.pdf","url_text":"\"Senate Nominee Election 2004 Tabulation of Official Results\""},{"url":"http://www.elections.ab.ca/Public%20Website/files/Reports/SN_snetabulation.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"School by School results\". Student Vote Canada. Archived from the original on October 5, 2007. Retrieved April 27, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071005211819/http://www.studentvote.ca/admin/election/Schools.htm","url_text":"\"School by School results\""},{"url":"http://www.studentvote.ca/admin/election/Schools.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Riding by Riding Results - the Candidates\". Student Vote Canada. Archived from the original on October 6, 2007. Retrieved April 19, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071006095842/http://www.studentvote.ca/admin/election/Candidate.htm","url_text":"\"Riding by Riding Results - the Candidates\""},{"url":"http://www.studentvote.ca/admin/election/Candidate.htm","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Cardston-Taber-Warner&params=49.453_N_112.599_W_","external_links_name":"49°27′11″N 112°35′56″W / 49.453°N 112.599°W / 49.453; -112.599"},{"Link":"http://www.abheritage.ca/abpolitics/administration/maps_choice.php?Year=1997&Constit=Cardston-Taber-Warner","external_links_name":"\"Cardston-Taber-Warner Official Results 1997 Alberta general election\""},{"Link":"https://www.elections.ab.ca/wp-content/uploads/2001_SOR_47.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Cardston-Taber-Warner Official Results 2001 Alberta general election\""},{"Link":"https://www.elections.ab.ca/wp-content/uploads/49.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Cardston-Taber-Warner Statement of Official Results 2004 Alberta general election\""},{"Link":"https://www.elections.ab.ca/wp-content/uploads/combinedFINAL.pdf","external_links_name":"The Report on the March 3, 2008 Provincial General Election of the Twenty-seventh Legislative Assembly"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/reportonmarch3202008elec/page/386","external_links_name":"386–391"},{"Link":"https://officialresults.elections.ab.ca/orResultsED.cfm?ED=53&EventId=21","external_links_name":"\"53 - Cardston-Taber-Warner Official Results 2012 Alberta general election\""},{"Link":"https://officialresults.elections.ab.ca/orResultsED.cfm?EventId=31&ED=53","external_links_name":"\"53 - Cardston-Taber-Warner Official Results 2015 Alberta general election\""},{"Link":"http://www.assembly.ab.ca/lao/library/egovdocs/2010/alch/9780986536717.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Proposed Electoral Division Areas, Boundaries, and Names for Alberta. 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Final Report to the Speaker of the Legislative Assembly of Alberta\""},{"Link":"http://canlii.ca/t/53m7s","external_links_name":"Electoral Divisions Act"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101026192825/http://www.assembly.ab.ca/legislaturecentennial/pdf/membersBooklet.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Members of the Legislative Assembly of Alberta 1905-2006\""},{"Link":"https://www.assembly.ab.ca/legislaturecentennial/pdf/membersBooklet.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/edmonton/9-wildrose-mlas-including-danielle-smith-cross-to-alberta-tories-1.2876412","external_links_name":"\"9 Wildrose MLAs, including Danielle Smith, cross to Alberta Tories\""},{"Link":"http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/edmonton/wildrose-unity-pcs-vote-1.4217598","external_links_name":"\"Wildrose and PC members approve unite-the-right deal with 95% voting 'yes'\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090704143923/http://www.elections.ab.ca/Public%20Website/files/Reports/SN_snetabulation.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Senate Nominee Election 2004 Tabulation of Official Results\""},{"Link":"http://www.elections.ab.ca/Public%20Website/files/Reports/SN_snetabulation.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071005211819/http://www.studentvote.ca/admin/election/Schools.htm","external_links_name":"\"School by School results\""},{"Link":"http://www.studentvote.ca/admin/election/Schools.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071006095842/http://www.studentvote.ca/admin/election/Candidate.htm","external_links_name":"\"Riding by Riding Results - the Candidates\""},{"Link":"http://www.studentvote.ca/admin/election/Candidate.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.electionsalberta.ab.ca/","external_links_name":"Elections Alberta"},{"Link":"http://www.assembly.ab.ca/","external_links_name":"The Legislative Assembly of Alberta"},{"Link":"http://www.finance.gov.ab.ca/aboutalberta/ped_profiles/2004_new_boundaries/Cardston-Taber-Warner.pdf","external_links_name":"Demographics for Cardston-Taber-Warner"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Cardston-Taber-Warner&params=49.453_N_112.599_W_","external_links_name":"49°27′11″N 112°35′56″W / 49.453°N 112.599°W / 49.453; -112.599"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_Advisory_Group_of_Experts_on_Immunization	Strategic Advisory Group of Experts	["1 Membership","2 Working groups","3 See also","4 References"]	The Strategic Advisory Group of Experts (SAGE) is the principal advisory group to World Health Organization (WHO) for vaccines and immunization. Established in 1999 through the merging of two previous committees, notably the Scientific Advisory Group of Experts (which served the Program for Vaccine Development) and the Global Advisory Group (which served the EPI program) by Director-General of the WHO Gro Harlem Brundtland. It is charged with advising WHO on overall global policies and strategies, ranging from vaccines and biotechnology, research and development, to delivery of immunization and its linkages with other health interventions. SAGE is concerned not just with childhood vaccines and immunization, but all vaccine-preventable diseases. SAGE provide global recommendations on immunization policy and such recommendations will be further translated by advisory committee at the country level. Membership The SAGE has 15 members, who are recruited and selected as acknowledged experts from around the world in the fields of epidemiology, public health, vaccinology, paediatrics, internal medicine, infectious diseases, immunology, drug regulation, programme management, immunization delivery, health-care administration, health economics, and vaccine safety. Members are appointed by Director-General of the WHO to serve an initial term of 3 years, and can only be renewed once. Working groups SAGE meets at least twice annually in April and November, with working groups established for detailed review of specific topics prior to discussion by the full group. Priorities of work and meeting agendas are developed by the Group in consultation with WHO. UNICEF, the Secretariat of the GAVI Alliance, and WHO Regional Offices participate as observers in SAGE meetings and deliberations. WHO also invites other observers to SAGE meetings, including representatives from WHO regional technical advisory groups, non-governmental organizations, international professional organizations, technical agencies, donor organizations and associations of manufacturers of vaccines and immunization technologies. Additional experts may be invited, as appropriate, to further contribute to specific agenda items. As of February 2024, working groups were established for the following vaccines: COVID-19 Dengue Ebola HPV Malaria Policy Advisory Group Working Group on Malaria Vaccines Meningococcal vaccines and vaccination Pneumococcal vaccines Polio vaccine Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Immunization Products Smallpox and Monkeypox vaccines See also National Immunization Technical Advisory Group, country-level advisory committee References ^ a b c Duclos, Phillipe; Okwo-Bele, Jean-Marie; Salisbury, David (2011). "Establishing global policy recommendations: the role of the Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on immunization". Expert Review of Vaccines. 10 (2): 163–173. doi:10.1586/erv.10.171. PMID 21332266. S2CID 46446841. ^ "About SAGE". World Health Organization. Retrieved 29 August 2021. ^ Steffen, Christoph A.; Henaff, Louise; et al. (8 April 2021). "Evidence-informed vaccination decision-making in countries: Progress, challenges and opportunities". Vaccine. 39 (15). Elsevier: 2146–2152. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.02.055. PMID 33712350. ^ "SAGE members". World Health Organization. Retrieved 29 August 2021. ^ a b c "SAGE working mechanisms and working groups". World Health Organization. Retrieved 30 December 2022. vteArtificial induction of immunity / Immunization: Vaccines, Vaccination, Infection, Inoculation (J07)Development Adjuvants Vaccine ingredients list Mathematical modelling Storage Timeline Trials Classes Conjugate Inactivated Live Attenuated Heterologous Subunit/component / Peptide / Virus-like particle / Synthetic DNA / mRNA Therapeutic Toxoid Administration Global: GAVI Alliance NITAG SAGE Vaccine wastage Policy Schedule Vaccine injury US: ACIP Vaccine court Vaccines for Children Program VAERS VSD VaccinesBacterial Anthrax Brucellosis Cholera# Diphtheria# Hib# Leptospirosis Lyme disease‡ Meningococcus# MeNZB NmVac4-A/C/Y/W-135 Pertussis# Plague Pneumococcal# PCV PPSV Q fever Tetanus# Tuberculosis BCG# Typhoid# Ty21a ViCPS Typhus combination: DPT/DTwP/DTaP Td/Tdap research: Clostridioides difficile Group B streptococcal disease Shigellosis Viral Adenovirus Chikungunya Ebola rVSV-ZEBOV Flu# H1N1 (Pandemrix) H5N1 LAIV Hantavirus Hepatitis A# Hepatitis B# Hepatitis E HPV# Cervarix Gardasil Japanese encephalitis# Measles# Mumps# Polio# Sabin Salk Rabies# Rotavirus# Rubella# SARS-CoV-2 Corbevax† Bharat Biotech† CanSino† CoronaVac† EpiVacCorona† Janssen Moderna Novavax Oxford–AstraZeneca Pfizer–BioNTech Sanofi–GSK† Sinopharm BIBP† Skycovione† Sputnik V† Valneva† Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) Smallpox Tick-borne encephalitis# Varicella zoster Chicken pox# Shingles Yellow fever# combination: Hepatitis A and B MMR MMRV research: Cytomegalovirus Dengue# Epstein–Barr virus Hepatitis C Herpes simplex HIV Zika Protozoan Malaria RTS,S research: Trypanosomiasis Helminthiasis research: Hookworm Schistosomiasis Other Androvax (androstenedione albumin) Cancer vaccines ALVAC-CEA BCG# Hepatitis B# HPV# Cervarix Gardasil Prostvac NicVAX Ovandrotone albumin (Fecundin) TA-CD TA-NIC combination: DTaP-IPV/Hib DTaP-IPV-HepB DTwP-HepB-Hib Hexavalent vaccine Inventors/researchers Edward Jenner Louis Pasteur Hilary Koprowski Jonas Salk John Franklin Enders Maurice Hilleman Stanley Plotkin H. Fred Clark Paul Offit Katalin Karikó Drew Weissman Controversy General MMR (Lancet MMR autism fraud) NCVIA Pox party Thiomersal Vaccines and SIDS Cedillo v. Secretary of Health and Human Services Alternative vaccination schedule Related Epidemiology Eradication of infectious diseases Vaccinate Your Family List of vaccine topics #WHO-EM ‡Withdrawn from market Clinical trials: †Phase III §Never to phase III This article about the COVID-19 pandemic is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Strategic Advisory Group of Experts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"epidemiology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology"},{"link_name":"public health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_health"},{"link_name":"vaccinology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccinology"},{"link_name":"paediatrics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paediatrics"},{"link_name":"internal medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_medicine"},{"link_name":"infectious diseases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infectious_diseases"},{"link_name":"immunology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunology"},{"link_name":"drug regulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_regulation"},{"link_name":"health economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_economics"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sagem-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pd-1"}],"text":"The SAGE has 15 members, who are recruited and selected as acknowledged experts from around the world in the fields of epidemiology, public health, vaccinology, paediatrics, internal medicine, infectious diseases, immunology, drug regulation, programme management, immunization delivery, health-care administration, health economics, and vaccine safety.[4] Members are appointed by Director-General of the WHO to serve an initial term of 3 years, and can only be renewed once.[1]","title":"Membership"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wmsage-5"},{"link_name":"UNICEF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNICEF"},{"link_name":"GAVI Alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GAVI_Alliance"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pd-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wmsage-5"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Strategic_Advisory_Group_of_Experts&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wmsage-5"},{"link_name":"COVID-19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19"},{"link_name":"Dengue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dengue_fever"},{"link_name":"Ebola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebola"},{"link_name":"HPV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HPV"},{"link_name":"Malaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaria"},{"link_name":"Malaria Vaccines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaria_Vaccine"},{"link_name":"Meningococcal vaccines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meningococcal_vaccines"},{"link_name":"Pneumococcal vaccines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumococcal_vaccines"},{"link_name":"Polio vaccine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polio_vaccine"},{"link_name":"Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Immunization Products","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratory_syncytial_virus_vaccine"},{"link_name":"Smallpox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallpox_vaccine"},{"link_name":"Monkeypox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monkeypox"}],"text":"SAGE meets at least twice annually in April and November, with working groups established for detailed review of specific topics prior to discussion by the full group. Priorities of work and meeting agendas are developed by the Group in consultation with WHO.[5]UNICEF, the Secretariat of the GAVI Alliance, and WHO Regional Offices participate as observers in SAGE meetings and deliberations. WHO also invites other observers to SAGE meetings, including representatives from WHO regional technical advisory groups, non-governmental organizations, international professional organizations, technical agencies, donor organizations and associations of manufacturers of vaccines and immunization technologies. Additional experts may be invited, as appropriate, to further contribute to specific agenda items.[1][5]As of February 2024[update], working groups were established for the following vaccines:[5]COVID-19\nDengue\nEbola\nHPV\nMalaria Policy Advisory Group Working Group on Malaria Vaccines\nMeningococcal vaccines and vaccination\nPneumococcal vaccines\nPolio vaccine\nRespiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Immunization Products\nSmallpox and Monkeypox vaccines","title":"Working groups"}]	[]	[{"title":"National Immunization Technical Advisory Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Immunization_Technical_Advisory_Group"}]	[{"reference":"Duclos, Phillipe; Okwo-Bele, Jean-Marie; Salisbury, David (2011). \"Establishing global policy recommendations: the role of the Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on immunization\". Expert Review of Vaccines. 10 (2): 163–173. doi:10.1586/erv.10.171. PMID 21332266. 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(8 April 2021). \"Evidence-informed vaccination decision-making in countries: Progress, challenges and opportunities\". Vaccine. 39 (15). Elsevier: 2146–2152. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.02.055. PMID 33712350.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.vaccine.2021.02.055","url_text":"\"Evidence-informed vaccination decision-making in countries: Progress, challenges and opportunities\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.vaccine.2021.02.055","url_text":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.02.055"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33712350","url_text":"33712350"}]},{"reference":"\"SAGE members\". World Health Organization. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Factory_(novel)	The Factory (novel)	["1 Setting","2 Plot","3 Characters","3.1 Main characters","3.2 Secondary characters","3.3 Factory animals","4 Structure","5 Themes","5.1 Japanese proletarian literature","5.2 Kafkaesque","6 Reception","7 References"]	Novel by Hiroko Oyamada The Factory First edition (Shinchōsha, 2013)AuthorHiroko OyamadaTranslatorDavid BoydLanguageJapaneseGenreJapanese proletarianPublisherJapan: Shinchosha Publishing Co. (Japanese edition)New York City: New Directions Publishing Corporation (English edition)Publication date2013Publication placeJapanPublished in English2019Media typePrint (Paperback)Pages116 p. (English edition) The Factory (Japanese: 工場, Hepburn: Kōjō) is a proletarian novella written by Japanese author Hiroko Oyamada. Originally written and published in Japan in 2013 by Shinchosha Publishing Co., the book was translated into English by David Boyd and published in 2019 by New Directions Publishing Corporation. The uniquely structured novella switches between the perspectives of three characters as they begin jobs at a joint living and working facility known as "the factory." Setting The Factory is set in an unidentified Japanese city. Although the factory is mainly a place of work, employees also live on the grounds surrounding it. The compound is self-sufficient and so large that it could be its own city. It is said to have everything except a graveyard. The factory's compound includes: living quarters, a temple with a priest, museums, restaurants, grocery stores, travel agencies, barbers, post offices, and more. The factory's setting is mysterious. There is a randomly placed bridge over a body of water. The animals in the compound, including Factory Shags, Washer Lizards, and Grayback Coypus, act very differently from normal animals. The people are strange as well, including a disheveled character named the "Forest Pantser" who lives in the dense, maze-like forest surrounding the factory where he pulls people's pants down. Plot The Factory follows three new employees as they begin their new lives. The timeline, somewhat indefinite, appears to take place over a fifteen year span. The story begins with Yoshiko Ushiyama being interviewed by Goto for a job at the factory. She graduated school with a liberal arts degree and a special interest in research on Japanese communication. She feels undeserving of working in such an important place as the factory. She recalls the impression the astounding factory had on her when she visited as a child. It seemed all powerful and like the perfect place to work. At the end of her interview, she is offered a contract position in the Print Services division. She spends full workdays shredding papers. Occasionally, she eats lunch with her work friends or her brother and his girlfriend. Yoshiko's portion of the story ends when she slowly slips into insanity, questioning her entire life's purpose before becoming a part of the factory herself. The second perspective is that of Yoshio Furufue. Before he is recruited by the factory to work as a moss specialist, he was a university student. When he attends what he believes to be an interview for the job with Goto, he is told that his university has already coordinated his job and that the purpose of meeting is to start planning. He is given complete control over his project (green-roofing) with no deadlines. He learns that his "department" is just him. Furufue is then told that he will be required to work from a two-story home on the premises, where one story will serve as his lab space. This comes as a surprise to Furufue, who was not told he would be forced to move and live at the factory. To start his work, the factory creates a "moss hunt" that children and parents can sign up for and participate in. After the moss hunt, Hikaru Samukawa and his grandfather approach Furufue at home to present the research they had conducted on the animals that live in the factory. While Furufue is out on a walk studying the mysterious shags, he almost accidentally photographs Yoshiko Ushiyama. Furufue apologizes for the misunderstanding, invites her to lunch, and as they eat together, they briefly compare experiences at the factory. Furufue comes to the realization that he has had no lasting impact on the factory and that his job has been completed without him. His last scene hints at his growing resemblance to the focus of his research. The final perspective is that of Yoshiko Ushiyama's unnamed brother. He has just landed a temporary proofreading job in the Document Division after being fired from his old job. His previous work experience is in systems engineering. This job is a demotion for him; he sits at a desk all day proofreading nonsensical documents until he falls asleep. He tries to be grateful for his job, but he misses working with computers and feels like he is wasted potential. He spends his time trying his hardest to stay awake with food, coffee, and candy to no avail. He spends his free time with his girlfriend, whom his sister Yoshiko strongly dislikes. His story ends with him waking up and questioning his purpose, exactly how his story begins. Characters Main characters Yoshiko Ushiyama regularly changes occupations until she lands a job within the factory shredding paper for seven-and-a-half hours a day. She spends most of her time wondering what her purpose at the factory actually is. Yoshio Furufue is an academic who was recruited by the factory from his university to work on the grounds as a moss expert. He shows doubt in his ability to perform the vague tasks asked of him because he is just a student researcher, not a professional bryologist. In the novel, he goes from being a researcher to a corporate scientist. He is given complete freedom over his project with no deadlines and has unlimited resources. He is paid the most out of the three main characters and his status is also the highest in terms of job position in the factory. Yoshiko Ushiyama's Unnamed Brother is essentially a proofreader who uses a certain set of codes and symbols to go through a large variety of papers and writings. His job is described as easy enough for a middle-schooler to do and impossible to mess up. It is gossiped that he only gained the job because of his girlfriend's status in the factory. Goto is the factory's middle manager and a part of the Print Services Branch Office. He conducts interviews and serves as the go-to person for Yoshiko Ushiyama, Yoshio Furufue, and Yoshiko's brother when they seek advice and instruction. A visual representation of what a cluster of Oyamada's Factory Shags might look like. Secondary characters Kasumi Itsumi-san The Giant The Captain Hanzake Irinoi Glasses Yoshiko Ushiyama's Brother's Girlfriend Hikaru Samukawa Hikaru Samukawa's Grandfather Forest Pantser Factory animals Factory Shags are large, flightless, and strikingly black birds that thrive in large groups. Washer Lizards are small, scaly reptiles that rely on washing machines for survival. Grayback Coypus are giant herbivorous rodents. Structure Hiroko Oyamada's novella switches between first person perspectives of the three main characters; however, there is no identifying signal for each shift. Without any indicator of who is thinking in each section, it gives the novella a uniformity of consciousness between the main characters. The perspectives become more interwoven the further one reads, sometimes switching perspectives mid-section and losing sequential order. The concept of time disappears entirely, and at the end, the reader finds out fifteen years have passed without their knowing. This endless confusion strengthens the feeling of powerlessness, recreating within the reader the mindless disconnect the factory workers experience. As the novel progresses, the characters transition from a mild confusion to a self-aware acceptance and then to despair. Yoshiko comes to the realization that she actually does not want to work, that life means much more. Themes Japanese proletarian literature The author of the novel, Hiroko Oyamada, was once a temporary worker within an automaker's subsidiary. Her experiences inspired the themes within this novel. The Factory criticizes the modern capitalist work environment by indicating the powerlessness of the working class. The vague and suffocating daily routines of the working class reflect the structure of this society and its class division. Proletariat literature's tradition highlights the position of the working class and their importance to the machine of capitalism. This genre often sides with Marxist theories which believe the working class is fundamental to the operation of society. This literature can increase tension between the proletariat (the wage workers) and the bourgeoisie (the wealth owners). In The Factory, the factory workers represent the proletariat as they perform meaningless tasks at wage working jobs. They are not sure what their contributions to the factory are in terms of production and do not see the specific products of their labor. Kafkaesque The novels of Franz Kafka, the Czech writer known for his fictional worlds which are oppressive and sometimes nightmarish, are recalled in Oyamada's storytelling. The Factory has been written in a style similar to that of Kafka, and thus it is labeled "kafkaesque." The novel's strange imagery and nonlinear writing structure invoke the imagination like Kafka's works do. This can leave readers feeling uneasy or confused by what they have read. The story shifts point of view in very subtle ways and the descriptions of characters and events suddenly take a heavy and dark tone. In this way, the novel leads people to compare the story's reality to their own. Kafka's works have the same effect on the readers. Reception Hiroko Oyamada has received awards and positive feedback for The Factory. She was awarded the Shincho Prize for New Writers and the novel won the Sakunosuke Oda prize in 2013. The London Magazine acknowledges the way Oyamada depicts her world's workplace environment and positively compares it to other contemporary works. Publishers Weekly praises the capturing of the characters' roles, the way Oyamada skillfully structures the novel, and how the intentionally confusing experience of the characters becomes contagious to the reader. The Kirkus Reviews commends Oyamada's ability to accurately represent Japan's monotonous and unusual vibe and points out the Kafkaesque and proletariat undertones. The New York Times recognizes Oyamada's charisma and her deliberate non-linear structuring and also compliments the translator's smooth translation from Japanese to English. References ^ Oyamada, Hiroko (2019). The factory. Hiroko Translation of : Oyamada, David Boyd. New York. ISBN 978-0-8112-2885-5. OCLC 1100424643.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) ^ McCulloch, Alison (2019-11-29). "Not Lost in Translation: Provocative Foreign Fiction". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2021-03-30. ^ a b c d e f Evershed, Megan (December 3, 2019). "Review: The Factory by Hiroko Oyamada". The London Magazine. ^ a b c d "Oyamada, Hiroko: THE FACTORY". Kirkus Reviews. September 1, 2019. ^ a b c d Sehgal, Parul (2019-12-17). "In 'The Factory,' a Mysterious Company Manufactures Fear". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2021-03-30. ^ a b Boyd, by Hiroko Oyamada, translated from the Japanese by David (2019-09-04). "From The Factory". The Brooklyn Rail. Retrieved 2021-03-30.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ Bowen-Struyk, Heather (2017-06-28). "Japanese Proletarian Literature during the Red Decade, 1925–1935". Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Literature. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190201098.013.196. ISBN 978-0-19-020109-8. Retrieved 2021-03-30. ^ Hoston, Germaine A. (1986). Marxism and the crisis of development in prewar Japan. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. p. 65. ISBN 0-691-07722-3. OCLC 13902837. ^ Troscianko, Emily (May 2010). "Kafkaesque worlds in real time". Language and Literature. 19 (2): 151–171. doi:10.1177/0963947010362913. ISSN 0963-9470. S2CID 144707942. ^ "織田作之助賞受賞作・候補作一覧1-39回｜文学賞の世界". prizesworld.com. Retrieved 2023-07-11.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_language"},{"link_name":"Hepburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepburn_romanization"},{"link_name":"proletarian novella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proletarian_literature"},{"link_name":"Hiroko Oyamada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroko_Oyamada"},{"link_name":"Shinchosha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinchosha"},{"link_name":"New Directions Publishing Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Directions_Publishing"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The Factory (Japanese: 工場, Hepburn: Kōjō) is a proletarian novella written by Japanese author Hiroko Oyamada. Originally written and published in Japan in 2013 by Shinchosha Publishing Co., the book was translated into English by David Boyd and published in 2019 by New Directions Publishing Corporation.[1] The uniquely structured novella switches between the perspectives of three characters as they begin jobs at a joint living and working facility known as \"the factory.\"","title":"The Factory (novel)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Coypus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutria"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"}],"text":"The Factory is set in an unidentified Japanese city. Although the factory is mainly a place of work, employees also live on the grounds surrounding it. The compound is self-sufficient and so large that it could be its own city. It is said to have everything except a graveyard.[2] The factory's compound includes: living quarters, a temple with a priest, museums, restaurants, grocery stores, travel agencies, barbers, post offices, and more.[3] The factory's setting is mysterious. There is a randomly placed bridge over a body of water. The animals in the compound, including Factory Shags, Washer Lizards, and Grayback Coypus, act very differently from normal animals. The people are strange as well, including a disheveled character named the \"Forest Pantser\" who lives in the dense, maze-like forest surrounding the factory where he pulls people's pants down.[3]","title":"Setting"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"green-roofing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_roof"}],"text":"The Factory follows three new employees as they begin their new lives. The timeline, somewhat indefinite, appears to take place over a fifteen year span.The story begins with Yoshiko Ushiyama being interviewed by Goto for a job at the factory. She graduated school with a liberal arts degree and a special interest in research on Japanese communication. She feels undeserving of working in such an important place as the factory. She recalls the impression the astounding factory had on her when she visited as a child. It seemed all powerful and like the perfect place to work. At the end of her interview, she is offered a contract position in the Print Services division. She spends full workdays shredding papers. Occasionally, she eats lunch with her work friends or her brother and his girlfriend. Yoshiko's portion of the story ends when she slowly slips into insanity, questioning her entire life's purpose before becoming a part of the factory herself.The second perspective is that of Yoshio Furufue. Before he is recruited by the factory to work as a moss specialist, he was a university student. When he attends what he believes to be an interview for the job with Goto, he is told that his university has already coordinated his job and that the purpose of meeting is to start planning. He is given complete control over his project (green-roofing) with no deadlines. He learns that his \"department\" is just him. Furufue is then told that he will be required to work from a two-story home on the premises, where one story will serve as his lab space. This comes as a surprise to Furufue, who was not told he would be forced to move and live at the factory. To start his work, the factory creates a \"moss hunt\" that children and parents can sign up for and participate in. After the moss hunt, Hikaru Samukawa and his grandfather approach Furufue at home to present the research they had conducted on the animals that live in the factory. While Furufue is out on a walk studying the mysterious shags, he almost accidentally photographs Yoshiko Ushiyama. Furufue apologizes for the misunderstanding, invites her to lunch, and as they eat together, they briefly compare experiences at the factory. Furufue comes to the realization that he has had no lasting impact on the factory and that his job has been completed without him. His last scene hints at his growing resemblance to the focus of his research.The final perspective is that of Yoshiko Ushiyama's unnamed brother. He has just landed a temporary proofreading job in the Document Division after being fired from his old job. His previous work experience is in systems engineering. This job is a demotion for him; he sits at a desk all day proofreading nonsensical documents until he falls asleep. He tries to be grateful for his job, but he misses working with computers and feels like he is wasted potential. He spends his time trying his hardest to stay awake with food, coffee, and candy to no avail. He spends his free time with his girlfriend, whom his sister Yoshiko strongly dislikes. His story ends with him waking up and questioning his purpose, exactly how his story begins.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Black_bird_Oyamada.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Main characters","text":"Yoshiko Ushiyama regularly changes occupations until she lands a job within the factory shredding paper for seven-and-a-half hours a day. She spends most of her time wondering what her purpose at the factory actually is.\nYoshio Furufue is an academic who was recruited by the factory from his university to work on the grounds as a moss expert. He shows doubt in his ability to perform the vague tasks asked of him because he is just a student researcher, not a professional bryologist. In the novel, he goes from being a researcher to a corporate scientist. He is given complete freedom over his project with no deadlines and has unlimited resources. He is paid the most out of the three main characters and his status is also the highest in terms of job position in the factory.\nYoshiko Ushiyama's Unnamed Brother is essentially a proofreader who uses a certain set of codes and symbols to go through a large variety of papers and writings. His job is described as easy enough for a middle-schooler to do and impossible to mess up. It is gossiped that he only gained the job because of his girlfriend's status in the factory.\nGoto is the factory's middle manager and a part of the Print Services Branch Office. He conducts interviews and serves as the go-to person for Yoshiko Ushiyama, Yoshio Furufue, and Yoshiko's brother when they seek advice and instruction.A visual representation of what a cluster of Oyamada's Factory Shags might look like.","title":"Characters"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Secondary characters","text":"Kasumi\nItsumi-san\nThe Giant\nThe Captain\nHanzake\nIrinoi\nGlasses\nYoshiko Ushiyama's Brother's Girlfriend\nHikaru Samukawa\nHikaru Samukawa's Grandfather\nForest Pantser","title":"Characters"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Factory animals","text":"Factory Shags are large, flightless, and strikingly black birds that thrive in large groups.\nWasher Lizards are small, scaly reptiles that rely on washing machines for survival.\nGrayback Coypus are giant herbivorous rodents.","title":"Characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hiroko Oyamada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroko_Oyamada"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-5"}],"text":"Hiroko Oyamada's novella switches between first person perspectives of the three main characters; however, there is no identifying signal for each shift. Without any indicator of who is thinking in each section, it gives the novella a uniformity of consciousness between the main characters.[3] The perspectives become more interwoven the further one reads, sometimes switching perspectives mid-section and losing sequential order.[4] The concept of time disappears entirely, and at the end, the reader finds out fifteen years have passed without their knowing.[3] This endless confusion strengthens the feeling of powerlessness, recreating within the reader the mindless disconnect the factory workers experience.[4] As the novel progresses, the characters transition from a mild confusion to a self-aware acceptance and then to despair. Yoshiko comes to the realization that she actually does not want to work, that life means much more.[5]","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Themes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hiroko Oyamada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroko_Oyamada"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Proletariat literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proletarian_literature"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Japanese proletarian literature","text":"The author of the novel, Hiroko Oyamada, was once a temporary worker within an automaker's subsidiary.[6] Her experiences inspired the themes within this novel. The Factory criticizes the modern capitalist work environment by indicating the powerlessness of the working class.[7] The vague and suffocating daily routines of the working class reflect the structure of this society and its class division.[3] Proletariat literature's tradition highlights the position of the working class and their importance to the machine of capitalism. This genre often sides with Marxist theories which believe the working class is fundamental to the operation of society. This literature can increase tension between the proletariat (the wage workers) and the bourgeoisie (the wealth owners).[8]In The Factory, the factory workers represent the proletariat as they perform meaningless tasks at wage working jobs. They are not sure what their contributions to the factory are in terms of production and do not see the specific products of their labor.","title":"Themes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Franz Kafka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Kafka"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-5"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-5"}],"sub_title":"Kafkaesque","text":"The novels of Franz Kafka, the Czech writer known for his fictional worlds which are oppressive and sometimes nightmarish, are recalled in Oyamada's storytelling. The Factory has been written in a style similar to that of Kafka, and thus it is labeled \"kafkaesque.\" The novel's strange imagery and nonlinear writing structure invoke the imagination like Kafka's works do.[5][9] This can leave readers feeling uneasy or confused by what they have read. The story shifts point of view in very subtle ways and the descriptions of characters and events suddenly take a heavy and dark tone.[5] In this way, the novel leads people to compare the story's reality to their own. Kafka's works have the same effect on the readers.","title":"Themes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hiroko Oyamada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroko_Oyamada"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-6"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-5"}],"text":"Hiroko Oyamada has received awards and positive feedback for The Factory. She was awarded the Shincho Prize for New Writers [6] and the novel won the Sakunosuke Oda prize in 2013.[10] The London Magazine acknowledges the way Oyamada depicts her world's workplace environment and positively compares it to other contemporary works.[3] Publishers Weekly praises the capturing of the characters' roles, the way Oyamada skillfully structures the novel, and how the intentionally confusing experience of the characters becomes contagious to the reader.[4] The Kirkus Reviews commends Oyamada's ability to accurately represent Japan's monotonous and unusual vibe and points out the Kafkaesque and proletariat undertones.[4] The New York Times recognizes Oyamada's charisma and her deliberate non-linear structuring and also compliments the translator's smooth translation from Japanese to English.[5]","title":"Reception"}]	[{"image_text":"A visual representation of what a cluster of Oyamada's Factory Shags might look like.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Black_bird_Oyamada.jpg/357px-Black_bird_Oyamada.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Oyamada, Hiroko (2019). The factory. Hiroko Translation of : Oyamada, David Boyd. New York. ISBN 978-0-8112-2885-5. OCLC 1100424643.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1100424643","url_text":"The factory"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8112-2885-5","url_text":"978-0-8112-2885-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1100424643","url_text":"1100424643"}]},{"reference":"McCulloch, Alison (2019-11-29). \"Not Lost in Translation: Provocative Foreign Fiction\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2021-03-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/29/books/review/foreign-fiction-ambai-martin-michael-driessen-hiroko-oyamada-quim-monzo.html","url_text":"\"Not Lost in Translation: Provocative Foreign Fiction\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"Evershed, Megan (December 3, 2019). \"Review: The Factory by Hiroko Oyamada\". The London Magazine.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thelondonmagazine.org/review-the-factory-by-hiroko-oyamada/","url_text":"\"Review: The Factory by Hiroko Oyamada\""}]},{"reference":"\"Oyamada, Hiroko: THE FACTORY\". Kirkus Reviews. September 1, 2019.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Sehgal, Parul (2019-12-17). \"In 'The Factory,' a Mysterious Company Manufactures Fear\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2021-03-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/17/books/review-factory-hiroko-oyamada.html","url_text":"\"In 'The Factory,' a Mysterious Company Manufactures Fear\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"Boyd, by Hiroko Oyamada, translated from the Japanese by David (2019-09-04). \"From The Factory\". The Brooklyn Rail. Retrieved 2021-03-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://brooklynrail.org/2019/09/fiction/From-The-Factory","url_text":"\"From The Factory\""}]},{"reference":"Bowen-Struyk, Heather (2017-06-28). \"Japanese Proletarian Literature during the Red Decade, 1925–1935\". Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Literature. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190201098.013.196. ISBN 978-0-19-020109-8. Retrieved 2021-03-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://oxfordre.com/literature/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190201098.001.0001/acrefore-9780190201098-e-196","url_text":"\"Japanese Proletarian Literature during the Red Decade, 1925–1935\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780190201098.013.196","url_text":"10.1093/acrefore/9780190201098.013.196"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-020109-8","url_text":"978-0-19-020109-8"}]},{"reference":"Hoston, Germaine A. (1986). Marxism and the crisis of development in prewar Japan. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. p. 65. ISBN 0-691-07722-3. OCLC 13902837.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/13902837","url_text":"Marxism and the crisis of development in prewar Japan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-07722-3","url_text":"0-691-07722-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/13902837","url_text":"13902837"}]},{"reference":"Troscianko, Emily (May 2010). \"Kafkaesque worlds in real time\". Language and Literature. 19 (2): 151–171. doi:10.1177/0963947010362913. ISSN 0963-9470. S2CID 144707942.","urls":[{"url":"http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0963947010362913","url_text":"\"Kafkaesque worlds in real time\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0963947010362913","url_text":"10.1177/0963947010362913"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0963-9470","url_text":"0963-9470"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144707942","url_text":"144707942"}]},{"reference":"\"織田作之助賞受賞作・候補作一覧1-39回｜文学賞の世界\". prizesworld.com. Retrieved 2023-07-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://prizesworld.com/prizes/novel/odsk.htm","url_text":"\"織田作之助賞受賞作・候補作一覧1-39回｜文学賞の世界\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1100424643","external_links_name":"The factory"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1100424643","external_links_name":"1100424643"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/29/books/review/foreign-fiction-ambai-martin-michael-driessen-hiroko-oyamada-quim-monzo.html","external_links_name":"\"Not Lost in Translation: Provocative Foreign Fiction\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"},{"Link":"https://www.thelondonmagazine.org/review-the-factory-by-hiroko-oyamada/","external_links_name":"\"Review: The Factory by Hiroko Oyamada\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/17/books/review-factory-hiroko-oyamada.html","external_links_name":"\"In 'The Factory,' a Mysterious Company Manufactures Fear\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"},{"Link":"https://brooklynrail.org/2019/09/fiction/From-The-Factory","external_links_name":"\"From The Factory\""},{"Link":"https://oxfordre.com/literature/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190201098.001.0001/acrefore-9780190201098-e-196","external_links_name":"\"Japanese Proletarian Literature during the Red Decade, 1925–1935\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780190201098.013.196","external_links_name":"10.1093/acrefore/9780190201098.013.196"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/13902837","external_links_name":"Marxism and the crisis of development in prewar Japan"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/13902837","external_links_name":"13902837"},{"Link":"http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0963947010362913","external_links_name":"\"Kafkaesque worlds in real time\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0963947010362913","external_links_name":"10.1177/0963947010362913"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0963-9470","external_links_name":"0963-9470"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144707942","external_links_name":"144707942"},{"Link":"https://prizesworld.com/prizes/novel/odsk.htm","external_links_name":"\"織田作之助賞受賞作・候補作一覧1-39回｜文学賞の世界\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wynental_and_Suhrental_Railway	Wynental and Suhrental Railway	["1 History","1.1 The Wynental Railway","1.2 The Aarau-Schöftland Railway","1.3 The Wynental and Suhrental Railway","1.4 AAR bus+bahn","1.5 Aargau Verkehr","2 References","3 Literature","4 External links"]	Former railway company in Switzerland Wynental and Suhrental RailwayTrain carrying the WSB logoNative nameWynental- und SuhrentalbahnIndustryRail transportPredecessorAarau-Schöftland RailwayWynental RailwayFoundedJune 24, 1958; 65 years ago (1958-06-24)DefunctJune 19, 2018 (2018-06-19)SuccessorAargau VerkehrHeadquartersAarau, SwitzerlandArea servedCanton of AargauServicesMenziken–Aarau–Schöftland railway line The Wynental and Suhrental Railway (German: Wynental- und Suhrentalbahn, WSB) was a privately owned railway company in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland. It was formed by the merger of the Aarau-Schöftland Railway (German: Aarau-Schöftland Bahn, AS) with the Wynental Railway (German: Wynentalbahn, WTB) in 1958. It in turn merged with BDWM Transport in 2018 to form Aargau Verkehr (AVA). The company owned and operated the Menziken–Aarau–Schöftland railway line, a metre gauge railway line from Menziken to Schöftland via Aarau. The line continues to run, under the ownership of Aargau Verkehr. History The Wynental Railway In 1871, several municipalities in the Wynental founded a committee requesting a concession for two railway lines, from Aarau via Oberkulm to Reinach, and from Beinwil am See via Reinach to Menziken. Both were planned as standard gauge lines operated with steam engines. A year later the project was granted by the authorities of the canton Aargau, but was not executed, mainly due to disagreements over the exact line through the narrow valley. Eventually the section between Beinwil am See and Menziken was built and opened in 1883 by the Seetal Railway (now SBB). Later on, this route was extended to Münster (today's Beromünster). Eventually, the Wynental municipalities came to the conclusion that a narrow-gauge electric tram would be more economic. In January 1903 construction works were started. The opening of the Wynentalbahn (WTB) between Aarau and Reinach was on March 5, 1904, the extension to Menziken followed a few weeks later on 1 May. Originally the line had its starting point in the street on the north side of SBB's Aarau railway station. In 1924, the WTB opened its own station south of the SBB railway lines. The Aarau-Schöftland Railway 1905 AS Railcar in Oberentfelden In the Suhrental too, there were thoughts about constructing a railway. Here, however, from the beginning on, a narrow gauge electrically powered line was planned, in the largest part of the route to be operated as a tramway. The project of the company Brown, Boveri & Cie (BBC) received the license and soon thereafter the construction works began. The Aarau-Schöftland Railway (AS) started operation on November 19, 1901. The planned extension of the AS from Schöftland to Triengen (connecting to the Sursee-Triengen-Bahn) was never realized. Like the Wynental Railway, the Aarau-Schöftland Railway had its starting point in the street on the north side of SBB's Aarau railway station. When the Wynental terminus was moved south of the station, the connection between the two lines was lost. The Wynental and Suhrental Railway On 24 June 1958 the AS and WTB companies were merged to form the Wynental- und Suhrentalbahn (WSB). The new company faced two challenges; the fact that its two lines were not physically connected and the impact on services caused by increasing motor traffic interfering with its still largely street running tracks. The first step to address these came in 1967, when the former AS branch relocated from its city centre street track into a 260-metre (850 ft) tunnel leading to the former WTB station on the south side of the SBB station. Elsewhere on the line, steps were taken to move the tracks away from the main roads. In the villages however, space was often limited, so the railway line had to be separated from the road completely. A main step was the complete change of the route in Gränichen, on the line through the Wynental, in 1985. Nevertheless, there were still many long stretches with tramway-like characteristics, in particular in Reinach and Menziken in the upper Wynental. In 1991, passenger traffic on the SBB line from Beinwil am See to Beromünster was abandoned, and plans were set for the relocation of the WSB route to the now vacant SBB route. The adaptation work started in 1999 after the cessation of freight traffic. The new section Reinach Nord - Menziken was finally opened on 15 December 2002. On 5 December 2004, the line through Muhen, on the line through the Suhrental, was diverted away from the road. Between 2008 and 2010, the section of the Wynental line between Aarau and Suhr, which ran in the Kantonsstrasse K 242, was closed. It was replaced by a new route between the two places, operating on the right of way of the closed SBB standard gauge branch that roughly paralleled the former route. As part of this work, a new underpass was constructed to take the narrow gauge line under the SBB's Zofingen to Wettingen line and new platforms built at Suhr station providing direct interchange between the two lines. This section was operational on 22 November 2010. AAR bus+bahn In 2002, the WSB launched an umbrella brand, known as AAR bus+bahn, along with Busbetrieb Aarau (BBA), the local bus operator in the city of Aarau. Vehicles of both undertakings prominently displayed the AAR bus+bahn brand, displacing their own brandings. The two companies shared some senior managers, but remained legally distinct. Aargau Verkehr On 19 June 2018, the Wynental and Suhrental Railway merged with BDWM Transport (another narrow-gauge railway in the canton of Aargau) to form Aargau Verkehr. One of the consequences of this was the dissolving of the AAR bus+bahn umbrella brand, with Aargau Verkehr and Busbetrieb Aarau operating under their own brands and having their own management teams. References ^ a b c d e Peter J. Walker (1964). Rails through the Suhre and Wyna Valleys, Switzerland. London: Light Railway Transport League. ISBN 0900433256. ^ Hartmann, Silvan (14 Oct 2010). "Die Mängelliste der WSB ist vier Seiten lang" . az Aargauer Zeitung (in German). Aarau: AZ Medien. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 25 Mar 2012. ^ a b Helbling, Urs (17 March 2018). "«AAR bus+bahn» verschwindet: Die Aarauer haben ihre BBA zurück". Aargauer Zeitung. Archived from the original on 17 March 2018. ^ Helbling, Uls (19 June 2018). "Historisches Ereignis: Die Fusion aller Aargauer Bahnen ist geschafft". Aargauer Zeitung (in Swiss High German). Archived from the original on 20 June 2018. Retrieved 6 March 2020. Literature Peter J. Walker (1964). Rails through the Suhre and Wyna Valleys, Switzerland. London: Light Railway Transport League. ISBN 0900433256. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wyna Valley and Suhre Valley Railway. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway"},{"link_name":"canton of Aargau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton_of_Aargau"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"BDWM Transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BDWM_Transport"},{"link_name":"Aargau Verkehr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aargau_Verkehr"},{"link_name":"Menziken–Aarau–Schöftland railway line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menziken%E2%80%93Aarau%E2%80%93Sch%C3%B6ftland_railway_line"},{"link_name":"metre gauge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre_gauge"},{"link_name":"Menziken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menziken"},{"link_name":"Schöftland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sch%C3%B6ftland"},{"link_name":"Aarau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aarau"}],"text":"The Wynental and Suhrental Railway (German: Wynental- und Suhrentalbahn, WSB) was a privately owned railway company in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland. It was formed by the merger of the Aarau-Schöftland Railway (German: Aarau-Schöftland Bahn, AS) with the Wynental Railway (German: Wynentalbahn, WTB) in 1958. It in turn merged with BDWM Transport in 2018 to form Aargau Verkehr (AVA).The company owned and operated the Menziken–Aarau–Schöftland railway line, a metre gauge railway line from Menziken to Schöftland via Aarau. The line continues to run, under the ownership of Aargau Verkehr.","title":"Wynental and Suhrental Railway"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wynental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wynental"},{"link_name":"Aarau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aarau"},{"link_name":"Oberkulm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberkulm"},{"link_name":"Reinach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinach,_Aargau"},{"link_name":"Beinwil am See","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beinwil_am_See"},{"link_name":"Menziken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menziken"},{"link_name":"standard gauge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_gauge"},{"link_name":"Seetal Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seetal_Railway"},{"link_name":"Beromünster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berom%C3%BCnster"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pjw-1"},{"link_name":"SBB's Aarau railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aarau_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pjw-1"}],"sub_title":"The Wynental Railway","text":"In 1871, several municipalities in the Wynental founded a committee requesting a concession for two railway lines, from Aarau via Oberkulm to Reinach, and from Beinwil am See via Reinach to Menziken. Both were planned as standard gauge lines operated with steam engines. A year later the project was granted by the authorities of the canton Aargau, but was not executed, mainly due to disagreements over the exact line through the narrow valley. Eventually the section between Beinwil am See and Menziken was built and opened in 1883 by the Seetal Railway (now SBB). Later on, this route was extended to Münster (today's Beromünster).[1]Eventually, the Wynental municipalities came to the conclusion that a narrow-gauge electric tram would be more economic. In January 1903 construction works were started. The opening of the Wynentalbahn (WTB) between Aarau and Reinach was on March 5, 1904, the extension to Menziken followed a few weeks later on 1 May. Originally the line had its starting point in the street on the north side of SBB's Aarau railway station. In 1924, the WTB opened its own station south of the SBB railway lines.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Suhrentalbahn_Aarau_-_Sch%C3%B6ftland.jpg"},{"link_name":"Suhrental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suhrental"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown,_Boveri_%26_Cie"},{"link_name":"Schöftland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sch%C3%B6ftland"},{"link_name":"Triengen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triengen"},{"link_name":"Sursee-Triengen-Bahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sursee-Triengen-Bahn"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pjw-1"},{"link_name":"SBB's Aarau railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aarau_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pjw-1"}],"sub_title":"The Aarau-Schöftland Railway","text":"1905 AS Railcar in OberentfeldenIn the Suhrental too, there were thoughts about constructing a railway. Here, however, from the beginning on, a narrow gauge electrically powered line was planned, in the largest part of the route to be operated as a tramway. The project of the company Brown, Boveri & Cie (BBC) received the license and soon thereafter the construction works began. The Aarau-Schöftland Railway (AS) started operation on November 19, 1901. The planned extension of the AS from Schöftland to Triengen (connecting to the Sursee-Triengen-Bahn) was never realized.[1]Like the Wynental Railway, the Aarau-Schöftland Railway had its starting point in the street on the north side of SBB's Aarau railway station. When the Wynental terminus was moved south of the station, the connection between the two lines was lost.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wynental- und Suhrentalbahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wynental-_und_Suhrentalbahn"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pjw-1"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Gränichen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A4nichen"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Muhen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhen"},{"link_name":"Suhr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suhr,_Aargau"},{"link_name":"Zofingen to Wettingen line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zofingen%E2%80%93Wettingen_railway_line"},{"link_name":"Suhr station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suhr_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"sub_title":"The Wynental and Suhrental Railway","text":"On 24 June 1958 the AS and WTB companies were merged to form the Wynental- und Suhrentalbahn (WSB).[1] The new company faced two challenges; the fact that its two lines were not physically connected and the impact on services caused by increasing motor traffic interfering with its still largely street running tracks. The first step to address these came in 1967, when the former AS branch relocated from its city centre street track into a 260-metre (850 ft) tunnel leading to the former WTB station on the south side of the SBB station.[citation needed]Elsewhere on the line, steps were taken to move the tracks away from the main roads. In the villages however, space was often limited, so the railway line had to be separated from the road completely. A main step was the complete change of the route in Gränichen, on the line through the Wynental, in 1985. Nevertheless, there were still many long stretches with tramway-like characteristics, in particular in Reinach and Menziken in the upper Wynental. In 1991, passenger traffic on the SBB line from Beinwil am See to Beromünster was abandoned, and plans were set for the relocation of the WSB route to the now vacant SBB route. The adaptation work started in 1999 after the cessation of freight traffic. The new section Reinach Nord - Menziken was finally opened on 15 December 2002.[citation needed]On 5 December 2004, the line through Muhen, on the line through the Suhrental, was diverted away from the road. Between 2008 and 2010, the section of the Wynental line between Aarau and Suhr, which ran in the Kantonsstrasse K 242, was closed. It was replaced by a new route between the two places, operating on the right of way of the closed SBB standard gauge branch that roughly paralleled the former route. As part of this work, a new underpass was constructed to take the narrow gauge line under the SBB's Zofingen to Wettingen line and new platforms built at Suhr station providing direct interchange between the two lines. This section was operational on 22 November 2010.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AAR bus+bahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AAR_bus%2Bbahn"},{"link_name":"Busbetrieb Aarau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Busbetrieb_Aarau"},{"link_name":"Aarau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aarau"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uhaar-3"}],"sub_title":"AAR bus+bahn","text":"In 2002, the WSB launched an umbrella brand, known as AAR bus+bahn, along with Busbetrieb Aarau (BBA), the local bus operator in the city of Aarau. Vehicles of both undertakings prominently displayed the AAR bus+bahn brand, displacing their own brandings. The two companies shared some senior managers, but remained legally distinct.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BDWM Transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BDWM_Transport"},{"link_name":"Aargau Verkehr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aargau_Verkehr"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uhaar-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Aargau Verkehr","text":"On 19 June 2018, the Wynental and Suhrental Railway merged with BDWM Transport (another narrow-gauge railway in the canton of Aargau) to form Aargau Verkehr. One of the consequences of this was the dissolving of the AAR bus+bahn umbrella brand, with Aargau Verkehr and Busbetrieb Aarau operating under their own brands and having their own management teams.[3][4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Light Railway Transport League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_Railway_Transport_League"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0900433256","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0900433256"}],"text":"Peter J. Walker (1964). Rails through the Suhre and Wyna Valleys, Switzerland. London: Light Railway Transport League. ISBN 0900433256.","title":"Literature"}]	[{"image_text":"1905 AS Railcar in Oberentfelden","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Suhrentalbahn_Aarau_-_Sch%C3%B6ftland.jpg/220px-Suhrentalbahn_Aarau_-_Sch%C3%B6ftland.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Peter J. Walker (1964). Rails through the Suhre and Wyna Valleys, Switzerland. London: Light Railway Transport League. ISBN 0900433256.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_Railway_Transport_League","url_text":"Light Railway Transport League"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0900433256","url_text":"0900433256"}]},{"reference":"Hartmann, Silvan (14 Oct 2010). \"Die Mängelliste der WSB ist vier Seiten lang\" [The list of shortcomings of the WSB is four pages long]. az Aargauer Zeitung (in German). Aarau: AZ Medien. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 25 Mar 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.aargauerzeitung.ch/aargau/aarau/die-maengelliste-der-wsb-ist-vier-seiten-lang-100012106","url_text":"\"Die Mängelliste der WSB ist vier Seiten lang\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304025511/http://www.aargauerzeitung.ch/aargau/aarau/die-maengelliste-der-wsb-ist-vier-seiten-lang-100012106","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Helbling, Urs (17 March 2018). \"«AAR bus+bahn» verschwindet: Die Aarauer haben ihre BBA zurück\". Aargauer Zeitung. Archived from the original on 17 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aargauerzeitung.ch/aargau/aarau/aar-busbahn-verschwindet-die-aarauer-haben-ihre-bba-zurueck-132329705","url_text":"\"«AAR bus+bahn» verschwindet: Die Aarauer haben ihre BBA zurück\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180317054846/https://www.aargauerzeitung.ch/aargau/aarau/aar-busbahn-verschwindet-die-aarauer-haben-ihre-bba-zurueck-132329705","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Helbling, Uls (19 June 2018). \"Historisches Ereignis: Die Fusion aller Aargauer Bahnen ist geschafft\". Aargauer Zeitung (in Swiss High German). Archived from the original on 20 June 2018. Retrieved 6 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aargauerzeitung.ch/aargau/aarau/historisches-ereignis-die-fusion-aller-aargauer-bahnen-ist-geschafft-132710490","url_text":"\"Historisches Ereignis: Die Fusion aller Aargauer Bahnen ist geschafft\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aargauer_Zeitung","url_text":"Aargauer Zeitung"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180620080502/https://www.aargauerzeitung.ch/aargau/aarau/historisches-ereignis-die-fusion-aller-aargauer-bahnen-ist-geschafft-132710490","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Peter J. Walker (1964). Rails through the Suhre and Wyna Valleys, Switzerland. London: Light Railway Transport League. ISBN 0900433256.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_Railway_Transport_League","url_text":"Light Railway Transport League"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0900433256","url_text":"0900433256"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.aargauerzeitung.ch/aargau/aarau/die-maengelliste-der-wsb-ist-vier-seiten-lang-100012106","external_links_name":"\"Die Mängelliste der WSB ist vier Seiten lang\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304025511/http://www.aargauerzeitung.ch/aargau/aarau/die-maengelliste-der-wsb-ist-vier-seiten-lang-100012106","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.aargauerzeitung.ch/aargau/aarau/aar-busbahn-verschwindet-die-aarauer-haben-ihre-bba-zurueck-132329705","external_links_name":"\"«AAR bus+bahn» verschwindet: Die Aarauer haben ihre BBA zurück\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180317054846/https://www.aargauerzeitung.ch/aargau/aarau/aar-busbahn-verschwindet-die-aarauer-haben-ihre-bba-zurueck-132329705","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.aargauerzeitung.ch/aargau/aarau/historisches-ereignis-die-fusion-aller-aargauer-bahnen-ist-geschafft-132710490","external_links_name":"\"Historisches Ereignis: Die Fusion aller Aargauer Bahnen ist geschafft\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180620080502/https://www.aargauerzeitung.ch/aargau/aarau/historisches-ereignis-die-fusion-aller-aargauer-bahnen-ist-geschafft-132710490","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000107227871","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/134367644","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n87880306","external_links_name":"United States"}]

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