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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelidiales
Gelidiales
["1 References","2 External links"]
Order of algae Gelidiales Gelidium corneum Scientific classification (unranked): Archaeplastida Division: Rhodophyta Class: Florideophyceae Subclass: Rhodymeniophycidae Order: GelidialesKylin Families Gelidiaceae Gelidiellaceae Orthogonacladiaceae Pterocladiaceae The Gelidiales is a small order of red algae containing ten genera, and approximately 130–160 species, many of which are used to make agar. References ^ "Gelidiales". www.gbif.org. Retrieved 4 August 2022. External links Tree of Life: Gelidiales Drying Gelidium amansii to make agar Taxon identifiersGelidiales Wikidata: Q3022160 Wikispecies: Gelidiales AlgaeBase: 4616 BOLD: 64659 CoL: 399 EoL: 4565 GBIF: 1398 iNaturalist: 67668 IRMNG: 12818 ITIS: 846563 NBN: NHMSYS0021060087 NCBI: 31399 NZOR: 57eaf94a-ae61-43c8-9dab-8c83b9789b97 Open Tree of Life: 238991 Tropicos: 100364814 uBio: 598319 WFO: wfo-9000000221 WoRMS: 146315 Authority control databases: National Israel This Rhodophyta-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsurui_Station
Tsurui Station
["1 Lines","2 Station layout","2.1 Platforms","3 Adjacent stations","4 History","5 Passenger statistics","6 Surrounding area","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]
Coordinates: 35°01′25″N 134°45′17″E / 35.023702°N 134.754778°E / 35.023702; 134.754778Railway station in Ichikawa, Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan Tsurui Station鶴居駅Tsurui Station building in April 2009General informationLocation27 Tsurui, Ichikawa-chō, Kanzaki-gun, Hyōgo-ken 679-2334JapanCoordinates35°01′25″N 134°45′17″E / 35.023702°N 134.754778°E / 35.023702; 134.754778Owned by West Japan Railway CompanyOperated by West Japan Railway CompanyLine(s) Bantan LineDistance24.5 km (15.2 mi) from HimejiPlatforms2 side platformsConnections Bus stop Other informationStatusUnstaffedWebsiteOfficial websiteHistoryOpened26 July 1894 (1894-07-26)PassengersFY2016241 daily LocationTsurui StationLocation within Hyōgo PrefectureShow map of Hyōgo PrefectureTsurui StationTsurui Station (Japan)Show map of Japan Tsurui Station (鶴居駅, Tsurui-eki) is a passenger railway station located in the town of Ichikawa, Kanzaki District, Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan, operated by West Japan Railway Company (JR West). Lines Tsurui Station is served by the Bantan Line, and is located 24.5 kilometers from the terminus of the line at Himeji. Station layout The station consists of two opposed side platforms connected to the station building by a footbridge. The station is unattended. Platforms 1 ■  Bantan Line for Fukusaki and Himeji 2 ■  Bantan Line for Teramae, Wadayama Adjacent stations « Service » West Japan Railway Company Bantan Line Limited Express Hamakaze: Does not stop at this station Amaji   Local   Niino History Tsurui Station opened on July 26, 1894. With the privatization of the Japan National Railways (JNR) on April 1, 1987, the station came under the aegis of the West Japan Railway Company. Passenger statistics In fiscal 2016, the station was used by an average of 241 passengers daily. Surrounding area Ichikawa Municipal Tsurui Elementary School See also List of railway stations in Japan References ^ 兵庫県統計書令和元年(2019) (in Japanese). Japan: Hyogo Prefecture. 2017. Retrieved 11 May 2022. External links Media related to Tsurui Station at Wikimedia Commons Official website (in Japanese) vteStations of the Bantan Line Himeji Kyōguchi Nozato Tohori Nibuno Kōro Mizoguchi Fukusaki Amaji Tsurui Niino Teramae Hase Ikuno Nii Aokura Takeda Wadayama Shikamakō Line (abandoned): Shikamakō Shikama Kameyama Himeji J This Hyōgo Prefecture railroad station-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinca_Nuclear_Institute
Vinča Nuclear Institute
["1 History","1.1 1958 reactor incident","1.2 Removal of radioactive waste","2 Press","3 References","4 External links"]
Coordinates: 44°45′30″N 20°35′46″E / 44.7582923°N 20.5962003°E / 44.7582923; 20.5962003Nuclear physics research organization in Serbia 44°45′30″N 20°35′46″E / 44.7582923°N 20.5962003°E / 44.7582923; 20.5962003 Vinča Nuclear InstituteOfficial logoNative nameВинча ИнститутFormerlyInstitute for PhysicsFounded1 October 1948; 75 years ago (1948-10-01)HeadquartersVinča, SerbiaKey peopleZlatko Rakočević (Acting Director)Revenue €16.77 million (2017)Net income €0.22 million (2017)Total assets €25.20 million (2017)Total equity €11.67 million (2017)Number of employees796 (2017)Websitewww.vin.bg.ac.rs/en/ The Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences is a nuclear physics research institution near Belgrade, Serbia. Since its founding, the institute has also conducted research in the fields in physics, chemistry and biology. The scholarly institute is part of the University of Belgrade. History The institute was established in 1948 as the Institute for Physics. Several different research groups started in the 1950s, and two research reactors were built. The institute operates two research reactors; RA and RB. The research reactors were supplied by the USSR. The larger of the two reactors was rated at 6.5 MW and used Soviet-supplied 80% enriched uranium fuel. The nuclear research program ended in 1968; the reactors were switched off in 1984. 1958 reactor incident On 15 October 1958, there was a criticality accident at one of the research reactors. Six workers received large doses of radiation. One died shortly afterwards; the other five received the first ever bone marrow transplants in Europe. Six young researchers, all between 24 and 26 years of age, were conducting an experiment on the reactor, and the results were to be used by one student for his thesis. At some point, they smelled the strong scent of ozone. It took them 10 minutes to discover the origin of the ozone, but by that time they were already irradiated. The news was briefly broadcast by the state agency Tanjug, but the news on the incident was then suppressed. The reasons included the fact that the state commission concluded that the incident was caused by the researchers' carelessness and indiscipline. The patients were first treated in Belgrade, under the care of Dr. Vasa Janković. Thanks to the personal connections of the Institute director Pavle Savić, who was a collaborator of Irène and Frédéric Joliot-Curie, they were transferred to the Curie Institute in Paris. In Paris, they were treated by oncologist Georges Mathé. Five researchers were heavily radiated: Rosanda Dangubić, Života Vranić, Radojko Maksić, Draško Grujić and Stijepo Hajduković, while Živorad Bogojević received a low dose of radiation. Mathé operated on all five of them, performing the first successful allogeneic bone marrow transplant ever performed on unrelated human beings. The donors were all French: Marcel Pabion, Albert Biron, Raymond Castanier, and Odette Draghi—mother of four young children. The fifth donor was Léon Schwartzenberg , a member of Mathé's team. On 11 November 1958, Maksić became the first man to receive a graft from an unrelated donor (Pabion). Out of five treated patients, only Vranić died. The others recovered and returned to Belgrade to continue working in Vinča or other institutes. Several years later, Dangubić gave birth to a healthy baby girl. Removal of radioactive waste In the 1980s, the waste was kept in the open. The waste was then transferred into two hangars, H1 and H2, while the ground was remediated. Until 1990, the waste from the entire country of Yugoslavia was stored in Vinča. H2 also harbors the barrels with the depleted uranium and DU bullets, remnants of the ammunition collected on four locations in south Serbia after the 1999 NATO bombing of Serbia. Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences In August 2002, a joint US-Russian mission removed 100 pounds of highly enriched uranium from the Vinča Nuclear Institute, to be flown to Russia. In 2009, it was reported that the nuclear fuel storage pool, containing large quantities of radioactive waste, was in poor condition. In 2010, 2.5 tonnes of waste, including 13 kg of 80% highly enriched uranium, were transported from Vinča to a reprocessing facility at Mayak, Russia. This was the IAEA's largest ever technical cooperation project, and thousands of police protected the convoys. Removal of the nuclear waste allows decommissioning of Vinča's remaining reactor to be completed. In 2012 the Law on Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety was adopted. It envisioned that within 10 years, that is by 2022, the waste from Vinča must be transferred to the permanent and safe depository location. A new and modern hangar, H3, was built in the meantime but due to the legal procedures and licensing problems it is still closed. Though, it is meant to be only a transition location where the processed waste from H1 is to be kept before being transported to the permanent location. Still, as of 2018, large quantities of nuclear waste remain in the institute, the permanent location hasn't been selected, and the waste is not being treated and processed at all. The waste in Vinča is of low to mid-level radioactivity, which means it is potentially hazardous for the health and safety of the wider area of Serbia, not just for Belgrade. Additionally, after removing all the radioactive waste, the institute can truly be transformed into the modern scientific-business park. Press Vinča Nuclear Institute is a publisher of three journals, and among them two journals are listed in Scopus and WoS: Thermal Science and Nuclear Technology & Radiation Protection. References ^ a b "КОНСОЛИДОВАНИ БИЛАНС УСПЕХА (2017) - Vinča Institut". apr.gov.rs (in Serbian). Retrieved 26 September 2018. ^ a b "КОНСОЛИДОВАНИ БИЛАНС СТАЊА (2017) - Vinča Institut". apr.gov.rs (in Serbian). Retrieved 26 September 2018. ^ "Izdanje 23. jun 2017. - broj 61" (PDF). pravno-informacioni-sistem.rs (in Serbian). Službeni Glasnik RS. 23 June 2017. p. 38. Retrieved 25 September 2018. ^ "Vinca Special Weapons Facilities - Serbia". Retrieved 2011-01-02. ^ "Members of the University of Belgrade - Vinča Institute of Nuclear Science". Archived from the original on 2011-05-26. Retrieved 2011-04-19. ^ "Vinca Special Weapons Facilities - Serbia". Retrieved 2011-01-02. ^ "Former Yugoslavia: Research Reactor Details - RA". Retrieved 2011-01-02. ^ "Former Yugoslavia: Research Reactor Details - RB". Retrieved 2011-01-02. ^ "Q&A: Fuel Repatriation Project from Vinca Institute". Retrieved 2011-01-02. ^ "1958-01-01". Retrieved 2011-01-02. ^ Vinca reactor accident, 1958, compiled by Wm. Robert Johnston ^ Nuove esplosioni a Fukushima: danni al nocciolo. Ue: “In Giappone l’apocalisse”, 14 marzo 2011 ^ a b Novović, Budo (16 October 2011), "Miris iz pedeset osme" , Politika (in Serbian) ^ Martin, Douglas (20 October 2010). "Dr. Georges Mathé, Transplant Pioneer, Dies at 88". New York Times. ^ a b c Aleksandar Apostolovski (12 February 2018). "Nuklearna sigurnost u zarđalim buradima" . Politika (in Serbian). pp. 01 & 07. ^ Warrick, Joby (August 23, 2002). "Risky Stash of Uranium Secured". The Washington Post. ^ Vasovic, Aleksandar (2009-06-23). "Serbs send nuclear fuel to Russia, citing security". Reuters. Retrieved 2011-01-02. ^ "NTI Commits $5 Million To Help Secure Vulnerable Nuclear Weapons Material" (PDF). Retrieved 2011-01-02. ^ "Serbia gets rid of dangerous nuclear material (SETimes.com)". Retrieved 2011-01-02. ^ "Massive Operation Safely Secures Serbian Nuclear Fuel in Russia". Retrieved 2011-01-02. ^ "Nuclear decommissioning of Vinča this year". Archived from the original on 2012-11-04. Retrieved 2011-01-02. ^ Journals Published by the Institute (retrieved 2021-10-29) External links Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences vteUniversity of BelgradeFaculties Faculty of Architecture Faculty of Economics School of Electrical Engineering Faculty of Law Faculty of Medicine Faculty of Organizational Sciences Faculty of Orthodox Theology Faculty of Philology Faculty of Philosophy Faculty of Political Sciences Faculty of Security Studies Facilities Belgrade University Library Captain Miša's Mansion Centre for Ancient Epigraphy and Numismatics Institute of Mental Health Jevremovac Botanical Garden Mihajlo Pupin Institute Radmilovac Experimental Farm Subotica Law School Vinča Nuclear Institute University Hospital Center Dr Dragiša Mišović Publications Annals of the Faculty of Law in Belgrade Serbian Astronomical Journal Journal of Mining and Metallurgy Academic life Belgrade Competition in Oratory Fulbright Scholars from Belgrade Faculty of Law Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National United States
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The larger of the two reactors was rated at 6.5 MW and used Soviet-supplied 80% enriched uranium fuel.[9]The nuclear research program ended in 1968; the reactors were switched off in 1984.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"criticality accident","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticality_accident"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"bone marrow transplants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_marrow_transplant"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"thesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thesis"},{"link_name":"Tanjug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanjug"},{"link_name":"Pavle Savić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavle_Savi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Irène","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ir%C3%A8ne_Joliot-Curie"},{"link_name":"Frédéric Joliot-Curie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Joliot-Curie"},{"link_name":"Curie Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curie_Institute_(Paris)"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Politika-13"},{"link_name":"Georges Mathé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Math%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"bone marrow transplant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_marrow_transplant"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Léon Schwartzenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A9on_Schwartzenberg&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Schwartzenberg"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Politika-13"}],"sub_title":"1958 reactor incident","text":"On 15 October 1958, there was a criticality accident at one of the research reactors. Six workers received large doses of radiation. One died shortly afterwards; [10] the other five received the first ever bone marrow transplants in Europe.[11][12]Six young researchers, all between 24 and 26 years of age, were conducting an experiment on the reactor, and the results were to be used by one student for his thesis. At some point, they smelled the strong scent of ozone. It took them 10 minutes to discover the origin of the ozone, but by that time they were already irradiated. The news was briefly broadcast by the state agency Tanjug, but the news on the incident was then suppressed. The reasons included the fact that the state commission concluded that the incident was caused by the researchers' carelessness and indiscipline. The patients were first treated in Belgrade, under the care of Dr. Vasa Janković. Thanks to the personal connections of the Institute director Pavle Savić, who was a collaborator of Irène and Frédéric Joliot-Curie, they were transferred to the Curie Institute in Paris.[13]In Paris, they were treated by oncologist Georges Mathé. Five researchers were heavily radiated: Rosanda Dangubić, Života Vranić, Radojko Maksić, Draško Grujić and Stijepo Hajduković, while Živorad Bogojević received a low dose of radiation. Mathé operated on all five of them, performing the first successful allogeneic bone marrow transplant ever performed on unrelated human beings.[14] The donors were all French: Marcel Pabion, Albert Biron, Raymond Castanier, and Odette Draghi—mother of four young children. The fifth donor was Léon Schwartzenberg [fr], a member of Mathé's team. On 11 November 1958, Maksić became the first man to receive a graft from an unrelated donor (Pabion). Out of five treated patients, only Vranić died. The others recovered and returned to Belgrade to continue working in Vinča or other institutes. Several years later, Dangubić gave birth to a healthy baby girl.[13]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"depleted uranium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depleted_uranium"},{"link_name":"1999 NATO bombing of Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_NATO_bombing_of_Serbia"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-burad-15"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Defense.gov_News_Photo_990529-O-9999M-005.jpg"},{"link_name":"highly enriched uranium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highly_Enriched_Uranium"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-16"},{"link_name":"radioactive waste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactive_waste"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Mayak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayak"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"IAEA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAEA"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-burad-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-burad-15"}],"sub_title":"Removal of radioactive waste","text":"In the 1980s, the waste was kept in the open. The waste was then transferred into two hangars, H1 and H2, while the ground was remediated. Until 1990, the waste from the entire country of Yugoslavia was stored in Vinča. H2 also harbors the barrels with the depleted uranium and DU bullets, remnants of the ammunition collected on four locations in south Serbia after the 1999 NATO bombing of Serbia.[15]Vinča Institute of Nuclear SciencesIn August 2002, a joint US-Russian mission removed 100 pounds of highly enriched uranium from the Vinča Nuclear Institute, to be flown to Russia.[16]In 2009, it was reported that the nuclear fuel storage pool, containing large quantities of radioactive waste, was in poor condition.[17]In 2010, 2.5 tonnes of waste, including 13 kg of 80% highly enriched uranium, were transported from Vinča to a reprocessing facility at Mayak, Russia.[18] This was the IAEA's largest ever technical cooperation project, and thousands of police protected the convoys.[19][20]Removal of the nuclear waste allows decommissioning of Vinča's remaining reactor to be completed.[21]In 2012 the Law on Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety was adopted. It envisioned that within 10 years, that is by 2022, the waste from Vinča must be transferred to the permanent and safe depository location. A new and modern hangar, H3, was built in the meantime but due to the legal procedures and licensing problems it is still closed. Though, it is meant to be only a transition location where the processed waste from H1 is to be kept before being transported to the permanent location. Still, as of 2018, large quantities of nuclear waste remain in the institute, the permanent location hasn't been selected, and the waste is not being treated and processed at all.[15]The waste in Vinča is of low to mid-level radioactivity, which means it is potentially hazardous for the health and safety of the wider area of Serbia, not just for Belgrade. Additionally, after removing all the radioactive waste, the institute can truly be transformed into the modern scientific-business park.[15]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scopus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scopus"},{"link_name":"WoS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_of_Science"},{"link_name":"Thermal Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_Science"},{"link_name":"Nuclear Technology & Radiation Protection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NUCLEAR_TECHNOLOGY_AND_RADIATION_PROTECTION&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"Vinča Nuclear Institute is a publisher of three journals, and among them two journals are listed in Scopus and WoS: Thermal Science and Nuclear Technology & Radiation Protection. [22]","title":"Press"}]
[{"image_text":"Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Defense.gov_News_Photo_990529-O-9999M-005.jpg/250px-Defense.gov_News_Photo_990529-O-9999M-005.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"КОНСОЛИДОВАНИ БИЛАНС УСПЕХА (2017) - Vinča Institut\". apr.gov.rs (in Serbian). Retrieved 26 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://pretraga3.apr.gov.rs/docRepo/download?xbcd=7100056653731&xrnd=1D556A7669DCD3D058F1989973D801DB8AD0E05F","url_text":"\"КОНСОЛИДОВАНИ БИЛАНС УСПЕХА (2017) - Vinča Institut\""}]},{"reference":"\"КОНСОЛИДОВАНИ БИЛАНС СТАЊА (2017) - Vinča Institut\". apr.gov.rs (in Serbian). Retrieved 26 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://pretraga3.apr.gov.rs/docRepo/download?xbcd=7100056653717&xrnd=0C388474BEA4CEDCC1C1FF269A014F3D7A0F1F5B","url_text":"\"КОНСОЛИДОВАНИ БИЛАНС СТАЊА (2017) - Vinča Institut\""}]},{"reference":"\"Izdanje 23. jun 2017. - broj 61\" (PDF). pravno-informacioni-sistem.rs (in Serbian). Službeni Glasnik RS. 23 June 2017. p. 38. Retrieved 25 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pravno-informacioni-sistem.rs/SlGlasnikPortal/viewdoc?uuid=2d5a7f32-f678-4653-857c-e2a2f72ec75c","url_text":"\"Izdanje 23. jun 2017. - broj 61\""}]},{"reference":"\"Vinca Special Weapons Facilities - Serbia\". Retrieved 2011-01-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/serbia/facility/vinca.htm","url_text":"\"Vinca Special Weapons Facilities - Serbia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Members of the University of Belgrade - Vinča Institute of Nuclear Science\". Archived from the original on 2011-05-26. Retrieved 2011-04-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110526022807/http://www.bg.ac.rs/eng/memb/inst/en_instvinca.php","url_text":"\"Members of the University of Belgrade - Vinča Institute of Nuclear Science\""},{"url":"http://www.bg.ac.rs/eng/memb/inst/en_instvinca.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Vinca Special Weapons Facilities - Serbia\". Retrieved 2011-01-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/world/serbia/vinca.htm","url_text":"\"Vinca Special Weapons Facilities - Serbia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Former Yugoslavia: Research Reactor Details - RA\". Retrieved 2011-01-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iaea.org/cgi-bin/rrdb.page.pl/rrdeta.htm?country=YU&site=RA&facno=584","url_text":"\"Former Yugoslavia: Research Reactor Details - RA\""}]},{"reference":"\"Former Yugoslavia: Research Reactor Details - RB\". Retrieved 2011-01-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iaea.org/cgi-bin/rrdb.page.pl/rrdeta.htm?country=YU&site=RB&facno=585","url_text":"\"Former Yugoslavia: Research Reactor Details - RB\""}]},{"reference":"\"Q&A: Fuel Repatriation Project from Vinca Institute\". Retrieved 2011-01-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iaea.org/newscenter/news/2010/vinca-qa.html","url_text":"\"Q&A: Fuel Repatriation Project from Vinca Institute\""}]},{"reference":"\"1958-01-01\". Retrieved 2011-01-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/nuclear/radevents/1958YUG1.html","url_text":"\"1958-01-01\""}]},{"reference":"Novović, Budo (16 October 2011), \"Miris iz pedeset osme\" [Scent from fifty-eight], Politika (in Serbian)","urls":[{"url":"http://www.politika.rs/sr/clanak/194634/Miris-iz-pedeset-osme","url_text":"\"Miris iz pedeset osme\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politika","url_text":"Politika"}]},{"reference":"Martin, Douglas (20 October 2010). \"Dr. Georges Mathé, Transplant Pioneer, Dies at 88\". New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/21/health/research/21mathe.html","url_text":"\"Dr. Georges Mathé, Transplant Pioneer, Dies at 88\""}]},{"reference":"Aleksandar Apostolovski (12 February 2018). \"Nuklearna sigurnost u zarđalim buradima\" [Nuclear security in rusty barrels]. Politika (in Serbian). pp. 01 & 07.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.politika.rs/sr/clanak/398178/Nuklearna-sigurnost-u-zardalim-buradima","url_text":"\"Nuklearna sigurnost u zarđalim buradima\""}]},{"reference":"Warrick, Joby (August 23, 2002). \"Risky Stash of Uranium Secured\". The Washington Post.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2002/08/23/risky-stash-of-uranium-secured/654a61e6-4157-4c4e-a8be-88c29d435ef3/","url_text":"\"Risky Stash of Uranium Secured\""}]},{"reference":"Vasovic, Aleksandar (2009-06-23). \"Serbs send nuclear fuel to Russia, citing security\". Reuters. Retrieved 2011-01-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSLN86820","url_text":"\"Serbs send nuclear fuel to Russia, citing security\""}]},{"reference":"\"NTI Commits $5 Million To Help Secure Vulnerable Nuclear Weapons Material\" (PDF). Retrieved 2011-01-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nti.org/c_press/release_082302.pdf","url_text":"\"NTI Commits $5 Million To Help Secure Vulnerable Nuclear Weapons Material\""}]},{"reference":"\"Serbia gets rid of dangerous nuclear material (SETimes.com)\". Retrieved 2011-01-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.setimes.com/cocoon/setimes/xhtml/en_GB/features/setimes/features/2010/12/23/feature-01","url_text":"\"Serbia gets rid of dangerous nuclear material (SETimes.com)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Massive Operation Safely Secures Serbian Nuclear Fuel in Russia\". Retrieved 2011-01-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iaea.org/newscenter/news/2010/vinca.html","url_text":"\"Massive Operation Safely Secures Serbian Nuclear Fuel in Russia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nuclear decommissioning of Vinča this year\". Archived from the original on 2012-11-04. Retrieved 2011-01-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121104142120/http://www.b92.net/eng/news/politics-article.php?yyyy=2010&mm=09&dd=20&nav_id=69789","url_text":"\"Nuclear decommissioning of Vinča this year\""},{"url":"http://www.b92.net/eng/news/politics-article.php?yyyy=2010&mm=09&dd=20&nav_id=69789","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_care_in_Spain
Health care in Spain
["1 Hospitals","2 Decentralization","3 International comparisons","4 Public opinion","5 Voluntary health insurance","6 Equality","7 Immigrants","8 See also","9 References","10 External links"]
Universal health care system Life expectancy development in Spain by gender Spain operates a universal health care system. According to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, total health spending accounted for 9.4% of GDP in Spain in 2011, slightly above the OECD average of 9.3%. Spain's healthcare system ranks 19th in Europe according to the 2018 Euro health consumer index. As of 2016, Spain is ranked 1st in the world in organ transplants. In 2000, the Spanish health care system was ranked as the 7th most efficient healthcare in the world, as indicated in a report by the World Health Organization. In 2011, the public sector was the main source of health funding with 73% of health spending funded by public sources, very close to the average of 72% in OECD countries. Hospitals Main article: List of hospitals in Spain Building of the Provincial Hospital, belonging to the hospital complex of the Reina Sofía University Hospital in Córdoba. In an emergency, people can go straight to a hospital A&E. For any other type of hospital treatment a referral from a doctor is required. There are public and private hospitals, with the former providing free treatment. As some hospitals offer both private and state healthcare services, the presentation of a social security card, an EHIC, or proof of private insurance is advisable. As hospital doctors do not issue prescriptions, after discharge, patients take the hospital medical report to a pharmacy for prescriptions to be filled. In Spain patients have the right to read their own patient records, but as of 2015 there was evidence that this is not well publicized. Decentralization In Spain, provision of health care services is decentralized, and thus the responsibility of several autonomous communities. In 1998, an analysis of the effects of greater autonomy on legislative performance and policy outcomes for health care observed a positive effect on the former, but no effect on the latter. The analysis noted that a possible explanation for this disconnect was that autonomous communities had only experienced greater autonomy in the area of health care for a short time, and positive effects on policy outcomes could take longer to manifest. In 2009, an analysis of data collected by the Spanish National Health Survey in 2001 showed that autonomous communities with decentralized health services tended to have better equity performance. In 2014, an analysis of data collected by the Spanish Centre of Sociological Research between 1996 and 2009 found that for twenty variables of public satisfaction with health care services, decentralization not only had no effect on 2 measures of primary or specialized care and 1 of hospital care, but actually performed worse on 3 measures of primary or specialized care and 1 measure of hospital care. No statistically significant trend was observed for twelve of the twenty measures of satisfaction. The authors of the analysis stressed that the data was limited due to the subjective nature of patient reports, and the possible inability of some to properly evaluate performance of health care services. International comparisons As of 2020, according to the World Economic Forum and to Bloomberg, Spain has the most efficient health system in Europe, and also ranks at the top worldwide along with Hong Kong, Japan and Singapore. In a sample of 13 developed countries Spain was second in its population weighted usage of medication in 14 classes in both 2009 and 2013. The drugs studied were selected on the basis that, in the previous 10 years the conditions treated had: a high incidence, prevalence and/or mortality; caused significant long-term morbidity; incurred high levels of expenditure or had significant developments in prevention or treatment. The study noted considerable difficulties in cross border comparison of medication use. Ceuta had the highest proportion of practicing doctors per capita of any region in Europe - 871 per 100,000 in 2015. In 2015, the Euro health consumer index rated Spain 19th of 35 European countries, remarking that there was somewhat of an over-reliance on seeking private care. Public opinion According to Van der Schee et al., public opinion about a country's healthcare system is formed by the levels and quality of: trust between a person and their physician, media presentation of the healthcare system as a whole, and the services and care the system provides. When looking at public opinion on Spain's universal healthcare system, generally people seem to agree that the state should be heavily involved in healthcare. Compared to 14 other nations in 2002, Spain ranked third highest for the amount of support the public had for a strong role of the government in healthcare. In terms of public opinion concerning how well the healthcare system actually works, there is a general consensus that the public believes healthcare institutions themselves are doing their jobs well and providing sufficient care. The most overwhelming problem reported by people who took a 2005 survey was that wait times to receive care are too long, though those surveyed reported that this problem could be fixed by the hiring of more physicians. Voluntary health insurance Although Spain does have universal health care, it is not the only source of protection available to the Spanish people. In fact, there are three alternatives to relying solely on the provided universal health care: substitutive voluntary health insurance, complementary voluntary health insurance, and supplementary voluntary health insurance. People who work in Spain's public sector are free to opt out of universal health care entirely if they agree to utilize the alternative: a government-subsidized health insurance called MUFACE. This selection of using different health insurance instead of Spain's universal health care is an example of substitutive voluntary health insurance. Complementary voluntary health insurance comes into play with citizens who use Spain's universal health care but still want additional private insurance to cover services which may not be protected under the universal plan. While Spain's universal health care covers a substantial amount including many basic primary and pharmaceutical services, it fails to cover many important dental and gynecological services among other things. If a Spanish citizen is seeking care outside that which is covered by the state, they have the option to purchase their own private health insurance to ensure that they are covered for any services they may need. Lastly, supplementary voluntary health insurance is an option for those Spanish citizens who use the available universal health care, but would also like additional private insurance which may provide them better or more suitable options & benefits. In this case, having supplementary voluntary health insurance is often a luxury that helps people secure faster, more convenient, or better available treatment. According to the OECD, in 2002 about 5% of the Spanish population was covered by one of the above types of voluntary health insurance. Equality Due to universal health care coverage, inequality is reduced substantially. Inequality in Spain is even further reduced in that co-payments do not usually apply, limited to special medicines and services that are not covered by the National Health System. Therefore, an individual's financial status does not typically determine access to general healthcare. Some inequality does arise in those areas that the NHS does not cover, such as dental care. On the other hand, people in a disadvantaged social class will typically rely more on the public system for primary health care than those of higher social status. Around 10% of the Spanish population uses private health insurance, generally implying higher socio-economic status, which facilitates access to primary health care. While health care services are universal and continue to see an increase in use within Spain, there are still issues among those with disadvantaged backgrounds. Immigrants Immigration was seen as one of the most problematic issues for Spain in 2006 by their population. Migrants are entitled to full public health care benefits, regardless of their legal status. This is due to the goals set by Minister Ernest Lluch in the General Health Law of 1986, which was based on universality of health care. Soon following through many reforms, the Public Health Law of 2011 was enacted, giving all people in Spain the right to free health care regardless of their legal status. While this was overturned through royal decree in 2012, making legality a necessary factor for healthcare, the law was once again reestablished in 2018 after the resignation of Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy, providing all people in Spain universal access to healthcare. Regarding the use of health care services, there are multiple studies conducted to show the differences between immigrants and nationals. In 2006, studies showed that immigrants had seen a larger number of visits towards emergency rooms when compared to visits from nationals. Conversely, immigrants had shown a lower frequency of visits to general practitioners, fewer days in hospitals, and visits to specialists had seen a lower amount than those reported by Spaniards. In more recent years, a 2016 study shows that global use of healthcare in Spain was utilized more by nationals than by immigrants in all areas. Along with this, the costs for annual prescription drugs showed a much lower price for immigrants when compared to the prices that are given to nationals. The costs for healthcare in Spain are typically higher for those natives than they are for foreign born immigrants, the mean price being nearly 6.8 times higher. These differences, as referenced in the research study, could be explained in part due to migrants being younger and in healthier conditions, or potentially through possible inequalities among Spanish healthcare providers. When compared to other European countries, most immigrants typically see more physician, general practitioners, and hospital stays than nationals. In a similar fashion, the health of immigrants in other countries are typically in worse shape when compared to natives, Spain being an exception where native-born are considered to be less healthy when compared to their immigrants. Along with this, more individual immigrants in Spain typically have full coverage for costs than is seen by nationals. See also Spanish National Health System References ^ "2018 European Health Consumer Index" (PDF). Retrieved 9 April 2020. ^ "How Spain became the world leader in organ transplants". www.thelocal.es. 2017-09-15. Retrieved 2019-06-23. ^ "Global leader Spain carries out its 100,000th transplant". www.thelocal.es. 2016-02-25. Retrieved 2019-06-23. ^ World Health Organization, World Health Staff (2000). Haden, Angela; Campanini, Barbara (eds.). Health systems: improving performance. The world health report 2000. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. ISBN 92-4-156198-X. ^ "OECD Health Statistics 2014 How does Spain compare?" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-08-02. ^ "Outcomes in EHCI 2015" (PDF). Health Consumer Powerhouse. 26 January 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 June 2017. Retrieved 27 January 2016. ^ Antón, R., Macías, JI; Muñoz de Bustillo, R; Fernández Macías, E (May 2014). "Effects of health care decentralization in Spain from a citizens' perspective" (PDF). The European Journal of Health Economics. 15 (4): 411–431. doi:10.1007/s10198-013-0485-0. PMID 23660932. S2CID 27819088.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ Costa-Font, Joan; Gil, Joan (December 2009). "Exploring the pathways of inequality in health, health care access and financing in decentralized Spain". Journal of European Social Policy. 19 (5): 446–458. doi:10.1177/0958928709344289. S2CID 154007289. ^ Gonzalez, Pablo; Fraile, Marta (October 1998). "Regional Decentralisation of Health Policy in Spain: Social Capital Does Not Tell the Whole Story". West European Politics. 21 (4): 180. doi:10.1080/01402389808425277. ^ "Spanish healthcare, once again leading world rankings". #ThisIsTheRealSpain. 2020-02-21. Retrieved 2020-04-19. ^ "Bloomberg - Healthcare efficiency scores in 56 countries". Bloomberg.com. 19 September 2018. Retrieved 2020-04-19. ^ Office of health Economics. "International Comparison of Medicines Usage: Quantitative Analysis" (PDF). Association of the British Pharmaceutical Industry. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 2 July 2015. ^ Ballas, Dimitris; Dorling, Danny; Hennig, Benjamin (2017). The Human Atlas of Europe. Bristol: Policy Press. p. 83. ISBN 9781447313540. ^ "Outcomes in EHCI 2015" (PDF). Health Consumer Powerhouse. 26 January 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 June 2017. Retrieved 27 January 2016. ^ Gille, Felix & Smith, Sarah & Mays, Nicholas. (2017). Towards a broader conceptualisation of 'public trust' in the health care system. Social Theory & Health. 15. 25–43. ^ Wendt, Claus; Kohl, Jürgen; Mischke, Monika; Pfeifer, Michaela (1 April 2010). "How Do Europeans Perceive Their Healthcare System? Patterns of Satisfaction and Preference for State Involvement in the Field of Healthcare". European Sociological Review. 26 (2): 177–192. doi:10.1093/esr/jcp014. ^ a b Jovell Albert; et al. (2007). "Public trust in the Spanish health‐care system". Health Expectations. 10 (4): 350–357. doi:10.1111/j.1369-7625.2007.00466.x. PMC 5060419. PMID 17986071. ^ a b c d Mossialos, Elias; et al. (2002). Funding Health Care: Options for Europe. United Kingdom: Open University Press. pp. 129–131. ISBN 0-335-20924-6. ^ World Health Organization (2000). Health Care Systems in Transition: Spain. World Health Organization. p. 43. ^ Colombo, F.; Tapay, N. (1 January 2004). "Private Health Insurance in OECD Countries: The Benefits and Costs for Individuals and Health Systems" (PDF). OECD Health Working Papers (15). Paris: OECD Publishing. doi:10.1787/527211067757. ISSN 1815-2015. ^ a b c Palència, Laia; Espelt, Albert; Rodríguez-Sanz, Maica; Rocha, Katia B.; Pasarín, M. Isabel; Borrell, Carme (2013). "Trends in Social Class Inequalities in the Use of Health Care Services within the Spanish National Health System, 1993–2006". The European Journal of Health Economics. 14 (2): 211–219. doi:10.1007/s10198-011-0362-7. ISSN 1618-7598. JSTOR 23357791. PMID 22072321. S2CID 12393140. Retrieved 11 June 2020 – via JSTOR. ^ Garrido-Cumbrera, Marco; Borrell, Carme; Palència, Laia; Espelt, Albert; Rodríguez-Sanz, Maica; Pasarín, M. Isabel; Kunst, Anton (2010). "Social Class Inequalities in the Utilization of Health Care and Preventive Services in Spain, A Country with a National Health System". International Journal of Health Services. 40 (3): 525–542. doi:10.2190/HS.40.3.h. ISSN 0020-7314. JSTOR 45131351. PMID 20799674. S2CID 27327906. Retrieved 11 June 2020 – via JSTOR. ^ a b Antón, José-Ignacio; de Bustillo, Rafael Muñoz (2010). "Health Care Utilisation and Immigration in Spain". The European Journal of Health Economics. 11 (5): 487–498. doi:10.1007/s10198-009-0204-z. ISSN 1618-7598. JSTOR 40963270. PMID 19898881. S2CID 18693901. Retrieved 11 June 2020 – via JSTOR. ^ HealthManagement.org. "Radiology Management, ICU Management, Healthcare IT, Cardiology Management, Executive Management". HealthManagement. Retrieved 2020-06-11. ^ Legido-Quigley, Helena; Pajin, Leire; Fanjul, Gonzalo; Urdaneta, Elena; McKee, Martin (2018-08-01). "Spain shows that a humane response to migrant health is possible in Europe". The Lancet Public Health. 3 (8): e358. doi:10.1016/S2468-2667(18)30133-6. ISSN 2468-2667. PMID 29980489. ^ "Approval of Universal Healthcare July 27 2018". Citizens Advice Bureau Spain. 2018-07-30. Retrieved 2020-06-11. ^ Gimeno-Feliu, Luis A.; Calderón-Larrañaga, Amaia; Diaz, Esperanza; Poblador-Plou, Beatriz; Macipe-Costa, Rosa; Prados-Torres, Alexandra (27 May 2016). "Global healthcare use by immigrants in Spain according to morbidity burden, area of origin, and length of stay". BMC Public Health. 16 (1): 450. doi:10.1186/s12889-016-3127-5. PMC 4882823. PMID 27230885. ^ Solé-Auró, Aïda; Guillén, Montserrat; Crimmins, Eileen M. (2012). "Health Care Usage among Immigrants and Native-Born Elderly Populations in Eleven European Countries: Results from SHARE". The European Journal of Health Economics. 13 (6): 741–754. doi:10.1007/s10198-011-0327-x. ISSN 1618-7598. JSTOR 23275619. PMC 3591521. PMID 21660564. External links The healthcare system in Spain vteSpain articlesHistoryTimeline Prehistoric Iberia Ancient History Timeline Roman Hispania Medieval Spain Reconquista Union Expansion Enlightenment Reaction and revolution First Republic Restoration Second Republic Spain under Franco Transition to democracy Contemporary Spain 1975–present By topic General overview Pre-Roman Iberia Spanish Empire Golden Age Economic Military Civil War Spanish miracle Geography Autonomous cities Autonomous communities (ranked lists) Biosphere Reserves Borders Climate Comarcas Earthquakes Extreme points Forests Islands Municipalities National parks Natural Sites of Community Importance Plazas de soberanía Provinces Wildlife Politics Autonomous communities of Spain Constitution Corruption Head of State Constitutional Court Cortes Generales Judiciary Government Prime Minister Elections Foreign relations Human rights LGBT Intersex Military Monarchy Political parties Wars and armed conflicts Economy Agriculture Banks Car industry Communities GDP unemployment median income Economic history Energy Financial crisis Forestry Largest companies Taxation Property bubble Science and technology Telecommunications Tourism Trade unions Transport Wine Society Abortion Crime Demographics Disability Education Euthanasia Health care Homelessness Immigration Irreligion Languages Life expectancy Naturism Pensions People Prostitution Religion Time Women Culture Architecture Art Bullfighting Cinema Cuisine Fiestas National Interest International Interest Languages Literature Mass media Music Myths and legends National and regional identity National Day of Spain Public holidays Sport UNESCO World Heritage Sites UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Symbols Anthem Coat of arms Cultural icons Flag Toro de Osborne OutlineIndex Category Portal vteHealth in Europe Sovereign states Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands North Macedonia Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom States with limitedrecognition Abkhazia Kosovo Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria Dependencies andother entities Åland Faroe Islands Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Svalbard
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Life_expectancy_by_WBG_-Spain_-diff.png"},{"link_name":"Life expectancy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_expectancy"},{"link_name":"universal health care","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_health_care"},{"link_name":"Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Euro health consumer index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro_health_consumer_index"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"World Health Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Life expectancy development in Spain by genderSpain operates a universal health care system. According to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, total health spending accounted for 9.4% of GDP in Spain in 2011, slightly above the OECD average of 9.3%.[citation needed] Spain's healthcare system ranks 19th in Europe according to the 2018 Euro health consumer index.[1] As of 2016, Spain is ranked 1st in the world in organ transplants.[2][3]In 2000, the Spanish health care system was ranked as the 7th most efficient healthcare in the world, as indicated in a report by the World Health Organization.[4] In 2011, the public sector was the main source of health funding with 73% of health spending funded by public sources, very close to the average of 72% in OECD countries.[5]","title":"Health care in Spain"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hospital_Provincial_-_Hospital_Universitario_Reina_Sof%C3%ADa.JPG"},{"link_name":"Córdoba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Spain"},{"link_name":"A&E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_department"},{"link_name":"EHIC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Health_Insurance_Card"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Building of the Provincial Hospital, belonging to the hospital complex of the Reina Sofía University Hospital in Córdoba.In an emergency, people can go straight to a hospital A&E. For any other type of hospital treatment a referral from a doctor is required. There are public and private hospitals, with the former providing free treatment. As some hospitals offer both private and state healthcare services, the presentation of a social security card, an EHIC, or proof of private insurance is advisable.\nAs hospital doctors do not issue prescriptions, after discharge, patients take the hospital medical report to a pharmacy for prescriptions to be filled.In Spain patients have the right to read their own patient records, but as of 2015 there was evidence that this is not well publicized.[6]","title":"Hospitals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"autonomous communities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_Communities_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-costafont-8"},{"link_name":"Centre of Sociological Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centro_de_Investigaciones_Sociol%C3%B3gicas"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"In Spain, provision of health care services is decentralized, and thus the responsibility of several autonomous communities. In 1998, an analysis of the effects of greater autonomy on legislative performance and policy outcomes for health care observed a positive effect on the former, but no effect on the latter. The analysis noted that a possible explanation for this disconnect was that autonomous communities had only experienced greater autonomy in the area of health care for a short time, and positive effects on policy outcomes could take longer to manifest.[7] In 2009, an analysis of data collected by the Spanish National Health Survey in 2001 showed that autonomous communities with decentralized health services tended to have better equity performance.[8] In 2014, an analysis of data collected by the Spanish Centre of Sociological Research between 1996 and 2009 found that for twenty variables of public satisfaction with health care services, decentralization not only had no effect on 2 measures of primary or specialized care and 1 of hospital care, but actually performed worse on 3 measures of primary or specialized care and 1 measure of hospital care. No statistically significant trend was observed for twelve of the twenty measures of satisfaction. The authors of the analysis stressed that the data was limited due to the subjective nature of patient reports, and the possible inability of some to properly evaluate performance of health care services.[9]","title":"Decentralization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Ceuta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceuta"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Euro health consumer index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro_health_consumer_index"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"As of 2020, according to the World Economic Forum and to Bloomberg, Spain has the most efficient health system in Europe, and also ranks at the top worldwide along with Hong Kong, Japan and Singapore.[10][11]In a sample of 13 developed countries Spain was second in its population weighted usage of medication in 14 classes in both 2009 and 2013. The drugs studied were selected on the basis that, in the previous 10 years the conditions treated had: a high incidence, prevalence and/or mortality; caused significant long-term morbidity; incurred high levels of expenditure or had significant developments in prevention or treatment. The study noted considerable difficulties in cross border comparison of medication use.[12] Ceuta had the highest proportion of practicing doctors per capita of any region in Europe - 871 per 100,000 in 2015.[13]In 2015, the Euro health consumer index rated Spain 19th of 35 European countries, remarking that there was somewhat of an over-reliance on seeking private care.[14]","title":"International comparisons"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-17"}],"text":"According to Van der Schee et al., public opinion about a country's healthcare system is formed by the levels and quality of: trust between a person and their physician, media presentation of the healthcare system as a whole, and the services and care the system provides.[15] When looking at public opinion on Spain's universal healthcare system, generally people seem to agree that the state should be heavily involved in healthcare. Compared to 14 other nations in 2002, Spain ranked third highest for the amount of support the public had for a strong role of the government in healthcare.[16] In terms of public opinion concerning how well the healthcare system actually works, there is a general consensus that the public believes healthcare institutions themselves are doing their jobs well and providing sufficient care.[17] The most overwhelming problem reported by people who took a 2005 survey was that wait times to receive care are too long, though those surveyed reported that this problem could be fixed by the hiring of more physicians.[17]","title":"Public opinion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-18"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"Although Spain does have universal health care, it is not the only source of protection available to the Spanish people. In fact, there are three alternatives to relying solely on the provided universal health care: substitutive voluntary health insurance, complementary voluntary health insurance, and supplementary voluntary health insurance.[18] People who work in Spain's public sector are free to opt out of universal health care entirely if they agree to utilize the alternative: a government-subsidized health insurance called MUFACE.[18] This selection of using different health insurance instead of Spain's universal health care is an example of substitutive voluntary health insurance.Complementary voluntary health insurance comes into play with citizens who use Spain's universal health care but still want additional private insurance to cover services which may not be protected under the universal plan.[18] While Spain's universal health care covers a substantial amount including many basic primary and pharmaceutical services, it fails to cover many important dental and gynecological services among other things.[19] If a Spanish citizen is seeking care outside that which is covered by the state, they have the option to purchase their own private health insurance to ensure that they are covered for any services they may need.Lastly, supplementary voluntary health insurance is an option for those Spanish citizens who use the available universal health care, but would also like additional private insurance which may provide them better or more suitable options & benefits.[18] In this case, having supplementary voluntary health insurance is often a luxury that helps people secure faster, more convenient, or better available treatment.According to the OECD, in 2002 about 5% of the Spanish population was covered by one of the above types of voluntary health insurance.[20]","title":"Voluntary health insurance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-21"}],"text":"Due to universal health care coverage, inequality is reduced substantially. Inequality in Spain is even further reduced in that co-payments do not usually apply, limited to special medicines and services that are not covered by the National Health System. Therefore, an individual's financial status does not typically determine access to general healthcare.[21]Some inequality does arise in those areas that the NHS does not cover, such as dental care.[21][22] On the other hand, people in a disadvantaged social class will typically rely more on the public system for primary health care than those of higher social status. Around 10% of the Spanish population uses private health insurance, generally implying higher socio-economic status, which facilitates access to primary health care. While health care services are universal and continue to see an increase in use within Spain, there are still issues among those with disadvantaged backgrounds.[21]","title":"Equality"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-23"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"text":"Immigration was seen as one of the most problematic issues for Spain in 2006 by their population.[23] Migrants are entitled to full public health care benefits, regardless of their legal status. This is due to the goals set by Minister Ernest Lluch in the General Health Law of 1986, which was based on universality of health care.[24] Soon following through many reforms, the Public Health Law of 2011 was enacted, giving all people in Spain the right to free health care regardless of their legal status. While this was overturned through royal decree in 2012, making legality a necessary factor for healthcare, the law was once again reestablished in 2018 after the resignation of Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy, providing all people in Spain universal access to healthcare.[25][26]Regarding the use of health care services, there are multiple studies conducted to show the differences between immigrants and nationals. In 2006, studies showed that immigrants had seen a larger number of visits towards emergency rooms when compared to visits from nationals. Conversely, immigrants had shown a lower frequency of visits to general practitioners, fewer days in hospitals, and visits to specialists had seen a lower amount than those reported by Spaniards.[23] In more recent years, a 2016 study shows that global use of healthcare in Spain was utilized more by nationals than by immigrants in all areas. Along with this, the costs for annual prescription drugs showed a much lower price for immigrants when compared to the prices that are given to nationals.[27] The costs for healthcare in Spain are typically higher for those natives than they are for foreign born immigrants, the mean price being nearly 6.8 times higher. These differences, as referenced in the research study, could be explained in part due to migrants being younger and in healthier conditions, or potentially through possible inequalities among Spanish healthcare providers.When compared to other European countries, most immigrants typically see more physician, general practitioners, and hospital stays than nationals. In a similar fashion, the health of immigrants in other countries are typically in worse shape when compared to natives, Spain being an exception where native-born are considered to be less healthy when compared to their immigrants. Along with this, more individual immigrants in Spain typically have full coverage for costs than is seen by nationals.[28]","title":"Immigrants"}]
[{"image_text":"Life expectancy development in Spain by gender","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Life_expectancy_by_WBG_-Spain_-diff.png/220px-Life_expectancy_by_WBG_-Spain_-diff.png"},{"image_text":"Building of the Provincial Hospital, belonging to the hospital complex of the Reina Sofía University Hospital in Córdoba.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Hospital_Provincial_-_Hospital_Universitario_Reina_Sof%C3%ADa.JPG/220px-Hospital_Provincial_-_Hospital_Universitario_Reina_Sof%C3%ADa.JPG"}]
[{"title":"Spanish National Health System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_National_Health_System"}]
[{"reference":"\"2018 European Health Consumer Index\" (PDF). Retrieved 9 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://healthpowerhouse.com/media/EHCI-2018/EHCI-2018-report.pdf","url_text":"\"2018 European Health Consumer Index\""}]},{"reference":"\"How Spain became the world leader in organ transplants\". www.thelocal.es. 2017-09-15. Retrieved 2019-06-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thelocal.es/20170915/how-spain-became-world-leader-at-organ-transplants","url_text":"\"How Spain became the world leader in organ transplants\""}]},{"reference":"\"Global leader Spain carries out its 100,000th transplant\". www.thelocal.es. 2016-02-25. Retrieved 2019-06-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thelocal.es/20160225/global-transplant-leader-spain-reaches-its-100000th-transplant","url_text":"\"Global leader Spain carries out its 100,000th transplant\""}]},{"reference":"World Health Organization, World Health Staff (2000). Haden, Angela; Campanini, Barbara (eds.). Health systems: improving performance. The world health report 2000. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. ISBN 92-4-156198-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/92-4-156198-X","url_text":"92-4-156198-X"}]},{"reference":"\"OECD Health Statistics 2014 How does Spain compare?\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-08-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140802135831/https://www.oecd.org/els/health-systems/Briefing-Note-SPAIN-2014.pdf","url_text":"\"OECD Health Statistics 2014 How does Spain compare?\""},{"url":"http://www.oecd.org/els/health-systems/Briefing-Note-SPAIN-2014.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Outcomes in EHCI 2015\" (PDF). Health Consumer Powerhouse. 26 January 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 June 2017. Retrieved 27 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170606082345/http://www.healthpowerhouse.com/files/EHCI_2015/EHCI_2015_report.pdf","url_text":"\"Outcomes in EHCI 2015\""},{"url":"http://www.healthpowerhouse.com/files/EHCI_2015/EHCI_2015_report.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Antón, R., Macías, JI; Muñoz de Bustillo, R; Fernández Macías, E (May 2014). \"Effects of health care decentralization in Spain from a citizens' perspective\" (PDF). The European Journal of Health Economics. 15 (4): 411–431. doi:10.1007/s10198-013-0485-0. PMID 23660932. S2CID 27819088.","urls":[{"url":"https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/39423/1/MPRA_paper_39423.pdf","url_text":"\"Effects of health care decentralization in Spain from a citizens' perspective\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10198-013-0485-0","url_text":"10.1007/s10198-013-0485-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23660932","url_text":"23660932"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:27819088","url_text":"27819088"}]},{"reference":"Costa-Font, Joan; Gil, Joan (December 2009). \"Exploring the pathways of inequality in health, health care access and financing in decentralized Spain\". Journal of European Social Policy. 19 (5): 446–458. doi:10.1177/0958928709344289. S2CID 154007289.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0958928709344289","url_text":"10.1177/0958928709344289"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154007289","url_text":"154007289"}]},{"reference":"Gonzalez, Pablo; Fraile, Marta (October 1998). \"Regional Decentralisation of Health Policy in Spain: Social Capital Does Not Tell the Whole Story\". West European Politics. 21 (4): 180. doi:10.1080/01402389808425277.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01402389808425277","url_text":"10.1080/01402389808425277"}]},{"reference":"\"Spanish healthcare, once again leading world rankings\". #ThisIsTheRealSpain. 2020-02-21. Retrieved 2020-04-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thisistherealspain.com/en/modernity/spanish-healthcare-once-again-leading-world-rankings/","url_text":"\"Spanish healthcare, once again leading world rankings\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bloomberg - Healthcare efficiency scores in 56 countries\". Bloomberg.com. 19 September 2018. Retrieved 2020-04-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-09-19/u-s-near-bottom-of-health-index-hong-kong-and-singapore-at-top","url_text":"\"Bloomberg - Healthcare efficiency scores in 56 countries\""}]},{"reference":"Office of health Economics. \"International Comparison of Medicines Usage: Quantitative Analysis\" (PDF). Association of the British Pharmaceutical Industry. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 2 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171011040840/http://www.abpi.org.uk/our-work/library/industry/Documents/meds_usage.pdf","url_text":"\"International Comparison of Medicines Usage: Quantitative Analysis\""},{"url":"http://www.abpi.org.uk/our-work/library/industry/Documents/meds_usage.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ballas, Dimitris; Dorling, Danny; Hennig, Benjamin (2017). The Human Atlas of Europe. Bristol: Policy Press. p. 83. ISBN 9781447313540.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781447313540","url_text":"9781447313540"}]},{"reference":"\"Outcomes in EHCI 2015\" (PDF). Health Consumer Powerhouse. 26 January 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 June 2017. Retrieved 27 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170606082345/http://www.healthpowerhouse.com/files/EHCI_2015/EHCI_2015_report.pdf","url_text":"\"Outcomes in EHCI 2015\""},{"url":"http://www.healthpowerhouse.com/files/EHCI_2015/EHCI_2015_report.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Wendt, Claus; Kohl, Jürgen; Mischke, Monika; Pfeifer, Michaela (1 April 2010). \"How Do Europeans Perceive Their Healthcare System? Patterns of Satisfaction and Preference for State Involvement in the Field of Healthcare\". European Sociological Review. 26 (2): 177–192. doi:10.1093/esr/jcp014.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcp014","url_text":"\"How Do Europeans Perceive Their Healthcare System? 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PMID 17986071.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5060419","url_text":"\"Public trust in the Spanish health‐care system\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1369-7625.2007.00466.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1369-7625.2007.00466.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5060419","url_text":"5060419"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17986071","url_text":"17986071"}]},{"reference":"Mossialos, Elias; et al. (2002). Funding Health Care: Options for Europe. United Kingdom: Open University Press. pp. 129–131. 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ISSN 1815-2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/private-health-insurance-in-oecd-countries_5lgsjhvj74f5.pdf?itemId=%2Fcontent%2Fpaper%2F527211067757&mimeType=pdf","url_text":"\"Private Health Insurance in OECD Countries: The Benefits and Costs for Individuals and Health Systems\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1787%2F527211067757","url_text":"10.1787/527211067757"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1815-2015","url_text":"1815-2015"}]},{"reference":"Palència, Laia; Espelt, Albert; Rodríguez-Sanz, Maica; Rocha, Katia B.; Pasarín, M. Isabel; Borrell, Carme (2013). \"Trends in Social Class Inequalities in the Use of Health Care Services within the Spanish National Health System, 1993–2006\". The European Journal of Health Economics. 14 (2): 211–219. doi:10.1007/s10198-011-0362-7. ISSN 1618-7598. JSTOR 23357791. PMID 22072321. S2CID 12393140. 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PMID 29980489.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS2468-2667%2818%2930133-6","url_text":"\"Spain shows that a humane response to migrant health is possible in Europe\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS2468-2667%2818%2930133-6","url_text":"10.1016/S2468-2667(18)30133-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2468-2667","url_text":"2468-2667"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29980489","url_text":"29980489"}]},{"reference":"\"Approval of Universal Healthcare July 27 2018\". Citizens Advice Bureau Spain. 2018-07-30. 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ISSN 1618-7598. JSTOR 23275619. PMC 3591521. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dishwasher_(disambiguation)
Dishwasher (disambiguation)
["1 See also"]
Look up dishwasher in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Dishwasher most commonly refers to a home appliance which automatically washes dishes. (The) Dishwasher may also refer to: Dishwasher (occupation), a person who washes dishes as an occupation Scullery maid, a traditional occupation in which a woman washed dishes in a scullery before the invention of automatic dishwashers The Dishwasher: Dead Samurai, a 2009 beat 'em up video game The Dishwasher: Vampire Smile, its 2011 sequel The Dishwasher, a 2016 novel by Stéphane Larue The Dishwasher (film), a 2023 film adaptation by Francis Leclerc of the Larue novel Dishwasher Pete or Pete Jordan, author of the Dishwasher zine and book See also Dishwashing Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Dishwasher.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
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[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_de_Moor
Bob de Moor
["1 Biography","2 Bob de Moor and Tintin","3 Bibliography","4 Sources","5 External links"]
Belgian comics artist Bob de MoorBornRobert Frans Marie De Moor(1925-12-20)20 December 1925Antwerp, BelgiumDied26 August 1992(1992-08-26) (aged 66)Brussels, BelgiumNationalityBelgianArea(s)artist, writerNotable worksCori, de Scheepsjongen, The Adventures of TintinBarelliJohan et StephanAwardsfull list Robert Frans Marie De Moor (20 December 1925 – 26 August 1992), better known under his pen name Bob de Moor, was a Belgian comics creator. Chiefly noted as an artist, he is considered an early master of the Ligne claire style. He wrote and drew several comics series on his own, but also collaborated with Hergé on several volumes of The Adventures of Tintin. He completed the unfinished story Professor Sató's Three Formulae, Volume 2: Mortimer vs. Mortimer of the Blake and Mortimer series, after the death of the author Edgar P. Jacobs. Biography Bob de Moor started drawing with pencil at three or four. Living in a port town, he developed a strong interest for drawing sailing ships which carried into his professional career with his Cori, de Scheepsjongen series and other work. Following studies at the Antwerp Academy of Fine Arts, De Moor started his career at the Afim animations studios. His first album was written in 1944 for "De Kleine Zondagsvriend". Beginning in March 1951, starting with Destination Moon, he began a collaboration with Hergé on Tintin albums and Tintin-related material which included extensive work on sketch studies, backgrounds, layout, and ultimately animated films. His co-worker Jacques Martin is quoted as saying that de Moor had an extraordinary facility to adapt himself to the style of others. This manifested in a seamless integration with Hergé's style, as well as in him being asked on occasion to complete the work of other artists. De Moor illustrated the album cover of "A World of Machines" (1982) by the Belgian band The Machines. His son Johan de Moor is also a cartoonist, and completed his father's last album, the fifth in the Cori le Moussaillon series after his father's demise. Bob de Moor and Tintin Bob de Moor worked at Studio Hergé from April 1951 to the end of 1986. For Hergé, he was the perfect assistant because he was one of the few who could draw his figures just as well or even better than himself. Among the most important works of de Moor on Tintin and Milou are: ·The complete redrawing and revision of the 7th Tintin-Adventure "The Black Island" (1965), for which de Moor was sent by Hergé to England and Scotland in 1962 to find or search for original locations. The cover is also drawn by Bob de Moor. · While Hergé was on a trip in the summer of 1965, a reporter for the Swiss magazine L’illustré asked De Moor and Jacques Martin if any progress had been made on a new Tintin adventure. Without Hergé's knowledge, the pair created a fake page that they managed to pass off as a genuine extract from an unfinished Tintin book. The page was printed in the magazine, and Hergé - while initially upset - later relented and purchased the work. ·Tintin and the Lake of Sharks (1972). Bob de Moor drew and colorized the 47-page film album based on a scenario by Michel Greg. · One of de Moor's most important works was the drawings for the 1976 album "Tintin and the Picaros". Although Hergé denied that the complete album was drawn at the drawing table by Bob de Moor, most of the drawings probably came from de Moor's hand. Bibliography Cover of L'enigmatique monsieur Barelli (1956) one of de Moor's most notable solo projects Series Remarks Johan en Stefan / Johan et Stephan 9 volumes0 De raadselachtige meneer Barelli / L'énigmatique monsieur Barelli 8 volumes Cori, de Scheepsjongen / Cori le Moussaillon 6 volumes Professeur Troc / Monsieur Tric 3 volumes De avonturen van Nonkel Zigomar / Les aventures d'Oncle Zigomar0 6 volumes 1949 Le Vaisseau Miracle 1949 Guerre dans le Cosmos, Ed. Coune 1950 Le Lion de Flandre, Ed. Deligne 1950 L'Enigmatic Monsieur Barelli, Ed. du Lombard 1950 Monsieur Tric, Ed. Bédéscope 1951 Les Gars des Flandres, Ed. Bédéscope 1951 Conrad le Hardi, Ed. Bédéscope 1952 Barelli à Nusa-Penida 1959 Les Pirates d'eau douce 1964 Balthazar 1966 Barelli et les agents secrets, Ed. du Lombard 1971 Le Repaire du loup, Ed. Casterman 1972 Barelli et le Bouddha boudant, Ed. du Lombard 1973 Bonne Mine à la mer (Barelli), Ed. du Lombard 1974 Barelli et le seigneur de Gonobutz 1978 Cori le Moussaillon: Les Espions de la Reine, Ed. Casterman Sources Footnotes ^ a b Lambiek Comiclopedia. "Bob de Moor". ^ Bourdil, Pierre-Yves and Tordeur, Bernard: "Bob de Moor. 40 ans de bande dessineée, 35 ans au côtés d'Hergé", pp. 14–5, Editions du Lombard, 1986 ^ Coup de chapeau a Bob de Moor, Tintin magazine, 1978 ^ Bourdil, Pierre-Yves and Tordeur, Bernard: "Bob de Moor. 40 ans de bande dessineée, 35 ans au côtés d'Hergé", pp. 91, Editions du Lombard, 1986 ^ "When Bob de Moor and the Machines met | Bob de Moor". ^ bernard. "The April Fools' joke by Jacques Martin and Bob de Moor in 1965 | Bob De Moor". Retrieved 23 December 2020. ^ "LA FAUSSE PLANCHE DE TINTIN : L'HISTOIRE D'UNE MAUVAISE BLAGUE". TINTINOMANIA (in French). 18 January 2018. Retrieved 23 December 2020. ^ Titles cited in Bob de Moor biography in "Coup de chapeau a Bob de Moor", Tintin magazine, supplement to Issue 171, 1979. Bob de Moor publications in Belgian Tintin Archived 15 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine and French Tintin Archived 16 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine BDoubliées (in French) Bob de Moor index of Tintin and Kuifje covers LeJournalDeTintin.free (in French) bdparadisio.com (in French) De Moor bio, BD Gest' Bedetheque (in French) External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bob De Moor. Bob de Moor biography on Lambiek Comiclopedia vteThe Adventures of Tintin by HergéThe Adventuresof Tintin Tintin in the Land of the Soviets (1930) Tintin in the Congo (1931) Tintin in America (1932) Cigars of the Pharaoh (1934) The Blue Lotus (1936) The Broken Ear (1937) The Black Island (1938) King Ottokar's Sceptre (1939) The Crab with the Golden Claws (1941) The Shooting Star (1942) The Secret of the Unicorn (1943) Red Rackham's Treasure (1944) The Seven Crystal Balls (1948) Prisoners of the Sun (1949) Land of Black Gold (1950) Destination Moon (1953) Explorers on the Moon (1954) The Calculus Affair (1956) The Red Sea Sharks (1958) Tintin in Tibet (1960) The Castafiore Emerald (1963) Flight 714 to Sydney (1968) Tintin and the Picaros (1976) Tintin and Alph-Art (1986, unfinished) Le Thermozéro (unfinished, unpublished) Characters Tintin Snowy Captain Haddock Professor Calculus Thomson and Thompson Rastapopoulos Bianca Castafiore Chang Chong-Chen Nestor Jolyon Wagg Settings Borduria Marlinspike Hall Syldavia The Unicorn Other settings Feature filmsAnimated The Crab with the Golden Claws (1947) Tintin and the Temple of the Sun (1969) Tintin and the Lake of Sharks (1972) The Adventures of Tintin (2011) soundtrack Live-action Tintin and the Golden Fleece (1961) Tintin and the Blue Oranges (1964) Television series Hergé's Adventures of Tintin (1962–66) The Adventures of Tintin (1991–92) Documentaries I, Tintin (1976) Tintin and I (2003) Stage The Mystery of the Blue Diamond (1941) Mr. Boullock's Disappearance (1941) Kuifje – De Zonnetempel (De Musical) (2001) Tintin – Le Temple du Soleil – Le Spectacle Musical (2002) Video games Tintin on the Moon (1987) Tintin in Tibet (1996) Prisoners of the Sun (1997) Tintin: Destination Adventure (2001) The Adventures of Tintin: The Secret of the Unicorn (2011) Other mediaand memorabilia Tintin media Books about Tintin Tintin and the World of Hergé Tintin magazine Tintin postage stamps Tintin coins Collaboratorsof Hergé Studios Hergé Bob de Moor Edgar P. Jacobs Jacques Martin Greg Roger Leloup Josette Baujot Jacques Van Melkebeke Zhang Chongren Legacy of Hergé Hergé Foundation Ligne claire Musée Hergé Parodies and pastiches Breaking Free Tintin in Thailand Publishers Bonnier Group Carlsen Verlag Casterman Egmont Golden Press Le Lombard Methuen Publishing Le Petit Vingtième Le Soir Tintin magazine Little, Brown & Co. Literary critics Michael Farr Philippe Goddin Jean-Marc and Randy Lofficier Tom McCarthy Benoît Peeters Yves Rodier Numa Sadoul Harry Thompson Category Authority control databases International VIAF National France BnF data Germany United States Artists RKD Artists
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Belgian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"comics creator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_book_creator"},{"link_name":"Ligne claire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligne_claire"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lambiek-demoor-1"},{"link_name":"Hergé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herg%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"The Adventures of Tintin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Tintin"},{"link_name":"Professor Sató's Three Formulae, Volume 2: Mortimer vs. Mortimer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professor_Sat%C3%B3%27s_Three_Formulae,_Volume_2:_Mortimer_vs._Mortimer"},{"link_name":"Blake and Mortimer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blake_and_Mortimer"},{"link_name":"Edgar P. Jacobs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_P._Jacobs"}],"text":"Robert Frans Marie De Moor (20 December 1925 – 26 August 1992), better known under his pen name Bob de Moor, was a Belgian comics creator. Chiefly noted as an artist, he is considered an early master of the Ligne claire style.[1] He wrote and drew several comics series on his own, but also collaborated with Hergé on several volumes of The Adventures of Tintin. He completed the unfinished story Professor Sató's Three Formulae, Volume 2: Mortimer vs. Mortimer of the Blake and Mortimer series, after the death of the author Edgar P. Jacobs.","title":"Bob de Moor"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cori, de Scheepsjongen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cori,_de_Scheepsjongen"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Antwerp Academy of Fine Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Fine_Arts_(Antwerp)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lambiek-demoor-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Destination Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destination_Moon_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Jacques Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Martin_(comics)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"The Machines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Machines_(band)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Johan de Moor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johan_de_Moor&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cori le Moussaillon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cori_le_Moussaillon&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Bob de Moor started drawing with pencil at three or four. Living in a port town, he developed a strong interest for drawing sailing ships which carried into his professional career with his Cori, de Scheepsjongen series and other work.[2] Following studies at the Antwerp Academy of Fine Arts, De Moor started his career at the Afim animations studios.[1] His first album was written in 1944 for \"De Kleine Zondagsvriend\".[3]Beginning in March 1951, starting with Destination Moon, he began a collaboration with Hergé on Tintin albums and Tintin-related material which included extensive work on sketch studies, backgrounds, layout, and ultimately animated films.His co-worker Jacques Martin is quoted as saying that de Moor had an extraordinary facility to adapt himself to the style of others.[4] This manifested in a seamless integration with Hergé's style, as well as in him being asked on occasion to complete the work of other artists.De Moor illustrated the album cover of \"A World of Machines\" (1982) by the Belgian band The Machines.[5]His son Johan de Moor is also a cartoonist, and completed his father's last album, the fifth in the Cori le Moussaillon series after his father's demise.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Studio Hergé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studio_Herg%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Tintin and Milou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tintin_and_Milou"},{"link_name":"The Black Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Black_Island"},{"link_name":"L’illustré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Illustr%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Jacques Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Martin_(comics)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Tintin and the Lake of Sharks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tintin_and_the_Lake_of_Sharks"},{"link_name":"Michel Greg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Greg"},{"link_name":"Tintin and the Picaros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tintin_and_the_Picaros"}],"text":"Bob de Moor worked at Studio Hergé from April 1951 to the end of 1986. For Hergé, he was the perfect assistant because he was one of the few who could draw his figures just as well or even better than himself. Among the most important works of de Moor on Tintin and Milou are:·The complete redrawing and revision of the 7th Tintin-Adventure \"The Black Island\" (1965), for which de Moor was sent by Hergé to England and Scotland in 1962 to find or search for original locations. The cover is also drawn by Bob de Moor.· While Hergé was on a trip in the summer of 1965, a reporter for the Swiss magazine L’illustré asked De Moor and Jacques Martin if any progress had been made on a new Tintin adventure. Without Hergé's knowledge, the pair created a fake page that they managed to pass off as a genuine extract from an unfinished Tintin book. The page was printed in the magazine, and Hergé - while initially upset - later relented and purchased the work.[6][7]·Tintin and the Lake of Sharks (1972). Bob de Moor drew and colorized the 47-page film album based on a scenario by Michel Greg.· One of de Moor's most important works was the drawings for the 1976 album \"Tintin and the Picaros\". Although Hergé denied that the complete album was drawn at the drawing table by Bob de Moor, most of the drawings probably came from de Moor's hand.","title":"Bob de Moor and Tintin"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Demoor-barelli1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ed. Coune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coune&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ed. Deligne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Editions_Deligne&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ed. du Lombard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Lombard"},{"link_name":"Ed. Bédéscope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=B%C3%A9d%C3%A9scope&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ed. Casterman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casterman"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Cover of L'enigmatique monsieur Barelli (1956) one of de Moor's most notable solo projects1949 Le Vaisseau Miracle\n1949 Guerre dans le Cosmos, Ed. Coune\n1950 Le Lion de Flandre, Ed. Deligne\n1950 L'Enigmatic Monsieur Barelli, Ed. du Lombard\n1950 Monsieur Tric, Ed. Bédéscope\n1951 Les Gars des Flandres, Ed. Bédéscope\n1951 Conrad le Hardi, Ed. Bédéscope\n1952 Barelli à Nusa-Penida\n1959 Les Pirates d'eau douce\n1964 Balthazar\n1966 Barelli et les agents secrets, Ed. du Lombard\n1971 Le Repaire du loup, Ed. Casterman\n1972 Barelli et le Bouddha boudant, Ed. du Lombard\n1973 Bonne Mine à la mer (Barelli), Ed. du Lombard\n1974 Barelli et le seigneur de Gonobutz\n1978 Cori le Moussaillon: Les Espions de la Reine, Ed. Casterman[8]","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-lambiek-demoor_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-lambiek-demoor_1-1"},{"link_name":"\"Bob de Moor\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//lambiek.net/artists/d/de-moor_bob.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Tintin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tintin_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"When Bob de Moor and the Machines met | Bob de Moor\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.bobdemoor.info/2014/04/23/when-bob-de-moor-and-the-machines-met/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"The April Fools' joke by Jacques Martin and Bob de Moor in 1965 | Bob De Moor\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.bobdemoor.info/2014/04/01/the-april-fools-joke-by-jacques-martin-and-bob-de-moor-in-1965/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"\"LA FAUSSE PLANCHE DE TINTIN : L'HISTOIRE D'UNE MAUVAISE BLAGUE\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//tintinomania.com/tintin-fausse-planche-herge"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"Tintin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tintin_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Bob de Moor publications in Belgian Tintin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//bdoubliees.com/tintinbelge/auteurs2/demoor.htm"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20071015181821/http://bdoubliees.com/tintinbelge/auteurs2/demoor.htm"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"French Tintin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//bdoubliees.com/journaltintin/auteurs2/demoor.htm"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20071016074457/http://bdoubliees.com/journaltintin/auteurs2/demoor.htm"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"Bob de Moor index of Tintin and Kuifje covers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//lejournaldetintin.free.fr/affiche.php?action=auteur&valeur=De%20Moor"},{"link_name":"bdparadisio.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20081204152041/http://www.bdparadisio.com/scripts/detail.cfm?Id=301"},{"link_name":"De Moor bio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.bedetheque.com/auteur-434-BD-De-Moor-Bob.html"}],"text":"Footnotes\n\n\n^ a b Lambiek Comiclopedia. \"Bob de Moor\".\n\n^ Bourdil, Pierre-Yves and Tordeur, Bernard: \"Bob de Moor. 40 ans de bande dessineée, 35 ans au côtés d'Hergé\", pp. 14–5, Editions du Lombard, 1986\n\n^ Coup de chapeau a Bob de Moor, Tintin magazine, 1978\n\n^ Bourdil, Pierre-Yves and Tordeur, Bernard: \"Bob de Moor. 40 ans de bande dessineée, 35 ans au côtés d'Hergé\", pp. 91, Editions du Lombard, 1986\n\n^ \"When Bob de Moor and the Machines met | Bob de Moor\".\n\n^ bernard. \"The April Fools' joke by Jacques Martin and Bob de Moor in 1965 | Bob De Moor\". Retrieved 23 December 2020.\n\n^ \"LA FAUSSE PLANCHE DE TINTIN : L'HISTOIRE D'UNE MAUVAISE BLAGUE\". TINTINOMANIA (in French). 18 January 2018. Retrieved 23 December 2020.\n\n^ Titles cited in Bob de Moor biography in \"Coup de chapeau a Bob de Moor\", Tintin magazine, supplement to Issue 171, 1979.\n\n\nBob de Moor publications in Belgian Tintin Archived 15 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine and French Tintin Archived 16 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine BDoubliées (in French)\nBob de Moor index of Tintin and Kuifje covers LeJournalDeTintin.free (in French)\nbdparadisio.com (in French)\nDe Moor bio, BD Gest' Bedetheque (in French)","title":"Sources"}]
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null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Fabricius
Ernst Fabricius
["1 Biography","2 Publications","3 Bibliography","4 External links"]
German historian, archaeologist and scholar (1857–1942) Ernst Fabricius Ernst Christian Andreas Martin Fabricius (Darmstadt, 6 September 1857 – Freiburg im Breisgau, 22 March 1942) was a German historian, archaeologist and classical scholar. Between 1882 and 1888 he participated in excavations in Greece and Asia Minor and also pioneered German research on the Roman Empire border defenses known as the Limes Germanicus. Biography Ernst Fabricius began his university studies in Strasbourg. In 1881 he received a doctorate in 'Comprehensive Greek Architecture' from the University of Bonn. His teachers included Adolf Michaelis, Rudolf Schöll, Heinrich Nissen and Hermann Usener. As a fellow of the German Archaeological Institute, along with geographer Heinrich Kiepert, he visited Italy, Greece and Asia Minor. In 1886, he was appointed professor of classical philology, archeology and ancient history at the University of Berlin. Subsequently, he participated in excavations in Greece and Asia Minor, specifically at Pergamon, Lesbos, Samos and Crete. From 1888 until his retirement (1926) he was professor of ancient history at the Albert-Ludwigs-Universität in Freiburg, and the University of Freiburg in Breisgau. At the University of Freiburg, Fabricius was the dean of the college, rector (1910–11), and Chairman of the Committee for the construction of the new universities. In 1902 he was appointed President of the German Limes Commission for the Committee on the Germanic-Rhaetian Limes. During his career, Fabricius was extensively involved in politics. He served in the parliament of Baden (Badische Ständeversammlung) from 1913 to 1918. He was a supporter of both German colonialism and Pangermanism. For many years he was a member of the People's League for Germans Abroad (Volksbund für das Deutschtum im Ausland) becoming president of the association in 1920. Fabricius worked with Federico Halbherr on the Italian archaeological mission to Crete, and was a major contributor in the excavation and study of the Gortyn Code ("Leggi di Gortina") on civil rights. Publications Federico Halbherr, Ernst Fabricius e Domenico Comparetti, Leggi antiche della città di Gortyna in Creta. Firenze (Torino, Roma) : Loescher, 1885 Der Limes vom Rhein bis zur Lahn. Nach den Untersuchungen der Streckenkommissare, Peters, Heidelberg 1915 Über die Lex Mamilia Roscia Peducaea Alliena Fabia, Winter, Heidelberg 1924 (Sitzungsberichte der Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften, Philosophisch-Historische Klasse, 1924/25, 1) as co-editor: Der obergermanisch-raetische Limes des Roemerreiches. Im Auftrag der Reichs-Limeskommission, Peters, Berlin-Leipzig, Heidelberg 1894–1938. – Reprint Greiner, Remshalden, 2005, ISBN 978-3-935383-61-5 Bibliography Jürgen von Beckerath, Wilhelm Schleiermacher: Bibliographie Ernst Fabricius. In: Bericht der Römisch-Germanischen Kommission 32, 1942, pp. 229–236. External links Breve autobiografia di Fabricius Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany Italy Israel United States Czech Republic Greece Netherlands Vatican Academics CiNii People Deutsche Biographie Other RISM IdRef
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Between 1882 and 1888 he participated in excavations in Greece and Asia Minor and also pioneered German research on the Roman Empire border defenses known as the Limes Germanicus.","title":"Ernst Fabricius"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Strasbourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strasbourg"},{"link_name":"University of Bonn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Bonn"},{"link_name":"Adolf Michaelis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Michaelis"},{"link_name":"Rudolf Schöll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Sch%C3%B6ll"},{"link_name":"Heinrich Nissen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Nissen"},{"link_name":"Hermann Usener","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Usener"},{"link_name":"German Archaeological Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Archaeological_Institute"},{"link_name":"Heinrich Kiepert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Kiepert"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Asia Minor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Minor"},{"link_name":"University of Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Berlin"},{"link_name":"Pergamon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pergamon"},{"link_name":"Lesbos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesbos"},{"link_name":"Samos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samos"},{"link_name":"Crete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crete"},{"link_name":"Albert-Ludwigs-Universität","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert-Ludwigs-Universit%C3%A4t"},{"link_name":"Freiburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freiburg"},{"link_name":"University of Freiburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Freiburg"},{"link_name":"Breisgau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breisgau"},{"link_name":"rector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rector_(academia)"},{"link_name":"German Limes Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=German_Limes_Commission&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Germanic-Rhaetian Limes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limes_Germanicus"},{"link_name":"parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament"},{"link_name":"Baden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baden"},{"link_name":"Pangermanism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangermanism"},{"link_name":"Federico Halbherr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federico_Halbherr"},{"link_name":"Gortyn Code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gortyn_Code"}],"text":"Ernst Fabricius began his university studies in Strasbourg. In 1881 he received a doctorate in 'Comprehensive Greek Architecture' from the University of Bonn. His teachers included Adolf Michaelis, Rudolf Schöll, Heinrich Nissen and Hermann Usener. As a fellow of the German Archaeological Institute, along with geographer Heinrich Kiepert, he visited Italy, Greece and Asia Minor. In 1886, he was appointed professor of classical philology, archeology and ancient history at the University of Berlin. Subsequently, he participated in excavations in Greece and Asia Minor, specifically at Pergamon, Lesbos, Samos and Crete.From 1888 until his retirement (1926) he was professor of ancient history at the Albert-Ludwigs-Universität in Freiburg, and the University of Freiburg in Breisgau.At the University of Freiburg, Fabricius was the dean of the college, rector (1910–11), and Chairman of the Committee for the construction of the new universities. In 1902 he was appointed President of the German Limes Commission for the Committee on the Germanic-Rhaetian Limes.During his career, Fabricius was extensively involved in politics. He served in the parliament of Baden (Badische Ständeversammlung) from 1913 to 1918.He was a supporter of both German colonialism and Pangermanism. For many years he was a member of the People's League for Germans Abroad (Volksbund für das Deutschtum im Ausland) becoming president of the association in 1920.Fabricius worked with Federico Halbherr on the Italian archaeological mission to Crete, and was a major contributor in the excavation and study of the Gortyn Code (\"Leggi di Gortina\") on civil rights.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Federico Halbherr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federico_Halbherr"},{"link_name":"Domenico Comparetti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domenico_Comparetti"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-935383-61-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-935383-61-5"}],"text":"Federico Halbherr, Ernst Fabricius e Domenico Comparetti, Leggi antiche della città di Gortyna in Creta. Firenze (Torino, Roma) : Loescher, 1885\nDer Limes vom Rhein bis zur Lahn. Nach den Untersuchungen der Streckenkommissare, Peters, Heidelberg 1915\nÜber die Lex Mamilia Roscia Peducaea Alliena Fabia, Winter, Heidelberg 1924 (Sitzungsberichte der Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften, Philosophisch-Historische Klasse, 1924/25, 1)\nas co-editor: Der obergermanisch-raetische Limes des Roemerreiches. Im Auftrag der Reichs-Limeskommission, Peters, Berlin-Leipzig, Heidelberg 1894–1938. – Reprint Greiner, Remshalden, 2005, ISBN 978-3-935383-61-5","title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Jürgen von Beckerath, Wilhelm Schleiermacher: Bibliographie Ernst Fabricius. In: Bericht der Römisch-Germanischen Kommission 32, 1942, pp. 229–236.","title":"Bibliography"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kei_Saito
Kei Saito
["1 References"]
Japanese short track speed skater This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Kei Saito" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Kei SaitoPersonal informationNative name齋藤慧National teamJapanCitizenshipJapanBorn (1996-02-20) February 20, 1996 (age 28)JapanAlma materKanagawa UniversityOccupation(s)Short-track speed skaterStudentHeight161 cm (5 ft 3 in)Weight55 kg (121 lb)Other interestsFishingSportCountryJapanSportSpeed skatingPositionReserveShort-trackMen's 500 metreMen's 1,000 metreMen's 1,500 metreMen's 5,000 metre relayCoached byJonathan GuilmetteSaburo Imai Kei Saito (齋藤慧, Saitō Kei) is a Japanese short-track speed skater. He is known for being the first case of doping at the 2018 Winter Olympics after he was found to have been using acetazolamide. References ^ "Short Track Speed Skating | Athlete Profile: Kei SAITO - Pyeongchang 2018 Olympic Winter Games". Olympics. Retrieved 24 February 2018. ^ "Japanese speedskater Kei Saito suspended in Pyeongchang Olympics' first doping case". The Star. 12 February 2018. Retrieved 24 February 2018. This biographical article on a speed skater in Japan is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardner_Cowles_Jr.
Gardner Cowles Jr.
["1 Biography","2 Personal life and death","3 References"]
American newspaper and magazine publisher Gardner "Mike" Cowles Jr.Mike Cowles, photographed some time between 1940 and 1946Born(1903-01-31)January 31, 1903Algona, Iowa, U.S.DiedJuly 8, 1985(1985-07-08) (aged 82)Southampton, New York, U.S.Alma materHarvard UniversityOccupationPublisherKnown forCowles Media CompanyPolitical partyRepublicanSpouse(s) Lois Thornburg ​ ​(m. 1933; div. 1946)​ Fleur Cowles ​ ​(m. 1946; div. 1955)​ Jan Hochstraser (also known as Jan Streate Cox) ​ ​(m. 1956)​ChildrenLois Cowles Harrison, Kate Nichols, Gardner ("Pat") Cowles III, Jane, Virginia Kurtis, stepson CharlesParent(s)Gardner Cowles Sr. and Florence Call Gardner "Mike" Cowles Jr. (1903–1985) was an American newspaper and magazine publisher. He was co-owner of the Cowles Media Company, whose assets included the Minneapolis Star, the Minneapolis Tribune, the Des Moines Register, Look magazine, and a half-interest in Harper's Magazine. Biography Cowles was a descendant of Hannah Bushoup (c. 1613–1683) of Hartford, Connecticut, and John Cowles (1598–1675) of Gloucestershire, England. His father Gardner Cowles Sr. was a banker, publisher, and politician who purchased The Des Moines Register and the Des Moines Tribune. Cowles Jr. was born in Algona, Iowa. He was educated at Phillips Exeter Academy and Harvard University. He became co-owner with his brother John of the Cowles Media Company (established in 1935), and in 1937 became co-founder, co-publisher, and editor of Look magazine. He also served as executive editor of The Des Moines Register and The Des Moines Tribune. In 1939, Mike and John, along with entrepreneur Everett M. "Busy" Arnold, became owners of the newly formed Comic Magazines, Inc., the corporate entity that would publish the Quality Comics comic book line. (Quality was an influential creative force in what historians and fans call the Golden Age of comic books). In the 1940 Republican Party presidential primaries, Cowles and his brother supported Wendell Willkie in their newspapers and magazines. Cowles later accompanied Wilkie on a world tour, and helped him write the bestseller One World. In 1942 Cowles had been appointed to wartime duty as assistant director of the Office of War Information. His responsibilities in the OWI were to direct a domestic news bureau, coordinating information from non-military government agencies. Cowles served in the OWI under the leadership of Elmer Davis for about a year and then returned to Des Moines. Molotov, Barnes, Stalin, Willkie and Cowles on the right In the fall of 1942 Cowles and Barnes accompanied Willkie, who was serving as special representative of President Roosevelt, in his international tour (North Africa - Beirut - Jerusalem - Soviet Union - Siberia - China). They visited Stalin in Moscow on September 23, 1942 Returned to USA Cowles had 2-hours press conference in November 1942 and told how Stalin allegedly expressed anti-British sentiment. Stalin denied the accusation. In his 1985 memoir Mike Looks Back Cowles claimed Willkie had asked him to cover for him during an assignation with Madame Chiang. The two had absented themselves from a banquet, Cowles said, leaving him to confront an angry generalissimo and three of his gun-wielding bodyguards—later inflated to 'sixty' in Washington gossip circles—who searched the guesthouse and found nothing. For a time, Cowles owned the infamous "petrified man" the Cardiff Giant, which he bought to adorn his basement rumpus room as a coffee table and conversation piece. During 1947, he sold it to the Farmers' Museum in Cooperstown, New York, where it is still displayed. Cowles was a donor to the Gardner Cowles Foundation, an executive of the Farfield Foundation (supposedly a CIA front), and sponsor of the journal History. In the 1950s, Cowles was involved with the propaganda campaign Crusade for Freedom. He was a delegate to the 1954 Bilderberg Conference, the first meeting of the conference. Personal life and death Cowles was married to writer, editor, and artist Fleur Cowles from 1946 to 1955, ending in divorce. His daughter Lois Cowles Harrison (1934–2013) was a civic leader, women's rights activist, and philanthropist. He was married to Jan Hochstraser (also known as Jan Streate Cox) from May 1956 until his death and had a daughter Virginia and stepson Charles, an art dealer. Cowles Jr. died at age 82 on July 8, 1985, from cardiac arrest in Southampton, New York. His memoirs were published in 1985. References ^ a b Associated Press. "Look Magazine Founder Gardner Cowles," Los Angeles Times (July 9, 1985). ^ a b c d Strentz, Herb."Gardner Cowles Jr. (Mike)", Cowles Family Publishing Legacy, Drake University, Cowles Library. Accessed January 15, 2018. ^ Domhoff, G. William. (1967). Who Rules America?. Prentice Hall, Inc. (Library of Congress Catalog Card No. 67-25926). pp. 67, 82. ^ a b c d "Gardner Cowles Jr. Is Dead at 82; Helped Build Publishing Empire", The New York Times (July 9, 1985). ^ "Victory: Official Weekly Bulletin of the Office of War Information". 1942. ^ United States Department of State / Foreign relations of the United States diplomatic papers, 1942. Europe, pp.640-641 ^ RGASPI. F.558. Op.11. D.385. L.120 ^ RGASPI. F.558. Op.11. D.385. L.122 ^ Samuel Zipp, The Idealist: Wendell Willkie’s Wartime Quest to Build One World, Harvard University Press, 2020, page 197. ^ Letter to Paul M. Paine, dated August 28, 1939. OCLC 910726243. ^ "The Cardiff Giant". Farmer's Museum. Retrieved July 14, 2014. ^ Menand, Louis (October 17, 2005). "Unpopular Front: American art and the Cold War". The New Yorker. ^ Saunders, Frances Stonor (1999). The Cultural Cold War: the CIA and the World of Arts and Letters. New York: New Press. ISBN 1-56584-596-X, p. 137. ^ Cowles Family Publishing Legacy, Drake University, Cowles Library. Accessed Jan. 15, 2018 ^ Cowles, Gardner. Mike Looks Back: The Memoirs of Gardner Cowles, Founder of Look Magazine. New York: 1985. ISBN 0961399708
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He was co-owner of the Cowles Media Company, whose assets included the Minneapolis Star, the Minneapolis Tribune, the Des Moines Register, Look magazine, and a half-interest in Harper's Magazine.[3]","title":"Gardner Cowles Jr."},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hartford, Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartford,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Gloucestershire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucestershire"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Gardner Cowles Sr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardner_Cowles_Sr."},{"link_name":"The Des Moines Register","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Des_Moines_Register"},{"link_name":"Des Moines Tribune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Des_Moines_Tribune"},{"link_name":"Algona, Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algona,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTimes-obit-4"},{"link_name":"Phillips Exeter 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Willkie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendell_Willkie"},{"link_name":"One World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_World_(book)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AP-1"},{"link_name":"Office of War Information","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_War_Information"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Elmer Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmer_Davis"},{"link_name":"Des Moines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Des_Moines,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Strentz-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%92%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B0_%D0%98._%D0%92._%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81_%D0%A3._%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B8.jpg"},{"link_name":"Molotov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyacheslav_Molotov"},{"link_name":"Barnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Fels_Barnes"},{"link_name":"Stalin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Stalin"},{"link_name":"Willkie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendell_Willkie"},{"link_name":"Barnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Fels_Barnes"},{"link_name":"Willkie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendell_Willkie"},{"link_name":"Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"Stalin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Stalin"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"press conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Press_conference"},{"link_name":"anti-British sentiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-British_sentiment"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Madame Chiang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soong_Mei-ling"},{"link_name":"generalissimo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"petrified","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrifaction"},{"link_name":"Cardiff Giant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff_Giant"},{"link_name":"rumpus room","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumpus_room"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Farmers' Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmers%27_Museum"},{"link_name":"Cooperstown, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperstown,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Farfield Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Farfield_Foundation&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"CIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_(journal)"},{"link_name":"Crusade for Freedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusade_for_Freedom"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"1954 Bilderberg Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1954_Bilderberg_Conference"}],"text":"Cowles was a descendant of Hannah Bushoup (c. 1613–1683) of Hartford, Connecticut, and John Cowles (1598–1675) of Gloucestershire, England. His father Gardner Cowles Sr. was a banker, publisher, and politician who purchased The Des Moines Register and the Des Moines Tribune.Cowles Jr. was born in Algona, Iowa.[4] He was educated at Phillips Exeter Academy and Harvard University.[4]He became co-owner with his brother John of the Cowles Media Company (established in 1935), and in 1937 became co-founder, co-publisher, and editor of Look magazine. He also served as executive editor of The Des Moines Register and The Des Moines Tribune.In 1939, Mike and John, along with entrepreneur Everett M. \"Busy\" Arnold, became owners of the newly formed Comic Magazines, Inc., the corporate entity that would publish the Quality Comics comic book line. (Quality was an influential creative force in what historians and fans call the Golden Age of comic books).In the 1940 Republican Party presidential primaries, Cowles and his brother supported Wendell Willkie in their newspapers and magazines. Cowles later accompanied Wilkie on a world tour, and helped him write the bestseller One World.[1]In 1942 Cowles had been appointed to wartime duty as assistant director of the Office of War Information.[5] His responsibilities in the OWI were to direct a domestic news bureau, coordinating information from non-military government agencies. Cowles served in the OWI under the leadership of Elmer Davis for about a year and then returned to Des Moines.[2]Molotov, Barnes, Stalin, Willkie and Cowles on the rightIn the fall of 1942 Cowles and Barnes accompanied Willkie, who was serving as special representative of President Roosevelt, in his international tour (North Africa - Beirut - Jerusalem - Soviet Union - Siberia - China). They visited Stalin in Moscow on September 23, 1942[6]\nReturned to USA Cowles had 2-hours press conference in November 1942 and told how Stalin allegedly expressed anti-British sentiment.[7] Stalin denied the accusation.[8]In his 1985 memoir Mike Looks Back Cowles claimed Willkie had asked him to cover for him during an assignation with Madame Chiang. The two had absented themselves from a banquet, Cowles said, leaving him to confront an angry generalissimo and three of his gun-wielding bodyguards—later inflated to 'sixty' in Washington gossip circles—who searched the guesthouse and found nothing.[9]For a time, Cowles owned the infamous \"petrified man\" the Cardiff Giant, which he bought to adorn his basement rumpus room as a coffee table and conversation piece.[10] During 1947, he sold it to the Farmers' Museum in Cooperstown, New York, where it is still displayed.[11]Cowles was a donor to the Gardner Cowles Foundation, an executive of the Farfield Foundation (supposedly a CIA front),[12] and sponsor of the journal History.In the 1950s, Cowles was involved with the propaganda campaign Crusade for Freedom.[13] He was a delegate to the 1954 Bilderberg Conference, the first meeting of the conference.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fleur Cowles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleur_Cowles"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTimes-obit-4"},{"link_name":"Lois Cowles Harrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lois_Cowles_Harrison"},{"link_name":"Charles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Cowles_(art_dealer)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"cardiac arrest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_arrest"},{"link_name":"Southampton, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southampton,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTimes-obit-4"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Cowles was married to writer, editor, and artist Fleur Cowles from 1946 to 1955, ending in divorce.[4] His daughter Lois Cowles Harrison (1934–2013) was a civic leader, women's rights activist, and philanthropist. He was married to Jan Hochstraser (also known as Jan Streate Cox) from May 1956 until his death and had a daughter Virginia and stepson Charles, an art dealer.[14]Cowles Jr. died at age 82 on July 8, 1985, from cardiac arrest in Southampton, New York.[4]His memoirs were published in 1985.[15]","title":"Personal life and death"}]
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[{"reference":"Domhoff, G. William. (1967). Who Rules America?. Prentice Hall, Inc. (Library of Congress Catalog Card No. 67-25926). pp. 67, 82.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Victory: Official Weekly Bulletin of the Office of War Information\". 1942.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=cIdIAQAAIAAJ&pg=RA2-PA32","url_text":"\"Victory: Official Weekly Bulletin of the Office of War Information\""}]},{"reference":"Letter to Paul M. Paine, dated August 28, 1939. OCLC 910726243.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/910726243","url_text":"910726243"}]},{"reference":"\"The Cardiff Giant\". Farmer's Museum. Retrieved July 14, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.farmersmuseum.org/node/2482","url_text":"\"The Cardiff Giant\""}]},{"reference":"Menand, Louis (October 17, 2005). \"Unpopular Front: American art and the Cold War\". The New Yorker.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2005/10/17/unpopular-front","url_text":"\"Unpopular Front: American art and the Cold War\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wandlitzsee
Wandlitzer See
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Coordinates: 52°45′0″N 13°26′59″E / 52.75000°N 13.44972°E / 52.75000; 13.44972Wandlitzer SeeWandlitzWandlitzer SeeLocationWandlitz, BrandenburgCoordinates52°45′0″N 13°26′59″E / 52.75000°N 13.44972°E / 52.75000; 13.44972Basin countriesGermanySurface area2.15 km2 (0.83 sq mi)Max. depth24 m (79 ft)Surface elevation48.6 m (159 ft)SettlementsWandlitz The Wandlitzer See (colloquial also Wandlitzsee) is a lake in Wandlitz, Brandenburg, Germany. At an elevation of 48.6 m, its surface area is 2.15 km2. This Brandenburg location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Wandlitzer_See&params=52_45_0_N_13_26_59_E_region:DE-BB_type:waterbody_source:dewiki","external_links_name":"52°45′0″N 13°26′59″E / 52.75000°N 13.44972°E / 52.75000; 13.44972"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Wandlitzer_See&params=52_45_0_N_13_26_59_E_region:DE-BB_type:waterbody_source:dewiki","external_links_name":"52°45′0″N 13°26′59″E / 52.75000°N 13.44972°E / 52.75000; 13.44972"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wandlitzer_See&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/58_(number)
58 (number)
["1 Mathematics","1.1 Form","1.2 Number-theoretical","1.2.1 Sequence of biprimes","1.2.2 Decimal properties","1.2.3 Mertens function","1.3 Geometric properties","1.3.1 Coxeter groups","2 Other fields","3 Notes","4 References"]
Natural number ← 57 58 59 → ← 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 → List of numbersIntegers← 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 →Cardinalfifty-eightOrdinal58th(fifty-eighth)Factorization2 × 29Divisors1, 2, 29, 58Greek numeralΝΗ´Roman numeralLVIIIBinary1110102Ternary20113Senary1346Octal728Duodecimal4A12Hexadecimal3A16 58 (fifty-eight) is the natural number following 57 and preceding 59. Mathematics Form Fifty-eight is the seventeenth semiprime and the ninth with 2 as the lowest non-unitary divisor; thus of the form 2 × q {\displaystyle 2\times q} , where q {\displaystyle q} is a higher prime (29). Number-theoretical 58 is equal to the sum of the first seven consecutive prime numbers: 2 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 11 + 13 + 17 = 58. {\displaystyle 2+3+5+7+11+13+17=58.} This is a difference of 1 from the seventeenth prime number and seventh super-prime, 59. 58 has an aliquot sum of 32 within an aliquot sequence of two composite numbers (58, 32, 13, 1, 0) in the 13-aliquot tree. There is no solution to the equation x − φ ( x ) = 58 {\displaystyle x-\varphi (x)=58} , making fifty-eight the sixth noncototient; however, the totient summatory function over the first thirteen integers is 58. 58 is also the second non-trivial 11-gonal number, after 30. Sequence of biprimes 58 is the second member of the fifth cluster of two semiprimes or biprimes (57, 58), following (25, 26) and preceding (118, 119). More specifically, 58 is the eleventh member in the sequence of consecutive discrete semiprimes that begins,(14, 15),(21, 22),(33, 34, 35),(38, 39)(57, 58) 58 represents twice the sum between the first two discrete biprimes 14 + 15 = 29, with the first two members of the first such triplet 33 and 34 (or twice 17, the fourth super-prime) respectively the twenty-first and twenty-second composite numbers, and 22 itself the thirteenth composite. (Where also, 58 is the sum of all primes between 2 and 17.) The first triplet is the only triplet in the sequence of consecutive discrete biprimes whose members collectively have prime factorizations that nearly span a set of consecutive prime numbers. 58 17 + 1 {\displaystyle 58^{17}+1} is also semiprime (the second such number n {\displaystyle n} for n 17 + 1 , {\displaystyle n^{17}+1,} after 2). Decimal properties The fifth repdigit is the product between the thirteenth and fifty-eighth primes, 41 × 271 = 11111. {\displaystyle 41\times 271=11111.} 58 is also the smallest integer in decimal whose square root has a continued fraction with period 7. It is the fourth Smith number whose sum of its digits is equal to the sum of the digits in its prime factorization (13). Mertens function Given 58, the Mertens function returns 0 {\displaystyle 0} , the fourth such number to do so. The sum of the first three numbers to return zero (2, 39, 40) sum to 81 = 92, which is the fifty-eighth composite number. Geometric properties The regular icosahedron produces fifty-eight distinct stellations, the most of any other Platonic solid, which collectively produce sixty-two stellations. Coxeter groups With regard to Coxeter groups and uniform polytopes in higher dimensional spaces, there are: 58 distinct uniform polytopes in the fifth dimension that are generated from symmetries of three Coxeter groups, they are the A5 simplex group, B5 cubic group, and the D5 demihypercubic group; 58 fundamental Coxeter groups that generate uniform polytopes in the seventh dimension, with only four of these generating uniform non-prismatic figures. There exist 58 total paracompact Coxeter groups of ranks four through ten, with realizations in dimensions three through nine. These solutions all contain infinite facets and vertex figures, in contrast from compact hyperbolic groups that contain finite elements; there are no other such groups with higher or lower ranks. Other fields Base Hexxagōn starting grid, with fifty-eight "usable" cells 58 is the number of usable cells on a Hexxagon game board. Notes ^ 14 = 2 · 7 and 15 = 3 · 5, where the first four primes are 2, 3, 5, 7. ^ 21 = 3 · 7, and 22 = 2 · 11; factors spanning primes between 2 and 11, aside from 5. ^ 33 = 3 · 11, 34 = 2 · 17, and 35 = 5 · 7; in similar form, a set of factors that are the primes between 2 and 17, aside from 13; the last such set of set of prime factors that nearly covers consecutive primes. References ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A001358". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A007504 (Sum of the first n primes.)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2022-12-20. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A000040 (The prime numbers.)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2022-12-20. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A006450 (Prime-indexed primes: primes with prime subscripts.)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2022-12-20. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A001065 (Sum of proper divisors (or aliquot parts) of n: sum of divisors of n that are less than n.)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2024-02-27. ^ Sloane, N. J. A., ed. (1975). "Aliquot sequences". Mathematics of Computation. 29 (129). OEIS Foundation: 101–107. Retrieved 2024-02-27. ^ "Sloane's A005278 : Noncototients". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-05-30. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A002088 (Sum of totient function.)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2024-02-27. ^ "Sloane's A051682 : 11-gonal numbers". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-05-30. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A001358 (Semiprimes (or biprimes): products of two primes.)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2024-02-27. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A006881 (Semiprimes (or biprimes): products of two primes.)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2024-05-07. ^ a b c Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A002808 (The composite numbers.)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2024-05-07. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A104494 (Positive integers n such that n^17 + 1 is semiprime.)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2024-02-27. ^ "Sloane's A013646: Least m such that continued fraction for sqrt(m) has period n". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2021-03-18. ^ "Sloane's A006753 : Smith numbers". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-05-30. ^ "Sloane's A028442 : Numbers n such that Mertens' function is zero". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-05-30. ^ H. S. M. Coxeter; P. Du Val; H. T. Flather; J. F. Petrie (1982). The Fifty-Nine Icosahedra. New York: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-8216-4. ISBN 978-1-4613-8216-4. ^ Webb, Robert. "Enumeration of Stellations". Stella. Archived from the original on 2022-11-26. Retrieved 2023-01-18. vteIntegers0s  0   1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8   9  10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100s 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200s 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300s 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 394 395 396 397 398 399 400s 400 401 402 403 404 405 406 407 408 409 410 411 412 413 414 415 416 417 418 419 420 421 422 423 424 425 426 427 428 429 430 431 432 433 434 435 436 437 438 439 440 441 442 443 444 445 446 447 448 449 450 451 452 453 454 455 456 457 458 459 460 461 462 463 464 465 466 467 468 469 470 471 472 473 474 475 476 477 478 479 480 481 482 483 484 485 486 487 488 489 490 491 492 493 494 495 496 497 498 499 500s 500 501 502 503 504 505 506 507 508 509 510 511 512 513 514 515 516 517 518 519 520 521 522 523 524 525 526 527 528 529 530 531 532 533 534 535 536 537 538 539 540 541 542 543 544 545 546 547 548 549 550 551 552 553 554 555 556 557 558 559 560 561 562 563 564 565 566 567 568 569 570 571 572 573 574 575 576 577 578 579 580 581 582 583 584 585 586 587 588 589 590 591 592 593 594 595 596 597 598 599 600s 600 601 602 603 604 605 606 607 608 609 610 611 612 613 614 615 616 617 618 619 620 621 622 623 624 625 626 627 628 629 630 631 632 633 634 635 636 637 638 639 640 641 642 643 644 645 646 647 648 649 650 651 652 653 654 655 656 657 658 659 660 661 662 663 664 665 666 667 668 669 670 671 672 673 674 675 676 677 678 679 680 681 682 683 684 685 686 687 688 689 690 691 692 693 694 695 696 697 698 699 700s 700 701 702 703 704 705 706 707 708 709 710 711 712 713 714 715 716 717 718 719 720 721 722 723 724 725 726 727 728 729 730 731 732 733 734 735 736 737 738 739 740 741 742 743 744 745 746 747 748 749 750 751 752 753 754 755 756 757 758 759 760 761 762 763 764 765 766 767 768 769 770 771 772 773 774 775 776 777 778 779 780 781 782 783 784 785 786 787 788 789 790 791 792 793 794 795 796 797 798 799 800s 800 801 802 803 804 805 806 807 808 809 810 811 812 813 814 815 816 817 818 819 820 821 822 823 824 825 826 827 828 829 830 831 832 833 834 835 836 837 838 839 840 841 842 843 844 845 846 847 848 849 850 851 852 853 854 855 856 857 858 859 860 861 862 863 864 865 866 867 868 869 870 871 872 873 874 875 876 877 878 879 880 881 882 883 884 885 886 887 888 889 890 891 892 893 894 895 896 897 898 899 900s 900 901 902 903 904 905 906 907 908 909 910 911 912 913 914 915 916 917 918 919 920 921 922 923 924 925 926 927 928 929 930 931 932 933 934 935 936 937 938 939 940 941 942 943 944 945 946 947 948 949 950 951 952 953 954 955 956 957 958 959 960 961 962 963 964 965 966 967 968 969 970 971 972 973 974 975 976 977 978 979 980 981 982 983 984 985 986 987 988 989 990 991 992 993 994 995 996 997 998 999 ≥1000 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000 70,000 80,000 90,000 100,000 1,000,000 10,000,000 100,000,000 1,000,000,000
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"natural number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_number"},{"link_name":"57","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/57_(number)"},{"link_name":"59","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/59_(number)"}],"text":"58 (fifty-eight) is the natural number following 57 and preceding 59.","title":"58 (number)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Mathematics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"semiprime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiprime"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2"},{"link_name":"unitary divisor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitary_divisor"},{"link_name":"prime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime"},{"link_name":"29","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/29_(number)"}],"sub_title":"Form","text":"Fifty-eight is the seventeenth semiprime[1] and the ninth with 2 as the lowest non-unitary divisor; thus of the form \n \n \n \n 2\n ×\n q\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 2\\times q}\n \n, where \n \n \n \n q\n \n \n {\\displaystyle q}\n \n is a higher prime (29).","title":"Mathematics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"super-prime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super-prime"},{"link_name":"59","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/59_(number)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A000040-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"aliquot sum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliquot_sum"},{"link_name":"32","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/32_(number)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"aliquot sequence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliquot_sequence"},{"link_name":"13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/13_(number)"},{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_(number)"},{"link_name":"0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/0"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"noncototient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noncototient"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"totient summatory function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totient_summatory_function"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"gonal number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygonal_number"},{"link_name":"30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/30_(number)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Number-theoretical","text":"58 is equal to the sum of the first seven consecutive prime numbers:[2]2\n +\n 3\n +\n 5\n +\n 7\n +\n 11\n +\n 13\n +\n 17\n =\n 58.\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 2+3+5+7+11+13+17=58.}This is a difference of 1 from the seventeenth prime number and seventh super-prime, 59.[3][4] 58 has an aliquot sum of 32[5] within an aliquot sequence of two composite numbers (58, 32, 13, 1, 0) in the 13-aliquot tree.[6] There is no solution to the equation \n \n \n \n x\n −\n φ\n (\n x\n )\n =\n 58\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x-\\varphi (x)=58}\n \n, making fifty-eight the sixth noncototient;[7] however, the totient summatory function over the first thirteen integers is 58.[8]58 is also the second non-trivial 11-gonal number, after 30.[9]","title":"Mathematics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"semiprimes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiprime"},{"link_name":"57","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/57_(number)"},{"link_name":"25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/25_(number)"},{"link_name":"26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/26_(number)"},{"link_name":"118","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/118_(number)"},{"link_name":"119","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/119_(number)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"discrete semiprimes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiprime#Examples_and_variations"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14_(number)"},{"link_name":"15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15_(number)"},{"link_name":"29","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/29_(number)"},{"link_name":"33","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/33_(number)"},{"link_name":"34","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/34_(number)"},{"link_name":"super-prime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super-prime"},{"link_name":"composite numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composite_number"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A002808-15"},{"link_name":"22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/22_(number)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A002808-15"},{"link_name":"prime factorizations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_factorization"},{"link_name":"2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Number-theoretical - Sequence of biprimes","text":"58 is the second member of the fifth cluster of two semiprimes or biprimes (57, 58), following (25, 26) and preceding (118, 119).[10]More specifically, 58 is the eleventh member in the sequence of consecutive discrete semiprimes that begins,[11](14, 15),[a](21, 22),[b](33, 34, 35),[c](38, 39)(57, 58)58 represents twice the sum between the first two discrete biprimes 14 + 15 = 29, with the first two members of the first such triplet 33 and 34 (or twice 17, the fourth super-prime) respectively the twenty-first and twenty-second composite numbers,[12] and 22 itself the thirteenth composite.[12] (Where also, 58 is the sum of all primes between 2 and 17.) The first triplet is the only triplet in the sequence of consecutive discrete biprimes whose members collectively have prime factorizations that nearly span a set of consecutive prime numbers.58\n \n 17\n \n \n +\n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 58^{17}+1}\n \n is also semiprime (the second such number \n \n \n \n n\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n}\n \n for \n \n \n \n \n n\n \n 17\n \n \n +\n 1\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n^{17}+1,}\n \n after 2).[13]","title":"Mathematics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"repdigit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repdigit"},{"link_name":"decimal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decimal"},{"link_name":"square root","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_root"},{"link_name":"continued fraction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continued_fraction"},{"link_name":"period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodic_continued_fraction"},{"link_name":"7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Smith number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith_number"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Number-theoretical - Decimal properties","text":"The fifth repdigit is the product between the thirteenth and fifty-eighth primes,41\n ×\n 271\n =\n 11111.\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 41\\times 271=11111.}58 is also the smallest integer in decimal whose square root has a continued fraction with period 7.[14] It is the fourth Smith number whose sum of its digits is equal to the sum of the digits in its prime factorization (13).[15]","title":"Mathematics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mertens function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mertens_function"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"39","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/39_(number)"},{"link_name":"40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/40_(number)"},{"link_name":"81","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/81_(number)"},{"link_name":"9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A002808-15"}],"sub_title":"Number-theoretical - Mertens function","text":"Given 58, the Mertens function returns \n \n \n \n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 0}\n \n, the fourth such number to do so.[16] The sum of the first three numbers to return zero (2, 39, 40) sum to 81 = 92, which is the fifty-eighth composite number.[12]","title":"Mathematics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"regular icosahedron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular_icosahedron"},{"link_name":"stellations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellation"},{"link_name":"Platonic solid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platonic_solid"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"Geometric properties","text":"The regular icosahedron produces fifty-eight distinct stellations, the most of any other Platonic solid, which collectively produce sixty-two stellations.[17][18]","title":"Mathematics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Coxeter groups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coxeter_group"},{"link_name":"uniform polytopes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_polytope"},{"link_name":"uniform polytopes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_5-polytope"},{"link_name":"fifth dimension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five-dimensional_space"},{"link_name":"A5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A5_polytope"},{"link_name":"B5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B5_polytope"},{"link_name":"D5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D5_polytope"},{"link_name":"seventh dimension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_7-polytope#Uniform_7-polytopes_by_fundamental_Coxeter_groups"},{"link_name":"paracompact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coxeter-Dynkin_diagram#Paracompact_(Koszul_simplex_groups)"},{"link_name":"ranks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynkin_diagram#Related_classifications"},{"link_name":"facets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facet_(geometry)"},{"link_name":"vertex figures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertex_figure"},{"link_name":"compact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coxeter-Dynkin_diagram#Compact_(Lann%C3%A9r_simplex_groups)"}],"sub_title":"Geometric properties - Coxeter groups","text":"With regard to Coxeter groups and uniform polytopes in higher dimensional spaces, there are:58 distinct uniform polytopes in the fifth dimension that are generated from symmetries of three Coxeter groups, they are the A5 simplex group, B5 cubic group, and the D5 demihypercubic group;58 fundamental Coxeter groups that generate uniform polytopes in the seventh dimension, with only four of these generating uniform non-prismatic figures.There exist 58 total paracompact Coxeter groups of ranks four through ten, with realizations in dimensions three through nine. These solutions all contain infinite facets and vertex figures, in contrast from compact hyperbolic groups that contain finite elements; there are no other such groups with higher or lower ranks.","title":"Mathematics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hexxagon.png"},{"link_name":"Hexxagon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexxagon"}],"text":"Base Hexxagōn starting grid, with fifty-eight \"usable\" cells58 is the number of usable cells on a Hexxagon game board.","title":"Other fields"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2"},{"link_name":"11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11_(number)"},{"link_name":"5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/13_(number)"},{"link_name":"covers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covering_set"}],"text":"^ 14 = 2 · 7 and 15 = 3 · 5, where the first four primes are 2, 3, 5, 7.\n\n^ 21 = 3 · 7, and 22 = 2 · 11; factors spanning primes between 2 and 11, aside from 5.\n\n^ 33 = 3 · 11, 34 = 2 · 17, and 35 = 5 · 7; in similar form, a set of factors that are the primes between 2 and 17, aside from 13; the last such set of set of prime factors that nearly covers consecutive primes.","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"Base Hexxagōn starting grid, with fifty-eight \"usable\" cells","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Hexxagon.png/200px-Hexxagon.png"}]
null
[{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A001358\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A001358","url_text":"\"Sequence A001358\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A007504 (Sum of the first n primes.)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2022-12-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A007504","url_text":"\"Sequence A007504 (Sum of the first n primes.)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A000040 (The prime numbers.)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2022-12-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A000040","url_text":"\"Sequence A000040 (The prime numbers.)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A006450 (Prime-indexed primes: primes with prime subscripts.)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2022-12-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A006450","url_text":"\"Sequence A006450 (Prime-indexed primes: primes with prime subscripts.)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A001065 (Sum of proper divisors (or aliquot parts) of n: sum of divisors of n that are less than n.)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2024-02-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A001065","url_text":"\"Sequence A001065 (Sum of proper divisors (or aliquot parts) of n: sum of divisors of n that are less than n.)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A., ed. (1975). \"Aliquot sequences\". Mathematics of Computation. 29 (129). OEIS Foundation: 101–107. Retrieved 2024-02-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/wiki/Aliquot_sequences","url_text":"\"Aliquot sequences\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sloane's A005278 : Noncototients\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-05-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://oeis.org/A005278","url_text":"\"Sloane's A005278 : Noncototients\""}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A002088 (Sum of totient function.)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2024-02-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A002088","url_text":"\"Sequence A002088 (Sum of totient function.)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"\"Sloane's A051682 : 11-gonal numbers\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-05-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://oeis.org/A051682","url_text":"\"Sloane's A051682 : 11-gonal numbers\""}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A001358 (Semiprimes (or biprimes): products of two primes.)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2024-02-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A001358","url_text":"\"Sequence A001358 (Semiprimes (or biprimes): products of two primes.)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A006881 (Semiprimes (or biprimes): products of two primes.)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2024-05-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A006881","url_text":"\"Sequence A006881 (Semiprimes (or biprimes): products of two primes.)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A002808 (The composite numbers.)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2024-05-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A002808","url_text":"\"Sequence A002808 (The composite numbers.)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A104494 (Positive integers n such that n^17 + 1 is semiprime.)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2024-02-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A104494","url_text":"\"Sequence A104494 (Positive integers n such that n^17 + 1 is semiprime.)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"\"Sloane's A013646: Least m such that continued fraction for sqrt(m) has period n\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2021-03-18.","urls":[{"url":"http://oeis.org/A013646","url_text":"\"Sloane's A013646: Least m such that continued fraction for sqrt(m) has period n\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sloane's A006753 : Smith numbers\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-05-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://oeis.org/A006753","url_text":"\"Sloane's A006753 : Smith numbers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sloane's A028442 : Numbers n such that Mertens' function is zero\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-05-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://oeis.org/A028442","url_text":"\"Sloane's A028442 : Numbers n such that Mertens' function is zero\""}]},{"reference":"H. S. M. Coxeter; P. Du Val; H. T. Flather; J. F. Petrie (1982). The Fifty-Nine Icosahedra. New York: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-8216-4. ISBN 978-1-4613-8216-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coxeter","url_text":"H. S. M. Coxeter"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4613-8216-4","url_text":"10.1007/978-1-4613-8216-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4613-8216-4","url_text":"978-1-4613-8216-4"}]},{"reference":"Webb, Robert. \"Enumeration of Stellations\". Stella. Archived from the original on 2022-11-26. Retrieved 2023-01-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20221126015207/https://www.software3d.com/Enumerate.php","url_text":"\"Enumeration of Stellations\""},{"url":"https://www.software3d.com/Enumerate.php","url_text":"the original"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A001358","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A001358\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A007504","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A007504 (Sum of the first n primes.)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A000040","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A000040 (The prime numbers.)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A006450","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A006450 (Prime-indexed primes: primes with prime subscripts.)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A001065","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A001065 (Sum of proper divisors (or aliquot parts) of n: sum of divisors of n that are less than n.)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/wiki/Aliquot_sequences","external_links_name":"\"Aliquot sequences\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A005278","external_links_name":"\"Sloane's A005278 : Noncototients\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A002088","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A002088 (Sum of totient function.)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A051682","external_links_name":"\"Sloane's A051682 : 11-gonal numbers\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A001358","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A001358 (Semiprimes (or biprimes): products of two primes.)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A006881","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A006881 (Semiprimes (or biprimes): products of two primes.)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A002808","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A002808 (The composite numbers.)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A104494","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A104494 (Positive integers n such that n^17 + 1 is semiprime.)\""},{"Link":"http://oeis.org/A013646","external_links_name":"\"Sloane's A013646: Least m such that continued fraction for sqrt(m) has period n\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A006753","external_links_name":"\"Sloane's A006753 : Smith numbers\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A028442","external_links_name":"\"Sloane's A028442 : Numbers n such that Mertens' function is zero\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4613-8216-4","external_links_name":"10.1007/978-1-4613-8216-4"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20221126015207/https://www.software3d.com/Enumerate.php","external_links_name":"\"Enumeration of Stellations\""},{"Link":"https://www.software3d.com/Enumerate.php","external_links_name":"the original"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Hermann_Nicolai
Georg Hermann Nicolai
["1 Life","2 Principal works","3 References","3.1 English","3.2 German"]
You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in German. (July 2021) Click for important translation instructions. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing German Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated|de|Hermann Nicolai (Architekt)}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. Hermann Nicolai; portrait by Johann Baptist Kirner (c.1834) Villa Struve; destroyed in World War II Georg Hermann Nicolai (10 January 1812 – 10 July 1881) was a German architect and educator, Professor of Architecture at the Royal Academy of Fine Arts on the Brühl Terrace in Dresden from 1850 until his death. Life Nicolai was born at Torgau, in the Kingdom of Saxony. He studied architecture at the Dresden Academy with Bernhard Schreiber under Joseph Thürmer and later in Munich under Friedrich von Gärtner. Travels to Italy included stints in 1834-5 and 1839-40. He served as Hofbaumeister in Coburg from 1841–45 and established a private practice in Frankfurt am Main from 1845-48. In mid-summer 1850 he succeeded Gottfried Semper as Professor of the Bauatelier of the Dresden Academy of Fine Arts many months after Semper had participated in building a barricade in the May Uprising of the previous year. Nicolai brought a fine sensibility to the reinterpretation of Quattrocento-style Neorenaissance architecture in Dresden in his years at the Academy, and was an extremely popular teacher. Many of his students went on to distinguished careers in Saxony and beyond. He died at died Bodenbach (Elbe), aged 69. Upon his death, his former pupil Constantin Lipsius (1832-1894) was named his replacement. Principal works Seebach Residence (1839) Villa Struve (1851-2) Villa Meyer (1867–69) Reconstruction of Prince George's Palace on the Zinzendorfstrasse (1855-7) Villa Seiler (1867-8) All of these were destroyed during the Allied bombing of Dresden in World War II. References English Berry, J. Duncan. The Legacy of Gottfried Semper: Studies in Späthistorismus (Ph. D. Diss., Brown University, 1989): p. 124–33. German Anon., Geschichte des akademischen Architekten-Club Akanthus. Gedenk-Schrift zum 30jährigen Stiftungsfeste 1894 (Dresden 1894). Anon., "Herrmann Georg (sic) Nicolai," Dresdner Anzeiger CLI/229 (August 17, 1881): p. 4-5. Helas, Volker. Sempers Dresden. Die Bauten und die Schüler (Dresden, 2003): pp. 37–39, 47 n9. ISBN 3-930382-95-4 Lier, H. A. in Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie 52 (1906): pp. 784–5. Lipsius, Constantin. "Georg Hermann Nicolai," Deutsche Bauzeitung 16 (1882): pp. 304–7, 314-7. Milde, Kurt. Neorenaissance in der deutschen Architektur des 19. Jahrhunderts. Grundlagen, Wesen und Gültigkeit (Dresden 1981): p. 160–70, 225, 260. Neiss, A. (ed.), Architektonischen Entwürfe aus dem Atelier des Prof. Hermann Nicolai in Dresden. 2nd ed. (Berlin, n. d., ). Nicolai, Georg Hermann. Das Ornament der italienischen Kunst des 15. Jahrhunderts. Eine Sammlung der hervorragendsten Motive (Dresden, 1882). Engl. trans. as: The Ornament of Italian Art of the XV. Century. A Collection of Superior Specimens (New York, 1914). Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany Artists ADK ULAN People Deutsche Biographie
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null
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laguna_Playhouse
Laguna Beach, California
["1 History","1.1 1993 fire","2 Geography","2.1 Climate","3 Demographics","3.1 2020","3.2 2010","3.3 2000","3.4 Crime rate","4 Arts and culture","5 Sports","6 Parks and recreation","7 Government","7.1 County, state, and federal representation","8 Education","8.1 Primary and secondary","8.2 Higher education","9 Media","10 Infrastructure","11 Notable people","12 Conservation and environment","13 In popular culture","14 Sister cities","15 See also","16 References","17 External links"]
Coordinates: 33°31′53″N 117°46′9″W / 33.53139°N 117.76917°W / 33.53139; -117.76917City in California, United States "Laguna Beach" redirects here. For other uses, see Laguna Beach (disambiguation). City in California, United StatesLaguna Beach, CaliforniaCityImages from top, left to right: Laguna Beach coastline, Lifeguard Tower, view from Heisler Park, Festival of Arts, and statue of Town Greeter Eiler Larsen FlagSealLocation of Laguna Beach in Orange County, CaliforniaLaguna BeachLocation in the Los Angeles Metropolitan AreaShow map of the Los Angeles metropolitan areaLaguna BeachLocation in CaliforniaShow map of CaliforniaLaguna BeachLocation in the United StatesShow map of the United StatesLaguna BeachLocation in North AmericaShow map of North AmericaCoordinates: 33°31′53″N 117°46′9″W / 33.53139°N 117.76917°W / 33.53139; -117.76917CountryUnited StatesStateCaliforniaCountyOrangeFounded(post office)1887Incorporated(city)June 29, 1927Government • TypeCouncil–manager • MayorBob Whalen • Mayor Pro TemSue Kempf • City ManagerShohreh Dupuis • Assistant City ManagerKen DomerArea • Total9.86 sq mi (25.55 km2) • Land8.89 sq mi (23.04 km2) • Water0.97 sq mi (2.51 km2)  9.89%Elevation20 ft (6 m)Population (2020) • Total23,032 • Density2,300/sq mi (900/km2)Time zoneUTC−8 (Pacific) • Summer (DST)UTC−7 (PDT)ZIP Codes92651–92652Area code949FIPS code06-39178GNIS feature IDs1660874, 2411595Websitelagunabeachcity.net Laguna Beach (/ləˈɡuːnə/; Laguna, Spanish for "Lagoon") is a city in Orange County, California, United States. Located in Southern California along the Pacific Ocean, this seaside resort city has a mild year-round climate, scenic coves, and environmental preservation efforts. The population in the 2020 census was 23,032. Historically settled by Paleoindians, the Tongva people, and then Mexico, the location became part of the United States following the Mexican–American War. Laguna Beach was settled in the 1870s, officially founded in 1887, and in 1927 its current government was incorporated as a city. The city adopted the council–manager form of government in 1944. The city has remained relatively isolated from urban encroachment by its surrounding hills, limited highway access, and dedicated greenbelt. The Laguna Beach coastline is protected by 5.88 miles (9.46 km) of state marine reserve and an additional 1.21 miles (1.95 km) of state conservation area. Tourism is the primary industry with an estimated six million people visiting the community annually. Large annual events include the Pageant of the Masters, Festival of Arts, Sawdust Art Festival, Art-A-Fair, Bluewater Music Festival, and Kelpfest. History Laguna Beach was the site of a prehistoric paleoindian civilization. In 1933, the first fossilized skull of a paleoindian found in California was uncovered during construction on St. Ann's Drive. Known as "Laguna Woman", the skull originally was radiocarbon dated to more than 17,000 BP, but revised measurements suggest it originated during the Holocene era, 11,700 years BP. Subsequent research has found several prehistoric encampment sites in the area. The indigenous people of the Laguna Beach area were the Tongva. Aliso Creek served as a territorial boundary between Gabrieleno and Acjachemen groups, or Juanenos, named by Spanish missionaries who first encountered them in the 1500s. The area of Laguna Canyon was named on an 1841 Mexican land grant map as Cañada de las Lagunas (English: Glen of the Lagoons). After the Mexican–American War ended in 1848, the area of Alta California was ceded to the United States pursuant to the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. The treaty provided that Mexican land grants be honored and Rancho San Joaquin, which included north Laguna Beach, was granted to José Antonio Andres Sepúlveda prior to the war. Following a drought in 1864, Sepúlveda sold the property to James Irvine. The majority of Laguna Beach was one of the few parcels of coastal land in Southern California that never was included in any Mexican land grant. Pre-1917 postcard of Joseph Yoch's original Hotel Laguna, built in 1888 and replaced in 1930 View of the Main Beach c. 1915 Settlers arrived after the American Civil War. They were encouraged by the Homestead Act and Timber Culture Act, which granted up to 160 acres (65 ha) of land to a homesteader who would plant at least 40 acres (16 ha) of trees. In Laguna Beach, settlers planted groves of eucalyptus trees. In 1871, the first permanent homestead in the area was occupied by the George and Sarah Thurston family of Utah on 152 acres (62 ha) of Aliso Creek Canyon. In 1876, the brothers William and Lorenzo Nathan "Nate" Brooks purchased tracts of land in Bluebird Canyon at present-day Diamond Street. They subdivided their land, built homes and initiated the small community of Arch Beach. In his book, History of Orange County, California (1921), Samuel Armor cited the permanent homestead of Nate Brooks as the beginning of the modern day town and described Brooks as the "Father of Laguna Beach". The community in Laguna Canyon and around the main beach expanded during the 1880s. The city officially founded a post office in 1887 under the name Lagona, but the postmaster in 1904, Nicholas Isch, successfully petitioned for a name correction to Laguna Beach. By then Laguna Beach already had developed into a tourist destination. Hubbard Goff built a large hotel at Arch Beach in 1886, which later was moved and added to Joseph Yoch's Laguna Beach Hotel built in 1888 on the main beach. Visitors from local cities pitched tents on the beaches for vacation during the warm summers. The scenic beauty of the isolated coastline and hills attracted plein-air painters in the early 1900s. William Wendt, Frank Cuprien, and Edgar Payne among others settled there and formed the Laguna Beach Art Association. The first art gallery opened in 1918 and later became the Laguna Beach Art Museum. Precursors to The Festival of Arts and the Pageant of the Masters began in 1921, and eventually were established in their present-day form by Roy Ropp in 1936. Due to its proximity to Hollywood, Laguna also became a favorite filming location. Starting in 1913, dozens of silent films were made at local coves with Harold Lloyd, Mary Pickford, Douglas Fairbanks Jr., and others. Actors and film crews stayed during long production shoots at the Arch Beach Tavern on the hillside above Moss Street. The arrival of painters, photographers, filmmakers, and writers established Laguna Beach as a noted artist community. Although there only were approximately 300 residents in 1920, a large proportion of them worked in creative fields. The small town remained isolated until 1926 because the long, winding Laguna Canyon road served as the only access. With the completion of the Pacific Coast Highway in 1926, a population boom was expected. To protect the small-town atmosphere of the art colony, residents who called themselves "Lagunatics" pushed for incorporation. The municipal government for Laguna Beach incorporated as a city on June 29, 1927. The city has experienced steady population growth since that time, rising from 1,900 residents in 1927 to more than 10,000 in 1962, and becoming four times larger in area. Many creative, bohemian, and wealthy people have made Laguna Beach their home. They have added to the local culture by providing a theme for the small town. Adventurer Richard Halliburton built his Hangover House on the slopes of South Laguna. Hildegarde Hawthorne, granddaughter of the novelist Nathaniel Hawthorne, described Laguna "as a child of that deathless search, particularly by persons who devote their lives to painting or writing, or for some place where beauty and cheapness and a trifle of remoteness hobnob together in a delightful companionship." Laguna Beach was the Southern California epicenter of the 'alternative' hippie culture in the late 1960s and early 1970s. In early 1967, John Griggs and other founding members of the Brotherhood of Eternal Love relocated from Modjeska Canyon to the Woodland Drive neighborhood of Laguna Beach, which they later renamed "Dodge City". Timothy Leary lived in a beach house on Gaviota Drive. The Utsava Rajneesh Meditation Center was located on Laguna Canyon Road and was the last remaining commune in the United States for followers of the spiritual teacher and guru Osho, Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh. The city was deemed a smoke-free place by Laguna Beach Council on May 23, 2017. Ordinance 1624 was imposed by the Beach Council to prohibit smoking in all public places in the city. 1993 fire In October 1993, a fire in Laguna Beach destroyed or damaged 441 homes and burned more than 14,000 acres (5,700 ha). The National Fire Protection Association listed it as the seventh-largest loss wildland fire in the United States. To avoid a recurrence of the damage to animals that occurred during the fire, a wildlife corridor is being created between Laguna Beach and the Cleveland National Forest in order to ensure that animals can retreat fire safely if needed. Geography Laguna Beach is part of the Los Angeles metropolitan area. According to the United States Census Bureau, Laguna Beach has a total area of 25.4 km2 (9.8 sq mi), of which 22.9 km2 (8.8 sq mi) are land and 2.5 km2 (0.97 sq mi) are covered by water. Its coastline is 7 mi (11 km) long and includes 27 beaches and coves. It is bordered by the Pacific Ocean on the southwest, Crystal Cove State Park on the northwest, Laguna Woods on the northeast, Aliso Viejo and Laguna Niguel on the east, and Dana Point on the southeast. It also borders the unincorporated community of Emerald Bay, which divides the northernmost part of its coastline (Irvine Cove) from the rest of the city's coast. The land in and around Laguna Beach rises quickly from the shoreline into the hills and canyons of the San Joaquin Hills. The town's highest point, at an elevation of 1,007 feet (307 m), is Temple Hill in the Top of the World neighborhood. Because of its hilly topography and surrounding parklands, few roads run into or out of town; only the Coast Highway connecting to Newport Beach to the northwest and to Dana Point to the south, and State Route 133 crossing the hills in a northeastern direction through Laguna Canyon. Parts of Laguna Beach border the Aliso/Wood Canyons Regional Park. The natural landscape of beaches, rocky bluffs, and craggy canyons have been noted as sources of inspiration for plein air painters and landscape photographers who have settled in the Laguna Beach since the early 1900s. The hills also are known internationally for mountain biking. Laguna Coast Wilderness Park is a 7,000-acre (2,800 ha) wilderness area in the hills surrounding Laguna Beach. This park features coastal canyons, ridgeline views, and the only natural lakes in Orange County. Wildlife that can be found on Laguna Beach includes the Lined Shore Crab, Black Oystercatchers, Barred Sand Bass, Spiny Lobsters and the Great White Egret. Climate Under the Köppen climate classification, Laguna Beach has a Cold semi-arid climate classified as BSk. The weather is considered mild with abundant sunshine all year. The average daily high temperature ranges from 68 °F (20 °C) in January to 80 °F (27 °C) in August. Mean annual precipitation is relatively low, at 13.56 inches (344 mm). The average ocean water temperatures range from about 59 °F (15 °C) in February to 68 °F (20 °C) in August, with early to mid-September water temperatures often peaking at about 72 °F (22 °C). However, the ocean surface temperatures along the beaches of Laguna Beach may vary by several degrees from the average, dependent upon offshore winds, air temperature, and sunshine. Climate data for Laguna Beach, California (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1928–2010) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °F (°C) 89(32) 92(33) 92(33) 97(36) 96(36) 96(36) 100(38) 100(38) 104(40) 100(38) 100(38) 90(32) 104(40) Mean maximum °F (°C) 78.8(26.0) 78.9(26.1) 80.0(26.7) 83.2(28.4) 80.9(27.2) 82.3(27.9) 85.7(29.8) 88.1(31.2) 90.3(32.4) 88.3(31.3) 82.4(28.0) 75.6(24.2) 93.9(34.4) Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 68.4(20.2) 67.8(19.9) 69.3(20.7) 72.5(22.5) 74.5(23.6) 76.0(24.4) 79.5(26.4) 81.2(27.3) 81.0(27.2) 77.2(25.1) 72.2(22.3) 67.3(19.6) 73.9(23.3) Daily mean °F (°C) 56.3(13.5) 56.3(13.5) 58.6(14.8) 61.3(16.3) 64.5(18.1) 66.9(19.4) 69.8(21.0) 71.2(21.8) 69.7(20.9) 66.2(19.0) 60.3(15.7) 55.6(13.1) 63.1(17.3) Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 44.2(6.8) 44.8(7.1) 47.9(8.8) 50.1(10.1) 54.5(12.5) 57.8(14.3) 60.1(15.6) 61.2(16.2) 58.5(14.7) 55.1(12.8) 48.5(9.2) 43.8(6.6) 52.2(11.2) Mean minimum °F (°C) 34.7(1.5) 36.9(2.7) 38.9(3.8) 41.7(5.4) 46.3(7.9) 49.8(9.9) 53.2(11.8) 53.5(11.9) 51.6(10.9) 45.8(7.7) 39.0(3.9) 34.6(1.4) 32.4(0.2) Record low °F (°C) 21(−6) 27(−3) 28(−2) 31(−1) 33(1) 37(3) 38(3) 38(3) 40(4) 33(1) 28(−2) 24(−4) 21(−6) Average precipitation inches (mm) 2.78(71) 3.39(86) 1.62(41) 0.80(20) 0.20(5.1) 0.11(2.8) 0.11(2.8) 0.02(0.51) 0.16(4.1) 0.49(12) 1.13(29) 1.87(47) 12.68(321.31) Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 6.1 6.5 4.3 2.8 1.1 0.8 0.4 0.1 0.6 1.6 2.5 4.3 31.1 Mean daily sunshine hours 7 8 9 10 9 9 11 11 9 8 7 7 9 Mean daily daylight hours 10.2 11.0 12.0 13.0 13.9 14.4 14.1 13.4 12.4 11.3 10.4 10.0 12.2 Average ultraviolet index 3 4 6 8 9 10 10 10 8 6 4 3 7 Source 1: NOAA (mean maxima/minima 1981–2010) Source 2: Weather Atlas Demographics Historical population CensusPop.Note%± 19301,981—19404,460125.1%19506,66149.3%19609,28839.4%197014,55056.7%198017,85822.7%199023,17029.7%200023,7272.4%201022,723−4.2%202023,0321.4%U.S. Decennial Census 2020 Laguna Beach city, California – Racial and ethnic compositionNote: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race. Race / Ethnicity (NH = Non-Hispanic) Pop 2000 Pop 2010 Pop 2020 % 2000 % 2010 % 2020 White alone (NH) 20,921 19,472 18,328 88.17% 85.69% 79.58% Black or African American alone (NH) 183 158 181 0.77% 0.70% 0.79% Native American or Alaska Native alone (NH) 59 34 25 0.25% 0.15% 0.11% Asian alone (NH) 486 797 961 2.05% 3.51% 4.17% Pacific Islander alone (NH) 19 13 18 0.08% 0.06% 0.08% Other race alone (NH) 36 52 130 0.15% 0.23% 0.56% Mixed race or Multiracial (NH) 453 547 1,234 1.91% 2.41% 5.36% Hispanic or Latino (any race) 1,570 1,650 2,155 6.62% 7.26% 9.36% Total 23,727 22,723 23,032 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 2010 The 2010 United States Census reported that 22,723 people, 10,821 households, and 5,791 families resided in the city. The population density was 2,313.8 inhabitants per square mile (893.4/km2). The 12,923 housing units averaged 1,315.9 units per square mile (508.1 units/km2). The racial makeup of Laguna Beach was 90.9% White (85.7% non-Hispanic White), 0.8% African American, 0.3% Native American, 3.6% Asian, 1.51% from other races, and 2.9% from two or more races. About 7.3% of the population was Hispanic or Latino of any race. The census reported that 99.6% of the population lived in households, and 0.4% lived in noninstitutionalized group quarters. Of the 10,821 households, 20.1% had children under the age of 18 living in them, 43.6% were opposite-sex married couples living together, 6.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 3.6% had a male householder with no wife present. 5.2% of households were unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 2.8% were same-sex married couples or partnerships. About 35.2% of households were made up of individuals, and 10.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.09. The average family size was 2.72. The population was distributed as 16.1% under the age of 18, 4.8% aged 18 to 24, 23.4% aged 25 to 44, 37.4% aged 45 to 64, and 18.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 50.6. For every 100 females, there were 100.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 99.8 males. Of 12,923 housing units, 60.0% were owner-occupied and 40.0% were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 1.7%; the rental vacancy rate was 7.7%, and 64.6% of the population lived in owner-occupied housing units and 35.0% lived in rental housing units. During 2009–2013, Laguna Beach had a median household income of $94,325, with 6.3% of the population living below the federal poverty line. 2000 As of the census of 2000, there were 23,727 people, 11,511 households, and 5,778 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,035.1/km2 (3,000/sq mi). There were 12,965 housing units at an average density of 565.6/km2 (1,000/sq mi). The racial makeup of the city was 91.99% White, 0.80% African American, 0.36% Native American, 2.08% Asian, 0.08% Pacific Islander, 2.21% from other races, and 2.47% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino residents of any race were 6.62% of the population. There were 11,511 households, out of which 18.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 40.9% were married couples living together, 6.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 49.8% were non-families. 36.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.05 and the average family size was 2.69. In the city, 15.8% of the population was under the age of 18, 4.2% from 18 to 24, 32.9% from 25 to 44, 33.9% from 45 to 64, and 13.3% was 65 years of age or older. The median age was 43 years. For every 100 females, there were 103.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 104.0 males. According to a 2007 estimate, the median income for a household in the city was $90,017, and the median income for a family was $146,562. Males had a median income of $66,221 versus $46,138 for females. The per capita income for the city was $58,732. About 2.8% of families and 5.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4.7% of those under age 18 and 4.3% of those age 65 or over. Crime rate According to an analysis by NeighborhoodScout.com, Laguna Beach has a higher crime rate than the national average of communities of all population sizes in the United States. The chance of becoming a victim of a violent crime is 1 in 200 and of a property crime is 1 in 36. Laguna Beach Crimes Violent Property Total Number of Crimes 116 647 763 Crime Rate (per 1,000 residents) 5.0 27.9 32.9 Laguna Beach Violent Crimes Population: 23,190 Murder Rape Robbery Assault Report Total 0 15 17 84 Rate per 1,000 0 0.65 0.73 3.62 United States Violent Crimes Population: 323,127,513 Murder Rape Robbery Assault Report Total 17,250 130,603 332,198 803,007 Rate per 1,000 residents 0.05 0.4 1.03 2.49 Arts and culture Entrance to Festival of Arts and Pageant of the Masters The Laguna Art Museum is rooted in the development of Laguna Beach as an art community with the creation of the Laguna Beach Art Association in 1918. Located beside the main beach, the museum focuses on the art of California. The Pageant of the Masters, founded in 1933, is held annually during the summer months. The unique show presents recreations of famous artworks using real people as models. Community organizations also host several long-running art festivals during the summer season. The Festival of Arts Fine Art Show, which underwent a major renovation in 2017, originated in the 1930s. It showcases juried works by 140 Orange County artists, and its stage provides a venue for daily musical performances in July and August of each year. The Sawdust Art Festival was founded in 1965 as a counterculture alternative to the Festival of Arts. It exhibits non-juried crafts and arts on a dedicated 3-acre (1.2-hectare) site. The Art-A-Fair began in 1966, built an exhibition site in 1977 and exhibits juried works of 125 artists from outside the area. The Laguna Playhouse, founded in 1920, is noted as the "oldest continuously running theatre on the west coast". The playhouse provides professional stage productions in its 420-seat Moulton Theater, as well as performances by the Laguna Playhouse Youth Theatre program. The Irvine Bowl is a 2600-seat amphitheater used for the Pageant of the Masters program and for occasional concerts. The Laguna Beach Plein Air Painting Invitational is held annually in October. Some of North America's plein air landscape painters are invited to participate in the week-long events including public paint outs, artist meet and greets, and educational activities. The Laguna Beach Arts Commission sponsors a weekly Summer Concert in the Park series at Bluebird Park and Heisler Park. The Laguna Beach Chamber Music Society holds an annual chamber music festival during the winter season. Laguna is also home to the annual Bluewater Music Festival, and Kelpfest held on Earth Day, to raise awareness of the importance that kelp plays in ocean habitat. Sports Goff Cove Laguna Beach has a surfing history centered on a five-block stretch of rocky reefs between Brooks and St. Ann's Streets. The Brooks Street Surfing Classic, begun in 1955, is a "contender for the world's longest running surf competition," according to the Encyclopedia of Surfing. The competition is held only when peak swell conditions occur during a four-month-long window in the summer and has been held 52 times from 1955 to 2015. Participation is open only to Laguna Beach residents. Notable participants have included Hobie Alter, Mickey Munoz, and Tom Morey. Started in 1976, the 'Vic' Skimboarding World Championship is held at Aliso Beach in Laguna Beach and is the longest running skim boarding contest on the pro circuit. The Laguna Open Volleyball Tournament began in 1955 and, according to tournament directors, it is the second oldest volleyball tournament in the United States. Participants have included several Olympic gold medalists, including Chris Marlowe, Dusty Dvorak, Scott Fortune, Dain Blanton and Gene Selznick, who won the first seven competitions. Parks and recreation Laguna's foothill trails are known internationally for mountain biking. Mountain bike hall of fame legend Hans Rey makes his home in Laguna Beach, as do the Rads, pioneers of mountain biking going back to the 1970s. The U.S. Open for Lawnbowling is held annually at the lawn bowling field at Heisler Park. There is a historic tower, built in 1926, at Victoria Beach. Government Laguna Beach was first settled in the 1870s, but was founded officially in 1887 and, in 1927 it incorporated as a city. Beginning in 1944, a council-manager form of government was adopted. Residents of Laguna Beach elect five non-partisan council members who serve four-year staggered terms, with elections occurring every two years. The position of mayor is non-elected and chosen annually among the members of the city council. The council serves to pass ordinances, approve a budget, and hire the city manager and city attorney. The city manager oversees administrative operations and the appointment of department heads. In 2011 Ken Frank retired after 31 years, one of the longest-serving city managers in Orange County history. The city clerk and city treasurer are elected by popular vote and serve four-year terms. County, state, and federal representation Laguna Beach is located in the Fifth District of the Orange County Board of Supervisors and is currently represented by Republican Lisa Bartlett. In the California State Legislature, the city is in the 36th Senate District, represented by Republican Janet Nguyen, and in the 72nd Assembly District, represented by Republican Diane Dixon. In the United States House of Representatives, Laguna Beach is in California's 47th congressional district, represented by Democrat Katie Porter. According to the California Secretary of State, as of February 10, 2019, Laguna Beach has 17,064 registered voters. Of those, 6,509 (38.12%) are registered Democrats, 5,042 (29.55%) are registered Republicans, and 4,620 (27.07%) have declined to state a political party/are independents. Laguna Beach is a Democratic stronghold in presidential elections due to its cultural liberalism and LGBTQ+ community, as no Republican has won the city since George H. W. Bush in 1988. In 2008, Laguna Beach was one of only four incorporated cities in Orange County (along with Aliso Viejo, Costa Mesa, and Irvine) to reject Proposition 8, the ballot initiative that revoked marriage rights for same-sex couples in California. That same year during the Democratic presidential preference primary, Laguna Beach was one of three cities in Orange County where Democrats favored Barack Obama over Hillary Rodham Clinton. Education Primary and secondary The Laguna Beach Unified School District manages public education for city residents. The district includes one high school (Laguna Beach High School), one middle school (Thurston Middle School), and two elementary schools (El Morro Elementary School and Top of the World Elementary School). One private elementary school, St. Catherine of Siena Parish School, is overseen by the Roman Catholic Diocese of Orange. Students who live in the sall portion of Laguna Beach that borders Aliso Viejo, although contracted to the city's schools, may choose to attend the Capistrano Unified School District, as the schools are closer and much more accessible to their homes. Higher education The Laguna College of Art & Design (LCAD) is a small private college located in Laguna Canyon. It was founded in 1961 by the Festival of Arts and Laguna Art Museum as the Laguna Beach School of Art. LCAD offers Bachelor of Arts degrees in drawing and painting, illustration, animation, graphic design, and game art, and master of fine arts degrees in painting and drawing. In 2013, enrollment was approximately 450 students. The nearest public college is Saddleback College in Mission Viejo. Media Laguna Beach is part of the Los Angeles media market. Laguna Beach also has its own FM community radio station, KXRN-LP. The community is served by an online newspaper, Stu News Laguna, and one weekly print newspaper, the Laguna Beach Independent. Infrastructure Laguna Beach along Pacific Coast Highway Fire protection in Laguna Beach is provided by the Laguna Beach Fire Department, and law enforcement by the Laguna Beach Police Department. Marine safety services are provided by Laguna Beach City Lifeguards. Laguna Beach has used goats for its fuel reduction and vegetation management program since the early 1990s. Notable people Main article: List of people from Laguna Beach, California Conservation and environment Main Beach in Laguna Beach Laguna Beach is the only Orange County city protected by a dedicated greenbelt inland and bluebelt seaward. In 1968, local conservationists founded Laguna Greenbelt and began a drive to conserve a horseshoe of hills and canyons surrounding Laguna Beach. As of 2011, more than 20,000 acres (8,100 ha) of contiguous wildlands constituted The Laguna Coast Wilderness Park, Jim Dilley Preserve, Crystal Cove State Park, and the Aliso-Wood Canyons Wilderness Park. The creation of the 7,000-acre (2,800 ha) Laguna Coast Wilderness Park as a protected area began in the late 1980s and early 1990s when local artists, activists and politicians rallied to preserve Laguna Canyon. With the environmentally focused Laguna Canyon Project and its photographic mural, "The Tell," as backdrop and stimulus, Laguna citizens forged a partnership to prevent construction of a 3,200-acre (1,300 ha) housing project in the canyon. An exhibition on the Laguna Canyon Project, titled "The Canyon Project: Artivism," was held at Laguna Art Museum in 2015–16. Today the Wilderness Park and Laguna Canyon within it are designated as open space in perpetuity. The Laguna Beach State Marine Reserve (LBSMR), which extends from Irvine Cove to Treasure Island Beach, was established in 2012, to make most of the coastal area a no-take zone. Docents of the Laguna Ocean Foundation provide monitoring and education at tidepools within the LBSMR. In addition, the 3.2-mile-long (5.1 km) Crystal Cove State Park abuts the northern border of Laguna Beach. As a result of Laguna's Marine Protected Area "no-take zones" the local waters teem with fish, including sheepshead and large calico bass. American Craftsman Bungalows from the early 1900s dot the downtown and South Laguna areas. Between 1980 and 1981, the city conducted the Laguna Beach Historic Survey, a citywide block-by-block study which noted the location of pre-1940 buildings and determined which had historic significance. 706 homes and structures in Laguna Beach were classified as historically significant. Laguna Beach is the tenth official Transition Town in the U.S. In February 2007, Laguna's city council unanimously voted to join the U.S. Mayors Climate Initiative, and in April 2013 became the first Orange County city to make a formal request that the San Onofre Nuclear Reactor not be restarted after its January 2012 shutdown. The Aliso Creek Water Reclamation Facility went into operation in 2014. The facility removes polluted runoff in Aliso Creek, improves ocean water quality, and creates locally recycled water. With a grant from Cal Trans, the city is undertaking a transition plan to implement Complete Streets for all users. A north–south bicycle route with signs and sharrows was completed through town in 2014. Laguna Beach passed a citywide "Idaho stop" ordinance for cyclists, a no-plastic-bag ordinance and a no-plastic-bottle purchasing policy for its government. In popular culture The 1972 instrumental by Black Sabbath "Laguna Sunrise" was inspired by a sunrise guitarist Tony Iommi witnessed after a night of partying. In 2004, MTV created a reality television show entitled Laguna Beach: The Real Orange County, which aired for three seasons. Laguna Beach is the setting for the Netflix television series Dead to Me. Sister cities Laguna Beach has three sister cities: Menton, France San José del Cabo, Mexico St Ives, United Kingdom See also List of beaches in California Portals: Greater Los Angeles California United States References ^ "California Cities by Incorporation Date". California Association of Local Agency Formation Commissions. Archived from the original (Word) on November 3, 2014. 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United States Census Bureau. June 27, 2013. Archived from the original on July 1, 2012. Retrieved December 18, 2013. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 4, 2018. ^ "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on July 1, 2012. Retrieved January 31, 2008. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008. ^ American FactFinder Archived February 11, 2020, at archive.today, United States Census Bureau ^ a b "Laguna Beach, 92651 Crime Rates and Crime Statistics - NeighborhoodScout". www.neighborhoodscout.com. Retrieved October 4, 2018. ^ Vogel, Claire Marie (2009). Images of Laguna Beach. Arcadia Publishing. p. 100. ISBN 978-0-7385-6997-0. ^ Change, Richard (June 27, 2010). "Summer is Festival Time". The Orange County Register. p. Arts & Entertainment 3. Retrieved June 28, 2010. ^ Clay, Joanna (June 24, 2011). "Connection through Art-A-Fair". Laguna Beach Coastline Pilot. Retrieved October 9, 2013. ^ Allard, Maurice (July 1989). "Spotlight: Laguna Beach". Orange Coast Magazine. 15 (7): 22–24. Retrieved August 28, 2013. ^ Laguna Plein Air Painters Association — 15th Annual Laguna Beach Plein Air Painting Invitational ^ "Kelpfest 2014". ^ Carroll, Corky (October 11, 2013). "Corky: Laguna enjoyed surf scene all its own". Orange County Register. p. Home. Retrieved March 31, 2017. ^ a b Warshaw, Matt; Finegan, William (November 7, 2005). The Encyclopedia of Surfing. Mariner Books. p. 86. ISBN 9780156032513. Archived from the original on April 1, 2017. Retrieved March 31, 2017. ^ Kane, Rich (June 10, 2013). "Brooks Street Surf Classic Finally Happens After a Two-Summer Wait". Laguna Beach Patch. Retrieved April 1, 2014. ^ Connelly, Laylan. "Best skimboarders in the world to hit Laguna Beach". Orange County Register. ^ a b Rizk, Gabriel (August 21, 2013). "Laguna Beach Open returns to Main Beach". Orange County Register. Retrieved March 31, 2017. ^ "Hall of Fame Inductees". Archived from the original on July 6, 2014. ^ "US Open 2014". Archived from the original on April 13, 2014. ^ "City Clerk". Laguna Beach, CA. Archived from the original on December 23, 2014. Retrieved January 13, 2015. ^ "City Treasurer". Laguna Beach, CA. Archived from the original on December 2, 2014. Retrieved January 13, 2015. ^ "County, State, and Federal Representatives". City of Laguna Beach. Archived from the original on October 16, 2012. Retrieved November 10, 2012. ^ "California's 47th Congressional District - Representatives & District Map". Civic Impulse, LLC. ^ "CA Secretary of State – Report of Registration – February 10, 2019" (PDF). ca.gov. Retrieved June 26, 2019. ^ "Orange County Statement of Votes – 8: Eliminates Right of Same-Sex Couples to Marry – November 4, 2008" (PDF). ocvote.com. Retrieved February 9, 2020. ^ "Orange County Statement of Votes – Democratic: President of the United States – February 5, 2008" (PDF). ocvote.com. Retrieved February 9, 2020. ^ "Laguna College of Art and Design". Colleges. U.S. News & World Report. 2013. Archived from the original on September 26, 2013. Retrieved October 9, 2013. ^ Laguna's Only FM Radio Station http://kx935.com Retrieved Sept.30, 2014 ^ "Front Page". Stu News Laguna. Shaena Stabler. Retrieved July 2, 2021. Laguna Beach's online newspaper and community forum. We put out new editions online twice a week ^ "Laguna Beach Local News Feed". Laguna Beach Independent. Firebrand Media LLC. Retrieved July 2, 2021. ^ Pinho, Faith E. (April 14, 2019). "Putting American flags on police cars sparks backlash in Laguna Beach". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved April 15, 2019. ^ FEMA: Mitigation Best Practices Portfolio ^ Fetherling, Dale (September 19, 1976). "Laguna Greenbelt: An Idea That Became a Crusade". Los Angeles Times. p. OC1. ^ "Laguna Greenbelt History". About. Lagunagreenbelt.org. 2011. Archived from the original on August 9, 2014. Retrieved October 6, 2013. ^ Cathy Curtis. "The Tell Does Indeed Deliver Its Message of Protest," Los Angeles Times, August 21, 1989. ^ Dave Barton. " "Laguna Art Museum exhibit celebrates the city's defining feature—no, it's not the beach" OC Weekly, October 29, 2015. ^ Antoine Boessenkool. " "New exhibit in Laguna recalls 'The Canyon Project'" Orange County Register, October 17, 2015. ^ a b Reckas, Ted (December 30, 2011). "New Ocean Protections Come Ashore". Laguna Beach Independent. Archived from the original on July 24, 2013. Retrieved October 6, 2013. ^ "Opinion: Green Light". January 29, 2021. ^ UC Irvine Special Collections. "Guide to the Laguna Beach Historic Survey Board Records, 1980-1981". ^ Rollinger, Verna; Laguna Beach City Council (December 21, 1982). "Laguna Beach Historic Resources Survey". Lagunabeachcity.net. Archived from the original on May 21, 2012. Retrieved October 6, 2013. ^ "Laguna Beach Water Project". Archived from the original on May 28, 2014. Retrieved May 27, 2014. ^ "Laguna Beach Sister Cities". City of Laguna Beach. Retrieved June 20, 2020. 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Laguna Beach (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laguna_Beach_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"/ləˈɡuːnə/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"Orange County, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_County,_California"},{"link_name":"Southern California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_California"},{"link_name":"seaside resort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seaside_resort"},{"link_name":"2020 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_census"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-quif-5"},{"link_name":"Paleoindians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleoindian"},{"link_name":"Tongva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tongva"},{"link_name":"Mexican–American War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War"},{"link_name":"council–manager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council%E2%80%93manager_government"},{"link_name":"greenbelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_belt"},{"link_name":"marine reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_protected_area"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Carlton-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Pageant of the Masters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pageant_of_the_Masters"},{"link_name":"Sawdust Art Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sawdust_Art_Festival"}],"text":"City in California, United States\"Laguna Beach\" redirects here. For other uses, see Laguna Beach (disambiguation).City in California, United StatesLaguna Beach (/ləˈɡuːnə/; Laguna, Spanish for \"Lagoon\") is a city in Orange County, California, United States. Located in Southern California along the Pacific Ocean, this seaside resort city has a mild year-round climate, scenic coves, and environmental preservation efforts. The population in the 2020 census was 23,032.[5]Historically settled by Paleoindians, the Tongva people, and then Mexico, the location became part of the United States following the Mexican–American War. Laguna Beach was settled in the 1870s, officially founded in 1887, and in 1927 its current government was incorporated as a city. The city adopted the council–manager form of government in 1944. The city has remained relatively isolated from urban encroachment by its surrounding hills, limited highway access, and dedicated greenbelt. The Laguna Beach coastline is protected by 5.88 miles (9.46 km) of state marine reserve and an additional 1.21 miles (1.95 km) of state conservation area.[6]Tourism is the primary industry with an estimated six million[7] people visiting the community annually.[8] Large annual events include the Pageant of the Masters, Festival of Arts, Sawdust Art Festival, Art-A-Fair, Bluewater Music Festival, and Kelpfest.","title":"Laguna Beach, California"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"radiocarbon dated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating"},{"link_name":"BP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Before_Present"},{"link_name":"Holocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocene"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Aliso Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliso_Creek_(Orange_County)"},{"link_name":"Gabrieleno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabrieleno"},{"link_name":"Acjachemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acjachemen"},{"link_name":"Juanenos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juanenos"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Laguna Canyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laguna_Canyon"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Mexican–American War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War"},{"link_name":"Alta California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alta_California"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Guadalupe_Hidalgo"},{"link_name":"Rancho San Joaquin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rancho_San_Joaquin"},{"link_name":"granted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_patent"},{"link_name":"José Antonio Andres Sepúlveda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sep%C3%BAlveda_family_of_California"},{"link_name":"James Irvine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Irvine_(landowner)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CCC-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CCC-16"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hotel_Laguna_pre-1917.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Laguna_Beach_Main_Beach,_Sayles_Dance_Hall_at_left,_Hotel_Laguna_Beach_in_center_-_Tom_Pulley_Postcard_Collection-L.jpg"},{"link_name":"American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Homestead Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homestead_Act"},{"link_name":"Timber Culture Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timber_Culture_Act"},{"link_name":"eucalyptus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucalyptus"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Aliso Creek Canyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliso_Creek_Canyon"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Boyd-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Turnbull-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Neisser-25"},{"link_name":"plein-air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plein-air"},{"link_name":"William Wendt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Wendt"},{"link_name":"Frank Cuprien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Cuprien"},{"link_name":"Edgar Payne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Payne"},{"link_name":"Laguna Beach Art Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laguna_Beach_Art_Museum"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Hollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Harold Lloyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Lloyd"},{"link_name":"Mary Pickford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Pickford"},{"link_name":"Douglas Fairbanks Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Fairbanks_Jr."},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Neisser-25"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-249-250-29"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-249-250-29"},{"link_name":"Pacific Coast Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_1"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-249-250-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-249-250-29"},{"link_name":"Richard Halliburton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Halliburton"},{"link_name":"Hangover House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangover_House"},{"link_name":"Nathaniel Hawthorne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathaniel_Hawthorne"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"hippie culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippie_culture"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schou-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"the Brotherhood of Eternal Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Brotherhood_of_Eternal_Love"},{"link_name":"Modjeska Canyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modjeska_Canyon"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schou-32"},{"link_name":"Timothy Leary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Leary"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"text":"Laguna Beach was the site of a prehistoric paleoindian civilization.[9] In 1933, the first fossilized skull of a paleoindian found in California was uncovered during construction on St. Ann's Drive.[10] Known as \"Laguna Woman\", the skull originally was radiocarbon dated to more than 17,000 BP, but revised measurements suggest it originated during the Holocene era, 11,700 years BP.[11] Subsequent research has found several prehistoric encampment sites in the area.[12]The indigenous people of the Laguna Beach area were the Tongva. Aliso Creek served as a territorial boundary between Gabrieleno and Acjachemen groups, or Juanenos, named by Spanish missionaries who first encountered them in the 1500s.[13][14] The area of Laguna Canyon was named on an 1841 Mexican land grant map as Cañada de las Lagunas (English: Glen of the Lagoons).[15] After the Mexican–American War ended in 1848, the area of Alta California was ceded to the United States pursuant to the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. The treaty provided that Mexican land grants be honored and Rancho San Joaquin, which included north Laguna Beach, was granted to José Antonio Andres Sepúlveda prior to the war. Following a drought in 1864, Sepúlveda sold the property to James Irvine.[16] The majority of Laguna Beach was one of the few parcels of coastal land in Southern California that never was included in any Mexican land grant.[16]Pre-1917 postcard of Joseph Yoch's original Hotel Laguna, built in 1888 and replaced in 1930View of the Main Beach c. 1915Settlers arrived after the American Civil War. They were encouraged by the Homestead Act and Timber Culture Act, which granted up to 160 acres (65 ha) of land to a homesteader who would plant at least 40 acres (16 ha) of trees. In Laguna Beach, settlers planted groves of eucalyptus trees.[17] In 1871, the first permanent homestead in the area was occupied by the George and Sarah Thurston family of Utah on 152 acres (62 ha) of Aliso Creek Canyon.[18][19] In 1876, the brothers William and Lorenzo Nathan \"Nate\" Brooks purchased tracts of land in Bluebird Canyon at present-day Diamond Street. They subdivided their land, built homes and initiated the small community of Arch Beach.[20] In his book, History of Orange County, California (1921), Samuel Armor cited the permanent homestead of Nate Brooks as the beginning of the modern day town and described Brooks as the \"Father of Laguna Beach\".[21]The community in Laguna Canyon and around the main beach expanded during the 1880s. The city officially founded a post office in 1887 under the name Lagona, but the postmaster in 1904, Nicholas Isch, successfully petitioned for a name correction to Laguna Beach.[22] By then Laguna Beach already had developed into a tourist destination.[23] Hubbard Goff built a large hotel at Arch Beach in 1886, which later was moved and added to Joseph Yoch's Laguna Beach Hotel built in 1888 on the main beach.[24] Visitors from local cities pitched tents on the beaches for vacation during the warm summers.[25]The scenic beauty of the isolated coastline and hills attracted plein-air painters in the early 1900s. William Wendt, Frank Cuprien, and Edgar Payne among others settled there and formed the Laguna Beach Art Association. The first art gallery opened in 1918 and later became the Laguna Beach Art Museum.[26] Precursors to The Festival of Arts and the Pageant of the Masters began in 1921, and eventually were established in their present-day form by Roy Ropp in 1936.[27] Due to its proximity to Hollywood, Laguna also became a favorite filming location. Starting in 1913, dozens of silent films were made at local coves with Harold Lloyd, Mary Pickford, Douglas Fairbanks Jr., and others. Actors and film crews stayed during long production shoots at the Arch Beach Tavern on the hillside above Moss Street.[28]The arrival of painters, photographers, filmmakers, and writers established Laguna Beach as a noted artist community.[25] Although there only were approximately 300 residents in 1920, a large proportion of them worked in creative fields.[29] The small town remained isolated until 1926 because the long, winding Laguna Canyon road served as the only access.[29] With the completion of the Pacific Coast Highway in 1926, a population boom was expected. To protect the small-town atmosphere of the art colony, residents who called themselves \"Lagunatics\" pushed for incorporation.[29] The municipal government for Laguna Beach incorporated as a city on June 29, 1927.[30] The city has experienced steady population growth since that time, rising from 1,900 residents in 1927 to more than 10,000 in 1962, and becoming four times larger in area.[29]Many creative, bohemian, and wealthy people have made Laguna Beach their home. They have added to the local culture by providing a theme for the small town. Adventurer Richard Halliburton built his Hangover House on the slopes of South Laguna. Hildegarde Hawthorne, granddaughter of the novelist Nathaniel Hawthorne, described Laguna \"as a child of that deathless search, particularly by persons who devote their lives to painting or writing, or for some place where beauty and cheapness and a trifle of remoteness hobnob together in a delightful companionship.\"[31]Laguna Beach was the Southern California epicenter of the 'alternative' hippie culture in the late 1960s and early 1970s.[32][33] In early 1967, John Griggs and other founding members of the Brotherhood of Eternal Love relocated from Modjeska Canyon to the Woodland Drive neighborhood of Laguna Beach, which they later renamed \"Dodge City\".[32] Timothy Leary lived in a beach house on Gaviota Drive.[34] The Utsava Rajneesh Meditation Center was located on Laguna Canyon Road and was the last remaining commune in the United States for followers of the spiritual teacher and guru Osho, Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh.[35]The city was deemed a smoke-free place by Laguna Beach Council on May 23, 2017. Ordinance 1624 was imposed by the Beach Council to prohibit smoking in all public places in the city.[36]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"wildlife corridor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_corridor"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"sub_title":"1993 fire","text":"In October 1993, a fire in Laguna Beach destroyed or damaged 441 homes and burned more than 14,000 acres (5,700 ha). The National Fire Protection Association listed it as the seventh-largest loss wildland fire in the United States.[37] To avoid a recurrence of the damage to animals that occurred during the fire, a wildlife corridor is being created between Laguna Beach and the Cleveland National Forest in order to ensure that animals can retreat fire safely if needed.[38]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Los Angeles metropolitan area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Pacific Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Crystal Cove State Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_Cove_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Laguna Woods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laguna_Woods"},{"link_name":"Aliso Viejo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliso_Viejo"},{"link_name":"Laguna Niguel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laguna_Niguel"},{"link_name":"Dana Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dana_Point"},{"link_name":"Emerald Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerald_Bay,_Orange_County,_California"},{"link_name":"San Joaquin Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Joaquin_Hills"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Coast Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_1"},{"link_name":"Newport Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport_Beach"},{"link_name":"State Route 133","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_133"},{"link_name":"Laguna Canyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laguna_Canyon"},{"link_name":"Aliso/Wood Canyons Regional Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliso/Wood_Canyons_Regional_Park"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-imba.com-43"},{"link_name":"Laguna Coast Wilderness Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laguna_Coast_Wilderness_Park"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Laguna_Coast_Wilderness_Park,-44"}],"text":"Laguna Beach is part of the Los Angeles metropolitan area. According to the United States Census Bureau, Laguna Beach has a total area of 25.4 km2 (9.8 sq mi), of which 22.9 km2 (8.8 sq mi) are land and 2.5 km2 (0.97 sq mi) are covered by water. Its coastline is 7 mi (11 km) long and includes 27 beaches and coves.[39] It is bordered by the Pacific Ocean on the southwest, Crystal Cove State Park on the northwest, Laguna Woods on the northeast, Aliso Viejo and Laguna Niguel on the east, and Dana Point on the southeast. It also borders the unincorporated community of Emerald Bay, which divides the northernmost part of its coastline (Irvine Cove) from the rest of the city's coast.The land in and around Laguna Beach rises quickly from the shoreline into the hills and canyons of the San Joaquin Hills. The town's highest point, at an elevation of 1,007 feet (307 m), is Temple Hill in the Top of the World neighborhood.[40] Because of its hilly topography and surrounding parklands, few roads run into or out of town; only the Coast Highway connecting to Newport Beach to the northwest and to Dana Point to the south, and State Route 133 crossing the hills in a northeastern direction through Laguna Canyon. Parts of Laguna Beach border the Aliso/Wood Canyons Regional Park.The natural landscape of beaches, rocky bluffs, and craggy canyons have been noted as sources of inspiration for plein air painters and landscape photographers who have settled in the Laguna Beach since the early 1900s.[41][42] The hills also are known internationally for mountain biking.[43] Laguna Coast Wilderness Park[44] is a 7,000-acre (2,800 ha) wilderness area in the hills surrounding Laguna Beach. This park features coastal canyons, ridgeline views, and the only natural lakes in Orange County. Wildlife that can be found on Laguna Beach includes the Lined Shore Crab, Black Oystercatchers, Barred Sand Bass, Spiny Lobsters and the Great White Egret.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-surf-forecast-45"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-surf-forecast-45"},{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"sunshine hours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_duration"},{"link_name":"daylight hours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daytime"},{"link_name":"ultraviolet index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet_index"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NOAA-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"}],"sub_title":"Climate","text":"Under the Köppen climate classification, Laguna Beach has a Cold semi-arid climate classified as BSk. The weather is considered mild with abundant sunshine all year. The average daily high temperature ranges from 68 °F (20 °C) in January to 80 °F (27 °C) in August. Mean annual precipitation is relatively low, at 13.56 inches (344 mm). The average ocean water temperatures range from about 59 °F (15 °C) in February to 68 °F (20 °C) in August, with early to mid-September water temperatures often peaking at about 72 °F (22 °C).[45] However, the ocean surface temperatures along the beaches of Laguna Beach may vary by several degrees from the average, dependent upon offshore winds, air temperature, and sunshine.[45]Climate data for Laguna Beach, California (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1928–2010)\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °F (°C)\n\n89(32)\n\n92(33)\n\n92(33)\n\n97(36)\n\n96(36)\n\n96(36)\n\n100(38)\n\n100(38)\n\n104(40)\n\n100(38)\n\n100(38)\n\n90(32)\n\n104(40)\n\n\nMean maximum °F (°C)\n\n78.8(26.0)\n\n78.9(26.1)\n\n80.0(26.7)\n\n83.2(28.4)\n\n80.9(27.2)\n\n82.3(27.9)\n\n85.7(29.8)\n\n88.1(31.2)\n\n90.3(32.4)\n\n88.3(31.3)\n\n82.4(28.0)\n\n75.6(24.2)\n\n93.9(34.4)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °F (°C)\n\n68.4(20.2)\n\n67.8(19.9)\n\n69.3(20.7)\n\n72.5(22.5)\n\n74.5(23.6)\n\n76.0(24.4)\n\n79.5(26.4)\n\n81.2(27.3)\n\n81.0(27.2)\n\n77.2(25.1)\n\n72.2(22.3)\n\n67.3(19.6)\n\n73.9(23.3)\n\n\nDaily mean °F (°C)\n\n56.3(13.5)\n\n56.3(13.5)\n\n58.6(14.8)\n\n61.3(16.3)\n\n64.5(18.1)\n\n66.9(19.4)\n\n69.8(21.0)\n\n71.2(21.8)\n\n69.7(20.9)\n\n66.2(19.0)\n\n60.3(15.7)\n\n55.6(13.1)\n\n63.1(17.3)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °F (°C)\n\n44.2(6.8)\n\n44.8(7.1)\n\n47.9(8.8)\n\n50.1(10.1)\n\n54.5(12.5)\n\n57.8(14.3)\n\n60.1(15.6)\n\n61.2(16.2)\n\n58.5(14.7)\n\n55.1(12.8)\n\n48.5(9.2)\n\n43.8(6.6)\n\n52.2(11.2)\n\n\nMean minimum °F (°C)\n\n34.7(1.5)\n\n36.9(2.7)\n\n38.9(3.8)\n\n41.7(5.4)\n\n46.3(7.9)\n\n49.8(9.9)\n\n53.2(11.8)\n\n53.5(11.9)\n\n51.6(10.9)\n\n45.8(7.7)\n\n39.0(3.9)\n\n34.6(1.4)\n\n32.4(0.2)\n\n\nRecord low °F (°C)\n\n21(−6)\n\n27(−3)\n\n28(−2)\n\n31(−1)\n\n33(1)\n\n37(3)\n\n38(3)\n\n38(3)\n\n40(4)\n\n33(1)\n\n28(−2)\n\n24(−4)\n\n21(−6)\n\n\nAverage precipitation inches (mm)\n\n2.78(71)\n\n3.39(86)\n\n1.62(41)\n\n0.80(20)\n\n0.20(5.1)\n\n0.11(2.8)\n\n0.11(2.8)\n\n0.02(0.51)\n\n0.16(4.1)\n\n0.49(12)\n\n1.13(29)\n\n1.87(47)\n\n12.68(321.31)\n\n\nAverage precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)\n\n6.1\n\n6.5\n\n4.3\n\n2.8\n\n1.1\n\n0.8\n\n0.4\n\n0.1\n\n0.6\n\n1.6\n\n2.5\n\n4.3\n\n31.1\n\n\nMean daily sunshine hours\n\n7\n\n8\n\n9\n\n10\n\n9\n\n9\n\n11\n\n11\n\n9\n\n8\n\n7\n\n7\n\n9\n\n\nMean daily daylight hours\n\n10.2\n\n11.0\n\n12.0\n\n13.0\n\n13.9\n\n14.4\n\n14.1\n\n13.4\n\n12.4\n\n11.3\n\n10.4\n\n10.0\n\n12.2\n\n\nAverage ultraviolet index\n\n3\n\n4\n\n6\n\n8\n\n9\n\n10\n\n10\n\n10\n\n8\n\n6\n\n4\n\n3\n\n7\n\n\nSource 1: NOAA (mean maxima/minima 1981–2010)[46][47]\n\n\nSource 2: Weather Atlas[48]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2020","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2010 United States Census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_States_Census"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"racial makeup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-quickfacts-54"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-quickfacts-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bureau-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"}],"sub_title":"2010","text":"The 2010 United States Census[53] reported that 22,723 people, 10,821 households, and 5,791 families resided in the city. The population density was 2,313.8 inhabitants per square mile (893.4/km2). The 12,923 housing units averaged 1,315.9 units per square mile (508.1 units/km2). The racial makeup of Laguna Beach was 90.9% White (85.7% non-Hispanic White), 0.8% African American, 0.3% Native American, 3.6% Asian, 1.51% from other races, and 2.9% from two or more races.[54] About 7.3% of the population was Hispanic or Latino of any race.[54]The census reported that 99.6% of the population lived in households, and 0.4% lived in noninstitutionalized group quarters. Of the 10,821 households, 20.1% had children under the age of 18 living in them, 43.6% were opposite-sex married couples living together, 6.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 3.6% had a male householder with no wife present. 5.2% of households were unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 2.8% were same-sex married couples or partnerships. About 35.2% of households were made up of individuals, and 10.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.09. The average family size was 2.72.The population was distributed as 16.1% under the age of 18, 4.8% aged 18 to 24, 23.4% aged 25 to 44, 37.4% aged 45 to 64, and 18.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 50.6.[55] For every 100 females, there were 100.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 99.8 males.Of 12,923 housing units, 60.0% were owner-occupied and 40.0% were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 1.7%; the rental vacancy rate was 7.7%, and 64.6% of the population lived in owner-occupied housing units and 35.0% lived in rental housing units.During 2009–2013, Laguna Beach had a median household income of $94,325, with 6.3% of the population living below the federal poverty line.[56]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-57"},{"link_name":"population density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_density"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Pacific Islander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Islander_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"sub_title":"2000","text":"As of the census[57] of 2000, there were 23,727 people, 11,511 households, and 5,778 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,035.1/km2 (3,000/sq mi). There were 12,965 housing units at an average density of 565.6/km2 (1,000/sq mi). The racial makeup of the city was 91.99% White, 0.80% African American, 0.36% Native American, 2.08% Asian, 0.08% Pacific Islander, 2.21% from other races, and 2.47% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino residents of any race were 6.62% of the population.There were 11,511 households, out of which 18.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 40.9% were married couples living together, 6.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 49.8% were non-families. 36.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.05 and the average family size was 2.69.In the city, 15.8% of the population was under the age of 18, 4.2% from 18 to 24, 32.9% from 25 to 44, 33.9% from 45 to 64, and 13.3% was 65 years of age or older. The median age was 43 years. For every 100 females, there were 103.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 104.0 males.According to a 2007 estimate, the median income for a household in the city was $90,017, and the median income for a family was $146,562.[58] Males had a median income of $66,221 versus $46,138 for females. The per capita income for the city was $58,732. About 2.8% of families and 5.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4.7% of those under age 18 and 4.3% of those age 65 or over.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-59"}],"sub_title":"Crime rate","text":"According to an analysis by NeighborhoodScout.com, Laguna Beach has a higher crime rate than the national average of communities of all population sizes in the United States. The chance of becoming a victim of a violent crime is 1 in 200 and of a property crime is 1 in 36.[59]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Festival_of_Arts_of_Laguna_Beach_Entrance.jpg"},{"link_name":"Laguna Art Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laguna_Art_Museum"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"Pageant of the Masters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pageant_of_the_Masters"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"Sawdust Art Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sawdust_Art_Festival"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"Irvine Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irvine_Bowl"},{"link_name":"Plein Air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plein_Air"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"Laguna Beach Chamber Music Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laguna_Beach_Chamber_Music_Society"},{"link_name":"Earth Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_Day"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"}],"text":"Entrance to Festival of Arts and Pageant of the MastersThe Laguna Art Museum is rooted in the development of Laguna Beach as an art community with the creation of the Laguna Beach Art Association in 1918.[60] Located beside the main beach, the museum focuses on the art of California. The Pageant of the Masters, founded in 1933, is held annually during the summer months. The unique show presents recreations of famous artworks using real people as models. Community organizations also host several long-running art festivals during the summer season.[61]The Festival of Arts Fine Art Show, which underwent a major renovation in 2017, originated in the 1930s. It showcases juried works by 140 Orange County artists, and its stage provides a venue for daily musical performances in July and August of each year. The Sawdust Art Festival was founded in 1965 as a counterculture alternative to the Festival of Arts. It exhibits non-juried crafts and arts on a dedicated 3-acre (1.2-hectare) site. The Art-A-Fair began in 1966, built an exhibition site in 1977 and exhibits juried works of 125 artists from outside the area.[62]The Laguna Playhouse, founded in 1920, is noted as the \"oldest continuously running theatre on the west coast\".[63] The playhouse provides professional stage productions in its 420-seat Moulton Theater, as well as performances by the Laguna Playhouse Youth Theatre program. The Irvine Bowl is a 2600-seat amphitheater used for the Pageant of the Masters program and for occasional concerts.The Laguna Beach Plein Air Painting Invitational is held annually in October.[64] Some of North America's plein air landscape painters are invited to participate in the week-long events including public paint outs, artist meet and greets, and educational activities.The Laguna Beach Arts Commission sponsors a weekly Summer Concert in the Park series at Bluebird Park and Heisler Park. The Laguna Beach Chamber Music Society holds an annual chamber music festival during the winter season. Laguna is also home to the annual Bluewater Music Festival, and Kelpfest held on Earth Day, to raise awareness of the importance that kelp plays in ocean habitat.[65]","title":"Arts and culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lagunabeach_III.jpg"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EoS-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"Hobie Alter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hobie_Alter"},{"link_name":"Mickey Munoz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mickey_Munoz"},{"link_name":"Tom Morey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Morey"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EoS-67"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RIZK-70"},{"link_name":"Chris Marlowe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Marlowe"},{"link_name":"Dusty Dvorak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dusty_Dvorak"},{"link_name":"Scott Fortune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Fortune"},{"link_name":"Dain Blanton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dain_Blanton"},{"link_name":"Gene Selznick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Selznick"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RIZK-70"}],"text":"Goff CoveLaguna Beach has a surfing history centered on a five-block stretch of rocky reefs between Brooks and St. Ann's Streets.[66] The Brooks Street Surfing Classic, begun in 1955, is a \"contender for the world's longest running surf competition,\" according to the Encyclopedia of Surfing.[67] The competition is held only when peak swell conditions occur during a four-month-long window in the summer and has been held 52 times from 1955 to 2015. Participation is open only to Laguna Beach residents.[68] Notable participants have included Hobie Alter, Mickey Munoz, and Tom Morey.[67]Started in 1976, the 'Vic' Skimboarding World Championship is held at Aliso Beach in Laguna Beach and is the longest running skim boarding contest on the pro circuit.[69]The Laguna Open Volleyball Tournament began in 1955 and, according to tournament directors, it is the second oldest volleyball tournament in the United States.[70] Participants have included several Olympic gold medalists, including Chris Marlowe, Dusty Dvorak, Scott Fortune, Dain Blanton and Gene Selznick, who won the first seven competitions.[70]","title":"Sports"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-imba.com-43"},{"link_name":"Mountain bike hall of fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_bike_hall_of_fame"},{"link_name":"Hans Rey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Rey"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"a historic tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Beach_Pirate_Tower"}],"text":"Laguna's foothill trails are known internationally for mountain biking.[43] Mountain bike hall of fame legend Hans Rey makes his home in Laguna Beach, as do the Rads,[71] pioneers of mountain biking going back to the 1970s.The U.S. Open for Lawnbowling is held annually at the lawn bowling field at Heisler Park.[72] There is a historic tower, built in 1926, at Victoria Beach.","title":"Parks and recreation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"council-manager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council-manager"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-about-2"},{"link_name":"non-partisan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-partisan"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"}],"text":"Laguna Beach was first settled in the 1870s, but was founded officially in 1887 and, in 1927 it incorporated as a city. Beginning in 1944, a council-manager form of government was adopted.[2] Residents of Laguna Beach elect five non-partisan council members who serve four-year staggered terms, with elections occurring every two years. The position of mayor is non-elected and chosen annually among the members of the city council. The council serves to pass ordinances, approve a budget, and hire the city manager and city attorney. The city manager oversees administrative operations and the appointment of department heads. In 2011 Ken Frank retired after 31 years, one of the longest-serving city managers in Orange County history.The city clerk and city treasurer are elected by popular vote and serve four-year terms.[73][74]","title":"Government"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Orange County Board of Supervisors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_County_Board_of_Supervisors"},{"link_name":"Republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"California State Legislature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"the 36th Senate District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California%27s_36th_State_Senate_district"},{"link_name":"Republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Republican_Party"},{"link_name":"Janet Nguyen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Nguyen"},{"link_name":"the 72nd Assembly District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California%27s_72nd_State_Assembly_district"},{"link_name":"Republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Republican_Party"},{"link_name":"Diane Dixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diane_Dixon_(politician)"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"United States House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"California's 47th congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California%27s_47th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Democrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Katie Porter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katie_Porter"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"California Secretary of State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_of_California"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"George H. W. Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush"},{"link_name":"Proposition 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_California_Proposition_8"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"Democratic presidential preference primary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries"},{"link_name":"Barack Obama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama"},{"link_name":"Hillary Rodham Clinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillary_Rodham_Clinton"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"}],"sub_title":"County, state, and federal representation","text":"Laguna Beach is located in the Fifth District of the Orange County Board of Supervisors and is currently represented by Republican Lisa Bartlett.In the California State Legislature, the city is in the 36th Senate District, represented by Republican Janet Nguyen, and in the 72nd Assembly District, represented by Republican Diane Dixon.[75]In the United States House of Representatives, Laguna Beach is in California's 47th congressional district, represented by Democrat Katie Porter.[76]According to the California Secretary of State, as of February 10, 2019, Laguna Beach has 17,064 registered voters. Of those, 6,509 (38.12%) are registered Democrats, 5,042 (29.55%) are registered Republicans, and 4,620 (27.07%) have declined to state a political party/are independents.[77]Laguna Beach is a Democratic stronghold in presidential elections due to its cultural liberalism and LGBTQ+ community, as no Republican has won the city since George H. W. Bush in 1988. In 2008, Laguna Beach was one of only four incorporated cities in Orange County (along with Aliso Viejo, Costa Mesa, and Irvine) to reject Proposition 8, the ballot initiative that revoked marriage rights for same-sex couples in California.[78] That same year during the Democratic presidential preference primary, Laguna Beach was one of three cities in Orange County where Democrats favored Barack Obama over Hillary Rodham Clinton.[79]","title":"Government"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Laguna Beach Unified School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laguna_Beach_Unified_School_District"},{"link_name":"Laguna Beach High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laguna_Beach_High_School"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic Diocese of Orange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Orange"},{"link_name":"Aliso Viejo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliso_Viejo,_California"},{"link_name":"Capistrano Unified School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capistrano_Unified_School_District"}],"sub_title":"Primary and secondary","text":"The Laguna Beach Unified School District manages public education for city residents. The district includes one high school (Laguna Beach High School), one middle school (Thurston Middle School), and two elementary schools (El Morro Elementary School and Top of the World Elementary School). One private elementary school, St. Catherine of Siena Parish School, is overseen by the Roman Catholic Diocese of Orange. Students who live in the sall portion of Laguna Beach that borders Aliso Viejo, although contracted to the city's schools, may choose to attend the Capistrano Unified School District, as the schools are closer and much more accessible to their homes.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Laguna College of Art & Design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laguna_College_of_Art_%26_Design"},{"link_name":"private college","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_college"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"Saddleback College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddleback_College"},{"link_name":"Mission Viejo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_Viejo,_California"}],"sub_title":"Higher education","text":"The Laguna College of Art & Design (LCAD) is a small private college located in Laguna Canyon. It was founded in 1961 by the Festival of Arts and Laguna Art Museum as the Laguna Beach School of Art. LCAD offers Bachelor of Arts degrees in drawing and painting, illustration, animation, graphic design, and game art, and master of fine arts degrees in painting and drawing. In 2013, enrollment was approximately 450 students.[80] The nearest public college is Saddleback College in Mission Viejo.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"KXRN-LP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KXRN-LP"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"}],"text":"Laguna Beach is part of the Los Angeles media market. Laguna Beach also has its own FM community radio station, KXRN-LP.[81] The community is served by an online newspaper, Stu News Laguna,[82] and one weekly print newspaper, the Laguna Beach Independent.[83]","title":"Media"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Along_Pacific_Coast_Highway..jpg"},{"link_name":"Laguna Beach Fire Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laguna_Beach_Fire_Department"},{"link_name":"Laguna Beach Police Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laguna_Beach_Police_Department&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"}],"text":"Laguna Beach along Pacific Coast HighwayFire protection in Laguna Beach is provided by the Laguna Beach Fire Department, and law enforcement by the Laguna Beach Police Department.[84] Marine safety services are provided by Laguna Beach City Lifeguards.Laguna Beach has used goats for its fuel reduction and vegetation management program since the early 1990s.[85]","title":"Infrastructure"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Laguna_Beach_people.jpg"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"Laguna Coast Wilderness Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laguna_Coast_Wilderness_Park"},{"link_name":"Laguna Canyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laguna_Canyon"},{"link_name":"Laguna Canyon Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laguna_Canyon_Project"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"Laguna Art Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laguna_Art_Museum"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Laguna_Coast_Wilderness_Park,-44"},{"link_name":"Laguna Beach State Marine Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laguna_Beach_State_Marine_Reserve"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reckas-91"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reckas-91"},{"link_name":"Crystal Cove State Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_Cove_State_Park"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"Transition Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transition_Towns"},{"link_name":"U.S. Mayors Climate Initiative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayors_Climate_Protection_Center"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"Complete Streets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complete_Streets"},{"link_name":"sharrows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharrows"},{"link_name":"Idaho stop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idaho_stop"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Main Beach in Laguna BeachLaguna Beach is the only Orange County city protected by a dedicated greenbelt inland and bluebelt seaward. In 1968, local conservationists founded Laguna Greenbelt and began a drive to conserve a horseshoe of hills and canyons surrounding Laguna Beach.[86] As of 2011, more than 20,000 acres (8,100 ha) of contiguous wildlands constituted The Laguna Coast Wilderness Park, Jim Dilley Preserve, Crystal Cove State Park, and the Aliso-Wood Canyons Wilderness Park.[87]The creation of the 7,000-acre (2,800 ha) Laguna Coast Wilderness Park as a protected area began in the late 1980s and early 1990s when local artists, activists and politicians rallied to preserve Laguna Canyon. With the environmentally focused Laguna Canyon Project and its photographic mural, \"The Tell,\"[88] as backdrop and stimulus, Laguna citizens forged a partnership to prevent construction of a 3,200-acre (1,300 ha) housing project in the canyon. An exhibition on the Laguna Canyon Project, titled \"The Canyon Project: Artivism,\" was held at Laguna Art Museum in 2015–16.[89][90] Today the Wilderness Park and Laguna Canyon within it are designated as open space in perpetuity.[44]The Laguna Beach State Marine Reserve (LBSMR), which extends from Irvine Cove to Treasure Island Beach, was established in 2012, to make most of the coastal area a no-take zone.[91] Docents of the Laguna Ocean Foundation provide monitoring and education at tidepools within the LBSMR.[91] In addition, the 3.2-mile-long (5.1 km) Crystal Cove State Park abuts the northern border of Laguna Beach.As a result of Laguna's Marine Protected Area \"no-take zones\" the local waters teem with fish, including sheepshead and large calico bass.[92]American Craftsman Bungalows from the early 1900s dot the downtown and South Laguna areas. Between 1980 and 1981, the city conducted the Laguna Beach Historic Survey, a citywide block-by-block study which noted the location of pre-1940 buildings and determined which had historic significance.[93] 706 homes and structures in Laguna Beach were classified as historically significant.[94]Laguna Beach is the tenth official Transition Town in the U.S. In February 2007, Laguna's city council unanimously voted to join the U.S. Mayors Climate Initiative, and in April 2013 became the first Orange County city to make a formal request that the San Onofre Nuclear Reactor not be restarted after its January 2012 shutdown. The Aliso Creek Water Reclamation Facility went into operation in 2014. The facility removes polluted runoff in Aliso Creek, improves ocean water quality, and creates locally recycled water.[95] With a grant from Cal Trans, the city is undertaking a transition plan to implement Complete Streets for all users. A north–south bicycle route with signs and sharrows was completed through town in 2014. Laguna Beach passed a citywide \"Idaho stop\" ordinance for cyclists, a no-plastic-bag ordinance and a no-plastic-bottle purchasing policy for its government.[citation needed]","title":"Conservation and environment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"reality television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reality_television"},{"link_name":"Laguna Beach: The Real Orange County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laguna_Beach:_The_Real_Orange_County"},{"link_name":"Dead to Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_to_Me_(TV_series)"}],"text":"The 1972 instrumental by Black Sabbath \"Laguna Sunrise\" was inspired by a sunrise guitarist Tony Iommi witnessed after a night of partying. \nIn 2004, MTV created a reality television show entitled Laguna Beach: The Real Orange County, which aired for three seasons.Laguna Beach is the setting for the Netflix television series Dead to Me.","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Menton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menton"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"San José del Cabo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jos%C3%A9_del_Cabo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"St Ives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Ives,_Cornwall"}],"text":"Laguna Beach has three sister cities:[96]Menton, France\n San José del Cabo, Mexico\n St Ives, United Kingdom","title":"Sister cities"}]
[{"image_text":"Pre-1917 postcard of Joseph Yoch's original Hotel Laguna, built in 1888 and replaced in 1930","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Hotel_Laguna_pre-1917.jpg/220px-Hotel_Laguna_pre-1917.jpg"},{"image_text":"View of the Main Beach c. 1915","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Laguna_Beach_Main_Beach%2C_Sayles_Dance_Hall_at_left%2C_Hotel_Laguna_Beach_in_center_-_Tom_Pulley_Postcard_Collection-L.jpg/220px-Laguna_Beach_Main_Beach%2C_Sayles_Dance_Hall_at_left%2C_Hotel_Laguna_Beach_in_center_-_Tom_Pulley_Postcard_Collection-L.jpg"},{"image_text":"Entrance to Festival of Arts and Pageant of the Masters","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Festival_of_Arts_of_Laguna_Beach_Entrance.jpg/220px-Festival_of_Arts_of_Laguna_Beach_Entrance.jpg"},{"image_text":"Goff Cove","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Lagunabeach_III.jpg/220px-Lagunabeach_III.jpg"},{"image_text":"Laguna Beach along Pacific Coast Highway","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Along_Pacific_Coast_Highway..jpg/170px-Along_Pacific_Coast_Highway..jpg"},{"image_text":"Main Beach in Laguna Beach","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Laguna_Beach_people.jpg/220px-Laguna_Beach_people.jpg"},{"image_text":"Orange County map","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Map_of_California_highlighting_Orange_County.svg/87px-Map_of_California_highlighting_Orange_County.svg.png"}]
[{"title":"List of beaches in California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_California"},{"title":"Portals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals"},{"title":"Greater Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Greater_Los_Angeles"},{"title":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:California"},{"title":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:United_States"}]
[{"reference":"\"California Cities by Incorporation Date\". California Association of Local Agency Formation Commissions. Archived from the original (Word) on November 3, 2014. Retrieved August 25, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141103002921/http://www.calafco.org/docs/Cities_by_incorp_date.doc","url_text":"\"California Cities by Incorporation Date\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_Agency_Formation_Commission","url_text":"Local Agency Formation Commissions"},{"url":"http://www.calafco.org/docs/Cities_by_incorp_date.doc","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"City Profile\". City of Laguna Beach. lagunabeach.net. Archived from the original on December 2, 2013. Retrieved October 7, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131202141501/http://lagunabeachcity.net/about/localgov/default.asp","url_text":"\"City Profile\""}]},{"reference":"\"2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 1, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2019_Gazetteer/2019_gaz_place_06.txt","url_text":"\"2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files\""}]},{"reference":"\"Laguna Beach\". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved October 20, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/1660874","url_text":"\"Laguna Beach\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System","url_text":"Geographic Names Information System"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior","url_text":"United States Department of the Interior"}]},{"reference":"\"Laguna Beach (city) QuickFacts\". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on July 1, 2012. Retrieved February 16, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120701223548/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/06/0639178.html","url_text":"\"Laguna Beach (city) QuickFacts\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"},{"url":"https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/lagunabeachcitycalifornia","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Carlton, Carisa (November 18, 2013). \"The Giant Aquarium: Laguna Beach State Marine Reserve & Conservation Area\". Laguna Beach Gazette. Retrieved November 19, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://lagunabeachgazette.com/laguna-beach-marine-reserve/","url_text":"\"The Giant Aquarium: Laguna Beach State Marine Reserve & Conservation Area\""}]},{"reference":"\"City of Laguna Beach - About Laguna Beach\". lagunabeachcity.net. Archived from the original on October 4, 2018. Retrieved October 4, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181004185619/http://lagunabeachcity.net/resident/abtlagbea/default.htm","url_text":"\"City of Laguna Beach - About Laguna Beach\""},{"url":"http://lagunabeachcity.net/resident/abtlagbea/default.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Turnbull, Karen (2004). \"Laguna Beach and South Laguna\". In Esther Cramer (ed.). A Hundred Years of Yesterdays. Vol. II. Orange County Historical Commission. pp. 161–67.","urls":[]},{"reference":"McManamon, Francis P.; Cordell, Linda S.; Lightfoot, Kent G.; Milner, George R. (December 2008). \"The Earliest Inhabitants and Sites\". Archaeology in America: An Encyclopedia. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-313-33184-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group","url_text":"Greenwood Publishing Group"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33184-8","url_text":"978-0-313-33184-8"}]},{"reference":"Driscoll, Marjie (November 4, 1971). \"His 38-Year Affair With 'Laguna Woman'; Amateur Archaeologist Tells Affair With 'Laguna Woman'\". Los Angeles Times. p. H4.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Pollard, A. Mark; Heron, Carl (2008). Archaeological Chemistry. Royal Society of Chemistry. pp. 281–84. ISBN 978-0-85404-262-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/archaeologicalch00poll_583","url_text":"Archaeological Chemistry"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Chemistry","url_text":"Royal Society of Chemistry"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/archaeologicalch00poll_583/page/n299","url_text":"281"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85404-262-3","url_text":"978-0-85404-262-3"}]},{"reference":"Chace, Paul G. (1965). \"A History of Archaeology in Orange County\". Pacific Coast Archaeological Society Quarterly. 1 (3): 3–23. ISSN 0552-7252.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0552-7252","url_text":"0552-7252"}]},{"reference":"Cameron, Constance (1999). \"Determining tribal boundaries through potsherds-an archaeological perspective\" (PDF). Pacific Coast Archaeological Society Quarterly. 35 (2/3): 96–126. ISSN 0552-7252.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pcas.org/Vol35N23/3523Cameron.pdf","url_text":"\"Determining tribal boundaries through potsherds-an archaeological perspective\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0552-7252","url_text":"0552-7252"}]},{"reference":"McManamon, Francis P.; Cordell, Linda S.; Lightfoot, Kent G.; Milner, George R. (December 2008). Archaeology in America: An Encyclopedia. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 97. ISBN 978-0-313-33184-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group","url_text":"Greenwood Publishing Group"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33184-8","url_text":"978-0-313-33184-8"}]},{"reference":"Gudde, Erwin Gustav (1969). California Place Names: The Origin and Etymology of Current Geographical Names (3rd ed.). Berkeley and Los Angeles, California: University of California Press. p. 170.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/californiaplacen0000gudd","url_text":"California Place Names: The Origin and Etymology of Current Geographical Names"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/californiaplacen0000gudd/page/170","url_text":"170"}]},{"reference":"California Coastal Commission (November 6, 1987). The California Coastal Resource Guide. University of California Press. pp. 324–25. ISBN 978-0-520-06186-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Coastal_Commission","url_text":"California Coastal Commission"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/californiacoasta00cali/page/324","url_text":"The California Coastal Resource Guide"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/californiacoasta00cali/page/324","url_text":"324–25"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-06186-6","url_text":"978-0-520-06186-6"}]},{"reference":"Vogel, Claire Marie (March 31, 2009). Laguna Beach. Images of America. Arcadia Publishing. p. 36. ISBN 978-0-7385-6997-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7385-6997-0","url_text":"978-0-7385-6997-0"}]},{"reference":"Boyd, Michelle (March 31, 2011). \"Early Days of a Pioneering Laguna Family\". Laguna Beach Independent. Retrieved October 8, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lagunabeachindy.com/early-days-of-a-pioneering-laguna-family/","url_text":"\"Early Days of a Pioneering Laguna Family\""}]},{"reference":"Thurston, Joseph Smith (1947). Laguna Beach of Early Days. Murray & Gee. OCLC 3512568.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/3512568","url_text":"3512568"}]},{"reference":"Turnbull, Karen (January 1, 1988). Ester R. Cramer (ed.). A Hundred Years of Yesterdays: Centennial History of the People of Orange County & Their Communities. Santa Ana: Orange County Centennial Inc. OCLC 18979450.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/18979450","url_text":"18979450"}]},{"reference":"Armor, Samuel (1921). History of Orange County, California. Los Angeles: Historic Record Company. pp. 478–81.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historyoforangec00armo","url_text":"History of Orange County, California"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historyoforangec00armo/page/478","url_text":"478"}]},{"reference":"Talber, Thomas B.; MacAuthur, Mildred Yorba; Meadows, Don C. (1963). The Historical Volume and Reference Works: Orange County. Historical Publishers. p. 241.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Clemence, Sara (May 23, 2005). \"Lavish Laguna Living\". Forbes Magazine.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/2005/05/23/cx_sc_0523how.html","url_text":"\"Lavish Laguna Living\""}]},{"reference":"Vogel, Claire Marie (March 31, 2009). Laguna Beach. Images of America. Arcadia Publishing. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-7385-6997-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7385-6997-0","url_text":"978-0-7385-6997-0"}]},{"reference":"Neisser, JaPatmes (April 12, 1979). \"Laguna Beach: Orange County's Eclectic Village\". Orange Coast Magazine. 5 (4): 10–16. Retrieved October 8, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Zg0EAAAAMBAJ&q=Lagonas+%22Laguna+Beach%22&pg=PA10","url_text":"\"Laguna Beach: Orange County's Eclectic Village\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_Coast_Magazine","url_text":"Orange Coast Magazine"}]},{"reference":"\"History\". About Us. Laguna Art Museum. 2013. Archived from the original on September 30, 2013. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hill_and_Knowlton
Hill & Knowlton
["1 History","1.1 20th century","1.2 21st century","2 Current operations","3 Recognition","4 Controversies","5 References","6 Further reading","7 External links"]
Public relations consulting company Hill & KnowltonCompany typePrivateIndustryPublic RelationsMarketing servicesFoundedCleveland, Ohio, U.S.(1927; 97 years ago (1927))FounderJohn W. HillHeadquartersNew York City, U.S.Number of locationsOver 80 offices (2023)Area servedWorldwideKey peopleAnnaMaria DeSalva (executive)Global Chairman and CEOServicesMarketing communicationsCorporate communicationDigital marketingFull list of servicesParentWPP GroupWebsitewww.hillandknowlton.com Hill & Knowlton is an American global public relations consulting company, headquartered in New York City. The firm has over 80 additional offices in more than 40 countries. The company was founded in Cleveland, in 1927 by John W. Hill and is now owned by the WPP Group. History 20th century John W. Hill, founder of Hill & Knowlton, c. 1960 The company that became Hill & Knowlton Strategies was founded in 1927 by newspaper reporter and businessman John Hill in Cleveland, Ohio. Hill's first two clients were Cleveland-based Union Trust Company, and the Otis Steel Company. When Union Trust Company was shut down by the Great Depression in 1933, Hill hired its former director of advertising and publicity Don Knowlton, and they together established Hill & Knowlton of Cleveland. Hill moved to New York City in 1934 to open a new Hill & Knowlton office. Knowlton remained in Cleveland and operated the original location until his retirement in 1964. Hill served as chairman and chief executive until 1962, but remained on the firm's policy committee, and continued to go into the office until shortly before his death in 1977. The company represented the dairy industry during congressional debates on margarine regulation in the late 1940s. Other early clients included the tobacco industry, as well as many other industries including the aircraft industry, the American Shipbuilders Council, the National Retail Dry Goods Association, the National Fertilizer Association and soap producers. When Hill died in 1977, the company had 560 employees, with 36 offices in the United States and 18 abroad. Clients included Texaco Inc., Warner-Lambert, Procter & Gamble, Gillette, and the Business Roundtable. The firm was acquired in 1980 by the JWT Group, one of the largest advertising agencies at the time. Following the acquisition, Hill & Knowlton continued to operate as an independent entity under the JWT Group. The company expanded to China in 1984, and acquired both Gray & Company and Carl Byoir & Associates, two public relations firms with a national presence in the United States, in 1986. JWT was acquired by the WPP plc, a London-based marketing and communications holding company, in 1987. In 1989, Hill & Knowlton acquired Canada's largest PR agency, the Public Affairs Resource Group. In 1990 Hill and Knowlton was hired by the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops (USCCB) to launch a campaign to persuade Catholics and non-Catholics to oppose abortion rights for women. A third of its employees at headquarters signed a letter of protest. 21st century The firm continued to expand through acquisitions in the 2000s, including the acquisition of a portion of Argentine company Vox Consulting in 2000, Miami-based public relations agency SAMCOR in 2002, and a majority ownership of the Hong Kong-based Rikes Communications in 2008. In 2009, the firm opened its first office in Nairobi in partnership with Kenyan company Scangroup. In 2010, the company opened three new offices in China as well as new offices in India and Colombia. In January 2011, Hill & Knowlton announced a merger with Public Strategies, another WPP company founded in Austin, Texas in 1988. In December 2011, the firm was rebranded as "Hill+Knowlton Strategies." Jack Martin, founder of Public Strategies, oversaw this rebranded company from 2011 until 2019. He was succeeded by AnnaMaria DeSalva. In August 2021, Hill & Knowlton China, the Chinese arm of the company, announced new strategic advisory services to help local businesses with environmentally friendly business strategies. The new services were part of Hill & Knowlton’s support for the COP15 (UN Biodiversity) conference, which was held in Kunming, China, in October 2021. In October 2022, the firm became the U.S. public relations agency of record for Glanbia Performance Nutrition. In 2023, the company was chosen by Costa Coffee to improve consumer communications across the UK. Costa Coffee had 2700 stores across the UK and 1100 outlets in 45 countries. Hill & Knowlton Strategies was also selected to provide PR and social media for Hill’s Pet Nutrition. From 2021 to 2023, Hill & Knowlton grew more than 25%. In September 2022, the firm acquired JeffreyGroup. The company is based in Miami but has offices in Mexico, Brazil, and Argentina. This expanded Hill & Knowlton’s presence in Latin America, where it already owned Grupo Ideal, based in Brazil. In March 2023, WPP acquired Germany based healthcare public relations agency 3K Agentur für Kommunikation. In November 2023, Hill & Knowlton launched its global intelligence and technology unit. In the same month, Hill & Knowlton also announced its partnership with Pendulum Intelligence to produce a tool that will help clients combat disinformation. Current operations The firms' clients reportedly represent fifty percent of Fortune 500 companies. The company serves a variety of industries including automotive, banking and finance, energy, governments, sports marketing, healthcare and pharmaceuticals, technology communications, consumer goods and services, food and beverage, and the travel, leisure, and tourism industry. The company has also worked with governing bodies, federations, and sponsors for every Olympic Games since the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney. They also worked on the World Health Organization-funded COVID-19 campaign. Recognition From 2008 to 2012, Hill & Knowlton Strategies worked for the Special Court for Sierra Leone to draw attention to the court's work prosecuting war criminals in Sierra Leone. The court was able to raise more than $12.5 million in financing to convict former Liberian president Charles Taylor. In 2013, the firm's work was included in PRWeek's list of "great work of the last 15 years". Controversies Hill & Knowlton did public relations work for tobacco industry in the 1950s and 1960s, the Bank of Credit and Commerce International from 1988–1990, at which point the firm stopped working for the bank after bank officials were convicted of money-laundering. In the 1970's, Hill & Knowlton representatives were present in a meeting with the Public Relations Subcommittee of John-Manville’s Environmental Health Task Force. After that meeting, the Asbestos Information Association, was formed (not by Hill & Knowlton), which by denied the health risks of asbestos. Hill & Knowlton was also hired to address concerns with vinyl chloride and CFC. Also during the late 1980s, Hill & Knowlton represented the Bank of Credit and Commerce International (BCCI) during its money laundering scandal. Hill & Knowlton's work was investigated by a U.S. Senate subcommittee, and allegations were made that the firm had pressured regulators to not investigate the bank, though no evidence was found to support the claims. After BCCI was convicted of money laundering, the firm severed their relationship with BCCI. The company was hired in 1990 by Citizens for a Free Kuwait, a group predominantly funded by the Government of Kuwait, to assist its campaign for U.S. intervention in response to the invasion and annexation of Kuwait by Iraq. Hill & Knowlton were later accused of spreading false information to increase support for the Gulf War, which the company denied. Kuwait canceled its account with the firm before the start of the Gulf War. Hill & Knowlton represented The Church of Scientology from 1987 until May 1991. The Church of Scientology sued the firm, claiming that their contract was terminated because Hill & Knowlton was pressured to do so by Eli Lilly and Company, a client of JWT. Eli Lilly and Company produce the drug Prozac, which the Church staunchly and publicly opposed. The matter was settled out of court. The firm was criticized for representing the government of Uganda. In November 2022, the company, as official PR firm for the COP27 climate summit in Egypt, was criticized by scientists and environmentalists for having an apparent conflict of interest - also working for fossil fuel corporations. References ^ "WPP and our companies' capabilities | WPP". www.wpp.com. Retrieved October 18, 2019. ^ Goodell, Jeffrey (September 9, 1990). "What Hill & Knowlton Can Do for You, (And What It Couldn't Do for Itself)". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 7, 2019. ^ a b c d e Scott M. Cutlip (2013). The Unseen Power. Routledge. ISBN 9781136690006. Retrieved October 5, 2014. ^ a b c d e Jeffrey Goodell (September 9, 1990). "What Hill & Knowlton Can Do for You, (And What It Couldn't Do for Itself)". The New York Times. Retrieved October 5, 2014. ^ a b (18 March 1977). John W. Hill, 86, Dies; Led Hill & Knowlton, The New York Times ^ a b Karen Miller. Business and Economic History Volume 24 (PDF). Business History Conference. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 14, 2013. Retrieved October 5, 2014. ^ a b Karen Miller (1999). The Voice of Business: Hill & Knowlton and Postwar Public Relations. University of North Carolina Press. p. 70. ISBN 0807824399. Retrieved October 5, 2014. ^ Richard Pollay (1990). Publicity and American Culture. Public Relations Review. pp. 40–52. Retrieved October 5, 2014. ^ Goodell, Jeffrey (September 9, 1990). "What Hill & Knowlton Can Do for You, (And What It Couldn't Do for Itself)". New York Times. Retrieved January 10, 2011. ^ a b "J. Walter Thompson to acquire all assets of Hill and Knowlton". The Globe and Mail. February 12, 1980. Retrieved October 5, 2014. ^ Philip H. Dougherty (October 3, 1984). "Hill & Knowlton To Open Peking Office". The New York Times. Retrieved October 5, 2014. ^ a b c d "The PR Problem at Hill & Knowlton". Bloomberg Businessweek. September 1, 1991. Archived from the original on May 21, 2013. Retrieved October 5, 2014. ^ George Lazarus (August 6, 1986). "Hill & Knowlton, Byoir Make Deal". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved October 5, 2014. ^ a b c Kirk Ladendorf (November 15, 2010). "Public Strategies merger with H&K creates global PR powerhouse". Austin American-Statesman. Retrieved October 5, 2014. ^ George Lazarus (February 15, 1989). "H&k Acquiring Canadian Pr Firm". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved October 5, 2014. ^ Goldman, Ari L. (April 6, 1990). "Catholic Bishops Hire Firms To Market Fight on Abortion". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 2, 2024. ^ Steinfels, Peter (November 20, 1990). "New Voice, Same Words on Abortion". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 2, 2024. ^ Ap (August 14, 1990). "Public Relations Firm to Present Anti-Abortion Effort to Bishops". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 2, 2024. ^ Archives, L. A. Times (April 21, 1990). "PR Firm in Turmoil Over Anti-Abortion Campaign". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved March 2, 2024. ^ "Argentina: Hill & Knowlton acquires Vox Consulting". South American Business Information. November 3, 2000. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved October 5, 2014. ^ Elaine Walker (June 10, 2002). "Hill & Knowlton Acquires South Florida Public Relations Agency". Tribune Business News. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved October 5, 2014. ^ "Hill & Knowlton acquires majority stake in Rikes Communications". PRWeek. February 4, 2008. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved October 5, 2014. ^ "Hill & Knowlton Expands Operations to East Africa in Joint Venture With Scangroup". Marketing Weekly News. May 9, 2009. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved October 5, 2014. ^ "H+K Strategies appoints Nan Dong in Hong Kong & China, joins from FTI". www.consultancy.asia. September 26, 2018. Retrieved September 19, 2023. ^ Ciarallo, Joe (February 2, 2010). "Hill & Knowlton Opens Colombia Office". www.adweek.com. Retrieved October 3, 2023. ^ "Hill & Knowlton: Agency Business Report 2010". www.prweek.com. Retrieved October 3, 2023. ^ Paul Holmes (May 28, 2012). "Jack Martin: The Insurrectionist". The Holmes Report. Retrieved October 5, 2014. ^ "H&K Rebrands As Hill+Knowlton Strategies". PRovoke Media. Retrieved October 3, 2023. ^ Sebastian, Michael (December 2, 2011). "At 84 years old, Hill & Knowlton rebrands". PR Daily. Retrieved October 3, 2023. ^ Garcia, Tonya (December 1, 2011). "H&K Is Now Hill + Knowlton Strategies". www.adweek.com. Retrieved September 13, 2023. ^ "H&K rebrands as Hill+Knowlton Strategies". www.prweek.com. Retrieved September 13, 2023. ^ "Hill+Knowlton Strategies Announces AnnaMaria DeSalva to Succeed Jack Martin as Chairman and Chief Executive Officer - 15.05.2019 - AMP". www.wallstreet-online.de. Retrieved September 8, 2023. ^ "H+K Strategies Names Craig Buchholz US CEO". PRovoke Media. Retrieved October 11, 2023. ^ Portal, World Coffee (May 19, 2023). "Costa Coffee strengthens public relations with Hill+Knowlton Strategies deal". World Coffee Portal. Retrieved October 11, 2023. ^ Cambosa, Teddy (August 6, 2021). "H+K China launches strategic advisory services in line with upcoming COP15 conference". MARKETECH APAC. Retrieved August 29, 2023. ^ "Revolving Door Agency Moves: Noble Studios, WPP, Wunderman Thompson & More". www.adweek.com. October 6, 2022. Retrieved August 29, 2023. ^ "Glanbia Performance Nutrition Moves US PR Business to H+K". PRovoke Media. Retrieved October 11, 2023. ^ a b Portal, World Coffee (May 19, 2023). "Costa Coffee strengthens public relations with Hill+Knowlton Strategies deal". World Coffee Portal. Retrieved August 29, 2023. ^ "H+K London Wins Mandate With Hill's Pet Nutrition". PRovoke Media. Retrieved August 31, 2023. ^ a b Bureau, MN4U (March 7, 2023). "WPP acquires German healthcare specialist 3K Communication". MediaNews4U. Retrieved September 13, 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ^ a b "H+K Strategies Acquires The JeffreyGroup, Doubles Latin American Footprint". PRovoke Media. Retrieved September 13, 2023. ^ "WPP adds Miami-headquartered PR agency JeffreyGroup to Hill+Knowlton Strategies". The Drum. Retrieved November 3, 2023. ^ "Hill & Knowlton debuts Sonar intelligence product". www.prweek.com. Retrieved January 5, 2024. ^ "Hill+Knowlton Strategies expands Africa footprint". PR & Communications News. July 26, 2013. Retrieved October 5, 2014. ^ "Company Overview of Hill & Knowlton, Inc". businessweek.com. Bloomberg Businessweek. Archived from the original on January 27, 2008. Retrieved October 5, 2014. ^ Noreen O'Leary (September 17, 2009). "Grey Energizes America's Natural Gas Alliance". AdWeek. Retrieved October 5, 2014. ^ "Hill+Knowlton Strategies: Agency Business Report 2012". PRWeek. May 1, 2012. Retrieved October 5, 2014. ^ WHO Cares What Celebrities Think ^ "PRWeek turns 15: Great work". PRWeek. November 1, 2013. Retrieved October 5, 2014. ^ Richard W. Pollay, "Propaganda, Puffing and the Public Interest", Public Relations Review, Volume XVI, Number 3, Fall 1990. ^ a b Bruce Horovitz (August 21, 1991). "Ethics questioned in PR work for clients such as BCCI, Colombia". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 5, 2014. ^ Markowitz, Gerald (2016). ""Unleashed on an Unsuspecting World": The Asbestos Information Association and Its Role in Perpetuating a National Epidemic". American Journal of Public Health. 106 (5): 834–840. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2015.303023. PMC 4985074. PMID 26890170. ^ Doubt is Their Product: How Industry's Assault on Science Threatens Your Health, David Michaels, 2008, chapter 5 ^ Optimistic Environmentalist, The: Progressing Towards a Greener Future, David R. Boyd, ECW Press, 2015 ^ Tom Regan (September 6, 2002). "When contemplating war, beware of babies in incubators". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved October 5, 2014. ^ Phillip Knightley (October 4, 2001). "The disinformation campaign". The Guardian. Retrieved October 5, 2014. ^ a b "Deception on Capitol Hill". The New York Times. January 15, 1992. Retrieved October 5, 2014. ^ Stuart Elliott (May 14, 1992). "A Dispute in the Public Relations Industry". The New York Times. Retrieved October 5, 2014. ^ a b Cassandra Burrell (March 25, 1994). "Scientology to face Hill & Knowlton". TimesDaily. Retrieved October 5, 2014. ^ a b Kiger, Patrick J. (July 1994). "Monkey Business" (PDF). Regardie's. Retrieved October 5, 2014. ^ Garcia, Wayne (March 31, 1994). "Scientology suit on PR firm heads for trial". St. Petersburg Times – via Newspapers.com. ealed documents how Lilly officials threatened to cancel their multimillion-dollar, 23-year relationship with J. Walter Thompson if Hill & Knowlton didn't stop working for the Church of Scientology. ^ Garcia, Wayne (July 7, 1994). "Church of Scientology settles suit with PR firm". St. Petersburg Times. Archived from the original on April 1, 2008. ^ Fortuna, Carolyn (November 6, 2022). "400+ Scientists Call Out COP27 PR Firm For Supporting Fossil Fuel Clients". CleanTechnica. Retrieved November 6, 2022. ^ "Environmentalists slam corporate influence at U.N. climate talks". Washington Post. November 4, 2022. Further reading Miller, Karen S. (1999). The Voice of Business: Hill & Knowlton and Postwar Public Relations. The University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 0-8078-2439-9. External links Official Hill & Knowlton Strategies website vteWPPDivisions andsubsidiaries AKQA Bates CHI & Partners Blue State Digital Burson Cohn & Wolfe Design Bridge and Partners Dewey Square Group Essence Global FGS Global Glover Park Group Grey Global Group GTB Hill+Knowlton Strategies Hogarth Worldwide Kantar Group Landor Associates MindShare Ogilvy PSB Quinn Gillespie & Associates Scholz & Friends Spafax Sudler & Hennessey TAXI UWG Wavemaker WPP-Scangroup Wunderman Thompson VMLY&R 24/7 Media Former/defunct divisionsand subsidiaries J. Walter Thompson Wunderman Superunion People Philip Lader Martin Sorrell Roberto Quarta Category Authority control databases International VIAF National Israel United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"public relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_relations"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Cleveland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland"},{"link_name":"John W. Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_W._Hill"},{"link_name":"WPP Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WPP_Group"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Hill & Knowlton is an American global public relations consulting company, headquartered in New York City. The firm has over 80 additional offices in more than 40 countries. The company was founded in Cleveland, in 1927 by John W. Hill and is now owned by the WPP Group.[1]","title":"Hill & Knowlton"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John_Hill_portrait.png"},{"link_name":"John W. Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_W._Hill"},{"link_name":"John Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_W._Hill"},{"link_name":"Cleveland, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cutlip13-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goodell90-4"},{"link_name":"Great Depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression"},{"link_name":"Don Knowlton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Knowlton"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cutlip13-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cutlip13-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hillobit-5"},{"link_name":"margarine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margarine"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Miller95-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Miller99-7"},{"link_name":"National Retail Dry Goods Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Retail_Dry_Goods_Association"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Miller95-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Miller99-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pollay90-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-goodell-9"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hillobit-5"},{"link_name":"JWT Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Walter_Thompson"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goodell90-4"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GlobeandMail1980-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GlobeandMail1980-10"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dougherty84-11"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goodell90-4"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BloombergBusinessweek91-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lazarus86-13"},{"link_name":"WPP plc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WPP_plc"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goodell90-4"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ladendorf10-14"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lazarus89-15"},{"link_name":"United States Conference of Catholic Bishops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Conference_of_Catholic_Bishops"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"20th century","text":"John W. Hill, founder of Hill & Knowlton, c. 1960The company that became Hill & Knowlton Strategies was founded in 1927 by newspaper reporter and businessman John Hill in Cleveland, Ohio.[2] Hill's first two clients were Cleveland-based Union Trust Company, and the Otis Steel Company.[3][4]When Union Trust Company was shut down by the Great Depression in 1933, Hill hired its former director of advertising and publicity Don Knowlton, and they together established Hill & Knowlton of Cleveland.[3] Hill moved to New York City in 1934 to open a new Hill & Knowlton office. Knowlton remained in Cleveland and operated the original location until his retirement in 1964.[3] Hill served as chairman and chief executive until 1962, but remained on the firm's policy committee, and continued to go into the office until shortly before his death in 1977.[5]The company represented the dairy industry during congressional debates on margarine regulation in the late 1940s.[6][7]Other early clients included the tobacco industry, as well as many other industries including the aircraft industry, the American Shipbuilders Council, the National Retail Dry Goods Association, the National Fertilizer Association and soap producers.[6][7][8][9]When Hill died in 1977, the company had 560 employees, with 36 offices in the United States and 18 abroad.[5] Clients included Texaco Inc., Warner-Lambert, Procter & Gamble, Gillette, and the Business Roundtable.The firm was acquired in 1980 by the JWT Group, one of the largest advertising agencies at the time.[4][10] Following the acquisition, Hill & Knowlton continued to operate as an independent entity under the JWT Group.[10]The company expanded to China in 1984,[11] and acquired both Gray & Company and Carl Byoir & Associates, two public relations firms with a national presence in the United States, in 1986.[4][12][13]JWT was acquired by the WPP plc, a London-based marketing and communications holding company, in 1987.[4][14] In 1989, Hill & Knowlton acquired Canada's largest PR agency, the Public Affairs Resource Group.[15]In 1990 Hill and Knowlton was hired by the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops (USCCB) to launch a campaign to persuade Catholics and non-Catholics to oppose abortion rights for women.[16][17] [18] A third of its employees at headquarters signed a letter of protest.[19]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Argentine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Miami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Walker02-21"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PRWeek08-22"},{"link_name":"Nairobi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nairobi"},{"link_name":"Kenyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya"},{"link_name":"Scangroup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scangroup"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MarketingWeekly09-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Austin, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ladendorf10-14"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Holmes12-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Jack Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Martin_(executive)"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-38"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-40"},{"link_name":"Miami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Latin America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_America"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-41"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-40"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"}],"sub_title":"21st century","text":"The firm continued to expand through acquisitions in the 2000s, including the acquisition of a portion of Argentine company Vox Consulting in 2000,[20] Miami-based public relations agency SAMCOR in 2002,[21] and a majority ownership of the Hong Kong-based Rikes Communications in 2008.[22]In 2009, the firm opened its first office in Nairobi in partnership with Kenyan company Scangroup.[23] In 2010, the company opened three new offices in China[24] as well as new offices in India and Colombia.[25][26]In January 2011, Hill & Knowlton announced a merger with Public Strategies, another WPP company founded in Austin, Texas in 1988.[14][27][28][29] In December 2011, the firm was rebranded as \"Hill+Knowlton Strategies.\"[30][31]Jack Martin, founder of Public Strategies, oversaw this rebranded company from 2011 until 2019. He was succeeded by AnnaMaria DeSalva.[32][33][34]In August 2021, Hill & Knowlton China, the Chinese arm of the company, announced new strategic advisory services to help local businesses with environmentally friendly business strategies. The new services were part of Hill & Knowlton’s support for the COP15 (UN Biodiversity) conference, which was held in Kunming, China, in October 2021.[35]In October 2022, the firm became the U.S. public relations agency of record for Glanbia Performance Nutrition.[36][37] In 2023, the company was chosen by Costa Coffee to improve consumer communications across the UK.[38] Costa Coffee had 2700 stores across the UK and 1100 outlets in 45 countries.[38] Hill & Knowlton Strategies was also selected to provide PR and social media for Hill’s Pet Nutrition.[39]From 2021 to 2023, Hill & Knowlton grew more than 25%.[40] In September 2022, the firm acquired JeffreyGroup. The company is based in Miami but has offices in Mexico, Brazil, and Argentina.[41][42] This expanded Hill & Knowlton’s presence in Latin America, where it already owned Grupo Ideal, based in Brazil.[41]In March 2023, WPP acquired Germany based healthcare public relations agency 3K Agentur für Kommunikation.[40]In November 2023, Hill & Knowlton launched its global intelligence and technology unit. In the same month, Hill & Knowlton also announced its partnership with Pendulum Intelligence to produce a tool that will help clients combat disinformation.[43]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fortune 500","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortune_500"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bizcommunity13-44"},{"link_name":"automotive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotive_industry"},{"link_name":"finance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_industry"},{"link_name":"energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_industry"},{"link_name":"sports marketing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_marketing"},{"link_name":"healthcare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_care_industry"},{"link_name":"pharmaceuticals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry"},{"link_name":"food and beverage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_industry"},{"link_name":"travel, leisure, and tourism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BusinessweekProfile-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OLeary09-46"},{"link_name":"Olympic Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Games"},{"link_name":"2000 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PRWeek12-47"},{"link_name":"World Health Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WHO"},{"link_name":"COVID-19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"}],"text":"The firms' clients reportedly represent fifty percent of Fortune 500 companies.[44] The company serves a variety of industries including automotive, banking and finance, energy, governments, sports marketing, healthcare and pharmaceuticals, technology communications, consumer goods and services, food and beverage, and the travel, leisure, and tourism industry.[45][46] The company has also worked with governing bodies, federations, and sponsors for every Olympic Games since the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney.[47] They also worked on the World Health Organization-funded COVID-19 campaign.[48]","title":"Current operations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Special Court for Sierra Leone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Court_for_Sierra_Leone"},{"link_name":"Sierra Leone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone"},{"link_name":"Charles Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(Liberian_politician)"},{"link_name":"PRWeek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PRWeek"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PRWeekStaff13-49"}],"text":"From 2008 to 2012, Hill & Knowlton Strategies worked for the Special Court for Sierra Leone to draw attention to the court's work prosecuting war criminals in Sierra Leone. The court was able to raise more than $12.5 million in financing to convict former Liberian president Charles Taylor. In 2013, the firm's work was included in PRWeek's list of \"great work of the last 15 years\".[49]","title":"Recognition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tobacco industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco_industry"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Bank of Credit and Commerce International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Credit_and_Commerce_International"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ladendorf10-14"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Horovitz91-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"asbestos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asbestos"},{"link_name":"vinyl chloride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinyl_chloride"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"CFC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorofluorocarbon"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Bank of Credit and Commerce International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Credit_and_Commerce_International"},{"link_name":"U.S. Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cutlip13-3"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Horovitz91-51"},{"link_name":"Citizens for a Free Kuwait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens_for_a_Free_Kuwait"},{"link_name":"Government of Kuwait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Kuwait"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cutlip13-3"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BloombergBusinessweek91-12"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Regan02-55"},{"link_name":"invasion and annexation of Kuwait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Kuwait"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goodell90-4"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Knightley01-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTimes92-57"},{"link_name":"Gulf War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_War"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTimes92-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Elliott92-58"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BloombergBusinessweek91-12"},{"link_name":"The Church of Scientology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Church_of_Scientology"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Burrell94-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kiger94-60"},{"link_name":"Eli Lilly and Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eli_Lilly_and_Company"},{"link_name":"JWT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Walter_Thompson"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"Prozac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prozac"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BloombergBusinessweek91-12"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Burrell94-59"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Garcia92-62"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kiger94-60"},{"link_name":"COP27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COP27"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"}],"text":"Hill & Knowlton did public relations work for tobacco industry in the 1950s and 1960s,[50] the Bank of Credit and Commerce International from 1988–1990, at which point the firm stopped working for the bank after bank officials were convicted of money-laundering.[14][51]In the 1970's, Hill & Knowlton representatives were present in a meeting with the Public Relations Subcommittee of John-Manville’s Environmental Health Task Force.[52] After that meeting, the Asbestos Information Association, was formed (not by Hill & Knowlton), which by denied the health risks of asbestos. Hill & Knowlton was also hired to address concerns with vinyl chloride[53] and CFC.[54]Also during the late 1980s, Hill & Knowlton represented the Bank of Credit and Commerce International (BCCI) during its money laundering scandal. Hill & Knowlton's work was investigated by a U.S. Senate subcommittee, and allegations were made that the firm had pressured regulators to not investigate the bank, though no evidence was found to support the claims. After BCCI was convicted of money laundering, the firm severed their relationship with BCCI.[3][51]The company was hired in 1990 by Citizens for a Free Kuwait, a group predominantly funded by the Government of Kuwait,[3][12][55] to assist its campaign for U.S. intervention in response to the invasion and annexation of Kuwait by Iraq.[4][56][57] Hill & Knowlton were later accused of spreading false information to increase support for the Gulf War, which the company denied.[57][58] Kuwait canceled its account with the firm before the start of the Gulf War.[12]Hill & Knowlton represented The Church of Scientology from 1987 until May 1991.[59][60] The Church of Scientology sued the firm, claiming that their contract was terminated because Hill & Knowlton was pressured to do so by Eli Lilly and Company, a client of JWT.[61] Eli Lilly and Company produce the drug Prozac, which the Church staunchly and publicly opposed.[12][59] The matter was settled out of court.[62][60]The firm was criticized for representing the government of Uganda. In November 2022, the company, as official PR firm for the COP27 climate summit in Egypt, was criticized by scientists and environmentalists for having an apparent conflict of interest - also working for fossil fuel corporations.[63][64]","title":"Controversies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Voice of Business: Hill & Knowlton and Postwar Public Relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=XD3PkYdP9O8C&q=The+Voice+of+Business:+Hill+%26+Knowlton+and+Postwar+Public+Relations"},{"link_name":"The University of North Carolina Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8078-2439-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8078-2439-9"}],"text":"Miller, Karen S. (1999). The Voice of Business: Hill & Knowlton and Postwar Public Relations. The University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 0-8078-2439-9.","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"John W. Hill, founder of Hill & Knowlton, c. 1960","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/John_Hill_portrait.png/220px-John_Hill_portrait.png"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"WPP and our companies' capabilities | WPP\". www.wpp.com. Retrieved October 18, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wpp.com/about/our-offer","url_text":"\"WPP and our companies' capabilities | WPP\""}]},{"reference":"Goodell, Jeffrey (September 9, 1990). \"What Hill & Knowlton Can Do for You, (And What It Couldn't Do for Itself)\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 7, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1990/09/09/magazine/what-hill-knowlton-can-do-for-you-and-what-it-couldn-t-do-for-itself.html","url_text":"\"What Hill & Knowlton Can Do for You, (And What It Couldn't Do for Itself)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"Scott M. Cutlip (2013). The Unseen Power. Routledge. ISBN 9781136690006. Retrieved October 5, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pTr8AQAAQBAJ&q=Hill+and+Knowlton+BCCI","url_text":"The Unseen Power"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136690006","url_text":"9781136690006"}]},{"reference":"Jeffrey Goodell (September 9, 1990). \"What Hill & Knowlton Can Do for You, (And What It Couldn't Do for Itself)\". The New York Times. Retrieved October 5, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1990/09/09/magazine/what-hill-knowlton-can-do-for-you-and-what-it-couldn-t-do-for-itself.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm","url_text":"\"What Hill & Knowlton Can Do for You, (And What It Couldn't Do for Itself)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Karen Miller. Business and Economic History Volume 24 (PDF). Business History Conference. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 14, 2013. Retrieved October 5, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130514003229/http://thebhc.org/publications/BEHprint/v024n1/p0018-p0021.pdf","url_text":"Business and Economic History Volume 24"},{"url":"https://www.thebhc.org/publications/BEHprint/v024n1/p0018-p0021.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Karen Miller (1999). The Voice of Business: Hill & Knowlton and Postwar Public Relations. University of North Carolina Press. p. 70. ISBN 0807824399. Retrieved October 5, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=XD3PkYdP9O8C&q=hill+and+knowlton&pg=PA229","url_text":"The Voice of Business: Hill & Knowlton and Postwar Public Relations"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0807824399","url_text":"0807824399"}]},{"reference":"Richard Pollay (1990). Publicity and American Culture. 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Retrieved October 5, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://w3.nexis.com/new/docview/getDocForCuiReq?lni=4MBD-SFP0-TXJ2-N0J0&csi=8399&oc=00240&perma=true","url_text":"\"J. Walter Thompson to acquire all assets of Hill and Knowlton\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail","url_text":"The Globe and Mail"}]},{"reference":"Philip H. Dougherty (October 3, 1984). \"Hill & Knowlton To Open Peking Office\". The New York Times. Retrieved October 5, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1984/10/03/business/advertising-hill-knowlton-to-open-peking-office.html","url_text":"\"Hill & Knowlton To Open Peking Office\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"The PR Problem at Hill & Knowlton\". Bloomberg Businessweek. September 1, 1991. Archived from the original on May 21, 2013. 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Retrieved March 2, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1990/04/06/us/catholic-bishops-hire-firms-to-market-fight-on-abortion.html","url_text":"\"Catholic Bishops Hire Firms To Market Fight on Abortion\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"Steinfels, Peter (November 20, 1990). \"New Voice, Same Words on Abortion\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 2, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1990/11/20/us/new-voice-same-words-on-abortion.html","url_text":"\"New Voice, Same Words on Abortion\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"Ap (August 14, 1990). \"Public Relations Firm to Present Anti-Abortion Effort to Bishops\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. 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Colombia\""},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4985074","external_links_name":"\"\"Unleashed on an Unsuspecting World\": The Asbestos Information Association and Its Role in Perpetuating a National Epidemic\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2105%2FAJPH.2015.303023","external_links_name":"10.2105/AJPH.2015.303023"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4985074","external_links_name":"4985074"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26890170","external_links_name":"26890170"},{"Link":"http://www.csmonitor.com/2002/0906/p25s02-cogn.html","external_links_name":"\"When contemplating war, beware of babies in incubators\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/education/2001/oct/04/socialsciences.highereducation","external_links_name":"\"The disinformation campaign\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1992/01/15/opinion/deception-on-capitol-hill.html","external_links_name":"\"Deception on Capitol 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Scientists Call Out COP27 PR Firm For Supporting Fossil Fuel Clients\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2022/11/04/environmentalists-slam-corporate-influence-un-climate-talks/","external_links_name":"\"Environmentalists slam corporate influence at U.N. climate talks\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=XD3PkYdP9O8C&q=The+Voice+of+Business:+Hill+%26+Knowlton+and+Postwar+Public+Relations","external_links_name":"The Voice of Business: Hill & Knowlton and Postwar Public Relations"},{"Link":"http://www.hkstrategies.com/","external_links_name":"Official Hill & Knowlton Strategies website"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/167952793","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007342826005171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79122377","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dameligaen
Kvindebasketligaen
["1 2017-18 teams","2 List of champions","3 References"]
Basketball leagueKvindebasketligaenFounded1971Country DenmarkConfederationFIBA EuropeNumber of teams6Level on pyramid1Domestic cup(s)Danish CupInternational cup(s)FIBA EurocupCurrent championsAKS Falcon (2nd title)Most championshipsSISU Copenhague (20 titles)Websitedameligaen.dk The Kvindebasketligaen is the premier championship for women's basketball clubs in Denmark. It was created in 1971, and it is currently contested by eight teams. It was known as Dameligaen until 2021-2022 season. The champion qualifies for the next season's FIBA Eurocup. SISU Copenhague is the championship's most successful club with 20 titles, followed by Hørsholm 79ers with 9 titles. 2017-18 teams Hørsholm 79'ers Lemvig SISU Stevnsgade Basketball Værløse Virum Vipers Source List of champions 1971 SISU 1972 SISU 1973 Falcon 1974 SISU 1975 SISU 1976 SISU 1977 SISU 1978 USG 1979 USG 1980 Virum 1981 SISU 1982 SISU 1983 SISU 1984 SISU 1985 SISU 1986 Horsens 1987 SISU 1988 SISU 1989 Amager 1990 SISU 1991 Falcon 1992 SISU 1993 Horsens 1994 Amager 1995 Amager 1996 Hørsholm 1997 Åbyhøj 1998 SISU 1999 Falcon 2000 Falcon 2001 Åbyhøj 2002 Herlev 2003 BF Copenhagen 2004 Hørsholm 2005 Hørsholm 2006 Hørsholm 2007 Hørsholm 2008 Hørsholm 2009 Amager 2010 Hørsholm 2011 SISU 2012 SISU 2013 SISU 2014 SISU 2015 Hørsholm 2016 Virum GO Dream 2017 Virum GO Dream 2018 Hørsholm 79ers 2019 BK Amager 2020 Cancelled due to COVID-19 outbreak 2021 BMS Herlev Wolfpack 2022 AKS Falcon 2023 AKS Falcon References ^ Peter Arndal (21 September 2021). "Dameligaen skifter navn til Kvindebasketligaen". kvindesport.dk (in Danish). Retrieved 2 May 2022. ^ List of champions Archived 2017-07-18 at the Wayback Machine in the Dameligaen's website ^ "Sandra Lind danskur meistari". karfan.is (in Icelandic). 28 April 2018. Retrieved 28 April 2018. ^ "Dameligaen (2019-2020)". Eurobasket.com. Retrieved 29 October 2021. ^ "Þóra Kristín og Ástrós Lena danskir meistarar eftir sigur í úrslitaeinvígi gegn SISU". Karfan.is (in Icelandic). 26 April 2022. Retrieved 2 May 2022. ^ Arnar Geir Halldórsson (20 April 2023). "Þóra Kristín og stöllur hennar danskir meistarar annað árið í röð". Vísir.is (in Icelandic). Retrieved 21 April 2023. website = vteTop sport leagues in DenmarkLeaguesMen's Basketball Football Futsal Handball Ice hockey Rugby Union Volleyball Women's Basketball Football Futsal Handball Ice hockey Rugby Union Volleyball OthersIndividual Athletics Outdoor Indoor Badminton Chess Cycling road race time trial Figure Skating Gymnastics Artistic Rhythmic vteWomen's basketball leagues FIBA Women's World League (defunct) Other leagues Africa Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad DR Congo Egypt Gabon Gambia Ghana Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Morocco Mozambique Namibia Nigeria South Africa Senegal Seychelles Swaziland Tunisia Uganda Zimbabwe Americas Argentina Brazil Canada Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador Mexico Paraguay Peru Puerto Rico United States U.S. Minor: WBDA NCAA Uruguay Venezuela Asia Bahrain China Hong Kong India Indonesia Iran Iraq Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Kuwait Lebanon Malaysia Mongolia Philippines Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia Singapore South Korea Syria Taiwan Thailand United Arab Emirates Europe Albania Armenia Austria Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus North Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Great Britain England Scotland Greece 2nd division Hungary Iceland Ireland Israel Italy Kosovo Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Moldavia Macedonia Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain 2nd division Sweden Switzerland Turkey 2nd division Ukraine Oceania Australia Fiji New Zealand InternationaltournamentsAfrica African Champions Cup Arab Club Championship Americas South American Championships Europe EuroLeague Women EuroCup Women Europe SuperCup Adriatic League Baltic League Central Europe League Eastern European League Defunct leaguesAmericas Central American Championships Europe Ronchetti Cup Vojko Herksel Cup Middle European League Adriatic Friendly League Czechoslovakia East Germany Soviet Union Serbia and Montenegro Yugoslavia United Kingdom (old league) This article related to a basketball competition is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"FIBA Eurocup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EuroCup_Women"},{"link_name":"SISU Copenhague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SISU_Copenhague"},{"link_name":"Hørsholm 79ers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B8rsholm_79ers"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The Kvindebasketligaen is the premier championship for women's basketball clubs in Denmark. It was created in 1971, and it is currently contested by eight teams. It was known as Dameligaen until 2021-2022 season.[1] The champion qualifies for the next season's FIBA Eurocup. SISU Copenhague is the championship's most successful club with 20 titles, followed by Hørsholm 79ers with 9 titles.[2]","title":"Kvindebasketligaen"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hørsholm 79'ers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B8rsholm_79%27ers"},{"link_name":"Lemvig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemvig_Basket"},{"link_name":"SISU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SISU_BK"},{"link_name":"Stevnsgade Basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevnsgade_Basketball"},{"link_name":"Værløse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A6rl%C3%B8se_Basket"},{"link_name":"Virum Vipers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virum_BK"},{"link_name":"Source","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.dameligaen.dk/da/top/turnering/hold/"}],"text":"Hørsholm 79'ers\nLemvig\nSISU\nStevnsgade Basketball\nVærløse\nVirum VipersSource","title":"2017-18 teams"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SISU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SISU_BK"},{"link_name":"SISU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SISU_BK"},{"link_name":"Falcon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBK_Falcon"},{"link_name":"SISU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SISU_BK"},{"link_name":"SISU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SISU_BK"},{"link_name":"SISU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SISU_BK"},{"link_name":"SISU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SISU_BK"},{"link_name":"Virum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virum_BK"},{"link_name":"SISU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SISU_BK"},{"link_name":"SISU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SISU_BK"},{"link_name":"SISU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SISU_BK"},{"link_name":"SISU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SISU_BK"},{"link_name":"SISU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SISU_BK"},{"link_name":"Horsens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horsens_IC"},{"link_name":"SISU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SISU_BK"},{"link_name":"SISU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SISU_BK"},{"link_name":"Amager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BK_Amager"},{"link_name":"SISU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SISU_BK"},{"link_name":"Falcon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BK_Falcon&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"SISU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SISU_BK"},{"link_name":"Horsens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horsens_IC"},{"link_name":"Amager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BK_Amager"},{"link_name":"Amager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BK_Amager"},{"link_name":"Hørsholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H%C3%B8rsholm_BBK&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Åbyhøj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%85byh%C3%B8j_IF&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"SISU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SISU_BK"},{"link_name":"Falcon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBK_Falcon"},{"link_name":"Falcon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBK_Falcon"},{"link_name":"Åbyhøj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%85byh%C3%B8j_IF&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Herlev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herlev_BMS&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"BF Copenhagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BF_Copenhagen"},{"link_name":"Hørsholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B8rsholm_79%27ers"},{"link_name":"Hørsholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B8rsholm_79%27ers"},{"link_name":"Hørsholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B8rsholm_79%27ers"},{"link_name":"Hørsholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B8rsholm_79%27ers"},{"link_name":"Hørsholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B8rsholm_79%27ers"},{"link_name":"Amager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BK_Amager"},{"link_name":"Hørsholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B8rsholm_79%27ers"},{"link_name":"SISU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SISU_BK"},{"link_name":"SISU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SISU_BK"},{"link_name":"SISU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SISU_BK"},{"link_name":"SISU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SISU_BK"},{"link_name":"Hørsholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B8rsholm_79%27ers"},{"link_name":"Virum GO Dream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virum_BK"},{"link_name":"Virum GO Dream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virum_BK"},{"link_name":"Hørsholm 79ers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B8rsholm_79ers"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"BK Amager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BK_Amager"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"BMS Herlev Wolfpack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMS_Herlev_Wolfpack"},{"link_name":"AKS Falcon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AKS_Falcon"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"AKS Falcon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AKS_Falcon"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"1971 SISU\n1972 SISU\n1973 Falcon\n1974 SISU\n1975 SISU\n1976 SISU\n1977 SISU\n1978 USG\n1979 USG\n1980 Virum\n1981 SISU\n1982 SISU\n1983 SISU\n1984 SISU\n1985 SISU\n\n\n1986 Horsens\n1987 SISU\n1988 SISU\n1989 Amager\n1990 SISU\n1991 Falcon\n1992 SISU\n1993 Horsens\n1994 Amager\n1995 Amager\n1996 Hørsholm\n1997 Åbyhøj\n1998 SISU\n1999 Falcon\n2000 Falcon\n\n\n2001 Åbyhøj\n2002 Herlev\n2003 BF Copenhagen\n2004 Hørsholm\n2005 Hørsholm\n2006 Hørsholm\n2007 Hørsholm\n2008 Hørsholm\n2009 Amager\n2010 Hørsholm\n2011 SISU\n2012 SISU\n2013 SISU\n2014 SISU\n2015 Hørsholm\n\n\n2016 Virum GO Dream\n2017 Virum GO Dream\n2018 Hørsholm 79ers[3]\n2019 BK Amager\n2020 Cancelled due to COVID-19 outbreak[4]\n2021 BMS Herlev Wolfpack\n2022 AKS Falcon[5]\n2023 AKS Falcon[6]","title":"List of champions"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esquermes
Esquermes
["1 Heraldry","2 See also"]
Coordinates: 50°37′30″N 3°02′21″E / 50.62500°N 3.03917°E / 50.62500; 3.03917Esquermes (French pronunciation: ) is a former commune in the Nord department in northern France, since 1858 part of Lille. Heraldry Arms of Esquermes The arms of Esquermes are blazoned :Gules, the name Esquermes bendwise between two bendlets Or, and to sinister on an inescutcheon Or, a lion sable. See also Communes of the Nord department 50°37′30″N 3°02′21″E / 50.62500°N 3.03917°E / 50.62500; 3.03917 This Nord geographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"image_text":"Arms of Esquermes","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Blason_ville_fr_Esquermes_%28Nord%29.svg/120px-Blason_ville_fr_Esquermes_%28Nord%29.svg.png"}]
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[]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Esquermes&params=50_37_30_N_3_02_21_E_region:FR_type:city_source:kolossus-nlwiki","external_links_name":"50°37′30″N 3°02′21″E / 50.62500°N 3.03917°E / 50.62500; 3.03917"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Esquermes&params=50_37_30_N_3_02_21_E_region:FR_type:city_source:kolossus-nlwiki","external_links_name":"50°37′30″N 3°02′21″E / 50.62500°N 3.03917°E / 50.62500; 3.03917"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Esquermes&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_the_United_States_Marine_Corps
Women in the United States Marine Corps
["1 History","1.1 Prior to World War I","1.2 World War I","1.3 World War II and the late 1940s","1.4 Korean War","1.5 Vietnam War","1.6 Middle East conflicts","1.7 Other","2 Diversity of women in the Marine Corps","3 Issues for women within the Corps","3.1 Combat exclusions and women in combat (1993–present)","3.2 Sexism and sexual harassment","3.3 Sexual orientation and gender identity policy","4 Female Marines in fiction","5 See also","6 Notes","7 References","8 External links"]
A Marine officer candidate standing at the position of attention during an organized run, at Marine Corps Base Quantico, 2019 There have been women in the United States Marine Corps since 1918, and women continue to serve in the Corps today. History Note that some minor wars women served in have been omitted from this history. Prior to World War I Lucy Brewer (or Eliza Bowen, or Louisa Baker) is the pen name of a writer who purported to be the first woman in the United States Marines, serving aboard the USS Constitution as a sharpshooter in the 1800s while pretending to be a man named George Baker. Brewer's adventures were probably written by Nathaniel Hill Wright or Wright's publisher, Nathaniel Coverly. No one by the name of Lucy Brewer (or that of her other pseudonyms, or that of her husband) can be found in historical records; in addition, it is highly unlikely a woman could have disguised herself for three years on the Constitution, as the crew had little to no privacy. (For example, no toilet facilities or private quarters existed on the ship, and physical examinations were thorough in the Marines.) In addition, Brewer's book The Female Marine's identifying details of the Constitution's travels and battles are nearly verbatim to accounts published by the ship's commanders in contemporary newspapers. World War I Opha May Johnson was the first known woman to enlist in the Marines. She joined the Marine Corps Reserve in 1918, officially becoming the first female Marine. Opha May Johnson was the first known woman to enlist in the Marines. She joined the Marine Corps Reserve on August 13, 1918, during America's involvement in World War I, officially becoming the first female Marine. From then until the end of World War I, 305 women enlisted in the Marines. They were often nicknamed "Marinettes", and helped with the office duties at the Headquarters Marine Corps, so the men who usually worked the administrative roles could be sent to France to help fight in the war. World War II and the late 1940s Bea Arthur's U.S. Marine Corps photo; she served during World War II. The Marine Corps created the Marine Corps Women's Reserve in 1943, during America's involvement in World War II. Ruth Cheney Streeter was its first director. Over 20,000 women Marines served in World War II, in over 225 different specialties, filling 85 percent of the enlisted jobs at Headquarters Marine Corps and comprising one-half to two-thirds of the permanent personnel at major Marine Corps posts. The demobilization plan for the Marine Corps Women's Reserve called for mandatory resignation or discharge of all Reserve members by 1 September 1946. However, by August 1946, some 300 women had been asked by the Marine Corps to stay on, even as the last of the Reserve's barracks was being closed. For the next two years, these women served the Marine Corps in an undetermined status. In 1948, the Women's Armed Services Integration Act gave women permanent status in the Regular and Reserve forces of the Marines. Korean War During the Korean War the number of women Marines serving peaked at 2,787. Most of them served as part of the clerical and administrative staff, in an effort to free male Marines of stateside duties so those men could join overseas combat. Vietnam War In 1967, Public Law 90-130 was signed into law; it removed legal ceilings on women's promotions that had kept them out of the general and flag ranks, and dropped the two percent ceiling on officer and enlisted strengths for women in the armed forces. Also in 1967, Master Sergeant Barbara Dulinsky became the first female Marine to serve in a combat zone in Vietnam. At the peak of the Vietnam War, there were approximately 2,700 women Marines on active duty, serving both stateside and overseas. Middle East conflicts Captain Elizabeth A. Okoreeh-Baah, the first female MV-22 Osprey pilot, stands on the flight line in Al Asad, Iraq after a combat operation on March 12, 2008. One thousand women Marines were deployed for Operation Desert Storm (1990) and Operation Desert Shield (1990–1991). Female Marines served in the Iraq War from 2003 until 2011. Female marines also served in the Afghanistan War that began in 2001 and ended in 2021, and the American-led combat intervention in Iraq that began in 2014 and ended in 2021. As of 2020, women made up 8.9% of total active duty Marines. Other In December 2020, the Marine Corps Recruit Depot San Diego agreed to join the Marine Corps Recruit Depot Parris Island in accepting female recruits, with 60 female recruits starting their boot camp training at the San Diego depot in February 2021. By February 2021, both the San Diego and Parris Island depots had female drill instructors training female recruits. 53 of the 60 recruits would successfully graduate from boot camp in April 2021 and become Marines. Susan Livingstone served as the first female Acting United States Secretary of the Navy from January 24 to February 7 of 2003. Although this is a civilian position, it is included in this article because the Secretary of the Navy is the civilian leader of the Marine Corps (and the Navy). Diversity of women in the Marine Corps Marine Commandant Gen. Robert Neller said accessions of female and minority officers into the service reached 33 percent in the fiscal year of 2016, an increase of about ten percentage points from previous years. Additionally, a 2016 study of enlisted recruits showed that in the Marine Corps, while nearly seventy percent of enlisted recruit females were white, this was followed by Hispanic women, who accounted for twenty percent. In early 2018, Col. Lorna M. Mahlock became the first Black woman to be nominated as a Brigadier general (one star) in the United States Marine Corps. In December 2022, she received her second star and became the first Black female Major General in the U.S. Marine Corps. Issues for women within the Corps Combat exclusions and women in combat (1993–present) On April 28, 1993, combat exclusion was lifted from aviation positions by Les Aspin, permitting women to serve in almost any aviation capacity. In 1994, the Pentagon declared:Service members are eligible to be assigned to all positions for which they are qualified, except that women shall be excluded from assignment to units below the brigade level whose primary mission is to engage in direct combat on the ground. That policy also excluded women being assigned to certain organizations based upon proximity to direct combat or "collocation" as the policy specifically referred to it. According to the Army, collocation occurs when "the position or unit routinely physically locates and remains with a military unit assigned a doctrinal mission to routinely engage in direct combat." In 2013 Leon Panetta removed the military's ban on women serving in combat, overturning the 1994 rule. Panetta's decision gave the military services until January 2016 to seek special exceptions if they believed any positions must remain closed to women. The services had until May 2013 to draw up a plan for opening all units to women and until the end of 2015 to actually implement it. In 2015 Joseph Dunford, the commandant of the Marine Corps, recommended that women be excluded from competing for certain front-line combat jobs. That year a U.S. official confirmed that the Marine Corps had requested to keep some combat jobs open only to men. However, in December 2015, Defense Secretary Ash Carter stated that starting in 2016 all combat jobs would open to women. In March 2016, Ash Carter approved final plans from military service branches and the U.S. Special Operations Command to open all combat jobs to women, and authorized the military to begin integrating female combat soldiers "right away." Also in 2016, a female lance corporal in the Marines requested a lateral move into an infantry "military occupational specialty," making her the first female Marine to sign up for the infantry. In 2017, there were several women breaking combat-related barriers in the Marine Corps. On the enlisted side, PFC Maria Daume, who was born in a Siberian prison and later adopted by Americans, became the first female Marine to join the infantry through the traditional entry-level training process. On the officer side, First Lt. Marina A. Hierl became the first woman to graduate from the infantry officer course of the Marine Corps, and Second Lt. Mariah Klenke became the first female officer to graduate from the Marines' Assault Amphibian Officer course. Sexism and sexual harassment Frontiero v. Richardson, 411 U.S. 677 (1973), was a landmark Supreme Court case which decided that benefits given by the military to the family of service members cannot be given out differently because of sex. In 1991 the Tailhook scandal occurred, in which Marine Corps (and Navy) aviators were accused of sexually assaulting 83 women (and 7 men) at the Tailhook convention in Las Vegas. In early 2017 a nude photo scandal occurred; initially it was reported that the scandal was contained to only the Marine Corps, but the scandal later involved the rest of the U.S. military. The scandal caused the Corps to ensue multiple investigations on over 80 Marine personnel, as well as addressing the culture of sexual harassment within the Marine Corps. In the 2017 annual report on sexual assault in the United States military, there were 998 reported cases of sexual assault in the Marine Corps, up 14.9% from the year before. Pentagon officials said that the increased percentage was due to the greater awareness of administrative and legal options given to victims, giving them more confidence to speak out. Sexual orientation and gender identity policy Before the "Don't Ask Don't Tell" policy was enacted in 1993, lesbians and bisexual women (and gay men and bisexual men) were banned from serving in the military. In 1993 the "Don't Ask Don't Tell" policy was enacted, which mandated that the military could not ask service members about their sexual orientation. However, until the policy was ended in 2011 service members were still expelled from the military if they engaged in sexual conduct with a member of the same sex, stated that they were lesbian, gay, or bisexual, and/or married or attempted to marry someone of the same sex. According to scholars, since at least as early as 1960, Executive Order 10450 was applied to ban transgender individuals from serving in the United States military. On May 17, 1963, gender transitioned or transitioning individuals were officially prohibited from the United States military by Army Regulation 40-501. This policy reasoned transgender people were medically unqualified to serve because their mental state was considered unfit. Later, after varying restrictions over the years, there stopped being restrictions on people serving in the military due to their being transgender when President Joe Biden signed the "Executive Order on Enabling All Qualified Americans to Serve Their Country in Uniform" on January 25, 2021. Female Marines in fiction Marine Corps Yumi, a manga and webcomic illustrated by Takeshi Nogami about the lives of four female Marines, based on the former Marine author Anastasia Moreno‘s experiences. See also Women in the military Women in the United States Marine Corps Reserve Women in the United States Army Women in the United States Navy Women in the United States Air Force Women in the United States Coast Guard Women in the United States Space Force Notes ^ Technically, the case was decided under the Fifth Amendment's Due Process Clause, not under the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, since the latter applies not to the federal government but to the states. However, because Bolling v. Sharpe, through the doctrine of reverse incorporation, made the standards of the Equal Protection Clause applicable to the federal government, it was for practical purposes an addition not to due process, but rather to equal protection jurisprudence. References ^ a b c Hewitt, Linda J. (1974). Women Marines In World War I (1974). United States Marine Corps History and Museums Division. Retrieved 2014-12-31. ^ a b "Women Marines Association". Womenmarines.org. Archived from the original on 2015-05-16. Retrieved 2015-08-11. ^ Medlicott, Alexander (December 1966). "The Legend of Lucy Brewer: An Early American Novel". The New England Quarterly. 39 (4): 461–473. doi:10.2307/363418. JSTOR 363418. ^ Pennington, Reina (2003). Amazons to Fighter Pilots: A Biographical Dictionary of Military Women. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. p. 70. ISBN 0313327076. ^ a b Medlicott 1966, p. 466. ^ a b Waxman, O.B. (August 1, 2018). "The First Woman Was Sworn Into the Marine Corps a Century Ago. Now a Group of Veterans Is Trying to Preserve Her Story". Time – via Ebscohost. ^ "Women Marines". Usmcpress.com. Retrieved 2015-08-11. ^ a b "Women In Military Service For America Memorial". Womensmemorial.org. 1950-07-27. Archived from the original on 2012-12-28. Retrieved 2015-08-11. ^ a b "Women in the US Military – WWII: Marine Corps Women's Reserve". Chnm.gmu.edu. Retrieved 2015-08-11. ^ "Marine Corps Videos | Marine Corps Women's Reserve: 1943–1948". Marines.com. 1918-07-19. Retrieved 2015-08-11. ^ Stremlow, Colonel Mary V., USMCR (Ret). "Free A Marine to Fight" (PDF). Pg. 37. Women Marines in World War II. Marine Corps Historical Center. ^ Stremlow, Colonel Mary V., USMCR (Ret). "Free A Marine to Fight" (PDF). Pg. 39. Women Marines in World War II. Marine Corps Historical Center. ^ Soderbergh, Peter, A. (1992). Women Marines: The World War II Era. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers. pg. 147. ISBN 0-275-94131-0. ^ Paul M. Edwards (1 January 2006). The Korean War. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 53–. ISBN 978-0-313-33248-7. ^ "Marine Corps University > Research > Marine Corps History Division > People > Women in the Marine Corps". www.usmcu.edu. Retrieved 2023-06-26. ^ "Did you know...?". Womensmemorial.org; Women In Military Service For America Memorial Foundation's website. Archived from the original on 2015-09-20. Retrieved 2015-08-12. ^ a b "Women in the Marine Corps". Mcu.usmc.mil. Archived from the original on 2016-05-09. Retrieved 2015-08-11. ^ "Operation Desert Shield (1990–1991) – Honoring Our Marin Veterans". honoringmarinveterans.org. Archived from the original on 2020-02-03. Retrieved 2017-10-15. ^ "6 Things to Know About Operation Desert Storm – DoDLive". www.dodlive.mil. Archived from the original on 2019-09-09. Retrieved 2017-10-15. ^ Wong, Kristina (2011-12-19). "Female Marines Rebuilt Lives After Iraq Attack – ABC News". ABC News. Retrieved 2015-08-11. ^ "Last U.S. troops leave Iraq, ending war – Reuters". Reuters. 2011-12-18. Retrieved 2014-10-29. ^ Hughes, Zachariah (September 26, 2017). "Alaska National Guard members deploying to fight ISIS". Alaska Public Media. ^ Alan Taylor. "The Women of the Afghanistan War". The Atlantic. Retrieved 2015-08-11. ^ "Baking, Breaking Bread: SPMAGTF Food Service Marine teaches valuable skills to Iraqi Soldiers". DVIDS. ^ "US-led combat mission in Iraq ends, shifting to advisory role". aljazeera.com. ^ "U.S.-led troops end Iraq combat mission, as planned - military officials". reuters.com. 9 December 2021. ^ Gaouette, Nicole; Hansler, Jennifer; Starr, Barbara; Liebermann, Oren (31 August 2021). "The last US military planes have left Afghanistan, marking the end of the United States' longest war". CNN. Retrieved September 11, 2021. ^ "2020 Demographics Profile of the Military Community" (PDF). Military One Source. Department of Defense (DoD), Office of the Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Military Community and Family Policy (ODASD (MC&FP)). 2021. Retrieved January 9, 2022. ^ a b Harkins, Gina (December 14, 2020). "Female Recruits to Train at Marines' All-Male San Diego Boot Camp in Historic First". Military.com. Retrieved December 14, 2020. ^ Harkins, Gina (February 10, 2021). "Female Marine Recruits Arrive at San Diego Boot Camp for Historic Coed Training". Military.com. Retrieved March 7, 2021. ^ Naso, Bridget (February 9, 2021). "First Company of Women Marine Recruits Begin Boot Camp at MCRD, a First for West Coast". NBC 7 San Diego. Retrieved March 7, 2021. ^ Fitzgerald, Meagan; Stump, Scott (March 3, 2021). "Meet the Marines' 1st female recruits to train alongside men at boot camp". Today. Retrieved March 7, 2021. ^ Walsh, Steve (February 10, 2021). "Female Marines Begin Historic West Coast Boot Camp In San Diego". KPBS. Retrieved April 6, 2021. ^ Harkins, Gina (April 23, 2021). "53 Women Officially Become Marines at Formerly All-Male Boot Camp". Military.com. Retrieved May 3, 2021. ^ Adamczyk, Ed (April 23, 2021). "First female recruits complete San Diego Marine boot camp". UPI. Retrieved May 3, 2021. ^ https://www.history.navy.mil/news-and-events/news/2021/susan-morrisey-livingstone--first-female-acting-secretary-of-the.html#:~:text=Susan%20Morrisey%20Livingstone%20was%20the,bases%20every%20couple%20of%20years. ^ "Secretary of the Navy Mabus to speak to Norfolk business community". October 10, 2016. ^ Seck, Hope Hodge. "More Female, Minority Officers Join as Marine Corps Stresses Diversity". Military.com. Retrieved 2019-10-04. ^ "Demographics of the U.S. Military". Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved 2019-10-04. ^ "Marine Corps selects 1st black woman to be a general officer". ABC News. Retrieved 2018-09-05. ^ "For the 1st time, a Black female Marine is set to be a 2-star general". Marine Corps Times. Retrieved 19 December 2022. ^ Lohrenz, Carey D. (2013-01-30). "Time for Some Fearless Leadership | TIME.com". Nation.time.com. Retrieved 2015-08-09. ^ New York Times – October 11, 2009 ^ "Department of Defense active duty military personnel by rank/grade". Department of Defense. Retrieved 2012-05-10. ^ Army Regulation (27 March 1992). "Army Regulation 600-13, Army Policy For The Assignment of Female Soldiers". Department of the Army. ^ "Women In Combat Ban Removed". HuffPost. 23 January 2013. ^ "Panetta to lift ban on women in combat". CBS News. 2013-06-14. ^ Lolita C. Baldor. "Women not right for all combat roles, Marines say | The Columbus Dispatch". Dispatch.com. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-09-20. ^ Torbati, Yeganeh (2015). "U.S. military chiefs to report on opening combat roles to women". Reuters. Retrieved 2015-10-01. ^ Jim Miklaszewski. "All Combat Roles Now Open to Women". NBC News. ^ "Ashton Carter approves final strategy for women in military combat roles". The Washington Times. ^ "First Female Marine Signs Up For Infantry". Scout.com. 18 April 2016. ^ Babb, Carla. "Female Marine Trailblazer Graduates From Infantry School". ^ "The Marines Didn't Think Women Belonged in the Infantry. She's Proving Them Wrong". The New York Times. Retrieved 2018-09-05. ^ "'She's one of us': Lieutenant becomes 1st female Marine combat platoon commander". ABC News. Retrieved 2018-09-05. ^ "Marines congratulate first female infantry officer graduate". The Hill. Retrieved 2017-09-26. ^ Lederman, Josh. "Meet the Marines' First Female AAV Officer". Military.com. Retrieved 2017-10-04. ^ "Frontiero v. Richardson | The Oyez Project at IIT Chicago-Kent College of Law". Oyez.org. Retrieved 2015-08-09. ^ Shalal, Andrea (2012-09-10). "'Tailhook' cleaned up, but top Marine sees more work to stop sex assaults". Reuters. Retrieved 2015-08-15. ^ Chappell, Bill (March 6, 2017). "Sharing Of Nude Photos Of Female Marines Online Prompts Pentagon Investigation". NPR. Retrieved March 6, 2017. ^ "Nude Photo Posts of Female Marines Being Investigated by NCIS". NBC News. Washington: Associated Press. March 6, 2017. Retrieved March 10, 2017. ^ Szoldra, Paul (March 9, 2017). "The Marine Corps' nude-photo-sharing scandal is even worse than first realized". Business Insider. Retrieved March 10, 2017. ^ "US military nude photo sharing scandal widens beyond Marines". BBC News. March 10, 2017. Retrieved March 10, 2017. ^ "Marine sentenced to 10 days in "confinement" in 'Marines United' scandal". NBC News. Retrieved 2018-12-06. ^ Copp, Tara (2018-04-30). "The Marine Corps had the highest increase in sexual assault reports among the services". Military Times. Retrieved 2018-12-07. ^ Elizabeth Hoffman (2003-03-28). "Military Service Should Be Based On Conduct, Not Sexual Orientation". prezi.com. Retrieved January 15, 2014. ^ Craig A. Rimmerman Gay rights, military wrongs: political perspectives on lesbians and gays in the military, Garland Pub., 1996 ISBN 0815325800 p. 249 ^ Thompson, Mark. (2008-01-28) 'Don't Ask, Don't Tell' Turns 15. TIME. Retrieved on 2010-11-30. ^ Richard A. Gittins The Military Commander & the Law, DIANE Publishing, 1996 ISBN 0788172603 p. 215 ^ "Executive Orders". National Archives. August 15, 2016. ^ "Our History". Archived from the original on January 26, 2019. Retrieved January 26, 2019. ^ Readler, Chad A.; Shumate, Brett A.; Griffiths, John R.; Coppolino, Anthony J. (October 4, 2017). "Defendants' Motion to Dismiss and Opposition to Plaintiffs' Application for a Preliminary Injunction, Civil Action No. 17-cv-1597 (CKK)" (PDF). National Center for Lesbian Rights. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 11, 2017. Retrieved April 13, 2018. ^ Macias, Andrea (January 25, 2021). "Biden reverses Trump's ban on transgender people enlisting in the military". CNBC. Archived from the original on January 26, 2021. Retrieved January 25, 2021. ^ Biden, Joe (January 25, 2021). "Executive Order on Enabling All Qualified Americans to Serve Their Country in Uniform". White House. Archived from the original on January 25, 2021. Retrieved January 25, 2021. 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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marine_officer_candidate_Marine_Corps_Base_Quantico_2019.jpg"},{"link_name":"Marine officer candidate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Officer_Candidates_School_(United_States_Marine_Corps)"},{"link_name":"position of attention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At_attention"},{"link_name":"Marine Corps Base Quantico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_Corps_Base_Quantico"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-womenmarines1-2"}],"text":"A Marine officer candidate standing at the position of attention during an organized run, at Marine Corps Base Quantico, 2019There have been women in the United States Marine Corps since 1918, and women continue to serve in the Corps today.[1][2]","title":"Women in the United States Marine Corps"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Note that some minor wars women served in have been omitted from this history.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lucy Brewer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucy_Brewer"},{"link_name":"pen name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pen_name"},{"link_name":"United States Marines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Marines"},{"link_name":"USS Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Constitution"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Nathaniel Hill Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nathaniel_Hill_Wright&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nathaniel Coverly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nathaniel_Coverly&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedlicott1966466-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedlicott1966466-5"}],"sub_title":"Prior to World War I","text":"Lucy Brewer (or Eliza Bowen, or Louisa Baker) is the pen name of a writer who purported to be the first woman in the United States Marines, serving aboard the USS Constitution as a sharpshooter in the 1800s while pretending to be a man named George Baker.[3][4] Brewer's adventures were probably written by Nathaniel Hill Wright or Wright's publisher, Nathaniel Coverly. No one by the name of Lucy Brewer (or that of her other pseudonyms, or that of her husband) can be found in historical records; in addition, it is highly unlikely a woman could have disguised herself for three years on the Constitution, as the crew had little to no privacy.[5] (For example, no toilet facilities or private quarters existed on the ship, and physical examinations were thorough in the Marines.) In addition, Brewer's book The Female Marine's identifying details of the Constitution's travels and battles are nearly verbatim to accounts published by the ship's commanders in contemporary newspapers.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Opha-Mae-Johnson-face.jpg"},{"link_name":"Opha May Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opha_May_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Marine Corps Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_Forces_Reserve"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History-1"},{"link_name":"Opha May Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opha_May_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Marine Corps Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_Forces_Reserve"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Century-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Headquarters Marine Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headquarters_Marine_Corps"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Century-6"}],"sub_title":"World War I","text":"Opha May Johnson was the first known woman to enlist in the Marines. She joined the Marine Corps Reserve in 1918, officially becoming the first female Marine.[1]Opha May Johnson was the first known woman to enlist in the Marines. She joined the Marine Corps Reserve on August 13, 1918, during America's involvement in World War I, officially becoming the first female Marine.[1][6] From then until the end of World War I, 305 women enlisted in the Marines.[7] They were often nicknamed \"Marinettes\", and helped with the office duties at the Headquarters Marine Corps, so the men who usually worked the administrative roles could be sent to France to help fight in the war.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:U.S._Marine_Corps_portrait_of_Beatrice_Arthur.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bea Arthur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bea_Arthur"},{"link_name":"Marine Corps Women's Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_Women%27s_Reserve"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-womensmemorial1-8"},{"link_name":"Ruth Cheney Streeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Cheney_Streeter"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gmu-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gmu-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Women's Armed Services Integration Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Armed_Services_Integration_Act"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-womensmemorial1-8"}],"sub_title":"World War II and the late 1940s","text":"Bea Arthur's U.S. Marine Corps photo; she served during World War II.The Marine Corps created the Marine Corps Women's Reserve in 1943, during America's involvement in World War II.[8] Ruth Cheney Streeter was its first director.[9] Over 20,000 women Marines served in World War II, in over 225 different specialties, filling 85 percent of the enlisted jobs at Headquarters Marine Corps and comprising one-half to two-thirds of the permanent personnel at major Marine Corps posts.[9][10]The demobilization plan for the Marine Corps Women's Reserve called for mandatory resignation or discharge of all Reserve members by 1 September 1946.[11] However, by August 1946, some 300 women had been asked by the Marine Corps to stay on, even as the last of the Reserve's barracks was being closed.[12] For the next two years, these women served the Marine Corps in an undetermined status. In 1948, the Women's Armed Services Integration Act gave women permanent status in the Regular and Reserve forces of the Marines.[13][8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Korean War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Edwards2006-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Korean War","text":"During the Korean War the number of women Marines serving peaked at 2,787. Most of them served as part of the clerical and administrative staff, in an effort to free male Marines of stateside duties so those men could join overseas combat.[14][15]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Barbara Dulinsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Dulinsky"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-womenmarines1-2"},{"link_name":"Vietnam War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usmc-17"}],"sub_title":"Vietnam War","text":"In 1967, Public Law 90-130 was signed into law; it removed legal ceilings on women's promotions that had kept them out of the general and flag ranks, and dropped the two percent ceiling on officer and enlisted strengths for women in the armed forces.[16]Also in 1967, Master Sergeant Barbara Dulinsky became the first female Marine to serve in a combat zone in Vietnam.[2]At the peak of the Vietnam War, there were approximately 2,700 women Marines on active duty, serving both stateside and overseas.[17]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_flying_look_into_women%27s_history_DVIDS80431.jpg"},{"link_name":"MV-22 Osprey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV-22_Osprey"},{"link_name":"Operation Desert Storm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Desert_Storm"},{"link_name":"Operation Desert Shield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Desert_Shield"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usmc-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Iraq War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_War"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Afghanistan War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)"},{"link_name":"American-led combat intervention in Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American-led_intervention_in_Iraq_(2014%E2%80%932021)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aljazeera.com-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reuters.com-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LastFlight-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"sub_title":"Middle East conflicts","text":"Captain Elizabeth A. Okoreeh-Baah, the first female MV-22 Osprey pilot, stands on the flight line in Al Asad, Iraq after a combat operation on March 12, 2008.One thousand women Marines were deployed for Operation Desert Storm (1990) and Operation Desert Shield (1990–1991).[17][18][19]Female Marines served in the Iraq War from 2003 until 2011.[20][21]Female marines also served in the Afghanistan War that began in 2001 and ended in 2021, and the American-led combat intervention in Iraq that began in 2014 and ended in 2021.[22][23][24][25][26][27]As of 2020, women made up 8.9% of total active duty Marines.[28]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marine Corps Recruit Depot San Diego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_Corps_Recruit_Depot_San_Diego"},{"link_name":"Marine Corps Recruit Depot Parris Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_Corps_Recruit_Depot_Parris_Island"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-femalenow-29"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-femalenow-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Susan Livingstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Livingstone"},{"link_name":"United States Secretary of the Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Susanauto-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"sub_title":"Other","text":"In December 2020, the Marine Corps Recruit Depot San Diego agreed to join the Marine Corps Recruit Depot Parris Island in accepting female recruits,[29] with 60 female recruits starting their boot camp training at the San Diego depot in February 2021.[29][30][31][32] By February 2021, both the San Diego and Parris Island depots had female drill instructors training female recruits.[33] 53 of the 60 recruits would successfully graduate from boot camp in April 2021 and become Marines.[34][35]Susan Livingstone served as the first female Acting United States Secretary of the Navy from January 24 to February 7 of 2003.[36] Although this is a civilian position, it is included in this article because the Secretary of the Navy is the civilian leader of the Marine Corps (and the Navy).[37]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robert Neller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Neller"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Col. Lorna M. Mahlock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorna_Mahlock"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2star-41"}],"text":"Marine Commandant Gen. Robert Neller said accessions of female and minority officers into the service reached 33 percent in the fiscal year of 2016, an increase of about ten percentage points from previous years.[38] Additionally, a 2016 study of enlisted recruits showed that in the Marine Corps, while nearly seventy percent of enlisted recruit females were white, this was followed by Hispanic women, who accounted for twenty percent.[39]In early 2018, Col. Lorna M. Mahlock became the first Black woman to be nominated as a Brigadier general (one star) in the United States Marine Corps.[40] In December 2022, she received her second star and became the first Black female Major General in the U.S. Marine Corps.[41]","title":"Diversity of women in the Marine Corps"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Issues for women within the Corps"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Les Aspin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Aspin"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"the Pentagon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pentagon"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DOD-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Army_regulation-45"},{"link_name":"Leon Panetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Panetta"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Joseph Dunford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Dunford"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"}],"sub_title":"Combat exclusions and women in combat (1993–present)","text":"On April 28, 1993, combat exclusion was lifted from aviation positions by Les Aspin, permitting women to serve in almost any aviation capacity.[42]In 1994, the Pentagon declared:Service members are eligible to be assigned to all positions for which they are qualified, except that women shall be excluded from assignment to units below the brigade level whose primary mission is to engage in direct combat on the ground.[43]That policy also excluded women being assigned to certain organizations based upon proximity to direct combat or \"collocation\" as the policy specifically referred to it.[44] According to the Army, collocation occurs when \"the position or unit routinely physically locates and remains with a military unit assigned a doctrinal mission to routinely engage in direct combat.\"[45]In 2013 Leon Panetta removed the military's ban on women serving in combat, overturning the 1994 rule. Panetta's decision gave the military services until January 2016 to seek special exceptions if they believed any positions must remain closed to women. The services had until May 2013 to draw up a plan for opening all units to women and until the end of 2015 to actually implement it.[46][47] In 2015 Joseph Dunford, the commandant of the Marine Corps, recommended that women be excluded from competing for certain front-line combat jobs.[48] That year a U.S. official confirmed that the Marine Corps had requested to keep some combat jobs open only to men.[49] However, in December 2015, Defense Secretary Ash Carter stated that starting in 2016 all combat jobs would open to women.[50] In March 2016, Ash Carter approved final plans from military service branches and the U.S. Special Operations Command to open all combat jobs to women, and authorized the military to begin integrating female combat soldiers \"right away.\"[51]Also in 2016, a female lance corporal in the Marines requested a lateral move into an infantry \"military occupational specialty,\" making her the first female Marine to sign up for the infantry.[52]In 2017, there were several women breaking combat-related barriers in the Marine Corps. On the enlisted side, PFC Maria Daume, who was born in a Siberian prison and later adopted by Americans, became the first female Marine to join the infantry through the traditional entry-level training process.[53] On the officer side, First Lt. Marina A. Hierl became the first woman to graduate from the infantry officer course of the Marine Corps,[54][55][56] and Second Lt. Mariah Klenke became the first female officer to graduate from the Marines' Assault Amphibian Officer course.[57]","title":"Issues for women within the Corps"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Frontiero v. Richardson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontiero_v._Richardson"},{"link_name":"411","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_411"},{"link_name":"U.S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Reports"},{"link_name":"677","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/411/677/"},{"link_name":"landmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_landmark_court_decisions_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"Tailhook scandal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tailhook_scandal"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"nude photo scandal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces_nude_photo_scandal"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NBC_NCIS-62"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"sexual assault in the United States military","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_assault_in_the_United_States_military"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"}],"sub_title":"Sexism and sexual harassment","text":"Frontiero v. Richardson, 411 U.S. 677 (1973), was a landmark Supreme Court case[a] which decided that benefits given by the military to the family of service members cannot be given out differently because of sex.[58]In 1991 the Tailhook scandal occurred, in which Marine Corps (and Navy) aviators were accused of sexually assaulting 83 women (and 7 men) at the Tailhook convention in Las Vegas.[59]In early 2017 a nude photo scandal occurred;[60][61][62] initially it was reported that the scandal was contained to only the Marine Corps, but the scandal later involved the rest of the U.S. military.[63] The scandal caused the Corps to ensue multiple investigations on over 80 Marine personnel, as well as addressing the culture of sexual harassment within the Marine Corps.[64]In the 2017 annual report on sexual assault in the United States military, there were 998 reported cases of sexual assault in the Marine Corps, up 14.9% from the year before. Pentagon officials said that the increased percentage was due to the greater awareness of administrative and legal options given to victims, giving them more confidence to speak out.[65]","title":"Issues for women within the Corps"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Don't Ask Don't Tell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_Ask_Don%27t_Tell"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Craig_A._Rimmerman_p._249-68"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-'Don't_Ask,_Don't_Tell'_Turns_15-69"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Military_Commander_&_the_Law-70"},{"link_name":"Executive Order 10450","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Order_10450"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Transauto-72"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Transauto1-73"},{"link_name":"varying restrictions over the years","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgender_personnel_in_the_United_States_military"},{"link_name":"Joe Biden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cnbc_biden_eo_repeal-74"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-biden_eo-75"}],"sub_title":"Sexual orientation and gender identity policy","text":"Before the \"Don't Ask Don't Tell\" policy was enacted in 1993, lesbians and bisexual women (and gay men and bisexual men) were banned from serving in the military.[66] In 1993 the \"Don't Ask Don't Tell\" policy was enacted, which mandated that the military could not ask service members about their sexual orientation.[67][68] However, until the policy was ended in 2011 service members were still expelled from the military if they engaged in sexual conduct with a member of the same sex, stated that they were lesbian, gay, or bisexual, and/or married or attempted to marry someone of the same sex.[69]According to scholars, since at least as early as 1960, Executive Order 10450 was applied to ban transgender individuals from serving in the United States military.[70][71] On May 17, 1963, gender transitioned or transitioning individuals were officially prohibited from the United States military by Army Regulation 40-501. This policy reasoned transgender people were medically unqualified to serve because their mental state was considered unfit.[72] Later, after varying restrictions over the years, there stopped being restrictions on people serving in the military due to their being transgender when President Joe Biden signed the \"Executive Order on Enabling All Qualified Americans to Serve Their Country in Uniform\" on January 25, 2021.[73][74]","title":"Issues for women within the Corps"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marine Corps Yumi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_Corps_Yumi"},{"link_name":"manga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga"},{"link_name":"webcomic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webcomic"}],"text":"Marine Corps Yumi, a manga and webcomic illustrated by Takeshi Nogami about the lives of four female Marines, based on the former Marine author Anastasia Moreno‘s experiences.","title":"Female Marines in fiction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-58"},{"link_name":"Fifth Amendment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution"},{"link_name":"Due Process Clause","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Due_Process_Clause"},{"link_name":"Fourteenth Amendment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution"},{"link_name":"Bolling v. Sharpe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolling_v._Sharpe"},{"link_name":"incorporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incorporation_(Bill_of_Rights)"}],"text":"^ Technically, the case was decided under the Fifth Amendment's Due Process Clause, not under the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, since the latter applies not to the federal government but to the states. However, because Bolling v. Sharpe, through the doctrine of reverse incorporation, made the standards of the Equal Protection Clause applicable to the federal government, it was for practical purposes an addition not to due process, but rather to equal protection jurisprudence.","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"A Marine officer candidate standing at the position of attention during an organized run, at Marine Corps Base Quantico, 2019","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Marine_officer_candidate_Marine_Corps_Base_Quantico_2019.jpg/290px-Marine_officer_candidate_Marine_Corps_Base_Quantico_2019.jpg"},{"image_text":"Opha May Johnson was the first known woman to enlist in the Marines. She joined the Marine Corps Reserve in 1918, officially becoming the first female Marine.[1]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Opha-Mae-Johnson-face.jpg/170px-Opha-Mae-Johnson-face.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bea Arthur's U.S. Marine Corps photo; she served during World War II.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/U.S._Marine_Corps_portrait_of_Beatrice_Arthur.jpg/220px-U.S._Marine_Corps_portrait_of_Beatrice_Arthur.jpg"},{"image_text":"Captain Elizabeth A. Okoreeh-Baah, the first female MV-22 Osprey pilot, stands on the flight line in Al Asad, Iraq after a combat operation on March 12, 2008.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/A_flying_look_into_women%27s_history_DVIDS80431.jpg/220px-A_flying_look_into_women%27s_history_DVIDS80431.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Women in the military","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_the_military"},{"title":"Women in the United States Marine Corps Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_Women%27s_Reserve"},{"title":"Women in the United States Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_the_United_States_Army"},{"title":"Women in the United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_the_United_States_Navy"},{"title":"Women in the United States Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_the_United_States_Air_Force"},{"title":"Women in the United States Coast Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_the_United_States_Coast_Guard"},{"title":"Women in the United States Space Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_the_United_States_Space_Force"}]
[{"reference":"Hewitt, Linda J. (1974). Women Marines In World War I (1974). United States Marine Corps History and Museums Division. Retrieved 2014-12-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/WomenMarinesInWorldWarI","url_text":"Women Marines In World War I (1974)"}]},{"reference":"\"Women Marines Association\". Womenmarines.org. Archived from the original on 2015-05-16. Retrieved 2015-08-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150516164754/http://www.womenmarines.org/wm_history.aspx?AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1","url_text":"\"Women Marines Association\""},{"url":"https://www.womenmarines.org/wm_history.aspx?AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Medlicott, Alexander (December 1966). \"The Legend of Lucy Brewer: An Early American Novel\". The New England Quarterly. 39 (4): 461–473. doi:10.2307/363418. JSTOR 363418.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F363418","url_text":"10.2307/363418"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/363418","url_text":"363418"}]},{"reference":"Pennington, Reina (2003). Amazons to Fighter Pilots: A Biographical Dictionary of Military Women. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. p. 70. ISBN 0313327076.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0313327076","url_text":"0313327076"}]},{"reference":"Waxman, O.B. (August 1, 2018). \"The First Woman Was Sworn Into the Marine Corps a Century Ago. Now a Group of Veterans Is Trying to Preserve Her Story\". Time – via Ebscohost.","urls":[{"url":"http://web.a.ebscohost.com.manowar.tamucc.edu/ehost/detail/detail?vid=4&sid=0e881706-bdab-45da-800e-978b0a2cb87f%40sdc-v-sessmgr05&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZSZzY29wZT1zaXRl#AN=131216329&db=a9h","url_text":"\"The First Woman Was Sworn Into the Marine Corps a Century Ago. Now a Group of Veterans Is Trying to Preserve Her Story\""}]},{"reference":"\"Women Marines\". Usmcpress.com. Retrieved 2015-08-11.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.usmcpress.com/heritage/women_marines.htm","url_text":"\"Women Marines\""}]},{"reference":"\"Women In Military Service For America Memorial\". Womensmemorial.org. 1950-07-27. Archived from the original on 2012-12-28. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celine_Rattray
Celine Rattray
["1 Career","2 Filmography","3 References","4 External links"]
Celine Rattray at the Berlin Film Festival 2019 Celine Rattray (born 1975) is an English film producer who co-founded the production company Maven Pictures. In 2010, she won a Golden Globe Award and was nominated for an Academy Award for The Kids Are All Right. In 2020, she and Trudie Styler launched Maven Screen Media, a multi-platform UK production company. Career Rattray earned a degree in mathematics and philosophy from St Hilda's College, Oxford prior to entering the entertainment industry. In 2003, Rattray co-founded New York-based production company Plum Pictures with Galt Niederhoffer and Daniela Taplin Lundberg. The company produced several films before its 2009 disestablishment, including Grace Is Gone (2007), which won an Audience Award at the 2007 Sundance Film Festival. She was president of Mandalay Vision, the independent film division of Mandalay Entertainment, until 2011. In that role she produced several films, including The Kids Are All Right (2010), for which she won the Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy, the GLAAD Media Award for Outstanding Film – Wide Release, and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture, Best Picture BAFTA, Gold Derby Award for Best Motion Picture, and Producers Guild of America Award for Best Theatrical Motion Picture. In the same year, she was nominated for the Canadian Screen Award for Best Motion Picture for The Whistleblower. She left Mandalay Vision in 2011 to found Maven Pictures with Trudie Styler. In that role she was nominated for a Women's Image Network Award in 2017 for Novitiate, which was also shortlisted for the Sundance Film Festival Grand Jury Prize. Filmography Lonesome Jim (2005) - producer The Baxter (2005) - producer Return to Rajapur (2006) - producer Grace Is Gone (2007) - producer Dedication (2007) - producer Blue State (2007) - co-producer Watching the Detectives (2007) - producer Diminished Capacity (2008) - producer Birds of America (2008) - producer Trucker (2008) - producer Bart Got a Room (2008) - producer Life in Flight (2008) - producer New York, I Love You (2008) - executive producer The Winning Season (2009) - producer Labor Pains (2009) - producer After.Life (2009) - producer The Romantics (2010) - executive producer The Kids Are All Right (2010) - producer Everything Must Go (2010) - executive producer Vanishing on 7th Street (2010) - producer The Whistleblower (2010) - producer Another Happy Day (2011) - producer Salvation Boulevard (2011) - producer Bernie (2011) - producer Dark Tide (2012) - producer Girl Most Likely (2012) - producer Filth (2013) - producer Black Nativity (2013) - producer Still Alice (2014) - executive producer Matters of the Heart (2015) - producer 10,000 Saints (2015) - producer Miss You Already (2015) - executive producer American Honey (2016) - executive producer Anatomy of Violence (2016) - executive producer Novitiate (2017) - producer Freak Show (2017) - producer Kings (2017) - executive producer The Kindergarten Teacher (2018) - producer Wildling (2018) - producer Skin (2018) - producer Boarding School (2018) - producer Human Capital (2019) - producer With/In: Volume 1 (2021) - producer With/In: Volume 2 (2021) - producer Silent Night (2021) - producer A Mouthful of Air (2021) - producer Infinite Storm (2022) - producer Unicorns (2023) - producer References ^ a b "Celine Rattray, James Heckler". The New York Times. 19 November 2006. ^ "Congratulations to our alumna Celine Rattray on the fifth anniversary of Maven Pictures". St Hilda's College, Oxford. 17 June 2016. Retrieved 5 March 2018. ^ a b c Fleming, Mike Jr. (12 May 2011). "Mandalay Vision Prexy Celine Rattray Forms Maven Pictures With Trudie Styler". Deadline Hollywood. ^ Smith, Nigel M. (12 May 2011). "Trudie Styler and Celine Rattray Launch New Production Company, Maven Pictures". IndieWire. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Celine Rattray. Celine Rattray at IMDb Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Spain Germany United States Poland People Deutsche Biographie
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for Outstanding Film – Wide Release, and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture, Best Picture BAFTA, Gold Derby Award for Best Motion Picture, and Producers Guild of America Award for Best Theatrical Motion Picture.[3][4] In the same year, she was nominated for the Canadian Screen Award for Best Motion Picture for The Whistleblower.She left Mandalay Vision in 2011 to found Maven Pictures with Trudie Styler.[3] In that role she was nominated for a Women's Image Network Award in 2017 for Novitiate, which was also shortlisted for the Sundance Film Festival Grand Jury Prize.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lonesome Jim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lonesome_Jim"},{"link_name":"The Baxter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Baxter"},{"link_name":"Return to Rajapur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Return_to_Rajapur&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Grace Is Gone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace_Is_Gone_(film)"},{"link_name":"Dedication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dedication_(film)"},{"link_name":"Blue State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_State_(film)"},{"link_name":"Watching the Detectives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watching_the_Detectives_(film)"},{"link_name":"Diminished Capacity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diminished_Capacity"},{"link_name":"Birds of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birds_of_America_(film)"},{"link_name":"Trucker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trucker_(film)"},{"link_name":"Bart Got a Room","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bart_Got_a_Room"},{"link_name":"Life in Flight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_in_Flight"},{"link_name":"New York, I Love You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York,_I_Love_You"},{"link_name":"The Winning Season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Winning_Season"},{"link_name":"Labor Pains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor_Pains_(film)"},{"link_name":"After.Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/After.Life"},{"link_name":"The Romantics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Romantics_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Kids Are All Right","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Kids_Are_All_Right_(film)"},{"link_name":"Everything Must Go","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everything_Must_Go_(film)"},{"link_name":"Vanishing on 7th Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanishing_on_7th_Street"},{"link_name":"The Whistleblower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Whistleblower"},{"link_name":"Another Happy Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Another_Happy_Day"},{"link_name":"Salvation Boulevard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvation_Boulevard"},{"link_name":"Bernie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_(2011_film)"},{"link_name":"Dark Tide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_Tide"},{"link_name":"Girl Most Likely","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girl_Most_Likely"},{"link_name":"Filth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filth_(film)"},{"link_name":"Black Nativity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Nativity"},{"link_name":"Still Alice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Still_Alice"},{"link_name":"Matters of the Heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Matters_of_the_Heart_(2015_film)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"10,000 Saints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10,000_Saints"},{"link_name":"Miss You Already","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_You_Already"},{"link_name":"American Honey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Honey_(film)"},{"link_name":"Anatomy of Violence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomy_of_Violence"},{"link_name":"Novitiate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novitiate"},{"link_name":"Freak Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freak_Show_(film)"},{"link_name":"Kings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kings_(2017_film)"},{"link_name":"The Kindergarten Teacher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Kindergarten_Teacher_(2018_film)"},{"link_name":"Wildling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildling_(film)"},{"link_name":"Skin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin_(2018_film)"},{"link_name":"Boarding School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boarding_School_(2018_film)"},{"link_name":"Human Capital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Capital_(2019_film)"},{"link_name":"With/In: Volume 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/With/In:_Volume_1"},{"link_name":"With/In: Volume 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/With/In:_Volume_2"},{"link_name":"Silent Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent_Night_(2021_film)"},{"link_name":"A Mouthful of Air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Mouthful_of_Air_(film)"},{"link_name":"Infinite Storm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinite_Storm"},{"link_name":"Unicorns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicorns_(2023_British_film)"}],"text":"Lonesome Jim (2005) - producer\nThe Baxter (2005) - producer\nReturn to Rajapur (2006) - producer\nGrace Is Gone (2007) - producer\nDedication (2007) - producer\nBlue State (2007) - co-producer\nWatching the Detectives (2007) - producer\nDiminished Capacity (2008) - producer\nBirds of America (2008) - producer\nTrucker (2008) - producer\nBart Got a Room (2008) - producer\nLife in Flight (2008) - producer\nNew York, I Love You (2008) - executive producer\nThe Winning Season (2009) - producer\nLabor Pains (2009) - producer\nAfter.Life (2009) - producer\nThe Romantics (2010) - executive producer\nThe Kids Are All Right (2010) - producer\nEverything Must Go (2010) - executive producer\nVanishing on 7th Street (2010) - producer\nThe Whistleblower (2010) - producer\nAnother Happy Day (2011) - producer\nSalvation Boulevard (2011) - producer\nBernie (2011) - producer\nDark Tide (2012) - producer\nGirl Most Likely (2012) - producer\nFilth (2013) - producer\nBlack Nativity (2013) - producer\nStill Alice (2014) - executive producer\nMatters of the Heart (2015) - producer\n10,000 Saints (2015) - producer\nMiss You Already (2015) - executive producer\nAmerican Honey (2016) - executive producer\nAnatomy of Violence (2016) - executive producer\nNovitiate (2017) - producer\nFreak Show (2017) - producer\nKings (2017) - executive producer\nThe Kindergarten Teacher (2018) - producer\nWildling (2018) - producer\nSkin (2018) - producer\nBoarding School (2018) - producer\nHuman Capital (2019) - producer\nWith/In: Volume 1 (2021) - producer\nWith/In: Volume 2 (2021) - producer\nSilent Night (2021) - producer\nA Mouthful of Air (2021) - producer\nInfinite Storm (2022) - producer\nUnicorns (2023) - producer","title":"Filmography"}]
[{"image_text":"Celine Rattray at the Berlin Film Festival 2019","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Celine_Rattray-8474.jpg/220px-Celine_Rattray-8474.jpg"}]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Paul_Gregg
David Paul Gregg
["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"]
American engineer and inventor (1923-2001) David Paul GreggBorn(1923-03-11)March 11, 1923DiedNovember 8, 2001(2001-11-08) (aged 78)Culver City, California, U.S.NationalityAmericanOccupation(s)Engineer, inventor This article may be confusing or unclear to readers. Please help clarify the article. There might be a discussion about this on the talk page. (August 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) David Paul Gregg (March 11, 1923 – November 8, 2001) was an American engineer. He was the inventor of the optical disc (disk). Gregg was inspired to create the optical disc in 1958 while working at California electronics company, Westrex, a part of Western Electric. His patent for a "Videodisk" was filed in March 1962 (USPO 3350503) while working to advance electron beam recording and reproducing. Gregg went to work at 3M's Mincom division with experienced television videotape engineers Wayne Johnson and Dean De Moss. The three men subsequently filed patents to cover a disc-recording system, a way to duplicate discs, and reproducing TV signals from photographic discs. When Mincom contracted Stanford's SRI to further the research, Gregg left and formed his own company, Gauss Electrophysics. In 1968 the Gregg and Gauss patents were purchased by MCA (Music Corporation of America), which helped develop the technology further. His designs and patents paved the way for the LaserDisc, which helped with the creation of the DVD, compact discs, and MiniDisc. In 1963 he also invented a video disk camera which could store several minutes' worth of images onto an optical video disk. There was no patent files for the camera and only little is known about it. Gregg died in Culver City, California in November 2001 at the age of 78. When Gregg had improvised his invention, he imagined himself as a consumer. He interpreted that the LaserDisc (also known as the optical disc), "had to be of extremely low-cost, which implied the utmost simplicity, lowest material and processing costs, and user friendliness." See also James Russell (inventor) Optical recording References ^ "Patents for the LaserDisc Format". ^ "David Paul Gregg". AncientFaces. Retrieved 2019-01-07. External links About.com article about David Gregg Entry in Smart Computing encyclopedia (via Internet Archive Wayback Machine) Gregg, D. P. (1997). Patents and inventorship issues over the last thirty years of optical storage. Paper presented at the , 3109(1) doi:10.1117/12.280678 Another article. This article about an American inventor is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
[{"title":"James Russell (inventor)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Russell_(inventor)"},{"title":"Optical recording","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_recording"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USAF_Combat_Rescue_School
United States Air Force Combat Rescue School
["1 Origins","2 Korea and the Cold War","3 Vietnam War","4 From Vietnam to Desert Storm","5 Current Rescue & Guardian Angel Unit Designations","5.1 Regular Air Force","5.2 Air Force Reserve Command","5.3 Air National Guard","6 Lineage","6.1 Assignments","6.2 Components","6.3 Stations","7 References","7.1 Notes","8 External links"]
This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "United States Air Force Combat Rescue School" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article may be too technical for most readers to understand. Please help improve it to make it understandable to non-experts, without removing the technical details. (September 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) United States Air Force Combat Rescue SchoolCombat Rescue School ShieldActive1946-1995Country United States of AmericaBranch United States Air ForceRoleSearch and RescueMotto(s)That Others may Live"InsigniaOriginal Air Rescue Service ShieldFormer Aerospace Rescue and Recovery Service ShieldAircraft flownHelicopterH-19, HH-43, HH-3, HH-53TransportHU-16, HC-130Military unit The United States Air Force Combat Rescue School (for most of its existence, either Air Rescue Service or Aerospace Rescue and Recovery Service), was an organization of the United States Air Force. The school was established in 1946 as Air Rescue Service' under Air Transport Command, little more than a year before the United States Air Force's designation as a separate military service in September 1947. From June 1948 until 1983, it was a technical service of Military Air Transport Service (later Military Airlift Command), when it became part of Twenty-Third Air Force. It returned to Military Airlift Command control and was transferred to Air Combat Command in 1993. The fixed-wing and helicopter air crews of the command were credited with 996 combat saves in the Korean War and 2,780 in Southeast Asia during the Vietnam War. The unit's motto was: "That Others May Live." ARRS returned to its former name of ARS in 1989. The current structure and strength of search and rescue in today's U.S. Air Force is focused primarily on combat search and rescue (CSAR) and Personnel Recovery (PR) and is greatly reduced from the air rescue force structure that served from 1946 through the end of the Vietnam Era. Origins Presaging the mainstay of the post-World War II USAF rescue structure, the first U.S. Army Air Forces helicopter rescue was performed by Lieutenant Carter Harman in Burma behind Japanese lines on 25–26 April 1944. First Air Commando Sergeant Pilot Ed "Murphy" Hladovcak had crash-landed his L-1 aircraft with three wounded British soldiers on board. Taxing his YR-4 helicopter to its performance limits, Harmon made four flights to the site, making the final hasty liftoff just as shouting soldiers burst from the jungle. He learned later the soldiers were not Japanese, but an Allied land rescue party. In March 1946, the Air Rescue Service was established under the Air Transport Command to provide rescue coverage for the continental United States. By 1949, ARS aircraft covered all the world's transport routes. The Air Rescue Service emblem was created by Tech Sgt William R. Steffens stationed at Hickam Air Force Base in 1952. The emblem was selected by the government to be used as the official logo for Air Rescue Service until the branch had disestablished and Pararescue was created. The guardian angel and Latin phrase Ut Alique Viva, (trans) That Others May Live, are still used in the current logo for the United States Air Force Pararescue. Korea and the Cold War During the Korean War, the mounting use of helicopters on rescue missions helped save more lives. By the time of the Korean Armistice, ARS crews were credited with rescuing 9,898 personnel, including 996 in combat situations. After the Korean War, the USAF Air Rescue Service resumed worldwide operations for rescue coverage and ARS squadrons flew hundreds of humanitarian relief and rescue missions, primarily using the HU-16 Albatross fixed-wing amphibious aircraft and the UH-19 and HH-19 versions of the H-19 Chickasaw helicopter. In 1954, ARS moved its headquarters to Orlando Air Force Base, Florida. The HU-16, which began Pacific service during the Korean and Vietnam conflicts, was returned to the continental United States in 1968, after 18 years of active use. In the late 1950s, the USAF bought the H-43 Huskie for use on or near air force bases and air bases, followed by the CH-3E Sea King/HH-3E Jolly Green Giant helicopter and the HC-130 Hercules, a modified version of the C-130 Hercules tactical airlift aircraft, in the mid-1960s. On 1 January 1966, concurrent with the redesignation of the Military Air Transport Service (MATS) as the Military Airlift Command (MAC), the Air Rescue Service was redesignated as the Aerospace Rescue and Recovery Service (ARRS) to reflect its additional role of worldwide rescue and recovery support for crewed U.S. space flights by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). Vietnam War The Aerospace Rescue and Recovery Service peacetime force was not equipped, trained, or structured to meet the demands of war in Southeast Asia in the early 1960s. As lessons were learned, the service's rescue capability increased. During the Vietnam War, ARRS crews would save 4,120 people, 2,780 of them in combat situations. At the outset of the Vietnam War, the USAF's primary rescue helicopter was the HH-43B "Huskie" manufactured by Kaman Aircraft, which had added a firefighting and better crash rescue capability to secure USAF orders. But the HH-43 was slow, short-ranged and unarmed, having been procured primarily for the local base recovery (LBR) mission at air force bases in the United States and overseas. The LBR concept also included a fire suppression role, with an external AFFF foam bottle and firefighters as part of the flight crew. During June 1961, the HH-43 helicopters, crews, and support personnel of the various major commands were reassigned from their respective home bases and host wings to the Air Rescue Service in an attempt to unify their command structure. Standardized training and mission concepts were also implemented. As the Vietnam War escalated, HH-43 rescue detachments from bases in the continental United States (CONUS) were deployed to air bases in Vietnam and elsewhere in Southeast Asia (SEA) with the new nickname and callsign of "Pedro." The HH-43B's combat radius of only 75 miles (121 km) was increased with added fuel drums strapped in the cabin. It was eventually replaced with the armored HH-43F model, which had additional internal fuel tanks, for use in Area Crew Recovery (ACR) mission. The HH-43F units were staffed with USAF Pararescue personnel as part of the combat recovery team. Throughout the war, both HH-43B and HH-43F helicopters flew deep into North Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia. HH-43 crews saved more lives than any other USAF rescue helicopter in the Vietnam War. USAF air rescue team In July 1965, ARS received its first CH-3C, an aircraft considered an adequate aircrew rescue vehicle. Airborne command-and-control of rescue operations was provided in December 1965 with the introduction of the modified Lockheed HC-130H CROWN airborne controller. With the introduction of the HC-130P/N, the air-refuelable HH-3E "Jolly Green Giant" in June 1967, and the delivery of the air-refuelable HH-53B "Super Jolly Green Giant" (the first helicopter specifically designed for combat search and rescue (CSAR) operations) later that year (the latter two aircraft both being dual-engined helicopters), the now-renamed Military Airlift Command (MAC) and ARRS judged that they finally had the right force structure for combat rescue operations in Vietnam. Other aircraft that were on the rescue mission team included the low and slow-flying Forward Air Controllers (FACs) of the Tactical Air Command (TAC), call sign "Nail," a frequent rescue force component flying the O-1E Bird Dog, and later the O-2A Skymaster. "Nail" would initially serve as the on-scene commander during a rescue operation until the arrival of Air Force HC-130 Hercules aircraft using the call sign "King," augmented by Douglas A-1 Skyraider aircraft using the call sign "Sandy." The "Nail" aircraft helped locate the downed crew, marking the location with smoke for the "Sandys" and pickup helicopters using the callsigns "Pedro" or "Jolly," and directing close air support (CAS) against enemy ground troops. In 1968, when Orlando AFB was turned over to the U.S. Navy and redesignated Naval Training Center Orlando, ARRS stateside headquarters moved to Scott AFB, Illinois, and embedded in MAC headquarters. In 1970, TAC-operated OV-10 Bronco aircraft began working with search and rescue forces, replacing the slower unarmed O-1 Bird Dogs and O-2 Skymasters as FAC aircraft. OV-10s equipped with PAVE NAIL night observation equipment could locate survivors at night or in bad weather and helped develop rescue operations that relied more on advanced technology. One Department of Defense report said that one Air Force search and rescue crewman and two aircraft were lost for every 9.2 recoveries in Vietnam, while the Navy lost a crewman for every 1.8 recoveries. ARRS had begun to build its reputation as the world's finest combat rescue force. However, the ARRS continued to be plagued by its own shortsightedness, even as new tactics and doctrine for combined rescue operations were developed. As late as October 1970, Colonel Frederick V. Sohle, commander of the 3d Aerospace Rescue and Recovery Group, would say, "Our development . . . has been a history of relearning lessons already learned by someone else, but who unfortunately could not or did not document it for others to profit by." This lack of documentation and the inability to integrate an institutional memory among ARRS forces (with the possible exception of the pararescue force) would hamper CSAR units well into the 1980s. Consequently, the CSAR mission became subordinate to daily support and auxiliary mission roles. If one lesson could be drawn from the Vietnam War, it was that an effective CSAR force was needed. Unfortunately, the institutional Air Force failed to learn this lesson well and ARRS assets experienced the same neglect and lack of funding which plagued its ARS predecessor. From Vietnam to Desert Storm In addition to overseas taskings, stateside taskings for ARRS also continued. Before 1974, the Air Force had divided the continental United States into three regions, each with a separate Air Force Rescue Coordination Center. In addition to ARRS aircraft, these AFRCCs also coordinated the use of Civil Air Patrol volunteers and their CAP aircraft and ground support units in their role as the civilian USAF Auxiliary, primarily in searches for missing US civilian general aviation aircraft in the United States, leaving stateside ARRS aircraft and units to concentrate on training, stateside military aircraft mishaps, NASA support, or complex SAR or disaster evolutions that were outside the capability of the air and ground assets of local civilian authorities or the CAP. In May 1974, the Air Force consolidated the three centers into one facility at Scott Air Force Base, Illinois. This single-site Air Force Rescue Coordination Center (AFRCC) allowed co-location with Headquarters, Military Airlift Command; provided better coordination of activities; improved communications and economy of operations; and standardized procedures. The newly formed AFRCC also permitted operations with fewer people while creating a more experienced staff. The withdrawal of U.S. combat forces from the Vietnam War was reminiscent of the massive drawdown of CSAR assets that occurred following the Korean War. After Vietnam, a few notable rescue operations took place, such as the deployment of ARRS helicopters aboard the USS Saipan (LHA-2) in June and August 1979 in support of a possible emergency evacuation of US personnel in Nicaragua following the Communist Sandinista takeover. However, such missions occurred infrequently. As 1976 began, the ARRS had its headquarters and staff at Scott AFB, Illinois, and commanded three wings and numerous separate squadrons, detachments, and operating locations. Its subordinate wings were the 39th Aerospace Rescue and Recovery Wing (39 ARRW), the 41st Rescue and Weather Reconnaissance Wing (41 RWRW), and the 1550th Aircrew Training and Test Wing. Ironically, a classic contingency/rescue operation proved to be the death knell of the ARRS and, even more ironically, no ARRS helicopter units participated in the operation. The aborted mission to rescue the American Embassy hostages in Teheran, Iran in the spring of 1980 dramatically demonstrated the need for close, realistic coordination and planning of joint-service operations. While it is easy to speculate after the fact about what could have been done differently to make the mission successful, there was little doubt that the ARRS MH-53J Pave Low III aircraft was better suited to the operation. However, modified U.S. Navy RH-53D Sea Stallion mine sweeping aircraft with U.S. Marine Corps flight crews were used instead. In multiple analyses of the aborted rescue attempt, two possible reasons for the use of the RH-53D have been postulated: (1) either the Pave Low system was not yet ready for this type of mission because it had just finished lengthy operational testing or, (2) the RH-53D was used to placate the U.S. Marine Corps so they could participate with an aircraft that more closely approximated their own USMC CH-53D Sea Stallions. Certainly, one must concede that Pave Low aircrews, who were trained in the CSAR arena and routinely relied on HC-130s and MC-130s in their daily operations, were the logical choice for this type of mission and had a better aircraft with which to conduct it. Whatever the case, one point is clear: the entire operation was critically dependent on helicopters. As a result of the botched operation, the U.S. Air Force transferred all ARRS HH-53Es (MH-53E Pave Low III aircraft) to the 1st Special Operations Wing (SOW) and what was then Tactical Air Command control in May 1980. This transfer signaled the end of the ARRS's role in CSAR and precipitated the present distinctions between "rescue drivers" and "special operators." Thus, the ARRS was left with an aging fleet of UH-1/HH-1 Iroquois or "Huey" (various series), CH-3E and HH-3E Jolly Green Giant aircraft, augmented by HC-130N and HC-130P/N Hercules aircraft converted from C-130E airframes. In effect, the ARRS had no means to accomplish the CSAR mission in the threat environment of the 1980s and 1990s. While the 20-plus-year-old UH-1, with 1960s and 1970s avionics, was no longer useful, the HH-3E continued to provide a measure of effectiveness because of its air-refueling capability and the use of night vision goggles (NVGs). The latter feature allowed aircrews to operate under the cover of darkness, thus decreasing their vulnerability in low-to-medium threat environments. Although ARRS no longer had the proper mix of aircraft to conduct modern CSAR operations, it continued to train crews in the CSAR environment, with emphasis on NVG operations. However, the inactivation of the HH-1 CSAR units in September 1987 closed a valuable pipeline of CSAR-trained aircrew members and limited the combat rescue role to a total of four overseas HH-3E Jolly Green Giant units and a stateside MH-60G special operations-capable Pave Hawk squadron. Furthermore, developments in the mid-1980s called into questions whether the MH-60G would continue to be affiliated with ARRS or with Military Airlift Command's newly formed 23rd Air Force for special operations following the divestiture of all USAF special operations forces from Tactical Air Command (TAC). In August 1989, ARRS was reorganized and reestablished as the Air Rescue Service (ARS) at McClellan AFB, California, again as a subcommand to Military Airlift Command (MAC). However, following Operation DESERT STORM in 1991, subsequent major USAF reorganizations resulted in the disestablishment of Military Airlift Command, the divestment of its C-130 tactical/theater airlift assets to U.S. Air Forces in Europe (USAFE), Pacific Air Forces (PACAF) and the newly created Air Combat Command (ACC), and the integration of its C-141 and C-5 strategic airlift assets with the KC-135 and KC-10 air refueling aircraft assets of the former Strategic Air Command (SAC) in order to create the new Air Mobility Command. Meanwhile, MAC's former Twenty-Third Air Force became the nucleus for the new Air Force Special Operations Command (AFSOC). Subsequent Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC) decisions in the 1990s also marked McClellan AFB for closure. Shortly thereafter in 1993, ARS was again disestablished, with most of its CSAR assets transferred to the Air Combat Command (ACC) that had been created by the merger of SAC bomber and strategic reconnaissance forces with the fighter and AWACS assets of the former Tactical Air Command (TAC). Concurrently, a smaller number of forward-based CSAR assets in Europe and the Pacific were transferred to USAFE and PACAF, respectively. In 1993, concurrent with the disestablishment of MAC and the transfer of peacetime and combat search and rescue responsibilities to ACC, the AFRCC moved from Scott AFB to Langley Air Force Base, Virginia. In October 2003, CSAR was temporarily put under AFSOC, resulting in what was thought would be a merger of Regular Air Force, Air Force Reserve Command, and Air National Guard HC-130P/N assets with MC-130P Combat Shadow assets and integration of HH-60G Pave Hawk assets with MH-53J/M Pave Low IV assets. However, this merger proved to be short-lived and the HC-130P/N and HH-60G CSAR assets were ultimately transferred back to ACC claimancy in 2005. During the temporary assignment of the CSAR mission to AFSOC, the AFRCC remained at Langley AFB. However, on 1 Mar 2006, after the transfer of CSAR assets back to ACC, the AFRCC was put under 1st Air Force/Air Forces North (AFNORTH), the Air Force component command to the new U.S. Northern Command (USNORTHCOM) and the ACC's Numbered Air Force for the air defense fighter assets of the Air National Guard. As a result, the AFRCC moved to Tyndall AFB, Florida, where it is now consolidated with the 601st Air Operations Center, giving it greater ability to use Air Force air and space capabilities for search and rescue in the continental United States. The AFNORTH/1AF AOC also gained the responsibility for executing aerial search rescue, and associated personnel recovery operations, for civilian and military aircraft overland in the NORAD-USNORTHCOM area of operations. This resulted in greater efficiencies and capabilities for military personnel and civilians alike. Current Rescue & Guardian Angel Unit Designations The bulk of today's USAF air rescue mission continues to come under the Air Combat Command (ACC). Guardian Angel squadrons consisting of pararescuemen, survival specialists, and combat rescue officers execute all five tasks of personnel recovery: report, locate, support, recover and reintegrate. Enlisted Pararescuemen and commissioned Combat Rescue Officers (CROs) in Guardian Angel recovery teams deploy into uncertain or hostile environments independently or in conjunction with rotary- and fixed-wing aircraft, watercraft, and overland vehicles in order to locate, authenticate, and recover isolated personnel for return to friendly lines. Regular Air Force As of 1 October 2011, operational ACC rescue units are as follows: 347th Rescue Group, part of the 23d Wing at Moody AFB, Georgia 563rd Rescue Group, a geographically separated unit of the 23d Wing located at Davis-Monthan AFB, Arizona The 347 RQG has one HC-130P/N squadron, the 71st Rescue Squadron (71 RQS), one HH-60G squadron, the 41 RQS, and one Guardian Angel Pararescue squadron, the 38 RQS. The 563 RQG has one HC-130P/N squadron, the 79 RQS, two HH-60G squadrons, the 55 RQS at Davis-Monthan AFB, Arizona and the 66 RQS at Nellis AFB, Nevada, and two Guardian Angel Pararescue squadrons, the 48 RQS at Davis-Monthan AFB, Arizona and the 58 RQS at Nellis AFB, Nevada. Air-sea rescue and CSAR assets are also assigned to Pacific Air Forces (PACAF), and United States Air Forces in Europe (USAFE), specifically: the 18th Wing's 31st Rescue Squadron (pararescue) and 33rd Rescue Squadron (HH-60G) at Kadena Air Base, Okinawa, Japan for PACAF, and the 48th Fighter Wing's 56th Rescue Squadron (HH-60G) & 57th Rescue Squadron (pararescue) at RAF Lakenheath in the United Kingdom for USAFE. This unit was previously based at the former Naval Air Station Keflavik, Iceland. In this arrangement, the 31 RQS (Pararescue) and 33 RQS (HH-60G) typically provide support throughout the Western Pacific region, while the 56 RQS (HH-60G) & 57th RQS (Pararescue) provide support in Great Britain and Western Europe. Current CSAR aircraft assets in the Active Air Force include the HH-60G Pave Hawk helicopter, the HC-130P/N Hercules "Combat King" aircraft, and the Fairchild Republic A-10 Thunderbolt II ("Warthog") attack aircraft. In FY 2008, the A-10s of the 23rd Fighter Group previously based at Pope AFB, North Carolina, relocated back to their previous base of Moody AFB, Georgia where they joined their parent 23rd Wing. In a similar arrangement, the 563 RQG relies on the co-located A-10s of the 355th Fighter Wing at Davis-Monthan AFB, Arizona. Like their A-1 Skyraider and LTV A-7 Corsair II predecessors, the A-10s, designed for close-air support, continue to use the "Sandy" call sign and are woven tightly into CSAR operations. When involved in the CSAR mission, A-10s can neutralize enemy threats to friendly survivors on the ground, engaging hostile forces, with their GAU-8 30 mm Gatling gun, which is unique to the A-10 Thunderbolt II. The GAU-8 allows the A-10 to fire on enemy targets with precision in close proximity to friendly forces. A-10s also escort HH-60 helicopters and HC-130s during rescue operations. In addition to ACC A-10 units, other units operating the A-10 in USAFE, PACAF, the Air Force Reserve Command (AFRC) and the Air National Guard (ANG) also routinely exercise and operate with rescue units in the CSAR mission. Air Force Reserve Command Additional CSAR forces also exist in the Air Reserve Component (ARC), composed of both the Air Force Reserve Command (AFRC) and the Air National Guard (ANG). In the Air Force Reserve Command (AFRC), the ACC-gained 920th Rescue Wing at Patrick Space Force Base, Florida is structured for both CSAR and peacetime SAR, to include principal DoD responsibility for crewed spaceflight rescue support to NASA's John F. Kennedy Space Center, as well as Defense Support to Civil Authorities (DSCA), such as those the wing provided in the wake of Hurricane Katrina in 2005. The 920 RQW's operational capability is centered on the following units at Patrick Space Force Base: 39th Rescue Squadron (HC-130P/N) 301st Rescue Squadron (HH-60G), and 308th Rescue Squadron (Pararescue/Guardian Angel) The 920 RQW also contains additional Geographically Separated Units (GSUs) consisting of the: 943rd Rescue Group (943 RQG) at Davis-Monthan AFB, Arizona 305th Rescue Squadron (HH-60G) at Davis-Monthan AFB 306th Rescue Squadron (Pararescue/Guardian Angel) at Davis-Monthan AFB, and 304th Rescue Squadron (Pararescue) at Portland International Airport / Portland Air National Guard Base (formerly Portland Air Reserve Station), Oregon. The 304 RQS also flew the HH-60G as a GSU until its inactivation. Air National Guard In the Air National Guard, the ACC-gained New York Air National Guard's 106th Rescue Wing at Francis S. Gabreski Air National Guard Base (former Suffolk County AFB), New York is structured similar to the Air Force Reserve's 920 RQW. The major difference between these two wings is that in the 106 RQW, all operational capability is centered on a single composite-organized rescue squadron, the 102nd Rescue Squadron (102 RQS), merging HC-130P/N, HH-60G and Pararescue assets into a single squadron. The 102 RQS is also the oldest Air National Guard unit in the United States, tracing its roots back to the 1st Aero Squadron which was formed in New York in 1908. Two additional "hybrid" rescue units are also present in the Air National Guard. The California Air National Guard's 129th Rescue Wing (129 RQW) is based at Moffett Federal Airfield (former Naval Air Station Moffett Field), California with operational capability centered in the 129 RQS (HH-60G), 130 RQS (HC-130J) and 131 RQS (Pararescue). The Alaska Air National Guard's 176th Wing, a PACAF-gained composite wing formerly located at Kulis Air National Guard Base and now located at Elmendorf AFB, Alaska, also contains both a conventional air-sea rescue and CSAR capability resident in the 210 RQS (HH-60G), 211 RQS (HC-130P/N) and 212 RQS (Pararescue). Among these various remaining CSAR forces, the 23rd Wing is now considered the principal CSAR organization for the U.S. Air Force and carries the heritage and banner of the renowned Flying Tigers, which fought against the Japanese in World War II and earned fame by advancing tactically against Japan's multiple successes early in the war. But while the banner and shield of the old "Air Rescue Angel" has been committed to Air Force history, the banner is still near and dear in the hearts of all Air Force CSAR personnel, committed to the credo of "These things we do, that others may live." Lineage 62d Air Force Base Unit 62d Army Air Forces Base Unit (Search and Rescue Service) organized on 5 December 1945 62d Army Air Forces Base Unit redescribed 62d Army Air Forces Base Unit (Search and Rescue) on 23 January 1946 62d Army Air Forces Base Unit redescribed 62d Army Air Forces Base Unit (Headquarters, Air Rescue Service) on 23 January 1946 62d Army Air Forces Base Unit redesignated 62d Air Force Base Unit (Headquarters, Air Rescue Service) on 26 September 1947 62d Air Force Base Unit (Headquarters, Air Rescue Service) discontinued on 3 March 1948 and replaced by Headquarters, Air Rescue Service USAF Combat Rescue School Constituted as Air Rescue Service Activated on 13 March 1946 Redesignated Aerospace Rescue and Recovery Service on 8 January 1966 Redesignated Air Rescue Service on 1 June 1989 Redesignated USAF Combat Rescue School on 2 July 1993 Inactivated on 15 July 1995 Assignments 62d Army Air Forces Base Unit (Search and Rescue Service) assigned to Headquarters, Army Air Forces, 5 December 1945 Air Transport Command (later Military Air Transport Command, Military Airlift Command), 13 March 1946 Twenty-Third Air Force, March 1983 Military Airlift Command, May 1990 Air Mobility Command 1 June 1992 Air Combat Command, February 1993 57th Wing, 2 July 1993 – 15 Jul 1995 Components Centers Aerospace Rescue & Recovery Training Center, 7 February 1969 – 30 June 71 Air Force Rescue Coordination Center, May 1974 – c. 1 June 1989, unknown – c. 1 March 1993 Atlantic Air Rescue Center (later Atlantic Aerospace Rescue & Recovery Center, 40th Aerospace Rescue & Recovery Wing), 8 October 1961 – 30 June 1973 Central Air Rescue Center (later Central Aerospace Rescue & Recovery Center), 16 February 1961 – 1 January 70 Eastern Air Rescue Center (later Eastern Aerospace Rescue & Recovery Center), 16 February 1961 – 1 January 70 Pacific Air Rescue Center (later Pacific Aerospace Rescue & Recovery Center, 41st Aerospace Rescue & Recovery Wing, 41st Rescue & Weather Reconnaissance Wing), 8 October 1961 – 1 October 1983 Western Air Rescue Center (later Western Aerospace Rescue & Recovery Center), 16 February 1961 – 1 January 1970 Wings 39 Aerospace Rescue & Recovery Wing, 1 January 1970 – 1 October 1983 40th Aerospace Rescue & Recovery Wing (see Atlantic Air Rescue Center) 41st Aerospace Rescue & Recovery Wing, 41st Rescue & Weather Reconnaissance Wing (see Pacific Air Rescue Center) Groups 1st Air Rescue Group (see 1st Rescue Squadron) 2d Air Rescue Group (see 2d Rescue Squadron) 3d Air Rescue Group (see 3d Rescue Squadron) 4th Air Rescue Group (see 4th Rescue Squadron) 5th Air Rescue Group (see 5th Emergency Rescue Squadron) 6th Air Rescue Group (see 6th Rescue Squadron) 7th Air Rescue Group (see 7th Rescue Squadron) 8th Air Rescue Group, 1 April 1954 – 30 June 58 9th Air Rescue Group (see 9th Air Rescue Squadron) 10th Air Rescue Group (see 10th Rescue Squadron) 11th Air Rescue Group (see 11th Air Rescue Squadron) 12th Air Rescue Group (see 12th Air Rescue Squadron) 14th Air Rescue Group, 14 May 1953 – 15 December 1957 Squadrons Air Rescue Squadron, Provisional, 1, attached 25 January 1963 – 1 November 1963 1st Rescue Squadron (later 1st Air Rescue Squadron, 1st Air Rescue Group), 1 September 1949 – 8 December 1956 (attached to Caribbean Air Command after 14 November 1952) 2d Rescue Squadron (later 2d Air Rescue Squadron, 2d Air Rescue Group), 1 May 1949 – 24 June 1958 (attached to Thirteenth Air Force November 1952 - November 1955, Pacific Air Forces thereafter) 3d Rescue Squadron (later 3d Air Rescue Squadron, 3d Air Rescue Group), 1 May 1949 – 18 June 1957 (attached to Fifth Air Force, 1 May 1949, 314th Air Division, 18 May 1951 Japan Air Defense Force 14 November 1952, Far East Air Forces after 1 August 1954) 4th Rescue Squadron (later 4th Air Rescue Squadron, 4th Air Rescue Group), 1 May 1949 – 8 December 1956 5th Emergency Rescue Squadron (later 5th Rescue Squadron, 5th Air Rescue Squadron, 5th Air Rescue Group), March 1946 – 8 December 56 6th Rescue Squadron (later 6th Air Rescue Squadron, 6th Air Rescue Group), c. 1 September 1949 – 18 February 1958 7th Rescue Squadron (later 7th Air Rescue Squadron, 7th Air Rescue Group), 1 September 49 – 8 December 1956 9th Air Rescue Sq (later 9th Air Rescue Group), 10 August 1950 – 24 June 1958 10th Rescue Sq (later 10th Air Rescue Squadron, 10th Air Rescue Group), c. 1 January 1950 – 8 January 1958 11th Air Rescue Squadron (later 11th Air Rescue Group), 12 February 1951 – 16 February 1954 12th Air Rescue Sq (later 12th Air Rescue Group), 1 March 1952 – 18 February 1958 31st Air Rescue Squadron (later 31st Aerospace Rescue & Recovery Squadron), 24 June 1958 – 18 September 1960, 8 July 1963 – April 1967 (attached to Pacific Air Rescue Center (later Pacific Aerospace Rescue & Recovery Center after 8 July 1963)) 33d Air Rescue Squadron (later 33d Air Recovery Squadron, 33d Aerospace Rescue & Recovery Squadron), 24 June 1958 – 18 March 1960 (attached to Pacific Air Forces until 17 Mar 1959, then to Detachment 2, Air Rescue Service (Pacific Recovery Operations Center)), 18 June 1961 – 1 April 1967 (attached to Detachment 1, Air Rescue Service (Pacific Recovery Operations Center) until 8 October 1961, then to Pacific Air Rescue Center (later Pacific Aerospace Rescue and Recovery Center). 36th Air Rescue Squadron (later 36th Air Recovery Squadron, 36th Aerospace Rescue & Recovery Squadron), 24 June 1958 – 18 March 1960 (attached to Fifth Air Force), 18 June 1961 – 1 April 1967 (attached to Fifth Air Force) 38th Air Rescue Squadron, 1 July 1965 – 8 January 1966 (attached to 2d Air Division) 39th Air Rescue Squadron, 1 January 1992 – 1 February 1993 41st Air Rescue Squadron (later 41st Aerospace Rescue & Recovery Squadron), 8 December 1956 – 18 March 1960, 8 January 1962 – 1 January 1970 46th Air Rescue Squadron, 8 December 1956 – 18 March 1960 48th Air Rescue Squadron (later 48th Air Recovery Squadron, 48th Aerospace Rescue & Recovery Squadron), 8 December 1956 – 7 February 1969 53d Air Rescue Squadron, 18 February 1958 – 18 April 1960 54th Air Rescue Squadron (later 54th Air Recovery Squadron, 54th Aerospace Rescue & Recovery Squadron), 18 February 1958 – 18 June 1960, 18 June 1961 – 1 January 1970 55th Air Rescue Squadron (later 55th Aerospace Rescue & Recovery Squadron), 18 February 1958 – 18 June 1960, 18 June 1961 – 1 January 1970 56th Air Rescue Squadron, 18 February 1958 – 18 March 1960 (attached to Detachment 3, 8 Air Rescue Group 18 February 1958, Detachment 3, Air Rescue Service after 18 March 1959) 57th Air Rescue Squadron (later 57th Air Recovery Squadron), 24 June 1958 – 8 January 1966 58th Air Rescue Squadron (later 58th Aerospace Rescue & Recovery Squadron), 8 December 1956 – 18 September 1960 (attached to United States Air Forces in Europe), 18 June 1961 – 1 April 1967 64th Air Rescue Squadron, 20 June 1958 – 18 June 1960 66th Air Rescue Squadron, 1 March 1991 – 1 February 1993 (attached to 4404th Operations Group (Provisional) after 25 January 1993) 67th Air Rescue Squadron (later 67th Air Recovery Squadron, 67th Aerospace Rescue & Recovery Squadron), 24 June 1958 – 18 March 60, 18 June 1961 – 8 April 1967 71st Air Rescue Squadron, 21 October 1957 – 18 March 1960, 1 August 1989 – 30 June 1991, 1 October 1991 – 1 February 1993 76th Air Rescue Squadron (later 76th Aerospace Rescue & Recovery Squadron), 24 June 1958 – 1975 (attached to 326th Air Division until May 1959, 6486th Air Base Wing until 1975) 79th Air Rescue Squadron (later 79th Aerospace Rescue & Recovery Squadron), 24 June 1958 – 18 September 1960, 18 June 1961 – c.1 April 1967 2156th Air Rescue Squadron (see 2156th Air Rescue Unit) 2157th Air Rescue Squadron, 1 March 1952 – 8 April 1956 2157th Air Rescue Squadron, 1 February 1958 – 18 March 1959 Flights 1060th Air Rescue Flt (later 2153d Rescue Unit), 1 June 1948 – 1 September 49 1061st Air Rescue Flt (later 2154th Rescue Unit), 1 June 1948 – 1 September 49 Units 8th Rescue Unit, 1 March 1948 – 28 August 1948 9th Rescue Unit, 1 March 1948 – 28 August 1948 511th Air Force Base Unit (Air Rescue Flight), 16 May 1948 – 3 June 1948 512th Air Force Base Unit (Air Rescue Flight), 1 May 1948 – 3 June 1948 1050th Air Rescue Unit (later 2152d Rescue Unit), 1 June 1948 – c. 1 September 1949 2150th Rescue Unit, 26 August 1948 – 1 September 1949 2151st Rescue Unit, 26 August 1948 – 1 September 1949 2152d Rescue Unit (see 1050th Air Rescue Unit) 2153d Rescue Unit (see 1060th Air Rescue Flight) 2154th Rescue Unit (see 1061st Air Rescue Flight) 2155th Rescue Unit, 1 July 1949 – 1 September 1949 2156th Air Rescue Unit (Transition Training Unit) (later 2156th Air Rescue Squadron (Transition Training Unit)), 1 January 1950 – 24 Oct 51 Stations Andrews Field, Maryland, 5 December 1945/13 March 1946 Gravelly Point Virginia, June 1946 Morrison Field, Florida, July 1946 MacDill Field, Florida, July 1947 Orlando Air Force Base, Florida, December 1947 Scott Air Force Base, Illinois, July 1968 McClellan Air Force Base, California 1 June 1989 Nellis Air Force Base, Nevada, 1 July 1993 – 15 July 1995 References Notes Explanatory notes ^ ACC C-130 assets would later be transferred back to AMC, while USAFE and PACAF C-130 assets remained under their respective control. ^ Although they had the same designation, the two 2157th Air Rescue Squadrons are not related. Citations ^ 'That Others May Live' Petoskey veteran wins design contest, finds out his emblem was approved 61 years later, petoskeynews.com, by Catherine Dewey, dated 11 October 2013, last accessed 15 May 2020 ^ "Rescue." National Museum of the United States Air Force. Retrieved: 19 March 2018. ^ "Last Albatross leaves Pac ARRC after 18 years' Pacific service" (PDF). Searcher. 1 (1). Pacific Aerospace Rescue and Recovery Center. November 1968. Retrieved 9 July 2016. ^ "Kaman HH-43B Huskie." National Museum of the United States Air Force. Retrieved: 19 March 2018. ^ a b "Heritage of the Combat Search and Rescue Professionals". United States Air Force Special Operations Command. Archived from the original on 16 October 2013. Retrieved 9 July 2016. ^ Peck, Michael (May 2006). "Combat Rescue Units See Shift in Missions". National Defense Magazine. Archived from the original on 9 July 2016. Retrieved 9 July 2016. ^ "Combat Search and Rescue in Southeast Asia". National Museum of the US Air Force. 18 May 2015. Archived from the original on 9 July 2016. Retrieved 9 July 2016. ^ Whitcomb, Darrel D. (2012). On a Steel Horse I Ride: A History of the MH-53 Pave Low Helicopters in War and Peace (PDF). Montgomery, Alabama: Air University Press. p. 92. ISBN 978-1-58566-220-3. ^ "Tenant Units at Nellis AFB". United States Air Force. 8 January 2013. Retrieved 9 July 2016. ^ Gyokeres, Tech. Sgt. Parker (4 May 2007). "His mission complete, 'The Boss' prepares for next role at ACC". Moody Air Force Base. Retrieved 27 May 2019. ^ Haulman, Daniel L. (18 May 2017). "Factsheet 352 Special Operations Wing (AFSOC)". Air Force Historical Research Agency. Retrieved 27 May 2017. ^ Haulman, Daniel L. (8 July 2015). "Factsheet 1 Expeditionary Rescue Group (ACC)". Air Force Historical Research Agency. Retrieved 2 January 2017. ^ Bailey, Carl E. (undated), Lineage and Honors History of the 2 Air Rescue Group, Air Force Historical Research Agency ^ Bailey, Carl E. (2 January 2008). "Factsheet 563 Rescue Group (AFSOC)". Air Force Historical Research Agency. Retrieved 5 May 2015. ^ Robertson, Patsy (10 December 2007). "Factsheet 31 Rescue Squadron (PACAF)". Air Force Historical Research Agency. Retrieved 7 February 2017. ^ Robertson, Patsy (2 April 2014). "Factsheet 33 Rescue Squadron (PACAF)". Air Force Historical Research Agency. Archived from the original on 27 September 2015. Retrieved 6 February 2018. ^ Bailey, Carl E. (2 August 2017). "Factsheet 36 Rescue Squadron (AETC)". Air Force Historical Research Agency. Retrieved 17 February 2018. ^ Dollman, TSG David (19 October 2016). "Factsheet 38 Rescue Squadron (ACC)". Air Force Historical Research Agency. Retrieved 5 May 2015. ^ Dollman, TSG David (18 October 2016). "Factsheet 39 Rescue Squadron (AFRC)". Air Force Historical Research Agency. Retrieved 27 February 2018. ^ Dollman, TSG David (11 October 2016). "Factsheet 41 Rescue Squadron (ACC)". Air Force Historical Research Agency. Retrieved 9 January 2018. ^ Bailey, Carl E. (18 December 2007). "Factsheet 48 Rescue Squadron (AFSOC)". Air Force Historical Research Agency. Retrieved 24 January 2018. ^ Robertson, Patsy (3 September 2015). "Factsheet 54 Helicopter Squadron (AFGSC)". Air Force Historical Research Agency. Archived from the original on 28 September 2015. Retrieved 21 December 2017. ^ Haulman, Daniel L. (12 May 2017). "Factsheet 55 Rescue Squadron (ACC)". Air Force Historical Research Agency. Retrieved 28 December 2017. ^ Robertson, Patsy (6 May 2013). "Factsheet 56 Rescue Squadron (USAFE)". Air Force Historical Research Agency. Retrieved 15 November 2016. ^ Endicott, Judy G. (20 December 2007). "Factsheet 58 Rescue Squadron (ACC)". Air Force Historical Research Agency. Retrieved 4 January 2018. ^ Haulman, Daniel (27 March 2017). "Factsheet 66 Rescue Squadron (ACC)". Air Force Historical Research Agency. Retrieved 3 November 2016. ^ Robertson, Patsy (20 June 2011). "Factsheet 67 Special Operations Squadron (AFSOC)". Air Force Historical Research Agency. Retrieved 2 December 2017. ^ Bailey, Carl E. (27 March 2015). "Factsheet 71 Rescue Squadron". Air Force Historical Research Agency. Archived from the original on 27 September 2015. Retrieved 18 September 2007. ^ Dollman, TSG David (19 June 2017). "Factsheet 79 Rescue Squadron (ACC)". Air Force Historical Research Agency. Retrieved 3 October 2017. External links U.S. Air Force: Aerospace Rescue and Recovery — Southeast Asia to Apollo vte Military Airlift Command (MAC)Air Forces Twenty-First Twenty-Second Twenty-Third Air DivisionsNamed Units 2d 76th 322d 834th Air Weather Service Aerospace Rescue and Recovery Service Special Air Mission Air Photographic Service Aeromedical Transport WingsMAW 60th 62d 63d 436th 437th 438th 443d TAW 314th 316th 317th 433d 463d Bases Altus AFB Andrews AFB Charleston AFB Dover AFB Dyess AFB Hurlburt Field Kelly AFB Langley AFB Little Rock AFB McChord AFB McGuire AFB Norton AFB Pope AFB Scott AFB Sewart AFB Travis AFB Aircraft C-5 Galaxy C-9 Nightingale C-47 Skytrain C-54 Skymaster C-119 Flying Boxcar C-121 Constellation C-130 Hercules C-133 Cargomaster C-135 Stratolifter C-141 Starlifter VC-25
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Air Transport Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Transport_Command"},{"link_name":"United States Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Military Air Transport Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Air_Transport_Service"},{"link_name":"Military Airlift Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Airlift_Command"},{"link_name":"Twenty-Third Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Force_Special_Operations_Command"},{"link_name":"Air Combat Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Combat_Command"},{"link_name":"Korean War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War"},{"link_name":"Vietnam War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War"}],"text":"Military unitThe United States Air Force Combat Rescue School (for most of its existence, either Air Rescue Service or Aerospace Rescue and Recovery Service), was an organization of the United States Air Force.The school was established in 1946 as Air Rescue Service' under Air Transport Command, little more than a year before the United States Air Force's designation as a separate military service in September 1947. From June 1948 until 1983, it was a technical service of Military Air Transport Service (later Military Airlift Command), when it became part of Twenty-Third Air Force. It returned to Military Airlift Command control and was transferred to Air Combat Command in 1993.The fixed-wing and helicopter air crews of the command were credited with 996 combat saves in the Korean War and 2,780 in Southeast Asia during the Vietnam War. The unit's motto was: \"That Others May Live.\"ARRS returned to its former name of ARS in 1989.The current structure and strength of search and rescue in today's U.S. Air Force is focused primarily on combat search and rescue (CSAR) and Personnel Recovery (PR) and is greatly reduced from the air rescue force structure that served from 1946 through the end of the Vietnam Era.","title":"United States Air Force Combat Rescue School"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. Army Air Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Army_Air_Forces"},{"link_name":"Carter Harman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carter_Harman"},{"link_name":"YR-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikorsky_R-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Presaging the mainstay of the post-World War II USAF rescue structure, the first U.S. Army Air Forces helicopter rescue was performed by Lieutenant Carter Harman in Burma behind Japanese lines on 25–26 April 1944. First Air Commando Sergeant Pilot Ed \"Murphy\" Hladovcak had crash-landed his L-1 aircraft with three wounded British soldiers on board. Taxing his YR-4 helicopter to its performance limits, Harmon made four flights to the site, making the final hasty liftoff just as shouting soldiers burst from the jungle. He learned later the soldiers were not Japanese, but an Allied land rescue party.In March 1946, the Air Rescue Service was established under the Air Transport Command to provide rescue coverage for the continental United States. By 1949, ARS aircraft covered all the world's transport routes. The Air Rescue Service emblem was created by Tech Sgt William R. Steffens stationed at Hickam Air Force Base in 1952. The emblem was selected by the government to be used as the official logo for Air Rescue Service until the branch had disestablished and Pararescue was created. The guardian angel and Latin phrase Ut Alique Viva, (trans) That Others May Live, are still used in the current logo for the United States Air Force Pararescue.[1]","title":"Origins"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USAF_Museum-2"},{"link_name":"HU-16 Albatross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HU-16_Albatross"},{"link_name":"H-19 Chickasaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H-19_Chickasaw"},{"link_name":"Orlando Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"H-43 Huskie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H-43_Huskie"},{"link_name":"CH-3E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CH-3E"},{"link_name":"HH-3E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HH-3E"},{"link_name":"HC-130 Hercules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HC-130_Hercules"},{"link_name":"C-130 Hercules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-130_Hercules"},{"link_name":"Military Air Transport Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Air_Transport_Service"},{"link_name":"Military Airlift Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Airlift_Command"},{"link_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Administration"}],"text":"During the Korean War, the mounting use of helicopters on rescue missions helped save more lives. By the time of the Korean Armistice, ARS crews were credited with rescuing 9,898 personnel, including 996 in combat situations.[2]After the Korean War, the USAF Air Rescue Service resumed worldwide operations for rescue coverage and ARS squadrons flew hundreds of humanitarian relief and rescue missions, primarily using the HU-16 Albatross fixed-wing amphibious aircraft and the UH-19 and HH-19 versions of the H-19 Chickasaw helicopter. In 1954, ARS moved its headquarters to Orlando Air Force Base, Florida. The HU-16, which began Pacific service during the Korean and Vietnam conflicts, was returned to the continental United States in 1968, after 18 years of active use.[3]In the late 1950s, the USAF bought the H-43 Huskie for use on or near air force bases and air bases, followed by the CH-3E Sea King/HH-3E Jolly Green Giant helicopter and the HC-130 Hercules, a modified version of the C-130 Hercules tactical airlift aircraft, in the mid-1960s.On 1 January 1966, concurrent with the redesignation of the Military Air Transport Service (MATS) as the Military Airlift Command (MAC), the Air Rescue Service was redesignated as the Aerospace Rescue and Recovery Service (ARRS) to reflect its additional role of worldwide rescue and recovery support for crewed U.S. space flights by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA).","title":"Korea and the Cold War"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vietnam War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"HH-43B \"Huskie\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HH-43_Huskie"},{"link_name":"Kaman Aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaman_Aircraft"},{"link_name":"AFFF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firefighting_foam"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:U.S._Air_Force_Combat_Search_and_Rescue_team_in_flight_over_Vietnam,_in_1968_(090810-F-1234O-015).jpg"},{"link_name":"CH-3C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikorsky_S-61R"},{"link_name":"Lockheed HC-130H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_HC-130"},{"link_name":"HH-53B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MH-53_Pave_Low"},{"link_name":"Military Airlift Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Airlift_Command"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"Forward Air Controllers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_Air_Controller"},{"link_name":"Tactical Air Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tactical_Air_Command"},{"link_name":"O-1E Bird Dog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O-1_Bird_Dog"},{"link_name":"O-2A Skymaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O-2A_Skymaster"},{"link_name":"Douglas A-1 Skyraider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_A-1_Skyraider"},{"link_name":"Orlando AFB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_AFB"},{"link_name":"Naval Training Center Orlando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Training_Center_Orlando"},{"link_name":"Scott AFB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_AFB"},{"link_name":"OV-10 Bronco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OV-10_Bronco"},{"link_name":"Department of Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"3d Aerospace Rescue and Recovery Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3d_Aerospace_Rescue_and_Recovery_Group"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"failed verification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability"}],"text":"The Aerospace Rescue and Recovery Service peacetime force was not equipped, trained, or structured to meet the demands of war in Southeast Asia in the early 1960s. As lessons were learned, the service's rescue capability increased. During the Vietnam War, ARRS crews would save 4,120 people, 2,780 of them in combat situations.At the outset of the Vietnam War, the USAF's primary rescue helicopter was the HH-43B \"Huskie\" manufactured by Kaman Aircraft, which had added a firefighting and better crash rescue capability to secure USAF orders. But the HH-43 was slow, short-ranged and unarmed, having been procured primarily for the local base recovery (LBR) mission at air force bases in the United States and overseas. The LBR concept also included a fire suppression role, with an external AFFF foam bottle and firefighters as part of the flight crew.During June 1961, the HH-43 helicopters, crews, and support personnel of the various major commands were reassigned from their respective home bases and host wings to the Air Rescue Service in an attempt to unify their command structure. Standardized training and mission concepts were also implemented.As the Vietnam War escalated, HH-43 rescue detachments from bases in the continental United States (CONUS) were deployed to air bases in Vietnam and elsewhere in Southeast Asia (SEA) with the new nickname and callsign of \"Pedro.\" The HH-43B's combat radius of only 75 miles (121 km) was increased with added fuel drums strapped in the cabin. It was eventually replaced with the armored HH-43F model, which had additional internal fuel tanks, for use in Area Crew Recovery (ACR) mission. The HH-43F units were staffed with USAF Pararescue personnel as part of the combat recovery team. Throughout the war, both HH-43B and HH-43F helicopters flew deep into North Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia. HH-43 crews saved more lives than any other USAF rescue helicopter in the Vietnam War.[4]USAF air rescue teamIn July 1965, ARS received its first CH-3C, an aircraft considered an adequate aircrew rescue vehicle. Airborne command-and-control of rescue operations was provided in December 1965 with the introduction of the modified Lockheed HC-130H CROWN airborne controller. With the introduction of the HC-130P/N, the air-refuelable HH-3E \"Jolly Green Giant\" in June 1967, and the delivery of the air-refuelable HH-53B \"Super Jolly Green Giant\" (the first helicopter specifically designed for combat search and rescue (CSAR) operations) later that year (the latter two aircraft both being dual-engined helicopters), the now-renamed Military Airlift Command (MAC) and ARRS judged that they finally had the right force structure for combat rescue operations in Vietnam.[5]Other aircraft that were on the rescue mission team included the low and slow-flying Forward Air Controllers (FACs) of the Tactical Air Command (TAC), call sign \"Nail,\" a frequent rescue force component flying the O-1E Bird Dog, and later the O-2A Skymaster.\"Nail\" would initially serve as the on-scene commander during a rescue operation until the arrival of Air Force HC-130 Hercules aircraft using the call sign \"King,\" augmented by Douglas A-1 Skyraider aircraft using the call sign \"Sandy.\" The \"Nail\" aircraft helped locate the downed crew, marking the location with smoke for the \"Sandys\" and pickup helicopters using the callsigns \"Pedro\" or \"Jolly,\" and directing close air support (CAS) against enemy ground troops.In 1968, when Orlando AFB was turned over to the U.S. Navy and redesignated Naval Training Center Orlando, ARRS stateside headquarters moved to Scott AFB, Illinois, and embedded in MAC headquarters.In 1970, TAC-operated OV-10 Bronco aircraft began working with search and rescue forces, replacing the slower unarmed O-1 Bird Dogs and O-2 Skymasters as FAC aircraft. OV-10s equipped with PAVE NAIL night observation equipment could locate survivors at night or in bad weather and helped develop rescue operations that relied more on advanced technology.One Department of Defense report said that one Air Force search and rescue crewman and two aircraft were lost for every 9.2 recoveries in Vietnam, while the Navy lost a crewman for every 1.8 recoveries.[6]ARRS had begun to build its reputation as the world's finest combat rescue force. However, the ARRS continued to be plagued by its own shortsightedness, even as new tactics and doctrine for combined rescue operations were developed. As late as October 1970, Colonel Frederick V. Sohle, commander of the 3d Aerospace Rescue and Recovery Group, would say, \"Our development . . . has been a history of relearning lessons already learned by someone else, but who unfortunately could not or did not document it for others to profit by.\"This lack of documentation and the inability to integrate an institutional memory among ARRS forces (with the possible exception of the pararescue force) would hamper CSAR units well into the 1980s. Consequently, the CSAR mission became subordinate to daily support and auxiliary mission roles. If one lesson could be drawn from the Vietnam War, it was that an effective CSAR force was needed. Unfortunately, the institutional Air Force failed to learn this lesson well and ARRS assets experienced the same neglect and lack of funding which plagued its ARS predecessor.[5][7][failed verification]","title":"Vietnam War"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Civil Air Patrol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Air_Patrol"},{"link_name":"general aviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_aviation"},{"link_name":"CAP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Air_Patrol"},{"link_name":"Scott Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"Air Force Rescue Coordination Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Force_Rescue_Coordination_Center"},{"link_name":"Military Airlift Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Airlift_Command"},{"link_name":"USS Saipan (LHA-2)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Saipan_(LHA-2)"},{"link_name":"emergency evacuation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_evacuation"},{"link_name":"39th Aerospace Rescue and Recovery Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/39th_Aerospace_Rescue_and_Recovery_Wing"},{"link_name":"41st Rescue and Weather Reconnaissance Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=41st_Rescue_and_Weather_Reconnaissance_Wing&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1550th Aircrew Training and Test Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1550th_Aircrew_Training_and_Test_Wing"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"MH-53J Pave Low III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MH-53_Pave_Low"},{"link_name":"RH-53D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RH-53D"},{"link_name":"CH-53D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CH-53D"},{"link_name":"HC-130s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HC-130"},{"link_name":"MC-130s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MC-130"},{"link_name":"1st Special Operations Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Special_Operations_Wing"},{"link_name":"Tactical Air Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tactical_Air_Command"},{"link_name":"UH-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UH-1"},{"link_name":"CH-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CH-3"},{"link_name":"C-130E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-130_Hercules"},{"link_name":"HH-3E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HH-3E"},{"link_name":"MH-60G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MH-60G"},{"link_name":"Military Airlift Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Airlift_Command"},{"link_name":"23rd Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty-Third_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Tactical Air Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tactical_Air_Command"},{"link_name":"McClellan AFB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McClellan_AFB"},{"link_name":"Operation DESERT STORM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_War"},{"link_name":"C-130","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-130_Hercules"},{"link_name":"U.S. Air Forces in Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Air_Forces_in_Europe"},{"link_name":"Pacific Air Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Air_Forces"},{"link_name":"Air Combat Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Combat_Command"},{"link_name":"C-141","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-141_Starlifter"},{"link_name":"C-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-5_Galaxy"},{"link_name":"KC-135","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KC-135_Stratotanker"},{"link_name":"KC-10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KC-10_Extender"},{"link_name":"Strategic Air Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_Air_Command"},{"link_name":"Air Mobility Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Mobility_Command"},{"link_name":"[note 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Twenty-Third Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty-Third_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Air Force Special Operations Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Force_Special_Operations_Command"},{"link_name":"Base Realignment and Closure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_Realignment_and_Closure"},{"link_name":"Air Combat Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Combat_Command"},{"link_name":"AWACS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airborne_early_warning_and_control"},{"link_name":"Langley Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langley_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"Air Force Reserve Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Force_Reserve_Command"},{"link_name":"Air National Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_National_Guard"},{"link_name":"MC-130P Combat Shadow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MC-130"},{"link_name":"HH-60G Pave Hawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HH-60G"},{"link_name":"MH-53J/M Pave Low IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MH-53"},{"link_name":"1st Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"U.S. Northern Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Northern_Command"},{"link_name":"Tyndall AFB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyndall_AFB"},{"link_name":"601st Air Operations Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/601st_Air_Operations_Center"},{"link_name":"NORAD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NORAD"}],"text":"In addition to overseas taskings, stateside taskings for ARRS also continued. Before 1974, the Air Force had divided the continental United States into three regions, each with a separate Air Force Rescue Coordination Center. In addition to ARRS aircraft, these AFRCCs also coordinated the use of Civil Air Patrol volunteers and their CAP aircraft and ground support units in their role as the civilian USAF Auxiliary, primarily in searches for missing US civilian general aviation aircraft in the United States, leaving stateside ARRS aircraft and units to concentrate on training, stateside military aircraft mishaps, NASA support, or complex SAR or disaster evolutions that were outside the capability of the air and ground assets of local civilian authorities or the CAP.In May 1974, the Air Force consolidated the three centers into one facility at Scott Air Force Base, Illinois. This single-site Air Force Rescue Coordination Center (AFRCC) allowed co-location with Headquarters, Military Airlift Command; provided better coordination of activities; improved communications and economy of operations; and standardized procedures. The newly formed AFRCC also permitted operations with fewer people while creating a more experienced staff.The withdrawal of U.S. combat forces from the Vietnam War was reminiscent of the massive drawdown of CSAR assets that occurred following the Korean War. After Vietnam, a few notable rescue operations took place, such as the deployment of ARRS helicopters aboard the USS Saipan (LHA-2) in June and August 1979 in support of a possible emergency evacuation of US personnel in Nicaragua following the Communist Sandinista takeover. However, such missions occurred infrequently.As 1976 began, the ARRS had its headquarters and staff at Scott AFB, Illinois, and commanded three wings and numerous separate squadrons, detachments, and operating locations. Its subordinate wings were the 39th Aerospace Rescue and Recovery Wing (39 ARRW), the 41st Rescue and Weather Reconnaissance Wing (41 RWRW), and the 1550th Aircrew Training and Test Wing.[8]Ironically, a classic contingency/rescue operation proved to be the death knell of the ARRS and, even more ironically, no ARRS helicopter units participated in the operation. The aborted mission to rescue the American Embassy hostages in Teheran, Iran in the spring of 1980 dramatically demonstrated the need for close, realistic coordination and planning of joint-service operations. While it is easy to speculate after the fact about what could have been done differently to make the mission successful, there was little doubt that the ARRS MH-53J Pave Low III aircraft was better suited to the operation. However, modified U.S. Navy RH-53D Sea Stallion mine sweeping aircraft with U.S. Marine Corps flight crews were used instead.In multiple analyses of the aborted rescue attempt, two possible reasons for the use of the RH-53D have been postulated: (1) either the Pave Low system was not yet ready for this type of mission because it had just finished lengthy operational testing or, (2) the RH-53D was used to placate the U.S. Marine Corps so they could participate with an aircraft that more closely approximated their own USMC CH-53D Sea Stallions. Certainly, one must concede that Pave Low aircrews, who were trained in the CSAR arena and routinely relied on HC-130s and MC-130s in their daily operations, were the logical choice for this type of mission and had a better aircraft with which to conduct it. Whatever the case, one point is clear: the entire operation was critically dependent on helicopters. As a result of the botched operation, the U.S. Air Force transferred all ARRS HH-53Es (MH-53E Pave Low III aircraft) to the 1st Special Operations Wing (SOW) and what was then Tactical Air Command control in May 1980. This transfer signaled the end of the ARRS's role in CSAR and precipitated the present distinctions between \"rescue drivers\" and \"special operators.\"Thus, the ARRS was left with an aging fleet of UH-1/HH-1 Iroquois or \"Huey\" (various series), CH-3E and HH-3E Jolly Green Giant aircraft, augmented by HC-130N and HC-130P/N Hercules aircraft converted from C-130E airframes. In effect, the ARRS had no means to accomplish the CSAR mission in the threat environment of the 1980s and 1990s. While the 20-plus-year-old UH-1, with 1960s and 1970s avionics, was no longer useful, the HH-3E continued to provide a measure of effectiveness because of its air-refueling capability and the use of night vision goggles (NVGs). The latter feature allowed aircrews to operate under the cover of darkness, thus decreasing their vulnerability in low-to-medium threat environments.Although ARRS no longer had the proper mix of aircraft to conduct modern CSAR operations, it continued to train crews in the CSAR environment, with emphasis on NVG operations. However, the inactivation of the HH-1 CSAR units in September 1987 closed a valuable pipeline of CSAR-trained aircrew members and limited the combat rescue role to a total of four overseas HH-3E Jolly Green Giant units and a stateside MH-60G special operations-capable Pave Hawk squadron. Furthermore, developments in the mid-1980s called into questions whether the MH-60G would continue to be affiliated with ARRS or with Military Airlift Command's newly formed 23rd Air Force for special operations following the divestiture of all USAF special operations forces from Tactical Air Command (TAC).In August 1989, ARRS was reorganized and reestablished as the Air Rescue Service (ARS) at McClellan AFB, California, again as a subcommand to Military Airlift Command (MAC). However, following Operation DESERT STORM in 1991, subsequent major USAF reorganizations resulted in the disestablishment of Military Airlift Command, the divestment of its C-130 tactical/theater airlift assets to U.S. Air Forces in Europe (USAFE), Pacific Air Forces (PACAF) and the newly created Air Combat Command (ACC), and the integration of its C-141 and C-5 strategic airlift assets with the KC-135 and KC-10 air refueling aircraft assets of the former Strategic Air Command (SAC) in order to create the new Air Mobility Command.[note 1]Meanwhile, MAC's former Twenty-Third Air Force became the nucleus for the new Air Force Special Operations Command (AFSOC). Subsequent Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC) decisions in the 1990s also marked McClellan AFB for closure. Shortly thereafter in 1993, ARS was again disestablished, with most of its CSAR assets transferred to the Air Combat Command (ACC) that had been created by the merger of SAC bomber and strategic reconnaissance forces with the fighter and AWACS assets of the former Tactical Air Command (TAC). Concurrently, a smaller number of forward-based CSAR assets in Europe and the Pacific were transferred to USAFE and PACAF, respectively.In 1993, concurrent with the disestablishment of MAC and the transfer of peacetime and combat search and rescue responsibilities to ACC, the AFRCC moved from Scott AFB to Langley Air Force Base, Virginia. In October 2003, CSAR was temporarily put under AFSOC, resulting in what was thought would be a merger of Regular Air Force, Air Force Reserve Command, and Air National Guard HC-130P/N assets with MC-130P Combat Shadow assets and integration of HH-60G Pave Hawk assets with MH-53J/M Pave Low IV assets. However, this merger proved to be short-lived and the HC-130P/N and HH-60G CSAR assets were ultimately transferred back to ACC claimancy in 2005.During the temporary assignment of the CSAR mission to AFSOC, the AFRCC remained at Langley AFB. However, on 1 Mar 2006, after the transfer of CSAR assets back to ACC, the AFRCC was put under 1st Air Force/Air Forces North (AFNORTH), the Air Force component command to the new U.S. Northern Command (USNORTHCOM) and the ACC's Numbered Air Force for the air defense fighter assets of the Air National Guard. As a result, the AFRCC moved to Tyndall AFB, Florida, where it is now consolidated with the 601st Air Operations Center, giving it greater ability to use Air Force air and space capabilities for search and rescue in the continental United States.The AFNORTH/1AF AOC also gained the responsibility for executing aerial search rescue, and associated personnel recovery operations, for civilian and military aircraft overland in the NORAD-USNORTHCOM area of operations. This resulted in greater efficiencies and capabilities for military personnel and civilians alike.","title":"From Vietnam to Desert Storm"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Air Combat Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Combat_Command"},{"link_name":"rotary-","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotorcraft"},{"link_name":"fixed-wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixed-wing_aircraft"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"The bulk of today's USAF air rescue mission continues to come under the Air Combat Command (ACC). Guardian Angel squadrons consisting of pararescuemen, survival specialists, and combat rescue officers execute all five tasks of personnel recovery: report, locate, support, recover and reintegrate. Enlisted Pararescuemen and commissioned Combat Rescue Officers (CROs) in Guardian Angel recovery teams deploy into uncertain or hostile environments independently or in conjunction with rotary- and fixed-wing aircraft, watercraft, and overland vehicles in order to locate, authenticate, and recover isolated personnel for return to friendly lines.[9]","title":"Current Rescue & Guardian Angel Unit Designations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"347th Rescue Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/347th_Rescue_Group"},{"link_name":"23d Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/23d_Wing"},{"link_name":"Moody AFB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moody_AFB"},{"link_name":"563rd Rescue Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/563rd_Rescue_Group"},{"link_name":"23d Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/23d_Wing"},{"link_name":"Davis-Monthan AFB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davis-Monthan_AFB"},{"link_name":"HC-130P/N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HC-130"},{"link_name":"71st Rescue Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/71st_Rescue_Squadron"},{"link_name":"HH-60G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HH-60G"},{"link_name":"41 RQS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/41st_Rescue_Squadron"},{"link_name":"38 RQS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/38th_Rescue_Squadron"},{"link_name":"HC-130P/N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HC-130"},{"link_name":"HH-60G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HH-60G"},{"link_name":"Davis-Monthan AFB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davis-Monthan_AFB"},{"link_name":"Nellis AFB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nellis_AFB"},{"link_name":"48 RQS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/48th_Rescue_Squadron"},{"link_name":"Davis-Monthan AFB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davis-Monthan_AFB"},{"link_name":"58 RQS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/58th_Rescue_Squadron"},{"link_name":"Nellis AFB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nellis_AFB"},{"link_name":"Air-sea rescue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air-sea_rescue"},{"link_name":"Pacific Air Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Air_Forces"},{"link_name":"United States Air Forces in Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Forces_in_Europe"},{"link_name":"18th Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18th_Wing"},{"link_name":"31st Rescue Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/31st_Rescue_Squadron"},{"link_name":"33rd Rescue Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/33rd_Rescue_Squadron"},{"link_name":"Kadena Air Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadena_Air_Base"},{"link_name":"48th Fighter Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/48th_Fighter_Wing"},{"link_name":"56th Rescue Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/56th_Rescue_Squadron"},{"link_name":"57th Rescue Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/57th_Rescue_Squadron"},{"link_name":"RAF Lakenheath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Lakenheath"},{"link_name":"Naval Air Station Keflavik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Keflavik"},{"link_name":"HH-60G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HH-60G"},{"link_name":"HH-60G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HH-60G"},{"link_name":"HH-60G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HH-60G"},{"link_name":"HC-130P","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HC-130P"},{"link_name":"Fairchild Republic A-10 Thunderbolt II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairchild_Republic_A-10_Thunderbolt_II"},{"link_name":"23rd Fighter Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/23rd_Fighter_Group"},{"link_name":"Pope AFB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_AFB"},{"link_name":"Moody AFB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moody_AFB"},{"link_name":"355th Fighter Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/355th_Fighter_Wing"},{"link_name":"Davis-Monthan AFB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davis-Monthan_AFB"},{"link_name":"A-1 Skyraider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-1_Skyraider"},{"link_name":"LTV A-7 Corsair II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LTV_A-7_Corsair_II"},{"link_name":"A-10 Thunderbolt II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-10_Thunderbolt_II"},{"link_name":"HH-60","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HH-60"},{"link_name":"HC-130s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HC-130"},{"link_name":"Air Force Reserve Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Force_Reserve_Command"},{"link_name":"Air National Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_National_Guard"}],"sub_title":"Regular Air Force","text":"As of 1 October 2011, operational ACC rescue units are as follows:347th Rescue Group, part of the 23d Wing at Moody AFB, Georgia\n563rd Rescue Group, a geographically separated unit of the 23d Wing located at Davis-Monthan AFB, ArizonaThe 347 RQG has one HC-130P/N squadron, the 71st Rescue Squadron (71 RQS), one HH-60G squadron, the 41 RQS, and one Guardian Angel Pararescue squadron, the 38 RQS.The 563 RQG has one HC-130P/N squadron, the 79 RQS, two HH-60G squadrons, the 55 RQS at Davis-Monthan AFB, Arizona and the 66 RQS at Nellis AFB, Nevada, and two Guardian Angel Pararescue squadrons, the 48 RQS at Davis-Monthan AFB, Arizona and the 58 RQS at Nellis AFB, Nevada.Air-sea rescue and CSAR assets are also assigned to Pacific Air Forces (PACAF), and United States Air Forces in Europe (USAFE), specifically:the 18th Wing's 31st Rescue Squadron (pararescue) and 33rd Rescue Squadron (HH-60G) at Kadena Air Base, Okinawa, Japan for PACAF, and\nthe 48th Fighter Wing's 56th Rescue Squadron (HH-60G) & 57th Rescue Squadron (pararescue) at RAF Lakenheath in the United Kingdom for USAFE. This unit was previously based at the former Naval Air Station Keflavik, Iceland.In this arrangement, the 31 RQS (Pararescue) and 33 RQS (HH-60G) typically provide support throughout the Western Pacific region, while the 56 RQS (HH-60G) & 57th RQS (Pararescue) provide support in Great Britain and Western Europe.Current CSAR aircraft assets in the Active Air Force include the HH-60G Pave Hawk helicopter, the HC-130P/N Hercules \"Combat King\" aircraft, and the Fairchild Republic A-10 Thunderbolt II (\"Warthog\") attack aircraft. In FY 2008, the A-10s of the 23rd Fighter Group previously based at Pope AFB, North Carolina, relocated back to their previous base of Moody AFB, Georgia where they joined their parent 23rd Wing.In a similar arrangement, the 563 RQG relies on the co-located A-10s of the 355th Fighter Wing at Davis-Monthan AFB, Arizona. Like their A-1 Skyraider and LTV A-7 Corsair II predecessors, the A-10s, designed for close-air support, continue to use the \"Sandy\" call sign and are woven tightly into CSAR operations. When involved in the CSAR mission, A-10s can neutralize enemy threats to friendly survivors on the ground, engaging hostile forces, with their GAU-8 30 mm Gatling gun, which is unique to the A-10 Thunderbolt II. The GAU-8 allows the A-10 to fire on enemy targets with precision in close proximity to friendly forces. A-10s also escort HH-60 helicopters and HC-130s during rescue operations. In addition to ACC A-10 units, other units operating the A-10 in USAFE, PACAF, the Air Force Reserve Command (AFRC) and the Air National Guard (ANG) also routinely exercise and operate with rescue units in the CSAR mission.","title":"Current Rescue & Guardian Angel Unit Designations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Air Force Reserve Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Force_Reserve_Command"},{"link_name":"Air National Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_National_Guard"},{"link_name":"Air Force Reserve Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Force_Reserve_Command"},{"link_name":"920th Rescue Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/920th_Rescue_Wing"},{"link_name":"Patrick Space Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Space_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"NASA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA"},{"link_name":"John F. Kennedy Space Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Space_Center"},{"link_name":"Hurricane Katrina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina"},{"link_name":"Patrick Space Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Space_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"39th Rescue Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/39th_Rescue_Squadron"},{"link_name":"HC-130P/N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HC-130"},{"link_name":"301st Rescue Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/301st_Rescue_Squadron"},{"link_name":"HH-60G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HH-60G"},{"link_name":"943rd Rescue Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/943d_Rescue_Group"},{"link_name":"Davis-Monthan AFB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davis-Monthan_AFB"},{"link_name":"305th Rescue Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/305th_Rescue_Squadron"},{"link_name":"HH-60G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HH-60G"},{"link_name":"Davis-Monthan AFB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davis-Monthan_AFB"},{"link_name":"304th Rescue Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/304th_Rescue_Squadron"},{"link_name":"Pararescue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pararescue"},{"link_name":"Portland International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Portland Air National Guard Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland_Air_National_Guard_Base"},{"link_name":"Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon"}],"sub_title":"Air Force Reserve Command","text":"Additional CSAR forces also exist in the Air Reserve Component (ARC), composed of both the Air Force Reserve Command (AFRC) and the Air National Guard (ANG).In the Air Force Reserve Command (AFRC), the ACC-gained 920th Rescue Wing at Patrick Space Force Base, Florida is structured for both CSAR and peacetime SAR, to include principal DoD responsibility for crewed spaceflight rescue support to NASA's John F. Kennedy Space Center, as well as Defense Support to Civil Authorities (DSCA), such as those the wing provided in the wake of Hurricane Katrina in 2005.The 920 RQW's operational capability is centered on the following units at Patrick Space Force Base:39th Rescue Squadron (HC-130P/N)\n301st Rescue Squadron (HH-60G), and\n308th Rescue Squadron (Pararescue/Guardian Angel)The 920 RQW also contains additional Geographically Separated Units (GSUs) consisting of the:943rd Rescue Group (943 RQG) at Davis-Monthan AFB, Arizona\n305th Rescue Squadron (HH-60G) at Davis-Monthan AFB\n306th Rescue Squadron (Pararescue/Guardian Angel) at Davis-Monthan AFB, and\n304th Rescue Squadron (Pararescue) at Portland International Airport / Portland Air National Guard Base (formerly Portland Air Reserve Station), Oregon. The 304 RQS also flew the HH-60G as a GSU until its inactivation.","title":"Current Rescue & Guardian Angel Unit Designations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Air National Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_National_Guard"},{"link_name":"New York Air National Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Air_National_Guard"},{"link_name":"106th Rescue Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/106th_Rescue_Wing"},{"link_name":"Francis S. Gabreski Air National Guard Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_S._Gabreski_Air_National_Guard_Base"},{"link_name":"Suffolk County AFB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffolk_County_AFB"},{"link_name":"102nd Rescue Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/102nd_Rescue_Squadron"},{"link_name":"HC-130P","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HC-130P"},{"link_name":"HH-60G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HH-60G"},{"link_name":"Air National Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_National_Guard"},{"link_name":"Air National Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_National_Guard"},{"link_name":"California Air National Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Air_National_Guard"},{"link_name":"129th Rescue Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/129th_Rescue_Wing"},{"link_name":"Moffett Federal Airfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moffett_Federal_Airfield"},{"link_name":"Naval Air Station Moffett Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Moffett_Field"},{"link_name":"HH-60G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HH-60G"},{"link_name":"HC-130J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_HC-130#U.S._Air_Force_HC-130J_Combat_King_II"},{"link_name":"Alaska Air National Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska_Air_National_Guard"},{"link_name":"176th Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/176th_Wing"},{"link_name":"Kulis Air National Guard Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulis_Air_National_Guard_Base"},{"link_name":"Elmendorf AFB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmendorf_AFB"},{"link_name":"210 RQS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/210th_Rescue_Squadron"},{"link_name":"HH-60G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HH-60G"},{"link_name":"211 RQS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/211th_Rescue_Squadron"},{"link_name":"HC-130P/N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HC-130"},{"link_name":"212 RQS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/212th_Rescue_Squadron"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Flying Tigers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_Tigers"}],"sub_title":"Air National Guard","text":"In the Air National Guard, the ACC-gained New York Air National Guard's 106th Rescue Wing at Francis S. Gabreski Air National Guard Base (former Suffolk County AFB), New York is structured similar to the Air Force Reserve's 920 RQW. The major difference between these two wings is that in the 106 RQW, all operational capability is centered on a single composite-organized rescue squadron, the 102nd Rescue Squadron (102 RQS), merging HC-130P/N, HH-60G and Pararescue assets into a single squadron. The 102 RQS is also the oldest Air National Guard unit in the United States, tracing its roots back to the 1st Aero Squadron which was formed in New York in 1908.Two additional \"hybrid\" rescue units are also present in the Air National Guard. The California Air National Guard's 129th Rescue Wing (129 RQW) is based at Moffett Federal Airfield (former Naval Air Station Moffett Field), California with operational capability centered in the 129 RQS (HH-60G), 130 RQS (HC-130J) and 131 RQS (Pararescue).The Alaska Air National Guard's 176th Wing, a PACAF-gained composite wing formerly located at Kulis Air National Guard Base and now located at Elmendorf AFB, Alaska, also contains both a conventional air-sea rescue and CSAR capability resident in the 210 RQS (HH-60G), 211 RQS (HC-130P/N) and 212 RQS (Pararescue).Among these various remaining CSAR forces, the 23rd Wing is now considered the principal CSAR organization for the U.S. Air Force[10] and carries the heritage and banner of the renowned Flying Tigers, which fought against the Japanese in World War II and earned fame by advancing tactically against Japan's multiple successes early in the war. But while the banner and shield of the old \"Air Rescue Angel\" has been committed to Air Force history, the banner is still near and dear in the hearts of all Air Force CSAR personnel, committed to the credo of \"These things we do, that others may live.\"","title":"Current Rescue & Guardian Angel Unit Designations"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"62d Air Force Base Unit62d Army Air Forces Base Unit (Search and Rescue Service) organized on 5 December 194562d Army Air Forces Base Unit redescribed 62d Army Air Forces Base Unit (Search and Rescue) on 23 January 1946\n62d Army Air Forces Base Unit redescribed 62d Army Air Forces Base Unit (Headquarters, Air Rescue Service) on 23 January 1946\n62d Army Air Forces Base Unit redesignated 62d Air Force Base Unit (Headquarters, Air Rescue Service) on 26 September 1947\n62d Air Force Base Unit (Headquarters, Air Rescue Service) discontinued on 3 March 1948 and replaced by Headquarters, Air Rescue ServiceUSAF Combat Rescue SchoolConstituted as Air Rescue ServiceActivated on 13 March 1946\nRedesignated Aerospace Rescue and Recovery Service on 8 January 1966\nRedesignated Air Rescue Service on 1 June 1989\nRedesignated USAF Combat Rescue School on 2 July 1993\nInactivated on 15 July 1995","title":"Lineage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Army Air Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_Air_Forces"},{"link_name":"Air Transport Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Transport_Command"},{"link_name":"Twenty-Third Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty-Third_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Air Mobility Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Mobility_Command"},{"link_name":"Air Combat Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Combat_Command"},{"link_name":"57th Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/57th_Wing"}],"sub_title":"Assignments","text":"62d Army Air Forces Base Unit (Search and Rescue Service) assigned to Headquarters, Army Air Forces, 5 December 1945\nAir Transport Command (later Military Air Transport Command, Military Airlift Command), 13 March 1946\nTwenty-Third Air Force, March 1983\nMilitary Airlift Command, May 1990\nAir Mobility Command 1 June 1992\nAir Combat Command, February 1993\n57th Wing, 2 July 1993 – 15 Jul 1995","title":"Lineage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Caribbean Air Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean_Air_Command"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Thirteenth Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirteenth_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Pacific Air Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Air_Forces"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2ARGlh-14"},{"link_name":"Fifth Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"314th Air Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/314th_Air_Division"},{"link_name":"Japan Air Defense Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Air_Defense_Force"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"2d Air Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2d_Air_Division"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"United States Air Forces in Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Forces_in_Europe_%E2%80%93_Air_Forces_Africa"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"4404th Operations Group (Provisional)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=4404th_Operations_Group_(Provisional)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"326th Air Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/326th_Air_Division"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[note 2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"sub_title":"Components","text":"CentersAerospace Rescue & Recovery Training Center, 7 February 1969 – 30 June 71\nAir Force Rescue Coordination Center, May 1974 – c. 1 June 1989, unknown – c. 1 March 1993\nAtlantic Air Rescue Center (later Atlantic Aerospace Rescue & Recovery Center, 40th Aerospace Rescue & Recovery Wing), 8 October 1961 – 30 June 1973\nCentral Air Rescue Center (later Central Aerospace Rescue & Recovery Center), 16 February 1961 – 1 January 70\nEastern Air Rescue Center (later Eastern Aerospace Rescue & Recovery Center), 16 February 1961 – 1 January 70\nPacific Air Rescue Center (later Pacific Aerospace Rescue & Recovery Center, 41st Aerospace Rescue & Recovery Wing, 41st Rescue & Weather Reconnaissance Wing), 8 October 1961 – 1 October 1983\nWestern Air Rescue Center (later Western Aerospace Rescue & Recovery Center), 16 February 1961 – 1 January 1970Wings39 Aerospace Rescue & Recovery Wing, 1 January 1970 – 1 October 1983[11]\n40th Aerospace Rescue & Recovery Wing (see Atlantic Air Rescue Center)\n41st Aerospace Rescue & Recovery Wing, 41st Rescue & Weather Reconnaissance Wing (see Pacific Air Rescue Center)Groups1st Air Rescue Group (see 1st Rescue Squadron)\n2d Air Rescue Group (see 2d Rescue Squadron)\n3d Air Rescue Group (see 3d Rescue Squadron)\n4th Air Rescue Group (see 4th Rescue Squadron)\n5th Air Rescue Group (see 5th Emergency Rescue Squadron)\n6th Air Rescue Group (see 6th Rescue Squadron)\n7th Air Rescue Group (see 7th Rescue Squadron)\n8th Air Rescue Group, 1 April 1954 – 30 June 58\n9th Air Rescue Group (see 9th Air Rescue Squadron)\n10th Air Rescue Group (see 10th Rescue Squadron)\n11th Air Rescue Group (see 11th Air Rescue Squadron)\n12th Air Rescue Group (see 12th Air Rescue Squadron)\n14th Air Rescue Group, 14 May 1953 – 15 December 1957SquadronsAir Rescue Squadron, Provisional, 1, attached\t25 January 1963 – 1 November 1963\n1st Rescue Squadron (later 1st Air Rescue Squadron, 1st Air Rescue Group), 1 September 1949 – 8 December 1956 (attached to Caribbean Air Command after 14 November 1952)[12]\n2d Rescue Squadron (later 2d Air Rescue Squadron, 2d Air Rescue Group), 1 May 1949 – 24 June 1958 (attached to Thirteenth Air Force November 1952 - November 1955, Pacific Air Forces thereafter)[13]\n3d Rescue Squadron (later 3d Air Rescue Squadron, 3d Air Rescue Group), 1 May 1949 – 18 June 1957 (attached to Fifth Air Force, 1 May 1949, 314th Air Division, 18 May 1951 Japan Air Defense Force 14 November 1952, Far East Air Forces after 1 August 1954)[14]\n4th Rescue Squadron (later 4th Air Rescue Squadron, 4th Air Rescue Group), 1 May 1949 – 8 December 1956\n5th Emergency Rescue Squadron (later 5th Rescue Squadron, 5th Air Rescue Squadron, 5th Air Rescue Group), March 1946 – 8 December 56\n6th Rescue Squadron (later 6th Air Rescue Squadron, 6th Air Rescue Group), c. 1 September 1949 – 18 February 1958\n7th Rescue Squadron (later 7th Air Rescue Squadron, 7th Air Rescue Group), 1 September 49 – 8 December 1956\n9th Air Rescue Sq (later 9th Air Rescue Group), 10 August 1950 – 24 June 1958\n10th Rescue Sq (later 10th Air Rescue Squadron, 10th Air Rescue Group), c. 1 January 1950 – 8 January 1958\n11th Air Rescue Squadron (later 11th Air Rescue Group), 12 February 1951 – 16 February 1954\n12th Air Rescue Sq (later 12th Air Rescue Group), 1 March 1952 – 18 February 1958\n31st Air Rescue Squadron (later 31st Aerospace Rescue & Recovery Squadron), 24 June 1958 – 18 September 1960, 8 July 1963 – April 1967 (attached to Pacific Air Rescue Center (later Pacific Aerospace Rescue & Recovery Center after 8 July 1963))[15]\n33d Air Rescue Squadron (later 33d Air Recovery Squadron, 33d Aerospace Rescue & Recovery Squadron), 24 June 1958 – 18 March 1960 (attached to Pacific Air Forces until 17 Mar 1959, then to Detachment 2, Air Rescue Service (Pacific Recovery Operations Center)), 18 June 1961 – 1 April 1967 (attached to Detachment 1, Air Rescue Service (Pacific Recovery Operations Center) until 8 October 1961, then to Pacific Air Rescue Center (later Pacific Aerospace Rescue and Recovery Center).[16]\n36th Air Rescue Squadron (later 36th Air Recovery Squadron, 36th Aerospace Rescue & Recovery Squadron), 24 June 1958 – 18 March 1960 (attached to Fifth Air Force), 18 June 1961 – 1 April 1967 (attached to Fifth Air Force)[17]\n38th Air Rescue Squadron, 1 July 1965 – 8 January 1966 (attached to 2d Air Division)[18]\n39th Air Rescue Squadron, 1 January 1992 – 1 February 1993[19]\n41st Air Rescue Squadron (later 41st Aerospace Rescue & Recovery Squadron), 8 December 1956 – 18 March 1960, 8 January 1962 – 1 January 1970[20]\n46th Air Rescue Squadron, 8 December 1956 – 18 March 1960\n48th Air Rescue Squadron (later 48th Air Recovery Squadron, 48th Aerospace Rescue & Recovery Squadron), 8 December 1956 – 7 February 1969[21]\n53d Air Rescue Squadron, 18 February 1958 – 18 April 1960\n54th Air Rescue Squadron (later 54th Air Recovery Squadron, 54th Aerospace Rescue & Recovery Squadron), 18 February 1958 – 18 June 1960, 18 June 1961 – 1 January 1970[22]\n55th Air Rescue Squadron (later 55th Aerospace Rescue & Recovery Squadron), 18 February 1958 – 18 June 1960, 18 June 1961 – 1 January 1970[23]\n56th Air Rescue Squadron, 18 February 1958 – 18 March 1960 (attached to Detachment 3, 8 Air Rescue Group 18 February 1958, Detachment 3, Air Rescue Service after 18 March 1959)[24]\n57th Air Rescue Squadron (later 57th Air Recovery Squadron), 24 June 1958 – 8 January 1966\n58th Air Rescue Squadron (later 58th Aerospace Rescue & Recovery Squadron), 8 December 1956 – 18 September 1960 (attached to United States Air Forces in Europe), 18 June 1961 – 1 April 1967[25]\n64th Air Rescue Squadron, 20 June 1958 – 18 June 1960\n66th Air Rescue Squadron, 1 March 1991 – 1 February 1993 (attached to 4404th Operations Group (Provisional) after 25 January 1993)[26]\n67th Air Rescue Squadron (later 67th Air Recovery Squadron, 67th Aerospace Rescue & Recovery Squadron), 24 June 1958 – 18 March 60, 18 June 1961 – 8 April 1967[27]\n71st Air Rescue Squadron, 21 October 1957 – 18 March 1960, 1 August 1989 – 30 June 1991, 1 October 1991 – 1 February 1993[28]\n76th Air Rescue Squadron (later 76th Aerospace Rescue & Recovery Squadron), 24 June 1958 – 1975 (attached to 326th Air Division until May 1959, 6486th Air Base Wing until 1975)\n79th Air Rescue Squadron (later 79th Aerospace Rescue & Recovery Squadron), 24 June 1958 – 18 September 1960, 18 June 1961 – c.1 April 1967[29]\n2156th Air Rescue Squadron (see 2156th Air Rescue Unit)\n2157th Air Rescue Squadron, 1 March 1952 – 8 April 1956\n2157th Air Rescue Squadron,[note 2] 1 February 1958 – 18 March 1959Flights1060th Air Rescue Flt (later 2153d Rescue Unit), 1 June 1948 – 1 September 49\n1061st Air Rescue Flt (later 2154th Rescue Unit), 1 June 1948 – 1 September 49Units8th Rescue Unit, 1 March 1948 – 28 August 1948\n9th Rescue Unit, 1 March 1948 – 28 August 1948\n511th Air Force Base Unit (Air Rescue Flight), 16 May 1948 – 3 June 1948\n512th Air Force Base Unit (Air Rescue Flight), 1 May 1948 – 3 June 1948\n1050th Air Rescue Unit (later 2152d Rescue Unit), 1 June 1948 – c. 1 September 1949\n2150th Rescue Unit, 26 August 1948 – 1 September 1949\n2151st Rescue Unit, 26 August 1948 – 1 September 1949\n2152d Rescue Unit (see 1050th Air Rescue Unit)\n2153d Rescue Unit (see 1060th Air Rescue Flight)\n2154th Rescue Unit (see 1061st Air Rescue Flight)\n2155th Rescue Unit, 1 July 1949 – 1 September 1949\n2156th Air Rescue Unit (Transition Training Unit) (later 2156th Air Rescue Squadron (Transition Training Unit)), 1 January 1950 – 24 Oct 51","title":"Lineage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Andrews Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrews_Field"},{"link_name":"Gravelly Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravelly_Point"},{"link_name":"Morrison Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morrison_Field"},{"link_name":"MacDill Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacDill_Field"},{"link_name":"Orlando Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"Scott Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"McClellan Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McClellan_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"Nellis Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nellis_Air_Force_Base"}],"sub_title":"Stations","text":"Andrews Field, Maryland, 5 December 1945/13 March 1946\nGravelly Point Virginia, June 1946\nMorrison Field, Florida, July 1946\nMacDill Field, Florida, July 1947\nOrlando Air Force Base, Florida, December 1947\nScott Air Force Base, Illinois, July 1968\nMcClellan Air Force Base, California 1 June 1989\nNellis Air Force Base, Nevada, 1 July 1993 – 15 July 1995","title":"Lineage"}]
[{"image_text":"USAF air rescue team","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/U.S._Air_Force_Combat_Search_and_Rescue_team_in_flight_over_Vietnam%2C_in_1968_%28090810-F-1234O-015%29.jpg/220px-U.S._Air_Force_Combat_Search_and_Rescue_team_in_flight_over_Vietnam%2C_in_1968_%28090810-F-1234O-015%29.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Last Albatross leaves Pac ARRC after 18 years' Pacific service\" (PDF). Searcher. 1 (1). Pacific Aerospace Rescue and Recovery Center. November 1968. Retrieved 9 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:SEARCHER,_Vol._1,_No._1,_November_1968.pdf","url_text":"\"Last Albatross leaves Pac ARRC after 18 years' Pacific service\""}]},{"reference":"\"Heritage of the Combat Search and Rescue Professionals\". United States Air Force Special Operations Command. Archived from the original on 16 October 2013. Retrieved 9 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131016233800/http://www2.afsoc.af.mil/library/afsocheritage/afsoccsarheritage.asp","url_text":"\"Heritage of the Combat Search and Rescue Professionals\""},{"url":"http://www2.afsoc.af.mil/library/afsocheritage/afsoccsarheritage.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Peck, Michael (May 2006). \"Combat Rescue Units See Shift in Missions\". National Defense Magazine. Archived from the original on 9 July 2016. Retrieved 9 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160709193315/http://www.nationaldefensemagazine.org/archive/2006/May/Pages/CombatRescue5333.aspx","url_text":"\"Combat Rescue Units See Shift in Missions\""},{"url":"http://www.nationaldefensemagazine.org/archive/2006/May/Pages/CombatRescue5333.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Combat Search and Rescue in Southeast Asia\". National Museum of the US Air Force. 18 May 2015. Archived from the original on 9 July 2016. Retrieved 9 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160709193102/http://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/Visit/MuseumExhibits/FactSheets/Display/tabid/509/Article/195919/combat-search-and-rescue-in-southeast-asia.aspx","url_text":"\"Combat Search and Rescue in Southeast Asia\""},{"url":"http://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/Visit/MuseumExhibits/FactSheets/Display/tabid/509/Article/195919/combat-search-and-rescue-in-southeast-asia.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Whitcomb, Darrel D. (2012). On a Steel Horse I Ride: A History of the MH-53 Pave Low Helicopters in War and Peace (PDF). Montgomery, Alabama: Air University Press. p. 92. ISBN 978-1-58566-220-3.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.afsoc.af.mil/Portals/86/documents/history/AFD-131112-025.pdf","url_text":"On a Steel Horse I Ride: A History of the MH-53 Pave Low Helicopters in War and Peace"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58566-220-3","url_text":"978-1-58566-220-3"}]},{"reference":"\"Tenant Units at Nellis AFB\". United States Air Force. 8 January 2013. Retrieved 9 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nellis.af.mil/About/FactSheets/Display/tabid/6485/Article/284153/tenant-units-at-nellis-afb.aspx","url_text":"\"Tenant Units at Nellis AFB\""}]},{"reference":"Gyokeres, Tech. Sgt. Parker (4 May 2007). \"His mission complete, 'The Boss' prepares for next role at ACC\". Moody Air Force Base. Retrieved 27 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.moody.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/211915/his-mission-complete-the-boss-prepares-for-next-role-at-acc/","url_text":"\"His mission complete, 'The Boss' prepares for next role at ACC\""}]},{"reference":"Haulman, Daniel L. (18 May 2017). \"Factsheet 352 Special Operations Wing (AFSOC)\". Air Force Historical Research Agency. Retrieved 27 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.afhra.af.mil/About-Us/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/1055498/352-special-operations-wing-afsoc/","url_text":"\"Factsheet 352 Special Operations Wing (AFSOC)\""}]},{"reference":"Haulman, Daniel L. (8 July 2015). \"Factsheet 1 Expeditionary Rescue Group (ACC)\". Air Force Historical Research Agency. Retrieved 2 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.afhra.af.mil/About-Us/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/862206/1-expeditionary-rescue-group-acc/","url_text":"\"Factsheet 1 Expeditionary Rescue Group (ACC)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Force_Historical_Research_Agency","url_text":"Air Force Historical Research Agency"}]},{"reference":"Bailey, Carl E. (2 January 2008). \"Factsheet 563 Rescue Group (AFSOC)\". Air Force Historical Research Agency. Retrieved 5 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.afhra.af.mil/About-Us/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/433964/563-rescue-group-afsoc/","url_text":"\"Factsheet 563 Rescue Group (AFSOC)\""}]},{"reference":"Robertson, Patsy (10 December 2007). \"Factsheet 31 Rescue Squadron (PACAF)\". Air Force Historical Research Agency. Retrieved 7 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.afhra.af.mil/About-Us/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/434091/31-rescue-squadron-pacaf/","url_text":"\"Factsheet 31 Rescue Squadron (PACAF)\""}]},{"reference":"Robertson, Patsy (2 April 2014). \"Factsheet 33 Rescue Squadron (PACAF)\". Air Force Historical Research Agency. Archived from the original on 27 September 2015. Retrieved 6 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150927111839/http://www.afhra.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=10608","url_text":"\"Factsheet 33 Rescue Squadron (PACAF)\""},{"url":"http://www.afhra.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=10608","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bailey, Carl E. (2 August 2017). \"Factsheet 36 Rescue Squadron (AETC)\". Air Force Historical Research Agency. Retrieved 17 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.afhra.af.mil/About-Us/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/434078/36-rescue-flight-aetc/","url_text":"\"Factsheet 36 Rescue Squadron (AETC)\""}]},{"reference":"Dollman, TSG David (19 October 2016). \"Factsheet 38 Rescue Squadron (ACC)\". Air Force Historical Research Agency. Retrieved 5 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.afhra.af.mil/About-Us/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/434072/38-rescue-squadron-acc/","url_text":"\"Factsheet 38 Rescue Squadron (ACC)\""}]},{"reference":"Dollman, TSG David (18 October 2016). \"Factsheet 39 Rescue Squadron (AFRC)\". Air Force Historical Research Agency. Retrieved 27 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.afhra.af.mil/About-Us/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/434070/39-rescue-squadron-afrc/","url_text":"\"Factsheet 39 Rescue Squadron (AFRC)\""}]},{"reference":"Dollman, TSG David (11 October 2016). \"Factsheet 41 Rescue Squadron (ACC)\". Air Force Historical Research Agency. Retrieved 9 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.afhra.af.mil/About-Us/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/432208/41-rescue-squadron-acc/","url_text":"\"Factsheet 41 Rescue Squadron (ACC)\""}]},{"reference":"Bailey, Carl E. (18 December 2007). \"Factsheet 48 Rescue Squadron (AFSOC)\". Air Force Historical Research Agency. Retrieved 24 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.afhra.af.mil/About-Us/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/434056/48-rescue-squadron-afsoc/","url_text":"\"Factsheet 48 Rescue Squadron (AFSOC)\""}]},{"reference":"Robertson, Patsy (3 September 2015). \"Factsheet 54 Helicopter Squadron (AFGSC)\". Air Force Historical Research Agency. Archived from the original on 28 September 2015. Retrieved 21 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150928002653/http://www.afhra.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=16774","url_text":"\"Factsheet 54 Helicopter Squadron (AFGSC)\""},{"url":"http://www.afhra.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=16774","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Haulman, Daniel L. (12 May 2017). \"Factsheet 55 Rescue Squadron (ACC)\". Air Force Historical Research Agency. Retrieved 28 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.afhra.af.mil/About-Us/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/432182/55-rescue-squadron-acc/","url_text":"\"Factsheet 55 Rescue Squadron (ACC)\""}]},{"reference":"Robertson, Patsy (6 May 2013). \"Factsheet 56 Rescue Squadron (USAFE)\". Air Force Historical Research Agency. Retrieved 15 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.afhra.af.mil/About-Us/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/431952/56-rescue-squadron-usafe/","url_text":"\"Factsheet 56 Rescue Squadron (USAFE)\""}]},{"reference":"Endicott, Judy G. (20 December 2007). \"Factsheet 58 Rescue Squadron (ACC)\". Air Force Historical Research Agency. Retrieved 4 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.afhra.af.mil/About-Us/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/434041/58-rescue-squadron-acc/","url_text":"\"Factsheet 58 Rescue Squadron (ACC)\""}]},{"reference":"Haulman, Daniel (27 March 2017). \"Factsheet 66 Rescue Squadron (ACC)\". Air Force Historical Research Agency. Retrieved 3 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.afhra.af.mil/About-Us/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/433581/66-rescue-squadron/","url_text":"\"Factsheet 66 Rescue Squadron (ACC)\""}]},{"reference":"Robertson, Patsy (20 June 2011). \"Factsheet 67 Special Operations Squadron (AFSOC)\". Air Force Historical Research Agency. Retrieved 2 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.afhra.af.mil/About-Us/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/432268/67-special-operations-squadron-afsoc/","url_text":"\"Factsheet 67 Special Operations Squadron (AFSOC)\""}]},{"reference":"Bailey, Carl E. (27 March 2015). \"Factsheet 71 Rescue Squadron\". Air Force Historical Research Agency. Archived from the original on 27 September 2015. Retrieved 18 September 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150927112103/http://www.afhra.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=12080","url_text":"\"Factsheet 71 Rescue Squadron\""},{"url":"http://www.afhra.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=12080","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Dollman, TSG David (19 June 2017). \"Factsheet 79 Rescue Squadron (ACC)\". Air Force Historical Research Agency. Retrieved 3 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.afhra.af.mil/About-Us/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/972489/79-rescue-sq-acc/","url_text":"\"Factsheet 79 Rescue Squadron (ACC)\""}]}]
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School\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22United+States+Air+Force+Combat+Rescue+School%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22United+States+Air+Force+Combat+Rescue+School%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22United+States+Air+Force+Combat+Rescue+School%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22United+States+Air+Force+Combat+Rescue+School%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22United+States+Air+Force+Combat+Rescue+School%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_Air_Force_Combat_Rescue_School&action=edit","external_links_name":"help improve it"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161116231650/http://articles.petoskeynews.com/2013-10-11/design-contest_42974833","external_links_name":"'That Others May Live' Petoskey veteran wins design contest, finds out his emblem was approved 61 years later"},{"Link":"http://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/Visit/Museum-Exhibits/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/195884/air-rescue/","external_links_name":"\"Rescue.\""},{"Link":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:SEARCHER,_Vol._1,_No._1,_November_1968.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Last Albatross leaves Pac ARRC after 18 years' Pacific service\""},{"Link":"http://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/Visit/Museum-Exhibits/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/196061/kaman-hh-43b-huskie/","external_links_name":"\"Kaman HH-43B Huskie.\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131016233800/http://www2.afsoc.af.mil/library/afsocheritage/afsoccsarheritage.asp","external_links_name":"\"Heritage of the Combat Search and Rescue Professionals\""},{"Link":"http://www2.afsoc.af.mil/library/afsocheritage/afsoccsarheritage.asp","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160709193315/http://www.nationaldefensemagazine.org/archive/2006/May/Pages/CombatRescue5333.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Combat Rescue Units See Shift in Missions\""},{"Link":"http://www.nationaldefensemagazine.org/archive/2006/May/Pages/CombatRescue5333.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160709193102/http://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/Visit/MuseumExhibits/FactSheets/Display/tabid/509/Article/195919/combat-search-and-rescue-in-southeast-asia.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Combat Search and Rescue in Southeast Asia\""},{"Link":"http://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/Visit/MuseumExhibits/FactSheets/Display/tabid/509/Article/195919/combat-search-and-rescue-in-southeast-asia.aspx","external_links_name":"the 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_sovereignty
Canadian sovereignty
["1 History","2 Canadian monarchy","2.1 Aboriginal peoples","3 Arctic border","4 Telecommunications","5 Provincial sovereignty","5.1 Alberta Sovereignty Within a United Canada Act","5.2 Quebec sovereignty movement","5.3 The Saskatchewan First Act","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]
Power of Canada to govern itself The location of Canada The sovereignty of Canada is, in legal terms, the power of Canada to govern itself and its subjects; it is the ultimate source of Canada's law and order. Sovereignty is also a major cultural matter in Canada. Several matters currently define Canadian sovereignty: the Canadian monarchy, telecommunication, the autonomy of the provinces, and Canada's Arctic border. Canada is a constitutional monarchy. Though unitary, the Canadian Crown is also "divided" equally among the country's 11 jurisdictions: one federal (wherein the sovereign is represented by the governor general) and 10 provincial (the monarch being represented in each by a lieutenant governor). The greater autonomy of each province and territory within the construct of Canadian federalism is also important to Canadian sovereignty. Quebec has twice voted on seceding from Canada. Sovereignty has also been an issue for some of Canada's indigenous peoples. Canada's Telecommunications Act "specifies the need for national ownership and control of Canadian carriers". Since 2005, arctic ice melting in Northern Canada has caused issues affecting Canadian sovereignty, as some arctic countries have come in conflict over an agreement on who owns certain areas in the oil-rich Arctic. History The Fathers of Confederation at the constitutional conference in Quebec, 1864 The origins of Canada's sovereignty lie in the constitutional English and British crowns and the absolute French crown establishing, in the 17th and 18th centuries, governmental institutions in areas that today comprise Canada. As such, Canada was affected by the conflicts in England in the 17th century, between monarch and parliament, over which was the ultimate authority, culminating in the Glorious Revolution of 1688 and the Bill of Rights, 1689, which is today part of Canadian law. With the enactment of the British North America Act, 1867, the modern polity of Canada was founded and was granted self-government. Sovereignty was "carried over" into Canadian constitutional law, but the country's government and legislature were still under the authority of the monarch in her British Council and parliament at Westminster and the final court of appeal was the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council. According to the Supreme Court of Canada, Canadian "sovereignty was acquired in the period between its separate signature of the Treaty of Versailles in 1919 and the Statute of Westminster, 1931", which brought the Balfour Declaration of 1926 into law and its enactment is considered to be moment when the separate Canadian monarchy was established. The Constitution Act, 1982, removed the final few reliances Canada had on the British Parliament, making Canada a completely sovereign nation. Canadian monarchy Main articles: Monarchy of Canada and Monarchy in the Canadian provinces Charles III, King of Canada, as well as of the United Kingdom and 13 other Commonwealth realms, is the country's monarch and, as such, is the focus of the Oath of Allegiance taken by various government officials, civil servants, military members, and new citizens. The King is constitutionally vested with legislative, executive, and judicial power. However, sovereignty in Canada has never rested solely with the monarch, due to the constitutional theories of Edward Coke, refined by Albert Venn Dicey, and the Bill of Rights 1689, later inherited by Canada, establishing the principle of parliamentary sovereignty; the British model of legislative sovereignty vesting in the king-in-parliament. This was later superseded by the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (within the Constitution Act, 1982), which brought into Canada the American notion of the supremacy of the law. Nonetheless, the monarch is still the sovereign of Canada. The crest of the royal coat of arms of Canada, symbolizing Canadian sovereignty The term the Crown is used to represent the power of the monarch and the royal authority is symbolized by elements included in the insignia of various government institutions, the main one being the crest of the royal coat of arms of Canada—a gold lion standing on a wreath of the official colours of Canada, wearing the royal crown, and holding a red maple leaf in its right paw—a symbol of Canadian sovereignty. The King's coat of arms themselves are considered a symbol of Canada's sovereignty. The authority of the monarch is also communicated through the names of various government institutions, such as Court of King's Bench and King's Printer. In Canada's federal system, the head of state is not a part of either the federal or provincial jurisdictions; the King reigns impartially over the country as a whole, meaning the sovereignty of each jurisdiction is passed on not by the federal viceroy or the Canadian Parliament, but through the Crown itself. Thus, the Crown is "divided" into 11 legal jurisdictions, or 11 "crowns"—one federal and 10 provincial—and the monarch similarly is the personification of each provincial state. The Fathers of Confederation viewed this system of constitutional monarchy as a bulwark against any potential fracturing of the Canadian federation. As the institution from which the power of the state flows, the terms the Crown in Right of Canada, His Majesty in Right of Canada, and the King in Right of Canada or any of those terms with the name of a province replacing Canada, may also be used to refer to the entire executive of the government in each jurisdiction. I want the Crown to be seen as a symbol of national sovereignty belonging to all. It is not only a link between Commonwealth nations, but, between Canadian citizens of every national origin and ancestry. Elizabeth II, Queen of Canada, Toronto, Ontario, 1973 This division of sovereignty, with the federal and provincial parliaments each having the sovereign ability to make law, as granted by the Constitution Act, 1867, can lead to conflicts over jurisdiction, which the courts resolve by ruling on which source of sovereign power trumps the other. Per the convention of sovereign immunity, the monarch, whether in his federal or provincial jurisdictions, is free from the scope of foreign courts. Domestically, the Crown in each sphere within Canadian Confederation is also taken to be immune from the Crown in the other spheres; though, the degree to which has changed with the enactment of certain laws and changes in legal thinking. Aboriginal peoples Further information: Monarchy of Canada and the Indigenous peoples of Canada British colonial policy in what is today Canada acknowledged Indigenous tribes as sovereign nations. After Confederation in 1867, the federal approach moved toward the earlier, absolute French Crown's desire for cultural assimilation and Canadian government policy continued that way for approximately a century, until policy shifted to self-determination for Indigenous peoples, to be achieved through treaties and self-government agreements. Mi'kmaq leaders present a portrait of Grand Chief Henri Membertou to Queen Elizabeth II in Halifax, Nova Scotia, 28 June 2010 Unlike in the United States, Indigenous peoples in Canada are not considered to be sovereign; rulings by the Supreme Court of Canada reinforced the notion that the Crown holds sovereignty throughout the country. A still burgeoning jurisprudence developed by the court, however, is the monarch's duty to consult with and accommodate First Nations, Inuit, and Métis, where their rights and interests may be at stake. This derives "from the Crown's assertion of sovereignty in the face of prior Aboriginal occupation", with the honour of the Crown at stake. It has been argued that, by international law, the concept of domestic sovereignty should apply to Indigenous nations within Canada. Contrary to the Supreme Court's rulings, some aboriginal groups have taken to using names that suggest sovereignty on the part of their members, such as the Federation of Sovereign Indigenous Nations in Saskatchewan, which changed its name from the Federation of Saskatchewan Indian Nations in 2016, while others, like the Chiefs of Ontario and the Union of British Columbia Indian Chiefs, claim First Nations are sovereign. Canada in 2016 endorsed the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. Arctic border See also: Territorial claims in the Arctic Under international law, no country currently owns the North Pole or the region of the Arctic Ocean surrounding it. The five Arctic states—Canada, Denmark (via Greenland), Norway, Russia, and the United States (via Alaska)—are limited to a 200-nautical-mile (370 km; 230 mi) economic zone around their coasts. Upon ratification of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, a country has a 10-year period to make claims to extend its 200-nautical-mile zone. Due to this, Norway (ratified the convention in 1996), Russia (ratified in 1997), Canada (ratified in 2003) and Denmark (ratified in 2004) launched projects to base claims that certain Arctic sectors should belong to their territories. The United States has signed, but not yet ratified this treaty. Canadian Coast Guard Ship John A. Macdonald escorts the SS Manhattan through the Northwest Passage, 1969 The status of the Arctic sea region is in dispute. While Canada (since 1925), Denmark, Russia, and Norway all regard parts of the Arctic seas as "national waters" or "internal waters", the United States and most European Union countries officially regard the whole region, including the Northwest Passage, as international waters. The Canadian government considers the Northwest Passage to be Canadian Internal Waters. Canada has orchestrated certain events to assert its sovereignty in the Arctic area, such as when, in 1970, the federal Cabinet advised the Queen of Canada, Elizabeth II, along with her husband, Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, and two of her children, Prince Charles (now King Charles III) and Princess Anne, to tour Inuvik and Tuktoyaktuk, in the Northwest Territories, the latter being on the coast of the Northwest Passage. To emphasise the point, Charles returned the following year to scuba dive under the Arctic ice. In 1969, the SS Manhattan, an American oil tanker, became the first commercial vessel to transit the passage, prompting much debate about Canada's claims to that body of water. In August 2007, Canada's claims in the Arctic were challenged after a Russian underwater expedition to the North Pole. Telecommunications Main article: Telecommunications in Canada Logos of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation from 1940 to present Telecommunications play an essential role in the maintenance of Canada's identity and sovereignty. The Parliament of Canada created the Canada's Telecommunications Act to govern the use of telecommunications. Some of its objectives are "to facilitate the orderly development throughout Canada of a telecommunications system that serves to safeguard, enrich, and strengthen the social and economic fabric of Canada and its regions Promote the use of Canadian transmission facilities for telecommunications within Canada and between Canada and points outside Canada To respond to the economic and social requirements of users of telecommunications services And to contribute to the protection of the privacy of persons." Furthermore, the Telecommunications Act references the Broadcasting Act, which prescribes that broadcasting has an important role in Canadian sovereignty. The Canadian broadcasting system is legislated to be owned and controlled by Canadians. In this case, the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, inaugurated 2 November 1936, has had the role of representing Canadians. CBC was established by the Broadcasting Act, which received royal assent on 23 June 1936, following "a royal commission that was concerned about the growing American influence in radio." Radios, television, and the CBC have significantly helped reunite Canadians and build its sovereignty. Provincial sovereignty Alberta Sovereignty Within a United Canada Act The Legislature of Alberta enacted, on 15 December 2022, the Alberta Sovereignty Within a United Canada Act, with the Executive Council claims to give "Alberta a democratic legislative framework for defending the federal-provincial division of powers while respecting Canada's constitution and the courts" and will be used only when the legislature passes a motion identifying a "specific federal program or piece of legislation as unconstitutional or causing harm to Albertans." The cabinet admits it will abide by court decisions if the aforementioned response is successfully challenged. The Centre Block of the Parliament of Canada in OttawaThe Alberta Legislature Building in Edmonton The act was conceived of as a means by which the province would "no longer recognize claimed authority over provincial areas of constitutional sovereignty." It was based on the Free Alberta Strategy, co-authored by Rob Anderson, Barry Cooper, and Derek From. Cooper was also a co-author of the 2001 Alberta Agenda, which Premier of Alberta Danielle Smith—then a columnist and a 770 CHQR radio host—referred to in her 17 October 2019 Calgary Herald opinion piece as enabling Alberta to become, like Quebec, a "nation within a nation", a view she repeated through her campaign to win the leadership of the United Conservative Party in 2022. During the bill's third reading in the legislature, Smith explained, "it's not like Ottawa is a national government. The way our country works is that we are a federation of sovereign, independent jurisdictions. They are one of those signatories to the constitution and the rest of us, as signatories to the constitution, have a right to exercise our sovereign powers in our own areas of jurisdiction." Various Alberta politicians opposed the act, as did the chiefs representing Treaties 6, 7, and 8, pointing out that the Executive Council had not consulted with indigenous communities. Among potential constitutional challenges envisioned by law professors Martin Olszynski and Nigel Bankes is the "impermissible delegation of legislative authority"—the so-called "Henry VIII clause", which gives the provincial Crown-in-Council the power to amend laws without debate in the legislature—and added that the bill was both "significant" and "unprecedented" in the way it intrudes into the jurisdiction of Canada's superior courts. Quebec sovereignty movement The Quebec sovereignty movement is a political movement aimed at attaining independent statehood for the province of Quebec, with future possibilities of various collaborations with Canada, including sovereignty-association. In practice, separatism, independence, and sovereignty are all used to describe the goal. However, the latter is the term most commonly employed. The coat of arms of Quebec The most apparent reason for separatism is Quebec having a Francophone or predominantly (80%) French-speaking (French-Canadian or Québécois) majority, as compared to the rest of Canada, which consists of eight overwhelmingly (greater than 90%) English-speaking provinces and New Brunswick, which is officially bilingual and about one-third French-speaking. The origins and evolution of the movement are actually fairly complex, however, and extend beyond simply language issues. Some scholars may point to historical events as framing the cause for ongoing support for sovereignty in Quebec, while more contemporary pundits and political actors may point to the aftermath of more recent developments like the Meech Lake Accord or the Charlottetown Accord. The movement itself began in the Quiet Revolution. René Lévesque introduced the concept of sovereignty-association in his manifesto, Option Québec (An Option for Quebec), published in 1967, proposing an association between the governments of Quebec and Canada, evolving from an agreement under international law. Lévesque saw this as the ultimate goal of Quebec separatism. In October 1978, by which time Lévesque was Premier of Quebec, he spelled out the requirements for sovereignty-association in his White Paper on Sovereignty-Association, calling for a common monetary system and a free trade zone, permitting the free passage of goods and people between Quebec and Canada. Any disputes would be settled by a "community council", composed of an equal number of ministers from each side and presided over, alternately, by a Canadian and a Quebecer. This would give Quebec the economic advantages of the federal union and the benefits of political independence. A campaign sign from the 1995 Quebec referendum: "Separation? We are right to say 'No'." The term sovereignty-association fell out of use after the referendum on Quebec's sovereignty in 1980, replaced by the simpler term sovereignty. Whereas the question in that referendum proposed to negotiate sovereignty-association with the Canadian Crown, the referendum in 1995 (which was defeated by a margin of 50.58 per cent "no" to 49.42 per cent "yes") proposed "sovereignty", along with an optional partnership offer to the rest of Canada, asking the question, "do you agree that Québec should become sovereign after having made a formal offer to Canada for a new economic and political partnership within the scope of the bill respecting the future of Québec and of the agreement signed on June 12, 1995?" This proposed an economic and political “partnership” with Canada; sovereignty-partnership was defined more as a form of political independence. Sovereignty-association, in contrast, meant a new agreement on Confederation. The Saskatchewan First Act The Executive Council of Saskatchewan tabled the Saskatchewan First Bill in the provincial parliament on 1 November 2022, intending it to "confirm Saskatchewan's sovereign autonomy." The Attorney General and Minister of Justice, Bronwyn Eyre claimed the law would "help protect our economic growth and prosperity from intrusive federal policies that encroach upon our legislative sovereignty." The bill passed into the Saskatchewan First Act on 16 March 2023. The Federation of Sovereign Indigenous Nations opposed the bill, stating the Executive Council failed in its duty to consult. The Métis Nation—Saskatchewan unanimously rejected the Saskatchewan First Act, stating it "does nothing to advance or recognize Métis rights." See also Canadian identity Canadian nationalism Hans Island References ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l McWhinney, Edward Watson (8 October 2019), "Sovereignty", The Canadian Encyclopedia, Historica Canada, retrieved 5 March 2023 ^ Finlay, Karen A. (2004). The Force of Culture: Vincent Massey and Canadian Sovereignty. University of Toronto Press. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-8020-3624-7. ^ a b "Forsey, Eugene; How Canadians Govern Themselves: The Institutions of Our Federal Government" (6th ed.). Library of Parliament. p. 1. Archived from the original on 7 October 2008. Retrieved 20 December 2008. ^ Mason, Christopher (27 March 2007), "Quebec Liberals Are Re-elected, Avoiding Another Secession Vote", The New York Times, retrieved 21 December 2008 ^ "The Canadian Telecommunications Act (1993) - Overview". Media Awareness Network. 2003. Archived from the original on 30 April 2003. Retrieved 4 July 2023. ^ a b Carter, Lee (23 August 2005). "Canada sends navy to Arctic north". BBC. Retrieved 21 December 2008. ^ "Reference Re: Offshore Mineral Rights". Ottawa: Supreme Court of Canada. 1967. p. 816. ^ a b Campagnolo, Yan (19 October 2022), "Why Québec politicians must swear an oath to the King — even if they don't want to", The Conversation, Academic Journalism Society, retrieved 5 March 2023 ^ Harris, Carolyn (12 January 2023), "Sovereign", The Canadian Encyclopedia, Historica Canada, retrieved 5 March 2023 ^ Newman, Warren J. (2017), "Some Observations on the Queen, the Crown, the Constitution, and the Courts" (PDF), Review of Constitutional Studies, 22 (1), Edmonton: Centre for Constitutional Studies: 67, retrieved 5 March 2023 ^ Office of the Governor General of Canada (14 April 2021), Heraldry > Viceregal Emblems > Governor General's Flag, King's Printer for Canada, archived from the original on 13 December 2021, retrieved 5 March 2023 ^ Newman 2017, p. 63 ^ Forsey, Eugene (1980). "How Canadians Govern Themselves" (PDF). Ottawa: Queen's Printer for Canada. p. 1. Retrieved 4 March 2023. ^ Jackson, Michael, "Golden Jubilee and Provincial Crown" (PDF), Canadian Monarchist News (Spring, 2003), archived from the original (PDF) on 26 October 2007, retrieved 20 December 2008 ^ Smith, David E (1995), The Invisible Crown, University of Toronto Press, p. 26 ^ Memorable Quotations About Canada's Monarchy, Monarchist League of Canada, retrieved 6 March 2023 ^ Walker, Janet (1997), "Interprovincial Sovereign Immunity Revisited", Osgoode Hall Law Journal, 2 (35), retrieved 5 March 2023 ^ Taylor, John Leonadrd (9 December 2020), "Indigenous Peoples and Government Policy in Canada", The Canadian Encyclopedia, Historica Canada, retrieved 6 March 2023 ^ Haida Nation v British Columbia (Minister of Forests), 3 Haida Nation, 73 (Supreme Court of Canada 2004)511 ^ Taku River Tlingit First Nation v British Columbia (Project Assessment Director), 3 Taku River, 74 (Supreme Court of Canada 2004)550 ^ Mikasew Cree First Nation v Canada (Minister of Canadian Heritage), 3, 69 (Supreme Court of Canada 2005)388 ^ ^ Newman 2017, p. 74 ^ a b c Hunter, Adam (3 December 2022), Sask. political leaders have little to say about Alberta's proposed Sovereignty Act, CBC News, retrieved 6 March 2023 ^ Dropping the word Indian, FSIN chiefs vote to change organization's name, CBC News, 26 May 2016, retrieved 6 March 2023 ^ Chiefs of Ontario, Sovereignty, retrieved 6 March 2023 ^ First Nations and Indigenous Studies at the University of British Columbia, Indigenous Foundations, First Nations Studies Program, retrieved 6 March 2023 ^ Russia Arctic DC, Yahoo News, 2 August 2007 ^ "United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (Annex 2, Article 4)". Retrieved 26 July 2007. ^ a b c d "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 July 2007. Retrieved 11 July 2007.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ^ Blomfield, Adrian (3 August 2007), "Russia claims North Pole with Arctic flag stunt", The Daily Telegraph, archived from the original on 28 April 2011, retrieved 23 May 2011 ^ Harris, Caroline (18 October 2013). "Princess Anne's visit strengthens bond with Kingston". Kingston Whig-Standard. Retrieved 20 October 2013. ^ "The Queen and the North", Up Here, no. August/September 2016, 23 August 2016, retrieved 5 July 2020 ^ Fraser, John (26 April 2023), "What the reign of King Charles III means for Canada", Canadian Georgraphic, Royal Canadian Geographical Society, retrieved 27 April 2023 ^ a b c Government of Canada, Department of Justice Canada. "Telecommunications Act ( 1993, c. 38 )". 27 July 2008. Department of Justice Canada. Accessed 26 August 2008. Note: Republished by Canadian Legal Information Institute (CanLII). "Telecommunications Act". 23 June 1993. Lexum Archived 2008-12-16 at the Wayback Machine. Accessed 26 August 2008, 17:47 ^ Government of Canada, Department of justice. "Broadcasting Act - Broadcasting Policy for Canada - 3.(1)b". 1 February 1991. Department of Justice Canada. Accessed 26 August 2008. ^ The term enacts or prescribes are appropriate for this sentence because it discusses the laying down of a rule. The term Stipulates is used for contracts. (See Le Grand Dictionnaire Terminologique Archived 2012-06-04 at archive.today and search for the term édicte.) ^ ^ Government of Canada, Department of justice. "Broadcasting Act - Broadcasting Policy for Canada - 3.(1)a". 1 February 1991. Department of Justice Canada. Accessed 26 August 2008. ^ a b Archives Canada Online Database, archived from the original on 8 July 2012, retrieved 2 September 2008 ^ a b c CBC/Radio-Canada: Facts at a Glance (PDF), Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, archived from the original (PDF) on 17 December 2008, retrieved 1 September 2008 ^ Contempra telephone". . 31 Aug. 2008. The Museum of Science and Technology (Ottawa). ^ Alberta, Alberta Sovereignty within a United Canada Act, King's Printer for Alberta, retrieved 6 March 2023 ^ Dawson, Tyler (17 June 2022), "UCP leadership contender Danielle Smith wants Alberta to ignore federal laws it doesn't like", National Post, retrieved 3 December 2022 ^ Moran, Padraig (8 December 2022), Change the Constitution or face Alberta independence referendum, says architect of Sovereignty Act, CBC Radio, retrieved December 11, 2022 ^ Smith, Danielle (17 October 2019), "Smith: Alberta should become a nation within a nation", Calgary Herald, retrieved 3 December 2022 ^ "Alberta Sovereignty within a United Canada Act" (PDF) (Press release). Information sheet. Government of Alberta. 29 November 2022. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 December 2022. Retrieved 3 December 2022. ^ Cecco, Leyland (8 December 2022), "Alberta 'sovereignty act' sets province on collision course with Justin Trudeau", The Guardian, ISSN 0261-3077, retrieved 11 December 2022 ^ Bennett, Dean (8 December 2022), Alberta passes sovereignty act, but first strips out sweeping powers to cabinet, Canadian Press via CTV News, retrieved 8 December 2022 ^ Austen, Ian (25 December 2022). "Conservatives in Western Canada Pass Law Rejecting Federal Sovereignty". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 25 December 2022. ^ ^ Kanygin, Jordan (9 June 2022), Danielle Smith's proposed Alberta Sovereignty Act would create a 'banana republic': Kenney, Calgary: CTV News, retrieved 7 September 2022 ^ Dawson, Tyler (6 September 2022), "Alberta Sovereignty Act would impose constitutional order on 'lawless' Ottawa, Danielle Smith says as more details released", National Post, retrieved 4 December 2022 ^ Moran, Padraig (8 December 2022), Change the Constitution or face Alberta independence referendum, says architect of Sovereignty Act, CBC Radio, retrieved 11 December 2022 ^ ^ Szulc, Katarina (18 November 2022), Treaty chiefs oppose proposed sovereignty act, say it infringes on rights, Edmonton: CBC News, retrieved 3 December 2022 ^ Olszynski, Martin; Bankes, Nigel (6 December 2022), "Running Afoul the Separation, Division, and Delegation of Powers: The Alberta Sovereignty Within a United Canada Act", ABlawg, University of Calgary Faculty of Law, retrieved 12 December 2022 ^ Saskatchewan (1 November 2022), Province Introduces The Saskatchewan First Act, King's Printer for Saskatchewan, retrieved 6 March 2023 External links Canadian Sovereignty in the Arctic Manuscript at Dartmouth College Library
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canada_(orthographic_projection).svg"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sovereignty-1"},{"link_name":"Sovereignty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereignty"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Canadian monarchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_monarchy"},{"link_name":"telecommunication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunication"},{"link_name":"autonomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomy"},{"link_name":"the provinces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_provinces"},{"link_name":"Arctic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic"},{"link_name":"constitutional monarchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy"},{"link_name":"\"divided\" equally among the country's 11 jurisdictions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada#Federal_and_provincial_aspects"},{"link_name":"governor general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Forsey2-3"},{"link_name":"10 provincial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"lieutenant governor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant-Governor_(Canada)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Forsey2-3"},{"link_name":"Canadian federalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_federalism"},{"link_name":"Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec"},{"link_name":"seceding from Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec_sovereignty_movement"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Canada's indigenous peoples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Canada"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sovereignty-1"},{"link_name":"Telecommunications Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_Act_(Canada)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-arctic-6"}],"text":"The location of CanadaThe sovereignty of Canada is, in legal terms, the power of Canada to govern itself and its subjects; it is the ultimate source of Canada's law and order.[1] Sovereignty is also a major cultural matter in Canada.[2] Several matters currently define Canadian sovereignty: the Canadian monarchy, telecommunication, the autonomy of the provinces, and Canada's Arctic border.Canada is a constitutional monarchy. Though unitary, the Canadian Crown is also \"divided\" equally among the country's 11 jurisdictions: one federal (wherein the sovereign is represented by the governor general[3]) and 10 provincial (the monarch being represented in each by a lieutenant governor[3]). The greater autonomy of each province and territory within the construct of Canadian federalism is also important to Canadian sovereignty. Quebec has twice voted on seceding from Canada.[4] Sovereignty has also been an issue for some of Canada's indigenous peoples.[1]Canada's Telecommunications Act \"specifies the need for national ownership and control of Canadian carriers\".[5]Since 2005, arctic ice melting in Northern Canada has caused issues affecting Canadian sovereignty, as some arctic countries have come in conflict over an agreement on who owns certain areas in the oil-rich Arctic.[6]","title":"Canadian sovereignty"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fathers_of_Confederation_LAC_c001855.jpg"},{"link_name":"constitutional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy_of_England"},{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"absolute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_monarchy"},{"link_name":"French crown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy_of_France"},{"link_name":"Glorious Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glorious_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Bill of Rights, 1689","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_of_Rights_1689"},{"link_name":"British North America Act, 1867","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_Act,_1867"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sovereignty-1"},{"link_name":"in her British Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King-in-Council"},{"link_name":"parliament at Westminster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Judicial Committee of the Privy Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Versailles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles"},{"link_name":"Statute of Westminster, 1931","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster,_1931"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Balfour Declaration of 1926","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balfour_Declaration_1926"},{"link_name":"Canadian monarchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Constitution Act, 1982","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_Act,_1982"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sovereignty-1"}],"text":"The Fathers of Confederation at the constitutional conference in Quebec, 1864The origins of Canada's sovereignty lie in the constitutional English and British crowns and the absolute French crown establishing, in the 17th and 18th centuries, governmental institutions in areas that today comprise Canada. As such, Canada was affected by the conflicts in England in the 17th century, between monarch and parliament, over which was the ultimate authority, culminating in the Glorious Revolution of 1688 and the Bill of Rights, 1689, which is today part of Canadian law. With the enactment of the British North America Act, 1867, the modern polity of Canada was founded and was granted self-government. Sovereignty was \"carried over\" into Canadian constitutional law,[1] but the country's government and legislature were still under the authority of the monarch in her British Council and parliament at Westminster and the final court of appeal was the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council. According to the Supreme Court of Canada, Canadian \"sovereignty was acquired in the period between its separate signature of the Treaty of Versailles in 1919 and the Statute of Westminster, 1931\",[7] which brought the Balfour Declaration of 1926 into law and its enactment is considered to be moment when the separate Canadian monarchy was established. The Constitution Act, 1982, removed the final few reliances Canada had on the British Parliament, making Canada a completely sovereign nation.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charles III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_III"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Commonwealth realms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_realms"},{"link_name":"Oath of Allegiance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oath_of_Allegiance_(Canada)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oath-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"legislative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislature"},{"link_name":"executive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_power"},{"link_name":"judicial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciary"},{"link_name":"Edward Coke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Coke"},{"link_name":"Albert Venn Dicey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Venn_Dicey"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sovereignty-1"},{"link_name":"Bill of Rights 1689","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_of_Rights_1689"},{"link_name":"parliamentary sovereignty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_sovereignty"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms"},{"link_name":"the supremacy of the law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supremacy_Clause"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sovereignty-1"},{"link_name":"sovereign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereignty"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canadian_Crest.svg"},{"link_name":"crest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crest_(heraldry)"},{"link_name":"royal coat of arms of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arms_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"the Crown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Crown"},{"link_name":"the royal authority is symbolized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_royal_symbols"},{"link_name":"crest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crest_(heraldry)"},{"link_name":"royal coat of arms of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arms_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"King's Bench","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_Bench_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"King's Printer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_Printer"},{"link_name":"Canada's federal system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_federalism"},{"link_name":"federal viceroy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Canadian Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Parliament"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_(polity)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oath-8"},{"link_name":"Fathers of Confederation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fathers_of_Confederation"},{"link_name":"Canadian federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_confederation"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"executive of the government in each jurisdiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Council_(Canada)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Quotes-16"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II"},{"link_name":"Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sovereignty-1"},{"link_name":"sovereign immunity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign_immunity"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"Charles III, King of Canada, as well as of the United Kingdom and 13 other Commonwealth realms, is the country's monarch and, as such, is the focus of the Oath of Allegiance taken by various government officials, civil servants, military members, and new citizens.[8][9]The King is constitutionally vested with legislative, executive, and judicial power. However, sovereignty in Canada has never rested solely with the monarch, due to the constitutional theories of Edward Coke, refined by Albert Venn Dicey,[1] and the Bill of Rights 1689, later inherited by Canada, establishing the principle of parliamentary sovereignty; the British model of legislative sovereignty vesting in the king-in-parliament.[10] This was later superseded by the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (within the Constitution Act, 1982), which brought into Canada the American notion of the supremacy of the law.[1] Nonetheless, the monarch is still the sovereign of Canada.The crest of the royal coat of arms of Canada, symbolizing Canadian sovereigntyThe term the Crown is used to represent the power of the monarch and the royal authority is symbolized by elements included in the insignia of various government institutions, the main one being the crest of the royal coat of arms of Canada—a gold lion standing on a wreath of the official colours of Canada, wearing the royal crown, and holding a red maple leaf in its right paw—a symbol of Canadian sovereignty.[11] The King's coat of arms themselves are considered a symbol of Canada's sovereignty.[12] The authority of the monarch is also communicated through the names of various government institutions, such as Court of King's Bench and King's Printer.In Canada's federal system, the head of state is not a part of either the federal or provincial jurisdictions; the King reigns impartially over the country as a whole, meaning the sovereignty of each jurisdiction is passed on not by the federal viceroy or the Canadian Parliament, but through the Crown itself. Thus, the Crown is \"divided\" into 11 legal jurisdictions,[13] or 11 \"crowns\"—one federal and 10 provincial[14]—and the monarch similarly is the personification of each provincial state.[8] The Fathers of Confederation viewed this system of constitutional monarchy as a bulwark against any potential fracturing of the Canadian federation.[15] As the institution from which the power of the state flows, the terms the Crown in Right of Canada, His Majesty in Right of Canada, and the King in Right of Canada or any of those terms with the name of a province replacing Canada, may also be used to refer to the entire executive of the government in each jurisdiction.I want the Crown to be seen as a symbol of national sovereignty belonging to all. It is not only a link between Commonwealth nations, but, between Canadian citizens of every national origin and ancestry.[16]\n\n\nElizabeth II, Queen of Canada, Toronto, Ontario, 1973This division of sovereignty, with the federal and provincial parliaments each having the sovereign ability to make law, as granted by the Constitution Act, 1867, can lead to conflicts over jurisdiction, which the courts resolve by ruling on which source of sovereign power trumps the other.[1]Per the convention of sovereign immunity, the monarch, whether in his federal or provincial jurisdictions, is free from the scope of foreign courts. Domestically, the Crown in each sphere within Canadian Confederation is also taken to be immune from the Crown in the other spheres; though, the degree to which has changed with the enactment of certain laws and changes in legal thinking.[17]","title":"Canadian monarchy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Monarchy of Canada and the Indigenous peoples of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada_and_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"British colonial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_colonization_of_the_Americas"},{"link_name":"Indigenous tribes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Canada"},{"link_name":"Confederation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederation_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"absolute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_monarchy"},{"link_name":"French Crown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy_of_France"},{"link_name":"cultural assimilation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_assimilation"},{"link_name":"self-determination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-determination"},{"link_name":"treaties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty"},{"link_name":"self-government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-government"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Presentation_of_Membertou_Portrait_to_Queen_Elizabeth_II.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mi'kmaq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi%27kmaq_people"},{"link_name":"Henri Membertou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Membertou"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II"},{"link_name":"Halifax, Nova Scotia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halifax,_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sovereignty-1"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"First Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada"},{"link_name":"Inuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inuit"},{"link_name":"Métis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9tis"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"honour of the Crown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Section_35_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982#Honour_of_the_Crown"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"international law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_law"},{"link_name":"domestic sovereignty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribal_sovereignty_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sovereignty-1"},{"link_name":"Federation of Sovereign Indigenous Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_Sovereign_Indigenous_Nations"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hunter-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Declaration_on_the_Rights_of_Indigenous_Peoples"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sovereignty-1"}],"sub_title":"Aboriginal peoples","text":"Further information: Monarchy of Canada and the Indigenous peoples of CanadaBritish colonial policy in what is today Canada acknowledged Indigenous tribes as sovereign nations. After Confederation in 1867, the federal approach moved toward the earlier, absolute French Crown's desire for cultural assimilation and Canadian government policy continued that way for approximately a century, until policy shifted to self-determination for Indigenous peoples, to be achieved through treaties and self-government agreements.[18]Mi'kmaq leaders present a portrait of Grand Chief Henri Membertou to Queen Elizabeth II in Halifax, Nova Scotia, 28 June 2010Unlike in the United States, Indigenous peoples in Canada are not considered to be sovereign;[1] rulings by the Supreme Court of Canada reinforced the notion that the Crown holds sovereignty throughout the country. A still burgeoning jurisprudence developed by the court, however, is the monarch's duty to consult with and accommodate First Nations, Inuit, and Métis, where their rights and interests may be at stake.[22] This derives \"from the Crown's assertion of sovereignty in the face of prior Aboriginal occupation\", with the honour of the Crown at stake.[23]It has been argued that, by international law, the concept of domestic sovereignty should apply to Indigenous nations within Canada.[1] Contrary to the Supreme Court's rulings, some aboriginal groups have taken to using names that suggest sovereignty on the part of their members, such as the Federation of Sovereign Indigenous Nations in Saskatchewan,[24] which changed its name from the Federation of Saskatchewan Indian Nations in 2016,[25] while others, like the Chiefs of Ontario and the Union of British Columbia Indian Chiefs, claim First Nations are sovereign.[26][27]Canada in 2016 endorsed the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples.[1]","title":"Canadian monarchy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Territorial claims in the Arctic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorial_claims_in_the_Arctic"},{"link_name":"North Pole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Pole"},{"link_name":"Arctic Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Arctic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"Greenland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenland"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska"},{"link_name":"nautical-mile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nautical_mile"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_on_the_Law_of_the_Sea"},{"link_name":"200-nautical-mile zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exclusive_Economic_Zone"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ratif-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ratif-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ratif-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ratif-30"},{"link_name":"United States has signed, but not yet ratified this treaty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_and_the_United_Nations_Convention_on_the_Law_of_the_Sea"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CCGS_John_A._MacDonald.jpg"},{"link_name":"Canadian Coast Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Coast_Guard"},{"link_name":"John A. Macdonald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCGS_John_A._Macdonald"},{"link_name":"SS Manhattan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Manhattan_(1961)"},{"link_name":"Northwest Passage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_Passage"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"internal waters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_waters"},{"link_name":"European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"},{"link_name":"Northwest Passage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_Passage"},{"link_name":"international waters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_waters"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-arctic-6"},{"link_name":"Canadian Internal Waters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Internal_Waters"},{"link_name":"Queen of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II"},{"link_name":"Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Philip,_Duke_of_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"Charles III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_III"},{"link_name":"Princess Anne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne,_Princess_Royal"},{"link_name":"Inuvik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inuvik"},{"link_name":"Tuktoyaktuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuktoyaktuk"},{"link_name":"Northwest Territories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_Territories"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"SS Manhattan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Manhattan_(1961)"},{"link_name":"oil tanker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_tanker"},{"link_name":"Russian underwater expedition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arktika_2007"},{"link_name":"North Pole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Pole"}],"text":"See also: Territorial claims in the ArcticUnder international law, no country currently owns the North Pole or the region of the Arctic Ocean surrounding it. The five Arctic states—Canada, Denmark (via Greenland), Norway, Russia, and the United States (via Alaska)—are limited to a 200-nautical-mile (370 km; 230 mi) economic zone around their coasts.[28]Upon ratification of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, a country has a 10-year period to make claims to extend its 200-nautical-mile zone.[29] Due to this, Norway (ratified the convention in 1996[30]), Russia (ratified in 1997[30]), Canada (ratified in 2003[30]) and Denmark (ratified in 2004[30]) launched projects to base claims that certain Arctic sectors should belong to their territories. The United States has signed, but not yet ratified this treaty.Canadian Coast Guard Ship John A. Macdonald escorts the SS Manhattan through the Northwest Passage, 1969The status of the Arctic sea region is in dispute. While Canada (since 1925[31]), Denmark, Russia, and Norway all regard parts of the Arctic seas as \"national waters\" or \"internal waters\", the United States and most European Union countries officially regard the whole region, including the Northwest Passage, as international waters.[6] The Canadian government considers the Northwest Passage to be Canadian Internal Waters.Canada has orchestrated certain events to assert its sovereignty in the Arctic area, such as when, in 1970, the federal Cabinet advised the Queen of Canada, Elizabeth II, along with her husband, Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, and two of her children, Prince Charles (now King Charles III) and Princess Anne, to tour Inuvik and Tuktoyaktuk, in the Northwest Territories,[32][33] the latter being on the coast of the Northwest Passage. To emphasise the point, Charles returned the following year to scuba dive under the Arctic ice.[34] In 1969, the SS Manhattan, an American oil tanker, became the first commercial vessel to transit the passage, prompting much debate about Canada's claims to that body of water. In August 2007, Canada's claims in the Arctic were challenged after a Russian underwater expedition to the North Pole.","title":"Arctic border"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CBC_logo_1940%E2%80%931958.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CBC_Logo_1974-1986.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CBC_Logo_1986-1992.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CBC_Logo_1992-Present.svg"},{"link_name":"Canadian Broadcasting Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CanadianTelecom-35"},{"link_name":"Parliament of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Canada's Telecommunications Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_Act_(Canada)"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CanadianTelecom-35"},{"link_name":"Broadcasting Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcasting_Act,_1991"},{"link_name":"broadcasting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcasting"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Canadian Broadcasting Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ArchivesCanada-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBCRadio-41"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ArchivesCanada-40"},{"link_name":"royal commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_commission"},{"link_name":"American influence in radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBCRadio-41"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBCRadio-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"}],"text":"Logos of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation from 1940 to presentTelecommunications play an essential role in the maintenance of Canada's identity and sovereignty.[35] The Parliament of Canada created the Canada's Telecommunications Act to govern the use of telecommunications. Some of its objectives are \"to facilitate the orderly development throughout Canada of a telecommunications system that serves to safeguard, enrich, and strengthen the social and economic fabric of Canada and its regions [...] Promote the use of Canadian transmission facilities for telecommunications within Canada and between Canada and points outside Canada [...] To respond to the economic and social requirements of users of telecommunications services [...] And to contribute to the protection of the privacy of persons.\"[35]Furthermore, the Telecommunications Act references the Broadcasting Act, which prescribes that broadcasting has an important role in Canadian sovereignty.[38] The Canadian broadcasting system is legislated to be owned and controlled by Canadians.[39] In this case, the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, inaugurated 2 November 1936,[40] has had the role of representing Canadians.[41] CBC was established by the Broadcasting Act, which received royal assent on 23 June 1936,[40] following \"a royal commission that was concerned about the growing American influence in radio.\"[41] Radios, television, and the CBC have significantly helped reunite Canadians and build its sovereignty.[41][42]","title":"Telecommunications"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Provincial sovereignty"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Legislature of Alberta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislature_of_Alberta"},{"link_name":"Alberta Sovereignty Within a United Canada Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta_Sovereignty_Within_a_United_Canada_Act"},{"link_name":"Executive Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Council_of_Alberta"},{"link_name":"Alberta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta"},{"link_name":"motion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_(parliamentary_procedure)"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Centre_Block_-_Parliament_Hill.jpg"},{"link_name":"Centre Block","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_Block"},{"link_name":"Parliament of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Ottawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2011_Alberta_Legislature_Building_03.jpg"},{"link_name":"Alberta Legislature Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta_Legislature_Building"},{"link_name":"Edmonton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Rob Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Anderson_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Barry Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Cooper_(political_scientist)"},{"link_name":"Alberta Agenda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta_Agenda"},{"link_name":"Premier of Alberta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_of_Alberta"},{"link_name":"Danielle Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danielle_Smith"},{"link_name":"Calgary Herald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary_Herald"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"United Conservative Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Conservative_Party"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"Treaties 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_6"},{"link_name":"7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_7"},{"link_name":"8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_8"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Henry VIII clause","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statutory_instrument_(UK)#Henry_VIII_clauses"},{"link_name":"Crown-in-Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King-in-Council"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hunter-24"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"}],"sub_title":"Alberta Sovereignty Within a United Canada Act","text":"The Legislature of Alberta enacted, on 15 December 2022, the Alberta Sovereignty Within a United Canada Act, with the Executive Council claims to give \"Alberta a democratic legislative framework for defending the federal-provincial division of powers while respecting Canada's constitution and the courts\" and will be used only when the legislature passes a motion identifying a \"specific federal program or piece of legislation as unconstitutional or causing harm to Albertans.\" The cabinet admits it will abide by court decisions if the aforementioned response is successfully challenged.[43]The Centre Block of the Parliament of Canada in OttawaThe Alberta Legislature Building in EdmontonThe act was conceived of as a means by which the province would \"no longer recognize [the federal Cabinet's and parliament's] claimed authority over provincial areas of constitutional sovereignty.\"[44] It was based on the Free Alberta Strategy,[45] co-authored by Rob Anderson, Barry Cooper, and Derek From. Cooper was also a co-author of the 2001 Alberta Agenda, which Premier of Alberta Danielle Smith—then a columnist and a 770 CHQR radio host—referred to in her 17 October 2019 Calgary Herald opinion piece as enabling Alberta to become, like Quebec, a \"nation within a nation\",[46] a view she repeated through her campaign to win the leadership of the United Conservative Party in 2022.[47] During the bill's third reading in the legislature, Smith explained, \"it's not like Ottawa is a national government. The way our country works is that we are a federation of sovereign, independent jurisdictions. They are one of those signatories to the constitution and the rest of us, as signatories to the constitution, have a right to exercise our sovereign powers in our own areas of jurisdiction.\"[51]Various Alberta politicians opposed the act,[55] as did the chiefs representing Treaties 6, 7, and 8, pointing out that the Executive Council had not consulted with indigenous communities.[56] Among potential constitutional challenges envisioned by law professors Martin Olszynski and Nigel Bankes is the \"impermissible delegation of legislative authority\"—the so-called \"Henry VIII clause\", which gives the provincial Crown-in-Council the power to amend laws without debate in the legislature[24]—and added that the bill was both \"significant\" and \"unprecedented\" in the way it intrudes into the jurisdiction of Canada's superior courts.[57]","title":"Provincial sovereignty"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Quebec sovereignty movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec_sovereignty_movement"},{"link_name":"Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec"},{"link_name":"sovereignty-association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec_sovereignty_movement#The_referendum_of_1980"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Quebec.svg"},{"link_name":"coat of arms of Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Quebec"},{"link_name":"Francophone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francophone"},{"link_name":"French-Canadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French-Canadian"},{"link_name":"Québécois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French-speaking_Quebecer"},{"link_name":"New Brunswick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Brunswick"},{"link_name":"Meech Lake Accord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meech_Lake_Accord"},{"link_name":"Charlottetown Accord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlottetown_Accord"},{"link_name":"Quiet Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quiet_Revolution"},{"link_name":"René Lévesque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_L%C3%A9vesque"},{"link_name":"Premier of Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_of_Quebec"},{"link_name":"free trade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_trade"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sovereignty-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Non_au_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rendum_1995.png"},{"link_name":"1995 Quebec referendum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_Quebec_referendum"},{"link_name":"referendum on Quebec's sovereignty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_Quebec_referendum"},{"link_name":"referendum in 1995","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_Quebec_referendum"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sovereignty-1"}],"sub_title":"Quebec sovereignty movement","text":"The Quebec sovereignty movement is a political movement aimed at attaining independent statehood for the province of Quebec, with future possibilities of various collaborations with Canada, including sovereignty-association. In practice, separatism, independence, and sovereignty are all used to describe the goal. However, the latter is the term most commonly employed.The coat of arms of QuebecThe most apparent reason for separatism is Quebec having a Francophone or predominantly (80%) French-speaking (French-Canadian or Québécois) majority, as compared to the rest of Canada, which consists of eight overwhelmingly (greater than 90%) English-speaking provinces and New Brunswick, which is officially bilingual and about one-third French-speaking. The origins and evolution of the movement are actually fairly complex, however, and extend beyond simply language issues. Some scholars may point to historical events as framing the cause for ongoing support for sovereignty in Quebec, while more contemporary pundits and political actors may point to the aftermath of more recent developments like the Meech Lake Accord or the Charlottetown Accord.The movement itself began in the Quiet Revolution. René Lévesque introduced the concept of sovereignty-association in his manifesto, Option Québec (An Option for Quebec), published in 1967, proposing an association between the governments of Quebec and Canada, evolving from an agreement under international law. Lévesque saw this as the ultimate goal of Quebec separatism. In October 1978, by which time Lévesque was Premier of Quebec, he spelled out the requirements for sovereignty-association in his White Paper on Sovereignty-Association, calling for a common monetary system and a free trade zone, permitting the free passage of goods and people between Quebec and Canada. Any disputes would be settled by a \"community council\", composed of an equal number of ministers from each side and presided over, alternately, by a Canadian and a Quebecer. This would give Quebec the economic advantages of the federal union and the benefits of political independence.[1]A campaign sign from the 1995 Quebec referendum: \"Separation? We are right to say 'No'.\"The term sovereignty-association fell out of use after the referendum on Quebec's sovereignty in 1980, replaced by the simpler term sovereignty. Whereas the question in that referendum proposed to negotiate sovereignty-association with the Canadian Crown, the referendum in 1995 (which was defeated by a margin of 50.58 per cent \"no\" to 49.42 per cent \"yes\") proposed \"sovereignty\", along with an optional partnership offer to the rest of Canada, asking the question, \"do you agree that Québec should become sovereign after having made a formal offer to Canada for a new economic and political partnership within the scope of the bill respecting the future of Québec and of the agreement signed on June 12, 1995?\" This proposed an economic and political “partnership” with Canada;[1] sovereignty-partnership was defined more as a form of political independence. Sovereignty-association, in contrast, meant a new agreement on Confederation.","title":"Provincial sovereignty"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Executive Council of Saskatchewan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Council_of_Saskatchewan"},{"link_name":"provincial parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Saskatchewan"},{"link_name":"Minister of Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_justice"},{"link_name":"Bronwyn Eyre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronwyn_Eyre"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Saskatchewan First Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saskatchewan_First_Act"},{"link_name":"Federation of Sovereign Indigenous Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_Sovereign_Indigenous_Nations"},{"link_name":"Métis Nation—Saskatchewan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_Nation%E2%80%94Saskatchewan"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hunter-24"}],"sub_title":"The Saskatchewan First Act","text":"The Executive Council of Saskatchewan tabled the Saskatchewan First Bill in the provincial parliament on 1 November 2022, intending it to \"confirm Saskatchewan's sovereign autonomy.\" The Attorney General and Minister of Justice, Bronwyn Eyre claimed the law would \"help protect our economic growth and prosperity from intrusive federal policies that encroach upon our legislative sovereignty.\"[58] The bill passed into the Saskatchewan First Act on 16 March 2023.The Federation of Sovereign Indigenous Nations opposed the bill, stating the Executive Council failed in its duty to consult. The Métis Nation—Saskatchewan unanimously rejected the Saskatchewan First Act, stating it \"does nothing to advance or recognize Métis rights.\"[24]","title":"Provincial sovereignty"}]
[{"image_text":"The location of Canada","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Canada_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/220px-Canada_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png"},{"image_text":"The Fathers of Confederation at the constitutional conference in Quebec, 1864","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Fathers_of_Confederation_LAC_c001855.jpg/220px-Fathers_of_Confederation_LAC_c001855.jpg"},{"image_text":"The crest of the royal coat of arms of Canada, symbolizing Canadian sovereignty","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/ff/Canadian_Crest.svg/220px-Canadian_Crest.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Mi'kmaq leaders present a portrait of Grand Chief Henri Membertou to Queen Elizabeth II in Halifax, Nova Scotia, 28 June 2010","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Presentation_of_Membertou_Portrait_to_Queen_Elizabeth_II.jpg/220px-Presentation_of_Membertou_Portrait_to_Queen_Elizabeth_II.jpg"},{"image_text":"Canadian Coast Guard Ship John A. Macdonald escorts the SS Manhattan through the Northwest Passage, 1969","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/CCGS_John_A._MacDonald.jpg/220px-CCGS_John_A._MacDonald.jpg"},{"image_text":"The coat of arms of Quebec","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Coat_of_arms_of_Quebec.svg/220px-Coat_of_arms_of_Quebec.svg.png"},{"image_text":"A campaign sign from the 1995 Quebec referendum: \"Separation? We are right to say 'No'.\"","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Non_au_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rendum_1995.png/220px-Non_au_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rendum_1995.png"}]
[{"title":"Canadian identity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_identity"},{"title":"Canadian nationalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_nationalism"},{"title":"Hans Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Island"}]
[{"reference":"McWhinney, Edward Watson (8 October 2019), \"Sovereignty\", The Canadian Encyclopedia, Historica Canada, retrieved 5 March 2023","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/sovereignty","url_text":"\"Sovereignty\""}]},{"reference":"Finlay, Karen A. (2004). The Force of Culture: Vincent Massey and Canadian Sovereignty. University of Toronto Press. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-8020-3624-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Gf8SBF6C-gAC&q=canadian+sovereignty","url_text":"The Force of Culture: Vincent Massey and Canadian Sovereignty"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-3624-7","url_text":"978-0-8020-3624-7"}]},{"reference":"\"Forsey, Eugene; How Canadians Govern Themselves: The Institutions of Our Federal Government\" (6th ed.). Library of Parliament. p. 1. Archived from the original on 7 October 2008. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_Museum_of_Science
Phillip and Patricia Frost Museum of Science
["1 History","1.1 Relocation","2 Exhibits","2.1 Aquarium","2.2 Planetarium","2.3 Power of Science","2.4 Solar System and Beyond","2.5 Feathers to the Stars","2.6 meLab","2.7 River of Grass","2.8 The Sun Spot","2.9 Temporary Displays","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
Coordinates: 25°47′7″N 80°11′16″W / 25.78528°N 80.18778°W / 25.78528; -80.18778Science museum in Miami, Florida, US Phillip and Patricia Frost Museum of ScienceLocation within Central MiamiShow map of Central MiamiPhillip and Patricia Frost Museum of Science (Florida)Show map of FloridaPhillip and Patricia Frost Museum of Science (the United States)Show map of the United StatesFormer nameMiami Science Museum and Space Transit PlanetariumEstablished1949 (1949) (as the Junior Museum of Miami)LocationMaurice A. Ferré Park, Miami, Florida, U.S.Coordinates25°47′7″N 80°11′16″W / 25.78528°N 80.18778°W / 25.78528; -80.18778TypeScience museumAccreditationAAM, ASTCVisitorsEstimated 700,000 per yearPresidentFrank Steslow (2017-Present)Public transit accessMetrorail access at Museum Park Station (formerly Vizcaya station)WebsitePhillip and Patricia Frost Museum of Science The Phillip and Patricia Frost Museum of Science (formerly known as the Miami Science Museum or Miami Science Museum and Space Transit Planetarium) is a science museum, planetarium, and aquarium located in Miami, Florida, United States. The museum originally opened its Coconut Grove location across from Vizcaya Museum and Gardens in 1960. It relocated to Maurice A. Ferré Park in the downtown area adjacent to the Perez Art Museum Miami in 2017 after the closing of the Coconut Grove location in 2015. History In 1950, the Junior League of Miami opened the Junior Museum of Miami. It was located inside a house on the corner of Biscayne Boulevard and NE 26th Street. Women of the Junior League started it with little seed money and lots of volunteer hours. The exhibits were made up of donated items, such as a hive of live honeybees which hung outside a window, and loaned materials, such as Seminole artifacts from the University of Florida. In 1952, the museum relocated to a larger space in the Miami Women's Club building on North Bayshore Drive. At that time it was renamed Museum of Science and Natural History. In 1953, the Guild of the Museum of Science was formed, adding volunteers to assist the staff, run the museum store, and conduct tours and outreach programs. In 1960, Dade County built a new 48,000 sq ft (4,500 m2) museum building on a three-acre (12,000 m2) site in an area of Miami called Coconut Grove, on property belonging to the Vizcaya Museum and Gardens complex. In 1966, the Space Transit Planetarium was added with a Spitz Model B Space Transit Projector. One of only 12 of its type that were built, the projector was the last one still in operation when the museum closed in 2015. The Planetarium was the home of the national astronomy television show Star Gazers with Jack Horkheimer, produced by Miami's PBS member station WPBT. In 2011, the museum launched and hosted the annual Miami Underwater Festival, in partnership with the French Festival Mondial de l’Image Sous-Marine (World Festival of Underwater Images). The festival was founded and sponsored by underwater photographer Marko Dimitrijevic and his wife, Shelly. In 1989, the museum's lease agreement with Vizcaya was extended by 99 years, to 2088. In 2015, the museum's Coconut Grove location closed in anticipation of the new museum's opening in 2017. The dismantled Spitz projector was moved to the HistoryMiami museum in downtown Miami and placed on permanent display. Relocation Old location of the science museum prior to closing The museum's new location, in the center of the image showing the planetarium dome, along I-395 Lobby of MSTP before closing Lobby of the museum after its closing In March 2011, Miami native Phillip Frost and his wife, Patricia, donated $35 million for the construction of a new science museum in Downtown Miami. The museum was designed by the New York studio of global firm Grimshaw Architects; Miami's Rodriguez & Quiroga Architects Chartered played an executive role. Completed at a cost of $305 million, the new 250,000 sq ft (23,000 m2) Philip and Patricia Frost Museum of Science opened on May 8, 2017, in downtown Miami's Museum Park. Sitting on four acres (1.6 ha), the new LEED Gold-certified complex consists of four interconnected buildings with parking underneath: The Frost Planetarium is a 250-seat full-dome screen with a diameter of 67 feet (20 m) and a 16-million-color, 8K projection system. The three-story, cone-shaped, 500,000-US-gallon (1,900,000 L) Aquarium is open to the top level and also includes a 31-foot (9.4 m) diameter oculus lens at the bottom for viewing the fish, rays and sharks. The North and West Wings contain permanent and rotating exhibit galleries, Guest and Member Services, concessions and the gift shop, offices, and the Knight Learning Center with four classrooms. As of June 15, 2023 the former site of the Miami Science Museum and Space Transit Planetarium has been demolished to make way for the Vizcaya Village project. Exhibits Aquarium The museum features a multi-level aquarium featuring habitats commonly seen in South Florida and the surrounding areas. The top deck of the Aquarium features key South Florida ecosystems, including the 100-foot wide, 500,000-gallon Gulf Stream Aquarium, where creatures such as mahi-mahi, devil rays, hammerhead sharks and others can be found. The middle level features habitats such as: coral reefs, mangrove forests, and the Gulf Stream. Nearly 30 aquariums and interactive vessels are included to demonstrate the bio-diversity of sub tropical habitats. The bottom-most level exhibits the Gulf Stream Aquarium where drifters such as jellyfish ride the massive flow running along Florida's east coast and into the North Atlantic. The aquarium culminates on this floor with a 31-foot oculus lens forming the bottom of the Gulf Stream Aquarium. The Vista - La Vista Planetarium The Frost Planetarium seats 250 people and features six 16-million-color 8K projectors, surround sound, and a 67-foot wide dome screen tilted forward at 23.5°. The planetarium also hosts laser show nights on select dates featuring laser graphics set to music from bands such as Pink Floyd and Queen. Power of Science The Power of Science exhibits the past achievements of scientists and researchers, while also exhibiting the future of science. The exhibit hosts a series of hands-on exhibits, interactives, rare specimens, an interactive floor, a deep dive into the periodic table of elements, a showcase of collection pieces and scientific instruments used across various scientific fields, and more. Guests learn about the scientific process and other related concepts. The exhibit focuses on four main realms of science: the ocean, the environment, the human body, and the universe. Solar System and Beyond Solar System and Beyond showcases over 20 photos and artist renderings of celestial objects by NASA. Feathers to the Stars Feathers to the Stars exhibits the history of flight from animals utilizing wings, to humans creating airplanes and spacecraft. The exhibit features demonstrations of lift, drag, and thrust using a small wind tunnel. The exhibit also features a glass cabinet of assorted NASA memorabilia and artifacts. meLab meLab is an interactive exhibit focused on health and well being, highlighting the importance of making good choices for better long-term outcomes. The exhibit is split on two levels of the museum's west wing. on Level 2, guests explore what being healthy means and how to experiment with lifestyle choices to see their extremes. Featuring interactive games to engage children of all ages and promote healthy competition in learning. Level 3, contains elements more focused displays to exhibit what healthy means at the microscopic and scholastic level of medical science. River of Grass Interactive River Of Grass exhibit The River of Grass is an interactive exhibit focused on the Everglades primarily for children. The exhibit consists of two spaces: an outdoor hands-on area, and an indoor virtual Everglades where animal characters interact with guests and teach them about concepts such as biodiversity using stories. The Sun Spot This exhibit teaches guests about solar power and the sun. This exhibition has six different exhibits showing different applications for solar power and different methods of utilizing it. The exhibit is located on the roof of the museum. Temporary Displays There is a large showroom near the entrance of the museum which can host many temporary events. See also List of Astronomical Observatories List of planetariums Star Gazers References ^ Maruri, Katya (March 13, 2018). "Frost Museum of Science shatters visitor goals in year one". miamitodaynews.com. Retrieved November 7, 2022. ^ a b Murrell, Muriel V. (2003). Miami, a Backward Glance. Pineapple Press Inc. pp. 121–124. ISBN 978-1-56164-286-1. ^ a b "Our History – Junior League of Miami". Retrieved 2021-04-24. ^ a b "Resolution approving issuance of industrial development revenue bonds for the Museum of Science Inc., also known as the Patricia and Phillip Frost Museum of Science Project by Miami-Dade County Industrial Development Authority" (PDF). Miamidade.gov. April 5, 2016. p. 8. Retrieved June 9, 2017. ^ Teproff, Carli (August 30, 2015). "Miami science museum closes after 5 decades before move downtown". miamiherald. Retrieved June 9, 2017. ^ Alan Gomez (February 19, 2015). "Miami's fallen star: Planetarium fades to black". USA Today. Retrieved June 9, 2017. ^ Emma Brown (August 24, 2010). "Jack Horkheimer, 72, 'Star Gazer' and host of public TV astronomy show, dies". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 9, 2017. ^ Ross, Duree (2011-05-25). "Miami Science Museum to host first Miami Underwater Festival". Miami's Community News. Retrieved 2020-12-29. ^ Duree&co (2015-06-10). "Patricia and Phillip Frost Museum of Science Explores the Sea's Mysteries with the 4th Annual Miami Underwater Festival". Durée & Company. Retrieved 2020-12-29. ^ Suarez, Xavier (June 1, 2015). "A tale of two museums". Miami Hearald. Retrieved May 11, 2022. ^ "History and ourselves-HistoryMiami Museum". HistoryMiami Museum. May 11, 2022. Retrieved May 11, 2022. ^ "Miami Science Museum Receives $35 Million for New Building". Philanthropy News Digest (PND). March 29, 2011. Retrieved June 9, 2017. ^ Viglucci, Andres (May 4, 2017). "Planets soar. Sharks swarm. Lasers sparkle. Humans rejoice. The Frost Science museum will finally open". miamiherald. Retrieved June 9, 2017. ^ "After Financial Setback, Frost Science Museum to Open in the Spring". philanthropynewsdigest.org. January 7, 2017. Retrieved November 7, 2022. ^ Kendall, Jonathan (8 May 2017). "The Frost Science Museum Finally Opened Today, and It Was Worth the Wait". Miami New Times. Retrieved June 9, 2017. ^ a b c Carolyn Guniss (May 3, 2017). "Science museum to be unveiled in Miami". Miamitimesonline.com. Retrieved June 9, 2017. ^ "Sky-Skan is to Power Miami's New Frost Planetarium". Fulldome Database - FDDB.org. 17 August 2016. Retrieved June 9, 2017. ^ "Technology - Frost Science". Frost Science. Retrieved June 9, 2017. ^ "Aquarium - Frost Science". Frost Science. Retrieved June 9, 2017. ^ Kendall, Jonathan. "Vizcaya Plans to Demolish Former Science Museum Building to Install an Urban Garden". Miami New Times. Retrieved 2022-05-11. ^ "About Vizcaya Village". Vizcaya. Retrieved 2023-06-15. ^ "Planetarium". Frost Science. Retrieved 2022-05-05. ^ "Laser Evenings". Frost Science. Retrieved 2022-05-10. ^ "Feathers to the Stars". Frost Science. Retrieved 2022-05-05. ^ "meLab". Frost Science. Retrieved 2024-04-25. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Miami Museum of Science. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Phillip and Patricia Frost Museum of Science. Museum website Photos of the old museum Manual for the Christie Mirage 304 projectors Portals: Florida Astronomy Stars Spaceflight Outer space Solar System Education Science vteGreater Miami AreaCentral business district Downtown Miami Arts & Entertainment District Brickell Central Business District Historic District Government Center Park West Major urban areas Boca Raton Boynton Beach Coral Gables Coral Springs Deerfield Beach Delray Beach Doral Fort Lauderdale Hialeah Hollywood Jupiter Kendall Miami Beach Miami Gardens Miramar Palm Beach Gardens Pembroke Pines Pompano Beach Sunrise West Palm Beach Collegesand universities Barry University Broward College Carlos Albizu University Florida Atlantic University Florida International University Florida Memorial University Johnson & Wales University Miami Dade College Miami International University of Art & Design Nova Southeastern University St. Thomas University University of Fort Lauderdale University of Miami Parks and recreation Alice Wainwright Park Amelia Earhart Park Arch Creek The Barnacle Historic State Park Bayfront Park Big Cypress National Preserve Bill Baggs Cape Florida State Park Biscayne National Park Brian Piccolo Sports Park & Velodrome Chapman Field Park Crandon Park Dinner Key Everglades National Park Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden Fort Dallas Fruit & Spice Park Greynolds Park Haulover Park Jungle Island The Kampong Margaret Pace Park Matheson Hammock Park Miami Seaquarium Monkey Jungle Museum Park Oleta River State Park Peacock Park Pride Park, Miami Beach FL Shark Valley Simpson Park Hammock South Pointe Park Tamiami Park Tropical Park The Underline Virginia Key Zoo Miami Attractions Adrienne Arsht Center for the Performing Arts Bass Museum Bergeron Rodeo Grounds Biltmore Hotel Bonita Chita Key Broward County Convention Center Butterfly World Coral Castle Downtown Miami FIU Arena FIU Stadium FLA Live Arena Florida Grand Opera Fontainebleau Miami Beach Fort Lauderdale Swap Shop Frost Art Museum Frost School of Music Gulfstream Park Hard Rock Stadium HistoryMiami Holocaust Memorial Homestead Jewish Museum of Florida Kaseya Center Las Olas Boulevard LoanDepot Park Lowe Art Museum Lincoln Road Lummus Park MacFarlane Homestead Miami Beach Architectural District Miami Beach Convention Center Miami Children's Museum Miami City Ballet Miami Conservatory Museum of Contemporary Art New World Symphony Orchestra Normandy Isles North Shore Ocean Drive Phillip and Patricia Frost Museum of Science Pérez Art Museum Miami Riverwalk Seminole Hard Rock Hotel & Casino Hollywood South Beach The Miami Line Vizcaya Museum and Gardens Watsco Center Wolfsonian-FIU Wynwood Art District Major shopping centers Aventura Mall Bal Harbour Shops Bayside Marketplace Boynton Beach Mall Brickell City Centre Broward Mall CocoWalk Coral Square Dadeland Mall Dolphin Mall The Falls The Galleria at Fort Lauderdale The Gardens Mall Lincoln Road The Mall at 163rd Street Mary Brickell Village Miami International Mall Midtown Miami Midway Crossings Miracle Marketplace Pembroke Lakes Mall The Promenade at Coconut Creek The Shops at Sunset Place Sawgrass Mills Southland Mall Shops at Merrick Park Town Center at Boca Raton Westland Mall Transportation Amtrak Broward County Transit Brightline Government Center Fort Lauderdale Executive Airport Fort Lauderdale–Hollywood International Airport Miami-Dade Transit Metrobus Metromover Metrorail MIA Mover MiamiCentral Miami Intermodal Center Miami International Airport Miami-Opa Locka Executive Airport North Perry Airport Palm Beach International Airport Palm Tran Pompano Beach Airpark Port Everglades Port of Miami Tri-Rail Major thoroughfares East 6th Avenue North 36th Street North 54th Street North 79th Street North 103rd Street North 125th Street North 135th Street West 7th Avenue West 12th Avenue West 27th Avenue West 107th Avenue Allapattah Road Alton Road Bird Road Biscayne Boulevard Brickell Avenue Broad Causeway Collins Avenue Coral Reef Drive Coral Way County Line Road Douglas Road Flagler Street Galloway Road Gratigny Ives Dairy Road Julia Tuttle Causeway Kendall Drive John F. 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"science museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_museum"},{"link_name":"planetarium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetarium"},{"link_name":"aquarium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquarium"},{"link_name":"Miami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami"},{"link_name":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida"},{"link_name":"Coconut Grove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut_Grove"},{"link_name":"Vizcaya Museum and Gardens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vizcaya_Museum_and_Gardens"},{"link_name":"Maurice A. Ferré Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maurice_A._Ferr%C3%A9_Park_(Miami)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"downtown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_Miami"},{"link_name":"Perez Art Museum Miami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9rez_Art_Museum_Miami"}],"text":"Science museum in Miami, Florida, USThe Phillip and Patricia Frost Museum of Science (formerly known as the Miami Science Museum or Miami Science Museum and Space Transit Planetarium) is a science museum, planetarium, and aquarium located in Miami, Florida, United States. The museum originally opened its Coconut Grove location across from Vizcaya Museum and Gardens in 1960. It relocated to Maurice A. Ferré Park in the downtown area adjacent to the Perez Art Museum Miami in 2017 after the closing of the Coconut Grove location in 2015.","title":"Phillip and Patricia Frost Museum of Science"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-murrell2003-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"honeybees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honeybees"},{"link_name":"Seminole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seminole"},{"link_name":"University of Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Florida"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-murrell2003-2"},{"link_name":"Miami Women's Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_Women%27s_Club"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-resolution2016-4"},{"link_name":"Dade County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami-Dade_County,_Florida"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-resolution2016-4"},{"link_name":"Spitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armand_Spitz"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-teproff2015-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Star Gazers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Gazers"},{"link_name":"Jack Horkheimer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Horkheimer"},{"link_name":"PBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBS"},{"link_name":"WPBT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WPBT"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"HistoryMiami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HistoryMiami"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"In 1950, the Junior League of Miami opened the Junior Museum of Miami.[2][3] It was located inside a house on the corner of Biscayne Boulevard and NE 26th Street. Women of the Junior League started it with little seed money and lots of volunteer hours.[3] The exhibits were made up of donated items, such as a hive of live honeybees which hung outside a window, and loaned materials, such as Seminole artifacts from the University of Florida.[2]In 1952, the museum relocated to a larger space in the Miami Women's Club building on North Bayshore Drive. At that time it was renamed Museum of Science and Natural History.[4]In 1953, the Guild of the Museum of Science was formed, adding volunteers to assist the staff, run the museum store, and conduct tours and outreach programs.In 1960, Dade County built a new 48,000 sq ft (4,500 m2) museum building on a three-acre (12,000 m2) site in an area of Miami called Coconut Grove, on property belonging to the Vizcaya Museum and Gardens complex.[4]In 1966, the Space Transit Planetarium was added with a Spitz Model B Space Transit Projector.[5] One of only 12 of its type that were built, the projector was the last one still in operation when the museum closed in 2015.[6] The Planetarium was the home of the national astronomy television show Star Gazers with Jack Horkheimer, produced by Miami's PBS member station WPBT.[7]In 2011, the museum launched and hosted the annual Miami Underwater Festival, in partnership with the French Festival Mondial de l’Image Sous-Marine (World Festival of Underwater Images). The festival was founded and sponsored by underwater photographer Marko Dimitrijevic and his wife, Shelly.[8][9]In 1989, the museum's lease agreement with Vizcaya was extended by 99 years, to 2088.[10]In 2015, the museum's Coconut Grove location closed in anticipation of the new museum's opening in 2017. The dismantled Spitz projector was moved to the HistoryMiami museum in downtown Miami and placed on permanent display.[11]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coco_Grove_FL_MoSaSTP04.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Frost_Science_museum_viewed_from_the_MacArthur_Causeway.jpg"},{"link_name":"I-395","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_395_(Florida)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coco_Grove_FL_MoSaSTP_globe01.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Inside_of_MSTP.jpg"},{"link_name":"Phillip Frost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phillip_Frost"},{"link_name":"Downtown Miami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Downtown_Greater_Miami&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Grimshaw Architects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grimshaw_Architects"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guniss2017-16"},{"link_name":"LEED","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LEED"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guniss2017-16"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guniss2017-16"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"Relocation","text":"Old location of the science museum prior to closingThe museum's new location, in the center of the image showing the planetarium dome, along I-395Lobby of MSTP before closingLobby of the museum after its closingIn March 2011, Miami native Phillip Frost and his wife, Patricia, donated $35 million for the construction of a new science museum in Downtown Miami.[12] The museum was designed by the New York studio of global firm Grimshaw Architects; Miami's Rodriguez & Quiroga Architects Chartered played an executive role.[13]Completed at a cost of $305 million,[14] the new 250,000 sq ft (23,000 m2) Philip and Patricia Frost Museum of Science opened on May 8, 2017, in downtown Miami's Museum Park.[15][16] Sitting on four acres (1.6 ha), the new LEED Gold-certified complex consists of four interconnected buildings with parking underneath:The Frost Planetarium is a 250-seat full-dome screen with a diameter of 67 feet (20 m) and a 16-million-color, 8K projection system.[17][18]The three-story, cone-shaped, 500,000-US-gallon (1,900,000 L) Aquarium is open to the top level and also includes a 31-foot (9.4 m) diameter oculus lens at the bottom for viewing the fish, rays and sharks.[16][19]The North and West Wings contain permanent and rotating exhibit galleries, Guest and Member Services, concessions and the gift shop, offices, and the Knight Learning Center with four classrooms.[16]As of June 15, 2023 the former site of the Miami Science Museum and Space Transit Planetarium has been demolished to make way for the Vizcaya Village project.[20][21]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Exhibits"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gulf Stream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_Stream"},{"link_name":"mahi-mahi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahi-mahi"},{"link_name":"devil rays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobula"},{"link_name":"hammerhead sharks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammerhead_shark"},{"link_name":"coral reefs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coral_reefs"},{"link_name":"mangrove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangrove"},{"link_name":"Gulf Stream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_Stream"},{"link_name":"jellyfish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jellyfish"},{"link_name":"North Atlantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Atlantic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Vista_-_La_Vista.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Aquarium","text":"The museum features a multi-level aquarium featuring habitats commonly seen in South Florida and the surrounding areas. The top deck of the Aquarium features key South Florida ecosystems, including the 100-foot wide, 500,000-gallon Gulf Stream Aquarium, where creatures such as mahi-mahi, devil rays, hammerhead sharks and others can be found. The middle level features habitats such as: coral reefs, mangrove forests, and the Gulf Stream. Nearly 30 aquariums and interactive vessels are included to demonstrate the bio-diversity of sub tropical habitats. The bottom-most level exhibits the Gulf Stream Aquarium where drifters such as jellyfish ride the massive flow running along Florida's east coast and into the North Atlantic. The aquarium culminates on this floor with a 31-foot oculus lens forming the bottom of the Gulf Stream Aquarium.The Vista - La Vista","title":"Exhibits"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pink Floyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pink_Floyd"},{"link_name":"Queen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_(band)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"Planetarium","text":"The Frost Planetarium seats 250 people and features six 16-million-color 8K projectors, surround sound, and a 67-foot wide dome screen tilted forward at 23.5°. The planetarium also hosts laser show nights on select dates featuring laser graphics set to music from bands such as Pink Floyd and Queen.[22][23]","title":"Exhibits"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"interactives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interactive_exhibit"},{"link_name":"periodic table of elements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodic_table"},{"link_name":"scientific process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_method"},{"link_name":"ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean"},{"link_name":"environment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_environment"},{"link_name":"human body","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_body"},{"link_name":"universe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universe"}],"sub_title":"Power of Science","text":"The Power of Science exhibits the past achievements of scientists and researchers, while also exhibiting the future of science. The exhibit hosts a series of hands-on exhibits, interactives, rare specimens, an interactive floor, a deep dive into the periodic table of elements, a showcase of collection pieces and scientific instruments used across various scientific fields, and more. Guests learn about the scientific process and other related concepts. The exhibit focuses on four main realms of science: the ocean, the environment, the human body, and the universe.","title":"Exhibits"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NASA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA"}],"sub_title":"Solar System and Beyond","text":"Solar System and Beyond showcases over 20 photos and artist renderings of celestial objects by NASA.","title":"Exhibits"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"flight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight"},{"link_name":"spacecraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacecraft"},{"link_name":"lift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lift_(force)"},{"link_name":"drag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drag_(physics)"},{"link_name":"thrust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrust"},{"link_name":"wind tunnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_tunnel"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"Feathers to the Stars","text":"Feathers to the Stars exhibits the history of flight from animals utilizing wings, to humans creating airplanes and spacecraft. The exhibit features demonstrations of lift, drag, and thrust using a small wind tunnel. The exhibit also features a glass cabinet of assorted NASA memorabilia and artifacts.[24]","title":"Exhibits"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health"},{"link_name":"medical science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_science"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"sub_title":"meLab","text":"meLab is an interactive exhibit focused on health and well being, highlighting the importance of making good choices for better long-term outcomes. The exhibit is split on two levels of the museum's west wing. on Level 2, guests explore what being healthy means and how to experiment with lifestyle choices to see their extremes. Featuring interactive games to engage children of all ages and promote healthy competition in learning. Level 3, contains elements more focused displays to exhibit what healthy means at the microscopic and scholastic level of medical science.[25]","title":"Exhibits"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Digital,_interactive_%27River_of_Grass%27_exhibit_at_Frost_Museum_of_Science_in_Miami.jpg"},{"link_name":"Everglades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everglades"},{"link_name":"biodiversity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversity"}],"sub_title":"River of Grass","text":"Interactive River Of Grass exhibitThe River of Grass is an interactive exhibit focused on the Everglades primarily for children. The exhibit consists of two spaces: an outdoor hands-on area, and an indoor virtual Everglades where animal characters interact with guests and teach them about concepts such as biodiversity using stories.","title":"Exhibits"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"The Sun Spot","text":"This exhibit teaches guests about solar power and the sun. This exhibition has six different exhibits showing different applications for solar power and different methods of utilizing it. The exhibit is located on the roof of the museum.","title":"Exhibits"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Temporary Displays","text":"There is a large showroom near the entrance of the museum which can host many temporary events.","title":"Exhibits"}]
[{"image_text":"Old location of the science museum prior to closing","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Coco_Grove_FL_MoSaSTP04.jpg/220px-Coco_Grove_FL_MoSaSTP04.jpg"},{"image_text":"The museum's new location, in the center of the image showing the planetarium dome, along I-395","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Frost_Science_museum_viewed_from_the_MacArthur_Causeway.jpg/220px-Frost_Science_museum_viewed_from_the_MacArthur_Causeway.jpg"},{"image_text":"Lobby of MSTP before closing","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Coco_Grove_FL_MoSaSTP_globe01.jpg/220px-Coco_Grove_FL_MoSaSTP_globe01.jpg"},{"image_text":"Lobby of the museum after its closing","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Inside_of_MSTP.jpg/220px-Inside_of_MSTP.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Vista - La Vista","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/The_Vista_-_La_Vista.jpg/100px-The_Vista_-_La_Vista.jpg"},{"image_text":"Interactive River Of Grass exhibit","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Digital%2C_interactive_%27River_of_Grass%27_exhibit_at_Frost_Museum_of_Science_in_Miami.jpg/220px-Digital%2C_interactive_%27River_of_Grass%27_exhibit_at_Frost_Museum_of_Science_in_Miami.jpg"}]
[{"title":"List of Astronomical Observatories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_astronomical_observatories"},{"title":"List of planetariums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_planetariums"},{"title":"Star Gazers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Gazers"}]
[{"reference":"Maruri, Katya (March 13, 2018). \"Frost Museum of Science shatters visitor goals in year one\". miamitodaynews.com. Retrieved November 7, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.miamitodaynews.com/2018/03/13/frost-museum-science-shatters-visitor-goals-year-one/","url_text":"\"Frost Museum of Science shatters visitor goals in year one\""}]},{"reference":"Murrell, Muriel V. (2003). Miami, a Backward Glance. Pineapple Press Inc. pp. 121–124. ISBN 978-1-56164-286-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56164-286-1","url_text":"978-1-56164-286-1"}]},{"reference":"\"Our History – Junior League of Miami\". Retrieved 2021-04-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jlmiami.org/our-history/","url_text":"\"Our History – Junior League of Miami\""}]},{"reference":"\"Resolution approving issuance of industrial development revenue bonds for the Museum of Science Inc., also known as the Patricia and Phillip Frost Museum of Science Project by Miami-Dade County Industrial Development Authority\" (PDF). Miamidade.gov. April 5, 2016. p. 8. Retrieved June 9, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.miamidade.gov/govaction/legistarfiles/Matters/Y2016/160598.pdf","url_text":"\"Resolution approving issuance of industrial development revenue bonds for the Museum of Science Inc., also known as the Patricia and Phillip Frost Museum of Science Project by Miami-Dade County Industrial Development Authority\""}]},{"reference":"Teproff, Carli (August 30, 2015). \"Miami science museum closes after 5 decades before move downtown\". miamiherald. Retrieved June 9, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.miamiherald.com/news/local/community/miami-dade/coconut-grove/article32820096.html","url_text":"\"Miami science museum closes after 5 decades before move downtown\""}]},{"reference":"Alan Gomez (February 19, 2015). \"Miami's fallen star: Planetarium fades to black\". USA Today. Retrieved June 9, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2015/02/19/planetarium-star-projector/23231489/","url_text":"\"Miami's fallen star: Planetarium fades to black\""}]},{"reference":"Emma Brown (August 24, 2010). \"Jack Horkheimer, 72, 'Star Gazer' and host of public TV astronomy show, dies\". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 9, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/08/23/AR2010082304771.html","url_text":"\"Jack Horkheimer, 72, 'Star Gazer' and host of public TV astronomy show, dies\""}]},{"reference":"Ross, Duree (2011-05-25). \"Miami Science Museum to host first Miami Underwater Festival\". Miami's Community News. Retrieved 2020-12-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://communitynewspapers.com/coral-gables-news/miami-science-museum-to-host-first-miami-underwater-festival/","url_text":"\"Miami Science Museum to host first Miami Underwater Festival\""}]},{"reference":"Duree&co (2015-06-10). \"Patricia and Phillip Frost Museum of Science Explores the Sea's Mysteries with the 4th Annual Miami Underwater Festival\". Durée & Company. Retrieved 2020-12-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://dureeandcompany.com/patricia-and-phillip-frost-museum-of-science-explores-the-seas-mysteries-with-the-4th-annual-miami-underwater-festival/","url_text":"\"Patricia and Phillip Frost Museum of Science Explores the Sea's Mysteries with the 4th Annual Miami Underwater Festival\""}]},{"reference":"Suarez, Xavier (June 1, 2015). \"A tale of two museums\". Miami Hearald. Retrieved May 11, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.miamiherald.com/opinion/op-ed/article22826427.html","url_text":"\"A tale of two museums\""}]},{"reference":"\"History and ourselves-HistoryMiami Museum\". HistoryMiami Museum. May 11, 2022. Retrieved May 11, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.historymiami.org/exhibition/history-and-ourselves/","url_text":"\"History and ourselves-HistoryMiami Museum\""}]},{"reference":"\"Miami Science Museum Receives $35 Million for New Building\". Philanthropy News Digest (PND). March 29, 2011. Retrieved June 9, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://philanthropynewsdigest.org/news/miami-science-museum-receives-35-million-for-new-building","url_text":"\"Miami Science Museum Receives $35 Million for New Building\""}]},{"reference":"Viglucci, Andres (May 4, 2017). \"Planets soar. Sharks swarm. Lasers sparkle. Humans rejoice. The Frost Science museum will finally open\". miamiherald. Retrieved June 9, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.miamiherald.com/news/local/community/miami-dade/article148630224.html","url_text":"\"Planets soar. Sharks swarm. Lasers sparkle. Humans rejoice. The Frost Science museum will finally open\""}]},{"reference":"\"After Financial Setback, Frost Science Museum to Open in the Spring\". philanthropynewsdigest.org. January 7, 2017. Retrieved November 7, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://philanthropynewsdigest.org/news/after-financial-setback-frost-science-museum-to-open-in-the-spring","url_text":"\"After Financial Setback, Frost Science Museum to Open in the Spring\""}]},{"reference":"Kendall, Jonathan (8 May 2017). \"The Frost Science Museum Finally Opened Today, and It Was Worth the Wait\". Miami New Times. Retrieved June 9, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.miaminewtimes.com/arts/the-frost-science-museum-finally-opened-today-and-it-was-worth-the-wait-9333823","url_text":"\"The Frost Science Museum Finally Opened Today, and It Was Worth the Wait\""}]},{"reference":"Carolyn Guniss (May 3, 2017). \"Science museum to be unveiled in Miami\". Miamitimesonline.com. Retrieved June 9, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.miamitimesonline.com/lifestyles/science-museum-to-be-unveiled-in-miami/article_bf34da58-3006-11e7-ba15-0bddd198b241.html","url_text":"\"Science museum to be unveiled in Miami\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sky-Skan is to Power Miami's New Frost Planetarium\". Fulldome Database - FDDB.org. 17 August 2016. Retrieved June 9, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fddb.org/sky-skan-is-to-power-miamis-new-frost-planetarium/","url_text":"\"Sky-Skan is to Power Miami's New Frost Planetarium\""}]},{"reference":"\"Technology - Frost Science\". Frost Science. Retrieved June 9, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.frostscience.org/about-our-building/technology/","url_text":"\"Technology - Frost Science\""}]},{"reference":"\"Aquarium - Frost Science\". Frost Science. Retrieved June 9, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.frostscience.org/exhibition/aquarium/","url_text":"\"Aquarium - Frost Science\""}]},{"reference":"Kendall, Jonathan. \"Vizcaya Plans to Demolish Former Science Museum Building to Install an Urban Garden\". Miami New Times. Retrieved 2022-05-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.miaminewtimes.com/arts/old-miami-science-museum-site-to-become-urban-garden-in-vizcaya-renovation-9237980","url_text":"\"Vizcaya Plans to Demolish Former Science Museum Building to Install an Urban Garden\""}]},{"reference":"\"About Vizcaya Village\". Vizcaya. Retrieved 2023-06-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://vizcaya.org/collections/vizcaya-village/about-vizcaya-village/","url_text":"\"About Vizcaya Village\""}]},{"reference":"\"Planetarium\". Frost Science. Retrieved 2022-05-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.frostscience.org/exhibition/planetarium/","url_text":"\"Planetarium\""}]},{"reference":"\"Laser Evenings\". Frost Science. Retrieved 2022-05-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.frostscience.org/exhibition/planetarium/laser-evenings/","url_text":"\"Laser Evenings\""}]},{"reference":"\"Feathers to the Stars\". Frost Science. Retrieved 2022-05-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.frostscience.org/exhibition/feathers-to-the-stars/","url_text":"\"Feathers to the Stars\""}]},{"reference":"\"meLab\". Frost Science. Retrieved 2024-04-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.frostscience.org/exhibition/melab/","url_text":"\"meLab\""}]}]
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Sharks swarm. Lasers sparkle. Humans rejoice. The Frost Science museum will finally open\""},{"Link":"https://philanthropynewsdigest.org/news/after-financial-setback-frost-science-museum-to-open-in-the-spring","external_links_name":"\"After Financial Setback, Frost Science Museum to Open in the Spring\""},{"Link":"http://www.miaminewtimes.com/arts/the-frost-science-museum-finally-opened-today-and-it-was-worth-the-wait-9333823","external_links_name":"\"The Frost Science Museum Finally Opened Today, and It Was Worth the Wait\""},{"Link":"http://www.miamitimesonline.com/lifestyles/science-museum-to-be-unveiled-in-miami/article_bf34da58-3006-11e7-ba15-0bddd198b241.html","external_links_name":"\"Science museum to be unveiled in Miami\""},{"Link":"http://www.fddb.org/sky-skan-is-to-power-miamis-new-frost-planetarium/","external_links_name":"\"Sky-Skan is to Power Miami's New Frost Planetarium\""},{"Link":"https://www.frostscience.org/about-our-building/technology/","external_links_name":"\"Technology - Frost Science\""},{"Link":"http://www.frostscience.org/exhibition/aquarium/","external_links_name":"\"Aquarium - Frost Science\""},{"Link":"https://www.miaminewtimes.com/arts/old-miami-science-museum-site-to-become-urban-garden-in-vizcaya-renovation-9237980","external_links_name":"\"Vizcaya Plans to Demolish Former Science Museum Building to Install an Urban Garden\""},{"Link":"https://vizcaya.org/collections/vizcaya-village/about-vizcaya-village/","external_links_name":"\"About Vizcaya Village\""},{"Link":"https://www.frostscience.org/exhibition/planetarium/","external_links_name":"\"Planetarium\""},{"Link":"https://www.frostscience.org/exhibition/planetarium/laser-evenings/","external_links_name":"\"Laser Evenings\""},{"Link":"https://www.frostscience.org/exhibition/feathers-to-the-stars/","external_links_name":"\"Feathers to the Stars\""},{"Link":"https://www.frostscience.org/exhibition/melab/","external_links_name":"\"meLab\""},{"Link":"http://www.frostscience.com/","external_links_name":"Museum website"},{"Link":"http://flashbackmiami.com/2015/09/02/miami-science-museum/","external_links_name":"Photos of the old museum"},{"Link":"https://www.christiedigital.com/SupportDocs/Anonymous/Mirage-304K-Brochure.pdf","external_links_name":"Manual for the Christie Mirage 304 projectors"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/168725496","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n88005859","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gone_Fishing_(2008_film)
Gone Fishing (2008 film)
["1 Plot","2 Awards","3 References","4 External links"]
This article uses bare URLs, which are uninformative and vulnerable to link rot. Please consider converting them to full citations to ensure the article remains verifiable and maintains a consistent citation style. Several templates and tools are available to assist in formatting, such as reFill (documentation) and Citation bot (documentation). (September 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) 2008 British filmGone FishingDVD CoverDirected byChris JonesWritten byChris JonesProduced byIvan Francis ClementsStarringBill PatersonJames WilsonCinematographyVernon LaytonEdited byEddie HamiltonRelease date 2008 (2008) Running time13 minutesCountryUnited KingdomLanguageEnglishBudget£25,000 (estimated) Gone Fishing is a 2008 short film written and directed by Chris Jones, starring Bill Paterson and James Wilson, that premiered at BAFTA on 12 January 2008. Plot "Gone Fishing" is the story of a boy and old man coming to terms with bereavement through their shared love of fishing, and the legend of Goliath, the biggest pike ever caught. This thirteen-minute short film was financed by 150 film makers and directed by the author of The Guerilla Film Makers Handbook, Chris Jones. The story is in part autobiographical - while growing up, director Chris Jones and his friends would often attempt to catch the legendary 'Oscar the pike', a fish that according to local myth terrorized the lake at the end of his road, the aptly named Blue Lagoon. This was the inspiration behind the legend of 'Goliath', the big fish in this even bigger tale. Awards Gone Fishing won 35 prizes at the film festival circuit including the Grand Prize at the 2008 Bahamas International Film Festival, and the 2008 Rhode Island International Film Festival, and it won the Grand Jury Prize at the 2009 Edmonton International Film Festival. At the 2009 Beverly Hills Film Festival and the 2009 Method Fest Independent Film Festival it took home the Audience Award, and it received the Golden Honu Award at the 2009 Big Island Film Festival. Gone Fishing further won both the Director's Choice Award and the Audience Award at the 2009 Sedona Film Festival, the Achievement Award for screenwriting at the 2009 Newport Beach Film Festival, and the prizes for Best Short at both the 2009 Indianapolis International Film Festival and the 2009 Palm Beach International Film Festival, as well as receiving the prize for Best Narrative Short by the Producers Guild of America. The film was among the final 10 long-listed shorts for the 2009 Academy Awards. References ^ "Netribution article on the premiere of Gone Fishing". Retrieved 18 August 2008. ^ "Gone Fishing Press Area". ^ "News : Press Item : Bahamas International Film Festival". bintlfilmfest.com. ^ "BAHAMAS INTERNATIONAL FILM FESTIVAL ANNOUNCE WINNERS". Filmmaker Magazine. Archived from the original on 3 December 2015. ^ "RIIFF Awards 2008". film-festival.org. ^ http://edmonton.festivalgenius.com/2009/films/gonefishing_edmonton2009 ^ Emil Tiedemann. "I Heart Edmonton: EDvent: Edmonton International Film Festival '09, Part III". iheartedmonton.org. ^ "One Day University". onedayu.com. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 16 September 2015. ^ "Big Island Film Festival - Success Stories". bigislandfilmfestival.com. ^ "Big Island Film Festival 'Golden Honu' Awards". Hawaii 24/7. 24 May 2009. ^ Helen Stephenson. "The Sedona International Film Festival Closes on Another Successful Year". Prescott eNews. ^ "SINY FILM FEST CLOSE-UP: Chris Jones on "Gone Fishing"". SILive.com. 3 June 2009. ^ "Newport Beach Film Festival 2009 Awards". newportbeachfilmfest.com. Archived from the original on 16 January 2013. ^ Christopher Lloyd (25 July 2009). "And the winners are... - THE FILM YAP". THE FILM YAP. ^ "Another win! Palm Beach in Florida!". Make Film Teach Film. 30 April 2009. ^ "RIIFF News & Updates: 'Gone Fishing' wins the Producers Guild Of America Awards". rifilmfest.blogspot.dk. ^ Lucy Hay (10 September 2013). Writing & Selling - Thriller Screenplays. Oldcastle Books, Limited. pp. 194–. ISBN 978-1-84243-972-2. ^ Chris Jones; Andrew Zinnes; Genevieve Jolliffe (18 March 2010). The Guerilla Film Makers Pocketbook: The Ultimate Guide to Digital Film Making. A&C Black. pp. 309–. ISBN 978-1-4411-8078-0. ^ "Gone Fishing with Chris Jones Yet? " Trippin the Movie". deviantpictures.com. ^ "Gympie's Heart of Gold film festival expands to five days". NewsComAu. External links Gone Fishing at IMDb Official Production Blog Gone Fishing at the Living Spirit website. Gone Fishing Training Site Soundtrack Download
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This was the inspiration behind the legend of 'Goliath', the big fish in this even bigger tale.[2]","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bahamas International Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahamas_International_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Rhode Island International Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhode_Island_International_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Edmonton International Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton_International_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Beverly Hills Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverly_Hills_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"Method Fest Independent Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Method_Fest_Independent_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Big Island Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Island_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Sedona Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedona_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Newport Beach Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport_Beach_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Indianapolis International Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis_International_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Palm Beach International Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_Beach_International_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Producers Guild of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Producers_Guild_of_America"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hay2013-17"},{"link_name":"long-listed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_list"},{"link_name":"Academy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Awards"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JonesZinnes2010-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"Gone Fishing won 35 prizes at the film festival circuit including the Grand Prize at the 2008 Bahamas International Film Festival,[3][4] and the 2008 Rhode Island International Film Festival,[5] and it won the Grand Jury Prize at the 2009 Edmonton International Film Festival.[6][7] At the 2009 Beverly Hills Film Festival and the 2009 Method Fest Independent Film Festival it took home the Audience Award,[8] and it received the Golden Honu Award at the 2009 Big Island Film Festival.[9][10] Gone Fishing further won both the Director's Choice Award and the Audience Award at the 2009 Sedona Film Festival,[11][12] the Achievement Award for screenwriting at the 2009 Newport Beach Film Festival,[13] and the prizes for Best Short at both the 2009 Indianapolis International Film Festival[14] and the 2009 Palm Beach International Film Festival,[15] as well as receiving the prize for Best Narrative Short by the Producers Guild of America.[16][17] The film was among the final 10 long-listed shorts for the 2009 Academy Awards.[18][19][20]","title":"Awards"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Netribution article on the premiere of Gone Fishing\". Retrieved 18 August 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.netribution.co.uk/content/view/1394/182/","url_text":"\"Netribution article on the premiere of Gone Fishing\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gone Fishing Press Area\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gonefishingpress.com/index.htm","url_text":"\"Gone Fishing Press Area\""}]},{"reference":"\"News : Press Item : Bahamas International Film Festival\". bintlfilmfest.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bintlfilmfest.com/news/press_item/41","url_text":"\"News : Press Item : Bahamas International Film Festival\""}]},{"reference":"\"BAHAMAS INTERNATIONAL FILM FESTIVAL ANNOUNCE WINNERS\". Filmmaker Magazine. Archived from the original on 3 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151203210604/http://filmmakermagazine.com/835-bahamas-international-film-festival-announce-winners/","url_text":"\"BAHAMAS INTERNATIONAL FILM FESTIVAL ANNOUNCE WINNERS\""},{"url":"http://filmmakermagazine.com/835-bahamas-international-film-festival-announce-winners/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"RIIFF Awards 2008\". film-festival.org.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.film-festival.org/awards08.php","url_text":"\"RIIFF Awards 2008\""}]},{"reference":"Emil Tiedemann. \"I Heart Edmonton: EDvent: Edmonton International Film Festival '09, Part III\". iheartedmonton.org.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iheartedmonton.org/2009/11/edvent-edmonton-international-film.html","url_text":"\"I Heart Edmonton: EDvent: Edmonton International Film Festival '09, Part III\""}]},{"reference":"\"One Day University\". onedayu.com. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 16 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304110916/https://www.onedayu.com/events/detail/147","url_text":"\"One Day University\""},{"url":"https://www.onedayu.com/events/detail/147","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Big Island Film Festival - Success Stories\". bigislandfilmfestival.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://bigislandfilmfestival.com/success/stories.htm","url_text":"\"Big Island Film Festival - Success Stories\""}]},{"reference":"\"Big Island Film Festival 'Golden Honu' Awards\". Hawaii 24/7. 24 May 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hawaii247.com/2009/05/24/big-island-film-festival-golden-honu-awards/","url_text":"\"Big Island Film Festival 'Golden Honu' Awards\""}]},{"reference":"Helen Stephenson. \"The Sedona International Film Festival Closes on Another Successful Year\". Prescott eNews.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.prescottenews.com/events/community-events/item/13260-the-sedona-international-film-festival-closes-on-another-successful-year","url_text":"\"The Sedona International Film Festival Closes on Another Successful Year\""}]},{"reference":"\"SINY FILM FEST CLOSE-UP: Chris Jones on \"Gone Fishing\"\". SILive.com. 3 June 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.silive.com/entertainment/tvfilm/index.ssf/2009/06/closeup_filmmaker_chris_jones.html","url_text":"\"SINY FILM FEST CLOSE-UP: Chris Jones on \"Gone Fishing\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Newport Beach Film Festival 2009 Awards\". newportbeachfilmfest.com. Archived from the original on 16 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130116004127/http://www.newportbeachfilmfest.com/awards09.html","url_text":"\"Newport Beach Film Festival 2009 Awards\""},{"url":"http://www.newportbeachfilmfest.com/awards09.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Christopher Lloyd (25 July 2009). \"And the winners are... - THE FILM YAP\". THE FILM YAP.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thefilmyap.com/movies/and-the-winners-are/","url_text":"\"And the winners are... - THE FILM YAP\""}]},{"reference":"\"Another win! Palm Beach in Florida!\". Make Film Teach Film. 30 April 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chrisjonesblog.com/2009/04/another-win-palm-beach-in-florida.html","url_text":"\"Another win! Palm Beach in Florida!\""}]},{"reference":"\"RIIFF News & Updates: 'Gone Fishing' wins the Producers Guild Of America Awards\". rifilmfest.blogspot.dk.","urls":[{"url":"http://rifilmfest.blogspot.dk/2009/06/gone-fishing-wins-producers-guild-of.html","url_text":"\"RIIFF News & Updates: 'Gone Fishing' wins the Producers Guild Of America Awards\""}]},{"reference":"Lucy Hay (10 September 2013). Writing & Selling - Thriller Screenplays. Oldcastle Books, Limited. pp. 194–. ISBN 978-1-84243-972-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4SmXAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT194","url_text":"Writing & Selling - Thriller Screenplays"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84243-972-2","url_text":"978-1-84243-972-2"}]},{"reference":"Chris Jones; Andrew Zinnes; Genevieve Jolliffe (18 March 2010). The Guerilla Film Makers Pocketbook: The Ultimate Guide to Digital Film Making. A&C Black. pp. 309–. ISBN 978-1-4411-8078-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-To8FLy1c9oC&pg=PA309","url_text":"The Guerilla Film Makers Pocketbook: The Ultimate Guide to Digital Film Making"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-8078-0","url_text":"978-1-4411-8078-0"}]},{"reference":"\"Gone Fishing with Chris Jones Yet? \" Trippin the Movie\". deviantpictures.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.deviantpictures.com/trippinmovie/gone-fishing-with-chris-jones-yet/","url_text":"\"Gone Fishing with Chris Jones Yet? \" Trippin the Movie\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gympie's Heart of Gold film festival expands to five days\". NewsComAu.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.news.com.au/news/gympie-scores-gold-with-fest/story-fna7dq6e-1111119099259","url_text":"\"Gympie's Heart of Gold film festival expands to five days\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du%C5%A1kovci
Duškovci
["1 References"]
Coordinates: 43°59′N 20°03′E / 43.983°N 20.050°E / 43.983; 20.050Village in Zlatibor District, SerbiaDuškovci ДушковциVillageDuškovciCoordinates: 44°00′23″N 20°03′00″E / 44.00643333°N 20.04999167°E / 44.00643333; 20.04999167Country SerbiaDistrictZlatibor DistrictMunicipalityPožegaArea • Total11.1 km2 (4.3 sq mi)Population (2022) • Total235 • Density21/km2 (55/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST) Duškovci is a village in the municipality of Požega, western Serbia. According to the 2022 census, the village has a population of 235 people. References ^ Starost i pol: podaci po naseljima (in Serbian). Beograd: Republički zavod za statistiku. 2023. ISBN 978-86-6161-230-5. vteCities, towns and villages in the Zlatibor DistrictUžice Bioska Bjelotići Buar Dobrodo Drežnik Drijetanj Duboko Gorjani Gostinica Gubin Do Kačer Kamenica Karan Keserovina Kotroman Kremna Kršanje Krvavci Lelići Ljubanje Mokra Gora Nikojevići Panjak Pear Ponikovica Potočanje Potpeće Raduša Ravni Ribaševina Sevojno Skržuti Stapari Strmac Trnava Vitasi Volujac Vrutci Zbojštica Zlakusa Bajina Bašta Aluga Bačevci Beserovina Cerje Crvica Dobrotin Draksin Dub Gvozdac Jagoštica Jakalj Jelovik Konjska Reka Kostojevići Lještansko Lug Mala Reka Obajgora Okletac Ovčinja Pepelj Perućac Pilica Pridoli Rača Rastište Rogačica Sijerač Solotuša Strmovo Višesava Zaglavak Zaovine Zarožje Zaugline Zlodol Kosjerić Bjeloperica Brajkovići Cikote Donja Pološnica Drenovci Dubnica Galovići Godečevo Godljevo Gornja Pološnica Makovište Mionica Mrčići Mušići Paramun Radanovci Rosići Ruda Bukva Seča Reka Ševrljuge Skakavci Stojići Subjel Tubići Varda Požega Bakionica Čestobrodica Donja Dobrinja Dražinovići Duškovci Glumač Godovik Gornja Dobrinja Gorobilje Gugalj Jelen Do Kalenići Lopaš Loret Ljutice Mađer Mala Ježevica Milićevo Selo Mršelji Otanj Papratište Pilatovići Prijanovići Prilipac Radovci Rasna Rečice Roge Rupeljevo Srednja Dobrinja Svračkovo Tabanovići Tometino Polje Tučkovo Tvrdići Uzići Velika Ježevica Visibaba Vranjani Zaselje Zdravčići Čajetina Alin Potok Branešci Dobroselica Drenova Golovo Gostilje Jablanica Kriva Reka Ljubiš Mačkat Mušvete Rakovica Rožanstvo Rudine Sainovina Semegnjevo Sirogojno Šljivovica Stublo Tripkova Trnava Željine Zlatibor Arilje Bjeluša Bogojevići Brekovo Cerova Dobrače Dragojevac Grdovići Grivska Kruščica Latvica Mirosaljci Pogled Radobuđa Radoševo Severovo Stupčevići Trešnjevica Vigošte Virovo Visoka Vrane Nova Varoš Akmačići Amzići Bistrica Božetići Brdo Bukovik Burađa Čelice Debelja Draglica Draževići Drmanovići Gornje Trudovo Jasenovo Komarani Kućani Ljepojevići Miševići Negbina Ojkovica Radijevići Radoinja Rutoši Seništa Štitkovo Tisovica Trudovo Vilovi Vraneša Prijepolje Aljinovići Balići Bare Biskupići Bjelahova Brajkovac Brodarevo Brvine Bukovik Čadinje Čauševići Crkveni Toci Divci Donje Babine Donji Stranjani Drenova Đurašići Dušmanići Džurovo Gojakovići Gornje Babine Gornje Goračiće Gornji Stranjani Gostun Gračanica Grobnice Hisardžik Hrta Ivanje Ivezići Izbičanj Jabuka Junčevići Kaćevo Kamena Gora Karaula Karoševina Kašice Koprivna Kosatica Koševine Kovačevac Kruševo Kučin Ljiljci Lučice Mataruge Međani Mijani Mijoska Milakovići Mileševo Miljevići Milošev Do Mrčkovina Muškovina Oraovac Orašac Osoje Oštra Stijena Potkrš Potok Pranjci Pravoševo Rasno Ratajska Sedobro Seljane Seljašnica Skokuće Slatina Sopotnica Taševo Vinicka Velika Zupa Vrbovo Zabrdnji Toci Zalug Zastup Zavinograđe Zvijezd Sjenica Aliveroviće Bagačiće Bare Bačija Bioc Blato Boguti Božov Potok Boljare Borišiće Boroviće Breza Brnjica Buđevo Caričina Cetanoviće Čedovo Čipalje Čitluk Crčevo Crvsko Doliće Donje Goračiće Donje Lopiže Dragojloviće Draževiće Družiniće Dubnica Duga Poljana Dujke Dunišiće Fijulj Goluban Gornje Lopiže Goševo Grabovica Gradac Grgaje Jevik Jezero Kalipolje Kamešnica Kanjevina Karajukića Bunari Kijevci Kladnica Kneževac Koznik Kokošiće Krajinoviće Krivaja Krće Krnja Jela Krstac Lijeva Reka Ljutaje Mašoviće Medare Međugor Milići Papiće Petrovo Polje Plana Poda Ponorac Pralja Raškoviće Rasno Raspoganče Rastenoviće Raždaginja Šare Skradnik Štavalj Strajiniće Stup Sugubine Sušica Šušure Trešnjevica Trijebine Tutiće Tuzinje Ugao Ursule Ušak Uvac Vapa Veskoviće Visočka Višnjeva Višnjice Vrapci Vrbnica Vrsjenice Zabrđe Žabren Zahumsko Zaječiće Žitniće Priboj Akmačići Banja Batkovići Brezna Bučje Čitluk Crnugovići Crnuzi Dobrilovići Hercegovačka Goleša Jelača Kalafati Kaluđerovići Kasidoli Kratovo Krnjača Kukurovići Mažići Miliješ Plašće Požegrmac Pribojska Goleša Pribojske Čelice Rača Ritošići Sjeverin Sočice Strmac Zabrđe Zabrnjica Zagradina Zaostro Živinice Municipalities or cities of Serbia 43°59′N 20°03′E / 43.983°N 20.050°E / 43.983; 20.050 This Zlatibor District, Serbia location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This Serbia-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Thread:_The_Songs_of_the_Eagles
Common Thread: The Songs of the Eagles
["1 Background","1.1 \"Take It Easy\"","2 Critical reception","3 Track listing","4 Personnel","5 Charts and certification","5.1 Weekly charts","5.2 Year-end charts","5.3 Charted songs","5.4 Certifications","6 References"]
1993 compilation album by various artistsCommon Thread: The Songs of the EaglesCompilation album by various artistsReleasedOctober 12, 1993 (1993-10-12)GenreCountryLength56:46LabelGiantProducerVarious Common Thread: The Songs of the Eagles is a tribute album to American rock band Eagles. It was released in 1993 on Giant Records to raise funds for the Walden Woods Project. The album features covers of various Eagles songs, as performed by country music acts. It was certified 3× Platinum in the United States by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) on June 27, 1994, honoring shipments of three million copies in the United States. Several cuts from the album all charted on the Billboard Hot Country Songs charts after the album's release, the most successful being Travis Tritt's rendition of "Take It Easy" at number 21. Common Thread won all of its performers a Country Music Association Award for Album of the Year at the 1994 ceremony. Background The album was initiated by Eagles co-founder Don Henley with help from the band's manager, Irving Azoff. It was intended as a charity album to raise funds for the Walden Woods Project that Henley founded in 1990 to buy the land around Walden Pond in Concord, Massachusetts. On the back cover of the album, it states: A portion of the royalties from the sales of this collection will go to the Walden Woods Project, a non-profit organization founded in 1990. The purpose of the Walden Woods Project is to purchase, and thereby preserve, environmentally sensitive and historically significant forestland located near Henry David Thoreau's famed retreat at Walden Pond. The idea for a charity album with country musicians came after a Walden Woods benefit concert in Los Angeles in May 1992 where several country artists also appeared. Later in the year at the 1992 Country Music Awards show, where Henley performed with Trisha Yearwood in a duet, a number of artists told Henley how the Eagles’ music had inspired them. Henley and Azoff then decided that the project may be feasible, and with the help of record producer James Stroud, a number of country musicians were chosen for the album. The Eagles themselves were not involved as a band in this project, however, and none of its members played on the album, although Timothy B. Schmit provided harmony vocals for Vince Gill's rendition of "I Can't Tell You Why". "Take It Easy" The most notable track in the album was the cover of "Take It Easy" by Travis Tritt. In March 1994, the song reached No. 21 on the US Country chart, and No. 12 on the Canadian RPM chart. For the music video of his rendition of "Take It Easy", Tritt requested that Eagles join him for the filming, and the resulting video featured the full Long Run-era lineup of the Eagles (Glenn Frey, Don Henley, Don Felder, Joe Walsh, and Schmit). It would be the first time since disbanding in 1980 that the five members of the band appeared together (Frey, Henley, Walsh and Schmit, however, had all united for a benefit concert in 1990). Their appearance on the video subsequently led to the band being officially reformed. Both Frey and Henley met with their management over lunch two months later and agreed to a reunion. A new album, Hell Freezes Over, was released and a concert tour launched the following year. Frey, who had previously been reluctant to reunite with the band, later said of the making of the video: "After years passed, you really sort of remember that you were friends first ... I just remembered how much we genuinely had liked each other and how much fun we'd had." Critical reception Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllmusic -Entertainment WeeklyB− An uncredited review from AllMusic rated the album 2 out of 5 stars, stating that "Ironically, all of the interpretations on Common Thread are more pop/rock-oriented than the original versions, making the album a well-intentioned but pointless exercise." David Browne of Entertainment Weekly rated the album "B−". He criticized the album for lacking "harder songs, like 'Life in the Fast Lane'", as well as the arrangements of the artists' recordings. Although he described the latter as "slavishly devoted to the original recordings", Browne thought that the vocal performances of Tanya Tucker, Alan Jackson, and John Anderson were among the strongest. Track listing No.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1."Take It Easy" (Travis Tritt)Jackson Browne, Glenn FreyJames Stroud3:322."Peaceful Easy Feeling" (Little Texas)Jack TempchinChristy DiNapoli, Doug Grau4:193."Desperado" (Clint Black)Don Henley, FreyJames Stroud3:514."Heartache Tonight" (John Anderson)Henley, Frey, Bob Seger, J. D. SoutherJames Stroud4:235."Tequila Sunrise" (Alan Jackson)Henley, FreyKeith Stegall2:566."Take It to the Limit" (Suzy Bogguss)Randy Meisner, Henley, FreySuzy Bogguss4:327."I Can't Tell You Why" (Vince Gill)Timothy B. Schmit, Henley, FreyTony Brown4:048."Lyin' Eyes" (Diamond Rio)Henley, FreyMonty Powell6:309."New Kid in Town" (Trisha Yearwood)Henley, Frey, SoutherGarth Fundis5:0710."Saturday Night" (Billy Dean)Meisner, Henley, Frey, Bernie LeadonLynn Peterzell, Billy Dean3:2511."Already Gone" (Tanya Tucker)Tempchin, Robb StradlundJerry Crutchfield5:0012."Best of My Love" (Brooks & Dunn)Henley, Frey, SoutherDon Cook, Scott Hendricks4:3813."The Sad Café" (Lorrie Morgan)Henley, Frey, Joe Walsh, SoutherRichard Landis4:45 Personnel Compiled from liner notes. Musicians "Take It Easy" Larry Byrom – acoustic guitar Sonny Garrish – steel guitar Byron House – bass guitar Dann Huff – electric guitar Paul Leim – drums Steve Nathan – keyboards Joe Spivey – banjo Curtis Wright – background vocals Curtis Young – background vocals "Peaceful Easy Feeling" Denny Dadmun-Bixby – bass guitar Del Gray – drums Porter Howell – 6-string bass, acoustic guitar, electric guitar Dwayne O'Brien – lead vocals, background vocals Duane Propes – background vocals Tim Rushlow – background vocals "Desperado" Dane Bryant – keyboards Dick Gay – drums Dann Huff – electric guitar Hayden Nicholas – electric guitar Nashville String Machine – strings Jeff Peterson – steel guitar Jake Willemaim – bass guitar Martin Young – acoustic guitar "Heartache Tonight" John Anderson – background vocals Larry Byrom – acoustic guitar Dann Huff – electric guitar Paul Leim – drums Gary Smith – keyboards Glenn Worf – bass guitar Curtis Wright – background vocals Curtis Young – background vocals "Tequila Sunrise" Eddie Bayers – drums Stuart Duncan – fiddle Paul Franklin – steel guitar Roy Huskey Jr. – upright bass Brent Mason – electric guitar Hargus "Pig" Robbins – keyboards John Wesley Ryles – background vocals Keith Stegall – acoustic guitar "Take It to the Limit" Eddie Bayers – drums Suzy Bogguss – background vocals Beth Nielsen Chapman – background vocals Dan Dugmore – steel guitar Kirk "Jellyroll" Johnson – harmonica Matt Rollings – keyboards Tom Roady – percussion Brent Rowan – acoustic guitar, electric guitar Leland Sklar – bass guitar Harry Stinson – background vocals "I Can't Tell You Why" Vince Gill – background vocals Jim Horn – soprano saxophone David Hungate – bass guitar George Marinelli – electric guitar Steve Nathan – Hammond B-3 organ, synthesizer Timothy B. Schmit – background vocals Milton Sledge – drums Pete Wasner – Wurlitzer electric piano "Lyin' Eyes" Gene Johnson – mandolin, background vocals Jimmy Olander – acoustic guitar, electric guitar Brian Prout – drums Marty Roe – lead vocals Dan Truman – keyboards Dana Williams – bass guitar, background vocals "New Kid in Town" Eddie Bayers – drums Joe Chemay – background vocals Garth Fundis – background vocals Al Kooper – Hammond B-3 organ George Marinelli – electric guitar Matt Rollings – keyboards Dave Pomeroy – bass guitar Steuart Smith – acoustic guitar, electric guitar Harry Stinson – background vocals Billy Joe Walker Jr. – acoustic guitar "Saturday Night" Billy Dean – background vocals Dan Dugmore – steel guitar Rob Hajacos – fiddle John Barlow Jarvis – keyboards Brent Rowan – electric guitar Biff Watson – acoustic guitar Lonnie Wilson – drums Glenn Worf – bass guitar "Already Gone" Eddie Bayers – drums Gary Burr – background vocals Larry Byrom – acoustic guitar, electric guitar Carol Chase – background vocals Steve Gibson – electric guitar John Barlow Jarvis – keyboards Michael Rhodes – bass guitar Dennis Wilson – background vocals "Best of My Love" Bruce Bouton – steel guitar Mark Casstevens – acoustic guitar Bill LaBounty – keyboards Brent Rowan – electric guitar John Wesley Ryles – background vocals Dennis Wilson – background vocals Lonnie Wilson – drums, percussion Glenn Worf – bass guitar "The Sad Café" Michael Black – background vocals Larry Byrom – acoustic guitar Paul Franklin – steel guitar Dann Huff – electric guitar Paul Leim – drums Gary Prim – keyboards Dennis Wilson – background vocals Glenn Worf – bass guitar Curtis Young – background vocals Technical Carl Gorodetzky – string contractor on "Desperado" Joe Layne – string copyist on "Desperado" Jim Ed Norman – string arrangements on "Desperado" Production The 1994 Country Music Association (CMA) award for Album of the Year was awarded jointly to Suzy Bogguss, Tony Brown, Don Cook, Jerry Crutchfield, Billy Dean, Christy DiNapoli, Garth Fundis, Doug Grau, Scott Hendricks, Richard Landis, Lynn Peterzell, Monty Powell, Keith Stegall, and James Stroud for their contributions in producing the album. Executive Production: James Stroud Production Assistants: Lisa Bradley, Allison Brown, Ginny Johnson, Scott Paschall, Doug Rich, Roxanne Stueve, Jane West Engineers: Mike Bradley, Mike Clute, John Kelton, Tim Kish, Gary Laney (also mix assistant), Steve Lowery, Steve Marcantonio, Mike McCarthy, Lynn Peterzell (also overdub engineer), Csaba Petocz, Marty Williams Assistant Engineers: Derek Bason (also assistant engineer for overdubs), Pasquale Delvillaggio, Mark Hagen (also mix assistant), Ken Hutton (also assistant engineer for overdubs), Julian King (also assistant engineer for overdubs & mix assistant), Russ Martin, Herb Tassin, John Thomas II (also mix assistant), Craig White Mixing: Mike Bradley, Garth Fundis, John Guess, John Kelton, Lynn Peterzell, Marty Williams (also mix assistant) Charts and certification Weekly charts Chart (1993) Peakposition Canadian Country Albums (RPM) 1 Canada Top Albums/CDs (RPM) 22 US Billboard 200 3 US Top Country Albums (Billboard) 1 Year-end charts Chart (1993) Position US Top Country Albums (Billboard) 32 Chart (1994) Position US Billboard 200 25 US Top Country Albums (Billboard) 2 Charted songs Year Single Performed by Peak positions US Country CAN Country 1993 "Desperado" Clint Black 54 52 "I Can't Tell You Why" Vince Gill 42 26 "Tequila Sunrise" Alan Jackson 64 — "Peaceful Easy Feeling" Little Texas 73 — "Take It Easy" Travis Tritt 21 12 "Already Gone" Tanya Tucker 75 — "—" denotes releases that did not chart Certifications Region Certification Certified units/sales Canada (Music Canada) Platinum 100,000^ United States (RIAA) 3× Platinum 3,000,000^ ^ Shipments figures based on certification alone. References ^ a b "American album certifications – Various – Common Threads". Recording Industry Association of America. ^ a b c Andrew Leahey (December 17, 2014). "Flashback: See Feuding Eagles 'Take It Easy' With Travis Tritt". Rolling Stone. ^ "Home | Walden Woods". Walden.org. Retrieved 2012-02-10. ^ a b Bob Cannon (October 15, 1993). "Don Henley's Walden Woods Project". Entertainment Weekly. ^ Whitaker, Sterling. "Remember When Vince Gill Covered the Eagles?". Taste of Country. ^ "Hot Country Songs: March 12, 1994". Billboard. ^ a b "RPM Country Track". RPM. March 14, 1994. ^ "Eagles biography". CMT. Archived from the original on October 16, 2012. Retrieved 2008-06-29. ^ "Eagles biography". MTV. Archived from the original on 15 October 2014. ^ Gayle Thompson (May 27, 2015). "21 Years Ago: The Eagles Reunite for Hell Freezes Over Tour". The Boot. ^ a b "AllMusic review". Allmusic.com. Retrieved 2012-06-20. ^ a b Browne, David (October 15, 1993). "Common Thread: The Songs of the Eagles". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 2009-10-18. ^ Common Thread: The Songs of the Eagles (CD insert). Various artists. Giant Records. 1993. 24531.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) ^ "Past Cma Awards Winners" (PDF). Retrieved 2012-06-20. ^ "RPM Country Albums/CDs - Volume 59, No. 3" (PDF). RPM magazine. February 7, 1994. ^ "Top RPM Albums: Issue 2311". RPM. Library and Archives Canada. ^ "Various Artists Chart History (Billboard 200)". Billboard. Retrieved April 15, 2021. ^ "Various Artists Chart History (Top Country Albums)". Billboard. Retrieved April 15, 2021. ^ "Top Country Albums – Year-End 1993". Billboard. Retrieved April 15, 2021. ^ "Top Billboard 200 Albums – Year-End 1994". Billboard. Retrieved April 15, 2021. ^ "Top Country Albums – Year-End 1994". Billboard. Retrieved April 15, 2021. ^ Whitburn, Joel (2008). Hot Country Songs 1944 to 2008. Record Research, Inc. ISBN 978-0-89820-177-2. ^ "Country Tracks: Volume 58, No. 24" (PDF). RPM. Library and Archives Canada. December 25, 1993. ^ "Canadian album certifications – Various Artists – Common Thread". Music Canada. vteEagles Don Henley Joe Walsh Timothy B. Schmit Deacon Frey Vince Gill Glenn Frey Bernie Leadon Randy Meisner Don Felder Studio albums Eagles Desperado On the Border One of These Nights Hotel California The Long Run Long Road Out of Eden Compilation Their Greatest Hits (1971–1975) Eagles Greatest Hits Volume 2 The Very Best of the Eagles Selected Works: 1972–1999 The Very Best Of Eagles Live releases Eagles Live Hell Freezes Over Farewell 1 Tour: Live from Melbourne Live from the Forum MMXVIII Singles "Take It Easy" "Witchy Woman" "Peaceful Easy Feeling" "Tequila Sunrise" "Outlaw Man" "Already Gone" "James Dean" "Best of My Love" "One of These Nights" "Lyin' Eyes" "Take It to the Limit" "New Kid in Town" "Hotel California" "Life in the Fast Lane" "Please Come Home for Christmas" "Heartache Tonight" "The Long Run" "I Can't Tell You Why" "Seven Bridges Road" "Get Over It" "Love Will Keep Us Alive" "Hole in the World" "How Long" "Busy Being Fabulous" Other songs "Desperado" "Ol' '55" "The Last Resort" "In the City" Tours Long Road Out of Eden Tour History of the Eagles Tour Hotel California 2020 Tour People Irving Azoff Jackson Browne David Geffen Glyn Johns Linda Ronstadt J. D. Souther Bill Szymczyk Jack Tempchin Related Discography Poco Flying Burrito Brothers Common Thread: The Songs of the Eagles History of the Eagles Heaven and Hell: My Life in the Eagles (1974–2001) Standin' on the Corner Park Category vteCMA Album of the Year1967−1970 There Goes My Everything – Jack Greene (1967) Johnny Cash at Folsom Prison – Johnny Cash (1968) Johnny Cash At San Quentin – Johnny Cash (1969) Okie from Muskogee – Merle Haggard and the Strangers (1970) 1971-1980 I Won't Mention It Again – Ray Price (1971) Let Me Tell You About a Song – Merle Haggard and the Strangers (1972) Behind Closed Doors – Charlie Rich (1973) A Very Special Love Song – Charlie Rich (1974) A Legend in My Time – Ronnie Milsap (1975) Wanted! The Outlaws – Waylon Jennings, Willie Nelson, Jessi Colter, and Tompall Glaser (1976) Ronnie Milsap Live – Ronnie Milsap (1977) It Was Almost Like a Song – Ronnie Milsap (1978) The Gambler – Kenny Rogers (1979) Coal Miner's Daughter – Various artists (1980) 1981-1990 I Believe in You – Don Williams (1981) Always on My Mind – Willie Nelson (1982) The Closer You Get – Alabama (1983) A Little Good News – Anne Murray (1984) Does Fort Worth Ever Cross Your Mind – George Strait (1985) Lost in the Fifties Tonight – Ronnie Milsap (1986) Always And Forever – Randy Travis (1987) Born to Boogie – Hank Williams Jr. (1988) Will the Circle Be Unbroken: Volume Two – Nitty Gritty Dirt Band (1989) Pickin' on Nashville – The Kentucky Headhunters (1990) 1991-2000 No Fences – Garth Brooks (1991) Ropin' the Wind – Garth Brooks (1992) I Still Believe in You – Vince Gill (1993) Common Thread: The Songs of the Eagles – Eagles (1994) When Fallen Angels Fly – Patty Loveless (1995) Blue Clear Sky – George Strait (1996) Carrying Your Love with Me – George Strait (1997) Everywhere – Tim McGraw (1998) A Place in the Sun – Tim McGraw (1999) Fly – The Dixie Chicks (2000) 2001-2010 O Brother, Where Art Thou? – Various artists (2001) Drive – Alan Jackson (2002) American IV: The Man Comes Around – Johnny Cash (2003) When the Sun Goes Down – Kenny Chesney (2004) There's More Where That Came From – Lee Ann Womack (2005) Time Well Wasted – Brad Paisley (2006) It Just Comes Natural – George Strait (2007) Troubadour – George Strait (2008) Fearless – Taylor Swift (2009) Revolution – Miranda Lambert (2010) 2011-2020 My Kinda Party – Jason Aldean (2011) Chief – Eric Church (2012) Based on a True Story... – Blake Shelton (2013) Platinum – Miranda Lambert (2014) Traveller – Chris Stapleton (2015) Mr. Misunderstood – Eric Church (2016) From A Room: Volume 1 – Chris Stapleton (2017) Golden Hour – Kacey Musgraves (2018) Girl – Maren Morris (2019) What You See Is What You Get – Luke Combs (2020) 2021-2030 Starting Over – Chris Stapleton (2021) Growin' Up – Luke Combs (2022) Bell Bottom Country - Lainey Wilson (2023) Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tribute album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribute_album"},{"link_name":"rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_music"},{"link_name":"Eagles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagles_(band)"},{"link_name":"Giant Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_Records_(Warner)"},{"link_name":"Walden Woods Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walden_Woods_Project"},{"link_name":"covers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cover_songs"},{"link_name":"country music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_music"},{"link_name":"Recording Industry Association of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RIAA-1"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Hot Country Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Country_Songs"},{"link_name":"Travis Tritt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travis_Tritt"},{"link_name":"Take It Easy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Take_It_Easy"},{"link_name":"Country Music Association Award for Album of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_Music_Association_Award_for_Album_of_the_Year"}],"text":"Common Thread: The Songs of the Eagles is a tribute album to American rock band Eagles. It was released in 1993 on Giant Records to raise funds for the Walden Woods Project. The album features covers of various Eagles songs, as performed by country music acts. It was certified 3× Platinum in the United States by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) on June 27, 1994, honoring shipments of three million copies in the United States.[1] Several cuts from the album all charted on the Billboard Hot Country Songs charts after the album's release, the most successful being Travis Tritt's rendition of \"Take It Easy\" at number 21. Common Thread won all of its performers a Country Music Association Award for Album of the Year at the 1994 ceremony.","title":"Common Thread: The Songs of the Eagles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eagles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagles_(band)"},{"link_name":"Don Henley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Henley"},{"link_name":"Irving Azoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Azoff"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rolling_stone-2"},{"link_name":"Walden Woods Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walden_Woods_Project"},{"link_name":"Concord, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concord,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ew-cannon-4"},{"link_name":"Henry David Thoreau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau"},{"link_name":"Walden Pond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walden_Pond"},{"link_name":"Country Music Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_Music_Association_Awards"},{"link_name":"Trisha Yearwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trisha_Yearwood"},{"link_name":"James Stroud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Stroud"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ew-cannon-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rolling_stone-2"},{"link_name":"Timothy B. Schmit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_B._Schmit"},{"link_name":"Vince Gill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vince_Gill"},{"link_name":"I Can't Tell You Why","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Can%27t_Tell_You_Why"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The album was initiated by Eagles co-founder Don Henley with help from the band's manager, Irving Azoff.[2] It was intended as a charity album to raise funds for the Walden Woods Project that Henley founded in 1990 to buy the land around Walden Pond in Concord, Massachusetts.[3][4] On the back cover of the album, it states:A portion of the royalties from the sales of this collection will go to the Walden Woods Project, a non-profit organization founded in 1990. The purpose of the Walden Woods Project is to purchase, and thereby preserve, environmentally sensitive and historically significant forestland located near Henry David Thoreau's famed retreat at Walden Pond.The idea for a charity album with country musicians came after a Walden Woods benefit concert in Los Angeles in May 1992 where several country artists also appeared. Later in the year at the 1992 Country Music Awards show, where Henley performed with Trisha Yearwood in a duet, a number of artists told Henley how the Eagles’ music had inspired them. Henley and Azoff then decided that the project may be feasible, and with the help of record producer James Stroud, a number of country musicians were chosen for the album.[4] The Eagles themselves were not involved as a band in this project, however, and none of its members played on the album,[2] although Timothy B. Schmit provided harmony vocals for Vince Gill's rendition of \"I Can't Tell You Why\".[5]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Take It Easy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Take_It_Easy"},{"link_name":"Travis Tritt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travis_Tritt"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"RPM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPM_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tritt_rpm-7"},{"link_name":"music video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_video"},{"link_name":"Long Run","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Long_Run_(Eagles_album)"},{"link_name":"Don Felder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Felder"},{"link_name":"Joe Walsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Walsh"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Hell Freezes Over","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hell_Freezes_Over"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-the_boot-10"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rolling_stone-2"}],"sub_title":"\"Take It Easy\"","text":"The most notable track in the album was the cover of \"Take It Easy\" by Travis Tritt. In March 1994, the song reached No. 21 on the US Country chart,[6] and No. 12 on the Canadian RPM chart.[7] For the music video of his rendition of \"Take It Easy\", Tritt requested that Eagles join him for the filming, and the resulting video featured the full Long Run-era lineup of the Eagles (Glenn Frey, Don Henley, Don Felder, Joe Walsh, and Schmit).[8] It would be the first time since disbanding in 1980 that the five members of the band appeared together (Frey, Henley, Walsh and Schmit, however, had all united for a benefit concert in 1990).[9] Their appearance on the video subsequently led to the band being officially reformed. Both Frey and Henley met with their management over lunch two months later and agreed to a reunion. A new album, Hell Freezes Over, was released and a concert tour launched the following year.[10] Frey, who had previously been reluctant to reunite with the band, later said of the making of the video: \"After years passed, you really sort of remember that you were friends first ... I just remembered how much we genuinely had liked each other and how much fun we'd had.\"[2]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AllMusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allmusic-11"},{"link_name":"Entertainment Weekly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly"},{"link_name":"Life in the Fast Lane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_in_the_Fast_Lane"},{"link_name":"Tanya Tucker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanya_Tucker"},{"link_name":"Alan Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Jackson"},{"link_name":"John Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Anderson_(musician)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ew-12"}],"text":"An uncredited review from AllMusic rated the album 2 out of 5 stars, stating that \"Ironically, all of the interpretations on Common Thread are more pop/rock-oriented than the original versions, making the album a well-intentioned but pointless exercise.\"[11] David Browne of Entertainment Weekly rated the album \"B−\". He criticized the album for lacking \"harder songs, like 'Life in the Fast Lane'\", as well as the arrangements of the artists' recordings. Although he described the latter as \"slavishly devoted to the original recordings\", Browne thought that the vocal performances of Tanya Tucker, Alan Jackson, and John Anderson were among the strongest.[12]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Take It Easy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Take_It_Easy"},{"link_name":"Travis Tritt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travis_Tritt"},{"link_name":"Jackson Browne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson_Browne"},{"link_name":"Glenn Frey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Frey"},{"link_name":"James Stroud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Stroud"},{"link_name":"Peaceful Easy Feeling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peaceful_Easy_Feeling"},{"link_name":"Little Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Texas_(band)"},{"link_name":"Jack Tempchin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Tempchin"},{"link_name":"Desperado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desperado_(Eagles_song)"},{"link_name":"Clint Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clint_Black"},{"link_name":"Don Henley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Henley"},{"link_name":"Heartache Tonight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heartache_Tonight"},{"link_name":"John Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Anderson_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Bob Seger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Seger"},{"link_name":"J. D. Souther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._D._Souther"},{"link_name":"Tequila Sunrise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tequila_Sunrise_(Eagles_song)"},{"link_name":"Alan Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Jackson"},{"link_name":"Keith Stegall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Stegall"},{"link_name":"Take It to the Limit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Take_It_to_the_Limit_(Eagles_song)"},{"link_name":"Suzy Bogguss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzy_Bogguss"},{"link_name":"Randy Meisner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randy_Meisner"},{"link_name":"I Can't Tell You Why","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Can%27t_Tell_You_Why"},{"link_name":"Vince Gill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vince_Gill"},{"link_name":"Timothy B. Schmit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_B._Schmit"},{"link_name":"Tony Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Brown_(record_producer)"},{"link_name":"Lyin' Eyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyin%27_Eyes"},{"link_name":"Diamond Rio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond_Rio"},{"link_name":"Monty Powell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monty_Powell"},{"link_name":"New Kid in Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Kid_in_Town"},{"link_name":"Trisha Yearwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trisha_Yearwood"},{"link_name":"Garth Fundis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garth_Fundis"},{"link_name":"Billy Dean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Dean"},{"link_name":"Bernie Leadon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Leadon"},{"link_name":"Lynn Peterzell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynn_Peterzell"},{"link_name":"Already Gone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Already_Gone_(Eagles_song)"},{"link_name":"Tanya Tucker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanya_Tucker"},{"link_name":"Jerry Crutchfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Crutchfield"},{"link_name":"Best of My Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best_of_My_Love_(Eagles_song)"},{"link_name":"Brooks & Dunn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooks_%26_Dunn"},{"link_name":"Don Cook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Cook"},{"link_name":"Scott Hendricks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Hendricks"},{"link_name":"Lorrie Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorrie_Morgan"},{"link_name":"Joe Walsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Walsh"},{"link_name":"Richard Landis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Landis"}],"text":"No.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1.\"Take It Easy\" (Travis Tritt)Jackson Browne, Glenn FreyJames Stroud3:322.\"Peaceful Easy Feeling\" (Little Texas)Jack TempchinChristy DiNapoli, Doug Grau4:193.\"Desperado\" (Clint Black)Don Henley, FreyJames Stroud3:514.\"Heartache Tonight\" (John Anderson)Henley, Frey, Bob Seger, J. D. SoutherJames Stroud4:235.\"Tequila Sunrise\" (Alan Jackson)Henley, FreyKeith Stegall2:566.\"Take It to the Limit\" (Suzy Bogguss)Randy Meisner, Henley, FreySuzy Bogguss4:327.\"I Can't Tell You Why\" (Vince Gill)Timothy B. Schmit, Henley, FreyTony Brown4:048.\"Lyin' Eyes\" (Diamond Rio)Henley, FreyMonty Powell6:309.\"New Kid in Town\" (Trisha Yearwood)Henley, Frey, SoutherGarth Fundis5:0710.\"Saturday Night\" (Billy Dean)Meisner, Henley, Frey, Bernie LeadonLynn Peterzell, Billy Dean3:2511.\"Already Gone\" (Tanya Tucker)Tempchin, Robb StradlundJerry Crutchfield5:0012.\"Best of My Love\" (Brooks & Dunn)Henley, Frey, SoutherDon Cook, Scott Hendricks4:3813.\"The Sad Café\" (Lorrie Morgan)Henley, Frey, Joe Walsh, SoutherRichard Landis4:45","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Larry Byrom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Byrom"},{"link_name":"steel guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel_guitar"},{"link_name":"Dann Huff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dann_Huff"},{"link_name":"Paul Leim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Leim"},{"link_name":"Steve Nathan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Nathan"},{"link_name":"Curtis Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtis_Wright"},{"link_name":"Denny Dadmun-Bixby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Plains_(Tennessee_band)"},{"link_name":"6-string bass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6-string_bass"},{"link_name":"Tim Rushlow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Rushlow"},{"link_name":"Hayden Nicholas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayden_Nicholas"},{"link_name":"Nashville String Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashville_String_Machine"},{"link_name":"strings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_section"},{"link_name":"Glenn Worf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Worf"},{"link_name":"Eddie Bayers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Bayers"},{"link_name":"Stuart Duncan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Duncan"},{"link_name":"Paul Franklin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Franklin_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Roy Huskey Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Huskey_Jr."},{"link_name":"Brent Mason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brent_Mason"},{"link_name":"Hargus \"Pig\" Robbins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hargus_%22Pig%22_Robbins"},{"link_name":"John Wesley Ryles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wesley_Ryles"},{"link_name":"Keith Stegall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Stegall"},{"link_name":"Beth Nielsen Chapman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beth_Nielsen_Chapman"},{"link_name":"Dan Dugmore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Dugmore"},{"link_name":"Matt Rollings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Rollings"},{"link_name":"Brent Rowan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brent_Rowan"},{"link_name":"Leland Sklar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leland_Sklar"},{"link_name":"Harry Stinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Stinson_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Jim Horn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Horn"},{"link_name":"soprano saxophone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soprano_saxophone"},{"link_name":"David Hungate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hungate"},{"link_name":"Hammond B-3 organ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammond_B-3_organ"},{"link_name":"Timothy B. Schmit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_B._Schmit"},{"link_name":"Wurlitzer electric piano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wurlitzer_electric_piano"},{"link_name":"mandolin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandolin"},{"link_name":"Joe Chemay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Chemay"},{"link_name":"Garth Fundis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garth_Fundis"},{"link_name":"Al Kooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Kooper"},{"link_name":"Dave Pomeroy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Pomeroy"},{"link_name":"Steuart Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steuart_Smith"},{"link_name":"Billy Joe Walker Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Joe_Walker_Jr."},{"link_name":"John Barlow Jarvis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Barlow_Jarvis"},{"link_name":"Biff Watson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biff_Watson"},{"link_name":"Lonnie Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lonnie_Wilson"},{"link_name":"Gary Burr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Burr"},{"link_name":"Michael Rhodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Rhodes_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Bruce Bouton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Bouton"},{"link_name":"Bill LaBounty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_LaBounty"},{"link_name":"Jim Ed Norman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Ed_Norman"},{"link_name":"Country Music Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_Music_Association"},{"link_name":"Tony Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Brown_(record_producer)"},{"link_name":"Lynn Peterzell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynn_Peterzell"},{"link_name":"James Stroud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Stroud"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Julian King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_King_(recording_engineer)"}],"text":"Compiled from liner notes.[13]Musicians\"Take It Easy\"\nLarry Byrom – acoustic guitar\nSonny Garrish – steel guitar\nByron House – bass guitar\nDann Huff – electric guitar\nPaul Leim – drums\nSteve Nathan – keyboards\nJoe Spivey – banjo\nCurtis Wright – background vocals\nCurtis Young – background vocals\n\"Peaceful Easy Feeling\"\nDenny Dadmun-Bixby – bass guitar\nDel Gray – drums\nPorter Howell – 6-string bass, acoustic guitar, electric guitar\nDwayne O'Brien – lead vocals, background vocals\nDuane Propes – background vocals\nTim Rushlow – background vocals\n\"Desperado\"\nDane Bryant – keyboards\nDick Gay – drums\nDann Huff – electric guitar\nHayden Nicholas – electric guitar\nNashville String Machine – strings\nJeff Peterson – steel guitar\nJake Willemaim – bass guitar\nMartin Young – acoustic guitar\n\"Heartache Tonight\"\nJohn Anderson – background vocals\nLarry Byrom – acoustic guitar\nDann Huff – electric guitar\nPaul Leim – drums\nGary Smith – keyboards\nGlenn Worf – bass guitar\nCurtis Wright – background vocals\nCurtis Young – background vocals\n\"Tequila Sunrise\"\nEddie Bayers – drums\nStuart Duncan – fiddle\nPaul Franklin – steel guitar\nRoy Huskey Jr. – upright bass\nBrent Mason – electric guitar\nHargus \"Pig\" Robbins – keyboards\nJohn Wesley Ryles – background vocals\nKeith Stegall – acoustic guitar\n\"Take It to the Limit\"\nEddie Bayers – drums\nSuzy Bogguss – background vocals\nBeth Nielsen Chapman – background vocals\nDan Dugmore – steel guitar\nKirk \"Jellyroll\" Johnson – harmonica\nMatt Rollings – keyboards\nTom Roady – percussion\nBrent Rowan – acoustic guitar, electric guitar\nLeland Sklar – bass guitar\nHarry Stinson – background vocals\n\"I Can't Tell You Why\"\nVince Gill – background vocals\nJim Horn – soprano saxophone\nDavid Hungate – bass guitar\nGeorge Marinelli – electric guitar\nSteve Nathan – Hammond B-3 organ, synthesizer\nTimothy B. Schmit – background vocals\nMilton Sledge – drums\nPete Wasner – Wurlitzer electric piano\n\"Lyin' Eyes\"\nGene Johnson – mandolin, background vocals\nJimmy Olander – acoustic guitar, electric guitar\nBrian Prout – drums\nMarty Roe – lead vocals\nDan Truman – keyboards\nDana Williams – bass guitar, background vocals\n\"New Kid in Town\"\nEddie Bayers – drums\nJoe Chemay – background vocals\nGarth Fundis – background vocals\nAl Kooper – Hammond B-3 organ\nGeorge Marinelli – electric guitar\nMatt Rollings – keyboards\nDave Pomeroy – bass guitar\nSteuart Smith – acoustic guitar, electric guitar\nHarry Stinson – background vocals\nBilly Joe Walker Jr. – acoustic guitar\n\"Saturday Night\"\nBilly Dean – background vocals\nDan Dugmore – steel guitar\nRob Hajacos – fiddle\nJohn Barlow Jarvis – keyboards\nBrent Rowan – electric guitar\nBiff Watson – acoustic guitar\nLonnie Wilson – drums\nGlenn Worf – bass guitar\n\"Already Gone\"\nEddie Bayers – drums\nGary Burr – background vocals\nLarry Byrom – acoustic guitar, electric guitar\nCarol Chase – background vocals\nSteve Gibson – electric guitar\nJohn Barlow Jarvis – keyboards\nMichael Rhodes – bass guitar\nDennis Wilson – background vocals\n\"Best of My Love\"\nBruce Bouton – steel guitar\nMark Casstevens – acoustic guitar\nBill LaBounty – keyboards\nBrent Rowan – electric guitar\nJohn Wesley Ryles – background vocals\nDennis Wilson – background vocals\nLonnie Wilson – drums, percussion\nGlenn Worf – bass guitar\n\"The Sad Café\"\nMichael Black – background vocals\nLarry Byrom – acoustic guitar\nPaul Franklin – steel guitar\nDann Huff – electric guitar\nPaul Leim – drums\nGary Prim – keyboards\nDennis Wilson – background vocals\nGlenn Worf – bass guitar\nCurtis Young – background vocalsTechnicalCarl Gorodetzky – string contractor on \"Desperado\"\nJoe Layne – string copyist on \"Desperado\"\nJim Ed Norman – string arrangements on \"Desperado\"Production \nThe 1994 Country Music Association (CMA) award for Album of the Year was awarded jointly to Suzy Bogguss, Tony Brown, Don Cook, Jerry Crutchfield, Billy Dean, Christy DiNapoli, Garth Fundis, Doug Grau, Scott Hendricks, Richard Landis, Lynn Peterzell, Monty Powell, Keith Stegall, and James Stroud for their contributions in producing the album.[14]Executive Production: James Stroud\nProduction Assistants: Lisa Bradley, Allison Brown, Ginny Johnson, Scott Paschall, Doug Rich, Roxanne Stueve, Jane West\nEngineers: Mike Bradley, Mike Clute, John Kelton, Tim Kish, Gary Laney (also mix assistant), Steve Lowery, Steve Marcantonio, Mike McCarthy, Lynn Peterzell (also overdub engineer), Csaba Petocz, Marty Williams\nAssistant Engineers: Derek Bason (also assistant engineer for overdubs), Pasquale Delvillaggio, Mark Hagen (also mix assistant), Ken Hutton (also assistant engineer for overdubs), Julian King (also assistant engineer for overdubs & mix assistant), Russ Martin, Herb Tassin, John Thomas II (also mix assistant), Craig White\nMixing: Mike Bradley, Garth Fundis, John Guess, John Kelton, Lynn Peterzell, Marty Williams (also mix assistant)","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Common_Thread:_The_Songs_of_the_Eagles&action=edit&section=7"},{"link_name":"RPM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPM_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"RPM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPM_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-group=-16"},{"link_name":"Billboard 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Billboard200_Various_Artists-17"},{"link_name":"Top Country Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_Country_Albums"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_BillboardCountry_Various_Artists-18"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Common_Thread:_The_Songs_of_the_Eagles&action=edit&section=8"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Common_Thread:_The_Songs_of_the_Eagles&action=edit&section=9"},{"link_name":"US Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Country_Songs"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-whitburn-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tritt_rpm-7"},{"link_name":"Clint Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clint_Black"},{"link_name":"Vince Gill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vince_Gill"},{"link_name":"Alan Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Jackson"},{"link_name":"Little Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Texas_(band)"},{"link_name":"Travis Tritt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travis_Tritt"},{"link_name":"Tanya Tucker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanya_Tucker"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Common_Thread:_The_Songs_of_the_Eagles&action=edit&section=10"},{"link_name":"Certified units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_music_recording_certifications"},{"link_name":"Music Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Canada"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CanadaVarious_ArtistsCommon_ThreadalbumCertRef-24"},{"link_name":"RIAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RIAA-1"}],"text":"Weekly charts[edit]\n\n\n\nChart (1993)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nCanadian Country Albums (RPM)[15]\n\n1\n\n\nCanada Top Albums/CDs (RPM)[16]\n\n22\n\n\nUS Billboard 200[17]\n\n3\n\n\nUS Top Country Albums (Billboard)[18]\n\n1\n\nYear-end charts[edit]\n\n\n\nChart (1993)\n\nPosition\n\n\nUS Top Country Albums (Billboard)[19]\n\n32\n\n\nChart (1994)\n\nPosition\n\n\nUS Billboard 200[20]\n\n25\n\n\nUS Top Country Albums (Billboard)[21]\n\n2\n\nCharted songs[edit]\n\n\n\nYear\n\nSingle\n\nPerformed by\n\nPeak positions\n\n\nUS Country[22]\n\nCAN Country[23][7]\n\n\n1993\n\n\"Desperado\"\n\nClint Black\n\n54\n\n52\n\n\n\"I Can't Tell You Why\"\n\nVince Gill\n\n42\n\n26\n\n\n\"Tequila Sunrise\"\n\nAlan Jackson\n\n64\n\n—\n\n\n\"Peaceful Easy Feeling\"\n\nLittle Texas\n\n73\n\n—\n\n\n\"Take It Easy\"\n\nTravis Tritt\n\n21\n\n12\n\n\n\"Already Gone\"\n\nTanya Tucker\n\n75\n\n—\n\n\n\"—\" denotes releases that did not chart\n\n\n\nCertifications[edit]\n\n\n\n\nRegion\n\nCertification\nCertified units/sales\n\n\n\n\nCanada (Music Canada)[24]\n\nPlatinum\n\n100,000^\n\n\n\nUnited States (RIAA)[1]\n\n3× Platinum\n\n3,000,000^\n\n\n\n\n\n\n^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.","title":"Charts and certification"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"American album certifications – Various – Common Threads\". Recording Industry Association of America.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&ar=Various&ti=Common+Threads&format=Album&type=#search_section","url_text":"\"American album certifications – Various – Common Threads\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America","url_text":"Recording Industry Association of America"}]},{"reference":"Andrew Leahey (December 17, 2014). \"Flashback: See Feuding Eagles 'Take It Easy' With Travis Tritt\". Rolling Stone.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/videos/flashback-the-feuding-eagles-take-it-easy-with-travis-tritt-20141217","url_text":"\"Flashback: See Feuding Eagles 'Take It Easy' With Travis Tritt\""}]},{"reference":"\"Home | Walden Woods\". Walden.org. Retrieved 2012-02-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.walden.org/","url_text":"\"Home | Walden Woods\""}]},{"reference":"Bob Cannon (October 15, 1993). \"Don Henley's Walden Woods Project\". Entertainment Weekly.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ew.com/article/1993/10/15/don-henleys-walden-woods-project","url_text":"\"Don Henley's Walden Woods Project\""}]},{"reference":"Whitaker, Sterling. \"Remember When Vince Gill Covered the Eagles?\". Taste of Country.","urls":[{"url":"http://tasteofcountry.com/vince-gill-the-eagles-i-cant-tell-you-why/","url_text":"\"Remember When Vince Gill Covered the Eagles?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hot Country Songs: March 12, 1994\". Billboard.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/charts/country-songs/1994-03-12","url_text":"\"Hot Country Songs: March 12, 1994\""}]},{"reference":"\"RPM Country Track\". RPM. March 14, 1994.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/films-videos-sound-recordings/rpm/Pages/image.aspx?Image=nlc008388.2412&URLjpg=http%3a%2f%2fwww.collectionscanada.gc.ca%2fobj%2f028020%2ff4%2fnlc008388.2412.gif&Ecopy=nlc008388.2412","url_text":"\"RPM Country Track\""}]},{"reference":"\"Eagles biography\". CMT. Archived from the original on October 16, 2012. Retrieved 2008-06-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121016050405/http://www.cmt.com/artists/az/eagles/bio.jhtml","url_text":"\"Eagles biography\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_Music_Television","url_text":"CMT"},{"url":"http://www.cmt.com/artists/az/eagles/bio.jhtml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Eagles biography\". MTV. Archived from the original on 15 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141015165100/http://www.mtv.com/artists/eagles/biography","url_text":"\"Eagles biography\""},{"url":"http://www.mtv.com/artists/eagles/biography/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Gayle Thompson (May 27, 2015). \"21 Years Ago: The Eagles Reunite for Hell Freezes Over Tour\". The Boot.","urls":[{"url":"http://theboot.com/eagles-hell-freezes-over-tour/","url_text":"\"21 Years Ago: The Eagles Reunite for Hell Freezes Over Tour\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boot_(website)","url_text":"The Boot"}]},{"reference":"\"AllMusic review\". Allmusic.com. Retrieved 2012-06-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/r188406","url_text":"\"AllMusic review\""}]},{"reference":"Browne, David (October 15, 1993). \"Common Thread: The Songs of the Eagles\". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 2009-10-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://ew.com/article/1993/10/15/common-thread-songs-eagles/","url_text":"\"Common Thread: The Songs of the Eagles\""}]},{"reference":"Common Thread: The Songs of the Eagles (CD insert). Various artists. Giant Records. 1993. 24531.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Past Cma Awards Winners\" (PDF). Retrieved 2012-06-20.","urls":[{"url":"http://cmaawards.cmaworld.com/docs/default-document-library/past-cma-award-winners.pdf","url_text":"\"Past Cma Awards Winners\""}]},{"reference":"\"RPM Country Albums/CDs - Volume 59, No. 3\" (PDF). RPM magazine. February 7, 1994.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/obj/028020/f2/nlc008388.2378.pdf","url_text":"\"RPM Country Albums/CDs - Volume 59, No. 3\""}]},{"reference":"\"Top Country Albums – Year-End 1993\". Billboard. Retrieved April 15, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/1993/top-country-albums","url_text":"\"Top Country Albums – Year-End 1993\""}]},{"reference":"\"Top Billboard 200 Albums – Year-End 1994\". Billboard. Retrieved April 15, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/1994/top-billboard-200-albums","url_text":"\"Top Billboard 200 Albums – Year-End 1994\""}]},{"reference":"\"Top Country Albums – Year-End 1994\". Billboard. Retrieved April 15, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/1994/top-country-albums","url_text":"\"Top Country Albums – Year-End 1994\""}]},{"reference":"Whitburn, Joel (2008). Hot Country Songs 1944 to 2008. Record Research, Inc. ISBN 978-0-89820-177-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89820-177-2","url_text":"978-0-89820-177-2"}]},{"reference":"\"Country Tracks: Volume 58, No. 24\" (PDF). RPM. Library and Archives Canada. December 25, 1993.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/obj/028020/f2/nlc008388.2345.pdf","url_text":"\"Country Tracks: Volume 58, No. 24\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPM_(magazine)","url_text":"RPM"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_and_Archives_Canada","url_text":"Library and Archives Canada"}]},{"reference":"\"Canadian album certifications – Various Artists – Common Thread\". Music Canada.","urls":[{"url":"https://musiccanada.com/gold-platinum/?_gp_search=Common+Thread%20Various+Artists","url_text":"\"Canadian album certifications – Various Artists – Common Thread\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Canada","url_text":"Music Canada"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanhaja_de_Srair_language
Sanhaja de Srair language
["1 Name of the language","2 Dialects","3 Writing System","4 Arabic influences","5 Consonants","6 Vowels","7 References","8 Bibliography"]
Language Not to be confused with Zenaga language. Sanhaja de SrairSenhaja de SrairChelha, Tasenhajit or TamazightNative toMoroccoRegionRifEthnicityBerbersNative speakers86,000 (2014 census)Language familyAfro-Asiatic BerberNorthernAtlasSanhaja de SrairLanguage codesISO 639-3sjsGlottologsenh1238ELPSenhaja de Srair Senhaja de Srair ("Senhaja of Srair") is a Northern Berber language. It is spoken by the Sanhaja Berbers inhabiting the central part of the Moroccan Rif. It is spoken in the Ketama area west of the Tarifit speaking area in eastern Rif. Despite its speech area, the Sanhaja language belongs to the Atlas branch of Berber. It has also been influenced by the neighbouring Riffian language. Name of the language Besides Senhaja de Srair, there are also several names such as Senhajiyya, Chelha, Chelha n Jbala, Tajeblit, Tamazight n Jbala, Tasenhajit. Dialects Dialects of Senhaja Berber are Beni Ahmed, Beni Bechir, Beni Buensar, Beni Jennus, Beni Mesdui, Beni Seddat, Ketama, Sarcat, and Tagsut Writing System Senhaja de Srair speakers are not used to write in their language. Unlike some other Berber languages, Tifinagh script is never used in Senhaja de Srair. If the language is written, especially in the case on Computer-mediated communication, Latin script is the most considered one, numbers are sometimes (but not consistently) used to represent some sounds: 2 = ’ = ء 6 = ṭ = ط 3 = ɛ = ع 7 = ḥ = ح 4~8 = ġ = غ 9 = q = ق 5 = ḫ = خ Arabic influences Based on the Leipzig–Jakarta list, 17% of the vocabulary in Senhaja de Srair is borrowed. Consonants Following shows the oppositions in the consonantal system: Voice Voiced vs. voiceless consonants Length Short vs. long consonants Pharyngealization Non-pharyngealized vs. pharyngealized consonants Spirantization Stops vs. fricatives (spirantized consonants) Assibilation t vs. ț Labialization Vowels There are three peripheral vowels (a, i, u) and a central vowel, schwa , written as e. The vowel a is usually realized as , i as , u as , e as . Following shows the Senhaja vowel system: Front Mid Back Close i u Mid ə Open a References ^ Sanhaja de Srair at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022) ^ a b Lameen Souag, 2004: "Senhaja de Srair is not Zenati, but rather Atlas, belonging (despite location) with Middle Atlas Tamazight." ^ a b "Senhaja Berber". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-12. ^ a b c d e Gutova, Evgeniya (26 April 2022). "Senhaja Berber Varieties : phonology, Morphology, and Morphosyntax". Retrieved 7 February 2023. Bibliography Peter Behnstedt, "La frontera entre el bereber y el árabe en el Rif", Estudios de dialectología norteafricana y andalusí vol. 6, 2002. Esteban Ibañez, Diccionario español-senhayi (dialecto beraber de Senhaya de Srair), 1959. Mena Lafkiou, Atlas linguistique des variétés berbères du Rif (Berber Studies vol.15), 2007. A. Renisio, Études sur les dialectes berbères des Beni Iznassen, du Rif et des Senhaja de Sraïr. Grammaire, textes et lexique. PIHEM, vol. 12. Paris 1932. vteBerber languagesReconstructed Proto-Berber Eastern Awjila Fezzan Foqaha Sokna Tmessa Ghadamès Jaghbub Kufra Nafusi Jadu Nalut Wazzin Yefren Siwa NorthernZenati Eastern Middle Atlas (transitional to Atlas) Seghrouchen Warayn Northern Saharan Gurara Mozabite South Oranie and Figuig Tidikelt Tuwat Wad Righ Wargla Riffian Central Riffian Eastern Moroccan Iznasen Snouss Western Riffian Shawiya Tunisian-Zuwara (transitional to Eastern) Jerba Matmata Sened Douiret Zuwara Western Algerian Gouraya Shelif Shenwa Non-Zenati Atlas languages Central Atlas Gharb Ghomara Judeo-Berber Sanhaja de Srayr Shilha Kabyle Central-Eastern Central-Western Eastern Western Standardised Moroccan Amazigh Algerian Berber Tuareg Tamahaq Tamashek Tawellemmet Tayart Western Tetserret Zenaga Others Guanche? Old Libyan East Numidian Fezzan-Tripolitanian Mauretanian West Numidian Orthography Libyco-Berber alphabet Tifinagh Berber Latin alphabet Berber Arabic alphabet Judeo-Berber alphabet InstitutionsGovernmental AAAL (Algeria) HCA (Algeria) IRCAM (Morocco) DNAFLA (Mali) CRB (France) NGOs Berber Academy World Amazigh Congress Amazigh Cultural Association in America Italics indicate extinct languages vteLanguages of MoroccoOfficial languages Berber Arabic1 Native vernacularsArabicPre-Hilalian Northern Judeo-Moroccan Hilal-Mâqil Western Eastern Hassaniya Koiné Darija BerberAtlas Central Atlas Tashelhit Judeo-Berber Sanhaja de Srair Ghomara Gharbi† Zenati Tarifit Tabeldit Eastern Middle Atlas Eastern Morocco RomanceWestern Sabir† Haketia Spanish†,4 Undescribed African Latin† Main foreign languages French Spanish4 English Main liturgical languages Arabic1 2 Hebrew3 1 Modern Standard Arabic 2 Classical Arabic 3 Medieval Hebrew 4 Formerly native to Moriscos, extinct as native in Morocco † Extinct Authority control databases: National Israel United States This Berber languages-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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It is spoken by the Sanhaja Berbers inhabiting the central part of the Moroccan Rif. It is spoken in the Ketama area west of the Tarifit speaking area in eastern Rif.Despite its speech area, the Sanhaja language belongs to the Atlas branch of Berber.[2] It has also been influenced by the neighbouring Riffian language.[3]","title":"Sanhaja de Srair language"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"}],"text":"Besides Senhaja de Srair, there are also several names such as Senhajiyya, Chelha, Chelha n Jbala, Tajeblit, Tamazight n Jbala, Tasenhajit.[4]","title":"Name of the language"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Senhaja_Berber-3"}],"text":"Dialects of Senhaja Berber are Beni Ahmed, Beni Bechir, Beni Buensar, Beni Jennus, Beni Mesdui, Beni Seddat, Ketama, Sarcat, and Tagsut[3]","title":"Dialects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tifinagh script","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tifinagh"},{"link_name":"Computer-mediated communication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer-mediated_communication"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"}],"text":"Senhaja de Srair speakers are not used to write in their language. Unlike some other Berber languages, Tifinagh script is never used in Senhaja de Srair. If the language is written, especially in the case on Computer-mediated communication, Latin script is the most considered one, numbers are sometimes (but not consistently) used to represent some sounds: [4]","title":"Writing System"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Leipzig–Jakarta list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig%E2%80%93Jakarta_list"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"}],"text":"Based on the Leipzig–Jakarta list, 17% of the vocabulary in Senhaja de Srair is borrowed.[4]","title":"Arabic influences"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"}],"text":"Following shows the oppositions in the consonantal system:[4]","title":"Consonants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"}],"text":"There are three peripheral vowels (a, i, u) and a central vowel, schwa [ə], written as e. The vowel a is usually realized as [æ], i as [ɪ], u as [u], e as [ə].Following shows the Senhaja vowel system: [4]","title":"Vowels"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peter Behnstedt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Behnstedt&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Berber_languages"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Berber_languages"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Berber_languages"},{"link_name":"Berber 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languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liturgical_language"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic"},{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language"},{"link_name":"Modern Standard Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic"},{"link_name":"Classical Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Arabic"},{"link_name":"Medieval Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_Hebrew"},{"link_name":"Moriscos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morisco"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56744#identifiers"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007407545505171"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2017004365"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Berber_flag.svg"},{"link_name":"Berber languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berber_languages"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sanhaja_de_Srair_language&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Berber-lang-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Berber-lang-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Berber-lang-stub"}],"text":"Peter Behnstedt, \"La frontera entre el bereber y el árabe en el Rif\", Estudios de dialectología norteafricana y andalusí vol. 6, 2002.\nEsteban Ibañez, Diccionario español-senhayi (dialecto beraber de Senhaya de Srair), 1959.\nMena Lafkiou, Atlas linguistique des variétés berbères du Rif (Berber Studies vol.15), 2007.\nA. Renisio, Études sur les dialectes berbères des Beni Iznassen, du Rif et des Senhaja de Sraïr. Grammaire, textes et lexique. PIHEM, vol. 12. Paris 1932.vteBerber languagesReconstructed\nProto-Berber\nEastern\nAwjila\nFezzan\nFoqaha\nSokna\nTmessa\nGhadamès\nJaghbub\nKufra\nNafusi\nJadu\nNalut\nWazzin\nYefren\nSiwa\nNorthernZenati\nEastern Middle Atlas (transitional to Atlas)\nSeghrouchen\nWarayn\nNorthern Saharan\nGurara\nMozabite\nSouth Oranie and Figuig\nTidikelt\nTuwat\nWad Righ\nWargla\nRiffian\nCentral Riffian\nEastern Moroccan\nIznasen\nSnouss\nWestern Riffian\nShawiya\nTunisian-Zuwara (transitional to Eastern)\nJerba\nMatmata\nSened\nDouiret\nZuwara\nWestern Algerian\nGouraya\nShelif\nShenwa\nNon-Zenati\nAtlas languages\nCentral Atlas\nGharb\nGhomara\nJudeo-Berber\nSanhaja de Srayr\nShilha\nKabyle\nCentral-Eastern\nCentral-Western\nEastern\nWestern\nStandardised\nMoroccan Amazigh\nAlgerian Berber\nTuareg\nTamahaq\nTamashek\nTawellemmet\nTayart\nWestern\nTetserret\nZenaga\nOthers\nGuanche?\nOld Libyan\nEast Numidian\nFezzan-Tripolitanian\nMauretanian\nWest Numidian\nOrthography\nLibyco-Berber alphabet\nTifinagh\nBerber Latin alphabet\nBerber Arabic alphabet\nJudeo-Berber alphabet\nInstitutionsGovernmental\nAAAL (Algeria)\nHCA (Algeria)\nIRCAM (Morocco)\nDNAFLA (Mali)\nCRB (France)\nNGOs\nBerber Academy\nWorld Amazigh Congress\nAmazigh Cultural Association in America\nItalics indicate extinct languagesvteLanguages of MoroccoOfficial languages\nBerber\nArabic1\nNative vernacularsArabicPre-Hilalian\nNorthern\nJudeo-Moroccan\nHilal-Mâqil\nWestern\nEastern\nHassaniya\nKoiné\nDarija\nBerberAtlas\nCentral Atlas\nTashelhit\nJudeo-Berber\nSanhaja de Srair\nGhomara\nGharbi†\nZenati\nTarifit\nTabeldit\nEastern Middle Atlas\nEastern Morocco\nRomanceWestern\nSabir†\nHaketia\nSpanish†,4\nUndescribed\nAfrican Latin†\nMain foreign languages\nFrench\nSpanish4\nEnglish\nMain liturgical languages\nArabic1 2\nHebrew3\n\n1 Modern Standard Arabic\n2 Classical Arabic\n3 Medieval Hebrew\n4 Formerly native to Moriscos, extinct as native in Morocco\n† ExtinctAuthority control databases: National \nIsrael\nUnited StatesThis Berber languages-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Bibliography"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"\"Senhaja Berber\". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ethnologue.com/language/SJS","url_text":"\"Senhaja Berber\""}]},{"reference":"Gutova, Evgeniya (26 April 2022). \"Senhaja Berber Varieties : phonology, Morphology, and Morphosyntax\". Retrieved 7 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://theses.hal.science/tel-03652350/document","url_text":"\"Senhaja Berber Varieties : phonology, Morphology, and Morphosyntax\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/senh1238","external_links_name":"senh1238"},{"Link":"http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/8489","external_links_name":"Senhaja de Srair"},{"Link":"https://www.ethnologue.com/25/language/sjs","external_links_name":"Sanhaja de Srair"},{"Link":"https://www.ethnologue.com/language/SJS","external_links_name":"\"Senhaja Berber\""},{"Link":"https://theses.hal.science/tel-03652350/document","external_links_name":"\"Senhaja Berber Varieties : phonology, Morphology, and Morphosyntax\""},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007407545505171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2017004365","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sanhaja_de_Srair_language&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Chenango
USS Chenango
["1 Sources"]
Two ships of the United States Navy have been named USS Chenango, after the Chenango River of New York. USS Chenango (1863), was a side-wheel steamer in service during the American Civil War in 1864 and 1865. USS Chenango (CVE-28), was a fleet oiler commissioned in 1941, converted to an escort aircraft carrier in 1942, and in service until 1946. Sources  This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. The entry can be found here. List of ships with the same or similar names This article includes a list of ships with the same or similar names. If an internal link for a specific ship led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended ship article, if one exists.
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[]
null
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F.B.I._(instrumental)
F.B.I. (instrumental)
["1 Release and reception","2 Track listing","3 Musicians","4 Charts","5 Covers","6 References"]
1961 single by the Shadows "F.B.I."Single by The ShadowsB-side"Midnight"Released3 February 1961 (1961-02-03)Recorded13 September 1960StudioEMI Studios, LondonGenreInstrumental rockLength2:18LabelColumbiaComposer(s) Hank Marvin Bruce Welch Jet Harris Producer(s)Norrie ParamorThe Shadows singles chronology "Man of Mystery" / "The Stranger"(1960) "F.B.I." (1961) "The Frightened City" (1961) "F.B.I." is an instrumental rock tune recorded by the British group the Shadows and released as a single in February 1961. It spent 19 weeks in the UK Singles Chart reaching number 6 in mid-February and mid-March 1961. Release and reception "F.B.I." was written by the Shadows' Hank Marvin, Bruce Welch and Jet Harris, but due to complicated publishing contracts it was credited to their manager Peter Gormley. The actual composers' names never appeared on the credits. It was released as a single by EMI on the Columbia label, with the B-side "Midnight", written by Marvin and Welch. It was released in the United States and Canada in July 1961 on Atlantic Records with "The Frightened City", written by Norrie Paramor, as the B-side. Reviewing for Disc, Don Nicholl described "F.B.I." as "a quick moving melody that may not quite live up to the implications of the title – but which is a very contagious thing all the same". He also wrote the "Midnight" "seems pretty obviously to have been inspired (consciously or not) by "Sleep Walker". The same sliding electric guitar technique is used for a similarly lazy melody". Track listing 7": Columbia / DB 4580 "F.B.I." – 2:18 "Midnight" – 2:30 7": Atlantic / 2111 (US and Canada) "FBI" – 1:52 "The Frightened City" – 2:21 Musicians Hank Marvin – lead guitar Bruce Welch – rhythm guitar Jet Harris – bass guitar Tony Meehan – drums and percussion Charts Chart (1961) Peakposition Australia (Kent Music Report) 60 Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders) 18 Belgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia) 16 Canada (Vancouver CFUN) 24 France 3 Netherlands (Single Top 100) 18 New Zealand (Lever Hit Parade) 3 UK Singles (OCC) 6 Covers A cover version of "F.B.I." with "Wheels" as the B-side (cat. WB 436) was released in February 1961 on the UK Embassy Records budget label – sold exclusively in Woolworths stores. It was credited to "Bud Ashton" (a generic pseudonym used to represent whatever session musician had actually made the recording). English guitarist Bert Weedon covered the song on his 1976 compilation album 22 Golden Guitar Greats. Queen guitarist Brian May covered "F.B.I." with Francis Rossi and Rick Parfitt of Status Quo on the 1996 tribute album Twang!: A Tribute to Hank Marvin & the Shadows, and it later appeared as the B-side of his 1998 single "Why Don't We Try Again". Experimental rock group Massacre recorded a cover of "F.B.I." in 1981, which was released on their 2005 reissue of Killing Time. Ian Hunter and his band, featuring the guitarist Mick Ronson, covered "F.B.I." on the double live disc Welcome to the Club. The solo in Australian alternative rock group TISM's 1995 single "Greg! The Stop Sign!!" is a variation on the intro riff. Jethro Tull's "From a Deadbeat To an Old Greaser", a cut from the album Too Old to Rock 'n' Roll: Too Young to Die!, contained the line "When bombs were banned every Sunday and the Shadows did F.B.I." References ^ Koers, Ivo. "Instrumentation On Shadows Recordings II: The Primary Singles" (PDF). malcolmcampbell.me.uk. p. 6. Retrieved 30 August 2021. ^ a b "Shadows: Artist Chart History". Official Charts Company. ^ Bruce Welch; Howard Elson (1989). A Life in the Shadows. London: Viking Publishers. pp. 123–124. ISBN 0-670-82705-3. ^ "The Shadows - F.B.I." 45cat. Retrieved 31 August 2021. ^ "The Shadows - FBI". 45cat. Retrieved 31 August 2021. ^ "Disc Date" (PDF). Disc. 4 February 1961. p. 10. Retrieved 31 August 2021. ^ Kent, David (2005). Australian Chart Book 1940–1969. Australian Chart Book Pty Ltd, Turramurra, N.S.W. ISBN 0-646-44439-5. ^ "The Shadows – F.B.I." (in Dutch). Ultratop 50. ^ "The Shadows – F.B.I." (in French). Ultratop 50. ^ "C-Funtastic Week of September 16, 1961". 16 September 1961. Retrieved 28 November 2021. ^ "Hits of the World" (PDF). Billboard. 3 July 1961. p. 14. Retrieved 31 August 2021. ^ "The Shadows – F.B.I." (in Dutch). Single Top 100. ^ "Lever Hit Parade". flavourofnz.co.nz. Archived from the original on 26 November 2021. Retrieved 31 August 2021. ^ "Bud Ashton – F.B.I. / Wheels (1961, Vinyl)". Discogs. Retrieved 31 August 2021. ^ "Bert Weedon – Bert Weedon's 22 Golden Guitar Greats (1976, Vinyl)". Discogs. 1976. Retrieved 31 August 2021. ^ "Twang! - A Tribute To Hank Marvin & The Shadows (1996, CD)". Discogs. 1996. Retrieved 31 August 2021. ^ "Massacre – Killing Time (2005, Digipak, CD)". Discogs. Retrieved 31 August 2021. ^ "Ian Hunter – Welcome To The Club - Live (1980, Vinyl)". Discogs. 1980. Retrieved 31 August 2021. vteThe Shadows Hank Marvin Bruce Welch Brian Bennett Ian Samwell Mark Griffiths Jet Harris Tony Meehan Brian 'Licorice' Locking Warren Bennett John Rostill John Farrar Alan Tarney Alan Hawkshaw Studio albums The Shadows Out of the Shadows Dance with The Shadows The Sound of The Shadows Shadow Music Jigsaw From Hank, Bruce, Brian and John Shades of Rock Rockin' with Curly Leads Specs Appeal Tasty String of Hits Change of Address Hits Right Up Your Street Life in the Jungle XXV Guardian Angel Moonlight Shadows Simply Shadows Steppin' to the Shadows At Their Very Best Reflection Singles "Apache" "Man of Mystery" "F.B.I." "The Frightened City" "Kon-Tiki" "The Savage" "Wonderful Land" "Guitar Tango" "Dance On!" "Foot Tapper" "Atlantis" "Shindig" "Geronimo" "Theme for Young Lovers" "The Rise and Fall of Flingel Bunt" "Don't Make My Baby Blue" "The War Lord" "Slaughter on Tenth Avenue "Let Me Be the One" "Don't Cry for Me Argentina" "Theme from the Deer Hunter (Cavatina)" "Rodrigo's Guitar Concerto" "Riders in the Sky" "Heart of Glass" "Equinoxe (Part V)" "The Third Man" "Telstar" "Imagine"/Woman" "Treat Me Nice" Compilations Greatest Hits 20 Golden Greats Extended plays The Shadows The Shadows to the Fore The Shadows No. 2 The Shadows No. 3 Spotlight on The Shadows The Boys Hits from the Young Ones Los Shadows Rhythm & Greens Related articles Discography Discography with Cliff Richard Cliff Richard Thank You Very Much (1979, live album) The Final Reunion (2009 DVD) Authority control databases MusicBrainz work
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"instrumental rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumental_rock"},{"link_name":"the Shadows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Shadows"},{"link_name":"UK Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uk-2"}],"text":"\"F.B.I.\" is an instrumental rock tune recorded by the British group the Shadows and released as a single in February 1961. It spent 19 weeks in the UK Singles Chart reaching number 6 in mid-February and mid-March 1961.[2]","title":"F.B.I. (instrumental)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hank Marvin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hank_Marvin"},{"link_name":"Bruce Welch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Welch"},{"link_name":"Jet Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_Harris"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"EMI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMI"},{"link_name":"Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Graphophone_Company"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Records"},{"link_name":"Norrie Paramor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norrie_Paramor"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Disc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disc_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Don Nicholl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Nicholl"},{"link_name":"Sleep Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleep_Walk"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"\"F.B.I.\" was written by the Shadows' Hank Marvin, Bruce Welch and Jet Harris, but due to complicated publishing contracts it was credited to their manager Peter Gormley.[3] The actual composers' names never appeared on the credits. It was released as a single by EMI on the Columbia label, with the B-side \"Midnight\", written by Marvin and Welch.[4] It was released in the United States and Canada in July 1961 on Atlantic Records with \"The Frightened City\", written by Norrie Paramor, as the B-side.[5]Reviewing for Disc, Don Nicholl described \"F.B.I.\" as \"a quick moving melody that may not quite live up to the implications of the title – but which is a very contagious thing all the same\". He also wrote the \"Midnight\" \"seems pretty obviously to have been inspired (consciously or not) by \"Sleep Walker\". The same sliding electric guitar technique is used for a similarly lazy melody\".[6]","title":"Release and reception"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"7\": Columbia / DB 4580\"F.B.I.\" – 2:18\n\"Midnight\" – 2:307\": Atlantic / 2111 (US and Canada)\"FBI\" – 1:52\n\"The Frightened City\" – 2:21","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hank Marvin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hank_Marvin"},{"link_name":"Bruce Welch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Welch"},{"link_name":"Jet Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_Harris"},{"link_name":"Tony Meehan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Meehan"}],"text":"Hank Marvin – lead guitar\nBruce Welch – rhythm guitar\nJet Harris – bass guitar\nTony Meehan – drums and percussion","title":"Musicians"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cover version","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cover_version"},{"link_name":"Wheels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheels_(The_String-A-Longs_song)"},{"link_name":"Embassy Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embassy_Records"},{"link_name":"label","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_label"},{"link_name":"Woolworths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woolworths_Group_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"session musician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Session_musician"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Bert Weedon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bert_Weedon"},{"link_name":"22 Golden Guitar Greats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/22_Golden_Guitar_Greats"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Queen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_(band)"},{"link_name":"Brian May","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_May"},{"link_name":"Francis Rossi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Rossi"},{"link_name":"Rick Parfitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Parfitt"},{"link_name":"Status Quo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Status_Quo_(band)"},{"link_name":"Twang!: A Tribute to Hank Marvin & the Shadows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twang!"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massacre_(experimental_band)"},{"link_name":"Killing Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_Time_(Massacre_album)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Ian Hunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Hunter_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Mick Ronson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mick_Ronson"},{"link_name":"Welcome to the Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welcome_to_the_Club_(Ian_Hunter_album)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"TISM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TISM"},{"link_name":"Greg! The Stop Sign!!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg!_The_Stop_Sign!!"},{"link_name":"Jethro Tull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jethro_Tull_(band)"},{"link_name":"Too Old to Rock 'n' Roll: Too Young to Die!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Too_Old_to_Rock_%27n%27_Roll:_Too_Young_to_Die!"}],"text":"A cover version of \"F.B.I.\" with \"Wheels\" as the B-side (cat. WB 436) was released in February 1961 on the UK Embassy Records budget label – sold exclusively in Woolworths stores. It was credited to \"Bud Ashton\" (a generic pseudonym used to represent whatever session musician had actually made the recording).[14]\nEnglish guitarist Bert Weedon covered the song on his 1976 compilation album 22 Golden Guitar Greats.[15]\nQueen guitarist Brian May covered \"F.B.I.\" with Francis Rossi and Rick Parfitt of Status Quo on the 1996 tribute album Twang!: A Tribute to Hank Marvin & the Shadows, and it later appeared as the B-side of his 1998 single \"Why Don't We Try Again\".[16]\nExperimental rock group Massacre recorded a cover of \"F.B.I.\" in 1981, which was released on their 2005 reissue of Killing Time.[17]\nIan Hunter and his band, featuring the guitarist Mick Ronson, covered \"F.B.I.\" on the double live disc Welcome to the Club.[18]\nThe solo in Australian alternative rock group TISM's 1995 single \"Greg! The Stop Sign!!\" is a variation on the intro riff.\nJethro Tull's \"From a Deadbeat To an Old Greaser\", a cut from the album Too Old to Rock 'n' Roll: Too Young to Die!, contained the line \"When bombs were banned every Sunday and the Shadows did F.B.I.\"","title":"Covers"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Koers, Ivo. \"Instrumentation On Shadows Recordings II: The Primary Singles\" (PDF). malcolmcampbell.me.uk. p. 6. Retrieved 30 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.malcolmcampbell.me.uk/instrumentation-update2/instrumentation-update2-file02.pdf","url_text":"\"Instrumentation On Shadows Recordings II: The Primary Singles\""}]},{"reference":"Bruce Welch; Howard Elson (1989). A Life in the Shadows. London: Viking Publishers. pp. 123–124. ISBN 0-670-82705-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-670-82705-3","url_text":"0-670-82705-3"}]},{"reference":"\"The Shadows - F.B.I.\" 45cat. Retrieved 31 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.45cat.com/record/db4580","url_text":"\"The Shadows - F.B.I.\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Shadows - FBI\". 45cat. Retrieved 31 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.45cat.com/record/452111","url_text":"\"The Shadows - FBI\""}]},{"reference":"\"Disc Date\" (PDF). Disc. 4 February 1961. p. 10. Retrieved 31 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Disc/1961/DISC-1961-02-04.pdf","url_text":"\"Disc Date\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disc_(magazine)","url_text":"Disc"}]},{"reference":"Kent, David (2005). Australian Chart Book 1940–1969. Australian Chart Book Pty Ltd, Turramurra, N.S.W. ISBN 0-646-44439-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Kent_(historian)","url_text":"Kent, David"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_Music_Report","url_text":"Australian Chart Book 1940–1969"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-646-44439-5","url_text":"0-646-44439-5"}]},{"reference":"\"C-Funtastic Week of September 16, 1961\". 16 September 1961. Retrieved 28 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://vancouvertop40radio.com/Station%20Selection/CFUN/1961/cfun091661.htm","url_text":"\"C-Funtastic Week of September 16, 1961\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hits of the World\" (PDF). Billboard. 3 July 1961. p. 14. Retrieved 31 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Billboard/60s/1961/Billboard%201961-07-03.pdf","url_text":"\"Hits of the World\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"\"Lever Hit Parade\". flavourofnz.co.nz. Archived from the original on 26 November 2021. Retrieved 31 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211126172105/http://www.flavourofnz.co.nz/index.php?qpageID=search%20lever&qartistid=12#n_view_location","url_text":"\"Lever Hit Parade\""},{"url":"http://www.flavourofnz.co.nz/index.php?qpageID=search%20lever&qartistid=12#n_view_location","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Bud Ashton – F.B.I. / Wheels (1961, Vinyl)\". Discogs. Retrieved 31 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.discogs.com/Bud-Ashton-FBI-Wheels/release/3934549","url_text":"\"Bud Ashton – F.B.I. / Wheels (1961, Vinyl)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bert Weedon – Bert Weedon's 22 Golden Guitar Greats (1976, Vinyl)\". Discogs. 1976. Retrieved 31 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.discogs.com/Bert-Weedon-Bert-Weedons-22-Golden-Guitar-Greats/release/1874967","url_text":"\"Bert Weedon – Bert Weedon's 22 Golden Guitar Greats (1976, Vinyl)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Twang! - A Tribute To Hank Marvin & The Shadows (1996, CD)\". Discogs. 1996. Retrieved 31 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.discogs.com/Various-Twang-A-Tribute-To-Hank-Marvin-The-Shadows/release/565388","url_text":"\"Twang! - A Tribute To Hank Marvin & The Shadows (1996, CD)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Massacre – Killing Time (2005, Digipak, CD)\". Discogs. Retrieved 31 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.discogs.com/Massacre-Killing-Time/release/817533","url_text":"\"Massacre – Killing Time (2005, Digipak, CD)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ian Hunter – Welcome To The Club - Live (1980, Vinyl)\". Discogs. 1980. Retrieved 31 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.discogs.com/Ian-Hunter-Welcome-To-The-Club-Live/release/1345707","url_text":"\"Ian Hunter – Welcome To The Club - Live (1980, Vinyl)\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovery_Bay_Coastal_Park
Discovery Bay Coastal Park
["1 History","2 Environment","2.1 Landforms","2.2 Flora and fauna","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
Coordinates: 38°10′S 141°14′E / 38.167°S 141.233°E / -38.167; 141.233This article is about the coastal park. For the marine national park, see Discovery Bay Marine National Park. Protected area in Victoria, AustraliaDiscovery Bay Coastal ParkVictoriaIUCN category V (protected landscape/seascape) Ancient Greenling (damselfly)Discovery Bay Coastal ParkNearest town or cityPortland and Mount GambierCoordinates38°10′S 141°14′E / 38.167°S 141.233°E / -38.167; 141.233Established1979Area104.6 km2 (40.4 sq mi)Managing authoritiesParks VictoriaWebsiteDiscovery Bay Coastal ParkFootnotes Ramsar WetlandOfficial nameGlenelg Estuary and Discovery Bay Ramsar SiteDesignated28 February 2018Reference no.2344 See alsoProtected areas of Victoria The Discovery Bay Coastal Park is a linear protected area of coastal land in western Victoria, south-eastern Australia. The 10,460-hectare (25,800-acre) park extends along the coast of Discovery Bay from Cape Nelson north-westwards for 50 kilometres (31 mi) to the border with South Australia. The park was listed on Australia's now-defunct Register of the National Estate, and lies within the traditional lands of the Gunditjmara people. Part of the route of the Great South West Walk is located within the park. The Discovery Bay Marine National Park adjoins the park to the west of Cape Bridgewater History After being recommended as a coastal reserve in 1973 by Victoria's Land Conservation Council, the park was first included in Schedule 3 of the Victorian National Parks Act in 1979, with an area of 84.5 square kilometres (32.6 sq mi). Additional parcels of land were acquired in 1981, 1987 and 1997. Land within the coastal park, the Lower Glenelg National Park and the Nelson Streamside Reserve was listed as a Ramsar site known as the Glenelg Estuary and Discovery Bay Ramsar Site on 28 February 2018. Environment Landforms Geologically the area is basalt overlain by limestone with the coastal landforms characterised by the rugged cliffs and headlands of Cape Nelson and Cape Bridgewater, dunefields, and by swamps and freshwater lakes further inland. The limestone contains mammalian fossil deposits of Pleistocene age. Flora and fauna Some 320 native vascular plant species have been recorded in the park. An important wetland is Long Swamp, fed by a groundwater aquifer, where declining water levels have led to encroachment by bare twig-sedge (Baumea sp.) whose seeds are a favoured food of the ground parrot. As water levels continue to decline, Woolly Tea-tree is beginning to colonise formerly sedge-dominated areas. The swamp's sedge habitat is also an important site for an endangered damselfly, the ancient greenling. The park forms much of the Discovery Bay to Piccaninnie Ponds Important Bird Area, identified by BirdLife International as being of global significance for several bird species. Two threatened birds, the hooded plover and little tern, nest on the beaches. The ground parrot, Australasian bittern and brolga frequent the wetlands while the orange-bellied parrot, rufous bristlebird, striated fieldwren and beautiful firetail have been recorded in the dunes and shrublands. Threatened fish species, include the Yarra pygmy perch and dwarf galaxias. Mammals found in the park include the long-nosed potoroo, heath mouse and swamp antechinus. There are Australian fur seal colonies on rock platforms at Capes Nelson and Bridgewater. See also Australia portalenvironment portal Protected areas of Victoria References ^ "Glenelg Estuary and Discovery Bay Ramsar Site". Ramsar Sites Information Service. Retrieved 25 April 2018. ^ a b c d e Parks Victoria (April 2004). Discovery Bay Parks – Management Plan (PDF) (PDF). Melbourne: Government of Victoria. ISBN 0-7311-8335-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 April 2011. ^ Chapman, John (9 October 2011). "Great South West Walk". Victorian bushwalking. Laburnum: John Chapman. Retrieved 21 August 2014. ^ "Glenelg Estuary and Discovery Bay Ramsar Site" (PDF). Ramsar Convention Secretriat. 28 February 2018. Retrieved 22 September 2018. ^ Richter, Reiner (18 June 2010). "Discovery of New Populations of Hemiphlebia mirabilis (Ancient Greenling)" (PDF) (PDF). Reiner Richter. Retrieved 24 March 2011. ^ "IBA: Discovery Bay to Piccaninnie Ponds". Birdata. Birds Australia. Archived from the original on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 18 June 2011. External links Parks Victoria: Discovery Bay Coastal Park vteMarine and coastal parks of Victoria, AustraliaMarine and coastal parks Bay of Islands Bunurong Cape Conran Cape Liptrap Corner Inlet Discovery Bay Gippsland Lakes Nooramunga Shallow Inlet Wilsons Promontory Former Cape Schanck Point Cook Marine national parks Bunurong Cape Howe Churchill Island Corner Inlet Discovery Bay French Island Ninety Mile Beach Point Addis Point Hicks Port Phillip Heads Twelve Apostles Wilsons Promontory Yaringa Marine sanctuaries Barwon Bluff Beware Reef Eagle Rock Jawbone Marengo Reefs Merri Mushroom Reef Point Cooke Point Danger Ricketts Point The Arches Protected areas of Victoria vteProtected areas of Victoria, AustraliaMarine national parks Bunurong Cape Howe Churchill Island Corner Inlet Discovery Bay French Island Ninety Mile Beach Point Addis Point Hicks Port Phillip Heads Twelve Apostles Wilsons Promontory Yaringa National parks Alfred Alpine Barmah Baw Baw Brisbane Ranges Budj Bim Burrowa-Pine Mountain Chiltern-Mt Pilot Churchill Cobboboonee Coopracambra Croajingolong Dandenong Ranges Errinundra French Island Grampians Great Otway Greater Bendigo Gunbower Hattah-Kulkyne Heathcote-Graytown Kara Kara Kinglake Lake Eildon Lind Little Desert Lower Glenelg Lower Goulburn Mitchell River Mornington Peninsula Morwell Mount Buffalo Mount Richmond Murray-Sunset Organ Pipes Point Nepean Port Campbell Snowy River Tarra-Bulga Terrick Terrick The Lakes Warby-Ovens Wilsons Promontory Wyperfeld Yarra Ranges Former Bogong Bulga Captain James Cook Chiltern Box–Ironbark Cobberas–Tingaringy Dandenong Ferntree Gully Fraser Glenaladale Hattah Lakes Mallacoota Inlet Mount Eccles Otway Point Nepean (1988-1995) St Arnaud Range Tarra Valley Tingaringy Wingan Inlet Wonnangatta–Moroka State parks Arthurs Seat Black Range Broken-Boosey Bunyip Cape Nelson Cathedral Range Dergholm Enfield Holey Plains Kooyoora Lake Tyers Langi Ghiran Leaghur Lerderderg Moondarra Mount Arapiles-Tooan Mount Buangor Mount Granya Mount Lawson Mount Napier Mount Samaria Mount Worth Paddys Ranges Reef Hills Warrandyte Werribee Gorge Former Angahook–Lorne Barmah Carlisle Chiltern Coopracambra Eildon French Island Kamarooka Kara Kara Melba Gully (Great Otway NP) Nepean Pink Lakes Terrick Terrick Wabonga Plateau Warby Range (Warby-Ovens NP) Whipstick Marine and coastal parks Bay of Islands Bunurong Cape Conran Cape Liptrap Corner Inlet Discovery Bay Gippsland Lakes Nooramunga Shallow Inlet Wilsons Promontory Former Cape Schanck Point Cook Marine sanctuaries Barwon Bluff Beware Reef Eagle Rock Jawbone Marengo Reefs Merri Mushroom Reef Point Cooke Point Danger Ricketts Point The Arches Other parksWilderness parks Avon Big Desert Wilderness Park Wabba Wilderness Park Heritage / Historic parks Beechworth Historic Park Castlemaine Diggings National Heritage Park Point Gellibrand Heritage Park Steiglitz Historic Park Wimmera River Heritage Area Park Woodlands Historic Park
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Discovery Bay Marine National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovery_Bay_Marine_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Discovery Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovery_Bay_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"Cape Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Nelson_State_Park"},{"link_name":"South Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Australia"},{"link_name":"Register of the National Estate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Register_of_the_National_Estate"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mp-2"},{"link_name":"Gunditjmara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunditjmara"},{"link_name":"Great South West Walk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_South_West_Walk"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chapman-3"},{"link_name":"Discovery Bay Marine National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovery_Bay_Marine_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Cape Bridgewater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Bridgewater,_Victoria"}],"text":"This article is about the coastal park. For the marine national park, see Discovery Bay Marine National Park.Protected area in Victoria, AustraliaThe Discovery Bay Coastal Park is a linear protected area of coastal land in western Victoria, south-eastern Australia. The 10,460-hectare (25,800-acre) park extends along the coast of Discovery Bay from Cape Nelson north-westwards for 50 kilometres (31 mi) to the border with South Australia. The park was listed on Australia's now-defunct Register of the National Estate,[2] and lies within the traditional lands of the Gunditjmara people.Part of the route of the Great South West Walk is located within the park.[3] The Discovery Bay Marine National Park adjoins the park to the west of Cape Bridgewater","title":"Discovery Bay Coastal Park"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mp-2"},{"link_name":"Lower Glenelg National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Glenelg_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Nelson Streamside Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nelson_Streamside_Reserve&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ramsar site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsar_site"},{"link_name":"Glenelg Estuary and Discovery Bay Ramsar Site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenelg_Estuary_and_Discovery_Bay_Ramsar_Site"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RS2344-4"}],"text":"After being recommended as a coastal reserve in 1973 by Victoria's Land Conservation Council, the park was first included in Schedule 3 of the Victorian National Parks Act in 1979, with an area of 84.5 square kilometres (32.6 sq mi). Additional parcels of land were acquired in 1981, 1987 and 1997.[2]Land within the coastal park, the Lower Glenelg National Park and the Nelson Streamside Reserve was listed as a Ramsar site known as the Glenelg Estuary and Discovery Bay Ramsar Site on 28 February 2018.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Environment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"basalt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basalt"},{"link_name":"limestone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestone"},{"link_name":"Cape Bridgewater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Bridgewater,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Pleistocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistocene"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mp-2"}],"sub_title":"Landforms","text":"Geologically the area is basalt overlain by limestone with the coastal landforms characterised by the rugged cliffs and headlands of Cape Nelson and Cape Bridgewater, dunefields, and by swamps and freshwater lakes further inland. The limestone contains mammalian fossil deposits of Pleistocene age.[2]","title":"Environment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ground parrot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_parrot"},{"link_name":"Woolly Tea-tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptospermum_lanigerum"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mp-2"},{"link_name":"endangered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered"},{"link_name":"damselfly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damselfly"},{"link_name":"ancient greenling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemiphlebia_mirabilis"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"BirdLife International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BirdLife_International"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"threatened","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threatened"},{"link_name":"hooded plover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hooded_plover"},{"link_name":"little tern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_tern"},{"link_name":"Australasian bittern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australasian_bittern"},{"link_name":"brolga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brolga"},{"link_name":"orange-bellied parrot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange-bellied_parrot"},{"link_name":"rufous bristlebird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rufous_bristlebird"},{"link_name":"striated fieldwren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Striated_fieldwren"},{"link_name":"beautiful firetail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beautiful_firetail"},{"link_name":"Yarra pygmy perch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarra_pygmy_perch"},{"link_name":"dwarf galaxias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxiella_pusilla"},{"link_name":"long-nosed potoroo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-nosed_potoroo"},{"link_name":"heath mouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heath_mouse"},{"link_name":"swamp antechinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swamp_antechinus"},{"link_name":"Australian fur seal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_fur_seal"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mp-2"}],"sub_title":"Flora and fauna","text":"Some 320 native vascular plant species have been recorded in the park. An important wetland is Long Swamp, fed by a groundwater aquifer, where declining water levels have led to encroachment by bare twig-sedge (Baumea sp.) whose seeds are a favoured food of the ground parrot. As water levels continue to decline, Woolly Tea-tree is beginning to colonise formerly sedge-dominated areas.[2] The swamp's sedge habitat is also an important site for an endangered damselfly, the ancient greenling.[5]The park forms much of the Discovery Bay to Piccaninnie Ponds Important Bird Area, identified by BirdLife International as being of global significance for several bird species.[6] Two threatened birds, the hooded plover and little tern, nest on the beaches. The ground parrot, Australasian bittern and brolga frequent the wetlands while the orange-bellied parrot, rufous bristlebird, striated fieldwren and beautiful firetail have been recorded in the dunes and shrublands. Threatened fish species, include the Yarra pygmy perch and dwarf galaxias. Mammals found in the park include the long-nosed potoroo, heath mouse and swamp antechinus. There are Australian fur seal colonies on rock platforms at Capes Nelson and Bridgewater.[2]","title":"Environment"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arundel_F.C.
Arundel F.C.
["1 History","1.1 League history","2 Ground","3 Honours","4 Records","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
Coordinates: 50°51′18.652″N 0°32′58.279″W / 50.85518111°N 0.54952194°W / 50.85518111; -0.54952194Association football club in England Football clubArundelFull nameArundel Football ClubNickname(s)The MulletsFounded1889GroundMill Road, ArundelCapacity2,200 (100 seated)ChairmanBob MarchantManagerCraig StewartLeagueSouthern Combination Division One2023–24Southern Combination Division One, 8th of 18 Home colours Away colours Arundel Football Club is a football club based in Arundel, West Sussex, England. They are currently members of the Southern Combination Division One and play at Mill Road. History The club was established in 1889. They were founder members of the West Sussex League in 1896 and were placed in the Senior Division. They remained in the league until joining the Sussex County League in 1949. When the league gained a second division in 1952, they were placed in Division One. In 1957–58 they won Division One, and retained the title the following season. In 1965–66 Arundel finished second-from-bottom of Division One and were relegated to Division Two. However, they made an immediate return to Division One as Division Two runners-up the following season, and went on to finish as Division One runners-up in 1968–69. This was repeated in the mid-1970s, when relegation in 1975–76 was followed by promotion in 1976–77, a season in which the club also won the Division Two Cup. Another relegation in 1982–83 resulted in another immediate return to Division One as Division Two runners up in 1983–84, with the club going on to win their third title in 1986–87, also claiming the league's Challenge Cup. In 1997–98 they finished bottom of Division One and were relegated to Division Two. Two seasons later they finished as runners-up in Division Two to earn promotion back to Division One. In 2003–04 Arundel won the Challenge Cup, and in 2008–09 finished as Division One runners-up. In 2015 the league was renamed the Southern Combination, with Division One becoming the Premier Division. The 2018–19 season saw Arundel finish second-from-bottom of the Premier Division, resulting in relegation to Division One. League history Season Division Position Significant events 1949–50 Sussex County League 12/14 1950–51 Sussex County League 5/14 1951–52 Sussex County League 11/15 1952–53 Sussex County League Division One 4/14 1953–54 Sussex County League Division One 8/15 1954–55 Sussex County League Division One 15/17 1955–56 Sussex County League Division One 6/17 1956–57 Sussex County League Division One 3/16 1957–58 Sussex County League Division One 1/16 Champions 1958–59 Sussex County League Division One 1/16 Champions 1959–60 Sussex County League Division One 9/16 1960–61 Sussex County League Division One 5/16 1961–62 Sussex County League Division One 9/17 1961–62 League abandoned 1963–64 Sussex County League Division One 15/17 1964–65 Sussex County League Division One 14/17 1965–66 Sussex County League Division One 15/16 Relegated 1966–67 Sussex County League Division Two 2/17 Promoted 1967–68 Sussex County League Division One 10/16 1968–69 Sussex County League Division One 2/16 1969–70 Sussex County League Division One 13/16 1970–71 Sussex County League Division One 6/16 1971–72 Sussex County League Division One 5/16 1972–73 Sussex County League Division One 12/15 1973–74 Sussex County League Division One 10/15 1974–75 Sussex County League Division One 8/15 1975–76 Sussex County League Division One 14/15 Relegated 1976–77 Sussex County League Division Two 2/14 Promoted, Division Two Cup winners 1977–78 Sussex County League Division One 9/16 1978–79 Sussex County League Division One 7/16 1979–80 Sussex County League Division One 11/16 1980–81 Sussex County League Division One 8/16 1981–82 Sussex County League Division One 7/16 1982–83 Sussex County League Division One 15/16 Relegated 1983–84 Sussex County League Division Two 2/16 Promoted 1984–85 Sussex County League Division One 5/16 1985–86 Sussex County League Division One 9/16 1986–87 Sussex County League Division One 1/16 Champions, Challenge Cup winners 1987–88 Sussex County League Division One 12/16 1988–89 Sussex County League Division One 16/18 1989–90 Sussex County League Division One 16/18 1990–91 Sussex County League Division One 8/18 1991–92 Sussex County League Division One 11/18 1992–93 Sussex County League Division One 12/18 1993–94 Sussex County League Division One 10/20 1994–95 Sussex County League Division One 17/20 1995–96 Sussex County League Division One 7/20 1996–97 Sussex County League Division One 12/20 1997–98 Sussex County League Division One 20/20 Relegated 1998–99 Sussex County League Division Two 8/18 1999–00 Sussex County League Division Two 2/18 Promoted 2000–01 Sussex County League Division One 13/20 2001–02 Sussex County League Division One 9/20 2002–03 Sussex County League Division One 17/20 2003–04 Sussex County League Division One 6/19 Challenge Cup winners 2004–05 Sussex County League Division One 9/20 2005–06 Sussex County League Division One 7/20 2006–07 Sussex County League Division One 3/20 2007–08 Sussex County League Division One 3/20 2008–09 Sussex County League Division One 2/20 2009–10 Sussex County League Division One 12/20 2010–11 Sussex County League Division One 9/20 2011–12 Sussex County League Division One 17/20 2012–13 Sussex County League Division One 14/22 2013–14 Sussex County League Division One 12/20 2014–15 Sussex County League Division One 10/20 2015–16 Southern Combination Premier Division 12/20 2016–17 Southern Combination Premier Division 15/20 2017–18 Southern Combination Premier Division 17/20 2018–19 Southern Combination Premier Division 19/20 Relegated Source: Football Club History Database Ground The club play their home games at Mill Road in Arundel. The ground has a capacity of 2,200, of which 100 is seated and 200 covered. Honours Southern Combination Division One champions 1957–58, 1958–59, 1986–87 Challenge Cup winners 1986–87, 2003–04 Division Two Cup winners 1976–77 Sussex RUR Cup Winners 1968–69, 1972–73, 1978–79, 1979–80 Records Record attendance: 2,200 vs Chichester City, Sussex County League, 1967–68 Best FA Cup performance: Second qualifying round, 1958–59, 1959–60, 1960–61, 1971–72 (second replay), 1972–73, 1986–87 Best FA Vase performance: Fourth round, 2002–03 See also Arundel F.C. players References ^ a b c d e Mike Williams & Tony Williams (2016) Non-League Club Directory 2017, Tony Williams Publications, p498 ISBN 978-1869833695 ^ Shoreham F.C. - Early football in Shoreham and the 'Glory Years' Shoreham-by-the-Sea ^ a b c d e f g h i Arundel at the Football Club History Database ^ a b c 2017–18 League Handbook Archived 7 December 2017 at the Wayback Machine Southern Combination External links Official website vteSouthern Combination League2024–25 Premier Division AFC Varndeanians Bexhill United Crawley Down Gatwick Crowborough Athletic Eastbourne United Association Hassocks Haywards Heath Town Horsham YMCA Lingfield Little Common Loxwood Midhurst & Easebourne Newhaven Pagham Peacehaven & Telscombe Petersfield Town Roffey Saltdean United Shoreham Wick 2024–25 Division One AFC Uckfield Town Alfold Arundel Banstead Athletic Billingshurst Chessington & Hook United Copthorne Dorking Wanderers Reserves East Preston Forest Row Godalming Town Infinity Mile Oak Montpelier Villa Oakwood Reigate Priory Seaford Town Selsey Storrington Community Worthing United 2023–24 Division Two Bosham Brighton Electricity Capel Ferring Hailsham Town Jarvis Brook Rottingdean Village Rustington Southwater St Francis Rangers Storrington Upper Beeding Worthing Town Seasons 1920–21 1921–22 1922–23 1923–24 1924–25 1925–26 1926–27 1927–28 1928–29 1929–30 1930–31 1931–32 1932–33 1933–34 1934–35 1935–36 1936–37 1937–38 1938–39 1939–40 1940–41 1941–42 1942–43 1943–44 1944–45 1945–46 1946–47 1947–48 1948–49 1949–50 1950–51 1951–52 1952–53 1953–54 1954–55 1955–56 1956–57 1957–58 1958–59 1959–60 1960–61 1961–62 1962–63 1963–64 1964–65 1965–66 1966–67 1967–68 1968–69 1969–70 1970–71 1971–72 1972–73 1973–74 1974–75 1975–76 1976–77 1977–78 1978–79 1979–80 1980–81 1981–82 1982–83 1983–84 1984–85 1985–86 1986–87 1987–88 1988–89 1989–90 1990–91 1991–92 1992–93 1993–94 1994–95 1995–96 1996–97 1997–98 1998–99 1999–00 2000–01 2001–02 2002–03 2003–04 2004–05 2005–06 2006–07 2007–08 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 2021–22 2022–23 2023–24 2024–25 50°51′18.652″N 0°32′58.279″W / 50.85518111°N 0.54952194°W / 50.85518111; -0.54952194
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Arundel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arundel"},{"link_name":"West Sussex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Sussex"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Southern Combination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Combination_Football_League"}],"text":"Association football club in EnglandFootball clubArundel Football Club is a football club based in Arundel, West Sussex, England. They are currently members of the Southern Combination Division One and play at Mill Road.","title":"Arundel F.C."},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NLCD2017-1"},{"link_name":"West Sussex League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Sussex_Football_League"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Sussex County League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Combination_Football_League"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FCHD-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FCHD-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FCHD-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FCHD-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Handbook-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FCHD-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Handbook-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FCHD-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Handbook-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FCHD-3"},{"link_name":"2018–19 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_Southern_Combination_Football_League"}],"text":"The club was established in 1889.[1] They were founder members of the West Sussex League in 1896 and were placed in the Senior Division.[2] They remained in the league until joining the Sussex County League in 1949.[3] When the league gained a second division in 1952, they were placed in Division One.[3] In 1957–58 they won Division One, and retained the title the following season.In 1965–66 Arundel finished second-from-bottom of Division One and were relegated to Division Two. However, they made an immediate return to Division One as Division Two runners-up the following season, and went on to finish as Division One runners-up in 1968–69.[3] This was repeated in the mid-1970s, when relegation in 1975–76 was followed by promotion in 1976–77,[3] a season in which the club also won the Division Two Cup.[4] Another relegation in 1982–83 resulted in another immediate return to Division One as Division Two runners up in 1983–84, with the club going on to win their third title in 1986–87,[3] also claiming the league's Challenge Cup.[4] In 1997–98 they finished bottom of Division One and were relegated to Division Two. Two seasons later they finished as runners-up in Division Two to earn promotion back to Division One.[3]In 2003–04 Arundel won the Challenge Cup,[4] and in 2008–09 finished as Division One runners-up. In 2015 the league was renamed the Southern Combination, with Division One becoming the Premier Division.[3] The 2018–19 season saw Arundel finish second-from-bottom of the Premier Division, resulting in relegation to Division One.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"League history","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NLCD2017-1"}],"text":"The club play their home games at Mill Road in Arundel. The ground has a capacity of 2,200, of which 100 is seated and 200 covered.[1]","title":"Ground"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sussex RUR Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sussex_RUR_Cup"}],"text":"Southern Combination\nDivision One champions 1957–58, 1958–59, 1986–87\nChallenge Cup winners 1986–87, 2003–04\nDivision Two Cup winners 1976–77\nSussex RUR Cup\nWinners 1968–69, 1972–73, 1978–79, 1979–80","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chichester City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chichester_City_F.C._(1873)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NLCD2017-1"},{"link_name":"FA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FCHD-3"},{"link_name":"FA Vase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Vase"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FCHD-3"}],"text":"Record attendance: 2,200 vs Chichester City, Sussex County League, 1967–68[1]\nBest FA Cup performance: Second qualifying round, 1958–59, 1959–60, 1960–61, 1971–72 (second replay), 1972–73, 1986–87[3]\nBest FA Vase performance: Fourth round, 2002–03[3]","title":"Records"}]
[]
[{"title":"Arundel F.C. players","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Arundel_F.C._players"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F.A._Cup_Final
FA Cup Final
["1 History","2 Winners","3 See also","4 Footnotes","5 References"]
Last match in the Football Association Challenge Cup FA Cup FinalThe new Wembley Stadium on 19 May 2007, the day it held its first FA Cup FinalStatusActiveGenreSporting eventDate(s)Varies, but usually the last Saturday of MayFrequencyAnnualLocation(s)London, EnglandInaugurated1872 (1872)Organised byThe Football Association The FA Cup Final is the last match in the Football Association Challenge Cup. It has regularly been one of the most attended domestic football events in the world, with an official attendance of 89,472 at the 2017 final (the 2020 event has been the exception, due to the COVID-19 pandemic). The Final is the culmination of a knockout competition among clubs belonging to The Football Association in England, although Scottish and Irish teams competed in the early years and Welsh teams regularly compete, with Cardiff City winning the Cup in 1927 and reaching the final in 1925 and 2008. From 1923 until 2000 it was played mostly at the original Wembley Stadium, and has been played at the current Wembley Stadium since 2007. As of 2024, 143 FA Cup Finals have been played. The latest final was held on 25 May 2024 and was contested between Manchester City and Manchester United, with Manchester United winning 2–1. History The first FA Cup Final was held at Kennington Oval on 16 March 1872 and was contested between Wanderers and Royal Engineers, with Wanderers winning 1–0. After the 1873 final was held at Lillie Bridge, the event was held at the Oval until 1892. The 1893 and 1894 finals were respectively held at Fallowfield Stadium in Manchester and Goodison Park in Liverpool, before the event returned to London in 1895, being held at Crystal Palace until the outbreak of World War I. After the war, the event was held at Stamford Bridge, before Wembley Stadium opened in 1923. The first final at Wembley, in which Bolton Wanderers beat West Ham United 2–0, had an official attendance of 126,047, although the actual figure is believed to be as much as 300,000. A police horse named Billy was used to regain control after the large crowd overflowed onto the field, earning it the nickname "White Horse Final". The 1927 final saw "Abide with Me" being sung for the first time at the Cup final, which has become a pre-match tradition. Wembley continued to host the final until 2000, when it closed for redevelopment. The Millennium Stadium in Cardiff hosted the final between 2001 and 2006, before the new Wembley Stadium opened in 2007. Up to and including 1998, if the final ended in a draw, a replay would be required. This happened on 14 occasions, the last being in 1993 between Arsenal and Sheffield Wednesday. In September 1998, the Football Association decided that all future finals would be decided "on the day", meaning that a penalty shootout would decide the winner if the score was level after normal and extra time. Three finals since have been decided by a penalty shootout, those of 2005 (Arsenal defeating Manchester United), 2006 (Liverpool defeating West Ham United) and 2022 (Liverpool defeating Chelsea). Stan Mortensen's hat-trick for Blackpool in 1953 is the only hat-trick ever scored at Wembley in the competition's final. The fastest goal in an FA Cup Final was scored by Manchester City's İlkay Gündoğan, 12 seconds after kick-off in the 2023 FA Cup final. Bury's 6–0 victory over Derby County in the 1903 FA Cup final and Manchester City's 6–0 victory over Watford 2019 FA Cup final are the largest winning margins. With his goal in the 2012 Final, Chelsea's Didier Drogba became the first player to score a goal in four finals. The FA Cup Final is one of ten events reserved for live broadcast on UK terrestrial television under the Ofcom Code on Sports and Other Listed and Designated Events. Winners Main article: List of FA Cup finals See also English football portal FA Cup Final referees FA Cup semi-finals "Abide with Me" Footnotes ^ "Cup final competition for fans". Reading FC. 26 January 2015. Archived from the original on 29 January 2015. Retrieved 6 April 2016. ^ Maume, Chris (24 September 1998). "Football: End of Cup Final replay". The Independent. Archived from the original on 26 August 2017. Retrieved 26 August 2017. ^ "The Matthews Final" – BBC Sport ^ "Man City 2–1 Man Utd: Ilkay Gundogan's double puts City on the brink of treble with FA Cup win". Sky Sports.com. 3 June 2023. Retrieved 3 June 2023. References Full results history at rsssf.com Archive of FA Cup editions at FastScore.com Post-war finals at sporting-heroes.net vteFA CupSeasons 1871–72 1872–73 1873–74 1874–75 1875–76 1876–77 1877–78 1878–79 1879–80 1880–81 1881–82 1882–83 1883–84 1884–85 1885–86 1886–87 1887–88 1888–89 1889–90 1890–91 1891–92 1892–93 1893–94 1894–95 1895–96 1896–97 1897–98 1898–99 1899–1900 1900–01 1901–02 1902–03 1903–04 1904–05 1905–06 1906–07 1907–08 1908–09 1909–10 1910–11 1911–12 1912–13 1913–14 1914–15 1919–20 1920–21 1921–22 1922–23 1923–24 1924–25 1925–26 1926–27 1927–28 1928–29 1929–30 1930–31 1931–32 1932–33 1933–34 1934–35 1935–36 1936–37 1937–38 1938–39 1939–40 1945–46 1946–47 1947–48 1948–49 1949–50 1950–51 1951–52 1952–53 1953–54 1954–55 1955–56 1956–57 1957–58 1958–59 1959–60 1960–61 1961–62 1962–63 1963–64 1964–65 1965–66 1966–67 1967–68 1968–69 1969–70 1970–71 1971–72 1972–73 1973–74 1974–75 1975–76 1976–77 1977–78 1978–79 1979–80 1980–81 1981–82 1982–83 1983–84 1984–85 1985–86 1986–87 1987–88 1988–89 1989–90 1990–91 1991–92 1992–93 1993–94 1994–95 1995–96 1996–97 1997–98 1998–99 1999–2000 2000–01 2001–02 2002–03 2003–04 2004–05 2005–06 2006–07 2007–08 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 2021–22 2022–23 2023–24 2024–25 Qualifying rounds 1888–89 1889–90 1890–91 1891–92 1900–01 1901–02 1902–03 1920–21 1921–22 1922–23 1945–46 1946–47 1947–48 1948–49 1949–50 1950–51 1951–52 1952–53 1953–54 1954–55 1955–56 1956–57 1957–58 1958–59 1959–60 1960–61 1961–62 1962–63 1963–64 1964–65 1965–66 1966–67 1967–68 1968–69 1969–70 1970–71 1971–72 1972–73 1973–74 1974–75 1975–76 1976–77 1977–78 1978–79 1979–80 1980–81 1981–82 1982–83 1983–84 1984–85 1985–86 1986–87 1987–88 1988–89 1989–90 1990–91 1991–92 1992–93 1993–94 1994–95 1995–96 1996–97 1997–98 1998–99 1999–2000 2000–01 2001–02 2002–03 2003–04 2004–05 2005–06 2006–07 2007–08 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 2021–22 2022–23 2023–24 2024–25 Finals 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 History Trophy List of finals Semi-finals Final referees Winning managers Non-English clubs Scottish clubs Non-League clubs in the 5th Round Giant-Killing Award
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Football Association Challenge Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"most attended domestic football events","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sports_attendance_figures"},{"link_name":"2020 event","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_FA_Cup_final"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"The Football Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Football_Association"},{"link_name":"Cardiff City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"1927","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1927_FA_Cup_final"},{"link_name":"1925","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1925_FA_Cup_final"},{"link_name":"2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_FA_Cup_final"},{"link_name":"original Wembley Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wembley_Stadium_(1923)"},{"link_name":"current Wembley Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wembley_Stadium"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FA_Cup_Final&action=edit"},{"link_name":"latest final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_FA_Cup_final"},{"link_name":"Manchester City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"Manchester United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_United_F.C."}],"text":"The FA Cup Final is the last match in the Football Association Challenge Cup. It has regularly been one of the most attended domestic football events in the world, with an official attendance of 89,472 at the 2017 final (the 2020 event has been the exception, due to the COVID-19 pandemic). The Final is the culmination of a knockout competition among clubs belonging to The Football Association in England, although Scottish and Irish teams competed in the early years and Welsh teams regularly compete, with Cardiff City winning the Cup in 1927 and reaching the final in 1925 and 2008. From 1923 until 2000 it was played mostly at the original Wembley Stadium, and has been played at the current Wembley Stadium since 2007.As of 2024[update], 143 FA Cup Finals have been played. The latest final was held on 25 May 2024 and was contested between Manchester City and Manchester United, with Manchester United winning 2–1.","title":"FA Cup Final"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"first FA Cup Final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_FA_Cup_Final"},{"link_name":"Kennington Oval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Oval"},{"link_name":"Wanderers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanderers_F.C."},{"link_name":"Royal Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Engineers_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"1873 final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1873_FA_Cup_Final"},{"link_name":"Lillie Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lillie_Bridge_Grounds"},{"link_name":"1893","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1893_FA_Cup_final"},{"link_name":"1894","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1894_FA_Cup_final"},{"link_name":"Fallowfield Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallowfield_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Goodison Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodison_Park"},{"link_name":"Crystal Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_Palace_National_Sports_Centre#Crystal_Palace_FA_Cup_Finals_1895.E2.80.931914"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Stamford Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamford_Bridge_(stadium)"},{"link_name":"Wembley Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wembley_Stadium_(1923)"},{"link_name":"first final at Wembley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1923_FA_Cup_Final"},{"link_name":"Bolton Wanderers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolton_Wanderers_F.C."},{"link_name":"West Ham United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Ham_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"1927 final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1927_FA_Cup_final"},{"link_name":"Abide with Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abide_with_Me"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Millennium Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Cardiff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff"},{"link_name":"Wembley Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wembley_Stadium"},{"link_name":"1993","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_FA_Cup_final"},{"link_name":"Sheffield Wednesday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield_Wednesday_F.C."},{"link_name":"penalty shootout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_shoot-out_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"extra time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtime_(sports)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_FA_Cup_final"},{"link_name":"Manchester United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_FA_Cup_final"},{"link_name":"Liverpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool_F.C."},{"link_name":"2022","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_FA_Cup_final"},{"link_name":"Liverpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool_F.C."},{"link_name":"Stan Mortensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stan_Mortensen"},{"link_name":"hat-trick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hat-trick#Association_football"},{"link_name":"Blackpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackpool_F.C."},{"link_name":"1953","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953_FA_Cup_Final"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Manchester City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"İlkay Gündoğan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0lkay_G%C3%BCndo%C4%9Fan"},{"link_name":"2023 FA Cup final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_FA_Cup_final"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fatest_goal-4"},{"link_name":"1903 FA Cup final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903_FA_Cup_final"},{"link_name":"2019 FA Cup final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_FA_Cup_final"},{"link_name":"2012 Final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_FA_Cup_final"},{"link_name":"Chelsea's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_F.C."},{"link_name":"Didier Drogba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didier_Drogba"},{"link_name":"Ofcom Code on Sports and Other Listed and Designated Events","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ofcom_Code_on_Sports_and_Other_Listed_and_Designated_Events"}],"text":"The first FA Cup Final was held at Kennington Oval on 16 March 1872 and was contested between Wanderers and Royal Engineers, with Wanderers winning 1–0.After the 1873 final was held at Lillie Bridge, the event was held at the Oval until 1892. The 1893 and 1894 finals were respectively held at Fallowfield Stadium in Manchester and Goodison Park in Liverpool, before the event returned to London in 1895, being held at Crystal Palace until the outbreak of World War I. After the war, the event was held at Stamford Bridge, before Wembley Stadium opened in 1923. The first final at Wembley, in which Bolton Wanderers beat West Ham United 2–0, had an official attendance of 126,047, although the actual figure is believed to be as much as 300,000. A police horse named Billy was used to regain control after the large crowd overflowed onto the field, earning it the nickname \"White Horse Final\". The 1927 final saw \"Abide with Me\" being sung for the first time at the Cup final, which has become a pre-match tradition.[1]Wembley continued to host the final until 2000, when it closed for redevelopment. The Millennium Stadium in Cardiff hosted the final between 2001 and 2006, before the new Wembley Stadium opened in 2007.Up to and including 1998, if the final ended in a draw, a replay would be required. This happened on 14 occasions, the last being in 1993 between Arsenal and Sheffield Wednesday. In September 1998, the Football Association decided that all future finals would be decided \"on the day\", meaning that a penalty shootout would decide the winner if the score was level after normal and extra time.[2] Three finals since have been decided by a penalty shootout, those of 2005 (Arsenal defeating Manchester United), 2006 (Liverpool defeating West Ham United) and 2022 (Liverpool defeating Chelsea).Stan Mortensen's hat-trick for Blackpool in 1953 is the only hat-trick ever scored at Wembley in the competition's final.[3] The fastest goal in an FA Cup Final was scored by Manchester City's İlkay Gündoğan, 12 seconds after kick-off in the 2023 FA Cup final.[4] Bury's 6–0 victory over Derby County in the 1903 FA Cup final and Manchester City's 6–0 victory over Watford 2019 FA Cup final are the largest winning margins. With his goal in the 2012 Final, Chelsea's Didier Drogba became the first player to score a goal in four finals.The FA Cup Final is one of ten events reserved for live broadcast on UK terrestrial television under the Ofcom Code on Sports and Other Listed and Designated Events.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Winners"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Cup final competition for fans\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20150129053100/http://www.readingfc.co.uk/news/article/fa-cup-competition-songs-of-praise-fa-cup-choir-2227569.aspx"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.readingfc.co.uk/news/article/fa-cup-competition-songs-of-praise-fa-cup-choir-2227569.aspx"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Football: End of Cup Final replay\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.independent.co.uk/sport/football-end-of-cup-final-replay-1200475.html"},{"link_name":"The Independent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20170826075835/http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football-end-of-cup-final-replay-1200475.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"The Matthews Final\" – BBC Sport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/low/football/fa_cup/990464.stm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fatest_goal_4-0"},{"link_name":"\"Man City 2–1 Man Utd: Ilkay Gundogan's double puts City on the brink of treble with FA Cup win\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.skysports.com/football/manchester-city-vs-manchester-united/482166"}],"text":"^ \"Cup final competition for fans\". Reading FC. 26 January 2015. Archived from the original on 29 January 2015. Retrieved 6 April 2016.\n\n^ Maume, Chris (24 September 1998). \"Football: End of Cup Final replay\". The Independent. Archived from the original on 26 August 2017. Retrieved 26 August 2017.\n\n^ \"The Matthews Final\" – BBC Sport\n\n^ \"Man City 2–1 Man Utd: Ilkay Gundogan's double puts City on the brink of treble with FA Cup win\". Sky Sports.com. 3 June 2023. Retrieved 3 June 2023.","title":"Footnotes"}]
[]
[{"title":"English football portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:English_football"},{"title":"FA Cup Final referees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Cup_Final_referees"},{"title":"FA Cup semi-finals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Cup_semi-finals"},{"title":"Abide with Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abide_with_Me"}]
[{"reference":"\"Cup final competition for fans\". Reading FC. 26 January 2015. Archived from the original on 29 January 2015. Retrieved 6 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150129053100/http://www.readingfc.co.uk/news/article/fa-cup-competition-songs-of-praise-fa-cup-choir-2227569.aspx","url_text":"\"Cup final competition for fans\""},{"url":"http://www.readingfc.co.uk/news/article/fa-cup-competition-songs-of-praise-fa-cup-choir-2227569.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Maume, Chris (24 September 1998). \"Football: End of Cup Final replay\". The Independent. Archived from the original on 26 August 2017. Retrieved 26 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football-end-of-cup-final-replay-1200475.html","url_text":"\"Football: End of Cup Final replay\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent","url_text":"The Independent"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170826075835/http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football-end-of-cup-final-replay-1200475.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Man City 2–1 Man Utd: Ilkay Gundogan's double puts City on the brink of treble with FA Cup win\". Sky Sports.com. 3 June 2023. Retrieved 3 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.skysports.com/football/manchester-city-vs-manchester-united/482166","url_text":"\"Man City 2–1 Man Utd: Ilkay Gundogan's double puts City on the brink of treble with FA Cup win\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Masters
Brian Masters
["1 Early life","2 Writing career","3 Selected bibliography","4 References"]
British writer (born 25 May 1939) This article is about the British author. For the Church of England bishop, see Brian Masters (bishop). Brian Masters (born 25 May 1939) is a British writer, best known for his biographies of serial killers. He has also written books on French literature, the British aristocracy, and theatre, and has worked as a translator. Early life Masters "grew up in a prefab on the Old Kent Road", Southwark, south London, to a "hunchback" mother with a weak chest, and an illegitimate "no hoper" father. During his adolescence, he asked to interview television personality Gilbert Harding for the school magazine. Masters became close to him, and Harding functioned as a mentor with Masters serving as a companion and secretary. Masters was apparently quite unfazed when Harding asked to watch him bathe. The family moved to Wales with a vain hope of improving his mother's health. Masters read French Literature and Philosophy at University College, Cardiff where he gained a first in 1961. Briefly a teacher in France (as part of his degree), he worked for a time as a travel guide "organising educational tours for American students". Writing career Early in his career, Masters wrote books on French writers such as Molière (1970) and Camus, among others, without any pretence at them having any real originality. The publisher Anthony Blond interested him in a book on the public's dreams about the Royal Family, which was the first of several books by Masters on the British aristocracy. Masters is best known for his books about serial killers, written with the co-operation of the subjects or their families. He corresponded with Dennis Nilsen from shortly after his arrest in February 1983, and met him in prison without having "felt the slightest unease" during his conversations with Nilsen. His book contains writings by Nilsen, and Masters considers various theories which attempt to explain Nilsen's actions. Masters reaches no definite conclusion on "the essential unknowability of the human mind", but Nilsen is "not a stranger amongst us" rather "an extreme instance of human possibility". Masters, who is gay, feared that another author might get things wrong about the case given the climate for gay men at the time. Masters was accused of being overly sympathetic to Nilsen at the time his book was first published in the UK, a view he rejects in his memoir. Michiko Kakutani, in a New York Times review after its 1993 United States publication, saw the book as "less a sensationalistic 'true crime' story than a chilling, psychological portrait of a murderer, a deeply disturbing voyage into the mind of a man who killed 15 times". Following the book on Nilsen, Masters wrote The Shrine of Jeffrey Dahmer and She Must Have Known: The Trial of Rosemary West. At the time of the publication of the book on Dahmer, Masters told Charles Nevin writing for The Independent: "The contemplation of extraordinary human behaviour with vile effects reminds one of the fragility of human sanity . . . and I think studying these terrible crimes makes one more grateful for life as it is, and increases one's potential for pity, by which I mean one doesn't pity the murderer more than his victim: one pities all mankind." Selected bibliography Sartre, a study (1970) A Student's Guide to Saint-Exupéry (1970) A Student's Guide to Rabelais (1971) Dreams About HM the Queen and Other Members of the Royal Family (1973) Wynyard Hall and the Londonderry Family (1973) Camus A study (1974) The Dukes: Origin, Ennoblement and History of 26 Families (1975; revised 2001) Now Barabbas Was a Rotter: the Extraordinary Life of Marie Corelli (1978) Georgiana (1981) Great Hostesses (1982) Killing for Company: The Case of Dennis Nilsen (1985) Gary (1990) The Life of E. F. Benson (1991) The Shrine of Jeffrey Dahmer (1993, 2007) She Must Have Known: Trial of Rosemary West (1996) The Evil That Men Do (1996) Thunder in the Air: Great Actors in Great Roles (2000) Getting Personal (autobiography 2002) References ^ a b c d e Barber, Lynn (24 August 2002). "The life of Brian". The Observer. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 5 December 2016. ^ Annan, Gabriele (31 August 2002). "The beautiful and the damned". The Spectator. Retrieved 12 September 2020. (subscription required) ^ Hastings, Selina (25 August 2002). "Mild man among murderers". Retrieved 12 September 2020. ^ a b Bostridge, Mark (25 August 2002). "Memoir: Dennis Nilsen's grisly potboiler". The Independent on Sunday. ^ a b Kakutani, Michiko (26 November 1993). "The Portrait of a British Serial Killer". The New York Times. Retrieved 12 September 2020. ^ Slovenko, Ralph (1995). Psychiatry and Criminal Culpability. New York City: John Wiley. p. 5. ^ Brown, Mick (16 September 2020). "Inside the mind of serial killer Dennis Nilsen, by the man who knew him best". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 27 September 2020. ^ Nevin, Charles (31 January 1993). "Empathy for the devil: Brian Masters". The Independent. Retrieved 12 September 2020. (ellipsis in the original source) Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Spain France BnF data Germany Israel United States Netherlands Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brian Masters (bishop)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Masters_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"biographies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biographies"},{"link_name":"British aristocracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_aristocracy"},{"link_name":"translator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translator"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barber-1"}],"text":"This article is about the British author. For the Church of England bishop, see Brian Masters (bishop).Brian Masters (born 25 May 1939) is a British writer, best known for his biographies of serial killers. He has also written books on French literature, the British aristocracy, and theatre, and has worked as a translator.[1]","title":"Brian Masters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"prefab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefabricated_home"},{"link_name":"Old Kent Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Kent_Road"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barber-1"},{"link_name":"Southwark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwark"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Gilbert Harding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_Harding"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barber-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"University College, Cardiff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff_University"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barber-1"}],"text":"Masters \"grew up in a prefab on the Old Kent Road\",[1] Southwark, south London, to a \"hunchback\" mother with a weak chest, and an illegitimate \"no hoper\" father.[2] During his adolescence, he asked to interview television personality Gilbert Harding for the school magazine. Masters became close to him, and Harding functioned as a mentor with Masters serving as a companion and secretary. Masters was apparently quite unfazed when Harding asked to watch him bathe.[1][3]The family moved to Wales with a vain hope of improving his mother's health. Masters read French Literature and Philosophy at University College, Cardiff where he gained a first in 1961. Briefly a teacher in France (as part of his degree), he worked for a time as a travel guide \"organising educational tours for American students\".[1]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Molière","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re"},{"link_name":"Camus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Camus"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barber-1"},{"link_name":"Anthony Blond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Blond"},{"link_name":"Royal Family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Royal_Family"},{"link_name":"serial killers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_killer"},{"link_name":"Dennis Nilsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Nilsen"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bostridge-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT19931126-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bostridge-4"},{"link_name":"Michiko Kakutani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michiko_Kakutani"},{"link_name":"New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT19931126-5"},{"link_name":"Jeffrey Dahmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Dahmer"},{"link_name":"Rosemary West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosemary_West"},{"link_name":"The Independent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Early in his career, Masters wrote books on French writers such as Molière (1970) and Camus, among others, without any pretence at them having any real originality.[1] The publisher Anthony Blond interested him in a book on the public's dreams about the Royal Family, which was the first of several books by Masters on the British aristocracy.Masters is best known for his books about serial killers, written with the co-operation of the subjects or their families. He corresponded with Dennis Nilsen from shortly after his arrest in February 1983, and met him in prison without having \"felt the slightest unease\"[4] during his conversations with Nilsen. His book contains writings by Nilsen, and Masters considers various theories which attempt to explain Nilsen's actions. Masters reaches no definite conclusion on \"the essential unknowability of the human mind\",[5] but Nilsen is \"not a stranger amongst us\" rather \"an extreme instance of human possibility\".[6] Masters, who is gay, feared that another author might get things wrong about the case given the climate for gay men at the time.[7]Masters was accused of being overly sympathetic to Nilsen at the time his book was first published in the UK, a view he rejects in his memoir.[4] Michiko Kakutani, in a New York Times review after its 1993 United States publication, saw the book as \"less a sensationalistic 'true crime' story than a chilling, psychological portrait of a murderer, a deeply disturbing voyage into the mind of a man who killed 15 times\".[5]Following the book on Nilsen, Masters wrote The Shrine of Jeffrey Dahmer and She Must Have Known: The Trial of Rosemary West. At the time of the publication of the book on Dahmer, Masters told Charles Nevin writing for The Independent: \"The contemplation of extraordinary human behaviour with vile effects reminds one of the fragility of human sanity . . . and I think studying these terrible crimes makes one more grateful for life as it is, and increases one's potential for pity, by which I mean one doesn't pity the murderer more than his victim: one pities all mankind.\"[8]","title":"Writing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sartre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sartre"},{"link_name":"Saint-Exupéry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_de_Saint-Exup%C3%A9ry"},{"link_name":"Rabelais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabelais"},{"link_name":"Wynyard Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wynyard_Hall"},{"link_name":"Camus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Camus"},{"link_name":"Marie Corelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Corelli"},{"link_name":"Georgiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgiana_Cavendish,_Duchess_of_Devonshire"},{"link_name":"Dennis Nilsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Nilsen"},{"link_name":"E. F. Benson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._F._Benson"},{"link_name":"Jeffrey Dahmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Dahmer"},{"link_name":"Rosemary West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosemary_West"},{"link_name":"autobiography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autobiography"}],"text":"Sartre, a study (1970)\nA Student's Guide to Saint-Exupéry (1970)\nA Student's Guide to Rabelais (1971)\nDreams About HM the Queen and Other Members of the Royal Family (1973)\nWynyard Hall and the Londonderry Family (1973)\nCamus A study (1974)\nThe Dukes: Origin, Ennoblement and History of 26 Families (1975; revised 2001)\nNow Barabbas Was a Rotter: the Extraordinary Life of Marie Corelli (1978)\nGeorgiana (1981)\nGreat Hostesses (1982)\nKilling for Company: The Case of Dennis Nilsen (1985)\nGary (1990)\nThe Life of E. F. Benson (1991)\nThe Shrine of Jeffrey Dahmer (1993, 2007)\nShe Must Have Known: Trial of Rosemary West (1996)\nThe Evil That Men Do (1996)\nThunder in the Air: Great Actors in Great Roles (2000)\nGetting Personal (autobiography 2002)","title":"Selected bibliography"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Barber, Lynn (24 August 2002). \"The life of Brian\". The Observer. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 5 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/books/2002/aug/25/biography.features1","url_text":"\"The life of Brian\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077","url_text":"0261-3077"}]},{"reference":"Annan, Gabriele (31 August 2002). \"The beautiful and the damned\". The Spectator. Retrieved 12 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriele_Annan","url_text":"Annan, Gabriele"},{"url":"http://archive.spectator.co.uk/article/31st-august-2002/32/the-beautiful-and-the-damned","url_text":"\"The beautiful and the damned\""}]},{"reference":"Hastings, Selina (25 August 2002). \"Mild man among murderers\". Retrieved 12 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selina_Hastings_(writer)","url_text":"Hastings, Selina"},{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/4728577/Mild-man-among-murderers.html","url_text":"\"Mild man among murderers\""}]},{"reference":"Bostridge, Mark (25 August 2002). \"Memoir: Dennis Nilsen's grisly potboiler\". The Independent on Sunday.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Kakutani, Michiko (26 November 1993). \"The Portrait of a British Serial Killer\". The New York Times. Retrieved 12 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michiko_Kakutani","url_text":"Kakutani, Michiko"},{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1993/11/26/books/books-of-the-times-the-portrait-of-a-british-serial-killer.html","url_text":"\"The Portrait of a British Serial Killer\""}]},{"reference":"Slovenko, Ralph (1995). Psychiatry and Criminal Culpability. New York City: John Wiley. p. 5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Tl_Ku1iImEEC&pg=PA5","url_text":"Psychiatry and Criminal Culpability"}]},{"reference":"Brown, Mick (16 September 2020). \"Inside the mind of serial killer Dennis Nilsen, by the man who knew him best\". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 27 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/tv/0/des-dennis-nilsen-serial-killer-real-life-story/","url_text":"\"Inside the mind of serial killer Dennis Nilsen, by the man who knew him best\""}]},{"reference":"Nevin, Charles (31 January 1993). \"Empathy for the devil: Brian Masters\". The Independent. Retrieved 12 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/interview-empathy-for-the-devil-brian-masters-he-is-tidy-dapper-bookish-and-has-made-friends-with-a-1481927.html","url_text":"\"Empathy for the devil: Brian Masters\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_T%C3%B3th
Viktor Tóth
["1 Career","2 Important performances","3 Discography","3.1 As Leader","3.2 As Sideman","4 Awards","5 Criticism","6 References","7 External links"]
This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (October 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Viktor TóthBirth nameViktor TóthBorn(1977-05-19)19 May 1977Kiskunhalas, HungaryGenresjazzOccupation(s)Musician, bandleader, composerInstrument(s)alto saxophone, saxophoneWebsitewww.tothviktor.hu/enMusical artist Viktor Tóth (born 19 May 1977), alto saxophonist, composer and orchestra leader, has been awarded Jazz Musician of the Year several times. One of the top figures of the young generation of the contemporary Hungarian jazz scene, his performance style bridges styles, is improvisation-centred, "soaring" and filled with spirituality. Career Viktor Tóth began his musical studies at the age of 14. A defining musical experience was meeting Ákos Molnár, saxophonist, at the point when he chose music over the path of an architect. Around this time American big band jazz had a strong influence on him. Later he moved towards combo formations and the style and music of Charlie Parker and John Coltrane had an important impact on him. At the end of the 90s he was a member of several Hungarian formations. In 1998 he was accepted into the Jazz department of the Liszt Ferenc Academy of Music from where he graduated with outstanding results in 2003. During this period he formed his first trio with Zoltán Oláh and András Mohay, then his first quartet formation with Gábor Cseke, Mátyás Szandai and the afore-mentioned András Mohay. In the period that followed he performed in concerts with Imre Kőszegi, Gyula Babos, Attila László, Béla Szakcsi Lakatos, Mihály Dresch, Tamás Berki, Kálmán Oláh, Ferenc Kovács, and with artists from the international jazz scene William Parker, Henry Franklin, Leena Conquest, Peter Finch, Arnie Somogyi, Winston Clifford, Tim Giles, Gareth Williams, Piotr Wojtasik, John Betsch and Eric Allen. His first album, Tercett, was released in 2005. This was followed by Climbing With Mountains (2007) – with Hamid Drake and Mátyás Szandai – through BMC label and in the same year he was awarded the Jazz Musician of the Year in Hungary. Then he released Tartim (2009) with a similar line-up, followed by Popping Bopping (2011). In 2013 he founded his unusual formation trio Tóth Viktor Arura Trió, with Miklós Lukács (cimbalom) and György Orbán (double bass). This unique trio released its first ballad album Szemed Kincse in 2014 and in 2015 was awarded Jazz Album of the Year by the jury of critics. He regularly plays as a member of various formations in Europe and the United States. He often performs in a trio with Hamid Drake, top jazz drummer who incorporates Afro-Cuban, Indian, and African percussion instruments and influence, and with double bassist Mátyás Szandai. Throughout Europe he plays as a sideman for Piotr Wojtasik Polish trumpeter in his innovative contemporary quartet with John Betsch and Michal Baranski. He has performed at numerous festivals including in Italy, Germany and Great Britain with his new formation Tóth Viktor & Masim Badavi Players in which permanent partners are the Belgian trumpeter Bart Maris. In his formation Tóth Viktor Tercett, György Orbán plays the double bass and the outstanding young musician Dávid Hodek plays the drums. He has participated in unusual projects too: he has composed music for theatre, and plays duets for contemporary dance. At the beginning of the 2000s his musical interest turned towards Bulgarian and other Balkan styles as well as oriental music. He also collects and processes folk music in eastern countries. These eastern folk influences are most strongly apparent in his saxophone quartet, Road Six Sax, established in the 1990s. Eastern musics and ornaments have a great influence on his jazz performance, too. His jazz hip hop project, Bird Food Market –Dávid Szarvas beatbox, – Gergő Kolta bass guitar, – Viktor Tóth alto saxophone, keyboard, loops –, that with its fusion of bebop music and broken rhythms received great acclaim in the avant-garde hiphop clubs in Budapest. Important performances Bansko Jazz Festival, Sofia Jazz Festival (Bulgaria) Krakow Jazz Festival (Poland) Warsaw Summer Jazz Days (Poland) Wroclaw Jazz Festival (Poland) Kaunas Jazz Festival (Lithuania) London, Hungarian Cultural Centre, Club 606 (Great Britain) Berlin Jazz Festival (Germany) Burgahausen Jazz Festival (Germany) Düsseldorf Jazz Festival (Germany) Moszkva, Hungarian Institute of Culture (Russia) Saransk Jazz Festival (Russia) Flip Fest New York (USA) New Orleans Jazz Festival (USA) Rochester Jazz Festival (USA) Washington, Hungarian Cultural Centre (USA) Discography As Leader Tercett (Gramy Records, 2005) Climbing with Mountains (2007) Tartim (2009) popping bopping (2011) Szemed kincse / The Present (2014) As Sideman Berki Tamás: A híd (2004) Tibor Márkus/Equinox: Eclectic (2004) Hungarian Jazz Store (2005) Berki Tamás: Bika (2009) The Cool Runnings Orchestra: Tribute to Marley (2011) Piotr Wojtasik Quartet – Amazing Twelve (2014) Awards Lakatos Ablakos Dezső scholarship (2006) Jazz Album of the Year (2007 - Climbing with Mountains) Jazzman of the Year (2010) Jazz Album of the Year (2014, 2015 - Szemed kincse / The Present) Alto Saxophonist of the Year Award (2014) Jazz Composer of the Year (2014) Criticism https://web.archive.org/web/20160304073525/http://www.discos-argentinos.com.ar/VerCritica.aspx?idcritica=72 http://www.kurt-rade.de/kurt/Cds-I.htm http://www.jazzzeitung.de/cms/2015/03/die-melancholie-des-altsaxofons/ http://www.jazzmagazine.com/index.php/le-jazz-live/1242-showcases-hongrois-a-l-assemblee-de-l-ejn-budapest-24-26-septembre http://www.jazzwisemagazine.com/breaking-news/13824-budapest-bop-european-jazz-network-hits-hungary-for-2015-jazz-conference-and-showcase-concerts http://www.allaboutjazz.com/european-jazz-conference-2015-hungarian-showcases-mihaly-dresch-by-henning-bolte.php?&pg=5 http://longplayrecenzje.blox.pl/2014/08/Viktor-TOTH-Arura-Trio-The-Present-2014.html References ^ http://info.bmc.hu/index.php?node=artists&table=ZENESZ&id=1475&setlang=en Budapest Music Center External links Tóth Viktor official website Tóth Viktor Concerts (Facebook) Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States Artists MusicBrainz
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One of the top figures of the young generation of the contemporary Hungarian jazz scene, his performance style bridges styles, is improvisation-centred, \"soaring\" and filled with spirituality.","title":"Viktor Tóth"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charlie Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Parker"},{"link_name":"John Coltrane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Coltrane"},{"link_name":"Liszt Ferenc Academy of Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liszt_Ferenc_Academy_of_Music"},{"link_name":"Gyula Babos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyula_Babos"},{"link_name":"Attila László","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attila_L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3"},{"link_name":"Béla Szakcsi Lakatos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Szakcsi_Lakatos"},{"link_name":"Mihály Dresch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mih%C3%A1ly_Dresch"},{"link_name":"Tamás Berki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tam%C3%A1s_Berki"},{"link_name":"Kálmán Oláh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=K%C3%A1lm%C3%A1n_Ol%C3%A1h&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ferenc Kovács","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ferenc_Kov%C3%A1cs_(musician)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"William Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Parker_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Henry Franklin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Franklin"},{"link_name":"Arnie Somogyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arnie_Somogyi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tim Giles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Giles"},{"link_name":"Piotr Wojtasik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Piotr_Wojtasik&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hamid Drake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamid_Drake"},{"link_name":"BMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BMC_Records&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"hip hop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_hop_music"},{"link_name":"beatbox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatbox"},{"link_name":"bebop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bebop"}],"text":"Viktor Tóth began his musical studies at the age of 14. A defining musical experience was meeting Ákos Molnár, saxophonist, at the point when he chose music over the path of an architect. Around this time American big band jazz had a strong influence on him. Later he moved towards combo formations and the style and music of Charlie Parker and John Coltrane had an important impact on him.At the end of the 90s he was a member of several Hungarian formations. In 1998 he was accepted into the Jazz department of the Liszt Ferenc Academy of Music from where he graduated with outstanding results in 2003. During this period he formed his first trio with Zoltán Oláh and András Mohay, then his first quartet formation with Gábor Cseke, Mátyás Szandai and the afore-mentioned András Mohay.In the period that followed he performed in concerts with Imre Kőszegi, Gyula Babos, Attila László, Béla Szakcsi Lakatos, Mihály Dresch, Tamás Berki, Kálmán Oláh, Ferenc Kovács, and with artists from the international jazz scene William Parker, Henry Franklin, Leena Conquest, Peter Finch, Arnie Somogyi, Winston Clifford, Tim Giles, Gareth Williams, Piotr Wojtasik, John Betsch and Eric Allen.His first album, Tercett, was released in 2005. This was followed by Climbing With Mountains (2007) – with Hamid Drake and Mátyás Szandai – through BMC[1] label and in the same year he was awarded the Jazz Musician of the Year in Hungary. Then he released Tartim (2009) with a similar line-up, followed by Popping Bopping (2011). In 2013 he founded his unusual formation trio Tóth Viktor Arura Trió, with Miklós Lukács (cimbalom) and György Orbán (double bass). This unique trio released its first ballad album Szemed Kincse in 2014 and in 2015 was awarded Jazz Album of the Year by the jury of critics.He regularly plays as a member of various formations in Europe and the United States. He often performs in a trio with Hamid Drake, top jazz drummer who incorporates Afro-Cuban, Indian, and African percussion instruments and influence, and with double bassist Mátyás Szandai. Throughout Europe he plays as a sideman for Piotr Wojtasik Polish trumpeter in his innovative contemporary quartet with John Betsch and Michal Baranski. He has performed at numerous festivals including in Italy, Germany and Great Britain with his new formation Tóth Viktor & Masim Badavi Players in which permanent partners are the Belgian trumpeter Bart Maris. In his formation Tóth Viktor Tercett, György Orbán plays the double bass and the outstanding young musician Dávid Hodek plays the drums.\nHe has participated in unusual projects too: he has composed music for theatre, and plays duets for contemporary dance. At the beginning of the 2000s his musical interest turned towards Bulgarian and other Balkan styles as well as oriental music. He also collects and processes folk music in eastern countries. These eastern folk influences are most strongly apparent in his saxophone quartet, Road Six Sax, established in the 1990s. Eastern musics and ornaments have a great influence on his jazz performance, too. His jazz hip hop project, Bird Food Market –Dávid Szarvas beatbox, – Gergő Kolta bass guitar, – Viktor Tóth alto saxophone, keyboard, loops –, that with its fusion of bebop music and broken rhythms received great acclaim in the avant-garde hiphop clubs in Budapest.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//info.bmc.hu/index.php?node=artists&type=J&search=viktor+toth&search_tol=&search_ig=&valaszt=nev"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//info.bmc.hu/index.php?node=artists&type=J&search=viktor+toth&search_tol=&search_ig=&valaszt=nev"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//info.bmc.hu/index.php?node=artists&type=J&search=viktor+toth&search_tol=&search_ig=&valaszt=nev"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//info.bmc.hu/index.php?node=artists&type=J&search=viktor+toth&search_tol=&search_ig=&valaszt=nev"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//info.bmc.hu/index.php?node=artists&type=J&search=viktor+toth&search_tol=&search_ig=&valaszt=nev"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//info.bmc.hu/index.php?node=artists&type=J&search=viktor+toth&search_tol=&search_ig=&valaszt=nev"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//info.bmc.hu/index.php?node=artists&type=J&search=viktor+toth&search_tol=&search_ig=&valaszt=nev"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//info.bmc.hu/index.php?node=artists&type=J&search=viktor+toth&search_tol=&search_ig=&valaszt=nev"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//info.bmc.hu/index.php?node=artists&type=J&search=viktor+toth&search_tol=&search_ig=&valaszt=nev"}],"text":"Bansko Jazz Festival, Sofia Jazz Festival (Bulgaria)[1]\nKrakow Jazz Festival (Poland)[2]\nWarsaw Summer Jazz Days (Poland)\nWroclaw Jazz Festival (Poland)\nKaunas Jazz Festival (Lithuania)[3]\nLondon, Hungarian Cultural Centre, Club 606 (Great Britain)[4]\nBerlin Jazz Festival (Germany)\nBurgahausen Jazz Festival (Germany)[5]\nDüsseldorf Jazz Festival (Germany)\nMoszkva, Hungarian Institute of Culture (Russia)[6]\nSaransk Jazz Festival (Russia)[7]\nFlip Fest New York (USA)\nNew Orleans Jazz Festival (USA)\nRochester Jazz Festival (USA)[8]\nWashington, Hungarian Cultural Centre (USA)[9]","title":"Important performances"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gramy Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramy_Records"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//new.bmcrecords.hu/pages/tartalom/index_en.php?kod=132"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//new.bmcrecords.hu/pages/tartalom/index_en.php?kod=150"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//new.bmcrecords.hu/pages/tartalom/index_en.php?kod=191"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//new.bmcrecords.hu/pages/tartalom/index_en.php?kod=210"}],"sub_title":"As Leader","text":"Tercett (Gramy Records, 2005)\nClimbing with Mountains (2007)[10]\nTartim (2009)[11]\npopping bopping (2011)[12]\nSzemed kincse / The Present (2014)[13]","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"As Sideman","text":"Berki Tamás: A híd (2004)\nTibor Márkus/Equinox: Eclectic (2004)\nHungarian Jazz Store (2005)\nBerki Tamás: Bika (2009)\nThe Cool Runnings Orchestra: Tribute to Marley (2011)\nPiotr Wojtasik Quartet – Amazing Twelve (2014)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Lakatos Ablakos Dezső scholarship (2006)\nJazz Album of the Year (2007 - Climbing with Mountains)\nJazzman of the Year (2010)\nJazz Album of the Year (2014, 2015 - Szemed kincse / The Present)\nAlto Saxophonist of the Year Award (2014)\nJazz Composer of the Year (2014)","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304073525/http://www.discos-argentinos.com.ar/VerCritica.aspx?idcritica=72","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20160304073525/http://www.discos-argentinos.com.ar/VerCritica.aspx?idcritica=72"},{"link_name":"http://www.kurt-rade.de/kurt/Cds-I.htm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.kurt-rade.de/kurt/Cds-I.htm"},{"link_name":"http://www.jazzzeitung.de/cms/2015/03/die-melancholie-des-altsaxofons/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.jazzzeitung.de/cms/2015/03/die-melancholie-des-altsaxofons/"},{"link_name":"http://www.jazzmagazine.com/index.php/le-jazz-live/1242-showcases-hongrois-a-l-assemblee-de-l-ejn-budapest-24-26-septembre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.jazzmagazine.com/index.php/le-jazz-live/1242-showcases-hongrois-a-l-assemblee-de-l-ejn-budapest-24-26-septembre"},{"link_name":"http://www.jazzwisemagazine.com/breaking-news/13824-budapest-bop-european-jazz-network-hits-hungary-for-2015-jazz-conference-and-showcase-concerts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.jazzwisemagazine.com/breaking-news/13824-budapest-bop-european-jazz-network-hits-hungary-for-2015-jazz-conference-and-showcase-concerts"},{"link_name":"http://www.allaboutjazz.com/european-jazz-conference-2015-hungarian-showcases-mihaly-dresch-by-henning-bolte.php?&pg=5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.allaboutjazz.com/european-jazz-conference-2015-hungarian-showcases-mihaly-dresch-by-henning-bolte.php?&pg=5"},{"link_name":"http://longplayrecenzje.blox.pl/2014/08/Viktor-TOTH-Arura-Trio-The-Present-2014.html","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//longplayrecenzje.blox.pl/2014/08/Viktor-TOTH-Arura-Trio-The-Present-2014.html"}],"text":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304073525/http://www.discos-argentinos.com.ar/VerCritica.aspx?idcritica=72\nhttp://www.kurt-rade.de/kurt/Cds-I.htm\nhttp://www.jazzzeitung.de/cms/2015/03/die-melancholie-des-altsaxofons/\nhttp://www.jazzmagazine.com/index.php/le-jazz-live/1242-showcases-hongrois-a-l-assemblee-de-l-ejn-budapest-24-26-septembre\nhttp://www.jazzwisemagazine.com/breaking-news/13824-budapest-bop-european-jazz-network-hits-hungary-for-2015-jazz-conference-and-showcase-concerts\nhttp://www.allaboutjazz.com/european-jazz-conference-2015-hungarian-showcases-mihaly-dresch-by-henning-bolte.php?&pg=5\nhttp://longplayrecenzje.blox.pl/2014/08/Viktor-TOTH-Arura-Trio-The-Present-2014.html","title":"Criticism"}]
[]
null
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljajkovi%C4%87i
Ljajkovići
["1 Demographics","2 References"]
Coordinates: 42°22′01″N 19°12′54″E / 42.366869°N 19.214976°E / 42.366869; 19.214976Village in Podgorica, MontenegroLjajkovići ЉајковићиVillageLjajkovićiLocation within MontenegroCoordinates: 42°22′01″N 19°12′54″E / 42.366869°N 19.214976°E / 42.366869; 19.214976Country MontenegroMunicipality PodgoricaPopulation (2011) • Total486Time zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST) Ljajkovići (Serbian Cyrillic: Љајковићи) is a village in the municipality of Podgorica, Montenegro. Demographics According to the 2011 census, its population was 486. Ethnicity in 2011 Ethnicity Number Percentage Montenegrins 379 78.0% Serbs 77 15.8% other/undeclared 30 6.2% Total 486 100% References ^ "Tabela N1. Stanovništvo prema nacinalnoj odnosno etničkoj pripadnosti po naseljima, Popis stanovništva, domaćinstava i stanova u Crnoj Gori 2011. godine" (in Montenegrin). Statistical Office of Montenegro. Retrieved January 27, 2012. vte City of Podgorica Administrative divisions Podgorica Capital City Zeta Municipality Tuzi Municipality Neighborhoods See: List of Podgorica neighbourhoods and suburbs Municipality settlements List Balabani Baloči Begova Glavica Beri Berislavci Bezjovo Bigor Bijelo Polje Bioče Bistrice Blizna Bolesestra Botun Brežine Briđe Brskut Buronji Ćafa Ćepetići Crnci Crvena Paprat Cvilin Dolovi Donje Stravče Donji Kokoti Draževina Dučići Duga Đurkovići Duške Farmaci Fundina Goljemadi Golubovci Goričani Gornje Stravče Gornji Kokoti Gostilj Gradac Grbavci Grbi Do Kiselica Klopot Kopilje Kornet Kosor Kruse Kržanja Kurilo Lekići Liješnje Liješta Lijeva Rijeka Ljajkovići Lopate Lutovo Lužnica Mahala Mataguži Medun Mileti Mitrovići Mojanovići Momče Mrke Opasanica Oraovice Orasi Orahovo Ožezi Parci Pelev Brijeg Petrovići Podgorica Ponari Prisoja Progonovići Raći Radeća Radovče Releza Rijeka Piperska Selište Seoca Seoštica Sjenice Slacko Srpska Staniselići Stanjevića Rupa Stijena Stupovi Šušunja Trmanje Tuzi Ljevorečke Ubalac Ubli Velje Brdo Veruša Vidijenje Vilac Vranjina Vrbica Vukovci Zagreda Zaugao Geography Cijevna Mareza Morača Ribnica Sitnica Zeta Lake Skadar Komovi Zeta plain Landmarks Adži-paša's bridge Blažo Jovanović Bridge Clock Tower Dajbabska Gora Tower Ribnica Fortress Duklja Millennium Bridge Medun Moscow Bridge Republic Square Roman Square Cathedral of the Resurrection of Christ Dajbabe Monastery Church of the Holy Heart of Jesus Culture Doclean Academy of Sciences and Arts Matica crnogorska Montenegrin Academy of Sciences and Arts Montenegrin National Theatre Montenegrin PEN Center Montenegrin Symphony Orchestra Sports venues Morača Sports Center Podgorica City Stadium Camp FSCG Stadion Malih Sportova Stadion Trešnjica Stadion Cvijetni Brijeg Stadion na Koniku DG Arena Tološi Stadium Stadion Zlatica Zabjelo Stadium Stadion Masline Stadion Ljajkovići University Sports Center Donji Kokoti Tennis Courts Sport clubs SD Budućnost FK Budućnost KK Budućnost RK Budućnost OK Budućnost ŽRK Budućnost ŽOK Budućnost ŽFK Budućnost FK Blue Star FK Bratstvo FK Crvena Stijena FK Drezga FK Grafičar FK Internacional FK Kom OFK Mladost DG FK Podgorica FK Napredak FK Ribnica OFK Titograd FK Zabjelo FK Zeta KK Studentski centar Rugby Podgorica Rugby Budućnost Events Podgorica Marathon Podgorica Book Fair WTA Podgorica 1989 EKF Eurobasket 2005 FINA World League 2009 2019 GSSE EHF Euro 2022 FINA World Cup 2023 Education Gymnasium "Slobodan Škerović" University of Montenegro University of Donja Gorica University Mediteran Media RTCG Altlas Pink M 1Prva TV Vijesti Dan Dnevne Novine Pobjeda Vijesti Monitor Shopping malls Delta City Mall of Montenegro Companies VOLI Plantaže Transportation Podgorica Airport Podgorica railway station This Montenegro location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Dwight_Sigsbee
Charles Dwight Sigsbee
["1 Early life","2 Military career","3 Death and legacy","4 Ranks held","5 References","6 External links"]
American Rear Admiral (1845-1923) Charles Dwight SigsbeeRear Admiral Charles D. SigsbeeBorn(1845-01-16)January 16, 1845Albany, New York, U.S.DiedJuly 13, 1923(1923-07-13) (aged 78)New York City, New York, U.S.Place of burialArlington National Cemetery, Virginia, U.S.Allegiance United StatesService/branch United States NavyYears of service1862–1907Rank Rear admiralCommands heldUSS MaineUSS TexasSouth Atlantic SquadronBattles/warsAmerican Civil War Operations in Mobile Bay Battle of Mobile Bay Wilmington campaigns First Battle of Fort Fisher Second Battle of Fort Fisher Formosan Expedition Spanish–American War Sinking of Maine Puerto Rico campaign Second Battle of San Juan Alma materThe Albany AcademySignature Charles Dwight Sigsbee (January 16, 1845 – July 13, 1923) was a rear admiral in the United States Navy. In his earlier career, he was a pioneering oceanographer and hydrographer. He is best remembered as the captain of USS Maine, which exploded in Havana Harbor, Cuba, in 1898 and set off the events that led up to the start of the Spanish–American War. He was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1899. Early life The Sigsbee sounding machine Sigsbee was born in Albany, New York, and educated at The Albany Academy. He was appointed acting midshipman on 16 July 1862. Military career Sigsbee fought in numerous engagements during the American Civil War, mostly against Confederate forts and batteries. Sigsbee served aboard Monongahela, Wyoming, and Shenandoah from 1863 to 1869, when he was assigned to duty at the Naval Academy. In 1871, he was assigned to the Hydrographic Office. He was first posted to the Hydrographic Office in 1873. He was assigned to the Coast Survey in 1874 and commanded the Coast Survey steamer Blake from 1875 to 1878. He returned to the Navy Hydrographic Office from 1878 to 1882 and served as hydrographer in the Bureau of Navigation from 1893 to 1897. During his period on Blake, he developed the Sigsbee sounding machine, which became a standard item of deep-water oceanographic equipment for the next 50 years. Sigsbee served at the Naval Academy from 1869 to 1871, from 1882 to 1885, and from 1887 to 1890. He served on the Board of Control for the United States Naval Institute. He commanded Kearsarge on the European station from 1885 to 1886 and the training ship Portsmouth from 1891 to 1892. A telegram from Sigsbee to Secretary of the Navy John Davis Long on the destruction of USS Maine Sigsbee took command of the armored cruiser Maine in April 1897. After Maine was destroyed in February 1898, Sigsbee and his officers were exonerated by a court of inquiry. He then commanded St. Paul in 1898 at the Second Battle of San Juan and Texas until 1900. In February, he was appointed Chief Intelligence Officer of the Office of Naval Intelligence, succeeding Commander Richardson Clover. He held that post until April 1903 when he was succeeded by Commander Seaton Schroeder. He was promoted to rear admiral on 10 August 1903. He assumed command of the South Atlantic Squadron in 1904 and the Second Division, North Atlantic Squadron, in 1905. He commanded USS Brooklyn as his flagship on June 7, 1905, which sailed for Cherbourg, France. There, the remains of the late John Paul Jones were taken aboard and brought home for his interment at the United States Naval Academy. Death and legacy Sigsbee retired from the Navy in 1907 and died in New York, 1923. He is buried in Arlington National Cemetery. His grandson, Charles Dwight Sigsbee III, First Lieutenant, US Army, was buried next to him on July 10, 1956. Conscious of his legacy, Sigsbee penned a book giving the history of the Maine and his experiences aboard her. The book was entitled The MAINE - An Account of Her Destruction in Havana Harbor and was published by the Century Company of New York in 1899. His daughter Mary Ellen Sigsbee (1877–1960) was an artist, socialist and feminist. He has several namesakes: The destroyer USS Sigsbee (DD-502) was named for him. Sigsbee Park, the primary military family housing area for Naval Air Station Key West, and the collocated Sigsbee Elementary School are named in his honor. Sigsbee Deep, the deepest part of the Gulf of Mexico, was discovered by ships under his command and was named in his honor. On May 25, 1898, Daniel Bevill was appointed postmaster of a new post office in Shelby County, Missouri, but needed a name for the office. Bevill had so admired Sigsbee, a naval officer in command of the battleship Maine, which blew up in Havana Harbor in 1898, that he named the post office site as Sigsbee (Shelby County Historical Society records). Ranks held Midshipman – September 27, 1859 Passed Midshipman – 1863 Master – May 10, 1866 Commodore - Jan 4, 1867 Ensign Lieutenant junior grade Lieutenant Lieutenant commander Commander Captain Commodore Rear admiral O-1 O-2 O-3 O-4 O-5 O-6 O-7 O-8 October 3, 1863 Never Held April 21, 1867 March 12, 1868 May 11, 1882 March 21, 1897 Unknown August 10, 1903 References ^ "APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved February 6, 2024. ^ Rivero Méndez, Ángel (1922). "Capítulo XII El Bloqueo de San Juan - Combate entre El Terror y El Saint Paul". Crónica de la guerra hispano-americana en Puerto Rico (in Spanish). p. 154. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help) ^ Burial Detail: Sigsbee, Charles D – ANC Explorer ^ "Ker, William Balfour". schoonoverstudios.com. Archived from the original on June 20, 2019. Retrieved June 20, 2019. ^ "William Balfour Ker – Artist Biography for William Balfour Ker". Ask Art. Retrieved June 21, 2019.  This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. "Sigsbee". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Naval Historical Center, Department of the Navy. Archived from the original on March 29, 2004. Retrieved September 5, 2008. Hamersly, Lewis Randolph (1898). Charles D. Sigsbee (Sixth ed.). L. R. Hamersly & Company. Retrieved April 9, 2007. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help) External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Charles Dwight Sigsbee. Wikisource has original works by or about:Charles Dwight Sigsbee Finding Aid to Charles D. Sigsbee Papers, 1858–1923 at the New York State Library, accessed May 18, 2016. Preceded byRichardson Clover Head of the Office of Naval Intelligence(Chief Intelligence Officer) February 1900 – April 1903 Succeeded bySeaton Schroeder Portals: Biography American Civil War Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway United States Australia Netherlands People Trove Other NARA SNAC IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rear admiral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rear_admiral_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"USS Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Maine_(1889)"},{"link_name":"Havana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havana"},{"link_name":"Cuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Cuba"},{"link_name":"Spanish–American War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War"},{"link_name":"American Philosophical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Charles Dwight Sigsbee (January 16, 1845 – July 13, 1923) was a rear admiral in the United States Navy. In his earlier career, he was a pioneering oceanographer and hydrographer. He is best remembered as the captain of USS Maine, which exploded in Havana Harbor, Cuba, in 1898 and set off the events that led up to the start of the Spanish–American War. He was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1899.[1]","title":"Charles Dwight Sigsbee"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PSM_V44_D349_The_sigsbee_deep_sea_sounding_machine.jpg"},{"link_name":"Albany, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albany,_New_York"},{"link_name":"The Albany Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Albany_Academy"}],"text":"The Sigsbee sounding machineSigsbee was born in Albany, New York, and educated at The Albany Academy. He was appointed acting midshipman on 16 July 1862.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Monongahela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Monongahela_(1862)"},{"link_name":"Wyoming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Wyoming_(1859)"},{"link_name":"Shenandoah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Shenandoah_(1862)"},{"link_name":"Naval Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Naval_Academy"},{"link_name":"Blake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USC%26GS_George_S._Blake"},{"link_name":"hydrographer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrographer"},{"link_name":"Bureau of Navigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Navigation_(United_States_Navy)"},{"link_name":"United States Naval Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Naval_Institute"},{"link_name":"Kearsarge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Kearsarge_(1861)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Telegram_from_Captain_Charles_D._Sigsbee,_Commander_of_the_USS_Maine,_to_the_Secretary_of_the_Navy_-_NARA_-_300266.jpg"},{"link_name":"Secretary of the Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_the_Navy"},{"link_name":"John Davis Long","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Davis_Long"},{"link_name":"St. Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Saint_Paul_(1895)"},{"link_name":"Second Battle of San Juan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_San_Juan_(1898)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Texas_(1892)"},{"link_name":"Office of Naval Intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Naval_Intelligence"},{"link_name":"Richardson Clover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richardson_Clover"},{"link_name":"Seaton Schroeder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seaton_Schroeder"},{"link_name":"rear admiral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rear_admiral_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"South Atlantic Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Atlantic_Squadron"},{"link_name":"North Atlantic Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Atlantic_Squadron"},{"link_name":"USS Brooklyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Brooklyn_(ACR-3)"},{"link_name":"flagship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagship"},{"link_name":"Cherbourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherbourg"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"John Paul Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Paul_Jones"}],"text":"Sigsbee fought in numerous engagements during the American Civil War, mostly against Confederate forts and batteries. Sigsbee served aboard Monongahela, Wyoming, and Shenandoah from 1863 to 1869, when he was assigned to duty at the Naval Academy. In 1871, he was assigned to the Hydrographic Office. He was first posted to the Hydrographic Office in 1873. He was assigned to the Coast Survey in 1874 and commanded the Coast Survey steamer Blake from 1875 to 1878. He returned to the Navy Hydrographic Office from 1878 to 1882 and served as hydrographer in the Bureau of Navigation from 1893 to 1897. During his period on Blake, he developed the Sigsbee sounding machine, which became a standard item of deep-water oceanographic equipment for the next 50 years.Sigsbee served at the Naval Academy from 1869 to 1871, from 1882 to 1885, and from 1887 to 1890. He served on the Board of Control for the United States Naval Institute. He commanded Kearsarge on the European station from 1885 to 1886 and the training ship Portsmouth from 1891 to 1892.A telegram from Sigsbee to Secretary of the Navy John Davis Long on the destruction of USS MaineSigsbee took command of the armored cruiser Maine in April 1897. After Maine was destroyed in February 1898, Sigsbee and his officers were exonerated by a court of inquiry. He then commanded St. Paul in 1898 at the Second Battle of San Juan[2] and Texas until 1900.In February, he was appointed Chief Intelligence Officer of the Office of Naval Intelligence, succeeding Commander Richardson Clover. He held that post until April 1903 when he was succeeded by Commander Seaton Schroeder. He was promoted to rear admiral on 10 August 1903.He assumed command of the South Atlantic Squadron in 1904 and the Second Division, North Atlantic Squadron, in 1905.He commanded USS Brooklyn as his flagship on June 7, 1905, which sailed for Cherbourg, France. There, the remains of the late John Paul Jones were taken aboard and brought home for his interment at the United States Naval Academy.","title":"Military career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Arlington National Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlington_National_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Mary Ellen Sigsbee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Ellen_Sigsbee"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schoonover-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AskArt-5"},{"link_name":"USS Sigsbee (DD-502)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Sigsbee"},{"link_name":"Sigsbee Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigsbee_Park"},{"link_name":"Naval Air Station Key West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Key_West"},{"link_name":"Sigsbee Deep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigsbee_Deep"},{"link_name":"Gulf of Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Sigsbee retired from the Navy in 1907 and died in New York, 1923. He is buried in Arlington National Cemetery.[3] His grandson, Charles Dwight Sigsbee III, First Lieutenant, US Army, was buried next to him on July 10, 1956.Conscious of his legacy, Sigsbee penned a book giving the history of the Maine and his experiences aboard her. The book was entitled The MAINE - An Account of Her Destruction in Havana Harbor and was published by the Century Company of New York in 1899.[citation needed]His daughter Mary Ellen Sigsbee (1877–1960)[4] was an artist, socialist and feminist.[5]He has several namesakes:The destroyer USS Sigsbee (DD-502) was named for him.\nSigsbee Park, the primary military family housing area for Naval Air Station Key West, and the collocated Sigsbee Elementary School are named in his honor.\nSigsbee Deep, the deepest part of the Gulf of Mexico, was discovered by ships under his command and was named in his honor.[citation needed]\nOn May 25, 1898, Daniel Bevill was appointed postmaster of a new post office in Shelby County, Missouri, but needed a name for the office. Bevill had so admired Sigsbee, a naval officer in command of the battleship Maine, which blew up in Havana Harbor in 1898, that he named the post office site as Sigsbee (Shelby County Historical Society records).","title":"Death and legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Midshipman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midshipman"},{"link_name":"Passed Midshipman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midshipman"}],"text":"Midshipman – September 27, 1859\nPassed Midshipman – 1863\nMaster – May 10, 1866\nCommodore - Jan 4, 1867","title":"Ranks held"}]
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null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Forepaugh
Adam Forepaugh
["1 Early life and horse trading career","2 Circus career","2.1 Business practices","2.2 Innovations","2.3 The famous \"sucker\" quote","3 Death and legacy","4 Posters for Forepaugh & Sells Brothers","5 References","6 External links"]
American circus owner (1831–1890) Adam ForepaughPublicity photo of Adam ForepaughBorn(1831-02-28)February 28, 1831Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.DiedJanuary 22, 1890(1890-01-22) (aged 58)Resting placeLaurel Hill Cemetery, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.Occupation(s)Horse trader, Circus owner Adam John Forepaugh (born Adam John Forbach; February 28, 1831 – January 22, 1890) was an American horse trader and circus owner. From 1865 through 1890 his circus operated under various names including Forepaugh's Circus, Forepaugh's Gigantic Circus and Menagerie, The Forepaugh Show, 4-PAW Show, The Adam Forepaugh Circus, and Forepaugh & The Wild West. He ran a successful horse trading business which provided horses to street railway companies. He became wealthy selling horses to the U.S. government during the American Civil War. He entered the circus business by taking part ownership in a circus due to an unpaid debt for the purchase of 44 horses. In the 1870s and 1880s, Forepaugh and P. T. Barnum had the two largest circuses in the United States and competed fiercely. His innovations included commission of the first railroad cars for a traveling circus in 1877, the first three-ring presentation and the first Wild West show. After Forepaugh's death in 1890, his circus operations were merged with the Sells Brothers Circus to form the Forepaugh-Sells Brothers' Circus in 1900. Early life and horse trading career Forepaugh was born into poverty in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to John A. Forbach, a butcher, and Susannah Heimer. He began working in a butcher shop at age 9, earning $4 a month. He left home on the Philadelphia and Columbia Railroad to Cincinnati, where he worked in cattle appraising and managing stagecoach lines. He moved to New York City and formed a livestock and horse trading business. He became the largest purveyor of horses in New York state and earned a reputation as an expert judge of horses. Forepaugh ran a successful business selling horses to street railway companies. He purchased old "nags" from one streetcar company, allowed the horses to rejuvenate on an island in the Schuylkill River, and then sold the horses at a higher price to a different streetcar company. Forepaugh’s horse selling enterprise during the American Civil War became his most lucrative business venture. The war made horses scarce and therefore very valuable. He became wealthy selling horses to the U.S. government. Circus career Forepaugh entered the circus business in 1864, when he sold 44 horses to John V. "Pogey" O'Brien for $9,000 to use in the Tom King Excelsior Circus. O'Brien could not repay the loan and Forepaugh assumed partial ownership of the circus. The next year, he and O'Brien purchased the Jerry Mabie Menagerie and created two circuses with their combined assets: The Great National Circus and the Dan Rice Circus. Forepaugh sold the Great National Circus and renamed the Dan Rice Circus as his own name. In November of 1865 Forepaugh opened the Philadelphia Circus and Menagerie at 10th and Callowhill Streets. This was the first permanent home of his touring circus show. His circus toured 250 or more days each year and employed over 400 performers and workmen. His annual average profit exceeded $300,000. Forepaugh was different from most of his fellow circus operators. Already independently wealthy when he entered the circus business, he was much less a showman and much more a businessman—a stark contrast to P. T. Barnum and the Ringling Brothers. He was intimately involved in all aspects of the circus business. He would regularly seat himself at the main entrance into the circus, a vantage point that ensured that his face was seen by all and from which, it was rumored, he could estimate the night's receipts to hold his employees accountable. Through the 1870s and into the 1880s, Forepaugh and P. T. Barnum had the two largest circuses in the nation. Forepaugh had more animals than Barnum and generally paid higher salaries to the much-favored European talent. The two men constantly fought each other over rights to perform in the most-favored venues. They signed truces in 1882, 1884, and 1887, dividing the country into exclusive territories to avoid disputes. But at least twice, they decided to pool their resources and perform together. In 1880, Forepaugh and Barnum combined their shows for a Philadelphia engagement. In 1887, Forepaugh obtained permission to perform in Madison Square Garden, a venue that Barnum considered to be exclusively his but had forfeited by his neglect to renew his contract. A compromise was negotiated, and once again the two circuses presented a combined performance in the largest circus performance to date. In 1889, Forepaugh sold his circus acts to James Anthony Bailey and James E. Cooper and sold his railroad cars to the Ringling Brothers. The Ringlings used the equipment to transform their circus from a small animal-powered production to a huge rail-powered behemoth, which later purchased the Barnum & Bailey Circus. Thus, in liquidating his circus assets, he indirectly contributed to the demise of his arch-rival. In her 1932 biography, Mary Elitch Long—the first woman to own a zoo—commented on purchasing animals from Forepaugh:"Fine specimens were purchased from Forepaugh's collections and other sources, and a standing order placed with importers of rare and unusual creatures. P.T. Barnum was a frequent visitor during this summer and took a personal pride in this feature." Business practices Light of Asia poster, 1884 The American circus business in this period was known for its unscrupulous business practices—practices of which Forepaugh was a willing participant. Forepaugh was also noted for his business acumen and marketing prowess, which made his circus profitable every year except one. An example of Forepaugh's unscrupulous methods was his rivalry with Barnum over Barnum's white elephant. Barnum had purchased, at great cost, an ostensibly white elephant, only to discover upon delivery that it was pink, with great spots. Forepaugh heard of this and saw an opportunity to one-up Barnum. He whitewashed a regular gray elephant, called it the "Light of Asia", and marketed it as the real thing. To further illustrate the spirit of the business dealings between the two, a reporter who managed to sneak up and remove some of the whitewash from the "Light of Asia" to prove Forepaugh's fraud was able to sell this information to Barnum, instead of writing a story about it for his newspaper. Some of Forepaugh's methods were truly innovative, however. He was the first circus operator to separate the menagerie from the big ring in order to attract church goers who might be leery of the "sinful" attractions of circus acts, yet still desirous to see the exotic animals in the menagerie. Innovations Forepaugh was responsible for many innovations in circus history, which influenced circuses for many years. He was the first to incorporate a "Wild West Show" into his circus. In 1869, he was the first to use two separate "bigtop" tents at the same time, one for the circus performance and the other for the menagerie. In search of new talent, he sponsored a $10,000 beauty contest in 1881, looking for the "most beautiful woman in America". The winner was Louise Montague, a 21-year-old New York City actress blessed with a "charming blue eye" and "... magnificent teeth, which she shows to advantage in conversation". Many believe this was the first beauty pageant in America. He hired an African-American elephant trainer named Ephraim Thompson in a time when blacks rarely had positions of such stature. The famous "sucker" quote The quote "There's a sucker born every minute, but none of them ever die" is often attributed to P. T. Barnum. The source of the quote is most likely famous con-man Joseph ("Paper Collar" Joe) Bessimer. Forepaugh attributed the quote to Barnum in a newspaper interview in an attempt to discredit him. However, Barnum never denied making the quote. It is said that he thanked Forepaugh for the free publicity he had given him. Death and legacy Adam Forepaugh tombstone in Laurel Hill Cemetery Forepaugh died January 20, 1890, in Philadelphia during the 1889–1890 flu pandemic and is buried in the family vault at Laurel Hill Cemetery. Many local charities and churches in the Philadelphia area benefited from his estate, including Temple University, Morris Animal Refuge, St. Agnes, St. Luke's and Children's Medical Center. After Forepaugh's death, his circus operations merged with the Sells Brothers Circus to form the Forepaugh-Sells Brothers' Circus in 1900. An article at the end of 1907 observed that the Ringling brothers intended to close the remains of their property, the former Forepaugh show, eighteen years after its original owner's death, and stop using the name and likeness which had "been seen oftener than that of any other American, dead or alive" by that writer's estimation. Forepaugh gave his name to Forepaugh Park, the 1890s baseball venue in Philadelphia. In 2010, a young adult book Tombstone Tea by Joanne Dahme takes place in Laurel Hill Cemetery and Forepaugh is one of the characters in the book. Posters for Forepaugh & Sells Brothers References ^ a b "A Great Showman Dead". Philadelphia Times (via newspapers.com, subscription req'd). 24 January 1890. Retrieved 5 October 2020. ^ Traber, J Milton "Adam Forepaugh's Life" Billboard (Cincinnati, OH) 8, October 1910: 13–24. https://archive.org/stream/billboard22-1910-10#page/n92/mode/1up/. ^ a b c "Death Of Adam Forepaugh. The Veteran Showman Falls a Victim to Influenza And Pneumonia". The New York Times. January 24, 1890. Retrieved 2011-09-12. Adam Forepaugh, the veteran circus manager, died late last night at his residence in this city. He had been ailing for some time past. ... ^ Kuntz, Jerry (2010). A Pair of Shootists: The Wild West Story of S.F. Cody and Maud Lee. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. p. 26. ISBN 978-0-8061-4149-7. Retrieved 7 October 2021. ^ "Running Away With The Circus At 10th And Callowhill". Hidden City Philadelphia. 2016-10-20. Retrieved 2023-11-29. ^ Waite, Dave (15 July 2021). "Rewind: July 15, 2021 – "Thrilling Attractions & Weird Wonders"". www.wcnyhs.org. Warren County N.Y. Historical Society. Retrieved 6 October 2021. ^ Leavitt, Michael Bennett (1912). Fifty Years in Theatrical Management. New York: Broadway Publishing Co. p. 125. Retrieved 7 October 2021. ^ a b c Albrecht, Ernest. American National Biography Online. Oxford University Press, 2000. s.v. "Forepaugh, Adam." (registration required) ^ Slout, William L. (1998). Olympians of the Sawdust Circle. San Bernardino, CA: The Borgo Press. pp. 99–100. ISBN 0-8095-0310-7. Retrieved 7 October 2021. ^ Apps, Jerry (2005). Ringlingville USA: The Stupendous Story of Seven Siblings and Their Stunning Circus Success. Madison, Wisconsin: Wisconsin Historical Society Press. p. 66. ISBN 0-87020-354-1. Retrieved 6 October 2021. ^ Wilmeth, Don B and Tice L Miller "Adam Forepaugh" Cambridge Guide to American Theatre (New York: Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge, 1996): 158. ^ Apps, Jerry (2005). Ringlingville USA: The Stupendous Story of Seven Siblings and Their Stunning Circus Success. Madison, Wisconsin: Wisconsin Historical Society Press. p. 41. ISBN 0-87020-354-1. Retrieved 6 October 2021. ^ Lawrence, Caroline Dier (1932). The lady of the Gardens: Mary Elitch Long. Saturday Night Pub. Co. p. 24. OCLC 21432197. ^ Kuntz, Jerry (2010). A Pair of Shootists: The Wild West Story of S.F. Cody and Maud Lee. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. p. 25. ISBN 978-0-8061-4149-7. Retrieved 7 October 2021. ^ Wallace, Irving. The Fabulous Showman: The Life and Times of P. T. Barnum. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1959: 297. ^ "Forepaugh, Adam". Dictionary of American Biography. Vol. V. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. 1946. p. 522. ^ Police Gazette, April 23, 1881 ^ Kuntz, Jerry (2010). A Pair of Shootists: The Wild West Story of S.F. Cody and Maud Lee. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. p. 32. ISBN 978-0-8061-4149-7. Retrieved 7 October 2021. ^ "Forepaugh-Sells Brothers' Circus". The Hartford Courant. May 9, 1900. Retrieved 2009-12-04. The combined Adam Forepaugh-Sells Brothers' Circus will be in Hartford next week Tuesday. ... ^ "Old Circus Name to Go". York (Pennsylvania) Dispatch (via newspapers.com, sub req'd). 16 December 1907. Retrieved 20 October 2020. ^ Tombstone Tea Amazon listing Amazon.com. Retrieved 5 October 2009. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Adam Forepaugh and Sells Brothers. Biography portal Advertisement for Adam Forepaugh’s Circus in Athletic Park, Washington, DC, published in The National Republican, April 11, 1885 Milner Library Illinois State University Digital Collections - Official Route 26th Annual Tour Adam Forepaugh Great All-Feature Show 1889 New York Public Library Digital Collections - Adam Forepaugh Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National United States Other SNAC
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PTimesobit-1"},{"link_name":"horse trader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_trader"},{"link_name":"circus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circus"},{"link_name":"American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"P. T. Barnum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._T._Barnum"},{"link_name":"Wild West show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_West_show"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PTimesobit-1"},{"link_name":"Sells Brothers Circus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sells_Brothers_Circus"}],"text":"Adam John Forepaugh (born Adam John Forbach;[1] February 28, 1831 – January 22, 1890) was an American horse trader and circus owner. From 1865 through 1890 his circus operated under various names including Forepaugh's Circus, Forepaugh's Gigantic Circus and Menagerie, The Forepaugh Show, 4-PAW Show, The Adam Forepaugh Circus, and Forepaugh & The Wild West.He ran a successful horse trading business which provided horses to street railway companies. He became wealthy selling horses to the U.S. government during the American Civil War. He entered the circus business by taking part ownership in a circus due to an unpaid debt for the purchase of 44 horses.In the 1870s and 1880s, Forepaugh and P. T. Barnum had the two largest circuses in the United States and competed fiercely. His innovations included commission of the first railroad cars for a traveling circus in 1877, the first three-ring presentation and the first Wild West show.[1] After Forepaugh's death in 1890, his circus operations were merged with the Sells Brothers Circus to form the Forepaugh-Sells Brothers' Circus in 1900.","title":"Adam Forepaugh"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia and Columbia Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_and_Columbia_Railroad"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Timesobit-3"},{"link_name":"street railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horsecar"},{"link_name":"Schuylkill River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schuylkill_River"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Timesobit-3"}],"text":"Forepaugh was born into poverty in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to John A. Forbach, a butcher, and Susannah Heimer. He began working in a butcher shop at age 9, earning $4 a month.[2] He left home on the Philadelphia and Columbia Railroad to Cincinnati, where he worked in cattle appraising and managing stagecoach lines. He moved to New York City and formed a livestock and horse trading business. He became the largest purveyor of horses in New York state and earned a reputation as an expert judge of horses.[3]Forepaugh ran a successful business selling horses to street railway companies. He purchased old \"nags\" from one streetcar company, allowed the horses to rejuvenate on an island in the Schuylkill River, and then sold the horses at a higher price to a different streetcar company.[4] Forepaugh’s horse selling enterprise during the American Civil War became his most lucrative business venture. The war made horses scarce and therefore very valuable. He became wealthy selling horses to the U.S. government.[3]","title":"Early life and horse trading career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John V. \"Pogey\" O'Brien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_O%27Brien_(circus_owner)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tom King Excelsior Circus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tom_King_Excelsior_Circus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dan Rice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Rice"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"P. T. Barnum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._T._Barnum"},{"link_name":"Ringling Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ringling_Brothers"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ANB-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Madison Square Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison_Square_Garden"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ANB-8"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"James Anthony Bailey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Anthony_Bailey"},{"link_name":"James E. Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_E._Cooper&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ringling Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ringling_Brothers"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Barnum & Bailey Circus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnum_%26_Bailey_Circus"},{"link_name":"Mary Elitch Long","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Elitch_Long"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Forepaugh entered the circus business in 1864, when he sold 44 horses to John V. \"Pogey\" O'Brien for $9,000 to use in the Tom King Excelsior Circus. O'Brien could not repay the loan and Forepaugh assumed partial ownership of the circus. The next year, he and O'Brien purchased the Jerry Mabie Menagerie and created two circuses with their combined assets: The Great National Circus and the Dan Rice Circus. Forepaugh sold the Great National Circus and renamed the Dan Rice Circus as his own name. In November of 1865 Forepaugh opened the Philadelphia Circus and Menagerie at 10th and Callowhill Streets. This was the first permanent home of his touring circus show.[5] His circus toured 250 or more days each year and employed over 400 performers and workmen.[6] His annual average profit exceeded $300,000.[7]Forepaugh was different from most of his fellow circus operators. Already independently wealthy when he entered the circus business, he was much less a showman and much more a businessman—a stark contrast to P. T. Barnum and the Ringling Brothers. He was intimately involved in all aspects of the circus business. He would regularly seat himself at the main entrance into the circus, a vantage point that ensured that his face was seen by all and from which, it was rumored, he could estimate the night's receipts to hold his employees accountable.[8] Through the 1870s and into the 1880s, Forepaugh and P. T. Barnum had the two largest circuses in the nation. Forepaugh had more animals than Barnum and generally paid higher salaries to the much-favored European talent. The two men constantly fought each other over rights to perform in the most-favored venues.[9]They signed truces in 1882, 1884, and 1887, dividing the country into exclusive territories to avoid disputes.[10] But at least twice, they decided to pool their resources and perform together. In 1880, Forepaugh and Barnum combined their shows for a Philadelphia engagement. In 1887, Forepaugh obtained permission to perform in Madison Square Garden, a venue that Barnum considered to be exclusively his but had forfeited by his neglect to renew his contract.[8] A compromise was negotiated, and once again the two circuses presented a combined performance in the largest circus performance to date.[11]In 1889, Forepaugh sold his circus acts to James Anthony Bailey and James E. Cooper and sold his railroad cars to the Ringling Brothers.[12] The Ringlings used the equipment to transform their circus from a small animal-powered production to a huge rail-powered behemoth, which later purchased the Barnum & Bailey Circus. Thus, in liquidating his circus assets, he indirectly contributed to the demise of his arch-rival.In her 1932 biography, Mary Elitch Long—the first woman to own a zoo—commented on purchasing animals from Forepaugh:\"Fine specimens were purchased from Forepaugh's collections and other sources, and a standing order placed with importers of rare and unusual creatures. P.T. Barnum was a frequent visitor during this summer and took a personal pride in this feature.\"[13]","title":"Circus career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Light_of_Asia,_Forepaugh%27s_White_Elephant.png"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ANB-8"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Business practices","text":"Light of Asia poster, 1884The American circus business in this period was known for its unscrupulous business practices—practices of which Forepaugh was a willing participant. Forepaugh was also noted for his business acumen and marketing prowess, which made his circus profitable every year except one.[8]An example of Forepaugh's unscrupulous methods was his rivalry with Barnum over Barnum's white elephant. Barnum had purchased, at great cost, an ostensibly white elephant, only to discover upon delivery that it was pink, with great spots. Forepaugh heard of this and saw an opportunity to one-up Barnum. He whitewashed a regular gray elephant, called it the \"Light of Asia\", and marketed it as the real thing.[14] To further illustrate the spirit of the business dealings between the two, a reporter who managed to sneak up and remove some of the whitewash from the \"Light of Asia\" to prove Forepaugh's fraud was able to sell this information to Barnum, instead of writing a story about it for his newspaper.[15]Some of Forepaugh's methods were truly innovative, however. He was the first circus operator to separate the menagerie from the big ring in order to attract church goers who might be leery of the \"sinful\" attractions of circus acts, yet still desirous to see the exotic animals in the menagerie.[16]","title":"Circus career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tent"},{"link_name":"menagerie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menagerie"},{"link_name":"Louise Montague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Louise_Montague&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"beauty pageant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beauty_contest"},{"link_name":"African-American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American"},{"link_name":"elephant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elephant"},{"link_name":"Ephraim Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephraim_Thompson"}],"sub_title":"Innovations","text":"Forepaugh was responsible for many innovations in circus history, which influenced circuses for many years.He was the first to incorporate a \"Wild West Show\" into his circus.\nIn 1869, he was the first to use two separate \"bigtop\" tents at the same time, one for the circus performance and the other for the menagerie.\nIn search of new talent, he sponsored a $10,000 beauty contest in 1881, looking for the \"most beautiful woman in America\". The winner was Louise Montague, a 21-year-old New York City actress blessed with a \"charming blue eye\" and \"... magnificent teeth, which she shows to advantage in conversation\".[17] Many believe this was the first beauty pageant in America.\nHe hired an African-American elephant trainer named Ephraim Thompson in a time when blacks rarely had positions of such stature.","title":"Circus career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"There's a sucker born every minute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/There%27s_a_sucker_born_every_minute"},{"link_name":"Joseph (\"Paper Collar\" Joe) Bessimer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Bessimer"},{"link_name":"newspaper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspaper"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"publicity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publicity"}],"sub_title":"The famous \"sucker\" quote","text":"The quote \"There's a sucker born every minute, but none of them ever die\" is often attributed to P. T. Barnum. The source of the quote is most likely famous con-man Joseph (\"Paper Collar\" Joe) Bessimer. Forepaugh attributed the quote to Barnum in a newspaper interview in an attempt to discredit him.[18] However, Barnum never denied making the quote. It is said that he thanked Forepaugh for the free publicity he had given him.","title":"Circus career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Adam_Forepaugh_tombstone.jpg"},{"link_name":"Laurel Hill Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurel_Hill_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"1889–1890 flu pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1889%E2%80%931890_flu_pandemic"},{"link_name":"Laurel Hill Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurel_Hill_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Timesobit-3"},{"link_name":"Temple University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_University"},{"link_name":"Sells Brothers Circus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sells_Brothers_Circus"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Forepaugh Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forepaugh_Park"},{"link_name":"Tombstone Tea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=PTnK4R6IyfYC&dq=tombstone+tea+laurel+hill+cemetery&pg=PA180"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"Adam Forepaugh tombstone in Laurel Hill CemeteryForepaugh died January 20, 1890, in Philadelphia during the 1889–1890 flu pandemic and is buried in the family vault at Laurel Hill Cemetery.[3] Many local charities and churches in the Philadelphia area benefited from his estate, including Temple University, Morris Animal Refuge, St. Agnes, St. Luke's and Children's Medical Center.After Forepaugh's death, his circus operations merged with the Sells Brothers Circus to form the Forepaugh-Sells Brothers' Circus in 1900.[19]An article at the end of 1907 observed that the Ringling brothers intended to close the remains of their property, the former Forepaugh show, eighteen years after its original owner's death, and stop using the name and likeness which had \"been seen oftener than that of any other American, dead or alive\" by that writer's estimation.[20]Forepaugh gave his name to Forepaugh Park, the 1890s baseball venue in Philadelphia.In 2010, a young adult book Tombstone Tea[21] by Joanne Dahme takes place in Laurel Hill Cemetery and Forepaugh is one of the characters in the book.","title":"Death and legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_7_wild_wheel_whirl_wonders,_poster_for_Forepaugh_%26_Sells_Brothers,_1902.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Trapeze_artists_1899.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flickr_-_%E2%80%A6trialsanderrors_-_Terrific_flights_over_ponderous_elephants,_poster_for_Forepaugh_%5E_Sells_Brothers,_ca._1899.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Champion_great_danes_from_the_Imperial_kennels,_poster_for_Forepaugh_and_Sells_Brothers,_1898.jpg"}],"title":"Posters for Forepaugh & Sells Brothers"}]
[{"image_text":"Light of Asia poster, 1884","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Light_of_Asia%2C_Forepaugh%27s_White_Elephant.png/220px-Light_of_Asia%2C_Forepaugh%27s_White_Elephant.png"},{"image_text":"Adam Forepaugh tombstone in Laurel Hill Cemetery","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Adam_Forepaugh_tombstone.jpg/220px-Adam_Forepaugh_tombstone.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"A Great Showman Dead\". Philadelphia Times (via newspapers.com, subscription req'd). 24 January 1890. Retrieved 5 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/52215650/","url_text":"\"A Great Showman Dead\""}]},{"reference":"\"Death Of Adam Forepaugh. The Veteran Showman Falls a Victim to Influenza And Pneumonia\". The New York Times. January 24, 1890. Retrieved 2011-09-12. Adam Forepaugh, the veteran circus manager, died late last night at his residence in this city. He had been ailing for some time past. ...","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1890/01/24/archives/death-of-adam-forepaugh-the-veteran-showman-falls-a-victim-to.html","url_text":"\"Death Of Adam Forepaugh. The Veteran Showman Falls a Victim to Influenza And Pneumonia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Kuntz, Jerry (2010). A Pair of Shootists: The Wild West Story of S.F. Cody and Maud Lee. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. p. 26. ISBN 978-0-8061-4149-7. Retrieved 7 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5M2i9C9c7-0C&pg=PA26","url_text":"A Pair of Shootists: The Wild West Story of S.F. Cody and Maud Lee"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-4149-7","url_text":"978-0-8061-4149-7"}]},{"reference":"\"Running Away With The Circus At 10th And Callowhill\". Hidden City Philadelphia. 2016-10-20. Retrieved 2023-11-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://hiddencityphila.org/2016/10/running-away-with-the-circus-at-10th-and-callowhill/","url_text":"\"Running Away With The Circus At 10th And Callowhill\""}]},{"reference":"Waite, Dave (15 July 2021). \"Rewind: July 15, 2021 – \"Thrilling Attractions & Weird Wonders\"\". www.wcnyhs.org. Warren County N.Y. Historical Society. Retrieved 6 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wcnyhs.org/rewind-july-15-2021-thrilling-attractions-weird-wonders/","url_text":"\"Rewind: July 15, 2021 – \"Thrilling Attractions & Weird Wonders\"\""}]},{"reference":"Leavitt, Michael Bennett (1912). Fifty Years in Theatrical Management. New York: Broadway Publishing Co. p. 125. Retrieved 7 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ODEzAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA125","url_text":"Fifty Years in Theatrical Management"}]},{"reference":"Slout, William L. (1998). Olympians of the Sawdust Circle. San Bernardino, CA: The Borgo Press. pp. 99–100. ISBN 0-8095-0310-7. Retrieved 7 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1LLFwLNPtyMC&pg=PA99","url_text":"Olympians of the Sawdust Circle"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8095-0310-7","url_text":"0-8095-0310-7"}]},{"reference":"Apps, Jerry (2005). Ringlingville USA: The Stupendous Story of Seven Siblings and Their Stunning Circus Success. Madison, Wisconsin: Wisconsin Historical Society Press. p. 66. ISBN 0-87020-354-1. Retrieved 6 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=51ftdICeGgAC","url_text":"Ringlingville USA: The Stupendous Story of Seven Siblings and Their Stunning Circus Success"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87020-354-1","url_text":"0-87020-354-1"}]},{"reference":"Apps, Jerry (2005). Ringlingville USA: The Stupendous Story of Seven Siblings and Their Stunning Circus Success. Madison, Wisconsin: Wisconsin Historical Society Press. p. 41. ISBN 0-87020-354-1. Retrieved 6 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=51ftdICeGgAC","url_text":"Ringlingville USA: The Stupendous Story of Seven Siblings and Their Stunning Circus Success"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87020-354-1","url_text":"0-87020-354-1"}]},{"reference":"Lawrence, Caroline Dier (1932). The lady of the Gardens: Mary Elitch Long. Saturday Night Pub. Co. p. 24. OCLC 21432197.","urls":[{"url":"http://worldcat.org/oclc/21432197","url_text":"The lady of the Gardens: Mary Elitch Long"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/21432197","url_text":"21432197"}]},{"reference":"Kuntz, Jerry (2010). A Pair of Shootists: The Wild West Story of S.F. Cody and Maud Lee. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. p. 25. ISBN 978-0-8061-4149-7. Retrieved 7 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5M2i9C9c7-0C&pg=PA25","url_text":"A Pair of Shootists: The Wild West Story of S.F. Cody and Maud Lee"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-4149-7","url_text":"978-0-8061-4149-7"}]},{"reference":"\"Forepaugh, Adam\". Dictionary of American Biography. Vol. V. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. 1946. p. 522.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_American_Biography","url_text":"Dictionary of American Biography"}]},{"reference":"Kuntz, Jerry (2010). A Pair of Shootists: The Wild West Story of S.F. Cody and Maud Lee. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. p. 32. ISBN 978-0-8061-4149-7. Retrieved 7 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5M2i9C9c7-0C&pg=PA32","url_text":"A Pair of Shootists: The Wild West Story of S.F. Cody and Maud Lee"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-4149-7","url_text":"978-0-8061-4149-7"}]},{"reference":"\"Forepaugh-Sells Brothers' Circus\". The Hartford Courant. May 9, 1900. Retrieved 2009-12-04. The combined Adam Forepaugh-Sells Brothers' Circus will be in Hartford next week Tuesday. ...","urls":[{"url":"https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/courant/access/793887942.html?dids=793887942:793887942&FMT=CITE&FMTS=CITE:AI&type=historic&date=May+09%2C+1900&author=&pub=Hartford+Courant&desc=Forepaugh-Sells+Brothers%27+Circus&pqatl=google","url_text":"\"Forepaugh-Sells Brothers' Circus\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hartford_Courant","url_text":"The Hartford Courant"}]},{"reference":"\"Old Circus Name to Go\". York (Pennsylvania) Dispatch (via newspapers.com, sub req'd). 16 December 1907. Retrieved 20 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/614476009/","url_text":"\"Old Circus Name to Go\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._C._Graham
A. C. Graham
["1 Main Publications","1.1 Festschrift","2 References","3 External links"]
British sinologist (1919–1991) A. C. GrahamBorn(1919-07-08)8 July 1919Penarth, WalesDied26 March 1991(1991-03-26) (aged 71)Nottingham, EnglandScientific careerInstitutionsSOAS, University of London Chinese nameTraditional Chinese葛瑞漢Simplified Chinese葛瑞汉TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinGé RuìhànWade–GilesKo2 Jui4-han4 Angus Charles Graham, FBA (8 July 1919 – 26 March 1991) was a Welsh scholar and sinologist who was professor of classical Chinese at the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. He was born in Penarth, Glamorgan, Wales to Charles Harold and Mabelle Graham, the elder of two children. His father was originally a coal merchant who moved to Malaya to start a rubber plantation, and died in 1928 of malaria. Graham attended Ellesmore College, Shropshire, 1932–1937, and went on to read Theology at Corpus Christi College, Oxford (graduating in 1940), and Chinese at the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), University of London (graduating in 1949). In 1950 he was appointed Lecturer in Classical Chinese at SOAS, promoted to Professor in 1971, and to Professor Emeritus after his retirement in 1984. He lived in Borehamwood. He also held visiting positions at Hong Kong University, Yale, the University of Michigan, the Society of Humanities at Cornell, the Institute of East Asian Philosophies in Singapore, National Tsing Hua University in Taiwan, Brown University, and the University of Hawaii. He was elected a Fellow of the British Academy in 1981. Main Publications Later Mohist Logic (reprint - Hong Kong: Chinese University Press, 2003) Chuang-tzu: The Inner Chapters (reprint - Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing, 2001) The Book of Lieh-tzu (reprint - New York: Columbia University Press, 1990) Disputers of the Tao: philosophical argument in ancient China (La Salle, Illinois: Open Court, 1989) [trans. into Chinese by Zhang Haiyan "Lun dao zhe: Zhongguo gudai zhexue lun bian", Beijing: Zhongguo shehui kexue chubanshe, 2003) Poems of the West Lake, translations from the Chinese (London: Wellsweep, 1990) Chuang-tzu: The Inner Chapters and other Writings from the Book of Chuang-tzu (London: Unwin Paperbacks, 1986) Divisions in early Mohism reflected in the core chapters of Mo-tzu (Singapore: Institute of East Asian Philosophies, 1985) Chuang-tzu: textual notes to a partial translation (London: SOAS, 1982) Later Mohist Logic, Ethics and Science (Hong Kong and London, 1978) Poems of the Late T'ang (Baltimore, Penguin Books, 1965) The Book of Lieh-tzu, a new translation (London: John Murray, 1960) The Nung-Chia ‘School of the Tillers’ and the Origin of the Peasant Utopianism in China // Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, Vol.42 no.1, 1978, pp. 66–100. Reprinted in Graham A.C. Studies in Early Chinese Philosophy and Philosophical Literature. SUNY Press, 1986. Festschrift Having a Word with Angus Graham: At Twenty-Five Years into His Immortality (Edited by Carine Defoort & Roger T. Ames. SUNY Press, 2018) References ^ "葛瑞汉( Angus Charles Graham ) 生平简介与论著目录（转）". 国学论坛's Archiver. Archived from the original on 5 November 2007. Retrieved 13 March 2009. ^ Graham, Prof. Angus Charles’, Who Was Who, A & C Black, 1920–2008; online edn, Oxford University Press, Dec 2007 accessed 15 Oct 2011 External links Translated Penguin Book - at Penguin First Editions reference site of early first edition Penguin Books. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway France BnF data Catalonia Germany Israel United States Latvia Czech Republic Korea Netherlands Poland Portugal People Trove Other IdRef This biography article of a United Kingdom academic is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grunewaldsee
Grunewaldsee
["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"]
Coordinates: 52°28′12″N 13°15′36″E / 52.47000°N 13.26000°E / 52.47000; 13.26000Lake in Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf, Berlin, Germany GrunewaldseeGrunewaldseeLocationBerlin, GermanyCoordinates52°28′12″N 13°15′36″E / 52.47000°N 13.26000°E / 52.47000; 13.26000 The Grunewaldsee (German: ⓘ) is a lake located in western Bezirk Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf in Berlin within the Grunewald forest. It has a surface of c. 175,000 m2. The Jagdschloss Grunewald hunting lodge is located on the south bank of the lake. Bathing has been officially prohibited for humans since 2004. See also List of lakes of Germany References ^ "Grunewaldsee". Berlin.de. Retrieved 2017-09-16. External links Tourist information page on the website of the city Berlin This Berlin-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article related to a lake in Europe is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
[{"title":"List of lakes of Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Germany"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wake_One_Entertainment
WakeOne
["1 History","1.1 2014–2018","1.2 2019–2022","1.3 2023–present","2 Artists","2.1 Groups","2.2 Soloists","2.3 Producers","3 Former artists","3.1 Off the Record Entertainment","3.2 Studio Blu","4 Notes","5 References","6 External links"]
South Korean record label This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "WakeOne" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) WakeOne Co., Ltd.Native name웨이크원FormerlyMMO EntertainmentOnefect EntertainmentCompany typeSubsidiaryIndustryMusicGenreK-popR&BFolkPredecessorStone Music EntertainmentOne Effect EntertainmentOff Record EntertainmentStudio BluFoundedFebruary 18, 2014 (2014-02-18) (as MMO Entertainment)HeadquartersSeoul, South KoreaNumber of locations153 Tojeong-ro, Seogang-dong, Mapo-guKey peopleShin Jeong-soo (CEO)Park Woo-sang (Executive producer)Number of employees43 (2022) ParentCJ ENM Entertainment DivisionWebsitewake-one.com WakeOne (Korean: 웨이크원, stylised in all caps), is a South Korean entertainment company under CJ ENM's entertainment division. Their current artists include Roy Kim, Ha Hyun-sang, Jo Yu-ri, Zerobaseone and Kep1er (co-managed with Swing Entertainment). History 2014–2018 The company was founded in 2014 by Son Dong-hoon under the name MMO Entertainment (MMO standing for Music Makes One, the slogan of CJ ENM's flagship music channel Mnet). In September 2018, MMO and CJ ENM founded Off the Record Entertainment (Korean: 오프더레코드 엔터테인먼트) to manage Iz*One (now disbanded) and Fromis 9. Pledis Entertainment was involved in the creative direction and music production of both while they were in Off the Record until Pledis CEO withdrew from being involved with IZ*ONE after April 2020 (Fromis 9 continued to be in the label until they fully transferred to Pledis in August 2021). Iz*One and Fromis 9 are debut groups of Mnet's girl group survival shows Produce 48 and Idol School, respectively. 2019–2022 In March 2020, the company name was changed to Onefect Entertainment. In May 2021, CJ ENM launched 'Wake One'. In August, CJ ENM officially launched the label while integrating their in-house production and management labels Stone Music Entertainment, One Effect Entertainment, Studio Blu, and Off the Record. In the same months, Stone Music and Off Record co-managed artists Fromis 9 were transferred to Pledis Entertainment. Following their terminated management contract with n.CH Entertainment by CJ ENM in early 2021, TO1 were transferred to Wake One in May 2021 (after the company reorganization in the same month). On October 25, it was announced that Wake One would co-manage the winner of the Girls Planet 999 group, Kep1er, with sister company Swing Entertainment. The group's contract will last for two years and six months. In December 2021, former RBW composer and producer Park Woo-sang transferred to the label. In October 2022, 2AM's Im Seulong signed contract with WakeOne for his solo activities. 2023–present In January 2023, Dance crew Mbtious signed with the company. In April 2023, the nine member was selected through reality show Boys Planet to debut as the group Zerobaseone and would managed by WakeOne for two years and six months. On April 3, 2024 WakeOne announced that it would merge with Swing Entertainment with this going into effect on June 1. WakeOne is the surviving entity after the merger. Artists Groups Kep1er Zerobaseone Soloists Ha Hyun-sang Jo Yu-ri Kim Jae-hwan Roy Kim Lim Seul-ong Producers Park Woo-sang Former artists Hong Dae-kwang (2014–2017) Wable (2016–2017) IN2IT (2017–2020) Jinsub (2017–2018) Sunghyun (2017–2019) Park Bo-ram (2014–2018) Son Ho-young (2017–2019) Kim Feel (2016–2020) Hoons Kang Daniel Yoon Ji-sung Song Soo-woo (2021–2022) TO1 Choi Chi-hoon (2020–2022) Kim Min-su (2020–2022) Cha Woong-gi (2020–2023) Oh Seong-min (2020–2023) Renta (2022–2023) Mbitious (2023–2024) Davichi (2014–2024) Off the Record Entertainment Iz*One (co-managed with Swing Entertainment, 2018–2021) Kwon Eun-bi (2018–2021) Sakura Miyawaki (2018–2021) Kang Hye-won (2018–2021) Choi Ye-na (2018–2021) Lee Chae-yeon (2018–2021) Kim Chae-won (2018–2021) Kim Min-ju (2018–2021) Nako Yabuki (2018–2021) Hitomi Honda (2018–2021) An Yu-jin (2018–2021) Jang Won-young (2018–2021) Fromis 9 (2017–2021, moved to Pledis Entertainment) Lee Sae-rom (2017–2021) Song Ha-young (2017–2021) Jang Gyu-ri (2017–2021) Park Ji-won (2017–2021) Roh Ji-sun (2017–2021) Lee Seo-yeon (2017–2021) Lee Chae-young (2017–2021) Lee Na-gyung (2017–2021) Baek Ji-heon (2017–2021) Studio Blu Further information: Studio Blu § Former artists Notes ^ The company name prior to integration in 2021 ^ in 2021 ^ In 2020, remaining of the six member left from the company and continue as a group ^ In 2019, Son continue his contract with CJ ENM and were transfer to the company label Swing Entertainment. ^ Since 2018, the duo was releases music under MMO Entertainment along with Stone Music's FRON+DESK. ^ Winner of the 2020–2021 Mnet teenage audition program CAP-TEEN. ^ Dance crew that was formed on Mnet's survival program Be Mbitious. The crew then placed 3rd on Mnet's Street Man Fighter. References ^ "Jellyfish Entertainment, Music Works, MMO, and 1877 Become Label Companies Under CJ E&M". www.mnetamerica.com. Archived from the original on June 12, 2018. Retrieved April 7, 2018. ^ "안녕하세요" . www.instagram.com. March 9, 2020. ^ "오프더레코드 "오늘부터 아이즈원X프로미스나인 소속사, 전폭지원" ". Archived from the original on May 14, 2021. Retrieved January 31, 2019. ^ "CJ ENM "Mnet max 론칭·웨이크원 출범, 음악산업 리더 될 것"". Archived from the original on August 3, 2021. Retrieved July 24, 2022. ^ "Cj Enm "산하 엔터테인먼트 통합해 웨이크원으로 출범"". Archived from the original on July 24, 2022. Retrieved July 24, 2022. ^ "프로미스나인, 플레디스엔터 이적..."아낌없이 지원할 것"". August 16, 2021. Archived from the original on July 24, 2022. Retrieved July 24, 2022. ^ "TO1의 당찬 새 출발, 신곡 'Son of Beast' MV 티저 공개". May 18, 2021. Archived from the original on May 18, 2021. Retrieved May 18, 2021. ^ Lee, Min-ji (October 25, 2021). "'걸스플래닛999' 최종 데뷔 그룹명 Kep1er 확정 "본격 데뷔 준비 돌입"(공식)". Newsen. Archived from the original on October 25, 2021. Retrieved October 25, 2021. ^ "'히트곡 부자' 박우상 작곡가, RBW→웨이크원 이적". Archived from the original on July 24, 2022. Retrieved July 24, 2022. ^ "뉴스 : 네이버 TV연예". m.entertain.naver.com. ^ "뉴스 : 네이버 TV연예". m.entertain.naver.com. ^ "뉴스 : 네이버 TV연예". m.entertain.naver.com. ^ 기자, 김진현 (April 3, 2024). "CJ ENM 자회사 웨이크원, 스윙엔터테인먼트 흡수 합병". 넘버스 (in Korean). Retrieved April 19, 2024. ^ "뉴스 : 네이버 TV연예". m.entertain.naver.com. ^ Jeong, Ji-won (September 21, 2023). 웨이크원, 김재환 활동 모두 전담 "10월 亞공연·12월 컴백"(공식) . Joy News 24 (in Korean). Retrieved September 21, 2023. ^ "2AM 임슬옹, CJ ENM 레이블 웨이크원과 전속계약 체결 ". Naver. October 26, 2022. Archived from the original on November 27, 2022. Retrieved February 16, 2023. ^ "인투잇 측 "김진섭, 메니에르 병으로 활동 중단"(공식입장)". ZenithNews. Archived from the original on June 19, 2018. Retrieved October 2, 2018. ^ "박보람, Mmo엔터 계약만료 "새 소속사 물색 중"". Archived from the original on October 3, 2018. Retrieved October 2, 2018. ^ "훈스 : 네이버 통합검색". Archived from the original on May 14, 2021. Retrieved May 14, 2021. ^ "엠비셔스 전속계약 종료 안내" . www.instagram.com (in Korean). January 31, 2024. External links Official website (in Korean) (in English) (in Japanese) (in Chinese) vteCJ E&M Music Mediopia Technology Corp. → GM Agency Co. Ltd. → CJ Music Inc. → Mnet Media Corp. → CJ E&M Music Performance Division (DBA CJ E&M Music and Live) CJ E&M Music ArtistsGroups SG Wannabe Davichi Rocoberry Soloists Roy Kim Son Ho-young Park Bo-ram Kim Feel Former singers Hong Jin Young Jo Sungmo Kim Jong Kook LYn Ock Joo Hyun Busker Busker Lee Min Woo Shinhwa Yoon Jong Shin SunMin Yangpa Lee Hyori Jung Joon-young JJY Band Spica Emma Wu I.O.I Heize Eric Nam Former Actors Hwang Jung-eum Lee Beom-soo Song Seung-heon SubsidiariesPresent Wake One Entertainment Lapone Entertainment Swing Entertainment AOMG H1ghr Music Amoeba Culture Former Maroo Entertainment MBK Entertainment FNC Entertainment B2M Entertainment Hi-Lite Records Jellyfish Entertainment The Music Works Belift Lab Distribution NetworkPresent AOMG Amoeba Culture Antenna Music B2M Entertainment Being Inc. Happy Face Entertainment Illionaire Records Jellyfish Entertainment Jungle Entertainment Mnet Mystic Story Shinhwa Company sidusHQ Top Class Entertainment TS Entertainment tvN Up-Front Group Yamaha A&R Former Play M Entertainment Chrome Entertainment DSP Media FNC Entertainment IY Company J. Tune Camp JYP Entertainment Map the Soul Inc. Maroo Entertainment MBK Entertainment NH Media Nega Network Star Empire Entertainment Woollim Entertainment YG Entertainment Music Network (Mnet)Programs Dancing 9 M Countdown Show Me the Money Superstar K The Voice of Korea Unpretty Rapstar Produce 101 High School Rapper Not the Same Person You Used to Know TMI News Queendom Road to Kingdom Good Girl I-Land Kingdom: Legendary War Girls Planet 999 Street Woman Fighter Street Dance Girls Fighter Queendom 2 Be Mbitious Street Man Fighter Boys Planet Queendom Puzzle Street Woman Fighter 2 Street Dance Girls Fighter 2 Build Up: Vocal Boy Group Survival Awards shows MAMA Awards Mnet 20's Choice Awards Holding companies CJ Group CJ E&M CJ E&M Music Performance Division vteK-pop Korean Wave Korean ballad Korean hip hop Korean rock Trot Terminology Cultural technology Fan rice Sasaeng fan Idols Slave contract Sexualization and sexual exploitation Virtual concert Artists Individual artists Idol groups Girl groups Boy groups Events Dream Concert KCON K-pop Cover Dance Festival K-Pop World Festival Websites Allkpop Billboard K-Town Timeline 2020s Eat Your Kimchi Soompi Music shows Inkigayo (SBS) M Countdown (Mnet) Music Bank (KBS2) Music Universe K-909 (JTBC) Music on Top (JTBC) Pops in Seoul (Arirang TV) Show Champion (MBC M) Show! Music Core (MBC) The Show (SBS M) Simply K-Pop (Arirang TV) Music charts List of K-pop on the Billboard charts Albums Songs World Digital Song Sales Year-end Circle Chart albums singles Billboard K-pop Hot 100 South Korea Songs RIAK/MIAK Notable labelsand publishersAgencies Antenna 8D Creative Attrakt B2M Entertainment BPM Entertainment Brand New Music Brave Entertainment C9 Entertainment CJ ENM Amoeba Culture AOMG H1ghr Music Wake One Entertainment Coridel Entertainment Cube Entertainment DR Music Fantagio FNC Entertainment Hybe Corporation Big Hit Music Pledis Entertainment Source Music Imagine Asia Dreamcatcher Company Jellyfish Entertainment JYP Entertainment Kakao Entertainment IST Entertainment Konnect Entertainment Maroo Entertainment MLD Entertainment MNH Entertainment Oui Entertainment P Nation RBW DSP Media WM Entertainment SM Entertainment Label SJ Mystic Story Woollim Entertainment Starship Entertainment Star Empire Entertainment TOP Media YG Entertainment The Black Label Yuehua Entertainment Publishers Genie Music iMBC Interpark Music Kakao Entertainment Music&New NHN Bugs Pony Canyon Korea SBS Contents Hub SK Group Dreamus SK Communications Sony Music Korea Soribada Stone Music Entertainment Universal Music Korea Warner Music Korea YG Plus Music award showsMajor APAN Music Awards Asia Artist Awards Asia Song Festival Circle Chart Music Awards Genie Music Awards Golden Disc Awards KBS Gayo Daechukje Korean Music Awards Korean Popular Culture and Arts Awards MAMA Awards MBC Gayo Daejejeon Mnet 20's Choice Awards SBS Gayo Daejeon Seoul Music Awards Soribada Best K-Music Awards The Fact Music Awards Digital music Cyworld Digital Music Awards Melon Music Awards Authority control databases MusicBrainz label
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Korean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_language"},{"link_name":"all caps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_caps"},{"link_name":"CJ ENM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CJ_ENM"},{"link_name":"entertainment division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CJ_ENM_Entertainment_Division"},{"link_name":"Roy Kim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Kim"},{"link_name":"Ha Hyun-sang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha_Hyun-sang"},{"link_name":"Jo Yu-ri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo_Yu-ri"},{"link_name":"Zerobaseone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zerobaseone"},{"link_name":"Kep1er","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kep1er"},{"link_name":"Swing Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swing_Entertainment"}],"text":"WakeOne (Korean: 웨이크원, stylised in all caps), is a South Korean entertainment company under CJ ENM's entertainment division. Their current artists include Roy Kim, Ha Hyun-sang, Jo Yu-ri, Zerobaseone and Kep1er (co-managed with Swing Entertainment).","title":"WakeOne"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mnet_(TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Korean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_language"},{"link_name":"Iz*One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iz*One"},{"link_name":"Fromis 9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fromis_9"},{"link_name":"Pledis Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pledis_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Produce 48","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Produce_48"},{"link_name":"Idol School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idol_School_(2017_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"2014–2018","text":"The company was founded in 2014 by Son Dong-hoon under the name MMO Entertainment (MMO standing for Music Makes One, the slogan of CJ ENM's flagship music channel Mnet).[1]In September 2018, MMO and CJ ENM founded Off the Record Entertainment (Korean: 오프더레코드 엔터테인먼트) to manage Iz*One (now disbanded) and Fromis 9. Pledis Entertainment was involved in the creative direction and music production of both while they were in Off the Record until Pledis CEO withdrew from being involved with IZ*ONE after April 2020[2] (Fromis 9 continued to be in the label until they fully transferred to Pledis in August 2021). Iz*One and Fromis 9 are debut groups of Mnet's girl group survival shows Produce 48 and Idol School, respectively.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Stone Music Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_Music_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Fromis 9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fromis_9"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-9"},{"link_name":"Girls Planet 999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girls_Planet_999"},{"link_name":"Kep1er","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kep1er"},{"link_name":"Swing Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swing_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"RBW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RBW_(company)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Im Seulong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Im_Seulong"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"2019–2022","text":"In March 2020, the company name was changed to Onefect Entertainment.[citation needed]In May 2021, CJ ENM launched 'Wake One'. In August, CJ ENM officially launched the label while integrating their in-house production and management labels Stone Music Entertainment, One Effect Entertainment, Studio Blu, and Off the Record.[4][5] In the same months, Stone Music and Off Record co-managed artists Fromis 9 were transferred \nto Pledis Entertainment.[6] Following their terminated management contract with n.CH Entertainment by CJ ENM in early 2021, TO1 were transferred to Wake One in May 2021 (after the company reorganization in the same month).[7] On October 25, it was announced that Wake One would co-manage the winner of the Girls Planet 999 group, Kep1er, with sister company Swing Entertainment. The group's contract will last for two years and six months.[8] In December 2021, former RBW composer and producer Park Woo-sang transferred to the label.[9]In October 2022, 2AM's Im Seulong signed contract with WakeOne for his solo activities.[10]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Boys Planet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boys_Planet"},{"link_name":"Zerobaseone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zerobaseone"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Swing Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swing_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"2023–present","text":"In January 2023, Dance crew Mbtious signed with the company.[11]In April 2023, the nine member was selected through reality show Boys Planet to debut as the group Zerobaseone and would managed by WakeOne for two years and six months.[12]On April 3, 2024 WakeOne announced that it would merge with Swing Entertainment with this going into effect on June 1. WakeOne is the surviving entity after the merger.[13]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Artists"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kep1er","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kep1er"},{"link_name":"Zerobaseone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zerobaseone"}],"sub_title":"Groups","text":"Kep1er\nZerobaseone","title":"Artists"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ha Hyun-sang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha_Hyun-sang"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Jo Yu-ri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo_Yu-ri"},{"link_name":"Kim Jae-hwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Jae-hwan_(singer)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Roy Kim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Kim"},{"link_name":"Lim Seul-ong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lim_Seul-ong"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Soloists","text":"Ha Hyun-sang[14]\nJo Yu-ri\nKim Jae-hwan[15]\nRoy Kim\nLim Seul-ong[16]","title":"Artists"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Producers","text":"Park Woo-sang","title":"Artists"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"IN2IT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skye_(group)"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Park Bo-ram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_Bo-ram"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Son Ho-young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Son_Ho-young"},{"link_name":"[d]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Kim Feel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Feel"},{"link_name":"[e]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"unreliable source?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources"},{"link_name":"Kang Daniel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kang_Daniel"},{"link_name":"Yoon Ji-sung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoon_Ji-sung"},{"link_name":"[f]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"TO1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TO1"},{"link_name":"[g]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Davichi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davichi"}],"text":"Hong Dae-kwang (2014–2017)\nWable (2016–2017)\nIN2IT (2017–2020)[c]\nJinsub (2017–2018)[17]\nSunghyun (2017–2019)\nPark Bo-ram (2014–2018)[18]\nSon Ho-young (2017–2019)[d]\nKim Feel (2016–2020)\nHoons[e][19][unreliable source?]\nKang Daniel\nYoon Ji-sung\nSong Soo-woo[f] (2021–2022)\nTO1\nChoi Chi-hoon (2020–2022)\nKim Min-su (2020–2022)\nCha Woong-gi (2020–2023)\nOh Seong-min (2020–2023)\nRenta (2022–2023)\nMbitious (2023–2024)[g][20]\nDavichi (2014–2024)","title":"Former artists"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Iz*One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iz*One"},{"link_name":"Swing Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swing_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Kwon Eun-bi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwon_Eun-bi"},{"link_name":"Sakura Miyawaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakura_Miyawaki"},{"link_name":"Kang Hye-won","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kang_Hye-won"},{"link_name":"Choi Ye-na","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choi_Ye-na"},{"link_name":"Lee Chae-yeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaeyeon_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Kim Chae-won","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Chae-won"},{"link_name":"Kim Min-ju","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Min-ju"},{"link_name":"Nako Yabuki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nako_Yabuki"},{"link_name":"Hitomi Honda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitomi_Honda"},{"link_name":"An Yu-jin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Yu-jin"},{"link_name":"Jang Won-young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jang_Won-young"},{"link_name":"Fromis 9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fromis_9"},{"link_name":"Pledis Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pledis_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Jang Gyu-ri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jang_Gyu-ri"}],"sub_title":"Off the Record Entertainment","text":"Iz*One (co-managed with Swing Entertainment, 2018–2021)\nKwon Eun-bi (2018–2021)\nSakura Miyawaki (2018–2021)\nKang Hye-won (2018–2021)\nChoi Ye-na (2018–2021)\nLee Chae-yeon (2018–2021)\nKim Chae-won (2018–2021)\nKim Min-ju (2018–2021)\nNako Yabuki (2018–2021)\nHitomi Honda (2018–2021)\nAn Yu-jin (2018–2021)\nJang Won-young (2018–2021)Fromis 9 (2017–2021, moved to Pledis Entertainment)\nLee Sae-rom (2017–2021)\nSong Ha-young (2017–2021)\nJang Gyu-ri (2017–2021)\nPark Ji-won (2017–2021)\nRoh Ji-sun (2017–2021)\nLee Seo-yeon (2017–2021)\nLee Chae-young (2017–2021)\nLee Na-gyung (2017–2021)\nBaek Ji-heon (2017–2021)","title":"Former artists"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Studio Blu § Former artists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studio_Blu#Former_artists"}],"sub_title":"Studio Blu","text":"Further information: Studio Blu § Former artists","title":"Former artists"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-22"},{"link_name":"Swing Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swing_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-23"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-25"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-26"},{"link_name":"Be Mbitious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Be_Mbitious"},{"link_name":"Street Man Fighter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_Man_Fighter"}],"text":"^ The company name prior to integration in 2021\n\n^ in 2021\n\n^ In 2020, remaining of the six member left from the company and continue as a group\n\n^ In 2019, Son continue his contract with CJ ENM and were transfer to the company label Swing Entertainment.\n\n^ Since 2018, the duo was releases music under MMO Entertainment along with Stone Music's FRON+DESK.\n\n^ Winner of the 2020–2021 Mnet teenage audition program CAP-TEEN.\n\n^ Dance crew that was formed on Mnet's survival program Be Mbitious. The crew then placed 3rd on Mnet's Street Man Fighter.","title":"Notes"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Jellyfish Entertainment, Music Works, MMO, and 1877 Become Label Companies Under CJ E&M\". www.mnetamerica.com. Archived from the original on June 12, 2018. Retrieved April 7, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mnetamerica.com/news/article/61455/cj-em-joins-label-system","url_text":"\"Jellyfish Entertainment, Music Works, MMO, and 1877 Become Label Companies Under CJ E&M\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180612140606/http://www.mnetamerica.com/news/article/61455/cj-em-joins-label-system","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"안녕하세요\" [Hello]. www.instagram.com. March 9, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.instagram.com/p/B9g4crGjh_L/","url_text":"\"안녕하세요\""}]},{"reference":"\"오프더레코드 \"오늘부터 아이즈원X프로미스나인 소속사, 전폭지원\" [공식입장 전문]\". Archived from the original on May 14, 2021. Retrieved January 31, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://m.entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=382&aid=0000676473","url_text":"\"오프더레코드 \"오늘부터 아이즈원X프로미스나인 소속사, 전폭지원\" [공식입장 전문]\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210514092743/https://n.news.naver.com/entertain/now/article/382/0000676473","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"CJ ENM \"Mnet max 론칭·웨이크원 출범, 음악산업 리더 될 것\"\". Archived from the original on August 3, 2021. Retrieved July 24, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://m.joynews24.com/v/1392521","url_text":"\"CJ ENM \"Mnet max 론칭·웨이크원 출범, 음악산업 리더 될 것\"\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210803000602/http://m.joynews24.com/v/1392521","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Cj Enm \"산하 엔터테인먼트 통합해 웨이크원으로 출범\"\". Archived from the original on July 24, 2022. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunky_Green
Bunky Green
["1 Biography","2 Discography","2.1 As leader/co-leader","2.2 As sideman","3 References","4 External links"]
American jazz saxophonist and educator This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Bunky Green" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Bunky GreenBirth nameVernice Green JrBorn (1935-04-23) April 23, 1935 (age 89)Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S.GenresJazzOccupation(s)Musician, educatorInstrument(s)Alto saxophoneYears active1940s–1980sLabelsExodus, Argo, Vanguard, Delos, Pi, Label BleuMusical artist Vernice "Bunky" Green Jr (born April 23, 1935) is an American jazz alto saxophonist and educator. Biography Green was raised in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, where he played the alto saxophone, mainly at a local club called "The Brass Rail". Green's first break came when he was hired in New York City by Charles Mingus as a replacement for Jackie McLean in the 1950s. His brief stint with the bass player and composer made a deep impression. Mingus' sparing use of notation and his belief that there was no such thing as a wrong note had a lasting influence on Green's own style. Green moved to Chicago, Illinois, where he performed with players such as Sonny Stitt, Louie Bellson, Andrew Hill, Yusef Lateef, and Ira Sullivan. Originally strongly influenced by Charlie Parker, Green spent a period reassessing his style and studying, emerging with a highly distinctive sound that has deeply influenced a number of younger saxophonists, including Steve Coleman and Greg Osby. Green gradually withdrew from the public eye to develop a career as a jazz educator. He taught at Chicago State University from 1972–1989, and in the 1990s took up the directorship of the jazz studies program at the University of North Florida in Jacksonville, where he taught and acted as chair of Jazz Studies until his retirement in 2011. He has also served a term as the president of the International Association for Jazz Education and been elected to the Jazz Education Hall of Fame. Green recorded several albums during the 1960s, including Step High (featuring Wynton Kelly and Jimmy Cobb), Playing for Keeps, and Soul in the Night (which paired Green with Sonny Stitt). In addition to a handful of records as a leader on the Vanguard label during the 1970s, he also recorded several albums with Elvin Jones, including Summit Meeting and Time Capsule. His 1989 session on the Delos label, Healing the Pain, commemorates the death of his parents and was awarded the coveted 5-star rating from DownBeat magazine. Green's studio album, Another Place (which features the rhythm section of Jason Moran, Lonnie Plaxico, and Nasheet Waits), also received a 5-star review from Down Beat. In July 2008, his recording The Salzau Quartet Live at Jazz Baltica was released. Discography As leader/co-leader My Babe (Vee-Jay, 1965) – recorded in 1960 Testifyin' Time (Argo, 1965) Playin' for Keeps (Cadet, 1966) Soul in the Night with Sonny Stitt (Cadet, 1966) The Latinization of Bunky Green (Cadet, 1967) – recorded in 1966 Transformations (Vanguard, 1977) – recorded in 1976 Summit Meeting with Elvin Jones, James Moody, Clark Terry, and Roland Prince (Vanguard, 1977) Visions (Vanguard, 1978) Places We've Never Been (Vanguard, 1979) Discover Jazz – Live! at the 1982 NAJE Convention with Willie Thomas (Mark, 1982) In Love Again with Willie Thomas (Mark, 1987) Healing the Pain (Delos, 1990) Another Place (Label Bleu, 2006) The Salzau Quartet Live at Jazz Baltica (Traumton, 2008) Apex with Rudresh Mahanthappa (Pi, 2010) As sideman With Fontella Bass "You'll Miss Me (When I'm Gone)" / "Don't Jump" with Bobby McClure (Checker, 1965) "Safe and Sound" (Checker, 1966) "Recovery" / "Leave It in the Hands of Love" (Checker, 1966) "I Can't Rest" / "Surrender" (Checker, 1966) The New Look (Checker, 1966) With others Eddie Harris, Lost Album Plus the Better Half (Vee-Jay, 1995) – recorded in 1962 Elvin Jones, Time Capsule (Vanguard, 1977) Herb Lance, The Comeback (Chess, 1966) Ben Sidran, Don't Let Go (Blue Thumb, 1974) Travis Shook, Travis Shook (Columbia, 1993) The Soulful Strings, Groovin' with the Soulful Strings (Cadet, 1967) Billy Stewart, Summertime (Chess, 1966) Clark Terry, Having Fun (Delos, 1990) References ^ Christopher Miller. "VERNICE "BUNKY" GREEN: A CAREER OF HARMONIC EVOLUTION" (Pdf). Docplayer.net. Retrieved April 23, 2024. ^ "Bunky Green Songs, Albums, Reviews, Bio & More". AllMusic. Retrieved April 23, 2024. External links Bunky Green discography at Discogs Faculty listings U. of N. Florida, Bunky Green vteBunky GreenYears given are for the recording(s), not first release, unless stated otherwise.Albums My Babe (1960) Testifyin' Time (1965) Playin' for Keeps (1965 & 1966) Soul in the Night (with Sonny Stitt, 1966) The Latinization of Bunky Green (1966) Transformations (1976) Summit Meeting (with Elvin Jones, James Moody, Clark Terry, and Roland Prince, 1976) Visions (1978) Places We've Never Been (1979) Healing the Pain (1989) Another Place (2004) Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Artists MusicBrainz Other SNAC
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His brief stint with the bass player and composer made a deep impression. Mingus' sparing use of notation and his belief that there was no such thing as a wrong note had a lasting influence on Green's own style.Green moved to Chicago, Illinois, where he performed with players such as Sonny Stitt, Louie Bellson, Andrew Hill, Yusef Lateef, and Ira Sullivan. Originally strongly influenced by Charlie Parker, Green spent a period reassessing his style and studying, emerging with a highly distinctive sound that has deeply influenced a number of younger saxophonists, including Steve Coleman and Greg Osby.Green gradually withdrew from the public eye to develop a career as a jazz educator. He taught at Chicago State University from 1972–1989, and in the 1990s took up the directorship of the jazz studies program at the University of North Florida in Jacksonville, where he taught and acted as chair of Jazz Studies until his retirement in 2011. He has also served a term as the president of the International Association for Jazz Education and been elected to the Jazz Education Hall of Fame.Green recorded several albums during the 1960s, including Step High (featuring Wynton Kelly and Jimmy Cobb), Playing for Keeps, and Soul in the Night (which paired Green with Sonny Stitt). In addition to a handful of records as a leader on the Vanguard label during the 1970s, he also recorded several albums with Elvin Jones, including Summit Meeting and Time Capsule. His 1989 session on the Delos label, Healing the Pain, commemorates the death of his parents and was awarded the coveted 5-star rating from DownBeat magazine. Green's studio album, Another Place (which features the rhythm section of Jason Moran, Lonnie Plaxico, and Nasheet Waits), also received a 5-star review from Down Beat. In July 2008, his recording The Salzau Quartet Live at Jazz Baltica was released.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"My Babe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Babe_(Bunky_Green_album)"},{"link_name":"Vee-Jay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vee-Jay_Records"},{"link_name":"Testifyin' Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testifyin%27_Time"},{"link_name":"Argo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argo_Records"},{"link_name":"Playin' for Keeps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playin%27_for_Keeps_(Bunky_Green_album)"},{"link_name":"Cadet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadet_Records"},{"link_name":"Soul in the Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_in_the_Night"},{"link_name":"Sonny Stitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonny_Stitt"},{"link_name":"The Latinization of Bunky Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Latinization_of_Bunky_Green"},{"link_name":"Transformations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformations_(Bunky_Green_album)"},{"link_name":"Vanguard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanguard_Records"},{"link_name":"Summit Meeting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summit_Meeting_(Elvin_Jones_album)"},{"link_name":"Elvin Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvin_Jones"},{"link_name":"James Moody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Moody_(saxophonist)"},{"link_name":"Clark Terry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clark_Terry"},{"link_name":"Roland Prince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_Prince"},{"link_name":"Visions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visions_(Bunky_Green_album)"},{"link_name":"Places We've Never Been","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Places_We%27ve_Never_Been"},{"link_name":"Willie Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie_Thomas"},{"link_name":"Healing the Pain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Healing_the_Pain"},{"link_name":"Delos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delos_Productions"},{"link_name":"Another Place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Another_Place_(Bunky_Green_album)"},{"link_name":"Label Bleu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Label_Bleu"},{"link_name":"Apex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apex_(Rudresh_Mahanthappa_and_Bunky_Green_album)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rudresh Mahanthappa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudresh_Mahanthappa"},{"link_name":"Pi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi_Recordings"}],"sub_title":"As leader/co-leader","text":"My Babe (Vee-Jay, 1965) – recorded in 1960\nTestifyin' Time (Argo, 1965)\nPlayin' for Keeps (Cadet, 1966)\nSoul in the Night with Sonny Stitt (Cadet, 1966)\nThe Latinization of Bunky Green (Cadet, 1967) – recorded in 1966\nTransformations (Vanguard, 1977) – recorded in 1976\nSummit Meeting with Elvin Jones, James Moody, Clark Terry, and Roland Prince (Vanguard, 1977)\nVisions (Vanguard, 1978)\nPlaces We've Never Been (Vanguard, 1979)\nDiscover Jazz – Live! at the 1982 NAJE Convention with Willie Thomas (Mark, 1982)\nIn Love Again with Willie Thomas (Mark, 1987)\nHealing the Pain (Delos, 1990)\nAnother Place (Label Bleu, 2006)\nThe Salzau Quartet Live at Jazz Baltica (Traumton, 2008)\nApex with Rudresh Mahanthappa (Pi, 2010)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fontella Bass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fontella_Bass"},{"link_name":"Bobby McClure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_McClure"},{"link_name":"The New Look","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Look_(album)"},{"link_name":"Eddie Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Harris"},{"link_name":"Elvin Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvin_Jones"},{"link_name":"Time Capsule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Capsule_(Elvin_Jones_album)"},{"link_name":"Herb Lance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herb_Lance"},{"link_name":"Ben Sidran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Sidran"},{"link_name":"Don't Let Go","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_Let_Go_(Ben_Sidran_album)"},{"link_name":"Travis Shook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travis_Shook"},{"link_name":"The Soulful Strings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Soulful_Strings"},{"link_name":"Groovin' with the Soulful Strings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groovin%27_with_the_Soulful_Strings"},{"link_name":"Billy Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Stewart"},{"link_name":"Clark Terry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clark_Terry"}],"sub_title":"As sideman","text":"With Fontella Bass\"You'll Miss Me (When I'm Gone)\" / \"Don't Jump\" with Bobby McClure (Checker, 1965)\n\"Safe and Sound\" (Checker, 1966)\n\"Recovery\" / \"Leave It in the Hands of Love\" (Checker, 1966)\n\"I Can't Rest\" / \"Surrender\" (Checker, 1966)\nThe New Look (Checker, 1966)With othersEddie Harris, Lost Album Plus the Better Half (Vee-Jay, 1995) – recorded in 1962\nElvin Jones, Time Capsule (Vanguard, 1977)\nHerb Lance, The Comeback (Chess, 1966)\nBen Sidran, Don't Let Go (Blue Thumb, 1974)\nTravis Shook, Travis Shook (Columbia, 1993)\nThe Soulful Strings, Groovin' with the Soulful Strings (Cadet, 1967)\nBilly Stewart, Summertime (Chess, 1966)\nClark Terry, Having Fun (Delos, 1990)","title":"Discography"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenzo_Orsetti
Lorenzo Orsetti
["1 History","2 Death","3 Honours","4 See also","5 References"]
Italian anarchist international volunteer of the YPG Lorenzo OrsettiBorn(1986-02-13)13 February 1986Florence, ItalyDied18 March 2019(2019-03-18) (aged 33)Al-Baghuz Fawqani, SyriaCause of deathGunshot woundsNationalityItalianOther namesOrso Dellatullo Tekoşer Piling (nom de guerre)Occupation(s)Chef, sommelier, internationalist volunteer fighterYears active2017–19Organizations Syrian Democratic Forces People's Protection Units (YPG) International Freedom Battalion TKP/ML TIKKO Tekoşîna Anarşîst Lorenzo Orsetti (13 February 1986 – 18 March 2019), also known as Orso (Bear in Italian) and Tekoşer Piling, was an Italian anarcho-communist and antifascist from Florence who fought with the Syrian Democratic Forces in the Rojava conflict. History Orsetti was a chef and sommelier by trade and worked in different restaurants in Florence. He became interested in the Rojava conflict, the struggle of the Kurdish people against the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, and the Rojava Revolution. He met Paolo Andolina, an Italian activist and anarchist who had fought against the Islamic State with YPG International. In September 2017 Orsetti travelled to Syria, where he joined the People's Protection Units (YPG). Once in Syria, he struck up friendships with several Italian antifascist volunteers who were fighting there alongside the Kurds. Upon finishing his military training, Orsetti joined a military formation organised by the Communist Party of Turkey/Marxist–Leninist and then fought during the Battle of Afrin against the Turkish Army and Turkish-backed Free Syrian Army's jihadists with other internationalists as part of TİKKO and AFFA (Anti-Fascist Forces in Afrin). During this time he deployed several times to the front in Deir ez-Zur. He fought initially outside of Hajin with a mixed unit during which ISIS attempted to break out of the besieged city. The battle lasted for 3 days and resulted in significant casualties. Following this he continued to participate in the campaign until the final defeat of ISIS in Al-Baghuz. It was during this battle that Lorenzo Orsetti was killed. Death Orsetti was killed in action on the morning of Monday 18 March 2019 in the village of Baghouz, Syria. He was in that locality fighting in the Battle of Baghuz Fawqani against the last bastion of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant in Syria. He was attached to an Arab unit Syrian Democratic Forces when he and his comrades were killed by the jihadists in an ambush. His death was announced by Islamic State media and confirmed by the YPG, Tekoşina Anarşist and by TKP/ML TİKKO, the latter of whom published Orsetti's letter to be read in the event of his death. The letter states "I don’t have regrets, I died doing what I thought was the right thing, defending the weakest, and being loyal to my ideals of justice, equality, and freedom. So, despite of my premature departure, my life is still successful, and I am almost sure that I went with a smile on my lips. I could not have asked for better." When announcing his death, his comrades shared Orsetti's last will in which he explained why he had decided to travel to Syria and his ideological motives. Orsetti's body was returned to Florence in June 2019, and was interred in the Porte Sante cemetery. Honours A library in the train station of Berceto, near Parma, has been named in his honour. In June 2019 the third district council of Rome renamed Parco Nomentano, a public park, in his honor as Parco Nomentano Lorenzo Orsetti. In September 2019, the municipality of Florence approved plans to name a street in his honour. The motion was proposed by left-wing municipal councillors and opposed by the right-wing Lega Nord with the abstention of nationalist party Brothers of Italy, who disagreed with calling him a partisan and with the depiction of him as a hero. In November 2019, a bar and social space in Prato, Tuscany, joined the Arci network and renamed the bar in dedication of Orsetti, becoming the Casa del Popolo Lorenzo Orsetti. The inauguration was held on Saturday 9 November 2019 in the presence of Orsetti's family and friends. See also Foreign fighters in the Syrian and Iraqi Civil Wars Anna Campbell Haukur Hilmarsson References ^ "Siria. La lettera-testamento di Lorenzo, ucciso dal Daesh: "Non ho rimpianti"". Avvenire (in Italian). 18 March 2019. Retrieved 20 March 2019. ^ "Chi era Lorenzo Orsetti, l'italiano ucciso dall'Isis in Siria". la Repubblica (in Italian). 18 March 2019. Retrieved 20 March 2019. ^ "Letter from slain International Volunteer Lorenzo Orsetti". Global Rights (in Italian). 19 March 2019. Retrieved 20 March 2019. ^ "Lorenzo Orsetti, Paolo (ex combattente Ypg): "Era sempre sorridente"". dire.it (in Italian). 19 March 2019. Retrieved 20 March 2019. ^ Mangani, Cristiana (19 March 2019). "Lorenzo Orsetti, l'amica combattente: "La guerra fa schifo ma non si può stare a guardare"". Il Messaggero (in Italian). Retrieved 20 March 2019. ^ "YPG: Internationalist fighter from Italy martyred in Baghouz". ANF News. 19 March 2019. Retrieved 20 March 2019. ^ Gilbert, Rosa (19 March 2019). "Lorenzo Orsetti: a modern-day partisan". Morning Star. Archived from the original on 18 July 2019. Retrieved 20 March 2019. ^ "Afrin: One Year of Resistance". AMW English. 21 January 2019. Archived from the original on 17 March 2020. Retrieved 12 September 2019. ^ "Our Today our comrade Heval Tekoşer Piling fell şehid in battle in Baghouz". YPG. 19 March 2019. Retrieved 12 September 2019. ^ TKP-ML (18 March 2019). "Tekoşer Pilîng'in (Lorenzo Orsetti) Mektubu (Englısh)". ^ "Il video-testamento di Lorenzo Orsetti". sky.it (in Italian). 20 March 2019. Retrieved 22 March 2019. ^ "Library in Italy named after YPG Italian fighter Lorenzo Orsetti". ANF News. Retrieved 19 April 2019. ^ "Un parco intitolato a Lorenzo Orsetti, partigiano". Rete Kurdistan. 13 June 2019. Retrieved 12 September 2019. ^ "Lorenzo Orsetti, da Palazzo Vecchio primo sì per intitolare una strada al giovane morto in Siria". La Repubblica. 5 September 2019. Retrieved 12 September 2019. ^ "INAUGURAZIONE CIRCOLO ARCI LORENZO ORSETTI". Arci Prato. 8 November 2019. Retrieved 11 November 2019. Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bear"},{"link_name":"anarcho-communist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarcho-communism"},{"link_name":"antifascist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-fascism"},{"link_name":"Florence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence"},{"link_name":"who fought","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_fighters_in_the_Syrian_civil_war"},{"link_name":"Syrian Democratic Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Forces"},{"link_name":"Rojava conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rojava_conflict"}],"text":"Lorenzo Orsetti (13 February 1986 – 18 March 2019), also known as Orso (Bear in Italian) and Tekoşer Piling, was an Italian anarcho-communist and antifascist from Florence who fought with the Syrian Democratic Forces in the Rojava conflict.","title":"Lorenzo Orsetti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sommelier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sommelier"},{"link_name":"Florence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Rojava conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rojava_conflict"},{"link_name":"Kurdish people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdish_people"},{"link_name":"Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant"},{"link_name":"Rojava Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rojava_Revolution"},{"link_name":"anarchist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchist"},{"link_name":"YPG International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YPG_International"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria"},{"link_name":"People's Protection Units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Protection_Units"},{"link_name":"antifascist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antifascist"},{"link_name":"Kurds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurds"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Communist Party of Turkey/Marxist–Leninist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Turkey/Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Battle of Afrin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Olive_Branch"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Turkish Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Army"},{"link_name":"Turkish-backed Free Syrian Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish-backed_Free_Syrian_Army"},{"link_name":"jihadists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jihadist"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Orsetti was a chef and sommelier by trade and worked in different restaurants in Florence.[1][2][3] He became interested in the Rojava conflict, the struggle of the Kurdish people against the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, and the Rojava Revolution. He met Paolo Andolina, an Italian activist and anarchist who had fought against the Islamic State with YPG International.[4]In September 2017 Orsetti travelled to Syria, where he joined the People's Protection Units (YPG). Once in Syria, he struck up friendships with several Italian antifascist volunteers who were fighting there alongside the Kurds.[5]Upon finishing his military training, Orsetti joined a military formation organised by the Communist Party of Turkey/Marxist–Leninist[6] and then fought during the Battle of Afrin[7] against the Turkish Army and Turkish-backed Free Syrian Army's jihadists with other internationalists as part of TİKKO and AFFA (Anti-Fascist Forces in Afrin).[8] During this time he deployed several times to the front in Deir ez-Zur. He fought initially outside of Hajin with a mixed unit during which ISIS attempted to break out of the besieged city. The battle lasted for 3 days and resulted in significant casualties. Following this he continued to participate in the campaign until the final defeat of ISIS in Al-Baghuz. It was during this battle that Lorenzo Orsetti was killed.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"killed in action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killed_in_action"},{"link_name":"Baghouz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghouz"},{"link_name":"Battle of Baghuz Fawqani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Baghuz_Fawqani"},{"link_name":"Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant"},{"link_name":"Arab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab"},{"link_name":"Syrian Democratic Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Forces"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Porte Sante cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porte_Sante_cemetery"}],"text":"Orsetti was killed in action on the morning of Monday 18 March 2019 in the village of Baghouz, Syria. He was in that locality fighting in the Battle of Baghuz Fawqani against the last bastion of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant in Syria. He was attached to an Arab unit Syrian Democratic Forces when he and his comrades were killed by the jihadists in an ambush. His death was announced by Islamic State media and confirmed by the YPG, Tekoşina Anarşist and by TKP/ML TİKKO, the latter of whom published Orsetti's letter to be read in the event of his death.[9] The letter states \"I don’t have regrets, I died doing what I thought was the right thing, defending the weakest, and being loyal to my ideals of justice, equality, and freedom. So, despite of my premature departure, my life is still successful, and I am almost sure that I went with a smile on my lips. I could not have asked for better.\"[10]When announcing his death, his comrades shared Orsetti's last will in which he explained why he had decided to travel to Syria and his ideological motives.[11]Orsetti's body was returned to Florence in June 2019, and was interred in the Porte Sante cemetery.","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Berceto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berceto"},{"link_name":"Parma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parma"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"third district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipio_III"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Un_parco_intitolato_a_Lorenzo_Orsetti,_partigiano-13"},{"link_name":"Lega Nord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lega_Nord"},{"link_name":"Brothers of Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brothers_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"partisan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Prato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prato"},{"link_name":"Arci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associazione_Ricreativa_e_Culturale_Italiana"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-INAUGURAZIONE_CIRCOLO_ARCI_LORENZO_ORSETTI-15"}],"text":"A library in the train station of Berceto, near Parma, has been named in his honour.[12]In June 2019 the third district council of Rome renamed Parco Nomentano, a public park, in his honor as Parco Nomentano Lorenzo Orsetti.[13]In September 2019, the municipality of Florence approved plans to name a street in his honour. The motion was proposed by left-wing municipal councillors and opposed by the right-wing Lega Nord with the abstention of nationalist party Brothers of Italy, who disagreed with calling him a partisan and with the depiction of him as a hero.[14]In November 2019, a bar and social space in Prato, Tuscany, joined the Arci network and renamed the bar in dedication of Orsetti, becoming the Casa del Popolo Lorenzo Orsetti. The inauguration was held on Saturday 9 November 2019 in the presence of Orsetti's family and friends.[15]","title":"Honours"}]
[]
[{"title":"Foreign fighters in the Syrian and Iraqi Civil Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_fighters_in_the_Syrian_and_Iraqi_Civil_Wars"},{"title":"Anna Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Campbell"},{"title":"Haukur Hilmarsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haukur_Hilmarsson"}]
[{"reference":"\"Siria. La lettera-testamento di Lorenzo, ucciso dal Daesh: \"Non ho rimpianti\"\". Avvenire (in Italian). 18 March 2019. Retrieved 20 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.avvenire.it/mondo/pagine/il-daesh-abbiamo-ucciso-un-italiano-lorenzo-orsetti","url_text":"\"Siria. La lettera-testamento di Lorenzo, ucciso dal Daesh: \"Non ho rimpianti\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chi era Lorenzo Orsetti, l'italiano ucciso dall'Isis in Siria\". la Repubblica (in Italian). 18 March 2019. Retrieved 20 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://firenze.repubblica.it/cronaca/2019/03/18/news/chi_era_lorenzo_orsetti_l_italiano_ucciso_dall_isis-221899518/","url_text":"\"Chi era Lorenzo Orsetti, l'italiano ucciso dall'Isis in Siria\""}]},{"reference":"\"Letter from slain International Volunteer Lorenzo Orsetti\". Global Rights (in Italian). 19 March 2019. Retrieved 20 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.globalrights.info/2019/03/letter-from-slain-international-volunteer-lorenzo-orsetti/","url_text":"\"Letter from slain International Volunteer Lorenzo Orsetti\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lorenzo Orsetti, Paolo (ex combattente Ypg): \"Era sempre sorridente\"\". dire.it (in Italian). 19 March 2019. Retrieved 20 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dire.it/19-03-2019/310165-lorenzo-orsetti-paolo-ex-combattente-ypg-era-sempre-sorridente/","url_text":"\"Lorenzo Orsetti, Paolo (ex combattente Ypg): \"Era sempre sorridente\"\""}]},{"reference":"Mangani, Cristiana (19 March 2019). \"Lorenzo Orsetti, l'amica combattente: \"La guerra fa schifo ma non si può stare a guardare\"\". Il Messaggero (in Italian). Retrieved 20 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ilmessaggero.it/mondo/isis_lorenzo_orsetti_ucciso-4370653.html","url_text":"\"Lorenzo Orsetti, l'amica combattente: \"La guerra fa schifo ma non si può stare a guardare\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"YPG: Internationalist fighter from Italy martyred in Baghouz\". ANF News. 19 March 2019. Retrieved 20 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://anfenglishmobile.com/rojava-northern-syria/ypg-internationalist-fighter-from-italy-martyred-in-baghouz-33687","url_text":"\"YPG: Internationalist fighter from Italy martyred in Baghouz\""}]},{"reference":"Gilbert, Rosa (19 March 2019). \"Lorenzo Orsetti: a modern-day partisan\". Morning Star. Archived from the original on 18 July 2019. Retrieved 20 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190718171253/https://morningstaronline.co.uk/article/f/lorenzo-orsetti-modern-day-partisan","url_text":"\"Lorenzo Orsetti: a modern-day partisan\""},{"url":"https://morningstaronline.co.uk/article/f/lorenzo-orsetti-modern-day-partisan","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Afrin: One Year of Resistance\". AMW English. 21 January 2019. Archived from the original on 17 March 2020. Retrieved 12 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200317121215/https://www.amwenglish.com/articles/afrin-one-year-later/","url_text":"\"Afrin: One Year of Resistance\""},{"url":"https://www.amwenglish.com/articles/afrin-one-year-later/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Our Today our comrade Heval Tekoşer Piling fell şehid in battle in Baghouz\". YPG. 19 March 2019. Retrieved 12 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://mobile.twitter.com/ta_anarsist?lang=en","url_text":"\"Our Today our comrade Heval Tekoşer Piling fell şehid in battle in Baghouz\""}]},{"reference":"TKP-ML (18 March 2019). \"Tekoşer Pilîng'in (Lorenzo Orsetti) Mektubu (Englısh)\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tkpml.com/tekoser-pilingin-lorenzo-orsetti-mektubu-english/","url_text":"\"Tekoşer Pilîng'in (Lorenzo Orsetti) Mektubu (Englısh)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Il video-testamento di Lorenzo Orsetti\". sky.it (in Italian). 20 March 2019. Retrieved 22 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://video.sky.it/news/mondo/il-video-testamento-di-lorenzo-orsetti/v497009.vid","url_text":"\"Il video-testamento di Lorenzo Orsetti\""}]},{"reference":"\"Library in Italy named after YPG Italian fighter Lorenzo Orsetti\". ANF News. Retrieved 19 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://anfenglishmobile.com/news/library-in-italy-named-after-ypg-italian-fighter-lorenzo-orsetti-34308","url_text":"\"Library in Italy named after YPG Italian fighter Lorenzo Orsetti\""}]},{"reference":"\"Un parco intitolato a Lorenzo Orsetti, partigiano\". Rete Kurdistan. 13 June 2019. Retrieved 12 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.retekurdistan.it/2019/06/13/un-parco-intitolato-a-lorenzo-orsetti/","url_text":"\"Un parco intitolato a Lorenzo Orsetti, partigiano\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lorenzo Orsetti, da Palazzo Vecchio primo sì per intitolare una strada al giovane morto in Siria\". La Repubblica. 5 September 2019. Retrieved 12 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://firenze.repubblica.it/cronaca/2019/09/05/news/lorenzo_orsetti-235293669/","url_text":"\"Lorenzo Orsetti, da Palazzo Vecchio primo sì per intitolare una strada al giovane morto in Siria\""}]},{"reference":"\"INAUGURAZIONE CIRCOLO ARCI LORENZO ORSETTI\". Arci Prato. 8 November 2019. Retrieved 11 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.arciprato.it/2019/11/08/inaugurazione-circolo-lorenzo-orsetti/","url_text":"\"INAUGURAZIONE CIRCOLO ARCI LORENZO ORSETTI\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Safonov_(pilot)
Mikhail Safonov (pilot)
["1 Biography","1.1 Early life and service","1.2 World War I service","1.3 Post World War I","2 List of aerial victories","3 Honors and awards","4 Endnotes","5 References"]
Mikhail Ivanovich Safonov, alias Mikko VuorenheimoBorn13 November 1893Ostrogozhsk, Russian EmpireDiedMay 1924Ming River, ChinaAllegianceRussian EmpireService/branchAviationYears of service20 September 1893 – March 1918RankLieutenantUnitRussian cruiser Gromoboi,Battleship Sevastopol,First Air Detachment (Glagol) of the 2nd Air Division,2nd Land Fighter DetachmentAwardsBronze Medal marking 300 years rule by the House of Romanov, Bronze Medal commemorating the hundredth anniversary of the Fatherland War, Order of Saint Anne Fourth Class with inscription "For Bravery", Order of Saint Stanilas Third Class with Swords and Bow, Order of Saint Vladimir Fourth Class with Swords and Ribbon, Order of Saint Vladimir Third Class with Swords and RibbonOther workFlew in Finnish Civil War and in RAF. Lieutenant Mikhail Ivanovich Safonov (13 November 1893 – May 1924) was a World War I flying ace credited with five aerial victories. He began his naval service on 20 September 1909, when he entered Saint Peterburg's Imperial Russian Naval Academy. When he applied for aviation training in September 1915, he was a professional sailor with six years naval training and seagoing service. On 1 December 1915, he soloed. On 2 April 1916, he was classified as a naval pilot. He was posted to pilot Grigorovich M-9 flying boats that mounted a Madsen machine gun. After two aerial victories while piloting flying boats, with consequent decorations for valor, Safonov was appointed to command his Glagol Detachment on 14 July 1917. He gained access to a Nieuport fighter, which he used for his third victory on 7 September 1917. After a promotion to Senior Lieutenant on 25 October, he married while on a brief leave. He returned to command the 2nd Fighter Detachment and score two more aerial victories with the Nieuport. He was mustered out in March 1918. Safonov then became an itinerant aerial mercenary in the Finnish Civil War. In 1919, he changed loyalties to join the White Russians. After travelling with his wife through Persia and India, he joined Britain's Royal Air Force. In May 1924, he was killed in a flying accident in China. Biography Early life and service Mikhail Ivanovich Safonov was born into nobility on 13 November 1893 in Ostrogozhsk, the Russian Empire. He was a Russian Orthodox adherent. As a child, he was educated in the Ostrogozhsk Gymnasium. He entered Saint Peterburg's Imperial Russian Naval Academy on 20 September 1909. He would serve on half a dozen ships while training. On 21 February 1913, he received a Bronze Medal marking 300 years rule by the House of Romanov; in April 1913, he received another Bronze Medal commemorating the hundredth anniversary of the Fatherland War. World War I service He graduated as a Warrant Officer in May 1914, and was posted to the battleship Gromoboi on 2 August 1914. On 30 September 1914, he was transferred to another battleship, the Sevastopol. In September 1915, he applied for a transfer to aviation service. On 24 November 1915, he was assigned to the Officer's School of Naval Aviation for the Baltic Fleet and forwarded to the Polytechnic Institute of Peter the Great in Saint Petersburg to study aerodynamics. After mastering this, he moved to the winter location of the school in Baku to pass all the examinations to qualify as a pilot. On 1 December 1915, he soloed. On 24 February 1916, Safonov was posted to the Liaison/Signal Service Corps of the Baltic Fleet. During March, he polished his piloting skills at the Tallinn Naval Air Station. He was then tasked to fly Farman MF.11 float plane serial no. 31 for the local Third Air Station. On 2 April 1916, he was classified as a naval pilot at the annual salary of 960 rubles. The Air Arm of the Baltic Fleet was organised into two Air Divisions. Safonov was assigned to the First Air Detachment (Glagol) of the 2nd Air Division on 11 August 1916. The Grigorovich M-9 flying boats equipping this detachment mounted a Madsen machine gun. After several air combats, including his first aerial victory on 9 September 1916, he was awarded the Order of Saint Anne Fourth Class and the Order of Saint Vladimir Third Class with Swords and Bow. He was wounded in action on 13 September 1916 while flying Grigorovich M-9 serial no. 39. Safonov was appointed as a lieutenant on 10 July 1917. He was selected to command the Glagol Detachment on 14 July 1917. He scored his second aerial victory that day, this time using a Grigorovich M-15, even though the enemy plane was not seen to crash. At 1140 hours on 7 September, Safonov used Nieuport serial no. NR-1 in an attack on an enemy two-seater. He closed to 50 meters range, and fired a short burst for his third victory. On 25 October, Safonov was promoted to Senior Lieutenant and granted a short leave. He married Ludmila Tschebotarioff. Upon his return to duty, he was posted to command the 2nd Land Fighter Detachment at Kuivastoin. He scored two more aerial victories on successive days, 16 and 17 November 1917. However, the Russian Revolution ended his war then; Safonov was inactive until discharged from the military by the Bolsheviks in March 1918. As Russia was wracked by revolution, Finland declared its independence on 6 December 1917. Safonov was one of five Russian pilots approached by a cabal of Finnish activists; they offered 25,000 rubles and Finnish citizenship if the pilots would serve in General Mannerheim's air force. On 11 April 1918, the newly civilianised Safonov tucked his wife into a Nieuport 10 and took off to join the Finns. While flying reconnaissance flights in the Finnish Civil War, he used the nom de guerre Mikko Vuorenheimo. However, by Summer 1918, the distrustful Finns had not kept their bargain, so Safonov wangled the permits needed to transit German-occupied Russia and join the White Russians' Volunteer Army. Post World War I By 1919, Safonov was serving in the Volunteer Army of the White Russians' under General Anton Denikin. After their defeat, continuing his career as an itinerant pilot, Safonov and wife moved on to Persia and India; Safonov joined the Royal Air Force in the latter. After that, he ended up in China in 1924, organising aviation training for the Chinese Navy. In May 1924, while testing a flying boat over the Ming River, he was killed in a flying accident. Some years later, his widow and two orphans would resettle in the United States. List of aerial victories See also Aerial victory standards of World War I, List of World War I flying aces from the Russian Empire Confirmed victories are numbered and listed chronologically. No. Date/time Aircraft Foe Result Location Notes 1 9 September 1916 Grigorovich M-9 Enemy seaplane Forced landing Irben River, off Gulf of Riga 2 14 July 1917 Grigorovich M-15 German two-seater Lost altitude Gulf of Riga 3 7 September 1917 @ 1140 hours Nieuport serial no. NR-1 German two-seater Shot down Arenburg 4 16 November 1917 @ 0915 hours Nieuport NR-1 Enemy aircraft Shot down Moon Island Crashed onto Moon Island 5 17 November 1917 @ 0900 hours Nieuport NR-1 German two-engine bomber Moon Island Honors and awards Bronze Medal marking 300 years rule by the House of Romanov: 21 February 1913 Bronze Medal commemorating the hundredth anniversary of the Fatherland War: April 1913 Order of Saint Anne Fourth Class with inscription "For Bravery": 19 September 1916 Order of Saint Stanilas Third Class with Swords and Bow: 19 October 1916 Order of Saint Vladimir Fourth Class with Swords and Ribbon: 14 November 1916, by order no. 380 by Commander in Chief of the Naval Staff Order of Saint Vladimir Third Class with Swords and Ribbon: 5 February 1917 Endnotes ^ a b c d e f g h Durkota 1995, pp. 98–101. ^ a b c d Franks et al 1997, pp. 212–213. ^ Durkota 1995, p. 26. ^ Durkota 1995, pp. 98–99, 476. References Allen Durkota; Thomas Darcey; Victor Kulikov. The Imperial Russian Air Service: Famous Pilots and Aircraft and World War I. Flying Machines Press, 1995. ISBN 0963711024, 9780963711021. Norman Franks; Russell Guest; Gregory Alegi. Above the War Fronts: The British Two-seater Bomber Pilot and Observer Aces, the British Two-seater Fighter Observer Aces, and the Belgian, Italian, Austro-Hungarian and Russian Fighter Aces, 1914–1918: Volume 4 of Fighting Airmen of WWI Series: Volume 4 of Air Aces of WWI. Grub Street, 1997. ISBN 1-898697-56-6, ISBN 978-1-898697-56-5.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"flying ace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_ace"},{"link_name":"Saint Peterburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Peterburg"},{"link_name":"Imperial Russian Naval Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N.G._Kuznetsov_Naval_Academy#Imperial_Period"},{"link_name":"professional sailor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Professional_soldier&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Grigorovich M-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grigorovich_M-9"},{"link_name":"flying boats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_boat"},{"link_name":"Madsen machine gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madsen_machine_gun"},{"link_name":"flying boats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_boat"},{"link_name":"Nieuport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nieuport"},{"link_name":"mercenary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercenary"},{"link_name":"Finnish Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"White Russians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Movement"},{"link_name":"Royal Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force"}],"text":"Lieutenant Mikhail Ivanovich Safonov (13 November 1893 – May 1924) was a World War I flying ace credited with five aerial victories. He began his naval service on 20 September 1909, when he entered Saint Peterburg's Imperial Russian Naval Academy. When he applied for aviation training in September 1915, he was a professional sailor with six years naval training and seagoing service.On 1 December 1915, he soloed. On 2 April 1916, he was classified as a naval pilot. He was posted to pilot Grigorovich M-9 flying boats that mounted a Madsen machine gun. After two aerial victories while piloting flying boats, with consequent decorations for valor, Safonov was appointed to command his Glagol Detachment on 14 July 1917. He gained access to a Nieuport fighter, which he used for his third victory on 7 September 1917. After a promotion to Senior Lieutenant on 25 October, he married while on a brief leave. He returned to command the 2nd Fighter Detachment and score two more aerial victories with the Nieuport. He was mustered out in March 1918.Safonov then became an itinerant aerial mercenary in the Finnish Civil War. In 1919, he changed loyalties to join the White Russians. After travelling with his wife through Persia and India, he joined Britain's Royal Air Force. In May 1924, he was killed in a flying accident in China.","title":"Mikhail Safonov (pilot)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ostrogozhsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostrogozhsk"},{"link_name":"Russian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Russian Orthodox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Orthodox"},{"link_name":"Saint Peterburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Peterburg"},{"link_name":"Imperial Russian Naval Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N.G._Kuznetsov_Naval_Academy#Imperial_Period"},{"link_name":"House of Romanov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Romanov"},{"link_name":"Fatherland War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iras98-1"}],"sub_title":"Early life and service","text":"Mikhail Ivanovich Safonov was born into nobility on 13 November 1893 in Ostrogozhsk, the Russian Empire. He was a Russian Orthodox adherent. As a child, he was educated in the Ostrogozhsk Gymnasium. He entered Saint Peterburg's Imperial Russian Naval Academy on 20 September 1909. He would serve on half a dozen ships while training. On 21 February 1913, he received a Bronze Medal marking 300 years rule by the House of Romanov; in April 1913, he received another Bronze Medal commemorating the hundredth anniversary of the Fatherland War.[1]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Warrant Officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warrant_Officer"},{"link_name":"Gromoboi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_cruiser_Gromoboi"},{"link_name":"Sevastopol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_battleship_Sevastopol_(1911)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fronts212-2"},{"link_name":"Baltic Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_Fleet#World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Polytechnic Institute of Peter the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_State_Polytechnical_University"},{"link_name":"aerodynamics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerodynamics"},{"link_name":"Baku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baku"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iras98-1"},{"link_name":"Tallinn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tallinn"},{"link_name":"Farman MF.11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farman_MF.11"},{"link_name":"float plane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Float_plane"},{"link_name":"Grigorovich M-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grigorovich_M-9"},{"link_name":"flying boats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_boat"},{"link_name":"Madsen machine gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madsen_machine_gun"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iras98-1"},{"link_name":"Order of Saint Anne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Anne"},{"link_name":"Order of Saint Vladimir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Vladimir"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fronts212-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Grigorovich M-15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grigorovich_M-15"},{"link_name":"Nieuport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nieuport"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iras98-1"},{"link_name":"Russian Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"Mannerheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustaf_Mannerheim"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iras98-1"},{"link_name":"Finnish Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Volunteer Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volunteer_Army"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iras98-1"}],"sub_title":"World War I service","text":"He graduated as a Warrant Officer in May 1914, and was posted to the battleship Gromoboi on 2 August 1914. On 30 September 1914, he was transferred to another battleship, the Sevastopol. In September 1915, he applied for a transfer to aviation service.[2]On 24 November 1915, he was assigned to the Officer's School of Naval Aviation for the Baltic Fleet and forwarded to the Polytechnic Institute of Peter the Great in Saint Petersburg to study aerodynamics. After mastering this, he moved to the winter location of the school in Baku to pass all the examinations to qualify as a pilot. On 1 December 1915, he soloed.[1]On 24 February 1916, Safonov was posted to the Liaison/Signal Service Corps of the Baltic Fleet. During March, he polished his piloting skills at the Tallinn Naval Air Station. He was then tasked to fly Farman MF.11 float plane serial no. 31 for the local Third Air Station. On 2 April 1916, he was classified as a naval pilot at the annual salary of 960 rubles. The Air Arm of the Baltic Fleet was organised into two Air Divisions. Safonov was assigned to the First Air Detachment (Glagol) of the 2nd Air Division on 11 August 1916. The Grigorovich M-9 flying boats equipping this detachment mounted a Madsen machine gun.[1]After several air combats, including his first aerial victory on 9 September 1916, he was awarded the Order of Saint Anne Fourth Class and the Order of Saint Vladimir Third Class with Swords and Bow.[2] He was wounded in action on 13 September 1916 while flying Grigorovich M-9 serial no. 39.[3]Safonov was appointed as a lieutenant on 10 July 1917. He was selected to command the Glagol Detachment on 14 July 1917. He scored his second aerial victory that day, this time using a Grigorovich M-15, even though the enemy plane was not seen to crash. At 1140 hours on 7 September, Safonov used Nieuport serial no. NR-1 in an attack on an enemy two-seater. He closed to 50 meters range, and fired a short burst for his third victory. On 25 October, Safonov was promoted to Senior Lieutenant and granted a short leave. He married Ludmila Tschebotarioff. Upon his return to duty, he was posted to command the 2nd Land Fighter Detachment at Kuivastoin.[1]He scored two more aerial victories on successive days, 16 and 17 November 1917. However, the Russian Revolution ended his war then; Safonov was inactive until discharged from the military by the Bolsheviks in March 1918. As Russia was wracked by revolution, Finland declared its independence on 6 December 1917. Safonov was one of five Russian pilots approached by a cabal of Finnish activists; they offered 25,000 rubles and Finnish citizenship if the pilots would serve in General Mannerheim's air force.[1]On 11 April 1918, the newly civilianised Safonov tucked his wife into a Nieuport 10 and took off to join the Finns. While flying reconnaissance flights in the Finnish Civil War, he used the nom de guerre Mikko Vuorenheimo. However, by Summer 1918, the distrustful Finns had not kept their bargain, so Safonov wangled the permits needed to transit German-occupied Russia and join the White Russians' Volunteer Army.[1]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Volunteer Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volunteer_Army"},{"link_name":"White Russians'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_movement"},{"link_name":"Anton Denikin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Denikin"},{"link_name":"Persia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persia"},{"link_name":"Royal Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Chinese Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_China_Navy"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fronts212-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iras98-1"}],"sub_title":"Post World War I","text":"By 1919, Safonov was serving in the Volunteer Army of the White Russians' under General Anton Denikin. After their defeat, continuing his career as an itinerant pilot, Safonov and wife moved on to Persia and India; Safonov joined the Royal Air Force in the latter. After that, he ended up in China in 1924, organising aviation training for the Chinese Navy. In May 1924, while testing a flying boat over the Ming River, he was killed in a flying accident.[2] Some years later, his widow and two orphans would resettle in the United States.[1]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aerial victory standards of World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerial_victory_standards_of_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"List of World War I flying aces from the Russian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_War_I_flying_aces_from_the_Russian_Empire"}],"text":"See also Aerial victory standards of World War I, List of World War I flying aces from the Russian EmpireConfirmed victories are numbered and listed chronologically.","title":"List of aerial victories"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"House of Romanov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Romanov"},{"link_name":"Fatherland War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Order of Saint Anne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Anne"},{"link_name":"Order of Saint Stanilas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Stanilas"},{"link_name":"Order of Saint Vladimir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Vladimir"},{"link_name":"Commander in Chief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander_in_Chief"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iras98-1"}],"text":"Bronze Medal marking 300 years rule by the House of Romanov: 21 February 1913\nBronze Medal commemorating the hundredth anniversary of the Fatherland War: April 1913\nOrder of Saint Anne Fourth Class with inscription \"For Bravery\": 19 September 1916\nOrder of Saint Stanilas Third Class with Swords and Bow: 19 October 1916\nOrder of Saint Vladimir Fourth Class with Swords and Ribbon: 14 November 1916, by order no. 380 by Commander in Chief of the Naval Staff\nOrder of Saint Vladimir Third Class with Swords and Ribbon: 5 February 1917[1]","title":"Honors and awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-iras98_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-iras98_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-iras98_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-iras98_1-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-iras98_1-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-iras98_1-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-iras98_1-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-iras98_1-7"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fronts212_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fronts212_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fronts212_2-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fronts212_2-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"}],"text":"^ a b c d e f g h Durkota 1995, pp. 98–101.\n\n^ a b c d Franks et al 1997, pp. 212–213.\n\n^ Durkota 1995, p. 26.\n\n^ Durkota 1995, pp. 98–99, 476.","title":"Endnotes"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuri_Korolyov
Yuri Korolyov
["1 1981–1984","2 1985–1988","3 After 1988","4 The most decorated non-Olympian in gymnastics?","5 References","6 External links"]
Russian artistic gymnast (1962–2023)This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Yuri Korolyov" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message)For the ice hockey administrator, see Yuri Korolev (ice hockey). Yuri KorolyovFull nameYuri Nikolayevich KorolyovBorn(1962-08-25)25 August 1962Vladimir, Russian SFSR, Soviet UnionDied29 April 2023(2023-04-29) (aged 60)Vladimir, RussiaDisciplineMen's artistic gymnastics Medal record World Championships 1981 Moscow Team 1981 Moscow All-around 1981 Moscow Floor Exercise 1985 Montreal Team 1985 Montreal All-around 1985 Montreal Rings 1985 Montreal Vault 1987 Rotterdam Team 1987 Rotterdam Rings 1983 Budapest Team 1985 Montreal Floor Exercise 1987 Rotterdam All-around 1981 Moscow Pommel Horse European Championships 1981 Rome Floor Exercise 1981 Rome Rings 1983 Varna Floor Exercise 1983 Varna Parallel Bars 1987 Moscow Vault 1981 Rome Individual All-Around 1981 Rome Pommel Horse 1981 Rome Vault 1983 Varna Individual All-Around 1983 Varna Pommel Horse 1987 Moscow Individual All-Around 1987 Moscow Floor Exercise 1983 Varna Vault World Cup 1982 Zagreb Parallel Bars 1986 Beijing All-Around 1986 Beijing Rings 1986 Beijing Vault 1986 Beijing Horizontal Bar 1982 Zagreb Floor Exercise 1982 Zagreb Pommel Horse 1982 Zagreb Parallel Rings 1986 Beijing Floor Exercise 1982 Zagreb All-Around 1982 Zagreb Vault 1986 Beijing Parallel Bars Goodwill Games 1986 Moscow Team 1986 Moscow All-Around 1986 Moscow Floor Exercise 1986 Moscow Rings 1986 Moscow Horizontal Bar 1986 Moscow Pommel Horse Yuri Nikolayevich Korolyov (Russian: Юрий Николаевич Королёв; 25 August 1962 – 29 April 2023) was a Soviet artistic gymnast who competed during the 1980s, winning many World and European Medals. Part of a deep Soviet team that, throughout the 1980s, featured such names as Dmitry Bilozerchev, Valeri Liukin, Vladimir Artemov, Valentin Mogilny, and others, Korolyov still managed to distinguish himself for the greater part of the decade by becoming World All-Around Champion in 1981 and 1985, as well as being World Cup All-Around Co-Champion (with Li Ning) in 1986, among many other titles and medals. 1981–1984 As Korolyov had been winning many titles and medals for years as a Junior at such competitions as the Jr. USSR Championships and Jr. European Championships, it was no surprise that his senior debut in 1981 would be quite major. At that year's 1981 European Gymnastics Championships in Rome, where he became the first gymnast to compete in a triple back dismount from the Rings as well as a full-twisting double layout dismount from the High Bar, he won the silver medal in the Individual All-Around, as well as taking 4 out of a possible 6 event finals medals – 2 gold and 2 silver. He was no less successful at that year's World Championships in Moscow, where his consistent, strong performances (highest 6-event composite score in the team compulsory segment of the competition, highest 12-event composite score throughout both segments of the team composition) won him the All-Around Champion title. He was the youngest Men's World All-Around Artistic Gymnastics Champion up to that point. The next year, he continued to be the first, or among the first, male gymnasts to successfully compete certain yet more difficult moves, such as doing a handstand in the middle of a Pommel Horse routine as well as doing consecutive repetitions of the Tkatchev release move on High Bar, at the 1982 World Gymnastics Cup in Zagreb, Yugoslavia where yet more strong performances helped him to 3rd place in the All-Around competition behind PRC gymnasts Li Ning (1st) and Tong Fei (2nd). He would also take 5 out of a possible 6 medals in the event finals (Parallel Bars title, plus 3 silvers and a bronze). 1983 was not as good a year for Korolyov as the previous 2 had been. He did manage to place 2nd to Bilozerchev in the All-Around at that year's European Championships in Varna, as well as winning 2 event titles (Floor, shared with Plamen Petkov of Bulgaria, and Parallel Bars). But a disastrous performance on high bar (score of 8.85) in the team compulsories segment of competition at that year's World Championships in Budapest dropped him to 5th on the Soviet team, although his 6-event team composite score in team optionals was second, among his teammates, to Bilozerchev's. Not being among the top 3 men on his team, he did not qualify to the Individual All-Around Final, nor did he win a medal on any of the 3 individual event finals to which he qualified. Interesting to note is that although the Soviet team was able to throw out Korolyov's 8.85 High Bar score (their other 5 scores were all 9.7 or above), they still lost the World Team Title to China by only .100 (a very small margin in a team competition), and this was the only World or Olympic Team title the Soviet men would lose at a non-boycotted World Championships or Olympics from 1979 to 1992. In 1984, any hopes Korolyov would have realistically entertained about any Olympic successes were dashed by the Soviet-led boycott, and then his father's death prevented him from participating in the Alternate Olympics that year. 1985–1988 The beginning of this quadrennium saw Korolyov make an impressive resurgence back onto the international competitive scene as he clinched the All-Around title by a large margin of .300 over Soviet teammate Vladimir Artemov at the 1985 World Championships in Montreal. With Bilozerchev (who had won the European All-Around Title earlier that year) unfortunately sidelined because of a severe leg injury sustained in a car accident, Korolyov had more free rein to collect medals at this competition, where he also won 3 of the 6 individual event titles. Like the midpoint year in the preceding quadrennium, 1986 was another stellar year for Korolyov, as he won or co-won the All-Around at that year's 2 most significant international competitions. At that year's World Cup in Beijing, he shared the All-Around title with Li Ning, and came back to best the home-country-advantaged Li in the individual event finals winning 3 golds and 2 silvers vs. Li's 2 golds and 1 bronze. Also, that year, at the first Goodwill Games in Moscow, among a deep international field, Korolyov won the All-Around title again by a huge margin of .600 over compatriot Artemov. He logged the highest 6-event composite score in the preliminaries as well as again in the All-Around final, truly dominating the competition. That dominance stretched over into event finals as well where he snared 3 out of the 6 individual event titles. 1987 saw Korolyov even better-poised to go into the succeeding year's Olympics than at the same point in time in the previous quadrennium. Despite the very successful return of Bilozerchev and the rise of younger Soviet stars such as Valeri Liukin and Valentin Mogilny, Korolyov still managed to win his 3rd European All-Around Silver Medal, behind Liukin, at that year's competition European Gymnastics Championships in Moscow, adding to that 1 gold and 1 silver in event finals. Even more impressive was his performance at the 1987 World Gymnastics Championships in Rotterdam. Although Korolyov only qualified 4th among his Soviet teammates, compatriot Liukin had to withdraw from the Individual All-Around because of an unfortunate knee injury, freeing Korolyov to compete in the All-Around final where he placed 2nd behind Bilozerchev and, buttressed by a perfect score of 10.00 on vault, even logged a higher 6-event composite score in the all-around final than Bilozerchev (or anybody else). (Under the New Life rules instituted two years later, he would have been World All-Around Champion.) With the previous year's successes established, it looked like Korolyov would have another chance to finally prove himself on the world's biggest stage, the Olympics, but fate adversely intervened again when he injured his Achilles tendon, making his bid for the 1988 Seoul Olympics impossible. After 1988 In 1989, incredibly, Korolyov kept competing. He almost made that year's World Championship team for the Soviets, but with yet more up-and comers in the Soviet system like Vitaly Marinich and Valery Belenky, he placed 7th at that year's USSR Championships and then retired. Korolyov died on 29 April 2023, at the age of 60. The most decorated non-Olympian in gymnastics? Korolyov is, quite arguably, the most decorated non-Olympian (male or female) gymnast of all time. With a total of 34 individual medals at World Championships, World Cups, and European Championships competitions, Korolyov has more such medals than any other non-Olympian with Valentin Mogilny (17) being the next highest in this sort of medal count. Even stretching this medal count to include individual Olympic (Official or ‘Alternate’) medals, Korolyov's medal haul is tied with Alexander Dityatin for 3rd all-time for men behind Vitaly Scherbo (51) and Nikolai Andrianov (48). The non-Olympian woman gymnasts with the highest such medal hauls are the deceased 1978 World All-Around Champion Elena Mukhina, with 13, and her Soviet compatriot, 1985 World All-Around Co-Champion Oksana Omelianchik, with 11. His World Championship and World Cup individual medals tally of 21 is also far higher than any other non-Olympian with Valentin Mogilny being second. Even going strictly by individual World Championship individual medals alone, Korolyov has more (9) than any other non-Olympian, with Mogilny being the runner-up again with 6. Korolyov's 8 European / World Championship / World Cup / Olympic All-Around medals is the 3rd highest ever among men, behind Scherbo and Andrianov who each have 9. Korolyov's 8 such All-Around medals also makes him the most prolific All-Around Medalist of the 1980s. Korolyov's 21 individual World Championship and World Cup medals is the 2nd highest all-time among all male or female gymnasts, surpassed only by Scherbo's 26. Among these, 11 were gold and that, again, is surpassed, among all male or female non-Olympian gymnasts, only by Scherbo's 13. On WorldGymRank's list of the “50 Greatest Gymnasts of Our Time”, Yuri Korolyov is 8th all-time among the men in this weighted, sophisticated, deeply detailed, gymnast ranking system, a higher ranking in that system than any other male or female non-Olympian gymnast. References ^ a b Gymn Forum: Innovators in Gymnastics ^ a b Yuri Korolev, USSR ^ Gymn Forum: Dmitri Bilozerchev Biography ^ "Умер девятикратный чемпион мира по спортивной гимнастике Юрий Королев". TACC. Retrieved 2023-04-29. ^ FiftyGreatestGymnasts External links Yuri Korolyov at the International Gymnastics Federation Yuri Korolyov at the International Gymnastics Hall of Fame International Championships won by Yuri Korolyov vteWorld Champions in Artistic Gymnastics – Men's Team Competition 1903:  France 1905:  France 1907:  Bohemia 1909:  France 1911:  Bohemia 1913:  Bohemia 1922:  Czechoslovakia 1926:  Czechoslovakia 1930:  Czechoslovakia 1934:   Switzerland 1938:  Czechoslovakia 1950:   Switzerland 1954:  Soviet Union 1958:  Soviet Union 1962:  Japan 1966:  Japan 1970:  Japan 1974:  Japan 1978:  Japan 1979:  Soviet Union 1981:  Soviet Union 1983:  China 1985:  Soviet Union 1987:  Soviet Union 1989:  Soviet Union 1991:  Soviet Union 1994:  China 1995:  China 1997:  China 1999:  China 2001:  Belarus 2003:  China 2006:  China 2007:  China 2010:  China 2011:  China 2014:  China 2015:  Japan 2018:  China 2019:  Russia 2022:  China 2023:  Japan 1981:  Soviet Union (URS), Artur Akopyan, Alexander Dityatin, Yuri Korolyov, Bohdan Makuts, Pavel Sut, Aleksandr Tkachyov1985:  Soviet Union (URS), Vladimir Artemov, Yury Balabanov, Yuri Korolyov, Valentin Mogilny, Aleksei Tikhonkikh1987:  Soviet Union (URS), Vladimir Artemov, Dmitry Bilozerchev, Yuri Korolyov, Valeri Liukin, Vladimir Novikov, Aleksei Tikhonkikh vteWorld Champions in Artistic Gymnastics – Men's Individual All-Around 1903:  Joseph Martinez (FRA) 1905:  Marcel Lalu (FRA) 1907:  Josef Čada (BOH) 1909:  Marco Torrès (FRA) 1911:  Ferdinand Steiner (BOH) 1913:  Marco Torrès (FRA) 1922:  František Pecháček (TCH) 1922   Peter Šumi (YUG) 1926:  Peter Šumi (YUG) 1930:  Josip Primožič (YUG) 1931:  Alois Hudec (TCH) 1934:  Eugen Mack (SUI) 1938:  Jan Gajdoš (TCH) 1950:  Walter Lehmann (SUI) 1954:  Viktor Chukarin (URS) 1954   Valentin Muratov (URS) 1958:  Boris Shakhlin (URS) 1962:  Yuri Titov (URS) 1966:  Mikhail Voronin (URS) 1970:  Eizo Kenmotsu (JPN) 1974:  Shigeru Kasamatsu (JPN) 1978:  Nikolai Andrianov (URS) 1979:  Alexander Dityatin (URS) 1981:  Yuri Korolyov (URS) 1983:  Dmitry Bilozerchev (URS) 1985:  Yuri Korolyov (URS) 1987:  Dmitry Bilozerchev (URS) 1989:  Ihor Korobchynskyi (URS) 1991:  Hrihoriy Misyutin (URS) 1993:  Vitaly Scherbo (BLR) 1994:  Ivan Ivankov (BLR) 1995:  Li Xiaoshuang (CHN) 1997:  Ivan Ivankov (BLR) 1999:  Nikolai Kryukov (RUS) 2001:  Feng Jing (CHN) 2003:  Paul Hamm (USA) 2005:  Hiroyuki Tomita (JPN) 2006:  Yang Wei (CHN) 2007:  Yang Wei (CHN) 2009:  Kōhei Uchimura (JPN) 2010:  Kōhei Uchimura (JPN) 2011:  Kōhei Uchimura (JPN) 2013:  Kōhei Uchimura (JPN) 2014:  Kōhei Uchimura (JPN) 2015:  Kōhei Uchimura (JPN) 2017:  Xiao Ruoteng (CHN) 2018:  Artur Dalaloyan (RUS) 2019:  Nikita Nagornyy (RUS) 2021:  Zhang Boheng (CHN) 2022:  Daiki Hashimoto (JPN) 2023:  Daiki Hashimoto (JPN) vteWorld Champions in Artistic Gymnastics – Men's Floor Exercise 1903 - 1926: not awarded 1930:  Josip Primožič (YUG) 1931:  Alois Hudec (TCH) 1934:  Georges Miez (SUI) 1938:  Jan Gajdoš (TCH) 1950:  Ernst Gebendinger (SUI) 1950   Josef Stalder (SUI) 1954:  Valentin Muratov (USSR) 1954   Masao Takemoto (JPN) 1958:  Masao Takemoto (JPN) 1962:  Nobuyuki Aihara (JPN) 1962   Yukio Endō (JPN) 1966:  Akinori Nakayama (JPN) 1970:  Akinori Nakayama (JPN) 1974:  Shigeru Kasamatsu (JPN) 1978:  Kurt Thomas (USA) 1979:  Roland Brückner (GDR) 1979   Kurt Thomas (USA) 1981:  Yuri Korolyov (USSR) 1981   Li Yuejiu (CHN) 1983:  Tong Fei (CHN) 1985:  Tong Fei (CHN) 1987:  Lou Yun (CHN) 1989:  Ihor Korobchynskyi (USSR) 1991:  Ihor Korobchynskyi (USSR) 1992:  Ihor Korobchynskyi (CIS) 1993:  Hrihoriy Misyutin (UKR) 1994:  Vitaly Scherbo (BLR) 1995:  Vitaly Scherbo (BLR) 1996:  Vitaly Scherbo (BLR) 1997:  Alexei Nemov (RUS) 1999:  Alexei Nemov (RUS) 2001:  Marian Drăgulescu (ROM) 2001   Yordan Yovchev (BUL) 2002:  Marian Drăgulescu (ROM) 2003:  Paul Hamm (USA) 2001   Yordan Yovchev (BUL) 2005:  Diego Hypólito (BRA) 2006:  Marian Drăgulescu (ROU) 2007:  Diego Hypólito (BRA) 2009:  Marian Drăgulescu (ROU) 2010:  Eleftherios Kosmidis (GRE) 2011:  Kōhei Uchimura (JPN) 2013:  Kenzō Shirai (JPN) 2014:  Denis Ablyazin (RUS) 2015:  Kenzō Shirai (JPN) 2017:  Kenzō Shirai (JPN) 2018:  Artur Dalaloyan (RUS) 2019:  Carlos Yulo (PHI) 2021:  Nicola Bartolini (ITA) 2022:  Giarnni Regini-Moran (GBR) 2023:  Artem Dolgopyat (ISR) vteWorld Champions in Artistic Gymnastics – Men's Still Rings 1903:  Joseph Martinez (FRA) 1905: Not awarded 1907: Not awarded 1909:  Guido Romano (ITA) 1909   Marco Torrès (FRA) 1911:  Ferdinand Steiner (TCH) 1913:  Guido Boni (ITA) 1913   Laurent Grech (FRA) 1913   Marco Torrès (FRA) 1913   Giorgio Zampori (ITA) 1922:  Miroslav Karásek (TCH) 1922   Josef Malý (TCH) 1922   Leon Štukelj (YUG) 1922   Peter Šumi (YUG) 1926:  Leon Štukelj (YUG) 1930:  Emanuel Löffler (TCH) 1931:  Alois Hudec (TCH) 1934:  Alois Hudec (TCH) 1938:  Alois Hudec (TCH) 1950:  Walter Lehmann (SUI) 1954:  Albert Azaryan (URS) 1958:  Albert Azaryan (URS) 1962:  Yuri Titov (URS) 1966:  Mikhail Voronin (URS) 1970:  Akinori Nakayama (JPN) 1974:  Nikolai Andrianov (URS) 1974   Dănuț Grecu (ROM) 1978:  Nikolai Andrianov (URS) 1979:  Alexander Dityatin (URS) 1981:  Alexander Dityatin (URS) 1983:  Dmitry Bilozerchev (URS) 1983   Kōji Gushiken (JPN) 1985:  Yuri Korolyov (URS) 1985   Li Ning (CHN) 1987:  Yuri Korolyov (URS) 1989:  Andreas Aguilar (GDR) 1991:  Hrihoriy Misyutin (URS) 1992:  Vitaly Scherbo (CIS) 1993:  Jury Chechi (ITA) 1994:  Jury Chechi (ITA) 1995:  Jury Chechi (ITA) 1996:  Jury Chechi (ITA) 1997:  Jury Chechi (ITA) 1999:  Dong Zhen (CHN) 2001:  Yordan Yovchev (BGR) 2002:  Szilveszter Csollány (HUN) 2003:  Dimosthenis Tampakos (GRE) 2003   Yordan Yovchev (BGR) 2005:  Yuri van Gelder (NED) 2006:  Chen Yibing (CHN) 2007:  Chen Yibing (CHN) 2009:  Yan Mingyong (CHN) 2010:  Chen Yibing (CHN) 2011:  Chen Yibing (CHN) 2013:  Arthur Zanetti (BRA) 2014:  Liu Yang (CHN) 2015:  Eleftherios Petrounias (GRE) 2017:  Eleftherios Petrounias (GRE) 2018:  Eleftherios Petrounias (GRE) 2019:  İbrahim Çolak (TUR) 2021:  Lan Xingyu (CHN) 2022:  Adem Asil (TUR) 2023:  Liu Yang (CHN) vteWorld Champions in Artistic Gymnastics – Men's Vault 1903 - 1930: Not awarded 1931:  Hermann Hänggi (SUI) 1934:  Eugen Mack (SUI) 1938:  Eugen Mack (SUI) 1950:  Ernst Gebendinger (SUI) 1954:  Leo Sotorník (TCH) 1958:  Yuri Titov (USSR) 1962:  Přemysl Krbec (TCH) 1966:  Haruhiro Matsuda (JPN) 1970:  Mitsuo Tsukahara (JPN) 1974:  Shigeru Kasamatsu (JPN) 1978:  Junichi Shimizu (JPN) 1979:  Alexander Dityatin (USSR) 1981:  Ralf-Peter Hemmann (GDR) 1983:  Artur Akopyan (USSR) 1985:  Yuri Korolyov (USSR) 1987:  Sylvio Kroll (GDR) 1987   Lou Yun (CHN) 1989:  Jörg Behrend (GDR) 1991:  Yoo Ok-ryul (KOR) 1992:  Yoo Ok-ryul (KOR) 1993:  Vitaly Scherbo (BLR) 1994:  Vitaly Scherbo (BLR) 1995:  Hrihoriy Misyutin (UKR) 1995   Alexei Nemov (RUS) 1996:  Alexei Nemov (RUS) 1997:  Sergey Fedorchenko (KAZ) 1999:  Li Xiaopeng (CHN) 2001:  Marian Drăgulescu (ROM) 2002:  Li Xiaopeng (CHN) 2003:  Li Xiaopeng (CHN) 2005:  Marian Drăgulescu (ROM) 2006:  Marian Drăgulescu (ROU) 2007:  Leszek Blanik (POL) 2009:  Marian Drăgulescu (ROU) 2010:  Thomas Bouhail (FRA) 2011:  Yang Hak-seon (KOR) 2013:  Yang Hak-seon (KOR) 2014:  Ri Se-gwang (PRK) 2015:  Ri Se-gwang (PRK) 2017:  Kenzō Shirai (JPN) 2018:  Ri Se-gwang (PRK) 2019:  Nikita Nagornyy (RUS) 2021:  Carlos Yulo (PHI) 2022:  Artur Davtyan (ARM) 2023:  Jake Jarman (GBR) vteEuropean Artistic Gymnastics Championships – Men's floor 1955:  Vladimír Prorok (TCH) 1957:  William Thoresson (SWE) 1959:  Ernst Fivian (SUI) 1961:  Franco Menichelli (ITA) 1963:  Franco Menichelli (ITA) 1965:  Franco Menichelli (ITA) 1967:  Olli Laiho (FIN) 1969:  Raycho Khristov (BUL) 1971:  Raycho Khristov (BUL) 1973:  Nikolai Andrianov (URS) 1975:  Nikolai Andrianov (URS) 1975:  Andrzej Szajna (POL) 1977:  Aleksandr Tkachyov (URS) 1979:  Stoyan Deltchev (BUL) 1981:  Yuri Korolyov (URS) 1981:  Roland Brückner (GDR) 1983:  Plamen Petkov (BUL) 1983:  Yuri Korolyov (URS) 1985:  Dmitry Bilozerchev (URS) 1987:  Valeri Liukin (URS) 1989:  Ihor Korobchynskyi (URS) 1990:  Vitaly Scherbo (URS) 1992:  Ihor Korobchynskyi (UKR) 1994:  Ivan Ivanov (BUL) 1996:  Vitaly Scherbo (BLR) 1998:  Alexei Nemov (RUS) 2000:  Marian Drăgulescu (ROU) 2002:  Alexei Nemov (RUS) 2004:  Marian Drăgulescu (ROU) 2005:  Marian Drăgulescu (ROU) 2006:  Anton Golotsutskov (RUS) 2007:  Rafael Martínez (ESP) 2008:  Anton Golotsutskov (RUS) 2009:  Fabian Hambüchen (GER) 2010:  Matthias Fahrig (GER) 2011:  Flavius Koczi (ROM) 2012:  Eleftherios Kosmidis (GRE) 2013:  Max Whitlock (GBR) 2013:  Alexander Shatilov (ISR) 2014:  Denis Ablyazin (RUS) 2015:  Kristian Thomas (GBR) 2016:  Nikita Nagornyy (RUS) 2017:  Marian Drăgulescu (ROU) 2018:  Dominick Cunningham (GBR) 2019:  Artur Dalaloyan (RUS) 2020:  Artem Dolgopyat (ISR) 2021:  Nikita Nagornyy (RUS) 2022:  Artem Dolgopyat (ISR) 2023:  Luke Whitehouse (GBR) 2024:  Luke Whitehouse (GBR) vteEuropean Champions in Artistic Gymnastics – Men's Rings 1955:  Albert Azaryan (URS) 1957:  Joaquín Blume (ESP) 1957:  Yuri Titov (URS) 1959:  Yuri Titov (URS) 1961:  Miroslav Cerar (YUG) 1961:  Velik Kapsazov (BUL) 1961:  Yuri Titov (URS) 1963:  Miroslav Cerar (YUG) 1963:  Boris Shakhlin (URS) 1963:  Velik Kapsazov (BUL) 1965:  Viktor Lisitsky (URS) 1965:  Franco Menichelli (ITA) 1967:  Mikhail Voronin (URS) 1967:  Viktor Lisitsky (URS) 1969:  Mikhail Voronin (URS) 1971:  Mikhail Voronin (URS) 1973:  Viktor Klimenko (URS) 1975:  Dan Grecu (ROM) 1977:  Vladimir Markelov (URS) 1979:  Alexander Dityatin (URS) 1981:  Yuri Korolyov (URS) 1983:  Dmitry Bilozerchev (URS) 1983:  Plamen Petkov (BUL) 1985:  Dmitry Bilozerchev (URS) 1987:  Valentin Mogilny (URS) 1989:  Holger Behrendt (GDR) 1990:  Jury Chechi (ITA) 1992:  Jury Chechi (ITA) 1994:  Jury Chechi (ITA) 1996:  Jury Chechi (ITA) 1998:  Szilveszter Csollány (HUN) 2000:  Dimosthenis Tampakos (GRE) 2002:  Yordan Yovchev (BUL) 2004:  Dimosthenis Tampakos (GRE) 2004:  Aleksandr Safoshkin (RUS) 2005:  Andrea Coppolino (ITA) 2005:  Yuri van Gelder (NED) 2006:  Aleksandr Safoshkin (RUS) 2007:  Oleksandr Vorobiov (UKR) 2008:  Yuri van Gelder (NED) 2009:  Yuri van Gelder (NED) 2010:  Matteo Morandi (ITA) 2011:  Konstantin Pluzhnikov (RUS) 2012:  Aleksandr Balandin (RUS) 2013:  Samir Aït Saïd (FRA) 2013:  Igor Radivilov (UKR) 2014:  Denis Ablyazin (RUS) 2014:  Aleksandr Balandin (RUS) 2015:  Eleftherios Petrounias (GRE) 2016:  Eleftherios Petrounias (GRE) 2017:  Eleftherios Petrounias (GRE) 2018:  Eleftherios Petrounias (GRE) 2019:  Denis Ablyazin (RUS) 2020:  İbrahim Çolak (TUR) 2021:  Eleftherios Petrounias (GRE) 2022:  Eleftherios Petrounias (GRE) 2023:  Adem Asil (TUR) 2024:  Eleftherios Petrounias (GRE) vteEuropean Champions in Artistic Gymnastics – Men's Vault 1955:  Adalbert Dickhut (GER) 1957:  Yuri Titov (URS) 1959:  Yuri Titov (URS) 1959:  William Thoresson (SWE) 1961:  Giovanni Carminucci (ITA) 1963:  Přemysl Krbec (TCH) 1965:  Viktor Lisitsky (URS) 1967:  Viktor Lisitsky (URS) 1969:  Viktor Klimenko (URS) 1971:  Nikolai Andrianov (URS) 1973:  Nikolai Andrianov (URS) 1975:  Nikolai Andrianov (URS) 1977:  Jiří Tabák (TCH) 1977:  Ralph Bärthel (GDR) 1979:  Bohdan Makuts (URS) 1981:  Bohdan Makuts (URS) 1983:  Dmitry Bilozerchev (URS) 1985:  Sylvio Kroll (GDR) 1987:  Yuri Korolyov (URS) 1989:  Valentin Mogilny (URS) 1990:  Vitaly Scherbo (URS) 1992:  Vitaly Scherbo (BLR) 1994:  Vitaly Scherbo (BLR) 1996:  Vitaly Scherbo (BLR) 1998:  Ioannis Melissanidis (GRE) 2000:  Ioan Silviu Suciu (ROU) 2002:  Dmitry Kasperovich (BLR) 2002:  Marian Drăgulescu (ROU) 2004:  Marian Drăgulescu (ROU) 2005:  Jevgēņijs Saproņenko (LAT) 2006:  Marian Drăgulescu (ROU) 2007:  Anton Golotsutskov (RUS) 2008:  Leszek Blanik (POL) 2009:  Thomas Bouhail (FRA) 2010:  Tomi Tuuha (FIN) 2011:  Thomas Bouhail (FRA) 2012:  Flavius Koczi (ROU) 2013:  Denis Ablyazin (RUS) 2014:  Denis Ablyazin (RUS) 2015:  Nikita Nagornyy (RUS) 2016:  Oleg Verniaiev (UKR) 2017:  Artur Dalaloyan (RUS) 2018:  Artur Dalaloyan (RUS) 2019:  Denis Ablyazin (RUS) 2020:  Igor Radivilov (UKR) 2021:  Igor Radivilov (UKR) 2022:  Jake Jarman (GBR) 2023:  Artur Davtyan (ARM) 2024:  Jake Jarman (GBR) vteEuropean Artistic Gymnastics Championships – Men's Parallel Bars 1955:  Helmut Bantz (GER) 1955:  Boris Shakhlin (URS) 1955:  Albert Azaryan (URS) 1957:  Jack Günthard (SUI) 1957:  Joaquín Blume (ESP) 1959:  Yuri Titov (URS) 1961:  Miroslav Cerar (YUG) 1963:  Giovanni Carminucci (ITA) 1965:  Miroslav Cerar (YUG) 1967:  Mikhail Voronin (URS) 1969:  Mikhail Voronin (URS) 1971:  Giovanni Carminucci (ITA) 1973:  Viktor Klimenko (URS) 1975:  Nikolai Andrianov (URS) 1977:  Vladimir Tikhonov (URS) 1979:  Bohdan Makuts (URS) 1981:  Bohdan Makuts (URS) 1983:  Yuri Korolyov (URS) 1985:  Dmitry Bilozerchev (URS) 1987:  Valeri Liukin (URS) 1989:  Kalofer Khristozov (BUL) 1990:  Daniel Giubellini (SUI) 1990:  Valentin Mogilny (URS) 1992:  Zoltan Supola (HUN) 1994:  Alexei Nemov (RUS) 1994:  Rustam Sharipov (UKR) 1996:  Rustam Sharipov (UKR) 1996:  Vitaly Scherbo (BLR) 1998:  Alexei Bondarenko (RUS) 2000:  Mitja Petkovšek (SLO) 2002:  Vasileios Tsolakidis (GRE) 2004:  Roman Zozulya (UKR) 2005:  Manuel Carballo (ESP) 2006:  Mitja Petkovšek (SLO) 2007:  Mitja Petkovšek (SLO) 2008:  Mitja Petkovšek (SLO) 2009:  Yann Cucherat (FRA) 2010:  Yann Cucherat (FRA) 2011:  Marcel Nguyen (GER) 2012:  Marcel Nguyen (GER) 2013:  Oleg Stepko (UKR) 2014:  Oleg Verniaiev (UKR) 2015:  Oleg Verniaiev (UKR) 2016:  David Belyavskiy (RUS) 2017:  Oleg Verniaiev (UKR) 2018:  Artur Dalaloyan (RUS) 2019:  Nikita Nagornyy (RUS) 2020:  Ferhat Arıcan (TUR) 2021:  Ferhat Arıcan (TUR) 2022:  Joe Fraser (GBR) 2023:  Illia Kovtun (UKR) 2024:  Illia Kovtun (UKR) vteMembers of the International Gymnastics Hall of FameMen Nikolai Andrianov Leonid Arkayev Vladimir Artemov Albert Azaryan Max Bangerter Frank Bare Sr. Valery Belenky Octavian Bellu Dmitry Bilozerchev Miroslav Cerar Viktor Chukarin Bart Conner Stoyan Deltchev Alexander Dityatin Yukio Endō Shun Fujimoto Arthur Gander Mitch Gaylord Eberhard Gienger Bruno Grandi Savino Guglielmetti Jack Günthard Koji Gushiken Fabian Hambüchen Paul Hamm Takuji Hayata Ivan Ivankov Béla Károlyi Shigeru Kasamatsu Sawao Katō Eizo Kenmotsu Ihor Korobchynskyi Yuri Korolyov Klaus Köste Li Ning Li Xiaopeng Li Yuejiu Valeri Liukin Eugen Mack Zoltán Magyar Franco Menichelli Akinori Nakayama Alexei Nemov Takashi Ono Heikki Savolainen Vitaly Scherbo Boris Shakhlin Rustam Sharipov Josef Stalder Leon Štukelj Masao Takemoto Kurt Thomas William Thoresson Yuri Titov Aleksandr Tkachyov Shuji Tsurumi Kōhei Uchimura Peter Vidmar Mikhail Voronin Haruhiro Yamashita Yordan Yovchev Women Simona Amânar Polina Astakhova Svetlana Boginskaya Lyubov Burda Karin Büttner-Janz Věra Čáslavská Cheng Fei Oksana Chusovitina Nadia Comăneci Yelena Davydova Dominique Dawes Aurelia Dobre Shawn Johnson East Maria Filatova Maxi Gnauck Gina Gogean Maria Gorokhovskaya Tatiana Gutsu Ágnes Keleti Nellie Kim Jackie Klein Olga Korbut Margit Korondi Steffi Kräker Natalia Kuchinskaya Larisa Latynina Nastia Liukin Tatiana Lysenko Ma Yanhong Tamara Manina Julianne McNamara Chellsie Memmel Shannon Miller Lavinia Miloșovici Elena Mukhina Sofia Muratova Oksana Omelianchik Henrietta Ónodi Carly Patterson Lilia Podkopayeva Cătălina Ponor Andreea Răducan Helena Rakoczy Mary Lou Retton Cathy Rigby Elvira Saadi Alicia Sacramone Natalia Shaposhnikova Yelena Shushunova Daniela Silivaș Ecaterina Szabo Keiko Tanaka-Ikeda Olga Tass Ludmilla Tourischeva Teodora Ungureanu Berthe Villancher Natalia Yurchenko Elena Zamolodchikova Kim Zmeskal Erika Zuchold Authority control databases VIAF
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yuri Korolev (ice hockey)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuri_Korolev_(ice_hockey)"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"artistic gymnast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artistic_gymnastics"},{"link_name":"Dmitry Bilozerchev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitry_Bilozerchev"},{"link_name":"Valeri Liukin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valeri_Liukin"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Artemov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Artemov"},{"link_name":"Valentin Mogilny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentin_Mogilny"},{"link_name":"Li Ning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Ning"}],"text":"For the ice hockey administrator, see Yuri Korolev (ice hockey).Yuri Nikolayevich Korolyov (Russian: Юрий Николаевич Королёв; 25 August 1962 – 29 April 2023) was a Soviet artistic gymnast who competed during the 1980s, winning many World and European Medals. Part of a deep Soviet team that, throughout the 1980s, featured such names as Dmitry Bilozerchev, Valeri Liukin, Vladimir Artemov, Valentin Mogilny, and others, Korolyov still managed to distinguish himself for the greater part of the decade by becoming World All-Around Champion in 1981 and 1985, as well as being World Cup All-Around Co-Champion (with Li Ning) in 1986, among many other titles and medals.","title":"Yuri Korolyov"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gymn-forum.net-1"},{"link_name":"World Championships in Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981_World_Artistic_Gymnastics_Championships"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-web.archive.org-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gymn-forum.net-1"},{"link_name":"Zagreb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagreb"},{"link_name":"Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"Li Ning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Ning"},{"link_name":"Tong Fei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tong_Fei"},{"link_name":"Varna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varna,_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Plamen Petkov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plamen_Petkov"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"World Championships in Budapest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983_World_Artistic_Gymnastics_Championships"},{"link_name":"the Soviet-led boycott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics_boycott"},{"link_name":"Alternate Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_Friendship_Games"}],"text":"As Korolyov had been winning many titles and medals for years as a Junior at such competitions as the Jr. USSR Championships and Jr. European Championships, it was no surprise that his senior debut in 1981 would be quite major. At that year's 1981 European Gymnastics Championships in Rome, where he became the first gymnast to compete in a triple back dismount from the Rings as well as a full-twisting double layout dismount from the High Bar,[1] he won the silver medal in the Individual All-Around, as well as taking 4 out of a possible 6 event finals medals – 2 gold and 2 silver. He was no less successful at that year's World Championships in Moscow, where his consistent, strong performances (highest 6-event composite score in the team compulsory segment of the competition, highest 12-event composite score throughout both segments of the team composition) won him the All-Around Champion title. He was the youngest Men's World All-Around Artistic Gymnastics Champion up to that point.[2]The next year, he continued to be the first, or among the first, male gymnasts to successfully compete certain yet more difficult moves, such as doing a handstand in the middle of a Pommel Horse routine as well as doing consecutive repetitions of the Tkatchev release move on High Bar,[1] at the 1982 World Gymnastics Cup in Zagreb, Yugoslavia where yet more strong performances helped him to 3rd place in the All-Around competition behind PRC gymnasts Li Ning (1st) and Tong Fei (2nd). He would also take 5 out of a possible 6 medals in the event finals (Parallel Bars title, plus 3 silvers and a bronze).1983 was not as good a year for Korolyov as the previous 2 had been. He did manage to place 2nd to Bilozerchev in the All-Around at that year's European Championships in Varna, as well as winning 2 event titles (Floor, shared with Plamen Petkov of Bulgaria, and Parallel Bars). But a disastrous performance on high bar (score of 8.85) in the team compulsories segment of competition at that year's World Championships in Budapest dropped him to 5th on the Soviet team, although his 6-event team composite score in team optionals was second, among his teammates, to Bilozerchev's. Not being among the top 3 men on his team, he did not qualify to the Individual All-Around Final, nor did he win a medal on any of the 3 individual event finals to which he qualified. Interesting to note is that although the Soviet team was able to throw out Korolyov's 8.85 High Bar score (their other 5 scores were all 9.7 or above), they still lost the World Team Title to China by only .100 (a very small margin in a team competition), and this was the only World or Olympic Team title the Soviet men would lose at a non-boycotted World Championships or Olympics from 1979 to 1992.In 1984, any hopes Korolyov would have realistically entertained about any Olympic successes were dashed by the Soviet-led boycott, and then his father's death prevented him from participating in the Alternate Olympics that year.","title":"1981–1984"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"quadrennium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadrennium"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Artemov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Artemov"},{"link_name":"1985 World Championships in Montreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985_World_Artistic_Gymnastics_Championships"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Beijing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing"},{"link_name":"Li Ning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Ning"},{"link_name":"Goodwill Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodwill_Games"},{"link_name":"Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow"},{"link_name":"Valeri Liukin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valeri_Liukin"},{"link_name":"Valentin Mogilny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentin_Mogilny"},{"link_name":"1987 World Gymnastics Championships in Rotterdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987_World_Artistic_Gymnastics_Championships"},{"link_name":"New Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artistic_gymnastics#New_Life"},{"link_name":"1988 Seoul Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_Summer_Olympics"}],"text":"The beginning of this quadrennium saw Korolyov make an impressive resurgence back onto the international competitive scene as he clinched the All-Around title by a large margin of .300 over Soviet teammate Vladimir Artemov at the 1985 World Championships in Montreal. With Bilozerchev (who had won the European All-Around Title earlier that year) unfortunately sidelined because of a severe leg injury sustained in a car accident,[3] Korolyov had more free rein to collect medals at this competition, where he also won 3 of the 6 individual event titles.Like the midpoint year in the preceding quadrennium, 1986 was another stellar year for Korolyov, as he won or co-won the All-Around at that year's 2 most significant international competitions. At that year's World Cup in Beijing, he shared the All-Around title with Li Ning, and came back to best the home-country-advantaged Li in the individual event finals winning 3 golds and 2 silvers vs. Li's 2 golds and 1 bronze. Also, that year, at the first Goodwill Games in Moscow, among a deep international field, Korolyov won the All-Around title again by a huge margin of .600 over compatriot Artemov. He logged the highest 6-event composite score in the preliminaries as well as again in the All-Around final, truly dominating the competition. That dominance stretched over into event finals as well where he snared 3 out of the 6 individual event titles.1987 saw Korolyov even better-poised to go into the succeeding year's Olympics than at the same point in time in the previous quadrennium. Despite the very successful return of Bilozerchev and the rise of younger Soviet stars such as Valeri Liukin and Valentin Mogilny, Korolyov still managed to win his 3rd European All-Around Silver Medal, behind Liukin, at that year's competition European Gymnastics Championships in Moscow, adding to that 1 gold and 1 silver in event finals. Even more impressive was his performance at the 1987 World Gymnastics Championships in Rotterdam. Although Korolyov only qualified 4th among his Soviet teammates, compatriot Liukin had to withdraw from the Individual All-Around because of an unfortunate knee injury, freeing Korolyov to compete in the All-Around final where he placed 2nd behind Bilozerchev and, buttressed by a perfect score of 10.00 on vault, even logged a higher 6-event composite score in the all-around final than Bilozerchev (or anybody else). (Under the New Life rules instituted two years later, he would have been World All-Around Champion.)With the previous year's successes established, it looked like Korolyov would have another chance to finally prove himself on the world's biggest stage, the Olympics, but fate adversely intervened again when he injured his Achilles tendon, making his bid for the 1988 Seoul Olympics impossible.","title":"1985–1988"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vitaly Marinich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitaly_Marinich"},{"link_name":"Valery Belenky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valery_Belenky"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-web.archive.org-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"In 1989, incredibly, Korolyov kept competing. He almost made that year's World Championship team for the Soviets, but with yet more up-and comers in the Soviet system like Vitaly Marinich and Valery Belenky, he placed 7th at that year's USSR Championships and then retired.[2]Korolyov died on 29 April 2023, at the age of 60.[4]","title":"After 1988"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Valentin Mogilny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentin_Mogilny"},{"link_name":"Alexander Dityatin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Dityatin"},{"link_name":"Vitaly Scherbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitaly_Scherbo"},{"link_name":"Nikolai Andrianov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_Andrianov"},{"link_name":"Elena Mukhina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elena_Mukhina"},{"link_name":"Oksana Omelianchik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oksana_Omelianchik"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Korolyov is, quite arguably, the most decorated non-Olympian (male or female) gymnast of all time.With a total of 34 individual medals at World Championships, World Cups, and European Championships competitions, Korolyov has more such medals than any other non-Olympian with Valentin Mogilny (17) being the next highest in this sort of medal count. Even stretching this medal count to include individual Olympic (Official or ‘Alternate’) medals, Korolyov's medal haul is tied with Alexander Dityatin for 3rd all-time for men behind Vitaly Scherbo (51) and Nikolai Andrianov (48). The non-Olympian woman gymnasts with the highest such medal hauls are the deceased 1978 World All-Around Champion Elena Mukhina, with 13, and her Soviet compatriot, 1985 World All-Around Co-Champion Oksana Omelianchik, with 11.\nHis World Championship and World Cup individual medals tally of 21 is also far higher than any other non-Olympian with Valentin Mogilny being second.\nEven going strictly by individual World Championship individual medals alone, Korolyov has more (9) than any other non-Olympian, with Mogilny being the runner-up again with 6.\nKorolyov's 8 European / World Championship / World Cup / Olympic All-Around medals is the 3rd highest ever among men, behind Scherbo and Andrianov who each have 9. Korolyov's 8 such All-Around medals also makes him the most prolific All-Around Medalist of the 1980s.\nKorolyov's 21 individual World Championship and World Cup medals is the 2nd highest all-time among all male or female gymnasts, surpassed only by Scherbo's 26. Among these, 11 were gold and that, again, is surpassed, among all male or female non-Olympian gymnasts, only by Scherbo's 13.\nOn WorldGymRank's list of the “50 Greatest Gymnasts of Our Time”, Yuri Korolyov is 8th all-time among the men in this weighted, sophisticated, deeply detailed, gymnast ranking system,[5] a higher ranking in that system than any other male or female non-Olympian gymnast.","title":"The most decorated non-Olympian in gymnastics?"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Market_Center_Las_Vegas
World Market Center Las Vegas
["1 History","2 Features","2.1 Las Vegas Market","2.2 Las Vegas Design Center","3 Gallery","4 Notes","5 References","6 External links"]
Coordinates: 36°10′14″N 115°09′19″W / 36.170447°N 115.155194°W / 36.170447; -115.155194Convention center and wholesale market in Las Vegas World Market CenterBuilding A at World Market CenterGeneral informationLocationDowntown Las Vegas, NevadaAddress495 Grand Central ParkwayCountryUnited StatesOpenedJuly 25, 2005 (Building A)January 29, 2007 (Building B)July 28, 2008 (Building C)April 9, 2021 (Expo)OwnerInternational Market CentersTechnical detailsFloor count10 (Building A)16 (buildings B and C)Floor area5.3 million square feet (490,000 m2) (including all buildings)Design and constructionArchitecture firmJerde Partnership InternationalJMA ArchitectureMain contractorThe Whiting-Turner Contracting Company (buildings A and B)Penta Building Group (Building C)Websitewww.wmclv.com World Market Center Las Vegas is a furniture showroom complex in downtown Las Vegas, Nevada, serving domestic and international sellers and buyers. It contains 5.3 million square feet (490,000 m2) across four buildings, part of a 57-acre (23 ha) site. The project was proposed in 2001, and the first building opened on July 25, 2005. Subsequent additions opened in January 2007, July 2008, and April 2021. History The World Market Center was conceived by Shawn Samson and Jack Kashani, both of Los Angeles-based Furniture Mart Enterprises. Las Vegas mayor Oscar Goodman met with the company in 2000 to discuss its plans for a wholesale furniture center in downtown Las Vegas. It was originally proposed as a 5 million sq ft (0.46 million m2) project. It would be built on 57 acres (23 ha), located beside Interstate 15. The land, owned by Union Pacific Railroad, had been for sale since 1992. Speaking of any proposed project for the site, Goodman said, "I want people when they're driving by it on the freeway to say they've never seen anything like it." The project, known as the World Market Center, was officially unveiled in February 2001. The land purchase was finalized that year, and the proposed project was expanded to 7.5 million sq ft (0.70 million m2). At that time, it was planned as a 10-building complex, with the added 2.5 million sq ft (0.23 million m2) consisting of hotel, residential and office space. The project was to be constructed in three phases, with completion expected in 2010. Goodman and Furniture Mart Enterprises believed that the project would establish Las Vegas as the furniture capital of the world. Although San Francisco and High Point, North Carolina were known for their furniture industries, Las Vegas was viewed as a superior city for its abundance of hotel rooms, as well as its popularity as a convention city. The World Market Center sought a $115 million property tax rebate, although the Las Vegas Redevelopment Agency recommended against this, as it would drain the agency of funding for future projects. The city denied the request in 2001, but approved a $40 million rebate the following year, after lengthy negotiations. The Related Companies also provided financing. Furniture Mart Enterprises broke ground on the project on March 21, 2003, with The Whiting-Turner Contracting Company as general contractor. It was set to open in 2004, although this was pushed back due to permitting issues. The foundation for the first structure, Building A, was eventually poured in January 2004. It was fully leased more than a year prior to its opening, signing on 230 tenants. The World Market Center opened on July 25, 2005, with Building A hosting the Las Vegas Market show as its first event. The twice-annual Las Vegas Market brought an estimated 62,000 people during its first two shows. The World Market Center's early success had a negative impact on the San Francisco Mart, while High Point remained a viable competitor. The World Market Center also led to renewed interest in downtown redevelopment. 2005 artist rendering of the planned eight-building complexConstruction of Building C, November 2007 New expansion plans for the market were announced several months prior to its opening, the final goal being a $2 billion, eight-building complex featuring 12 million square feet (1,100,000 m2), with completion expected by 2015. These plans never fully materialized, although two more buildings would be added within a few years of the initial opening. Whiting-Turner returned as the contractor for Building B, which opened on January 29, 2007. Building C was constructed by Penta Building Group. It was topped off in October 2007, and opened on July 28, 2008. During its first three years, the center attracted an estimated 300,000 people. Plans for future buildings were shelved in 2008, amid concerns about the Great Recession; these also prompted the World Market Center to diversify itself beyond furniture, expanding to cover the home accent and gift markets. Occupancy and sales at the World Market Center dropped because of the recession, and the center defaulted on mortgages covering two of its buildings. As a result of the recession and financial problems, ownership of the World Market Center was merged with its rivals in High Point, forming the new company International Market Centers (IMC) in 2011. Blackstone Group later partnered with Fireside Investments to purchase IMC, a deal that was completed on September 26, 2017. The closure of Cashman Center in 2017 left downtown Las Vegas with only 106,000 sq ft (9,800 m2) of convention space, spread across 10 different resorts. In 2018, IMC proposed an addition to the World Market Center that would add to downtown's convention space. The city approved the project and contributed $30 million in tax increment financing. The ultimate cost of the facility was $103 million. The addition, known as the Expo at World Market Center building, began construction in August 2019. It was topped off on December 19, 2019, and was completed the following year, although its opening was delayed because of the COVID-19 pandemic. It eventually debuted on April 9, 2021. Features 2018 aerial view of the World Market Center, with Pavilion tents to the right The World Market Center has 5.3 million square feet (490,000 m2) of space. It includes three primary buildings: Building A is a 10-story structure containing 1.3 million square feet (120,000 m2). It was designed by Jerde Partnership International, in association with Las Vegas-based JMA Architecture Studios. Its facade features a swooping arc made of reflective metal panels, reminiscent of a half-moon or happy face. The structure cost $230 million to construct. Building B is 16 stories and contains 1.6 million square feet (150,000 m2), and was built at a cost of $345 million. Building C is also 16 stories, and was designed by JMA as well. It cost $550 million, and contains 2.1 million square feet (200,000 m2). Building C was accompanied by a seven-level parking garage, located directly north. In addition to Building A, the World Market Center also opened with three large tent structures, known as the Pavilions. Each one measured 41 feet high and contained approximately 150,000 sq ft (14,000 m2) of space. The structures included heating, cooling, restrooms, and wireless Internet access. They cost a total of $15 million. The Expo at World Market Center is a 315,000 sq ft (29,300 m2) facility that connects to Building C. Because of limited acreage, a large portion of the Expo facility was constructed within the first floor of the parking garage. The Pavilion tents, located across the street, were dismantled following completion of the Expo facility. Las Vegas Market The Las Vegas Market is a major trade show held at the World Market Center twice a year. The first event was held during July 25-29, 2005. It was launched as a West Coast rival to the twice-yearly International Home Furnishings Market in High Point. The show is open only to designers, retail buyers, and wholesalers. Las Vegas Design Center When not hosting trade shows, the first two floors of Building A are open to the public as the Las Vegas Design Center, featuring numerous showrooms. It has operated since 2005, but was not opened to the public until 2009. Gallery Buildings A (right) and B Building B World Market Center plaza at night Notes ^ In 2007, retailer Cost Plus World Market filed a trademark infringement suit against the World Market Center. A settlement was reached in 2008, with the latter renamed World Market Center Las Vegas. References ^ "World Market operator says center to keep name". Las Vegas Review-Journal. July 31, 2007. Retrieved October 15, 2023. ^ "Trademark fight goes on for downtown jewel". Las Vegas Business Press. August 3, 2007. Retrieved October 15, 2023. ^ "Furniture market's identity out of crisis". Las Vegas Business Press. April 29, 2008. Retrieved October 15, 2023. ^ "World Market Center". Jerde Partnership International. Archived from the original on May 2, 2015. ^ Jones, Chris (November 19, 2004). "'Every week there's something new'". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Archived from the original on December 1, 2004. ^ a b Jones, Chris (May 15, 2005). "Furniture Showdown: Ready to Rumble". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Archived from the original on March 16, 2006. ^ a b c d e Smith, Hubble (June 16, 2001). "Furniture mart packs potential impact". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Archived from the original on February 27, 2002. ^ a b Jones, Chris (March 21, 2003). "Furniture complex to boost downtown". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Archived from the original on July 30, 2004. ^ a b c d Smith, Hubble (September 26, 2000). "Mayor examines furniture firm's plan". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Archived from the original on June 28, 2001. ^ Smith, Hubble (November 17, 2000). "Developer says plans for $150 million furniture showroom are not shrinking". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Archived from the original on June 24, 2001. ^ Gregor, Alison (September 17, 2008). "Furniture Showcase, Often Idle, a Success in Las Vegas". The New York Times. Retrieved October 14, 2023. ^ a b c Smith, Hubble (March 8, 2001). "Downtown plans grow: 10-building complex proposed for railroad land". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Archived from the original on July 8, 2001. ^ "Proposed furniture center may alter downtown skyline". Las Vegas Business Press. February 16, 2001. Retrieved October 3, 2023. ^ a b Huey, Erik C. (January 2, 2004). "World Market Center: Downtown home complex delayed". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Archived from the original on January 21, 2005. ^ Kalil, J.M. (November 5, 2004). "Mayor predicts a fine furniture future". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Archived from the original on December 23, 2004. ^ Jones, Chris; Kalil, J.M. (November 6, 2004). "Furor over furniture show escalates". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Archived from the original on December 8, 2004. ^ Mylchreest, Ian (September 2, 2004). "Market sets world-class goals". Las Vegas Business Press. Archived from the original on September 5, 2004. ^ a b Sahagun, Diana (July 16, 2001). "Downtown furniture mart tax break in doubt". Las Vegas Sun. Retrieved October 8, 2023. ^ Hare, David (July 27, 2001). "Real Estate: Furniture mart wobbly but still standing". Las Vegas Business Press. Retrieved October 9, 2023. ^ "Vote on tax rebates for furniture mart delayed". Las Vegas Review-Journal. July 18, 2001. Archived from the original on August 2, 2002. ^ Moller, Jan (September 19, 2002). "Tax breaks OK'd for furniture mart". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Archived from the original on November 27, 2005. ^ a b c d Spillman, Benjamin (July 23, 2008). "A pause for World Market Center". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Retrieved October 14, 2023. ^ Jones, Chris (May 6, 2004). "Symposium, tour ease tenant concerns". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Archived from the original on December 13, 2004. ^ Illia, Tony (March 24, 2003). "The World Market Center breaks ground". Las Vegas Business Press. Archived from the original on April 21, 2004. ^ a b c d "Two Phases Down, One to Go: Vegas Bids for Home Furnishings Supremacy". Engineering News-Record. January 14, 2007. Retrieved October 16, 2023. ^ Jacobs, Karrie (March 13, 2003). "High Design in Las Vegas? Viva!". The New York Times. Retrieved October 8, 2023. ^ a b c Newman, Morris (February 23, 2005). "Developers in Las Vegas Put Money on Furniture". The New York Times. Retrieved October 8, 2023. ^ a b McKee, Bradford (July 21, 2005). "Las Vegas Rolls Out a Challenge to Tradition". The New York Times. Retrieved October 8, 2023. ^ a b Jones, Chris (July 26, 2005). "Furniture showcase opens in LV". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Archived from the original on November 18, 2005. ^ "Furniture mart visitors avoid downtown hotels". Las Vegas Business Press. August 8, 2005. Retrieved October 9, 2023. ^ "World Market visitors still shunning downtown hotels". Las Vegas Business Press. January 23, 2006. Retrieved October 9, 2023. ^ "Benefits of WMC have yet to be realized". Las Vegas Business Press. August 7, 2006. Retrieved October 9, 2023. ^ "Frisco falls victim to World Market Center". Las Vegas Business Press. January 30, 2006. Retrieved October 9, 2023. ^ "Las Vegas, High Point battling for king of the hill". Las Vegas Business Press. January 30, 2006. Retrieved October 9, 2023. ^ Shubinski, Jennifer (August 12, 2005). "High Point improving service after challenge in Las Vegas". Las Vegas Sun. Retrieved October 14, 2023. ^ "World Market viewed as catalyst". Las Vegas Review-Journal. August 1, 2007. Retrieved October 15, 2023. ^ Stutz, Howard (April 2, 2005). "Furniture showcase expanding". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Retrieved October 16, 2023. ^ Segall, Eli (July 12, 2017). "New World Market Center owner no stranger to Las Vegas real estate". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Retrieved October 16, 2023. ^ Spillman, Benjamin (January 27, 2007). "Expanding Market". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Retrieved October 15, 2023. ^ "Eight new groups debut at World Market Center". Las Vegas Business Press. January 29, 2007. Retrieved October 15, 2023. ^ a b Spillman, Benjamin (January 30, 2007). "Winter Las Vegas Trade Market". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Archived from the original on November 23, 2008. ^ a b Smith, Hubble (October 29, 2007). "Frame topped off on World Market Center building". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Retrieved October 14, 2023. ^ a b Miller, Valerie (July 28, 2008). "World Market Center looks to diversify". Las Vegas Business Press. Archived from the original on April 21, 2009. ^ Wargo, Buck (August 16, 2010). "World Market Center betting on home accents to boost business". Las Vegas Sun. Retrieved October 15, 2023. ^ O'Reiley, Tim (September 14, 2010). "World Market Center defaults on two loans totaling $564.7 million". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Retrieved October 15, 2023. ^ Green, Steve (March 17, 2011). "Bank of America sues World Market Center over loans". Las Vegas Sun. Retrieved October 15, 2023. ^ O'Reiley, Tim (May 3, 2011). "World Market Center to merge with North Carolina showrooms". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Retrieved October 15, 2023. ^ Segall, Eli (July 31, 2012). "New plan in place for downtown Las Vegas' World Market Center". VegasInc. Retrieved October 15, 2023. ^ "Key Events Leading to Launch of International Market Centers". Furniture Today. May 27, 2011. Archived from the original on July 18, 2011. ^ Craver, Richard (July 6, 2017). "Owner of High Point, Las Vegas furniture markets agree to sell properties". News & Record. Retrieved July 7, 2017. ^ "Blackstone buys World Market Center". Las Vegas Sun. July 7, 2017. Retrieved October 15, 2023. ^ Craver, Richard (September 27, 2017). "Group completes purchase of owner of High Point showrooms". Winston-Salem Journal. Retrieved October 15, 2023. ^ Segall, Eli (September 26, 2017). "Purchase of World Market Center in downtown Las Vegas complete". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Retrieved October 15, 2023. ^ Munks, Jamie (March 29, 2018). "Downtown Las Vegas to get new $76M expo center". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Retrieved October 15, 2023. ^ Munks, Jamie (April 4, 2018). "Las Vegas expo center plan one step closer to approval". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Retrieved October 15, 2023. ^ "World Market Center first trade show to return in Las Vegas". Las Vegas Sun. Associated Press. April 12, 2021. Retrieved October 15, 2023. ^ a b c Velotta, Richard N. (July 30, 2019). "Downtown World Market Expo Center to go vertical next month". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Retrieved December 27, 2019. ^ Velotta, Richard N. (December 19, 2019). "Contractors top off conference center at World Market Center". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Retrieved December 27, 2019. ^ Sodoma, Brian (April 10, 2021). "Las Vegas Market takes critical steps forward". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Retrieved October 15, 2023. ^ "Opening of Expo at World Market Center signals 'new beginning'". Las Vegas Review-Journal. 2021-04-09. Retrieved 2021-10-06. ^ Hemmersmeier, Sean (July 26, 2023). "Furniture, home decor proves attractive at Las Vegas Market". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Retrieved October 16, 2023. ^ Hemmersmeier, Sean (July 31, 2023). "Modern furniture and decor on display at Las Vegas Summer Market". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Retrieved October 16, 2023. ^ Kellogg, Anne (August 4, 2005). "The Consumer: Inside World Market". Las Vegas Weekly. Retrieved October 15, 2023. ^ Gorman, Tom (February 26, 2006). "Tom Gorman explains he didn't see the whole picture on first impression of World Market Center's architecture". Las Vegas Sun. Retrieved October 14, 2023. ^ a b Hagen, Phil (June 20, 2005). "Market makes itself the center of attention". Las Vegas Business Press. Retrieved October 9, 2023. ^ "Big-names sign up for next furniture mart building". Las Vegas Business Press. January 30, 2006. Retrieved October 9, 2023. ^ "World Market Center unveils tenants for 'critical' Building C". Las Vegas Business Press. August 3, 2007. Retrieved October 15, 2023. ^ Brean, Henry (May 13, 2005). "First of three steel tents takes shape". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Archived from the original on November 25, 2005. ^ "Going through customs". Las Vegas Business Press. February 12, 2007. Retrieved October 15, 2023. ^ Cafiero Giusti, Autumn (October 26, 2021). "Excellence in Sustainability Award, Best Specialty Construction: The Expo at World Market Center". Engineering News-Record. Retrieved October 17, 2023. ^ Velotta, Richard N. (January 28, 2019). "New downtown Las Vegas convention center to open in 2020". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Retrieved October 15, 2023. ^ "What do they sell at the World Market Center, anyway?". KSNV. August 4, 2015. Retrieved October 16, 2023. ^ Millward, Wade Tyler (August 1, 2017). "Merchants, buyers gather at Las Vegas Market trade show". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Retrieved October 15, 2023. ^ Ross, McKenna (January 21, 2022). "Las Vegas Market expects many buyers for 2022 winter show". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Retrieved October 15, 2023. ^ Keeps, David A. (July 28, 2005). "A market that's very Vegas". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 8, 2023. ^ Hansel, Mark (February 5, 2009). "World Market Center to open Design Salon". Las Vegas Sun. Retrieved October 15, 2023. ^ Bernstein Saylor, Halli (March 7, 2013). "Changes make Las Vegas Design Center better place to shop". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Retrieved October 15, 2023. ^ Slaughter, Powell (March 21, 2022). "Las Vegas Design Center exhibitors reveal burgeoning opportunities". Furniture Today. Retrieved October 15, 2023. ^ Carroll, Laura (December 28, 2011). "Las Vegas Design Center seeks wider audience". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Retrieved October 15, 2023. ^ Hansel, Mark (April 3, 2009). "WMC's Design Salon opens to public". Las Vegas Sun. Retrieved October 15, 2023. External links Media related to World Market Center Las Vegas at Wikimedia Commons Official website 36°10′14″N 115°09′19″W / 36.170447°N 115.155194°W / 36.170447; -115.155194 vteDowntown Las VegasCasinos Main Street Station Plaza California Circa Golden Gate Binion's Golden Nugget Fremont Four Queens Downtown Grand The D El Cortez Business City Hall Clark County Government Center Downtown gaming Juhl Las Vegas Premium Outlets North Old City Hall (Zappos) Molasky Corporate Center The Ogden World Market Center Museums Discovery Children's Museum Natural History Museum Neon Museum Mob Museum Attractions Arts District Downtown Container Park Fremont Street Fremont Street Experience Mormon Fort Neonopolis Smith Center Symphony Park The Writer's Block Medical facilities Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health Future projects Charlie Palmer Hotel Former casinos La Bayou Gold Spike Las Vegas Club Mermaids The Mint Pioneer Club The Western Nevada portal
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"downtown Las Vegas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_Las_Vegas"},{"link_name":"Nevada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevada"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Convention center and wholesale market in Las VegasWorld Market Center Las Vegas[a] is a furniture showroom complex in downtown Las Vegas, Nevada, serving domestic and international sellers and buyers.[4] It contains 5.3 million square feet (490,000 m2) across four buildings, part of a 57-acre (23 ha) site. The project was proposed in 2001, and the first building opened on July 25, 2005. Subsequent additions opened in January 2007, July 2008, and April 2021.","title":"World Market Center Las Vegas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rumble-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Impact-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Boost-9"},{"link_name":"Oscar Goodman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Goodman"},{"link_name":"wholesale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wholesale"},{"link_name":"downtown Las Vegas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_Las_Vegas"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Examines-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Interstate 15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_15_in_Nevada"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Examines-10"},{"link_name":"Union Pacific Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Pacific_Railroad"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PlansGrow-13"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Impact-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Examines-10"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PlansGrow-13"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Impact-8"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Impact-8"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Huey-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"High Point, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Point,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Examines-10"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Impact-8"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sahagun-19"},{"link_name":"Las Vegas Redevelopment Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas_Redevelopment_Agency"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sahagun-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"The Related Companies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Related_Companies"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spillman-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Boost-9"},{"link_name":"The Whiting-Turner Contracting Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Whiting-Turner_Contracting_Company"},{"link_name":"general contractor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_contractor"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ENR-26"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Huey-15"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Newman-28"},{"link_name":"Las Vegas Market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Las_Vegas_Market"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McKee-29"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ShowcaseOpens-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"San Francisco Mart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Mart"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Worldmarketcompletedrendering.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Construction_World_Market_Center.JPG"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rumble-7"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ENR-26"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Winter-42"},{"link_name":"topped off","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topping_out"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Topped-43"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Diversify-44"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spillman-23"},{"link_name":"Great Recession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Recession"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Diversify-44"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spillman-23"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Blackstone Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackstone_Group"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Cashman Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cashman_Center"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vertical-58"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"}],"text":"The World Market Center was conceived by Shawn Samson and Jack Kashani,[5][6] both of Los Angeles-based Furniture Mart Enterprises.[7][8] Las Vegas mayor Oscar Goodman met with the company in 2000 to discuss its plans for a wholesale furniture center in downtown Las Vegas.[9] It was originally proposed as a 5 million sq ft (0.46 million m2) project.[10] It would be built on 57 acres (23 ha),[11] located beside Interstate 15.[9] The land, owned by Union Pacific Railroad,[12] had been for sale since 1992.[7] Speaking of any proposed project for the site, Goodman said, \"I want people when they're driving by it on the freeway to say they've never seen anything like it.\"[9]The project, known as the World Market Center, was officially unveiled in February 2001.[13] The land purchase was finalized that year, and the proposed project was expanded to 7.5 million sq ft (0.70 million m2). At that time, it was planned as a 10-building complex, with the added 2.5 million sq ft (0.23 million m2) consisting of hotel, residential and office space.[12] The project was to be constructed in three phases, with completion expected in 2010.[7] Goodman and Furniture Mart Enterprises believed that the project would establish Las Vegas as the furniture capital of the world.[7][14][15][16] Although San Francisco and High Point, North Carolina were known for their furniture industries, Las Vegas was viewed as a superior city for its abundance of hotel rooms, as well as its popularity as a convention city.[9][17]The World Market Center sought a $115 million property tax rebate,[7][18] although the Las Vegas Redevelopment Agency recommended against this, as it would drain the agency of funding for future projects.[18] The city denied the request in 2001,[19] but approved a $40 million rebate the following year, after lengthy negotiations.[20][21] The Related Companies also provided financing.[22][23]Furniture Mart Enterprises broke ground on the project on March 21, 2003,[8] with The Whiting-Turner Contracting Company as general contractor.[24][25] It was set to open in 2004,[26] although this was pushed back due to permitting issues. The foundation for the first structure, Building A, was eventually poured in January 2004.[14] It was fully leased more than a year prior to its opening, signing on 230 tenants.[27]The World Market Center opened on July 25, 2005, with Building A hosting the Las Vegas Market show as its first event.[28][29] The twice-annual Las Vegas Market brought an estimated 62,000 people during its first two shows.[30][31][32] The World Market Center's early success had a negative impact on the San Francisco Mart,[33] while High Point remained a viable competitor.[34][35] The World Market Center also led to renewed interest in downtown redevelopment.[36]2005 artist rendering of the planned eight-building complexConstruction of Building C, November 2007New expansion plans for the market were announced several months prior to its opening, the final goal being a $2 billion, eight-building complex featuring 12 million square feet (1,100,000 m2), with completion expected by 2015.[6][37] These plans never fully materialized, although two more buildings would be added within a few years of the initial opening.[38] Whiting-Turner returned as the contractor for Building B,[25] which opened on January 29, 2007.[39][40][41] Building C was constructed by Penta Building Group. It was topped off in October 2007,[42] and opened on July 28, 2008.[43] During its first three years, the center attracted an estimated 300,000 people.[22]Plans for future buildings were shelved in 2008, amid concerns about the Great Recession; these also prompted the World Market Center to diversify itself beyond furniture, expanding to cover the home accent and gift markets.[43][22][44] Occupancy and sales at the World Market Center dropped because of the recession, and the center defaulted on mortgages covering two of its buildings.[45][46] As a result of the recession and financial problems, ownership of the World Market Center was merged with its rivals in High Point, forming the new company International Market Centers (IMC) in 2011.[47][48][49] Blackstone Group later partnered with Fireside Investments to purchase IMC,[50][51] a deal that was completed on September 26, 2017.[52][53]The closure of Cashman Center in 2017 left downtown Las Vegas with only 106,000 sq ft (9,800 m2) of convention space, spread across 10 different resorts. In 2018, IMC proposed an addition to the World Market Center that would add to downtown's convention space. The city approved the project and contributed $30 million in tax increment financing.[54][55] The ultimate cost of the facility was $103 million.[56] The addition, known as the Expo at World Market Center building, began construction in August 2019.[57] It was topped off on December 19, 2019,[58] and was completed the following year, although its opening was delayed because of the COVID-19 pandemic.[59] It eventually debuted on April 9, 2021.[60]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Las_Vegas_-_42431293100_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Newman-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ShowcaseOpens-30"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"Jerde Partnership International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerde_Partnership_International"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PlansGrow-13"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Center-66"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Newman-28"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Center-66"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ENR-26"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Winter-42"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Topped-43"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spillman-23"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ENR-26"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vertical-58"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vertical-58"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"}],"text":"2018 aerial view of the World Market Center, with Pavilion tents to the rightThe World Market Center has 5.3 million square feet (490,000 m2) of space.[61][62] It includes three primary buildings:Building A is a 10-story structure containing 1.3 million square feet (120,000 m2).[27][29][63] It was designed by Jerde Partnership International,[12][64] in association with Las Vegas-based JMA Architecture Studios.[65] Its facade features a swooping arc made of reflective metal panels, reminiscent of a half-moon[27] or happy face.[65] The structure cost $230 million to construct.[25]\nBuilding B is 16 stories and contains 1.6 million square feet (150,000 m2), and was built at a cost of $345 million.[41][66]\nBuilding C is also 16 stories, and was designed by JMA as well.[42] It cost $550 million, and contains 2.1 million square feet (200,000 m2).[22][67] Building C was accompanied by a seven-level parking garage, located directly north.[25]In addition to Building A, the World Market Center also opened with three large tent structures, known as the Pavilions. Each one measured 41 feet high and contained approximately 150,000 sq ft (14,000 m2) of space. The structures included heating, cooling, restrooms, and wireless Internet access. They cost a total of $15 million.[68][69]The Expo at World Market Center is a 315,000 sq ft (29,300 m2) facility that connects to Building C.[57] Because of limited acreage, a large portion of the Expo facility was constructed within the first floor of the parking garage.[70] The Pavilion tents, located across the street, were dismantled following completion of the Expo facility.[57][71]","title":"Features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"trade show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_show"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"International Home Furnishings Market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Home_Furnishings_Market"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McKee-29"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"wholesalers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wholesale"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"}],"sub_title":"Las Vegas Market","text":"The Las Vegas Market is a major trade show held at the World Market Center twice a year.[72][73][74] The first event was held during July 25-29, 2005. It was launched as a West Coast rival to the twice-yearly International Home Furnishings Market in High Point.[28][75] The show is open only to designers, retail buyers, and wholesalers.[76]","title":"Features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"}],"sub_title":"Las Vegas Design Center","text":"When not hosting trade shows, the first two floors of Building A are open to the public as the Las Vegas Design Center, featuring numerous showrooms.[77][78] It has operated since 2005, but was not opened to the public until 2009.[79][80]","title":"Features"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:World_Market_Center_Vegas_(7980200630).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:World_Market_Center_-_panoramio.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WorldMarketCenter1.jpg"}],"text":"Buildings A (right) and B\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBuilding B\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tWorld Market Center plaza at night","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Cost Plus World Market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cost_Plus_World_Market"},{"link_name":"trademark infringement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trademark_infringement"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"^ In 2007, retailer Cost Plus World Market filed a trademark infringement suit against the World Market Center.[1][2] A settlement was reached in 2008, with the latter renamed World Market Center Las Vegas.[3]","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"2018 aerial view of the World Market Center, with Pavilion tents to the right","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Las_Vegas_-_42431293100_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Las_Vegas_-_42431293100_%28cropped%29.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"World Market operator says center to keep name\". Las Vegas Review-Journal. July 31, 2007. Retrieved October 15, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reviewjournal.com/business/world-market-operator-says-center-to-keep-name/","url_text":"\"World Market operator says center to keep name\""}]},{"reference":"\"Trademark fight goes on for downtown jewel\". Las Vegas Business Press. August 3, 2007. Retrieved October 15, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://reviewjournal.newsbank.com/search?text=%22Trademark%20fight%20goes%20on%20for%20downtown%20jewel%22&content_added=&date_from=&date_to=&pub%5B0%5D=LVBPL","url_text":"\"Trademark fight goes on for downtown jewel\""}]},{"reference":"\"Furniture market's identity out of crisis\". Las Vegas Business Press. April 29, 2008. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_Candy_(Ned_Doheny_album)
Hard Candy (Ned Doheny album)
["1 Track listing","2 Personnel","3 References","4 External links"]
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Hard Candy" Ned Doheny album – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message) 1976 studio album by Ned DohenyHard CandyStudio album by Ned DohenyReleased1976StudioClover Studios, Hollywood; Record Plant, Sausalito, CaliforniaGenreSoft rockLength35:52LabelColumbiaProducerSteve CropperNed Doheny chronology Ned Doheny(1973) Hard Candy(1976) Prone(1979) Hard Candy is the second solo album by Ned Doheny. It features his version of "Love of Your Own" (written with Hamish Stuart) which was also recorded with Stuart's Average White Band the same year. The album also includes Doheny's version of his own song “Get It Up for Love” which was originally recorded in 1975 by David Cassidy on his RCA album The Higher They Climb and released by Cassidy as a single. The song was subsequently covered by Maxine Nightingale on her 1977 album Night Life and in 1979 by Táta Vega. Her version was a Top 20 dance single. Track listing All tracks composed by Ned Doheny; except where indicated "Get It Up for Love" - 4:44 "If You Should Fall" - 3:36 "Each Time You Pray" - 3:38 "When Love Hangs in the Balance" - 5:12 "A Love of Your Own" (Ned Doheny, Hamish Stuart) - 3:46 "I’ve Got Your Number" - 3:14 "On the Swingshift" - 3:03 "Sing to Me" - 3:36 "Valentine (I Was Wrong About You)" - 5:06 Personnel Ned Doheny - vocals, acoustic and lead guitar, backing vocals Ernie Corello, Steve Cropper - electric guitar Dennis Parker, Bryan Garofalo, Colin Cameron, Laszlo Wicky, John Heard - bass David Foster - keyboards, Moog synthesizer David Garland, Craig Doerge - keyboards Jimmy Calire - additional piano Gary Mallaber, John Guerin - drums Victor Feldman, Steve Forman - percussion Brooks Hunnicutt, Fleming Williams, Rosemary Butler, Don Henley, Glenn Frey, John David Souther, Linda Ronstadt, Steve Cropper, Hamish Stuart - backing vocals H. B. Barnum - backing vocals arrangements Chuck Findley, Greg Adams - horns Don Menza, Jim Horn, Tom Scott - saxophone Larry Muhoberac - string arrangement Technical Richard Kimball - executive producer References ^ Harris, Craig. "Ned Doheny - Biography". United States: All Music Guide. Retrieved 2011-01-15. ^ "Tata Vega - Try My Love". United States: All Music Guide. Retrieved 2011-01-15. External links "Get It Up for Love" on YouTube "Love of Your Own" on YouTube Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group This 1970s rock album–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dowser
Dowsing
["1 History","1.1 Early divination and religion","1.2 Modern dowsing","1.3 Postulated mechanisms","1.4 Fraudulent security devices","2 Equipment","2.1 Dowsing twig","2.2 Pair of rods","2.3 Pendulum","3 Studies","3.1 Kassel 1991 study","3.2 Betz 1990 study","4 Scientific reception","4.1 Ideomotor phenomenon","4.2 Pseudoscience","5 Notable dowsers","6 See also","7 References","7.1 Bibliography","8 Further reading","9 External links"]
Pseudoscientific attempts to locate underground objects This article is about the divination method. For other uses, see Dowsing (disambiguation). A dowser, from an 18th-century French book about superstitions Dowsing is a type of divination employed in attempts to locate ground water, buried metals or ores, gemstones, oil, claimed radiations (radiesthesia), gravesites, malign "earth vibrations" and many other objects and materials without the use of a scientific apparatus. It is also known as divining (especially in water divining), doodlebugging (particularly in the United States, in searching for petroleum or treasure) or water finding, or water witching (in the United States). A Y-shaped twig or rod, or two L-shaped ones called dowsing rods or divining rods are normally used, and the motion of these are said to reveal the location of the target material. The motion of such dowsing devices is generally attributed to random movement, or to the ideomotor phenomenon, a psychological response where a subject makes motions unconsciously. The scientific evidence shows that dowsing is no more effective than random chance. It is therefore regarded as a pseudoscience. History Early divination and religion Dowsing for metal ore, from 1556 "De re metallica libri XII" book Use of a divining Rod observed in Great Britain in the late 18th century Dowsing originated in ancient times, when it was treated as a form of divination. The Catholic Church, however, banned the practice completely. Reformer Martin Luther perpetuated the Catholic ban, in 1518 listing divining for metals as an act that broke the first commandment (i.e., as occultism). Old texts about searching for water do not mention using the divining twig, and the first account of this practice was in 1568. Sir William F. Barrett wrote in his 1911 book Psychical Research that: ...in a recent admirable Life of St. Teresa of Spain, the following incident is narrated: Teresa in 1568 was offered the site for a convent to which there was only one objection, there was no water supply; happily, a Friar Antonio came up with a twig in his hand, stopped at a certain spot and appeared to be making the sign of the cross; but Teresa says, "Really I cannot be sure if it were the sign he made, at any rate he made some movement with the twig and then he said, ' Dig just here '; they dug, and lo ! a plentiful fount of water gushed forth, excellent for 'drinking, copious for washing, and it never ran dry.' " As the writer of this Life remarks: "Teresa, not having heard of dowsing, has no explanation for this event", and regarded it as a miracle. This, I believe, is the first historical reference to dowsing for water. In 1662, divining with rods was declared to be "superstitious, or rather satanic" by a Jesuit, Gaspar Schott, though he later noted that he was not sure that the devil was always responsible for the movement of the rod. In southern France in the 17th century, it was used to track criminals and heretics. Its abuse led to a decree of the inquisition in 1701, forbidding its employment for purposes of justice. An epigram by Samuel Sheppard, from Epigrams theological, philosophical, and romantick (1651) runs thus: Some Sorcerers do boast they have a Rod, Gather'd with Vowes and Sacrifice, And (borne about) will strangely nod To hidden Treasure where it lies; Mankind is (sure) that Rod divine, For to the Wealthiest (ever) they incline. — Virgula divina Modern dowsing Dowsing practices used in an attempt to locate metals are still performed much like they were during the 16th century. The 1550 edition of Sebastian Münster's Cosmographia contains a woodcut of a dowser with forked rod in hand walking over a cutaway image of a mining operation. The rod is labeled in Latin and German; "Virgula Divina – Glück-Rüt" ('Rod Divine, Luck-Rod'), but there is no text accompanying the woodcut. By 1556, Georgius Agricola's treatment of mining and smelting of ore, De Re Metallica, included a detailed description of dowsing for metal ore. ...There are many great contentions between miners concerning the forked twig, for some say that it is of the greatest use in discovering veins, and others deny it. ... All alike grasp the forks of the twig with their hands, clenching their fists, it being necessary that the clenched fingers should be held toward the sky in order that the twig should be raised at that end where the two branches meet. Then they wander hither and thither at random through mountainous regions. It is said that the moment they place their feet on a vein the twig immediately turns and twists, and so by its action discloses the vein; when they move their feet again and go away from that spot the twig becomes once more immobile. ... In the 16th century, German deep mining technology was in enormous demand all over Europe. German miners were licensed to live and work in England; particularly in the Stannaries (tin mines) of Devon and Cornwall and in Cumbria. In other parts of England, the technique was used in the royal mines for calamine. By 1638 German miners were recorded using the technique in silver mines in Wales. The Middle Low German name for a forked stick (Y-rod) was Schlag-Ruthe ('striking rod'). This was translated in the sixteenth century Cornish dialect to duschen (duschan according to William Barrett) (Middle English, 'to strike, fall'). By the seventeenth century the English term dowsing was coming into common use. In the lead-mining area of the Mendip Hills in Somerset, England in the 17th century the natural philosopher Robert Boyle, inspired by the writings of Agricola, watched a practitioner try to find "latent veins of metals". Boyle saw the hazel divining rod (virgula divinatoria) stoop in the hands of the diviner, who protested that he was not applying any force to the twig; Boyle accepted the man's genuine belief but himself remained unconvinced. Towards the end of the century, in 1691 the philosopher John Locke, who was born in the English West Country, used the term deusing-rod for the Old Latin name virgula divina. So, dowse is synonymous with strike, hence the phrases: to dowse/strike a light, to dowse/strike a sail. Dowsing was conducted in South Dakota in the late 19th and early 20th centuries to help homesteaders, farmers and ranchers locate water wells on their property. The military have occasionally resorted to dowsing techniques. In the First World War Gallipoli campaign, sapper Kelly became well known for finding water for the British troops. In the late 1960s during the Vietnam War, some United States Marines used dowsing when locating weapons and tunnels. As late as in 1986, when 31 soldiers were taken by an avalanche during an operation in the NATO drill Anchor Express in Vassdalen, Norway, the Norwegian army attempted to locate soldiers buried in the avalanche using dowsing as a search method. Dowsing is still used by some farmers and water engineers in Britain; however, many of the country's utilities have distanced themselves from the practice. Postulated mechanisms Early attempts at an explanation of dowsing were based on the notion that the divining rod was physically affected by emanations from substances of interest. The following explanation is from William Pryce's 1778 Mineralogia Cornubiensis: The corpuscles... that rise from the Minerals, entering the rod, determine it to bow down, in order to render it parallel to the vertical lines which the effluvia describe in their rise. In effect the Mineral particles seem to be emitted from the earth; now the Virgula , being of a light porous wood, gives an easy passage to these particles, which are also very fine and subtle; the effluvia then driven forwards by those that follow them, and pressed at the same time by the atmosphere incumbent on them, are forced to enter the little interstices between the fibres of the wood, and by that effort they oblige it to incline, or dip down perpendicularly, to become parallel with the little columns which those vapours form in their rise. A study towards the end of the 19th century concluded that the phenomenon was attributed to cryptesthesia, where the practitioner makes unconscious observations of the terrain and involuntarily influences the movement of the rod. Early investigations by members of the Society for Psychical Research endorsed this view. Committed parapsychologist G. N. M. Tyrrell also believed that the action of the rod was caused by involuntary muscular movements and debunked the theory of external influences. Dowsing over maps, prior to visiting the site, was also believed to work, hence some kind of clairvoyance was proposed. This was believed to act on the nervous system, rather than on the muscles directly. These various mechanisms remain in contention among dowsers. Fraudulent security devices This section needs expansion with: See talk page for refs that can be used. You can help by adding to it. (talk) (February 2022) Skeptic James Randi at a lecture at Rockefeller University, on October 10, 2008, holding a US$800 device advertised as a dowsing instrument In the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries a number of dowsing-like devices were marketed for modern police and military use, primarily as explosive detectors, such as the ADE 651, Sniffex, and the GT200. In consequence of these frauds, in 1999 the United States National Institute of Justice issued advice against buying equipment based on dowsing. Equipment The device used by a dowser is typically referred to as a dowsing or divining rod, even though it may not be rod-shaped. Dowsing twig George Casely uses a hazel twig to search for water on the land around his Devon farm, 1942. Traditionally, the most common method used is the dowsing twig, a forked (Y-shaped) branch from a tree or bush. Some dowsers prefer branches from particular trees, and some prefer the branches to be freshly cut. Hazel twigs in Europe and witch-hazel in the United States are traditionally commonly chosen, as are branches from willow or peach trees. The two ends on the forked side are held one in each hand with the third (the stem of the Y) pointing straight ahead. The dowser then walks slowly over the places where he suspects the target (for example, minerals or water) may be, and the dowsing rod is expected to dip, incline or twitch when a discovery is made. This method is sometimes known as "willow witching." Some dowsers would hang a golden ring on the edge of the dowsing rod, or split the tip to slide in a silver coin. Pair of rods Two L-shaped metal wire rods Many modern dowsers use a pair of L-shaped metal rods. One rod is held in each hand, with the short arm of the L held upright, and the long arm pointing forward. The upright arm is often free to rotate inside a tube. When something is "found," the rods move in synchrony. Depending on the dowser, they may cross over or swing apart. If the object is long and straight, such as a water pipe, the rods may point in opposite directions, showing its orientation. The rods may be fashioned from wire coat hangers or wire flags used for locating utilities. Glass or plastic rods have also been accepted. Straight rods are also sometimes used for the same purposes, and were common in early 19th century New England. Pendulum A pendulum weight on a short cord or thread is the tool of choice for many modern dowsers. The dowser holds the cord in one hand and allows the pendulum to swing freely. The dowser then observes how the pendulum is swinging and interprets the motion to offer insights. Studies Dowsing studies from the early twentieth century were examined by geologist John Walter Gregory in a report for the Smithsonian Institution. Gregory concluded that the results were a matter of chance or explained by observations from ground surface clues. Geologist W. A. MacFadyen tested three dowsers during 1943–1944 in Algeria. The results were entirely negative. A 1948 study in New Zealand by P. A. Ongley tested 75 dowsers' ability to detect water. None of them was more reliable than chance. According to Ongley "not one showed the slightest accuracy." Archaeometrist Martin Aitken tested British dowser P. A. Raine in 1959. Raine failed to dowse the location of a buried kiln that had been identified by a magnetometer. In 1971, dowsing experiments were organized by British engineer R. A. Foulkes on behalf of the Ministry of Defence. The results were "no more reliable than a series of guesses". Physicists John Taylor and Eduardo Balanovski reported in 1978 a series of experiments they conducted that searched for unusual electromagnetic fields emitted by dowsing subjects; they did not detect any. A 1979 review by Evon Z. Vogt and Ray Hyman examined many controlled studies of dowsing for water, and found that none of them showed better than chance results. British academics Richard N. Bailey, Eric Cambridge, and H. Denis Briggs, carried out dowsing experiments at the grounds of various churches. They reported successful results in their book Dowsing and Church Archaeology (1988). Their experiments were critically examined by archaeologist Martijn Van Leusen who suggested they were badly designed and the authors had redefined the test parameters on what was classified as a "hit" or "miss" to obtain positive results. A 2006 study of grave dowsing in Iowa reviewed 14 published studies and determined that none of them correctly predicted the location of human burials, and simple scientific experiments demonstrated that the fundamental principles commonly used to explain grave dowsing were incorrect. A randomized double-blind trial in 2012 was carried out to determine whether homeopaths were able to distinguish between Bryonia and placebo by use of a dowsing method. The results were negative. Kassel 1991 study A 1990 double-blind study was undertaken in Kassel, Germany, under the direction of the Gesellschaft zur Wissenschaftlichen Untersuchung von Parawissenschaften (Society for the Scientific Investigation of the Parasciences). James Randi offered a US$10,000 prize to any successful dowser. The three-day test of some thirty dowsers involved plastic pipes through which water flow could be controlled and directed. The pipes were buried 50 centimeters (19.7 in) under a level field, the position of each marked on the surface with a colored strip. The dowsers had to tell whether water was running through each pipe. All the dowsers signed a statement agreeing this was a fair test of their abilities and that they expected a 100% success rate. However, the results were no better than chance, and no one was awarded the prize. Betz 1990 study In a 1987–88 study in Munich by Hans-Dieter Betz and other scientists, 500 dowsers were initially tested for their skill, and the experimenters selected the best 43 among them for further tests. Water was pumped through a pipe on the ground floor of a two-story barn. Before each test, the pipe was moved in a direction perpendicular to the water flow. On the upper floor, each dowser was asked to determine the position of the pipe. Over two years, the dowsers performed 843 such tests and, of the 43 pre-selected and extensively tested candidates, at least 37 showed no dowsing ability. The results from the remaining 6 were said to be better than chance, resulting in the experimenters' conclusion that some dowsers "in particular tasks, showed an extraordinarily high rate of success, which can scarcely if at all be explained as due to chance … a real core of dowser-phenomena can be regarded as empirically proven." Five years after the Munich study was published, Jim T. Enright, a professor of physiology who emphasized correct data analysis procedure, contended that the study's results are merely consistent with statistical fluctuations and not significant. He believed the experiments provided "the most convincing disproof imaginable that dowsers can do what they claim", stating that the data analysis was "special, unconventional and customized". Replacing it with "more ordinary analyses", he noted that the best dowser was on average 4 millimeters (0.16 in) out of 10 meters (32.81 ft) closer to a mid-line guess, an advantage of 0.04%, and that the five other "good" dowsers were on average farther than a mid-line guess. Enright emphasized that the experimenters should have decided beforehand how to statistically analyze the results; if they only afterward chose the statistical analysis that showed the greatest success, then their conclusions would not be valid until replicated by another test analyzed by the same method. He further pointed out that the six "good" dowsers did not perform any better than chance in separate tests. Another study published in Pathophysiology hypothesized that such experiments as this one that were carried out in the twentieth century could have been interfered with by man-made radio frequency radiation, as test subjects' bodies absorbed the radio waves and unconscious hand movement reactions took place following the standing waves or intensity variations. Scientific reception Ideomotor phenomenon Science writers such as William Benjamin Carpenter (1877), Millais Culpin (1920), and Martin Gardner (1957) accept the view of some dowsers that the movement of dowsing rods is the result of unconscious muscular action. This view is widely accepted amongst the scientific community. The dowsing apparatus is known to amplify slight movements of the hands caused by a phenomenon known as the ideomotor response: people's subconscious minds may influence their bodies without consciously deciding to take action. This would make the dowsing rod susceptible to the dowsers' subconscious knowledge or perception; and also to confirmation bias. Pseudoscience Dowsing is in all other respects considered to be a pseudoscience. Psychologist David Marks in a 1986 article in Nature included dowsing in a list of "effects which until recently were claimed to be paranormal but which can now be explained from within orthodox science." Specifically, dowsing could be explained in terms of sensory cues, expectancy effects, and probability. Science writer Peter Daempfle has noted that when dowsing is subjected to scientific testing, it fails. Daempfle has written that although some dowsers claim success, this can be attributed to the underground water table being distributed relatively uniformly in certain areas. According to archaeologist Kenneth Feder, "the vast majority of archaeologists don't use dowsing, because they don't believe it works." Psychologist Chris French has noted that "dowsing does not work when it is tested under properly controlled conditions that rule out the use of other cues to indicate target location." Water dowsers often achieve good results because random chance has a high probability of finding water in favorable terrain. Notable dowsers Otto Edler von Graeve in 1913 Notable dowsers include: Jacques Aymar-Vernay Moritz Benedikt Manfred Curry Leicester Gataker Uri Geller A. Frank Glahn Otto Edler von Graeve Henry Gross Ernst Hartmann Christopher Hills T. C. Lethbridge J. Cecil Maby Larry R. Marshall Michel Moine Nils-Axel Mörner Joseph Smith (in his early life) Karl Spiesberger Ludwig Straniak Solco Walle Tromp Ralph Whitlock Professor Calculus See also Wikisource has the text of the 1905 New International Encyclopedia article "Divining-rod". Alpha 6 (device) Automatic writing British Society of Dowsers Michel Eugène Chevreul Facilitated communication Fuji (planchette writing) Geobiology (pseudoscience) Geomancy Geopathology Ley line List of topics characterized as pseudoscience Long range locator Luopan magnetic geomancy compass One Million Dollar Paranormal Challenge which has tested many dowsers' claims Ouija Petrichor Radiesthesia Radionics Rhabdomancy Table-turning TR Araña References ^ As translated from one preface of the Kassel experiments, "roughly 10,000 active dowsers in Germany alone can generate a conservatively-estimated annual revenue of more than 100 million DM (US$50 million)". GWUP-Psi-Tests 2004: Keine Million Dollar für PSI-Fähigkeiten Archived April 10, 2005, at the Wayback Machine (in German) and English version Archived August 14, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. ^ Pellwel, Calvin E (May 19, 2022). "What Is Dowsing? - The Ancient Practice For Treasure Hunting". Archived from the original on March 26, 2023. Retrieved June 19, 2022. ^ "Bad vibrations: what's the evidence for geopathic stress?". the Guardian. 2015-08-20. Archived from the original on 2023-03-26. Retrieved 2022-11-18. ^ a b c d Inglis (1986), pp. 245–246 ^ "Dowsing, Doodlebugging, and Water Witching". Association of Independent Readers and Rootworkers Wiki. Archived from the original on 12 October 2011. Retrieved 11 October 2011. ^ Lyman, Thomas G. (1967). "Water Dowsing as a Surviving Folk Tradition". Keystone Folklore Quarterly. 12: 137. Archived from the original on 2023-03-11. Retrieved 2022-06-25 – via HathiTrust. ^ a b c Zusne, Leonard; Jones, Warren H. (1989). Anomalistic Psychology: A Study of Magical Thinking. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. pp. 105–110. ISBN 978-0-805-80507-9 ^ a b Novella, Steve; Deangelis, Perry. (2002). Dowsing. In Michael Shermer. The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience. ABC-CLIO. pp. 93–94. ISBN 1-57607-654-7 "Despite widespread belief, careful investigation has demonstrated that the technique of dowsing simply does not work. No researcher has been able to prove under controlled conditions that dowsing has any genuine divining power... A more likely explanation for the movement of a dowser's focus is the ideomotor effect, which entails involuntary and unconscious motor behavior." ^ Lawson, T. J; Crane, L. L. (2014). Dowsing Rods Designed to Sharpen Critical Thinking and Understanding of Ideomotor Action. Teaching of Psychology 41 (1): 52–56. ^ a b Vogt, Evon Z.; Ray Hyman (1979). Water Witching U.S.A. (2nd ed.). Chicago: Chicago University Press. ISBN 978-0-226-86297-2. via Hines, Terence (2003). Pseudoscience and the Paranormal (Second ed.). Amherst, New York: Prometheus Books. p. 420. ISBN 978-1-57392-979-0. ^ Regal, Brian. (2009). Pseudoscience: A Critical Encyclopedia. Greenwood Press. pp. 55–57. ISBN 978-0-313-35507-3 ^ a b Inglis (1986) pp. 246–247. ^ Decem praecepta Wittenbergensi populo praedicta, Martin Luther ^ Hill, Sharon A. (19 March 2017). "Witching for water". Spooky Geology. Archived from the original on 2017-03-20. Retrieved 2017-04-07. ^ Sharon A. Hill (2017-03-26). "15 Credibility Street #13". Doubtful News (Podcast). Retrieved 2017-04-07. ^ Barrett, William (1911). Psychical Research. New York and London: Henry Holt & Co. (N.Y.), Williams and Norgate (London). p. 171. Retrieved 2 January 2018. ^ of Avila, Saint, Teresa of (1573). The book of the foundations of S. Teresa of Jesus of the Order of our Lady of Carmel, with the visitation of nunneries, the rule and constitutions. University of Toronto – Robarts Library: London, Baker. p. 116. Retrieved 14 February 2018. ^ Michel Eugène Chevreul, De La Baguette Divinatoire du pendule dit explorateur at des table tournants au point de vue de l'histoire, de la critique, and de la méthode expérimentale, Paris, 1854. "Le père Gaspard Schott (jés.) considère l'usage de la baguette comme superstitieux ou plutôt diabolique, mais des renseignements qui lui furent donnés plus tard par des hommes qu'il considérait comme religieux et probe, lui firent dire dans une notation à ce passage, qu'il ne voudrait pas assurer que le demon fait toujours tourner la baguette." (Physica Curiosa, 1662, lib. XII, cap. IV, pag. 1527). See facsimile Archived 2023-09-05 at the Wayback Machine on Google Books ^  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Divining-rod". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 8 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 333–334. ^ Baring-Gould, S. (Sabine) (May 26, 1876). "Curious myths of the Middle Ages". London, Rivingtons – via Internet Archive. ^ William Barrett and Theodore Besterman. The Divining Rod: An Experimental and Psychological Investigation. (1926) Kessinger Publishing, 2004: p. 7 ^ Agricola, Georgius (1556). De Re Metallica (tr. Herbert Hoover, 1950, Dover Publications, New York ed.). Basel. pp. 38ff. Retrieved 11 May 2018. ^ "Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape". Archived from the original on 2020-08-02. Retrieved 2019-12-26. ^ Gough, John Weidhofft (1930). The Mines of Mendip. Oxford University Press. p. 6. OCLC 163035417. ^ "Wiktionary entry for schlag". Archived from the original on 28 January 2018. Retrieved 13 January 2018. ^ "Wiktionary entry for ruthe". Archived from the original on 29 January 2018. Retrieved 13 January 2018. ^ a b Barrett, William (1911). Psychical Research. New York and London: Henry Holt & Co. (N.Y.), Williams and Norgate (London). p. 170. Retrieved 2 January 2018. Now, the colloquial German word for the rod was then schlag-ruthe or striking-rod; this, translated into the Middle English became the duschan or striking rod, and finally "deusing or dowsing rod". ^ Stratmann, Francis (1891). A Middle-English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. p. 182. Retrieved 15 January 2018. duschen, v., ? = M.L.G. duschen; =dweschen; strike, beat; dusched {pret.) Ar. & Mer. 5624; A. P. ii. 1538; dusched a doun ... hure fon Fer. 3068; see daschen, dusching, sb., tumbling; ... dinning and dusching of sinfulle PR. C. 7350. ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Dowser and Dowsing" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 8 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 461. ^ a b Inglis (1986) ^ Boyle, Robert (1661). "On Unsucceeding Experiments". Works. Vol. One (1743 ed.). Thomas Birch. pp. 342–343. ^ Locke, John (1824). Some considerations of the consequences of lowering the interest, and raising the value of money. In a letter sent to a Member of Parliament, in the year 1691. Archived from the original on 5 September 2023. Retrieved 15 January 2018. That four per cent. is not of the nature of the deusing-rod, or virgula divina, able to discover mines of gold and silver, I believe will easily be granted me. ^ Skeat, Walter W. (2005). An Etymological Dictionary of the English Language. Mineola, NY: Dover Publications, Inc. p. 181. ISBN 978-0486317656. Archived from the original on 5 September 2023. Retrieved 19 January 2018. DOWSE (3), to extinguish. (E.) A cant term; dowse the glim, i.e. to extinguish the light. Probably only a particular use of dowse (1), to strike. Possibly suggested by dout, to extinguish. ^ Barrett, William (1911). Psychical Research. New York and London: Henry Holt & Co. (N.Y.), Williams and Norgate (London). p. 170. Retrieved 19 January 2018. To dowse or " strike " the sail is still a common expression in Cornwall ^ Grace Fairchild and Walker D. Wyman, Frontier Woman: The Life of a Woman Homesteader on the Dakota Frontier (River Falls: University of Wisconsin-River Falls Press, 1972), 50; Robert Amerson, From the Hidewood: Memories of a Dakota Neighborhood (St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 1996), 290–298. ^ Inglis (1986), p.248 ^ FIX ME (could not access entire article) Claudia Sandlin (1989-11-30). "Divining Ways; Dowsers Use Ancient Art in Many Kinds of Searches". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 2012-10-22. worked as a Marine Corps analyst at Quantico during The Vietnam War teaching Marines how to dowse... ^ Rolf Manne (2005). "Ønskekvist i snøskred – psevdovitenskap i praksis?". Pseudovitenskap og Etikk, published at Norwegian University of Science and Technology. p. 45. Archived from the original on 2018-01-26. Retrieved 2018-01-25. ^ California Farmers Hire Dowsers to Find Water Archived 2014-03-02 at the Wayback Machine, ABC news ^ Marks, Ben. "Our Dad, the Water Witch of Wyoming". 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"Iraq Swears by Bomb Detector U.S. Sees as Useless". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 15, 2011. Retrieved February 15, 2017. ^ "Guide for the Selection of Commercial Explosives Detection Systems for Law Enforcement Applications (NIJ Guide 100-99), Chapter 7. Warning: Do Not Buy Bogus Explosives Detection Equipment" (PDF). September 1999. pp. 71–72. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-02-27. Retrieved 2022-02-25. ^ Randolph, Vance (2012). Ozark Magic and Folklore. Dover Publications. ISBN 978-1-306-33958-2. OCLC 868269974. ^ William Bown; "Science: The physics of a dowsing pendulum Archived 2022-02-23 at the Wayback Machine", New Scientist, 6 October 1990. ^ Gregory, J. W. (1928). Water Divining. Annual Report of the Smithsonian Institution. United States Government Printing Office. pp. 325–348. ^ Mill, Hugh Robert. (1927) Belief and Evidence in Water Divining. Nature 120: 882–884. ^ MacFadyen, W. A. (1946). Some Water Divining in Algeria. Nature 157: 304–305. ^ Ongley, P. (1948). "New Zealand Diviners". New Zealand Journal of Science and Technology. 30: 38–54. via Hines, Terence (2003). Pseudoscience and the Paranormal (Second ed.). Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books. p. 420. ISBN 978-1-57392-979-0. ^ Aitken, M. J. (1959). Test for Correlation Between Dowsing Response and Magnetic Disturbance. Archaeometry 2: 58–59. ^ a b Feder, Kenneth L. (2010). Encyclopedia of Dubious Archaeology: From Atlantis to Walam Olum. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 93. ISBN 978-0-313-37918-5 ^ Foulkes, R. A. (1971). Dowsing Experiments. Nature 229: 163–168. ^ Taylor, J. G.; Balanovski, E. (1978). "Can electromagnetism account for extra-sensory phenomena?". Nature. 276 (5683): 64–67. Bibcode:1978Natur.276...64B. doi:10.1038/276064a0. PMID 740020. S2CID 4316473. ^ a b Leusen, Martijn Van. (1998). Dowsing and Archaeology. Archaeological Prospection 5: 123–138. ^ Whittaker, William E. "Grave Dowsing Reconsidered". Office of the State Archaeologist, University of Iowa. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 17 June 2013. ^ McCarney R, Fisher P, Spink F, Flint G, van Haselen R. (2002). Can homeopaths detect homeopathic medicines by dowsing? A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial Archived 2018-05-03 at the Wayback Machine. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 95: 189–191. ^ GWUP-Psi-Tests 2004: Keine Million Dollar für PSI-Fähigkeiten Archived April 10, 2005, at the Wayback Machine (in German) and English version Archived August 14, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. ^ Konig, Robert; Moll, Jurgen; Sarma, Armadeo (January 1991). "Kassel Dowsing Test - Part 1". Skeptiker. Archived from the original on 2022-04-28. Retrieved 2021-05-26 – via Geotech - Technology for Treasure Hunting. ^ Konig, Robert; Moll, Jurgen; Sarma, Armadeo (January 1991). "Kassel Dowsing Test - Part 2". Skeptiker. Archived from the original on 2021-05-26. Retrieved 2021-05-26 – via Geotech - Technology for Treasure Hunting. ^ Wagner, H., H.-D. Betz, and H. L. König, 1990. Schlußbericht 01 KB8602, Bundesministerium für Forschung und Technologie. As quoted by Jim T. Enright Archived 2014-03-29 at the Wayback Machine in the Skeptical Inquirer. ^ Enright, Jim T. (January–February 1999). "The Failure of the Munich Experiments". Skeptical Inquirer. CSICOP. Archived from the original on 2009-11-17. Retrieved 2006-11-14. The researchers themselves concluded that the outcome unquestionably demonstrated successful dowsing abilities, but a thoughtful re-examination of the data indicates that such an interpretation can only be regarded as the result of wishful thinking. ^ Enright, J. T. (1995). "Water dowsing: The Scheunen experiments". Naturwissenschaften. 82 (8): 360–369. doi:10.1007/s001140050198. ^ Enright, J. T. (June 1996). "Dowsers lost in a Barn" (PDF). Naturwissenschaften. 83 (6). Springer Berlin / Heidelberg: 275–277. 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It is the change in balance between opposing sets of muscles in the arms (flexors and extensors) that makes the rods move. ^ Carpenter, William Benjamin. (1877). Mesmerism, Spiritualism, &c. Historically & Scientifically Considered. New York: D. Appleton and Company. pp. 47–53 ^ Culpin, Millais. (1920). Spiritualism and the New Psychology: An Explanation of Spiritualist Phenomena and Beliefs in Terms of Modern Knowledge. London: Edward Arnold. pp. 34–43 ^ Gardner, Martin. (1957). Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science. Dover Publications. pp. 101–115. ISBN 0-486-20394-8 ^ Hyman, Ray. (2003). "How People Are Fooled by Ideomotor Action" Archived 2017-05-11 at the Wayback Machine. Quackwatch. ^ a b French, Chris. (2013). "The unseen force that drives Ouija Boards and fake bomb detectors" Archived 2017-06-20 at the Wayback Machine. The Guardian. ^ Hyman, R; Vogt, E. Z. (1968). Psychologists examine the secrets of water witching. Science Digest 63 (1): 39–45. ^ Hines, Terence. (2003). 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S2CID 4329580. ^ Daempfle, Peter. (2013). Good Science, Bad Science, Pseudoscience, and Just Plain Bunk: How to Tell the Difference. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 115. ISBN 978-1-4422-1728-7 ^ "Teach the Controversy: Dowsing". Ars Technica Videos. Archived from the original on 2019-04-10. Retrieved 2019-04-10. ^ "His Rod to Find Radium" (PDF). The New York Times. January 28, 1914. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-07-17. Retrieved 2010-07-13. Otto Edler von Graeve, who locates water and minerals with a 'divining rod,' arrived yesterday from Germany on the George Washington, ... Bibliography Inglis, Brian (1986). The Paranormal: An Encyclopedia of Psychic Phenomena. Paladin. pp. 245–256. ISBN 978-0-586-08463-2 – via Internet Archive. Further reading Agicula, Georgius. (1556) De Re Metallica eng. On the Nature of Metals Modern Edition ISBN 978-0486600062 Barrett, Linda K. and Evon Z. Vogt, "The Urban American Dowser", The Journal of American Folklore 325 (1969), S. 195–213. Barrett, William and Theodore Besterman. (1926). The Divining Rod: An Experimental and Psychological Investigation. Kessinger Publishing Reprint Edition, 2004. Bell, A.H., Practical Dowsing. (1965) pub. G.Bell and Sons Ltd. London Bird, Christopher. (1979). The Divining Hand. New York: Dutton.ISBN 978-0924608162 Child, Sydney T., Water Finding and the Divining Rod. (1902) Ipswich pub. East Anglia Daily Times Ellis, Arthur Jackson. (1917). The Divining Rod: A History of Water Witching. Washington: Government Printing Office. Thomas Fiddick (2011). Dowsing: With an Account of Some Original Experiments. Sheffield, United Kingdom: The Cornovia Press. ISBN 978-1-908878-10-6. OL 25114055M. France, Henry de. (1930). The Modern Dowser pub. G.Bell and Sons Ltd. London Gregory, John Walter. (1928). Water Divining. Annual Report of the Smithsonian Institution. United States Government Printing Office. Latimer, Charles. (1876) The Divining Rod: Virgula Divina – Baculus Divinatorius (Water-Witching) Modern Edition (2017) ISBN 978-1332230242 Randi, James. (1982). Flim-Flam!. Prometheus Books. Devotes 19 pages to double-blind tests in Italy which yielded results no better than chance. Maby, J. Cecil and Franklin, T. Bedford. The Physics of the Divining Rod. (1939) G.Bell & Sons Ltd., London Plattes, Gabriel. (1639), A Discovery of Subterraneal Treasure.... Modern Edition (2010) ISBN 978-1171478898 Shenefelt, Philip D., "Ideomotor Signaling: From Divining Spiritual Messages to Discerning Subconscious Answers during Hypnosis and Hypnoanalysis, a Historical Perspective", American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, Vol. 53, No. 3, (January 2011), pp. 157–167. Spiesberger, Karl, Reveal the Power of the Pendulum. ISBN 978-0572014193 Trinder, W.H., Dowsing, (1939) pub. British Society of Dowsers Whitlock, Ralph. (1982). Water divining and other dowsing: a practical guide. Newton Abbot: David & Charles ISBN 978-0709047926 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dowsing. Look up dowsing in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Dowsing at Curlie Footage of water dowser at work Archived 2010-06-19 at the Wayback Machine George P. Hansen: "Dowsing: A Review of Experimental Research". In: Journal of the Society for Psychical Research, Volume 51, Number 792, October 1982, pp. 343–367 James Randi, "The Matter of Dowsing" The Skeptics Dictionary – Includes details of various scientific tests Spiritual Tree - Pendulum Dowsing School in India "Dowsing, on season 8 , episode 2". Scientific American Frontiers. Chedd-Angier Production Company. 1997–1998. PBS. Archived from the original on 2006-01-01. On "Beyond Science" video Archived 2015-11-06 at the Wayback Machine featuring Ray Hyman, November 19, 1997 vteMethods of divinationTheriomancy Ailuromancy Alectryomancy Augury Myomancy Myrmomancy Ornithomancy Nggàm Bibliomancy Bible Falnama Homer I Ching Rhapsodomancy Sortes Apostolorum Sortes Sanctorum Virgil Scrying Aspidomancy Catoptromancy Crystal gazing Dowsing Oculomancy Elemental Pyromancy Capnomancy Aeromancy Hydromancy Cleromancy Astragalomancy Belomancy Cartomancy Cowrie-shell divination Favomancy Kumalak Mengdu Molybdomancy Obi divination Opele Opon Ifá Rhabdomancy Runic magic Sikidy Sortes Tarot card reading Tasseography Necromancy Gastromancy Mediumship Séance Spirit possession Taghairm Somatomancy Anthropomancy Cephalonomancy Haruspex Omphalomancy Oracle bone Palmistry Podomancy Rumpology Scapulimancy Other African Ifá Nggàm Sikidy Apophenia Apparition Astrology Cledonomancy Fortune-telling Geomancy Mesopotamian Numerology Gematria Isopsephy Omen Oracle Prophecy Revelation Ecstasy Vision vtePseudoscienceList of topics characterized as pseudoscienceTerminology Cargo cult science Charlatan Crank Fringe theory Fringe science Pseudoarchaeology Pseudohistory Pseudomathematics Junk science Paranormal Pathological science Quackery Snake oil Superseded scientific theory True-believer syndrome Voodoo Science Topics characterized as pseudoscienceMedicine Acupuncture Aromatherapy Adrenal fatigue Alternative medicine Anthroposophic medicine Applied kinesiology Ayurveda Bates method Biorhythms Bloodletting Body memory Chiropractic Chromotherapy Correactology Cryonics Crystal healing Cupping Detoxification Colon cleansing Doctrine of signatures Doktor Koster's Antigaspills Ear candling Electromagnetic hypersensitivity Energy medicine Fad diet FasciaBlaster Germ theory denialism HIV/AIDS denialism Homeopathy Humorism Iridology Leaky gut syndrome Lunar effect Macrobiotic diet Magnet therapy Miracle Mineral Supplement Naturopathy Palmistry Panchagavya Patent medicine Phrenology Primal therapy Radionics Reiki Traditional medicine Traditional Chinese medicine Trepanning Vertebral subluxation Wind turbine syndrome Social science 2012 phenomenon Ancient astronauts Arabian Judah theory Catastrophism Conspiracy theory 5G conspiracy 9/11 conspiracy theories Chemtrail conspiracy theory Climate change denial COVID-19 misinformation Moon landing conspiracy theories Conversion therapy Generational theory Generationism Strauss–Howe generational theory Hollow Earth theory Indigo children Japhetic theory Mediumship Nazi archaeology Nibiru cataclysm Parapsychology Pseudoarchaeology Pseudohistory Genocide denial Historical negationism Holocaust denial Pseudolaw Recovered-memory therapy Past life regression Scientific racism Aryan race Melanin theory Myers–Briggs Type Indicator Enneagram of Personality Physics Anti-gravity‎ Cold fusion‎ Faster-than-light travel‎ Perpetual motion‎ Quantum mysticism Reactionless drive Dean drive EMDrive Teleportation‎ Tractor beam Water-fueled car Other Alchemy Aquatic ape hypothesis Astrology Biodynamic agriculture Biological transmutation Creation science Cryptozoology Dianetics Auditing Dowsing Electronic voice phenomenon Eugenics Facilitated communication Feng shui Flat Earth theory Graphology Intelligent design Laundry ball Law of attraction Levitation Lysenkoism Numerology Orgone Polygraph Pseudoscientific metrology Rapid prompting method Statement analysis Ufology Voice stress analysis Water memory Promoters ofpseudoscience Sucharit Bhakdi Del Bigtree Igor and Grichka Bogdanoff Brigitte Boisselier Rhonda Byrne Robert Charroux Deepak Chopra Clonaid Vernon Coleman Ignatius L. Donnelly Gaia, Inc. Max Gerson Nicholas Gonzalez Goop (company) Graham Hancock David Icke William Donald Kelley Robert F. Kennedy Jr Corentin Louis Kervran The Light (newspaper) Mike Lindell Jenny McCarthy Joseph Mercola Ministry of Ayush Theodor Morell Hans Alfred Nieper Mehmet Oz Raël (Claude Vorilhon) Randolph Stone Paul Joseph Watson Andrew Wakefield Related topics Bogdanov affair Bourgeois pseudoscience Demarcation problem Scientific method Suppressed research in the Soviet Union Resources Committee for Skeptical Inquiry Cults of Unreason An Encyclopedia of Claims, Frauds, and Hoaxes of the Occult and Supernatural Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science Fortean Times JREF Quackwatch Skeptical Inquirer The Natural History of Quackery The Psychology of the Occult The Ragged Edge of Science The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience The Skeptic's Dictionary Authority control databases: National Israel United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dowsing (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dowsing_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:18th_century_dowser.jpg"},{"link_name":"divination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divination"},{"link_name":"ground water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_water"},{"link_name":"ores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ore"},{"link_name":"oil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum"},{"link_name":"radiesthesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiesthesia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OhhXf-1"},{"link_name":"gravesites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grave_(burial)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sxu9Y-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rFVBG-3"},{"link_name":"scientific apparatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_instrument"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inglis245-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JUTfP-5"},{"link_name":"petroleum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum"},{"link_name":"treasure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasure"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hGZYC-6"},{"link_name":"ideomotor phenomenon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideomotor_phenomenon"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zusne_1989-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Novella_2002-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-a5FaR-9"},{"link_name":"scientific evidence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_evidence"},{"link_name":"random chance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_chance"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vogt1979-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-D55qx-11"},{"link_name":"pseudoscience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoscience"}],"text":"This article is about the divination method. For other uses, see Dowsing (disambiguation).A dowser, from an 18th-century French book about superstitionsDowsing is a type of divination employed in attempts to locate ground water, buried metals or ores, gemstones, oil, claimed radiations (radiesthesia),[1] gravesites,[2] malign \"earth vibrations\"[3] and many other objects and materials without the use of a scientific apparatus. It is also known as divining (especially in water divining),[4] doodlebugging[5] (particularly in the United States, in searching for petroleum or treasure)[6] or water finding, or water witching (in the United States).A Y-shaped twig or rod, or two L-shaped ones called dowsing rods or divining rods are normally used, and the motion of these are said to reveal the location of the target material. The motion of such dowsing devices is generally attributed to random movement, or to the ideomotor phenomenon,[7][8][9] a psychological response where a subject makes motions unconsciously.The scientific evidence shows that dowsing is no more effective than random chance.[10][11] It is therefore regarded as a pseudoscience.","title":"Dowsing"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Georgius_Agricola_Erzsucher.jpg"},{"link_name":"De re metallica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_re_metallica"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Divining_Rod.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Curious_Myths_p_81_rod.jpg"},{"link_name":"divination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divination"},{"link_name":"Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inglis246-12"},{"link_name":"Martin Luther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther"},{"link_name":"first commandment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_am_the_Lord_your_God"},{"link_name":"occultism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occultism"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inglis246-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ogD4W-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-spooky-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15-credibility-15"},{"link_name":"Sir William F. Barrett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_F._Barrett"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barrett_Psychical_Research_p171-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LaCEG-17"},{"link_name":"superstitious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superstition"},{"link_name":"satanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satan"},{"link_name":"Jesuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Jesus"},{"link_name":"Gaspar Schott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaspar_Schott"},{"link_name":"devil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IrMOB-18"},{"link_name":"heretics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heresy"},{"link_name":"inquisition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inquisition"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-19"},{"link_name":"epigram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigram"}],"sub_title":"Early divination and religion","text":"Dowsing for metal ore, from 1556 \"De re metallica libri XII\" bookUse of a divining Rod observed in Great Britain in the late 18th centuryDowsing originated in ancient times, when it was treated as a form of divination. The Catholic Church, however, banned the practice completely.[12]Reformer Martin Luther perpetuated the Catholic ban, in 1518 listing divining for metals as an act that broke the first commandment (i.e., as occultism).[12][13]Old texts about searching for water do not mention using the divining twig, and the first account of this practice was in 1568.[14][15]\nSir William F. Barrett wrote in his 1911 book Psychical Research that:...in a recent admirable Life of St. Teresa of Spain, the following incident is narrated: Teresa in 1568 was offered the site for a convent to which there was only one objection, there was no water supply; happily, a Friar Antonio came up with a twig in his hand, stopped at a certain spot and appeared to be making the sign of the cross; but Teresa says, \"Really I cannot be sure if it were the sign he made, at any rate he made some movement with the twig and then he said, ' Dig just here '; they dug, and lo ! a plentiful fount of water gushed forth, excellent for 'drinking, copious for washing, and it never ran dry.' \" As the writer of this Life remarks: \"Teresa, not having heard of dowsing, has no explanation for this event\", and regarded it as a miracle. This, I believe, is the first historical reference to dowsing for water.[16][17]In 1662, divining with rods was declared to be \"superstitious, or rather satanic\" by a Jesuit, Gaspar Schott, though he later noted that he was not sure that the devil was always responsible for the movement of the rod.[18] In southern France in the 17th century, it was used to track criminals and heretics. Its abuse led to a decree of the inquisition in 1701, forbidding its employment for purposes of justice.[19]An epigram by Samuel Sheppard, from Epigrams theological, philosophical, and romantick (1651) runs thus:Some Sorcerers do boast they have a Rod,\nGather'd with Vowes and Sacrifice,\nAnd (borne about) will strangely nod\nTo hidden Treasure where it lies;\nMankind is (sure) that Rod divine,\nFor to the Wealthiest (ever) they incline.\n\n— Virgula divina","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"metals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jf6Of-20"},{"link_name":"Sebastian Münster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastian_M%C3%BCnster"},{"link_name":"Cosmographia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmographia_(Sebastian_M%C3%BCnster)"},{"link_name":"woodcut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodcut"},{"link_name":"Georgius Agricola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgius_Agricola"},{"link_name":"smelting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smelting"},{"link_name":"ore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ore"},{"link_name":"De Re Metallica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Re_Metallica"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-QzIoT-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2PIKl-22"},{"link_name":"German miners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining_in_Cornwall_and_Devon#Early_modern_period"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qEKXa-23"},{"link_name":"Stannaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stannaries"},{"link_name":"Devon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devon"},{"link_name":"Cornwall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornwall"},{"link_name":"Cumbria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumbria"},{"link_name":"calamine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calamine_(mineral)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JWG-24"},{"link_name":"Middle Low German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Low_German"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oWZXw-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cTZej-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barrett_Psychical_Research_p170_2-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4EoeB-28"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barrett_Psychical_Research_p170_2-27"},{"link_name":"Middle English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_English"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MyVtk-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Inglis-30"},{"link_name":"Mendip Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendip_Hills"},{"link_name":"Somerset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somerset"},{"link_name":"Robert Boyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Boyle"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-c2rlI-31"},{"link_name":"John Locke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Locke"},{"link_name":"West Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Country"},{"link_name":"Old Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Latin"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eMgCy-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4nCYf-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barrett_Psychical_Research_p170_3-34"},{"link_name":"South Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"homesteaders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homesteaders"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vfJcb-35"},{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Gallipoli campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallipoli_campaign"},{"link_name":"sapper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapper"},{"link_name":"who?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Vietnam War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"United States Marines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-washpost-37"},{"link_name":"avalanche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avalanche"},{"link_name":"NATO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO"},{"link_name":"Vassdalen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vassdalen"},{"link_name":"Norwegian army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_army"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IQrrg-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-abcnews-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-collectorsweekly-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc2017-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian2017-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DmOKI-43"}],"sub_title":"Modern dowsing","text":"Dowsing practices used in an attempt to locate metals are still performed much like they were during the 16th century.[20] The 1550 edition of Sebastian Münster's Cosmographia contains a woodcut of a dowser with forked rod in hand walking over a cutaway image of a mining operation. The rod is labeled in Latin and German; \"Virgula Divina – Glück-Rüt\" ('Rod Divine, Luck-Rod'), but there is no text accompanying the woodcut. By 1556, Georgius Agricola's treatment of mining and smelting of ore, De Re Metallica, included a detailed description of dowsing for metal ore.[21]...There are many great contentions between miners concerning the forked twig, for some say that it is of the greatest use in discovering veins, and others deny it. ... All alike grasp the forks of the twig with their hands, clenching their fists, it being necessary that the clenched fingers should be held toward the sky in order that the twig should be raised at that end where the two branches meet. Then they wander hither and thither at random through mountainous regions. It is said that the moment they place their feet on a vein the twig immediately turns and twists, and so by its action discloses the vein; when they move their feet again and go away from that spot the twig becomes once more immobile. ...[22]In the 16th century, German deep mining technology was in enormous demand all over Europe. German miners were licensed to live and work in England;[23] particularly in the Stannaries (tin mines) of Devon and Cornwall and in Cumbria. In other parts of England, the technique was used in the royal mines for calamine. By 1638 German miners were recorded using the technique in silver mines in Wales.[24]The Middle Low German name for a forked stick (Y-rod) was Schlag-Ruthe[25][26] ('striking rod').[27] This was translated in the sixteenth century Cornish dialect to duschen[28][clarification needed] (duschan according to William Barrett[27]) (Middle English, 'to strike, fall'[29]). By the seventeenth century the English term dowsing was coming into common use.[30]In the lead-mining area of the Mendip Hills in Somerset, England in the 17th century the natural philosopher Robert Boyle, inspired by the writings of Agricola, watched a practitioner try to find \"latent veins of metals\". Boyle saw the hazel divining rod (virgula divinatoria) stoop in the hands of the diviner, who protested that he was not applying any force to the twig; Boyle accepted the man's genuine belief but himself remained unconvinced.[31] Towards the end of the century, in 1691 the philosopher John Locke, who was born in the English West Country, used the term deusing-rod for the Old Latin name virgula divina.[32] So, dowse is synonymous with strike, hence the phrases: to dowse/strike a light,[33] to dowse/strike a sail.[34]Dowsing was conducted in South Dakota in the late 19th and early 20th centuries to help homesteaders, farmers and ranchers locate water wells on their property.[35]The military have occasionally resorted to dowsing techniques. In the First World War Gallipoli campaign, sapper Kelly[who?] became well known for finding water for the British troops.[36] In the late 1960s during the Vietnam War, some United States Marines used dowsing when locating weapons and tunnels.[37] As late as in 1986, when 31 soldiers were taken by an avalanche during an operation in the NATO drill Anchor Express in Vassdalen, Norway, the Norwegian army attempted to locate soldiers buried in the avalanche using dowsing as a search method.[38]Dowsing is still used by some farmers and water engineers in Britain; however, many of the country's utilities have distanced themselves from the practice.[39][40][41][42][43]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Pryce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Pryce"},{"link_name":"cryptesthesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptesthesia"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ByO0k-44"},{"link_name":"Society for Psychical Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_Psychical_Research"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inglis254-45"},{"link_name":"parapsychologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parapsychology"},{"link_name":"G. N. M. Tyrrell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._N._M._Tyrrell"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"clairvoyance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clairvoyance"},{"link_name":"nervous system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nervous_system"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inglis254-45"}],"sub_title":"Postulated mechanisms","text":"Early attempts at an explanation of dowsing were based on the notion that the divining rod was physically affected by emanations from substances of interest. The following explanation is from William Pryce's 1778 Mineralogia Cornubiensis:The corpuscles... that rise from the Minerals, entering the rod, determine it to bow down, in order to render it parallel to the vertical lines which the effluvia describe in their rise. In effect the Mineral particles seem to be emitted from the earth; now the Virgula [rod], being of a light porous wood, gives an easy passage to these particles, which are also very fine and subtle; the effluvia then driven forwards by those that follow them, and pressed at the same time by the atmosphere incumbent on them, are forced to enter the little interstices between the fibres of the wood, and by that effort they oblige it to incline, or dip down perpendicularly, to become parallel with the little columns which those vapours form in their rise.A study towards the end of the 19th century concluded that the phenomenon was attributed to cryptesthesia, where the practitioner makes unconscious observations of the terrain and involuntarily influences the movement of the rod.[44] Early investigations by members of the Society for Psychical Research endorsed this view.[45]Committed parapsychologist G. N. M. Tyrrell also believed that the action of the rod was caused by involuntary muscular movements and debunked the theory of external influences.[46]Dowsing over maps, prior to visiting the site, was also believed to work, hence some kind of clairvoyance was proposed. This was believed to act on the nervous system, rather than on the muscles directly. These various mechanisms remain in contention among dowsers.[45]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RandiNYC10.10.08ByLuigiNovi3.jpg"},{"link_name":"Skeptic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_skepticism"},{"link_name":"James Randi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Randi"},{"link_name":"Rockefeller University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockefeller_University"},{"link_name":"US$","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollar"},{"link_name":"ADE 651","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADE_651"},{"link_name":"Sniffex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sniffex"},{"link_name":"GT200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GT200"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-justnet.org-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytimes.com-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ncjrs.gov-49"}],"sub_title":"Fraudulent security devices","text":"Skeptic James Randi at a lecture at Rockefeller University, on October 10, 2008, holding a US$800 device advertised as a dowsing instrumentIn the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries a number of dowsing-like devices were marketed for modern police and military use, primarily as explosive detectors, such as the ADE 651, Sniffex, and the GT200.[47][48] In consequence of these frauds, in 1999 the United States National Institute of Justice issued advice against buying equipment based on dowsing.[49]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inglis245-4"}],"text":"The device used by a dowser is typically referred to as a dowsing or divining rod, even though it may not be rod-shaped.[4]","title":"Equipment"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Agriculture_in_Britain-_Life_on_George_Casely%27s_Farm,_Devon,_England,_1942_D9817.jpg"},{"link_name":"Devon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devon"},{"link_name":"Hazel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazel"},{"link_name":"witch-hazel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witch-hazel"},{"link_name":"willow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willow"},{"link_name":"peach trees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peach"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Inglis-30"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"}],"sub_title":"Dowsing twig","text":"George Casely uses a hazel twig to search for water on the land around his Devon farm, 1942.Traditionally, the most common method used is the dowsing twig, a forked (Y-shaped) branch from a tree or bush. Some dowsers prefer branches from particular trees, and some prefer the branches to be freshly cut. Hazel twigs in Europe and witch-hazel in the United States are traditionally commonly chosen, as are branches from willow or peach trees. The two ends on the forked side are held one in each hand with the third (the stem of the Y) pointing straight ahead. The dowser then walks slowly over the places where he suspects the target (for example, minerals or water) may be, and the dowsing rod is expected to dip, incline or twitch when a discovery is made.[30] This method is sometimes known as \"willow witching.\" Some dowsers would hang a golden ring on the edge of the dowsing rod, or split the tip to slide in a silver coin.[50]","title":"Equipment"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Allemanswiro.jpg"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inglis245-4"},{"link_name":"New England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England"}],"sub_title":"Pair of rods","text":"Two L-shaped metal wire rodsMany modern dowsers use a pair of L-shaped metal rods. One rod is held in each hand, with the short arm of the L held upright, and the long arm pointing forward. The upright arm is often free to rotate inside a tube. When something is \"found,\" the rods move in synchrony. Depending on the dowser, they may cross over or swing apart.[4] If the object is long and straight, such as a water pipe, the rods may point in opposite directions, showing its orientation. The rods may be fashioned from wire coat hangers or wire flags used for locating utilities. Glass or plastic rods have also been accepted. Straight rods are also sometimes used for the same purposes, and were common in early 19th century New England.","title":"Equipment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pendulum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendulum"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inglis245-4"},{"link_name":"obsolete source","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:AGE_MATTERS"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"}],"sub_title":"Pendulum","text":"A pendulum weight on a short cord or thread is the tool of choice for many modern dowsers.[4][obsolete source] The dowser holds the cord in one hand and allows the pendulum to swing freely. The dowser then observes how the pendulum is swinging and interprets the motion to offer insights.[51]","title":"Equipment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"geologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologist"},{"link_name":"John Walter Gregory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Walter_Gregory"},{"link_name":"Smithsonian Institution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-K6Ds8-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-skmP5-53"},{"link_name":"Algeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cMWQb-54"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yIPj4-55"},{"link_name":"Archaeometrist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeological_science"},{"link_name":"Martin Aitken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Aitken"},{"link_name":"magnetometer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetometer"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eTpbn-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Feder_2010-57"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Defence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MhZYu-58"},{"link_name":"Physicists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physicist"},{"link_name":"John Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_G._Taylor"},{"link_name":"electromagnetic fields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_field"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-irk2l-59"},{"link_name":"Evon Z. Vogt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evon_Z._Vogt"},{"link_name":"Ray Hyman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Hyman"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vogt1979-10"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Leusen_1998-60"},{"link_name":"archaeologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeology"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Leusen_1998-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MQqlI-61"},{"link_name":"double-blind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blinded_experiment"},{"link_name":"homeopaths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeopathy"},{"link_name":"Bryonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryonia"},{"link_name":"placebo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placebo"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fcmmp-62"}],"text":"Dowsing studies from the early twentieth century were examined by geologist John Walter Gregory in a report for the Smithsonian Institution. Gregory concluded that the results were a matter of chance or explained by observations from ground surface clues.[52][53]\nGeologist W. A. MacFadyen tested three dowsers during 1943–1944 in Algeria. The results were entirely negative.[54]\nA 1948 study in New Zealand by P. A. Ongley tested 75 dowsers' ability to detect water. None of them was more reliable than chance. According to Ongley \"not one showed the slightest accuracy.\"[55]\nArchaeometrist Martin Aitken tested British dowser P. A. Raine in 1959. Raine failed to dowse the location of a buried kiln that had been identified by a magnetometer.[56][57]\nIn 1971, dowsing experiments were organized by British engineer R. A. Foulkes on behalf of the Ministry of Defence. The results were \"no more reliable than a series of guesses\".[58]\nPhysicists John Taylor and Eduardo Balanovski reported in 1978 a series of experiments they conducted that searched for unusual electromagnetic fields emitted by dowsing subjects; they did not detect any.[59]\nA 1979 review by Evon Z. Vogt and Ray Hyman examined many controlled studies of dowsing for water, and found that none of them showed better than chance results.[10]\nBritish academics Richard N. Bailey, Eric Cambridge, and H. Denis Briggs, carried out dowsing experiments at the grounds of various churches. They reported successful results in their book Dowsing and Church Archaeology (1988).[60] Their experiments were critically examined by archaeologist Martijn Van Leusen who suggested they were badly designed and the authors had redefined the test parameters on what was classified as a \"hit\" or \"miss\" to obtain positive results.[60]\nA 2006 study of grave dowsing in Iowa reviewed 14 published studies and determined that none of them correctly predicted the location of human burials, and simple scientific experiments demonstrated that the fundamental principles commonly used to explain grave dowsing were incorrect.[61]\nA randomized double-blind trial in 2012 was carried out to determine whether homeopaths were able to distinguish between Bryonia and placebo by use of a dowsing method. The results were negative.[62]","title":"Studies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lezuY-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rD0dh-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-0C3Uf-65"},{"link_name":"Kassel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kassel"},{"link_name":"Gesellschaft zur Wissenschaftlichen Untersuchung von Parawissenschaften","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gesellschaft_zur_Wissenschaftlichen_Untersuchung_von_Parawissenschaften"},{"link_name":"James Randi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Randi"},{"link_name":"US$","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US$"},{"link_name":"centimeters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centimetre"},{"link_name":"in","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inch"}],"sub_title":"Kassel 1991 study","text":"A 1990 double-blind study[63][64][65] was undertaken in Kassel, Germany, under the direction of the Gesellschaft zur Wissenschaftlichen Untersuchung von Parawissenschaften (Society for the Scientific Investigation of the Parasciences). James Randi offered a US$10,000 prize to any successful dowser. The three-day test of some thirty dowsers involved plastic pipes through which water flow could be controlled and directed. The pipes were buried 50 centimeters (19.7 in) under a level field, the position of each marked on the surface with a colored strip. The dowsers had to tell whether water was running through each pipe. All the dowsers signed a statement agreeing this was a fair test of their abilities and that they expected a 100% success rate. However, the results were no better than chance, and no one was awarded the prize.","title":"Studies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Munich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich"},{"link_name":"Hans-Dieter Betz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Dieter_Betz"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-munich_study_quote-66"},{"link_name":"Jim T. Enright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_T._Enright"},{"link_name":"physiology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physiology"},{"link_name":"statistical fluctuations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_fluctuations"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-enright-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-enright1995-68"},{"link_name":"millimeters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millimetre"},{"link_name":"in","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inch"},{"link_name":"meters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre"},{"link_name":"ft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot_(unit)"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-enright1996-69"},{"link_name":"Pathophysiology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathophysiology_(journal)"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-O54Fh-70"}],"sub_title":"Betz 1990 study","text":"In a 1987–88 study in Munich by Hans-Dieter Betz and other scientists, 500 dowsers were initially tested for their skill, and the experimenters selected the best 43 among them for further tests. Water was pumped through a pipe on the ground floor of a two-story barn. Before each test, the pipe was moved in a direction perpendicular to the water flow. On the upper floor, each dowser was asked to determine the position of the pipe. Over two years, the dowsers performed 843 such tests and, of the 43 pre-selected and extensively tested candidates, at least 37 showed no dowsing ability. The results from the remaining 6 were said to be better than chance, resulting in the experimenters' conclusion that some dowsers \"in particular tasks, showed an extraordinarily high rate of success, which can scarcely if at all be explained as due to chance … a real core of dowser-phenomena can be regarded as empirically proven.\"[66]Five years after the Munich study was published, Jim T. Enright, a professor of physiology who emphasized correct data analysis procedure, contended that the study's results are merely consistent with statistical fluctuations and not significant. He believed the experiments provided \"the most convincing disproof imaginable that dowsers can do what they claim\",[67] stating that the data analysis was \"special, unconventional and customized\". Replacing it with \"more ordinary analyses\",[68] he noted that the best dowser was on average 4 millimeters (0.16 in) out of 10 meters (32.81 ft) closer to a mid-line guess, an advantage of 0.04%, and that the five other \"good\" dowsers were on average farther than a mid-line guess. Enright emphasized that the experimenters should have decided beforehand how to statistically analyze the results; if they only afterward chose the statistical analysis that showed the greatest success, then their conclusions would not be valid until replicated by another test analyzed by the same method. He further pointed out that the six \"good\" dowsers did not perform any better than chance in separate tests.[69] Another study published in Pathophysiology hypothesized that such experiments as this one that were carried out in the twentieth century could have been interfered with by man-made radio frequency radiation, as test subjects' bodies absorbed the radio waves and unconscious hand movement reactions took place following the standing waves or intensity variations.[70]","title":"Studies"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Scientific reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Benjamin Carpenter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Benjamin_Carpenter"},{"link_name":"Millais Culpin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millais_Culpin"},{"link_name":"Martin Gardner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Gardner"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ZrZdV-71"},{"link_name":"unconscious muscular action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideomotor_phenomenon"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7j4uc-72"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7p2Ph-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4urba-74"},{"link_name":"scientific community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_community"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zusne_1989-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Novella_2002-8"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qYM2T-75"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-French_2013-76"},{"link_name":"ideomotor response","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideomotor_phenomenon"},{"link_name":"confirmation bias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confirmation_bias"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zusne_1989-7"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ULncz-77"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-d5dci-78"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A7Gqj-79"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ajLAI-80"}],"sub_title":"Ideomotor phenomenon","text":"Science writers such as William Benjamin Carpenter (1877), Millais Culpin (1920), and Martin Gardner (1957) accept the view of some dowsers[71] that the movement of dowsing rods is the result of unconscious muscular action.[72][73][74] This view is widely accepted amongst the scientific community.[7][8][75][76] The dowsing apparatus is known to amplify slight movements of the hands caused by a phenomenon known as the ideomotor response: people's subconscious minds may influence their bodies without consciously deciding to take action. This would make the dowsing rod susceptible to the dowsers' subconscious knowledge or perception; and also to confirmation bias.[7][77][78][79][80]","title":"Scientific reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pseudoscience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoscience"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IHcaP-81"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2TJeM-82"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nqeNG-83"},{"link_name":"David Marks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Marks_(psychologist)"},{"link_name":"Nature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_(journal)"},{"link_name":"paranormal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paranormal"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-marks1986-84"},{"link_name":"sensory cues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensory_cue"},{"link_name":"expectancy effects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observer-expectancy_effect"},{"link_name":"probability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-marks1986-84"},{"link_name":"Peter Daempfle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Daempfle"},{"link_name":"water table","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_table"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-XGif0-85"},{"link_name":"Kenneth Feder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Feder"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Feder_2010-57"},{"link_name":"Chris French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_French"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-French_2013-76"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-M6d9g-86"}],"sub_title":"Pseudoscience","text":"Dowsing is in all other respects considered to be a pseudoscience.[81][82][83]Psychologist David Marks in a 1986 article in Nature included dowsing in a list of \"effects which until recently were claimed to be paranormal but which can now be explained from within orthodox science.\"[84] Specifically, dowsing could be explained in terms of sensory cues, expectancy effects, and probability.[84]Science writer Peter Daempfle has noted that when dowsing is subjected to scientific testing, it fails. Daempfle has written that although some dowsers claim success, this can be attributed to the underground water table being distributed relatively uniformly in certain areas.[85]According to archaeologist Kenneth Feder, \"the vast majority of archaeologists don't use dowsing, because they don't believe it works.\"[57]Psychologist Chris French has noted that \"dowsing does not work when it is tested under properly controlled conditions that rule out the use of other cues to indicate target location.\"[76]Water dowsers often achieve good results because random chance has a high probability of finding water in favorable terrain.[86]","title":"Scientific reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Otto_Edler_von_Graeve_4786745367_04b089ec26_b.jpg"},{"link_name":"Otto Edler von Graeve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Edler_von_Graeve"},{"link_name":"Jacques Aymar-Vernay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Aymar-Vernay"},{"link_name":"Moritz Benedikt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moritz_Benedikt"},{"link_name":"Manfred Curry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manfred_Curry"},{"link_name":"Leicester Gataker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicester_Gataker"},{"link_name":"Uri Geller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uri_Geller"},{"link_name":"A. Frank Glahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._Frank_Glahn"},{"link_name":"Otto Edler von Graeve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Edler_von_Graeve"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Y8sPk-87"},{"link_name":"Henry Gross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Gross_(dowser)"},{"link_name":"Ernst Hartmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Hartmann"},{"link_name":"Christopher Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Hills"},{"link_name":"T. C. Lethbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._C._Lethbridge"},{"link_name":"J. Cecil Maby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Cecil_Maby"},{"link_name":"Larry R. Marshall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_R._Marshall"},{"link_name":"Michel Moine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Moine"},{"link_name":"Nils-Axel Mörner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nils-Axel_M%C3%B6rner"},{"link_name":"Joseph Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Smith"},{"link_name":"early life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_life_of_Joseph_Smith"},{"link_name":"Karl Spiesberger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Spiesberger"},{"link_name":"Ludwig Straniak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Straniak"},{"link_name":"Solco Walle Tromp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solco_Walle_Tromp"},{"link_name":"Ralph Whitlock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Whitlock"},{"link_name":"Professor Calculus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professor_Calculus"}],"text":"Otto Edler von Graeve in 1913Notable dowsers include:Jacques Aymar-Vernay\nMoritz Benedikt\nManfred Curry\nLeicester Gataker\nUri Geller\nA. Frank Glahn\nOtto Edler von Graeve[87]\nHenry Gross\nErnst Hartmann\nChristopher Hills\nT. C. Lethbridge\nJ. Cecil Maby\nLarry R. Marshall\nMichel Moine\nNils-Axel Mörner\nJoseph Smith (in his early life)\nKarl Spiesberger\nLudwig Straniak\nSolco Walle Tromp\nRalph Whitlock\nProfessor Calculus","title":"Notable dowsers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"De Re Metallica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Re_Metallica"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0486600062","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0486600062"},{"link_name":"Evon Z. Vogt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evon_Z._Vogt"},{"link_name":"The Journal of American Folklore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Journal_of_American_Folklore"},{"link_name":"Barrett, William","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_F._Barrett"},{"link_name":"Theodore Besterman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Besterman"},{"link_name":"Bird, Christopher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Bird"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0924608162","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0924608162"},{"link_name":"The Divining Rod: A History of Water Witching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/TheDiviningRod"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-908878-10-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-908878-10-6"},{"link_name":"OL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OL_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"25114055M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//openlibrary.org/books/OL25114055M"},{"link_name":"Gregory, John Walter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Walter_Gregory"},{"link_name":"Water Divining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/annualreportofbo1928smit#page/n381/mode/2up"},{"link_name":"The Divining Rod: Virgula Divina – Baculus Divinatorius (Water-Witching)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/45020"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1332230242","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1332230242"},{"link_name":"Randi, James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Randi"},{"link_name":"Flim-Flam!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flim-Flam!"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1171478898","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1171478898"},{"link_name":"Spiesberger, Karl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Spiesberger"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0572014193","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0572014193"},{"link_name":"Whitlock, Ralph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Whitlock"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0709047926","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0709047926"}],"text":"Agicula, Georgius. (1556) De Re Metallica eng. On the Nature of Metals Modern Edition ISBN 978-0486600062\nBarrett, Linda K. and Evon Z. Vogt, \"The Urban American Dowser\", The Journal of American Folklore 325 (1969), S. 195–213.\nBarrett, William and Theodore Besterman. (1926). The Divining Rod: An Experimental and Psychological Investigation. Kessinger Publishing Reprint Edition, 2004.\nBell, A.H., Practical Dowsing. (1965) pub. G.Bell and Sons Ltd. London\nBird, Christopher. (1979). The Divining Hand. New York: Dutton.ISBN 978-0924608162\nChild, Sydney T., Water Finding and the Divining Rod. (1902) Ipswich pub. East Anglia Daily Times\nEllis, Arthur Jackson. (1917). The Divining Rod: A History of Water Witching. Washington: Government Printing Office.\nThomas Fiddick (2011). Dowsing: With an Account of Some Original Experiments. Sheffield, United Kingdom: The Cornovia Press. ISBN 978-1-908878-10-6. OL 25114055M.\nFrance, Henry de. (1930). The Modern Dowser pub. G.Bell and Sons Ltd. London\nGregory, John Walter. (1928). Water Divining. Annual Report of the Smithsonian Institution. United States Government Printing Office.\nLatimer, Charles. (1876) The Divining Rod: Virgula Divina – Baculus Divinatorius (Water-Witching) Modern Edition (2017) ISBN 978-1332230242\nRandi, James. (1982). Flim-Flam!. Prometheus Books. Devotes 19 pages to double-blind tests in Italy which yielded results no better than chance.\nMaby, J. Cecil and Franklin, T. Bedford. The Physics of the Divining Rod. (1939) G.Bell & Sons Ltd., London\nPlattes, Gabriel. (1639), A Discovery of Subterraneal Treasure.... Modern Edition (2010) ISBN 978-1171478898\nShenefelt, Philip D., \"Ideomotor Signaling: From Divining Spiritual Messages to Discerning Subconscious Answers during Hypnosis and Hypnoanalysis, a Historical Perspective\", American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, Vol. 53, No. 3, (January 2011), pp. 157–167.\nSpiesberger, Karl, Reveal the Power of the Pendulum. ISBN 978-0572014193\nTrinder, W.H., Dowsing, (1939) pub. British Society of Dowsers\nWhitlock, Ralph. (1982). Water divining and other dowsing: a practical guide. Newton Abbot: David & Charles ISBN 978-0709047926","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"A dowser, from an 18th-century French book about superstitions","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/18th_century_dowser.jpg/220px-18th_century_dowser.jpg"},{"image_text":"Dowsing for metal ore, from 1556 \"De re metallica libri XII\" book","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Georgius_Agricola_Erzsucher.jpg/220px-Georgius_Agricola_Erzsucher.jpg"},{"image_text":"Use of a divining Rod observed in Great Britain in the late 18th century","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Divining_Rod.jpg/220px-Divining_Rod.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/Curious_Myths_p_81_rod.jpg"},{"image_text":"Skeptic James Randi at a lecture at Rockefeller University, on October 10, 2008, holding a US$800 device advertised as a dowsing instrument","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/RandiNYC10.10.08ByLuigiNovi3.jpg/220px-RandiNYC10.10.08ByLuigiNovi3.jpg"},{"image_text":"George Casely uses a hazel twig to search for water on the land around his Devon farm, 1942.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Agriculture_in_Britain-_Life_on_George_Casely%27s_Farm%2C_Devon%2C_England%2C_1942_D9817.jpg/220px-Agriculture_in_Britain-_Life_on_George_Casely%27s_Farm%2C_Devon%2C_England%2C_1942_D9817.jpg"},{"image_text":"Two L-shaped metal wire rods","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Allemanswiro.jpg/220px-Allemanswiro.jpg"},{"image_text":"Otto Edler von Graeve in 1913","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Otto_Edler_von_Graeve_4786745367_04b089ec26_b.jpg/220px-Otto_Edler_von_Graeve_4786745367_04b089ec26_b.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"Pellwel, Calvin E (May 19, 2022). \"What Is Dowsing? - The Ancient Practice For Treasure Hunting\". Archived from the original on March 26, 2023. Retrieved June 19, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://straightforwardguidance.com/what-is-dowsing/","url_text":"\"What Is Dowsing? - The Ancient Practice For Treasure Hunting\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230326152055/https://straightforwardguidance.com/what-is-dowsing/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Bad vibrations: what's the evidence for geopathic stress?\". the Guardian. 2015-08-20. Archived from the original on 2023-03-26. Retrieved 2022-11-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/science/head-quarters/2015/aug/20/bad-vibrations-whats-the-evidence-for-geopathic-stress","url_text":"\"Bad vibrations: what's the evidence for geopathic stress?\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230326151937/https://www.theguardian.com/science/head-quarters/2015/aug/20/bad-vibrations-whats-the-evidence-for-geopathic-stress","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Dowsing, Doodlebugging, and Water Witching\". Association of Independent Readers and Rootworkers Wiki. Archived from the original on 12 October 2011. Retrieved 11 October 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.readersandrootworkers.org/wiki/Category:Dowsing,_Doodlebugging,_and_Water_Witching","url_text":"\"Dowsing, Doodlebugging, and Water Witching\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111012224700/http://readersandrootworkers.org/wiki/Category:Dowsing%2C_Doodlebugging%2C_and_Water_Witching","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Lyman, Thomas G. (1967). \"Water Dowsing as a Surviving Folk Tradition\". Keystone Folklore Quarterly. 12: 137. Archived from the original on 2023-03-11. Retrieved 2022-06-25 – via HathiTrust.","urls":[{"url":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=inu.30000108623236&seq=165","url_text":"\"Water Dowsing as a Surviving Folk Tradition\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230311055757/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=inu.30000108623236&seq=165","url_text":"Archived"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HathiTrust","url_text":"HathiTrust"}]},{"reference":"Vogt, Evon Z.; Ray Hyman (1979). Water Witching U.S.A. (2nd ed.). Chicago: Chicago University Press. ISBN 978-0-226-86297-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Hyman","url_text":"Ray Hyman"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-86297-2","url_text":"978-0-226-86297-2"}]},{"reference":"Hines, Terence (2003). Pseudoscience and the Paranormal (Second ed.). Amherst, New York: Prometheus Books. p. 420. ISBN 978-1-57392-979-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57392-979-0","url_text":"978-1-57392-979-0"}]},{"reference":"Hill, Sharon A. (19 March 2017). \"Witching for water\". Spooky Geology. Archived from the original on 2017-03-20. Retrieved 2017-04-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharon_A._Hill","url_text":"Hill, Sharon A."},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170320072306/http://spookygeology.com/witching-for-water/","url_text":"\"Witching for water\""},{"url":"http://spookygeology.com/witching-for-water/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Sharon A. Hill (2017-03-26). \"15 Credibility Street #13\". Doubtful News (Podcast). Retrieved 2017-04-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharon_A._Hill","url_text":"Sharon A. Hill"},{"url":"http://doubtfulnews.com/2017/03/15-credibility-st-13-some-particular-place-to-go/","url_text":"\"15 Credibility Street #13\""}]},{"reference":"Barrett, William (1911). Psychical Research. New York and London: Henry Holt & Co. (N.Y.), Williams and Norgate (London). p. 171. Retrieved 2 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/psychicalresear00barr#page/n5/mode/2up","url_text":"Psychical Research"}]},{"reference":"of Avila, Saint, Teresa of (1573). The book of the foundations of S. Teresa of Jesus of the Order of our Lady of Carmel, with the visitation of nunneries, the rule and constitutions. University of Toronto – Robarts Library: London, Baker. p. 116. Retrieved 14 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/bookoffoundation00tereuoft#page/116/mode/2up/search/water","url_text":"The book of the foundations of S. Teresa of Jesus of the Order of our Lady of Carmel, with the visitation of nunneries, the rule and constitutions"}]},{"reference":"Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Divining-rod\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 8 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 333–334.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm","url_text":"Chisholm, Hugh"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Divining-rod","url_text":"Divining-rod"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]},{"reference":"Baring-Gould, S. (Sabine) (May 26, 1876). \"Curious myths of the Middle Ages\". London, Rivingtons – via Internet Archive.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.org/details/curiousmythsofmi00bariuoft","url_text":"\"Curious myths of the Middle Ages\""}]},{"reference":"Agricola, Georgius (1556). De Re Metallica (tr. Herbert Hoover, 1950, Dover Publications, New York ed.). Basel. pp. 38ff. Retrieved 11 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/deremetallica50agri#page/38/mode/2up","url_text":"De Re Metallica"}]},{"reference":"\"Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape\". Archived from the original on 2020-08-02. Retrieved 2019-12-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1215","url_text":"\"Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200802132748/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1215","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Gough, John Weidhofft (1930). The Mines of Mendip. Oxford University Press. p. 6. OCLC 163035417.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/163035417","url_text":"163035417"}]},{"reference":"\"Wiktionary entry for schlag\". Archived from the original on 28 January 2018. Retrieved 13 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/schlag","url_text":"\"Wiktionary entry for schlag\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180128190531/https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/schlag","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Wiktionary entry for ruthe\". Archived from the original on 29 January 2018. Retrieved 13 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Ruthe","url_text":"\"Wiktionary entry for ruthe\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180129004249/https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Ruthe","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Barrett, William (1911). Psychical Research. New York and London: Henry Holt & Co. (N.Y.), Williams and Norgate (London). p. 170. Retrieved 2 January 2018. Now, the colloquial German word for the rod was then schlag-ruthe or striking-rod; this, translated into the Middle English became the duschan or striking rod, and finally \"deusing or dowsing rod\".","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/psychicalresear00barr#page/n5/mode/2up","url_text":"Psychical Research"}]},{"reference":"Stratmann, Francis (1891). A Middle-English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. p. 182. Retrieved 15 January 2018. duschen, v., ? = M.L.G. duschen; =dweschen; strike, beat; dusched {pret.) Ar. & Mer. 5624; A. P. ii. 1538; dusched a doun ... hure fon Fer. 3068; see daschen, dusching, sb., tumbling; ... dinning and dusching of sinfulle PR. C. 7350.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/middleenglishdic00stra","url_text":"A Middle-English Dictionary"}]},{"reference":"Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Dowser and Dowsing\" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 8 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 461.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm","url_text":"Chisholm, Hugh"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Dowser_and_Dowsing","url_text":"\"Dowser and Dowsing\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]},{"reference":"Boyle, Robert (1661). \"On Unsucceeding Experiments\". Works. Vol. One (1743 ed.). Thomas Birch. pp. 342–343.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Birch","url_text":"Thomas Birch"}]},{"reference":"Locke, John (1824). Some considerations of the consequences of lowering the interest, and raising the value of money. In a letter sent to a Member of Parliament, in the year 1691. Archived from the original on 5 September 2023. Retrieved 15 January 2018. That four per cent. is not of the nature of the deusing-rod, or virgula divina, able to discover mines of gold and silver, I believe will easily be granted me.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_EM1AAAAIAAJ&q=deusing-rod&pg=PA78","url_text":"Some considerations of the consequences of lowering the interest, and raising the value of money. In a letter sent to a Member of Parliament, in the year 1691"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230905184130/https://books.google.com/books?id=_EM1AAAAIAAJ&q=deusing-rod&pg=PA78","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Skeat, Walter W. (2005). An Etymological Dictionary of the English Language. Mineola, NY: Dover Publications, Inc. p. 181. ISBN 978-0486317656. Archived from the original on 5 September 2023. Retrieved 19 January 2018. DOWSE (3), to extinguish. (E.) A cant term; dowse the glim, i.e. to extinguish the light. Probably only a particular use of dowse (1), to strike. Possibly suggested by dout, to extinguish.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=jeeGAAAAQBAJ&q=dowse+strike+a+light&pg=PA181","url_text":"An Etymological Dictionary of the English Language"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0486317656","url_text":"978-0486317656"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230905184150/https://books.google.com/books?id=jeeGAAAAQBAJ&q=dowse+strike+a+light&pg=PA181","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Barrett, William (1911). Psychical Research. New York and London: Henry Holt & Co. (N.Y.), Williams and Norgate (London). p. 170. Retrieved 19 January 2018. To dowse or \" strike \" the sail is still a common expression in Cornwall","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/psychicalresear00barr#page/n5/mode/2up","url_text":"Psychical Research"}]},{"reference":"Claudia Sandlin (1989-11-30). \"Divining Ways; Dowsers Use Ancient Art in Many Kinds of Searches\". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 2012-10-22. [Louis Matacia] worked as a Marine Corps analyst at Quantico during The Vietnam War teaching Marines how to dowse...","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121022114938/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1225953.html","url_text":"\"Divining Ways; Dowsers Use Ancient Art in Many Kinds of Searches\""},{"url":"http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1225953.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Rolf Manne (2005). \"Ønskekvist i snøskred – psevdovitenskap i praksis?\". Pseudovitenskap og Etikk, published at Norwegian University of Science and Technology. p. 45. Archived from the original on 2018-01-26. Retrieved 2018-01-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://docplayer.me/3872115-Psevdovitenskap-og-etikk.html","url_text":"\"Ønskekvist i snøskred – psevdovitenskap i praksis?\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180126012657/http://docplayer.me/3872115-Psevdovitenskap-og-etikk.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Marks, Ben. \"Our Dad, the Water Witch of Wyoming\". Collectors Weekly. Archived from the original on 2021-04-22. Retrieved 2021-05-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.collectorsweekly.com/articles/the-water-witch-of-wyoming-how-dowsing-works/","url_text":"\"Our Dad, the Water Witch of Wyoming\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210422013438/https://www.collectorsweekly.com/articles/the-water-witch-of-wyoming-how-dowsing-works/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Pass, A.C.; Tawney, Edward. B. (1876). \"The divining rod\". Proceedings. I. Bristol Naturalists' Society: 60 et seq.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_Naturalists%27_Society","url_text":"Bristol Naturalists' Society"}]},{"reference":"Nordland, Rod (November 4, 2009). \"Iraq Swears by Bomb Detector U.S. Sees as Useless\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 15, 2011. Retrieved February 15, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/04/world/middleeast/04sensors.html","url_text":"\"Iraq Swears by Bomb Detector U.S. Sees as Useless\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111015141410/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/04/world/middleeast/04sensors.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Guide for the Selection of Commercial Explosives Detection Systems for Law Enforcement Applications (NIJ Guide 100-99), Chapter 7. Warning: Do Not Buy Bogus Explosives Detection Equipment\" (PDF). September 1999. pp. 71–72. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-02-27. Retrieved 2022-02-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/nij/178913.pdf","url_text":"\"Guide for the Selection of Commercial Explosives Detection Systems for Law Enforcement Applications (NIJ Guide 100-99), Chapter 7. Warning: Do Not Buy Bogus Explosives Detection Equipment\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220227205831/https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/nij/178913.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Randolph, Vance (2012). Ozark Magic and Folklore. Dover Publications. ISBN 978-1-306-33958-2. OCLC 868269974.","urls":[{"url":"http://worldcat.org/oclc/868269974","url_text":"Ozark Magic and Folklore"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-306-33958-2","url_text":"978-1-306-33958-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/868269974","url_text":"868269974"}]},{"reference":"Ongley, P. (1948). \"New Zealand Diviners\". New Zealand Journal of Science and Technology. 30: 38–54.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.27619/2015.27619.The-New-Zealand-Journal-Of-Science-And-Technology-Vol-30#page/n39/mode/2up","url_text":"\"New Zealand Diviners\""}]},{"reference":"Hines, Terence (2003). Pseudoscience and the Paranormal (Second ed.). Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books. p. 420. ISBN 978-1-57392-979-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57392-979-0","url_text":"978-1-57392-979-0"}]},{"reference":"Taylor, J. G.; Balanovski, E. (1978). \"Can electromagnetism account for extra-sensory phenomena?\". Nature. 276 (5683): 64–67. Bibcode:1978Natur.276...64B. doi:10.1038/276064a0. PMID 740020. S2CID 4316473.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1978Natur.276...64B","url_text":"1978Natur.276...64B"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2F276064a0","url_text":"10.1038/276064a0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/740020","url_text":"740020"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4316473","url_text":"4316473"}]},{"reference":"Whittaker, William E. \"Grave Dowsing Reconsidered\". Office of the State Archaeologist, University of Iowa. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 17 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://digital.lib.uiowa.edu/islandora/object/ui%3A29948","url_text":"\"Grave Dowsing Reconsidered\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304210848/http://archaeology.uiowa.edu/files/archaeology.uiowa.edu/files/Dowsing.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Konig, Robert; Moll, Jurgen; Sarma, Armadeo (January 1991). \"Kassel Dowsing Test - Part 1\". Skeptiker. Archived from the original on 2022-04-28. Retrieved 2021-05-26 – via Geotech - Technology for Treasure Hunting.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.geotech1.com/cgi-bin/pages/common/index.pl?page=lrl&file=info/kassel/kassel1.dat","url_text":"\"Kassel Dowsing Test - Part 1\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220428092510/https://www.geotech1.com/cgi-bin/pages/common/index.pl?page=lrl&file=info/kassel/kassel1.dat","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Konig, Robert; Moll, Jurgen; Sarma, Armadeo (January 1991). \"Kassel Dowsing Test - Part 2\". Skeptiker. Archived from the original on 2021-05-26. Retrieved 2021-05-26 – via Geotech - Technology for Treasure Hunting.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.geotech1.com/cgi-bin/pages/common/index.pl?page=lrl&file=info/kassel/kassel2.dat","url_text":"\"Kassel Dowsing Test - Part 2\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210526210117/https://www.geotech1.com/cgi-bin/pages/common/index.pl?page=lrl&file=info/kassel/kassel2.dat","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Enright, Jim T. (January–February 1999). \"The Failure of the Munich Experiments\". Skeptical Inquirer. CSICOP. Archived from the original on 2009-11-17. Retrieved 2006-11-14. The researchers themselves concluded that the outcome unquestionably demonstrated successful dowsing abilities, but a thoughtful re-examination of the data indicates that such an interpretation can only be regarded as the result of wishful thinking.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091117185131/http://www.csicop.org/si/show/testing_dowsing_the_failure_of_the_munich_experiments/","url_text":"\"The Failure of the Munich Experiments\""},{"url":"http://www.csicop.org/si/show/testing_dowsing_the_failure_of_the_munich_experiments","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Enright, J. T. (1995). \"Water dowsing: The Scheunen experiments\". Naturwissenschaften. 82 (8): 360–369. doi:10.1007/s001140050198.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs001140050198","url_text":"10.1007/s001140050198"}]},{"reference":"Enright, J. T. (June 1996). \"Dowsers lost in a Barn\" (PDF). Naturwissenschaften. 83 (6). Springer Berlin / Heidelberg: 275–277. Bibcode:1996NW.....83..275E. doi:10.1007/BF01149601. ISSN 1432-1904. S2CID 8201640. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-28. Retrieved 2009-09-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120328103212/http://www.idt.mdh.se/kurser/ct3340/archives/ht05/assignment-2d-dowsing-articles/Articles%202-3-Betz-Enright.pdf","url_text":"\"Dowsers lost in a Barn\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996NW.....83..275E","url_text":"1996NW.....83..275E"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01149601","url_text":"10.1007/BF01149601"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1432-1904","url_text":"1432-1904"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8201640","url_text":"8201640"},{"url":"http://www.idt.mdh.se/kurser/ct3340/archives/ht05/assignment-2d-dowsing-articles/Articles%202-3-Betz-Enright.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Huttunen P, Niinimaa A, Myllylä R (2012). \"Dowsing can be interfered with by radio frequency radiation\". Pathophysiology. 19 (2): 89–94. doi:10.1016/j.pathophys.2012.01.004. PMID 22365422.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pathophysiologyjournal.com/article/S0928-4680(12)00039-9/pdf","url_text":"\"Dowsing can be interfered with by radio frequency radiation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.pathophys.2012.01.004","url_text":"10.1016/j.pathophys.2012.01.004"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22365422","url_text":"22365422"}]},{"reference":"Bailey, Arthur (1999). Anyone Can Dowse For Better Health. The Publishing House, Bennetts Close, Cippenham, Berkshire, England: Quantum, an imprint of W Foulsham & Co Ltd. p. 46. ISBN 0-572-02461-4. The angle-rods are driven in exactly the same way as the forked rod: by a muscular reaction causing a slight unconscious rotation of the forearms. If the tops of the forearms rotate towards each other, then the rods will move towards each other; the opposite rotation will cause the rods to move outwards. It is the change in balance between opposing sets of muscles in the arms (flexors and extensors) that makes the rods move.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-572-02461-4","url_text":"0-572-02461-4"}]},{"reference":"Marks, David F. (March 13, 1986). \"Investigating the paranormal\". Nature. 320 (6058). Nature Publishing Group: 119–124. Bibcode:1986Natur.320..119M. doi:10.1038/320119a0. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 3951553. S2CID 4329580.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Marks_(psychologist)","url_text":"Marks, David F."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1986Natur.320..119M","url_text":"1986Natur.320..119M"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2F320119a0","url_text":"10.1038/320119a0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0028-0836","url_text":"0028-0836"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3951553","url_text":"3951553"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4329580","url_text":"4329580"}]},{"reference":"\"Teach the Controversy: Dowsing\". Ars Technica Videos. Archived from the original on 2019-04-10. Retrieved 2019-04-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190410084945/https://video.arstechnica.com/watch/teach-the-controversy-dowsing","url_text":"\"Teach the Controversy: Dowsing\""},{"url":"https://video.arstechnica.com/watch/teach-the-controversy-dowsing","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"His Rod to Find Radium\" (PDF). The New York Times. January 28, 1914. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-07-17. Retrieved 2010-07-13. Otto Edler von Graeve, who locates water and minerals with a 'divining rod,' arrived yesterday from Germany on the George Washington, ...","urls":[{"url":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1914/01/28/101914432.pdf","url_text":"\"His Rod to Find Radium\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210717212027/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1914/01/28/101914432.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Inglis, Brian (1986). The Paranormal: An Encyclopedia of Psychic Phenomena. Paladin. pp. 245–256. ISBN 978-0-586-08463-2 – via Internet Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/paranormalencycl0000ingl_h5s6/page/245/mode/2up","url_text":"The Paranormal: An Encyclopedia of Psychic Phenomena"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-586-08463-2","url_text":"978-0-586-08463-2"}]},{"reference":"Thomas Fiddick (2011). Dowsing: With an Account of Some Original Experiments. Sheffield, United Kingdom: The Cornovia Press. ISBN 978-1-908878-10-6. OL 25114055M.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-908878-10-6","url_text":"978-1-908878-10-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OL_(identifier)","url_text":"OL"},{"url":"https://openlibrary.org/books/OL25114055M","url_text":"25114055M"}]},{"reference":"\"Dowsing, on season 8 , episode 2\". Scientific American Frontiers. Chedd-Angier Production Company. 1997–1998. PBS. Archived from the original on 2006-01-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chedd-angier.com/frontiers/season8.html","url_text":"\"Dowsing, on season 8 , episode 2\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_American_Frontiers","url_text":"Scientific American Frontiers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBS","url_text":"PBS"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060101000000/http://www.pbs.org/saf/transcripts/transcript802.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_National_T20_Cup
2019–20 National T20 Cup
["1 Points table","2 Fixtures","2.1 Round-robin","2.2 Finals","3 References","4 External links"]
Cricket tournament Cricket tournament 2019–20 National T20 CupDates13 – 24 October 2019Administrator(s)Pakistan Cricket BoardCricket formatTwenty20Tournament format(s)Round-robin and FinalHost(s) PakistanChampionsNorthern (1st title)Participants6Matches18Player of the seriesMohammad RizwanMost runsAwais Zia (276)Most wicketsSohail Tanvir (14)Official websitewww.pcb.com.pk← 2018-192020–21 → The 2019–20 National T20 Cup was a Twenty20 domestic cricket competition that was played in Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan from 13 to 24 October 2019. Lahore Whites were the defending champions. It was the sixteenth season of the National T20 Cup in Pakistan, and took place during a break in Pakistan's domestic first-class tournament, the 2019–20 Quaid-e-Azam Trophy. The same six teams playing in the Quaid-e-Azam Trophy played in the T20 Cup, with the top four progressing to the semi-finals. Following the conclusion of the round-robin stage, Northern, Balochistan, Southern Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa finished in the top four places in the group. Northern were drawn against Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in the first semi-final, with Balochistan drawn against Southern Punjab in the second semi-final. In the first semi-final, Northern beat Khyber Pakhtunkhwa by three runs. In the second semi-final, Balochistan beat Southern Punjab by three wickets to advance to the final. Northern won the tournament, beating Balochistan by 52 runs in the final. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa's Mohammad Rizwan was named the player of the tournament, for scoring 215 runs and taking six wickets. Points table Team Pld W L T NR Pts NRR Northern 5 4 1 0 0 8 +1.165 Balochistan 5 3 2 0 0 6 +0.352 Southern Punjab 5 2 2 0 1 5 –0.408 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 5 2 3 0 0 4 +0.053 Sindh 5 2 3 0 0 4 –1.387 Central Punjab 5 1 3 0 1 3 –0.441 Fixtures Round-robin 13 October 2019 Scorecard Balochistan140/9 (20 overs) v Khyber Pakhtunkhwa141/3 (17.1 overs) Imam-ul-Haq 70 (51) Mohammad Mohsin 4/17 (4 overs) Adil Amin 48 (21) Amad Butt 1/21 (2 overs) Khyber Pakhtunkhwa won by 7 wickets Iqbal Stadium, Faisalabad Umpires: Aaley Haider and Ghaffar Kazmi Player of the match: Mohammad Mohsin (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) Khyber Pakhtunkhwa won the toss and elected to field. Akif Javed (Balochistan) made his T20 debut. 13 October 2019 Scorecard Central Punjab188/3 (20 overs) v Sindh192/7 (19.5 overs) Babar Azam 102* (59) Mohammad Hasnain 2/32 (4 overs) Khurram Manzoor 50 (42) Waqas Maqsood 3/32 (4 overs) Sindh won by 3 wickets Iqbal Stadium, Faisalabad Umpires: Abdul Muqeet and Qaiser Waheed Player of the match: Asad Shafiq (Sindh) Central Punjab won the toss and elected to bat. Naseem Shah (Central Punjab) made his T20 debut. 14 October 2019 Scorecard Southern Punjab135/9 (20 overs) v Northern137/5 (19 overs) Aamer Yamin 33 (20) Sohail Tanvir 3/27 (4 overs) Umar Amin 50 (41) Zahid Mahmood 2/14 (4 overs) Northern won by 5 wickets Iqbal Stadium, Faisalabad Umpires: Aaley Haider and Mohammad Asif Player of the match: Asif Ali (Northern) Southern Punjab won the toss and elected to bat. 14 October 2019 Scorecard Balochistan233/6 (20 overs) v Sindh181 (19.4 overs) Awais Zia 77 (48) Mohammad Hasnain 3/42 (4 overs) Abid Ali 41 (23) Amad Butt 3/32 (4 overs) Balochistan won by 52 runs Iqbal Stadium, Faisalabad Umpires: Ghaffar Kazmi and Tahir Rasheed Player of the match: Amad Butt (Balochistan) Sindh won the toss and elected to field. Waleed Ahmed (Sindh) made his T20 debut. 15 October 2019 Scorecard Northern222/6 (20 overs) v Central Punjab226/6 (19.5 overs) Asif Ali 93 (35) Faheem Ashraf 3/44 (4 overs) Ahmed Shehzad 111* (63) Imad Wasim 3/38 (4 overs) Central Punjab won by 4 wickets Iqbal Stadium, Faisalabad Umpires: Mohammad Asif and Tahir Rasheed Player of the match: Ahmed Shehzad (Central Punjab) Northern won the toss and elected to bat. 15 October 2019 Scorecard Khyber Pakhtunkhwa154/5 (20 overs) v Southern Punjab155/6 (18.3 overs) Khushdil Shah 56* (32) Wahab Riaz 3/28 (4 overs) Saif Badar 49* (35) Mohammad Mohsin 3/37 (4 overs) Southern Punjab won by 4 wickets Iqbal Stadium, Faisalabad Umpires: Ahmed Shahab and Imtiaz Iqbal Player of the match: Wahab Riaz (Southern Punjab) Khyber Pakhtunkhwa won the toss and elected to bat. 16 October 2019 Scorecard Sindh176/6 (20 overs) v Khyber Pakhtunkhwa162/3 (20 overs) Ahsan Ali 64 (37) Usman Shinwari 1/23 (4 overs) Mohammad Rizwan 70 (43) Anwar Ali 3/30 (3 overs) Sindh won by 8 runs Iqbal Stadium, Faisalabad Umpires: Ahmed Shahab and Imtiaz Iqbal Player of the match: Ahsan Ali (Sindh) Khyber Pakhtunkhwa won the toss and elected to field. 16 October 2019 Scorecard Balochistan164/8 (20 overs) v Central Punjab137/8 (20 overs) Bismillah Khan 56 (43) Faheem Ashraf 3/33 (4 overs) Ahmed Shehzad 52 (41) Amad Butt 3/23 (4 overs) Balochistan won by 27 runs Iqbal Stadium, Faisalabad Umpires: Abdul Muqeet and Shozab Raza Player of the match: Awais Zia (Balochistan) Central Punjab won the toss and elected to field. 17 October 2019 Scorecard Southern Punjab144/7 (20 overs) v Balochistan145/3 (19.3 overs) Sohaib Maqsood 35 (34) Akif Javed 3/16 (4 overs) Imam-ul-Haq 51 (39) Zahid Mahmood 2/28 (4 overs) Balochistan won by 7 wickets Iqbal Stadium, Faisalabad Umpires: Mohammad Sajid and Asif Yaqoob Player of the match: Imam-ul-Haq (Balochistan) Balochistan won the toss and elected to field. 17 October 2019 Scorecard Northern191/7 (20 overs) v Sindh125 (17.4 overs) Sohail Akhtar 63 (36) Mohammad Hasnain 2/32 (4 overs) Ahsan Ali 29 (20) Shadab Khan 3/28 (4 overs) Northern won by 66 runs Iqbal Stadium, Faisalabad Umpires: Qaiser Waheed and Shozab Raza Player of the match: Sohail Akhtar (Northern) Northern won the toss and elected to bat. 18 October 2019 Scorecard Central Punjab v Southern Punjab Match abandoned Iqbal Stadium, Faisalabad Umpires: Asif Yaqoob and Zameer Haider No toss. No play was possible due to a wet outfield. 18 October 2019 Scorecard Khyber Pakhtunkhwa134/8 (16 overs) v Northern102/3 (11.3 overs) Mohammad Rizwan 52 (35) Muhammad Musa 4/32 (4 overs) Umar Amin 39 (28) Junaid Khan 2/13 (2 overs) Northern won by 7 wickets (D/L method) Iqbal Stadium, Faisalabad Umpires: Qaiser Waheed and Khalid Mahmood Player of the match: Muhammad Musa (Northern) Northern won the toss and elected to field. Northern were set a revised target of 101 runs from 12 overs due to rain. 21 October 2019 Scorecard Southern Punjab148/9 (20 overs) v Sindh114 (17.4 overs) Wahab Riaz 41 (30) Sohail Khan 4/15 (4 overs) Sarfaraz Ahmed 45 (37) Zahid Mahmood 4/21 (3.3 overs) Southern Punjab won by 34 runs Iqbal Stadium, Faisalabad Umpires: Tariq Rasheed and Mohammad Sajid Player of the match: Mohammad Hafeez (Southern Punjab) Southern Punjab won the toss and elected to bat. 22 October 2019 Scorecard Central Punjab177/3 (20 overs) v Khyber Pakhtunkhwa182/3 (19.4 overs) Babar Azam 83 (56) Irfanullah Shah 1/22 (4 overs) Fakhar Zaman 82* (54) Naseem Shah 1/30 (4 overs) Khyber Pakhtunkhwa won by 7 wickets Iqbal Stadium, Faisalabad Umpires: Zameer Haider and Tariq Rasheed Player of the match: Khushdil Shah (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) Khyber Pakhtunkhwa won the toss and elected to field. 22 October 2019 Scorecard Balochistan155/8 (20 overs) v Northern156/3 (17 overs) Hussain Talat 77* (51) Shadab Khan 4/26 (4 overs) Ali Imran 65* (37) Umar Gul 1/17 (2 overs) Northern won by 7 wickets Iqbal Stadium, Faisalabad Umpires: Asif Yaqoob and Khalid Mahmood Player of the match: Ali Imran (Northern) Northern won the toss and elected to field. Finals 1st Semi-final 23 October 2019 Scorecard Northern148/9 (20 overs) v Khyber Pakhtunkhwa145/8 (20 overs) Umar Amin 43 (33) Usman Shinwari 5/13 (4 overs) Iftikhar Ahmed 53 (45) Haris Rauf 3/26 (3 overs) Northern won by 3 runs Iqbal Stadium, Faisalabad Umpires: Mohammad Sajid and Asif Yaqoob Player of the match: Haris Rauf (Northern) Khyber Pakhtunkhwa won the toss and elected to field. 2nd Semi-final 23 October 2019 Scorecard Southern Punjab173/5 (20 overs) v Balochistan178/7 (20 overs) Mohammad Hafeez 65 (41) Ali Shafiq 2/31 (4 overs) Hussain Talat 42 (29) Wahab Riaz 2/36 (4 overs) Balochistan won by 3 wickets Iqbal Stadium, Faisalabad Umpires: Shozab Raza and Ahsan Raza Player of the match: Amad Butt (Balochistan) Balochistan won the toss and elected to field. Final 24 October 2019 Scorecard Northern167/5 (20 overs) v Balochistan115 (18.2 overs) Umar Amin 60 (38) Amad Butt 2/19 (4 overs) Imran Farhat 32 (36) Sohail Tanvir 3/27 (4 overs) Northern won by 52 runs Iqbal Stadium, Faisalabad Umpires: Ahmed Shahab and Asif Yaqoob Player of the match: Umar Amin (Northern) Balochistan won the toss and elected to field. References ^ "Ambitious and competitive 2019-20 domestic cricket season unveiled". Pakistan Cricket Board. Retrieved 31 August 2019. ^ "PCB unveils new domestic set-up with 'stay at the top' mantra". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 31 August 2019. ^ "Lahore Whites beat Rawalpindi to clinch National T20 Cup 2018". Samaa. Retrieved 25 December 2018. ^ "PCB likely to split Quaid-e-Azam Trophy to create T20 window". Geo TV. Retrieved 3 August 2019. ^ "National T20 Cup 2019 - schedule of press conferences". Pakistan Cricket Board. Retrieved 9 October 2019. ^ "Ali Imran, Rohail Nazir help Northern to seven-wicket win over Balochistan". Pakistan Cricket Board. Retrieved 22 October 2019. ^ "Haris Rauf takes Northern into the final of the National T20 Cup". Pakistan Cricket Board. Retrieved 23 October 2019. ^ "Amad Butt's last over heroics take Balochistan into the final". Pakistan Cricket Board. Retrieved 23 October 2019. ^ "Umar Amin, allrounders star as Northern power through to title". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 24 October 2019. ^ "Northern beat Balochistan to be crowned National T20 Cup champions". Pakistan Cricket Board. Retrieved 25 October 2019. ^ "National T20 Cup 2019: Points table". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 22 October 2019. External links Series home at ESPN Cricinfo vteNational Twenty20 CupT20 Cup 2004–05 2005–06 2006–07 2008–09 2009 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 2021–22 2022–23 2023–24 Super 8 Twenty20 Cup 2011 2012 2013 2015 Current teams Abbottabad Azad Jammu and Kashmir Bahawalpur Dera Murad Jamali Faisalabad FATA Hyderabad Islamabad Karachi Blues Karachi Whites Lahore Blues Lahore Whites Larkana Multan Peshawar Quetta Rawalpindi Sialkot Former teams Abbottabad Falcons Afghan Cheetahs AJK Jaguars Bahawalpur Stags Balochistan Central Punjab Dera Murad Jamali Ibexes Faisalabad Wolves FATA Cheetas Hyderabad Hawks Islamabad Leopards Karachi Dolphins Karachi Zebras Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Lahore Eagles Lahore Lions Larkana Bulls Multan Tigers Northern Peshawar Panthers Quetta Bears Rawalpindi Rams Sialkot Stallions Sindh Southern Punjab Winners Sialkot Stallions (2005–06, 2006–07, 2008–09, 2009, 2009–10, 2011–12, 2012 S8, 2015 S8) Lahore Lions (2010–11, 2012–13, 2013–14) Faisalabad Wolves (2004–05, 2013 S8) Peshawar Panthers (2014–15, 2015–16) Rawalpindi Rams (2011 S8) Northern (2019–20) Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (2020–21) Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (2021–22) Sindh (2022–23) Karachi Whites (2023–24) VenuesLahore Gaddafi Stadium LCCA Ground Bagh-e-Jinnah Karachi National Stadium UBL Sports Complex NBP Sports Complex Asghar Ali Shah stadium Faisalabad Iqbal Stadium Rawalpindi Rawalpindi Cricket Stadium Islamabad Diamond Club Ground National Ground Marghzar Cricket Ground Multan Multan Cricket Stadium Related topics Champions League Twenty20 Pakistan Super League Int. T20 Club Championship Departments T20 Cup vteDomestic cricket in 2019–20First-class Australia Bangladesh NCL BCL India New Zealand Pakistan South Africa Franchise Provincial Sri Lanka Tier A Tier B West Indies Zimbabwe List A Australia Bangladesh India New Zealand South Africa Franchise Provincial Sri Lanka West Indies Zimbabwe Twenty20 Australia Bangladesh India New Zealand Pakistan South Africa Sri Lanka
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Shehzad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Shehzad"},{"link_name":"*","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Not_out"},{"link_name":"Imad Wasim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imad_Wasim"},{"link_name":"Iqbal Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iqbal_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Faisalabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faisalabad"},{"link_name":"Mohammad Asif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Asif_(umpire)"},{"link_name":"Ahmed Shehzad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Shehzad"},{"link_name":"Scorecard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1202687.html"},{"link_name":"Khyber Pakhtunkhwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Southern Punjab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Punjab_cricket_team_(Pakistan)"},{"link_name":"Khushdil Shah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khushdil_Shah"},{"link_name":"*","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Not_out"},{"link_name":"Wahab Riaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahab_Riaz"},{"link_name":"Saif Badar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saif_Badar"},{"link_name":"*","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Not_out"},{"link_name":"Mohammad Mohsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Mohsin_(cricketer,_born_1994)"},{"link_name":"Iqbal Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iqbal_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Faisalabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faisalabad"},{"link_name":"Ahmed Shahab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Shahab"},{"link_name":"Wahab Riaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahab_Riaz"},{"link_name":"Scorecard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1202688.html"},{"link_name":"Sindh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindh_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Khyber Pakhtunkhwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Ahsan Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahsan_Ali_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Usman Shinwari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usman_Shinwari"},{"link_name":"Mohammad Rizwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Rizwan_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Anwar Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anwar_Ali_(cricketer,_born_1987)"},{"link_name":"Iqbal Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iqbal_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Faisalabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faisalabad"},{"link_name":"Ahmed Shahab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Shahab"},{"link_name":"Ahsan Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahsan_Ali_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Scorecard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1202689.html"},{"link_name":"Balochistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balochistan_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Central Punjab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Punjab_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Bismillah Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismillah_Khan_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Faheem Ashraf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faheem_Ashraf"},{"link_name":"Ahmed Shehzad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Shehzad"},{"link_name":"Amad Butt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amad_Butt"},{"link_name":"Iqbal Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iqbal_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Faisalabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faisalabad"},{"link_name":"Shozab Raza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shozab_Raza"},{"link_name":"Awais Zia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awais_Zia"},{"link_name":"Scorecard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1202690.html"},{"link_name":"Southern Punjab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Punjab_cricket_team_(Pakistan)"},{"link_name":"Balochistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balochistan_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Sohaib Maqsood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sohaib_Maqsood"},{"link_name":"Akif Javed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akif_Javed"},{"link_name":"Imam-ul-Haq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imam-ul-Haq"},{"link_name":"Zahid Mahmood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zahid_Mahmood"},{"link_name":"Iqbal Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iqbal_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Faisalabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faisalabad"},{"link_name":"Mohammad Sajid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Sajid"},{"link_name":"Asif Yaqoob","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asif_Yaqoob"},{"link_name":"Imam-ul-Haq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imam-ul-Haq"},{"link_name":"Scorecard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1202691.html"},{"link_name":"Northern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Sindh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindh_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Sohail Akhtar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sohail_Akhtar"},{"link_name":"Mohammad Hasnain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Hasnain"},{"link_name":"Ahsan Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahsan_Ali_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Shadab Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadab_Khan"},{"link_name":"Iqbal Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iqbal_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Faisalabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faisalabad"},{"link_name":"Qaiser Waheed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qaiser_Waheed"},{"link_name":"Shozab Raza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shozab_Raza"},{"link_name":"Sohail Akhtar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sohail_Akhtar"},{"link_name":"Scorecard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1202692.html"},{"link_name":"Central Punjab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Punjab_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Southern Punjab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Punjab_cricket_team_(Pakistan)"},{"link_name":"Iqbal Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iqbal_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Faisalabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faisalabad"},{"link_name":"Asif Yaqoob","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asif_Yaqoob"},{"link_name":"Zameer Haider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zameer_Haider"},{"link_name":"Scorecard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1202693.html"},{"link_name":"Khyber Pakhtunkhwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Northern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Mohammad Rizwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Rizwan_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Muhammad Musa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Musa"},{"link_name":"Umar Amin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umar_Amin"},{"link_name":"Junaid Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junaid_Khan_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"D/L method","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duckworth%E2%80%93Lewis_method"},{"link_name":"Iqbal Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iqbal_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Faisalabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faisalabad"},{"link_name":"Qaiser Waheed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qaiser_Waheed"},{"link_name":"Khalid Mahmood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalid_Mahmood_(umpire)"},{"link_name":"Muhammad Musa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Musa"},{"link_name":"Scorecard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1202694.html"},{"link_name":"Southern Punjab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Punjab_cricket_team_(Pakistan)"},{"link_name":"Sindh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindh_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Wahab Riaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahab_Riaz"},{"link_name":"Sohail Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sohail_Khan_(cricketer,_born_1984)"},{"link_name":"Sarfaraz Ahmed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarfaraz_Ahmed"},{"link_name":"Zahid Mahmood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zahid_Mahmood"},{"link_name":"Iqbal Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iqbal_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Faisalabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faisalabad"},{"link_name":"Mohammad Sajid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Sajid"},{"link_name":"Mohammad Hafeez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Hafeez"},{"link_name":"Scorecard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1202695.html"},{"link_name":"Central Punjab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Punjab_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Khyber Pakhtunkhwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Babar Azam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babar_Azam"},{"link_name":"Irfanullah Shah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irfanullah_Shah"},{"link_name":"Fakhar Zaman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fakhar_Zaman_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"*","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Not_out"},{"link_name":"Naseem Shah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naseem_Shah_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Iqbal Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iqbal_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Faisalabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faisalabad"},{"link_name":"Zameer Haider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zameer_Haider"},{"link_name":"Khushdil Shah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khushdil_Shah"},{"link_name":"Scorecard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1202696.html"},{"link_name":"Balochistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balochistan_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Northern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Hussain Talat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hussain_Talat"},{"link_name":"*","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Not_out"},{"link_name":"Shadab Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadab_Khan"},{"link_name":"Ali Imran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Imran_(cricketer,_born_1998)"},{"link_name":"*","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Not_out"},{"link_name":"Umar Gul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umar_Gul"},{"link_name":"Iqbal Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iqbal_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Faisalabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faisalabad"},{"link_name":"Asif Yaqoob","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asif_Yaqoob"},{"link_name":"Khalid Mahmood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalid_Mahmood_(umpire)"},{"link_name":"Ali Imran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Imran_(cricketer,_born_1998)"}],"sub_title":"Round-robin","text":"13 October 2019 Scorecard \n\n\n\n\nBalochistan140/9 (20 overs)\n\nv\n\nKhyber Pakhtunkhwa141/3 (17.1 overs)\n\n\nImam-ul-Haq 70 (51) Mohammad Mohsin 4/17 (4 overs)\n\n\n\nAdil Amin 48 (21) Amad Butt 1/21 (2 overs)\n\n\n\nKhyber Pakhtunkhwa won by 7 wickets Iqbal Stadium, Faisalabad Umpires: Aaley Haider and Ghaffar Kazmi Player of the match: Mohammad Mohsin (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa)\n\n\nKhyber Pakhtunkhwa won the toss and elected to field.\nAkif Javed (Balochistan) made his T20 debut.13 October 2019 Scorecard \n\n\n\n\nCentral Punjab188/3 (20 overs)\n\nv\n\nSindh192/7 (19.5 overs)\n\n\nBabar Azam 102* (59) Mohammad Hasnain 2/32 (4 overs)\n\n\n\nKhurram Manzoor 50 (42) Waqas Maqsood 3/32 (4 overs)\n\n\n\nSindh won by 3 wickets Iqbal Stadium, Faisalabad Umpires: Abdul Muqeet and Qaiser Waheed Player of the match: Asad Shafiq (Sindh)\n\n\nCentral Punjab won the toss and elected to bat.\nNaseem Shah (Central Punjab) made his T20 debut.14 October 2019 Scorecard \n\n\n\n\nSouthern Punjab135/9 (20 overs)\n\nv\n\nNorthern137/5 (19 overs)\n\n\nAamer Yamin 33 (20) Sohail Tanvir 3/27 (4 overs)\n\n\n\nUmar Amin 50 (41) Zahid Mahmood 2/14 (4 overs)\n\n\n\nNorthern won by 5 wickets Iqbal Stadium, Faisalabad Umpires: Aaley Haider and Mohammad Asif Player of the match: Asif Ali (Northern)\n\n\nSouthern Punjab won the toss and elected to bat.14 October 2019 Scorecard \n\n\n\n\nBalochistan233/6 (20 overs)\n\nv\n\nSindh181 (19.4 overs)\n\n\nAwais Zia 77 (48) Mohammad Hasnain 3/42 (4 overs)\n\n\n\nAbid Ali 41 (23) Amad Butt 3/32 (4 overs)\n\n\n\nBalochistan won by 52 runs Iqbal Stadium, Faisalabad Umpires: Ghaffar Kazmi and Tahir Rasheed Player of the match: Amad Butt (Balochistan)\n\n\nSindh won the toss and elected to field.\nWaleed Ahmed (Sindh) made his T20 debut.15 October 2019 Scorecard \n\n\n\n\nNorthern222/6 (20 overs)\n\nv\n\nCentral Punjab226/6 (19.5 overs)\n\n\nAsif Ali 93 (35) Faheem Ashraf 3/44 (4 overs)\n\n\n\nAhmed Shehzad 111* (63) Imad Wasim 3/38 (4 overs)\n\n\n\nCentral Punjab won by 4 wickets Iqbal Stadium, Faisalabad Umpires: Mohammad Asif and Tahir Rasheed Player of the match: Ahmed Shehzad (Central Punjab)\n\n\nNorthern won the toss and elected to bat.15 October 2019 Scorecard \n\n\n\n\nKhyber Pakhtunkhwa154/5 (20 overs)\n\nv\n\nSouthern Punjab155/6 (18.3 overs)\n\n\nKhushdil Shah 56* (32) Wahab Riaz 3/28 (4 overs)\n\n\n\nSaif Badar 49* (35) Mohammad Mohsin 3/37 (4 overs)\n\n\n\nSouthern Punjab won by 4 wickets Iqbal Stadium, Faisalabad Umpires: Ahmed Shahab and Imtiaz Iqbal Player of the match: Wahab Riaz (Southern Punjab)\n\n\nKhyber Pakhtunkhwa won the toss and elected to bat.16 October 2019 Scorecard \n\n\n\n\nSindh176/6 (20 overs)\n\nv\n\nKhyber Pakhtunkhwa162/3 (20 overs)\n\n\nAhsan Ali 64 (37) Usman Shinwari 1/23 (4 overs)\n\n\n\nMohammad Rizwan 70 (43) Anwar Ali 3/30 (3 overs)\n\n\n\nSindh won by 8 runs Iqbal Stadium, Faisalabad Umpires: Ahmed Shahab and Imtiaz Iqbal Player of the match: Ahsan Ali (Sindh)\n\n\nKhyber Pakhtunkhwa won the toss and elected to field.16 October 2019 Scorecard \n\n\n\n\nBalochistan164/8 (20 overs)\n\nv\n\nCentral Punjab137/8 (20 overs)\n\n\nBismillah Khan 56 (43) Faheem Ashraf 3/33 (4 overs)\n\n\n\nAhmed Shehzad 52 (41) Amad Butt 3/23 (4 overs)\n\n\n\nBalochistan won by 27 runs Iqbal Stadium, Faisalabad Umpires: Abdul Muqeet and Shozab Raza Player of the match: Awais Zia (Balochistan)\n\n\nCentral Punjab won the toss and elected to field.17 October 2019 Scorecard \n\n\n\n\nSouthern Punjab144/7 (20 overs)\n\nv\n\nBalochistan145/3 (19.3 overs)\n\n\nSohaib Maqsood 35 (34) Akif Javed 3/16 (4 overs)\n\n\n\nImam-ul-Haq 51 (39) Zahid Mahmood 2/28 (4 overs)\n\n\n\nBalochistan won by 7 wickets Iqbal Stadium, Faisalabad Umpires: Mohammad Sajid and Asif Yaqoob Player of the match: Imam-ul-Haq (Balochistan)\n\n\nBalochistan won the toss and elected to field.17 October 2019 Scorecard \n\n\n\n\nNorthern191/7 (20 overs)\n\nv\n\nSindh125 (17.4 overs)\n\n\nSohail Akhtar 63 (36) Mohammad Hasnain 2/32 (4 overs)\n\n\n\nAhsan Ali 29 (20) Shadab Khan 3/28 (4 overs)\n\n\n\nNorthern won by 66 runs Iqbal Stadium, Faisalabad Umpires: Qaiser Waheed and Shozab Raza Player of the match: Sohail Akhtar (Northern)\n\n\nNorthern won the toss and elected to bat.18 October 2019 Scorecard \n\n\n\n\nCentral Punjab\n\nv\n\nSouthern Punjab\n\n\n \n\n\n\n \n\n\n\nMatch abandoned Iqbal Stadium, Faisalabad Umpires: Asif Yaqoob and Zameer Haider \n\n\nNo toss.\nNo play was possible due to a wet outfield.18 October 2019 Scorecard \n\n\n\n\nKhyber Pakhtunkhwa134/8 (16 overs)\n\nv\n\nNorthern102/3 (11.3 overs)\n\n\nMohammad Rizwan 52 (35) Muhammad Musa 4/32 (4 overs)\n\n\n\nUmar Amin 39 (28) Junaid Khan 2/13 (2 overs)\n\n\n\nNorthern won by 7 wickets (D/L method) Iqbal Stadium, Faisalabad Umpires: Qaiser Waheed and Khalid Mahmood Player of the match: Muhammad Musa (Northern)\n\n\nNorthern won the toss and elected to field.\nNorthern were set a revised target of 101 runs from 12 overs due to rain.21 October 2019 Scorecard \n\n\n\n\nSouthern Punjab148/9 (20 overs)\n\nv\n\nSindh114 (17.4 overs)\n\n\nWahab Riaz 41 (30) Sohail Khan 4/15 (4 overs)\n\n\n\nSarfaraz Ahmed 45 (37) Zahid Mahmood 4/21 (3.3 overs)\n\n\n\nSouthern Punjab won by 34 runs Iqbal Stadium, Faisalabad Umpires: Tariq Rasheed and Mohammad Sajid Player of the match: Mohammad Hafeez (Southern Punjab)\n\n\nSouthern Punjab won the toss and elected to bat.22 October 2019 Scorecard \n\n\n\n\nCentral Punjab177/3 (20 overs)\n\nv\n\nKhyber Pakhtunkhwa182/3 (19.4 overs)\n\n\nBabar Azam 83 (56) Irfanullah Shah 1/22 (4 overs)\n\n\n\nFakhar Zaman 82* (54) Naseem Shah 1/30 (4 overs)\n\n\n\nKhyber Pakhtunkhwa won by 7 wickets Iqbal Stadium, Faisalabad Umpires: Zameer Haider and Tariq Rasheed Player of the match: Khushdil Shah (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa)\n\n\nKhyber Pakhtunkhwa won the toss and elected to field.22 October 2019 Scorecard \n\n\n\n\nBalochistan155/8 (20 overs)\n\nv\n\nNorthern156/3 (17 overs)\n\n\nHussain Talat 77* (51) Shadab Khan 4/26 (4 overs)\n\n\n\nAli Imran 65* (37) Umar Gul 1/17 (2 overs)\n\n\n\nNorthern won by 7 wickets Iqbal Stadium, Faisalabad Umpires: Asif Yaqoob and Khalid Mahmood Player of the match: Ali Imran (Northern)\n\n\nNorthern won the toss and elected to field.","title":"Fixtures"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scorecard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1202697.html"},{"link_name":"Northern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Khyber Pakhtunkhwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Umar Amin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umar_Amin"},{"link_name":"Usman Shinwari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usman_Shinwari"},{"link_name":"Iftikhar Ahmed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iftikhar_Ahmed_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Haris Rauf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haris_Rauf"},{"link_name":"Iqbal Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iqbal_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Faisalabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faisalabad"},{"link_name":"Mohammad Sajid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Sajid"},{"link_name":"Asif Yaqoob","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asif_Yaqoob"},{"link_name":"Haris Rauf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haris_Rauf"},{"link_name":"Scorecard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1202698.html"},{"link_name":"Southern Punjab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Punjab_cricket_team_(Pakistan)"},{"link_name":"Balochistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balochistan_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Mohammad Hafeez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Hafeez"},{"link_name":"Ali Shafiq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Shafiq"},{"link_name":"Hussain Talat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hussain_Talat"},{"link_name":"Wahab Riaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahab_Riaz"},{"link_name":"Iqbal Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iqbal_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Faisalabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faisalabad"},{"link_name":"Shozab Raza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shozab_Raza"},{"link_name":"Ahsan Raza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahsan_Raza"},{"link_name":"Amad Butt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amad_Butt"},{"link_name":"Scorecard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1202699.html"},{"link_name":"Northern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Balochistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balochistan_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Umar Amin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umar_Amin"},{"link_name":"Amad Butt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amad_Butt"},{"link_name":"Imran Farhat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imran_Farhat"},{"link_name":"Sohail Tanvir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sohail_Tanvir"},{"link_name":"Iqbal Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iqbal_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Faisalabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faisalabad"},{"link_name":"Ahmed Shahab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Shahab"},{"link_name":"Asif Yaqoob","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asif_Yaqoob"},{"link_name":"Umar Amin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umar_Amin"}],"sub_title":"Finals","text":"1st Semi-final 23 October 2019 Scorecard \n\n\n\n\nNorthern148/9 (20 overs)\n\nv\n\nKhyber Pakhtunkhwa145/8 (20 overs)\n\n\nUmar Amin 43 (33) Usman Shinwari 5/13 (4 overs)\n\n\n\nIftikhar Ahmed 53 (45) Haris Rauf 3/26 (3 overs)\n\n\n\nNorthern won by 3 runs Iqbal Stadium, Faisalabad Umpires: Mohammad Sajid and Asif Yaqoob Player of the match: Haris Rauf (Northern)\n\n\nKhyber Pakhtunkhwa won the toss and elected to field.2nd Semi-final 23 October 2019 Scorecard \n\n\n\n\nSouthern Punjab173/5 (20 overs)\n\nv\n\nBalochistan178/7 (20 overs)\n\n\nMohammad Hafeez 65 (41) Ali Shafiq 2/31 (4 overs)\n\n\n\nHussain Talat 42 (29) Wahab Riaz 2/36 (4 overs)\n\n\n\nBalochistan won by 3 wickets Iqbal Stadium, Faisalabad Umpires: Shozab Raza and Ahsan Raza Player of the match: Amad Butt (Balochistan)\n\n\nBalochistan won the toss and elected to field.Final 24 October 2019 Scorecard \n\n\n\n\nNorthern167/5 (20 overs)\n\nv\n\nBalochistan115 (18.2 overs)\n\n\nUmar Amin 60 (38) Amad Butt 2/19 (4 overs)\n\n\n\nImran Farhat 32 (36) Sohail Tanvir 3/27 (4 overs)\n\n\n\nNorthern won by 52 runs Iqbal Stadium, Faisalabad Umpires: Ahmed Shahab and Asif Yaqoob Player of the match: Umar Amin (Northern)\n\n\nBalochistan won the toss and elected to field.","title":"Fixtures"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Ambitious and competitive 2019-20 domestic cricket season unveiled\". Pakistan Cricket Board. Retrieved 31 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pcb.com.pk/press-release-detail/ambitious-and-competitive-2019-20-domestic-cricket-season-unveiled.html","url_text":"\"Ambitious and competitive 2019-20 domestic cricket season unveiled\""}]},{"reference":"\"PCB unveils new domestic set-up with 'stay at the top' mantra\". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 31 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/27504448/pcb-unveils-new-domestic-set-stay-top-mantra","url_text":"\"PCB unveils new domestic set-up with 'stay at the top' mantra\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lahore Whites beat Rawalpindi to clinch National T20 Cup 2018\". Samaa. Retrieved 25 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.samaa.tv/sports/2018/12/lahore-whites-beat-rawalpindi-to-clinch-national-t20-cup-2018/","url_text":"\"Lahore Whites beat Rawalpindi to clinch National T20 Cup 2018\""}]},{"reference":"\"PCB likely to split Quaid-e-Azam Trophy to create T20 window\". Geo TV. Retrieved 3 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.geo.tv/latest/244039-pcb-likely-to-split-quaid-e-azam-trophy-to-create-t20-window","url_text":"\"PCB likely to split Quaid-e-Azam Trophy to create T20 window\""}]},{"reference":"\"National T20 Cup 2019 - schedule of press conferences\". Pakistan Cricket Board. Retrieved 9 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pcb.com.pk/press-release-detail/national-t20-cup-2019-schedule-of-press-conferences.html","url_text":"\"National T20 Cup 2019 - schedule of press conferences\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ali Imran, Rohail Nazir help Northern to seven-wicket win over Balochistan\". Pakistan Cricket Board. Retrieved 22 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pcb.com.pk/press-release-detail/ali-imran-rohail-nazir-help-northern-to-seven-wicket-win-over-balochistan.html","url_text":"\"Ali Imran, Rohail Nazir help Northern to seven-wicket win over Balochistan\""}]},{"reference":"\"Haris Rauf takes Northern into the final of the National T20 Cup\". Pakistan Cricket Board. Retrieved 23 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pcb.com.pk/press-release-detail/haris-rauf-takes-northern-into-the-final-of-the-national-t20-cup.html","url_text":"\"Haris Rauf takes Northern into the final of the National T20 Cup\""}]},{"reference":"\"Amad Butt's last over heroics take Balochistan into the final\". Pakistan Cricket Board. Retrieved 23 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pcb.com.pk/press-release-detail/amad-butt-s-last-over-heroics-take-balochistan-into-the-final.html","url_text":"\"Amad Butt's last over heroics take Balochistan into the final\""}]},{"reference":"\"Umar Amin, allrounders star as Northern power through to title\". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 24 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8660/report/1202699/northern-(pakistan)-vs-balochistan-final-national-t20-cup","url_text":"\"Umar Amin, allrounders star as Northern power through to title\""}]},{"reference":"\"Northern beat Balochistan to be crowned National T20 Cup champions\". Pakistan Cricket Board. Retrieved 25 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pcb.com.pk/press-release-detail/northern-beat-balochistan-to-be-crowned-national-t20-cup-champions.html","url_text":"\"Northern beat Balochistan to be crowned National T20 Cup champions\""}]},{"reference":"\"National T20 Cup 2019: Points table\". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 22 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espncricinfo.com/table/series/8660/season/2019/national-t20-cup","url_text":"\"National T20 Cup 2019: Points table\""}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.pcb.com.pk/","external_links_name":"www.pcb.com.pk"},{"Link":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1202682.html","external_links_name":"Scorecard"},{"Link":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1202683.html","external_links_name":"Scorecard"},{"Link":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1202684.html","external_links_name":"Scorecard"},{"Link":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1202685.html","external_links_name":"Scorecard"},{"Link":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1202686.html","external_links_name":"Scorecard"},{"Link":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1202687.html","external_links_name":"Scorecard"},{"Link":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1202688.html","external_links_name":"Scorecard"},{"Link":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1202689.html","external_links_name":"Scorecard"},{"Link":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1202690.html","external_links_name":"Scorecard"},{"Link":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1202691.html","external_links_name":"Scorecard"},{"Link":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1202692.html","external_links_name":"Scorecard"},{"Link":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1202693.html","external_links_name":"Scorecard"},{"Link":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1202694.html","external_links_name":"Scorecard"},{"Link":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1202695.html","external_links_name":"Scorecard"},{"Link":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1202696.html","external_links_name":"Scorecard"},{"Link":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1202697.html","external_links_name":"Scorecard"},{"Link":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1202698.html","external_links_name":"Scorecard"},{"Link":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1202699.html","external_links_name":"Scorecard"},{"Link":"https://www.pcb.com.pk/press-release-detail/ambitious-and-competitive-2019-20-domestic-cricket-season-unveiled.html","external_links_name":"\"Ambitious and competitive 2019-20 domestic cricket season unveiled\""},{"Link":"https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/27504448/pcb-unveils-new-domestic-set-stay-top-mantra","external_links_name":"\"PCB unveils new domestic set-up with 'stay at the top' mantra\""},{"Link":"https://www.samaa.tv/sports/2018/12/lahore-whites-beat-rawalpindi-to-clinch-national-t20-cup-2018/","external_links_name":"\"Lahore Whites beat Rawalpindi to clinch National T20 Cup 2018\""},{"Link":"https://www.geo.tv/latest/244039-pcb-likely-to-split-quaid-e-azam-trophy-to-create-t20-window","external_links_name":"\"PCB likely to split Quaid-e-Azam Trophy to create T20 window\""},{"Link":"https://www.pcb.com.pk/press-release-detail/national-t20-cup-2019-schedule-of-press-conferences.html","external_links_name":"\"National T20 Cup 2019 - schedule of press conferences\""},{"Link":"https://www.pcb.com.pk/press-release-detail/ali-imran-rohail-nazir-help-northern-to-seven-wicket-win-over-balochistan.html","external_links_name":"\"Ali Imran, Rohail Nazir help Northern to seven-wicket win over Balochistan\""},{"Link":"https://www.pcb.com.pk/press-release-detail/haris-rauf-takes-northern-into-the-final-of-the-national-t20-cup.html","external_links_name":"\"Haris Rauf takes Northern into the final of the National T20 Cup\""},{"Link":"https://www.pcb.com.pk/press-release-detail/amad-butt-s-last-over-heroics-take-balochistan-into-the-final.html","external_links_name":"\"Amad Butt's last over heroics take Balochistan into the final\""},{"Link":"https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8660/report/1202699/northern-(pakistan)-vs-balochistan-final-national-t20-cup","external_links_name":"\"Umar Amin, allrounders star as Northern power through to title\""},{"Link":"https://www.pcb.com.pk/press-release-detail/northern-beat-balochistan-to-be-crowned-national-t20-cup-champions.html","external_links_name":"\"Northern beat Balochistan to be crowned National T20 Cup champions\""},{"Link":"https://www.espncricinfo.com/table/series/8660/season/2019/national-t20-cup","external_links_name":"\"National T20 Cup 2019: Points table\""},{"Link":"https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/_/id/8660/season/2019/national-t20-cup","external_links_name":"Series home at ESPN Cricinfo"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryknoll_Lay_Missioners
Maryknoll Lay Missioners
["1 Martyrs","2 References","3 External links"]
Roman Catholic organization The neutrality of this article is disputed. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met. (August 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Maryknoll Lay Missioners (MKLM) is a Roman Catholic organization inspired by the mission of Jesus to live and work in poor communities "for a more just, compassionate and sustainable world". They currently work in Africa, Asia, South America, and North America. The Maryknoll Fathers and Brothers and the Maryknoll Sisters were founded in 1911 and 1912, respectively. After the Second Vatican Council closed in 1965, both organizations started work on starting a lay institute (following the council's encouragement of more lay involvement and ministry in the church; see Lumen Gentium). Four lay people started preparing for mission work in 1974, and the Maryknoll Lay Missioners were officially founded in 1975 as a collaboration between the Fathers & Brothers and the Sisters. The MKLM worked alongside the Maryknoll Fathers, Brothers, and Sisters in their ministries, guided by Catholic social teaching. In 1994, MKLM was established as an independent non-profit organization with church recognition, officially named the Maryknoll Mission Association of the Faithful (MMAF), having separate leadership and governance from the other Maryknoll entities and raising its own funding; the popular name Maryknoll Lay Missioners would be officially adopted in 2004. MKLM maintains a close working relationship with the Fathers, Brothers, Sisters and Affiliates. MKLM is one of the largest lay Catholic mission-sending organizations in the U.S. and possesses 40 years of experience in supporting laity in overseas mission. The organization has prepared approximately 700 missioners to serve overseas over this time. MKLM recruits new missioners (single people, married couples and families with children); helps potential missioners through a discernment process; trains new missioners with an intensive 10-week orientation; provides ongoing mission education, including language and cultural experiential learning; and helps match missioners’ talents with the needs of the population they will serve. The organization provides for its missioners a living allowance, health insurance, worker's compensation, life insurance, retirement plan, human resource support and initial travel to and from mission. MKLM helps to transition missioners returning to the U.S., including re-entry counseling, limited employment counseling and networking. MKLM Leadership: Elvira Ramirez, Interim Executive Director and Director of Mission Martyrs Lay Missioner Jean Donovan was killed in El Salvador on December 2, 1980, alongside Maryknoll Sisters Maura Clarke and Ita Ford, and Ursuline Sister Dorothy Kazel. References ^ KASHUBA, Cheryl (October 12, 2012). "Local History: Maryknoll Fathers trace roots to Hill Section". Scranton: The Scranton Times-Tribune. Retrieved 8 June 2014. ^ "Our Mission - Maryknoll Sisters". Maryknoll Sisters. Retrieved June 18, 2021. ^ Cahoy, John William (2012). In the Name of the Church: Vocation and Authorization of Lay Ecclesial Ministry. Liturgical Press. pp. 40–42. ISBN 9780814634233. ^ a b "Our History - Maryknoll Lay Missioners". Maryknoll Lay Missioners. Retrieved June 18, 2021. External links Maryknoll Lay Missioners website vteCatholic laityOrganizations of lay members of the Catholic Church who are neither in holy orders nor members of religious institutesPersonal ordinariates,prelatures, and apostolicadministrations Military ordinariates Ordinariate for Eastern Catholic faithful Opus Dei Anglican Use: Chair of Saint Peter, Our Lady of the Southern Cross, Our Lady of Walsingham Saint John Mary Vianney Third orders Order of Augustinian Recollects Order of Saint Augustine Oblates of Saint Benedict Secular Order of Discalced Carmelites Order of Saint Dominic Order of Saint Francis Secular Franciscan Order Order of Mercy Order of Minims Order Secular of the Most Holy Trinity Order of Saint Norbert Order of Our Lady of Mount Carmel Association of Salesian Cooperators Order of Servites ConfraternitiesArchconfraternities Archconfraternity of the Holy Family Archconfraternity of the Most Precious Blood Types Confraternities of the Cord Confraternity of Penitents Flagellant confraternities Purgatorial society Individual Confraternity of Christian Doctrine Confraternity of Catholic Saints Confraternity of the Rosary Bona Mors Confraternity Children of Mary of the Sacred Heart Hospitalité Notre Dame de Lourdes Illustrious Brotherhood of Our Blessed Lady Penitentes Penitential Brotherhood of the Holy Eucharist Society of the Holy Name Ven. Arc. Misericordia di Florence RVISSM Internationalassociationsof the faithful Catenian Association Chemin Neuf Community Christian Life Community Christian Life Movement Cooperators of Opus Dei Couples for Christ Cursillo Communion and Liberation Emmanuel Community FIMCAP Focolare Movement Heralds of the Gospel International Alliance of Catholic Knights International Catholic Conference of Scouting International Federation of Catholic Universities International Kolping Society International Union of Catholic Esperantists Lay Claretian Movement L'Arche Legion of Mary Militia Christi Militia of the Immaculata Neocatechumenal Way Pax Romana Priests for Life Regnum Christi Sant'Egidio Community SIGNIS Schoenstatt Movement Teams of Our Lady Teresian Association UIGSE Union of Catholic Apostolate Other associationsof the faithful Apostolate for Family Consecration Association of Vatican Lay Workers Catholic Charismatic Renewal (Canção Nova) (Shalom Catholic Community) Catholic Christian Outreach Catholic Worker Movement Fellowship of Catholic University Students Madonna House Maryknoll Lay Missioners NET Ministries Pope's Worldwide Prayer Network Queen of Angels Foundation Saint Paul's Outreach Society of Saint Vincent de Paul Movements Catholic Marian movements and societies Catholic Action Azione Cattolica Catholic Women's League Catholic Worker Movement World Movement of Christian Workers Young Christian Workers Christian Family Movement Courage International El Shaddai Family Rosary Crusade Fidesco International Notre-Dame de Chrétienté Theology on Tap Voice of the Faithful Young Men's Institute We Are Church See also Catholic catechesis Catholic Congress Catholic Extension Catholic higher education Catholic youth work Catholic campus ministry Dicastery for the Laity, Family and Life Lay Centre at Foyer Unitas Lists of Catholics Pontifical Council for the Laity Taizé Community Universal call to holiness Charities Aid to the Church in Need Caritas Catholic Charities Home Missions CNEWA Relief Services CIDSE Pax Christi Society of Saint Vincent de Paul Catholic Church portal Index
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roman Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic"},{"link_name":"Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus"},{"link_name":"Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa"},{"link_name":"Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia"},{"link_name":"North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America"},{"link_name":"Maryknoll Fathers and Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryknoll"},{"link_name":"Maryknoll Sisters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryknoll_Sisters_of_St._Dominic"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scranton-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Second Vatican Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council"},{"link_name":"lay institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_laity"},{"link_name":"Lumen Gentium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumen_gentium"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"Catholic social teaching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"discernment process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discernment_in_Christianity#Christianity"},{"link_name":"language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_acquisition"},{"link_name":"experiential learning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experiential_learning"},{"link_name":"living allowance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allowance_(money)"},{"link_name":"health insurance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_insurance"},{"link_name":"worker's compensation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workers%27_compensation"},{"link_name":"life insurance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_insurance"},{"link_name":"retirement plan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pension"},{"link_name":"employment counseling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Career_counseling"},{"link_name":"networking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_networking"}],"text":"Maryknoll Lay Missioners (MKLM) is a Roman Catholic organization inspired by the mission of Jesus to live and work in poor communities \"for a more just, compassionate and sustainable world\". They currently work in Africa, Asia, South America, and North America.The Maryknoll Fathers and Brothers and the Maryknoll Sisters were founded in 1911[1] and 1912,[2] respectively. After the Second Vatican Council closed in 1965, both organizations started work on starting a lay institute (following the council's encouragement of more lay involvement and ministry in the church; see Lumen Gentium).[3] Four lay people started preparing for mission work in 1974, and the Maryknoll Lay Missioners were officially founded in 1975 as a collaboration between the Fathers & Brothers and the Sisters.[4] The MKLM worked alongside the Maryknoll Fathers, Brothers, and Sisters in their ministries, guided by Catholic social teaching. In 1994, MKLM was established as an independent non-profit organization with church recognition, officially named the Maryknoll Mission Association of the Faithful (MMAF), having separate leadership and governance from the other Maryknoll entities and raising its own funding; the popular name Maryknoll Lay Missioners would be officially adopted in 2004.[4] MKLM maintains a close working relationship with the Fathers, Brothers, Sisters and Affiliates.MKLM is one of the largest lay Catholic mission-sending organizations in the U.S. and possesses 40 years of experience in supporting laity in overseas mission. The organization has prepared approximately 700 missioners to serve overseas over this time. MKLM recruits new missioners (single people, married couples and families with children); helps potential missioners through a discernment process; trains new missioners with an intensive 10-week orientation; provides ongoing mission education, including language and cultural experiential learning; and helps match missioners’ talents with the needs of the population they will serve. \nThe organization provides for its missioners a living allowance, health insurance, worker's compensation, life insurance, retirement plan, human resource support and initial travel to and from mission. MKLM helps to transition missioners returning to the U.S., including re-entry counseling, limited employment counseling and networking.MKLM Leadership:Elvira Ramirez, Interim Executive Director and Director of Mission","title":"Maryknoll Lay Missioners"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jean Donovan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Donovan"},{"link_name":"killed in El Salvador on December 2, 1980","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_murders_of_U.S._missionaries_in_El_Salvador"},{"link_name":"Maura Clarke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maura_Clarke"},{"link_name":"Ita Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ita_Ford"},{"link_name":"Ursuline Sister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ursulines"},{"link_name":"Dorothy Kazel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_Kazel"}],"text":"Lay Missioner Jean Donovan was killed in El Salvador on December 2, 1980, alongside Maryknoll Sisters Maura Clarke and Ita Ford, and Ursuline Sister Dorothy Kazel.","title":"Martyrs"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"KASHUBA, Cheryl (October 12, 2012). \"Local History: Maryknoll Fathers trace roots to Hill Section\". Scranton: The Scranton Times-Tribune. Retrieved 8 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://thetimes-tribune.com/news/local-history-maryknoll-fathers-trace-roots-to-hill-section-1.1391227","url_text":"\"Local History: Maryknoll Fathers trace roots to Hill Section\""}]},{"reference":"\"Our Mission - Maryknoll Sisters\". Maryknoll Sisters. Retrieved June 18, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.maryknollsisters.org/about-us/our-mission/","url_text":"\"Our Mission - Maryknoll Sisters\""}]},{"reference":"Cahoy, John William (2012). In the Name of the Church: Vocation and Authorization of Lay Ecclesial Ministry. Liturgical Press. pp. 40–42. ISBN 9780814634233.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liturgical_Press","url_text":"Liturgical Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780814634233","url_text":"9780814634233"}]},{"reference":"\"Our History - Maryknoll Lay Missioners\". Maryknoll Lay Missioners. Retrieved June 18, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://mklm.org/our-history/","url_text":"\"Our History - Maryknoll Lay Missioners\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_Brown_(Australian_footballer_born_1978)
Nathan Brown (Australian footballer, born 1978)
["1 Richmond playing career","1.1 Retirement","1.2 Post AFL Career","2 Statistics","3 Media career","4 Personal life","5 Achievements and honours","6 References","7 External links"]
Australian rules footballer For the Australian rules footballer who played for Melbourne, see Nathan Brown (Australian footballer, born 1976). For the Australian rules footballer who plays for St Kilda, see Nathan Brown (Australian footballer, born 1988). This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Nathan Brown" Australian footballer, born 1978 – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Australian rules footballer Nathan Brown Photographed in April 2009Personal informationFull name Nathan Gregory BrownNickname(s) Browny, NoodlesDate of birth (1978-02-10) 10 February 1978 (age 46)Place of birth VictoriaOriginal team(s) Bendigo Pioneers (TAC Cup)/Golden SquareDraft 10th overall, 1996Western BulldogsHeight 182 cm (6 ft 0 in)Weight 80 kg (176 lb)Position(s) Half forward flankPlaying career1Years Club Games (Goals)1997–2003 Western Bulldogs 137 (206)2004–2009 Richmond 082 (143)Total 219 (349) 1 Playing statistics correct to the end of round 22 2009.Career highlights Morrish Medal: 1996 2x All-Australian: 2001, 2002 4x International Rules Series: 2000, 2002, 2003, 2004 Jim Stynes Medal: 2004 Sources: AFL Tables, AustralianFootball.com Nathan Gordon Brown (born 10 February 1978) is a radio and television football commentator and a former Australian rules footballer for Richmond and the Western Bulldogs in the AFL. He played a total of 219 senior AFL matches and kicked 349 goals. His playing career ended after Richmond told him at the end of 2009 that he would no longer be required as a player. Nathan Brown played tennis growing up, and is known for defeating former Australian tennis professional Peter Luczak 6-3 6-4 on grass, in a Warrnambool Under 16's grass tournament. Recruited from Golden Square and then the Bendigo Pioneers in the TAC Cup to the Western Bulldogs in the AFL, Brown made a name for himself as a dangerous medium-sized forward. He played with the Bulldogs from 1997 to 2003, and left the club after a more lucrative contract was offered by Richmond. At the time the Western Bulldogs had asked many of their high profile players to take pay cuts to support the team financially. Richmond playing career Having been part of the Western Bulldogs side that took out the wooden spoon in 2003, Brown's first season at Richmond did not see any improvement, as the Tigers went on to finish last in 2004 after losing their final fourteen games of the season. In 2005, Brown continued to perform for the Tigers, partly due to his former coach at the Western Bulldogs, Terry Wallace taking over, and put in a string of match-winning performances in the early part of the season, including a sensational last-quarter burst against Collingwood in Round 8. In this game, Richmond turned a 10-point deficit into a 35-point victory, thanks to Brown's 5 last-quarter goals. The following week against Brisbane, Brown added 4 goals to be one of the match winners along with Shane Tuck. By this point, Richmond were firmly entrenched in the top four with a 7–2 win–loss record, and Brown had kicked 32 goals. However, in Round 10 against Melbourne, Brown broke his leg attempting a left-foot kick as Melbourne defender Matthew Whelan dived across him in a legitimate attempt to smother the ball. Brown's right foot became stuck on the Telstra Dome surface and tilted a bit to the right. The injury even sickened media personality Robert Walls, who was watching the match on television, to the extent that he had to turn off his television. Richmond lost the game by 57 points, and would only record three more wins thereafter to finish in 12th place on the ladder. Brown had a titanium rod inserted into his tibia, and underwent extensive therapy and rehabilitation training over the following pre-season. Despite this, Brown would suffer further complications from his broken leg, among other injuries, eventually leading to his retirement at the end of the 2009 season. In 2007, with Richmond languishing at the bottom of the ladder, Brown did not play a match at senior level until Round 12, when Richmond defeated Melbourne by 49 points for its first win of the season, with Brown kicking three goals. Brown played his 200th game against Melbourne at Telstra Dome in Round 12, 2008. Richmond won this match by 22 points. Retirement In November 2009, Brown announced his retirement from the AFL. He stated that there was interest from other clubs to pick him up, although he believed a persistent groin injury would not stand up to another season of AFL football. Post AFL Career In 2013, Brown made a one-off guest appearance for the North Launceston Football Club in the TSL. Statistics Legend   G   Goals   K   Kicks   D   Disposals    T   Tackles   B   Behinds    H   Handballs    M   Marks Season Team No. Games Totals Averages (per game) Votes G B K H D M T G B K H D M T 1997 Western Bulldogs 17 14 10 11 107 35 142 34 7 0.7 0.8 7.6 2.5 10.1 2.4 0.5 3 1998 Western Bulldogs 17 12 6 5 120 68 188 38 8 0.5 0.4 10.0 5.7 15.7 3.2 0.7 2 1999 Western Bulldogs 17 22 19 14 225 110 335 81 17 0.9 0.6 10.2 5.0 15.2 3.7 0.8 7 2000 Western Bulldogs 17 23 26 13 332 210 542 128 22 1.1 0.6 14.4 9.1 23.6 5.6 1.0 2 2001 Western Bulldogs 17 22 32 29 318 147 465 117 30 1.5 1.3 14.5 6.7 21.1 5.3 1.4 7 2002 Western Bulldogs 17 22 57 24 289 110 399 123 21 2.6 1.1 13.1 5.0 18.1 5.6 1.0 13 2003 Western Bulldogs 17 22 56 51 245 88 333 122 29 2.5 2.3 11.1 4.0 15.1 5.5 1.3 5 2004 Richmond 7 20 26 28 341 126 467 93 40 1.3 1.4 17.1 6.3 23.4 4.7 2.0 8 2005 Richmond 7 10 34 19 149 53 202 66 10 3.4 1.9 14.9 5.3 20.2 6.6 1.0 7 2006 Richmond 7 10 11 17 93 28 121 53 9 1.1 1.7 9.3 2.8 12.1 5.3 0.9 0 2007 Richmond 7 11 21 14 131 43 174 70 21 1.9 1.3 11.9 3.9 15.8 6.4 1.9 0 2008 Richmond 7 18 35 21 249 119 368 111 31 1.9 1.2 13.8 6.6 20.4 6.2 1.7 3 2009 Richmond 7 13 16 11 148 84 232 62 24 1.2 0.8 11.4 6.5 17.8 4.8 1.8 0 Career 219 349 257 2747 1221 3968 1098 269 1.6 1.2 12.5 5.6 18.1 5.0 1.2 57 Media career In 2010, Brown joined The Sunday Footy Show as a regular panellist. Up until 2014, Brown worked for Triple M as an expert commentator for Saturday night matches alongside Barry Denner, Mark Howard and Ash Chua. He rejoined the station in 2016 as a Friday night commentator and calling one of the Saturday games. In 2014, Brown joined rival radio station 3AW as a ball-by-ball commentator for Saturday night and Sunday twilight matches. In October 2014, Brown was appointed sport presenter on Weekend Today replacing Tim Gilbert. Brown is a brand ambassador for Sportsbet, appearing regularly in the media to cover AFL odds. In April 2024 Brown made his boxing debut against fellow former AFL footballer Kane Cornes in an exhibition boxing match in Adelaide. Brown won by unanimous decision in the 4 round fight. Personal life Brown is married to Kristine Fabiyanic and they have three daughters and a son. Achievements and honours Morrish Medal winner 1996 All-Australian 2001, 2002 International Rules Series 2000, 2002, 2003, 2004 (Jim Stynes Medal 2004) 100 Tiger Treasures "Goal of the Century" Nominee (2008) References ^ "Richmond Football Club Playerlist". Richmond Football Club. Archived from the original on 24 August 2011. Retrieved 25 September 2008. ^ a b "Nathan Brown Profile". 3AW. Fairfax Media. 2 March 2014. Archived from the original on 2 March 2014. Retrieved 2 March 2014. ^ McClure, Geoff (10 July 2006). "Different club spoons — wood you believe it?". www.theage.com.au. Retrieved 12 February 2019. ^ Walls, Robert (4 June 2005). "Brown Irreplaceable". The Age. Yellow and Black. Retrieved 4 January 2016. ^ a b Bradshaw, Finn (18 November 2009). "Nathan Brown confirms retirement". The Daily Telegraph (Sydney). Retrieved 4 January 2016. ^ "Tigers find winning form in cellar battle". ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation). 23 June 2007. Retrieved 4 January 2016. ^ "Brown 'proud' over 200th game". Australian Football League. 11 June 2008. Retrieved 4 January 2016. ^ "Richmond prevail in roller-coaster contest". ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation). 15 June 2008. Retrieved 4 January 2016. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 May 2017. Retrieved 13 September 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ^ Nathan Brown's player profile at AFL Tables ^ "Nathan Brown Profile". Nine Wide World of Sports. ninemsn. 1 January 2010. Archived from the original on 2 March 2014. Retrieved 2 March 2014. ^ "Nathan Brown". External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nathan Brown (Australian footballer born 1978). Nathan Brown profile on the Official AFL Website of the Richmond Football Club Nathan Brown's playing statistics from AFL Tables Greenberg, Tony (17 October 2012). "Top 20 Tiger trade pick-ups: No. 11". Richmond Football Club. Archived from the original on 21 October 2012. Retrieved 21 October 2012. vteWestern Bulldogs · leading goalkickersVFL/AFL 1925: Hopkins 1926: Chapple/Hopkins 1927: Chapple 1928: Morrison 1929: Morrison 1930: Morrison 1931: Morrison 1932: Dayman 1933: Rait 1934: Morrison 1935: Jack Ryan 1936: Olliver 1937: Olliver 1938: Luke 1939: Page 1940: Page 1941: A. Collins 1942: Ware 1943: A. Collins 1944: Wood 1945: Joe Ryan 1946: Wood 1947: Wood 1948: Wood 1949: Olliver 1950: Wood 1951: Sutton/Linton 1952: Duffy 1953: J. Collins 1954: J. Collins 1955: J. Collins 1956: Cross 1957: J. Collins 1958: J. Collins 1959: Baxter 1960: Baxter 1961: Whitten 1962: Whitten 1963: Bisset/Hobbs 1964: Bisset/Whitten 1965: Hobbs 1966: Jackman 1967: Bisset 1968: Whitten 1969: Bisset 1970: Bisset 1971: Quinlan 1972: Sandilands 1973: Sandilands 1974: Sandilands 1975: Sandilands 1976: Templeton 1977: Templeton 1978: Templeton 1979: Templeton 1980: Templeton 1981: Edmond/Loveless 1982: Beasley 1983: Beasley 1984: Beasley 1985: Beasley 1986: Beasley 1987: Beasley 1988: Beasley 1989: Campbell 1990: Grant 1991: Hawkins 1992: Del-Re 1993: Del-Re 1994: Grant 1995: Osborne 1996: Watts 1997: Minton-Connell 1998: Hudson 1999: Hudson 2000: Smith 2001: Johnson 2002: Brown 2003: Brown 2004: Darcy/Rawlings 2005: Johnson 2006: Johnson 2007: Johnson 2008: Johnson 2009: Akermanis 2010: Hall 2011: Hall 2012: Giansiracusa 2013: Giansiracusa 2014: Crameri 2015: Stringer 2016: Stringer 2017: Stringer/Picken 2018: Gowers 2019: Lloyd 2020: Wallis 2021: Bruce 2022: Naughton 2023: Naughton AFL Women's 2017: Blackburn 2018: Lochland 2019: Brennan 2020: McLeod 2021: Huntington 2022 (S6): Toogood 2022 (S7): Newton 2023: Lamb vteJim Stynes Medal winners 1998: Silvagni 1999: Akermanis 2000: Hird 2001: Lloyd 2002: Kellaway 2003: Harvey 2004: Brown 2005: McLeod 2006: O'Keefe 2008: Simpson 2010: Swan 2011: Kelly 2013: McGrath 2014: Hodge 2015: Taylor 2017: Fyfe vte2001 All-Australian teamFull-back Gavin Wanganeen (Port Adelaide) Jonathan Hay (Hawthorn) Darren Gaspar (Richmond) Half-back Joel Smith (Hawthorn) Sean Wellman (Essendon) Andrew McKay (Carlton) Centre Jason Akermanis (Brisbane Lions) Brett Ratten (Carlton) Nathan Buckley (Collingwood) Half-forward Michael Voss (Brisbane Lions) Warren Tredrea (Port Adelaide) James Hird (Essendon) (c) Full-forward Brad Ottens (Richmond) Matthew Lloyd (Essendon) Ben Cousins (West Coast) Ruck Matthew Primus (Port Adelaide) Simon Black (Brisbane Lions) Andrew McLeod (Adelaide) Interchange Nathan Brown (Western Bulldogs) Simon Goodwin (Adelaide) Jason Johnson (Essendon) Nigel Lappin (Brisbane Lions) Coach Leigh Matthews (Brisbane Lions) ← 2000 The position of coach in the All-Australian team has been awarded to the coach of the premiership-winning team since 1999. 2002 → vte2002 All-Australian teamFull-back Chris Johnson (Brisbane Lions) Matthew Pavlich (Fremantle) Glenn Archer (Kangaroos) Half-back Brett Montgomery (Port Adelaide) Justin Leppitsch (Brisbane Lions) Ben Hart (Adelaide) Centre Jason Akermanis (Brisbane Lions) Simon Black (Brisbane Lions) Adem Yze (Melbourne) Half-forward Michael Voss (Brisbane Lions) (c) Warren Tredrea (Port Adelaide) Brad Johnson (Western Bulldogs) Full-forward Nathan Brown (Western Bulldogs) David Neitz (Melbourne) Luke Darcy (Western Bulldogs) Ruck Matthew Primus (Port Adelaide) Josh Francou (Port Adelaide) Ben Cousins (West Coast) Interchange Shane Crawford (Hawthorn) Nigel Lappin (Brisbane Lions) Mark Ricciuto (Adelaide) Adam Simpson (Kangaroos) Coach Leigh Matthews (Brisbane Lions) ← 2001 The position of coach in the All-Australian team has been awarded to the coach of the premiership-winning team since 1999. 2003 → vteAustralian squad – 2000 International Rules Series Akermanis Blumfield Bradley Brown Campbell Caracella Croad Goodwin Hardwick Harvey Heffernan Hird (c) Johnson Kellaway (gk) D. King S. King Leppitsch McLeod O'Loughlin Power Ratten Ricciuto Smith West Woewodin Yze Coach: Brereton vteAustralian squad – 2002 International Rules Series Bickley Bradley Brown Bruce Clement Cornes Crawford (c) Darcy Edwards Francou Johnson Judd Kellaway (gk) Kerr Lekkas Ling Milne Montgomery Murphy Neitz (vc) Pavlich Primus Scarlett Scott Simpson Tredrea Yze Coach: Lyon vteAustralian squad – 2003 International Rules Series Barry Bell Bickley Bizzell Brown Burgoyne Carr Crouch Crawford Hall Harvey Hasleby Hayes Jakovich (gk) B. Johnson C. Johnson Kirk Murphy Pavlich Power Rawlings Scarlett Simpson Smith Wells Wirrpanda Coach: Lyon vteAustralian squad – 2004 International Rules Series Ball C. Bolton J. Bolton Bowden Braun Brown Bruce Corey Crouch Dal Santo Didak Embley Green Haddrill Hird (c) Hudghton Johnson Jones Kirk McPhee McVeigh Michael (gk) Rawlings Riewoldt Solomon Coach: Lyon vte1996 AFL national draft 1. Michael Gardiner 2. Chris Heffernan 3. Rory Hilton 4. Mark Kinnear 5. Daniel McAlister 6. John Rombotis 7. Bowen Lockwood 8. Leigh Brockman 9. Mark Harwood 10. Nathan Brown 11. Brent Grgic 12. Heath Black 13. Tom Gilligan 14. Brett O'Farrell 15. Max Hudghton 16. Pat Steinfort 17. Rowan Warfe 18. Gerrard Bennett 19. Brent Tuckey 20. Matthew Dent 21. Tim Williams 22. Alistair Nicholson 23. Evan Hewitt 24. Josh Wooden 25. Andrew Bomford 26. Tim Notting 27. Troy Cook 28. Jason Johnson 29. Nathan Turvey 30. Hayden Lamaro 31. Jess Sinclair 32. Jim Plunkett 33. Will Sangster 34. Shannon Corcoran 35. Mark Chaffey 36. Jonathan Hay 37. Adam Kingsley 38. Sam Smart 39. Nick Stone 41. Matthew Manfield 42. Martin Pike 43. Paul Corrigan 44. Jacob Rhodes 45. Clayton Gardiner 46. Matthew Clucas 47. Brett Montgomery 48. Marty Warry 49. Jason Heatley 50. Luke McCormick 51. Robert McMahon 52. Damien Lock 53. Michael Braun 54. Mathew Watson 55. Steven McKee 56. Cameron Mooney 57. Trent Cummings 58. Paul Dooley 59. Anthony McDonald 60. Andrew Eccles 61. Stephen Powell 62. Andrew Thompson 63. Jason Baldwin 64. Darren Collins 65. Brad Cassidy 66. Paul Hills 67. Byron Pickett 68. Russell Robertson 69. Chad Rintoul 70. Adam Hay 71. Brett Knowles 72. Brent Frewen 73. Brett Howman 74. Chris Jackson 75. Mark Winterton 76. Greg Dempsey 77. Marcus Barham 78. Lucas Fleming 79. Daniel Donati 80. Chris Holcombe 81. Anthony Franchina 82. Duncan O'Toole 83. Ashley Gehling 84. Josh Mahoney 85. Brad Scott 86. Ben Parker 87. Brad Fuller 88. Phil Smith 89. Dwayne Griffin 90. Leigh Singline vteMorrish Medal winners 1947: Dale 1948: Harvey 1949: Harbrow 1950: Alford 1951: F. Williams 1952: McPhee 1953: Pratt 1954: Clarke 1955: Job 1956: Rasmussen 1957: O'Reilly 1958: Bowler 1959: Glassenbury 1960: Ryan 1961: Johnston / McGowan 1962: Egan 1963: Schram 1964: Gowans 1965: Petherbridge 1966: Wright 1967: Gale 1968: Callery 1969: Gehling 1970: Marks 1971: O'Malley 1972: Catoggio / Kilmartin 1973: Bruerton 1974: Bruerton / Dinatale / Friedman 1975: Jones 1976: Dinatale / Jamieson 1977: D. Williams 1978: McPhie / Simpson 1979: Banks 1980: Lane 1981: Battiston 1982: Bamblett 1983: Healy 1984: Liberatore 1985: Zocalli 1986: Ross 1987: Schwass 1988: McGrath 1989: Davies 1990: Robertson / C. Watson 1991: Stevens 1992: Smith 1993: D. Watson 1994: Moorcroft 1995: Hood 1996: N. Brown 1997: Murray 1998: Hayes 1999: Stolarczyk 2000: Rodan 2001: Rodan 2002: Shackleton 2003: M. Brown 2004: Bate 2005: Caruso 2006: Caruso 2007: Kreuzer 2008: Blair / Priest 2009: Woods 2010: Heppell / Sketcher 2011: Benbow 2012: Graham 2013: Cameron / Cavarra / Chisari / Scott 2014: Carr 2015: Oliver 2016: McCluggage 2017: Higgins 2018: Stocker 2019: Rocci 2021: Lakey / Rentsch 2022: Campbell-Farrell / Cowan 2023: Hughes / McKercher Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National Germany Israel United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nathan Brown (Australian footballer, born 1976)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_Brown_(Australian_footballer,_born_1976)"},{"link_name":"Nathan Brown (Australian footballer, born 1988)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_Brown_(Australian_footballer,_born_1988)"},{"link_name":"Australian rules footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_rules_football"},{"link_name":"Richmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"Western Bulldogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Bulldogs"},{"link_name":"AFL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Football_League"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3AWteam-2"},{"link_name":"Golden Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Square_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"Bendigo Pioneers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bendigo_Pioneers"},{"link_name":"TAC Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TAC_Cup"},{"link_name":"Western Bulldogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Bulldogs"},{"link_name":"AFL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Football_League"}],"text":"For the Australian rules footballer who played for Melbourne, see Nathan Brown (Australian footballer, born 1976). For the Australian rules footballer who plays for St Kilda, see Nathan Brown (Australian footballer, born 1988).Australian rules footballerNathan Gordon Brown (born 10 February 1978) is a radio and television football commentator and a former Australian rules footballer for Richmond and the Western Bulldogs in the AFL. He played a total of 219 senior AFL matches and kicked 349 goals.[2] His playing career ended after Richmond told him at the end of 2009 that he would no longer be required as a player.Nathan Brown played tennis growing up, and is known for defeating former Australian tennis professional Peter Luczak 6-3 6-4 on grass, in a Warrnambool Under 16's grass tournament. Recruited from Golden Square and then the Bendigo Pioneers in the TAC Cup to the Western Bulldogs in the AFL, Brown made a name for himself as a dangerous medium-sized forward.He played with the Bulldogs from 1997 to 2003, and left the club after a more lucrative contract was offered by Richmond. At the time the Western Bulldogs had asked many of their high profile players to take pay cuts to support the team financially.","title":"Nathan Brown (Australian footballer, born 1978)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Western Bulldogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Bulldogs"},{"link_name":"2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_AFL_season"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Terry Wallace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Wallace"},{"link_name":"Collingwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collingwood_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"Brisbane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brisbane_Lions"},{"link_name":"Shane Tuck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shane_Tuck"},{"link_name":"Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"Matthew Whelan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Whelan"},{"link_name":"Telstra Dome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docklands_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Robert Walls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Walls"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"titanium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-retirement-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"Telstra Dome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docklands_Stadium"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Having been part of the Western Bulldogs side that took out the wooden spoon in 2003, Brown's first season at Richmond did not see any improvement, as the Tigers went on to finish last in 2004 after losing their final fourteen games of the season.[3]In 2005, Brown continued to perform for the Tigers, partly due to his former coach at the Western Bulldogs, Terry Wallace taking over, and put in a string of match-winning performances in the early part of the season, including a sensational last-quarter burst against Collingwood in Round 8. In this game, Richmond turned a 10-point deficit into a 35-point victory, thanks to Brown's 5 last-quarter goals. The following week against Brisbane, Brown added 4 goals to be one of the match winners along with Shane Tuck. By this point, Richmond were firmly entrenched in the top four with a 7–2 win–loss record, and Brown had kicked 32 goals.However, in Round 10 against Melbourne, Brown broke his leg attempting a left-foot kick as Melbourne defender Matthew Whelan dived across him in a legitimate attempt to smother the ball. Brown's right foot became stuck on the Telstra Dome surface and tilted a bit to the right. The injury even sickened media personality Robert Walls, who was watching the match on television, to the extent that he had to turn off his television.[4] Richmond lost the game by 57 points, and would only record three more wins thereafter to finish in 12th place on the ladder.Brown had a titanium rod inserted into his tibia, and underwent extensive therapy and rehabilitation training over the following pre-season. Despite this, Brown would suffer further complications from his broken leg, among other injuries, eventually leading to his retirement at the end of the 2009 season.[5]In 2007, with Richmond languishing at the bottom of the ladder, Brown did not play a match at senior level until Round 12, when Richmond defeated Melbourne by 49 points for its first win of the season, with Brown kicking three goals.[6]Brown played his 200th game against Melbourne at Telstra Dome in Round 12, 2008.[7] Richmond won this match by 22 points.[8]","title":"Richmond playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-retirement-5"}],"sub_title":"Retirement","text":"In November 2009, Brown announced his retirement from the AFL. He stated that there was interest from other clubs to pick him up, although he believed a persistent groin injury would not stand up to another season of AFL football.[5]","title":"Richmond playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"North Launceston Football Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Launceston_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"TSL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasmanian_Football_League"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Post AFL Career","text":"In 2013, Brown made a one-off guest appearance for the North Launceston Football Club in the TSL.[9]","title":"Richmond playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"[10]","title":"Statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Sunday Footy Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sunday_Footy_Show_(AFL)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Triple M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_M"},{"link_name":"Mark Howard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Howard_(journalist)"},{"link_name":"3AW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3AW"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3AWteam-2"},{"link_name":"Weekend Today","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weekend_Today_(Australian_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Tim Gilbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Gilbert_(journalist)"},{"link_name":"Sportsbet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sportsbet"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"In 2010, Brown joined The Sunday Footy Show as a regular panellist.[11]\nUp until 2014, Brown worked for Triple M as an expert commentator for Saturday night matches alongside Barry Denner, Mark Howard and Ash Chua. He rejoined the station in 2016 as a Friday night commentator and calling one of the Saturday games.In 2014, Brown joined rival radio station 3AW as a ball-by-ball commentator for Saturday night and Sunday twilight matches.[2]In October 2014, Brown was appointed sport presenter on Weekend Today replacing Tim Gilbert.Brown is a brand ambassador for Sportsbet,[12] appearing regularly in the media to cover AFL odds.In April 2024 Brown made his boxing debut against fellow former AFL footballer Kane Cornes in an exhibition boxing match in Adelaide. Brown won by unanimous decision in the 4 round fight.","title":"Media career"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Brown is married to Kristine Fabiyanic and they have three daughters and a son.","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Morrish Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morrish_Medal"},{"link_name":"All-Australian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-Australian"},{"link_name":"International Rules Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Rules_Series"},{"link_name":"Jim Stynes Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Stynes_Medal"},{"link_name":"100 Tiger Treasures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond_Football_Club#%22100_Tiger_Treasures%22"}],"text":"Morrish Medal winner 1996\nAll-Australian 2001, 2002\nInternational Rules Series 2000, 2002, 2003, 2004 (Jim Stynes Medal 2004)\n100 Tiger Treasures \"Goal of the Century\" Nominee (2008)","title":"Achievements and honours"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"\"Richmond Football Club Playerlist\". Richmond Football Club. Archived from the original on 24 August 2011. Retrieved 25 September 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110824041000/http://www.richmondfc.com.au/Players/tabid/7689/default.aspx","url_text":"\"Richmond Football Club Playerlist\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond_Football_Club","url_text":"Richmond Football Club"},{"url":"http://www.richmondfc.com.au/Players/tabid/7689/default.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Nathan Brown Profile\". 3AW. Fairfax Media. 2 March 2014. Archived from the original on 2 March 2014. Retrieved 2 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140302053835/http://www.3aw.com.au/blogs/3aw-football-blog/nathan-brown/20140228-33pk7.html","url_text":"\"Nathan Brown Profile\""},{"url":"http://www.3aw.com.au/blogs/3aw-football-blog/nathan-brown/20140228-33pk7.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"McClure, Geoff (10 July 2006). \"Different club spoons — wood you believe it?\". www.theage.com.au. Retrieved 12 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theage.com.au/opinion/different-club-spoons-wood-you-believe-it-20060710-ge2olq.html","url_text":"\"Different club spoons — wood you believe it?\""}]},{"reference":"Walls, Robert (4 June 2005). \"Brown Irreplaceable\". The Age. Yellow and Black. Retrieved 4 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.puntroadend.com/threads/brown-irreplaceable.15422/","url_text":"\"Brown Irreplaceable\""}]},{"reference":"Bradshaw, Finn (18 November 2009). \"Nathan Brown confirms retirement\". The Daily Telegraph (Sydney). Retrieved 4 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/sport/afl/nathan-brown-confirms-retirement/story-e6frexx0-1225799381041","url_text":"\"Nathan Brown confirms retirement\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tigers find winning form in cellar battle\". ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation). 23 June 2007. Retrieved 4 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.abc.net.au/news/2007-06-22/tigers-find-winning-form-in-cellar-battle/78302","url_text":"\"Tigers find winning form in cellar battle\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation","url_text":"Australian Broadcasting Corporation"}]},{"reference":"\"Brown 'proud' over 200th game\". Australian Football League. 11 June 2008. Retrieved 4 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.afl.com.au/news/2008-06-11/brown-proud-over-200th-game","url_text":"\"Brown 'proud' over 200th game\""}]},{"reference":"\"Richmond prevail in roller-coaster contest\". ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation). 15 June 2008. Retrieved 4 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.abc.net.au/news/2008-06-15/richmond-prevail-in-roller-coaster-contest/2472178","url_text":"\"Richmond prevail in roller-coaster contest\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation","url_text":"Australian Broadcasting Corporation"}]},{"reference":"\"Archived copy\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 May 2017. Retrieved 13 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170511082713/https://www.northlauncestonfc.com.au/web_assets/data/Functions/120%20Year%20Reunion%20Weekend.pdf","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"http://www.northlauncestonfc.com.au/web_assets/data/Functions/120%20Year%20Reunion%20Weekend.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Nathan Brown Profile\". Nine Wide World of Sports. ninemsn. 1 January 2010. Archived from the original on 2 March 2014. Retrieved 2 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140302045657/http://wwos.ninemsn.com.au/article.aspx?id=1034206","url_text":"\"Nathan Brown Profile\""},{"url":"http://wwos.ninemsn.com.au/article.aspx?id=1034206","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Nathan Brown\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bravotalentmgmt.com/nathan-brown","url_text":"\"Nathan Brown\""}]},{"reference":"Greenberg, Tony (17 October 2012). \"Top 20 Tiger trade pick-ups: No. 11\". Richmond Football Club. Archived from the original on 21 October 2012. Retrieved 21 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121021232133/http://www.richmondfc.com.au/news/newsarticle/tabid/6301/newsid/149831/default.aspx","url_text":"\"Top 20 Tiger trade pick-ups: No. 11\""},{"url":"http://www.richmondfc.com.au/news/newsarticle/tabid/6301/newsid/149831/default.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nam_Ruak
Ruak River
["1 Course","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]
Coordinates: 20°21′16″N 100°4′57″E / 20.35444°N 100.08250°E / 20.35444; 100.08250River in Myanmar and ThailandRuak RiverConfluence of Ruak River with Mekong River, view from Wat Phra That Doi Pu Khao  in Ban Sop RuakNative nameแม่น้ำรวก (Thai)LocationCountryMyanmar and ThailandPhysical characteristicsSource  • locationDaen Lao Range, Shan Hills Mouth  • locationMekong at Ban Sop Ruak, Chiang Saen District • coordinates20°21′16″N 100°4′57″E / 20.35444°N 100.08250°E / 20.35444; 100.08250 • elevation366 m (1,201 ft)Basin featuresTributaries  • rightMae Sai River The Ruak River (Thai: แม่น้ำรวก, RTGS: Maenam Ruak, pronounced ; Northern Thai: ) is a right hand tributary of the Mekong. The mouth of the Ruak river is at the Thai-Burma border opposite Laos, a spot known as the "Golden Triangle", a popular tourist destination. Course The Ruak originates within the hills of the Daen Lao Range, Shan State (Burma), and becomes the boundary river between Thailand and Burma at the confluence with the Mae Sai River near the northernmost point of Thailand. It then meanders eastwards until it empties into the Mekong River at Ban Sop Ruak, Tambon Wiang, Chiang Saen District, Chiang Rai Province. The boundary section of the river is 26.75 kilometres (16.62 mi) long. See also Golden Triangle (Southeast Asia) References ^ Confluence Ruak River - Mekong River External links Some Selected Wetlands in the Mekong River Basin of Thailand Thai geography This article related to a river in Thailand is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article related to a river in Myanmar is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
[{"title":"Golden Triangle (Southeast Asia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Triangle_(Southeast_Asia)"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoun_Saadeh
Antoun Saadeh
["1 Life and career","1.1 Early life","1.2 Activity in Lebanon","1.3 Activity in exile","1.4 Return to Lebanon and execution","1.5 Syrian Social Nationalist Party","2 Ideology","2.1 Philosophy","2.2 Nationalism","2.3 The socio-economic cycle","3 Works","3.1 Books","3.2 Articles","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
Lebanese politician, philosopher, and writer Not to be confused with Antoine Saade. Antoun Saadehأنطون سعادةBorn(1904-03-01)1 March 1904Dhour El Choueir, Mount Lebanon MutasarrifateDied8 July 1949(1949-07-08) (aged 45)Beirut, LebanonCause of deathExecutionEra20th-century philosophyRegionMiddle Eastern philosophySchoolRomanticism, Syrian nationalismMain interestsPolitical philosophy, sociology, history, literature, fine artsNotable ideasNatural Syria, Syrian nationalism Political partySSNP Antoun Saadeh (Arabic: أنطون سعادة, romanized: ʾAnṭūn Saʿādah; 1 March 1904 – 8 July 1949) was a Lebanese politician, sociologist, philosopher and writer who founded the Syrian Social Nationalist Party. Life and career Early life Saadeh was born in 1904 in Dhour El Choueir, in the Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate. He was the son of a Syrian Greek Orthodox Christian physician, Khalil Saadeh and Naifa Nassir Khneisser. His father was himself a Syrian nationalist as well as democracy advocate, and also an intellectual and author, who has been described as "a prolific writer and polymath, whose works span the fields of politics, literature, journalism, novel-writing, and translation". Antoun Saadeh completed his elementary education in his birth town and continued his studies at the Lycée des Frères in Cairo and came back to Lebanon at the death of his mother. In the later part of 1919, Saadeh immigrated to the United States, where he resided for approximately one year with his uncle in Springer, New Mexico and worked at a local train station. In February 1921, he moved to Brazil with his father, a prominent Arabic-language journalist. In 1924, Saadeh founded a secret society to unify Natural Syria. This society was dissolved the following year. Natural Syria, according to Saadeh, included the Levant, Palestine, Transjordan, Lebanon, Syria, Iraq, and parts of Southern Turkey. His concept of Syria included all religious, ethnic and linguistic groups in this region. During his time in Brazil, Saadeh learned German and Russian. Ultimately, he became a polyglot fluent in seven languages: Arabic, English, Portuguese, French, German, Spanish and Russian. Activity in Lebanon In July 1930, he returned to Lebanon. In 1931, he wrote "A Love Tragedy", which was first published with his "Story of the Holiday of Our Lady of Sidnaya" in Beirut in 1933. Also, in 1931, Saadeh worked at the daily newspaper Al-Ayyam; then, in 1932, he taught German at the American University of Beirut. In 1933, he continued to publish pamphlets in the Al-Majalia magazine in Beirut. On 16 November 1932, Saadeh secretly founded the Syrian Social Nationalist Party. Three years later, on 16 November 1935, the party's existence was proclaimed, and Saadeh was arrested and sentenced to six years imprisonment. During his confinement, he wrote his first book, "The Rise of Nations". He was released from prison early but was again detained in June 1936, where he wrote another book, "Principles Explained". In November of the same year, he was released from prison, but in March 1937, he was arrested again. During the time he spent in prison, he wrote his third book, "The Rise of the Syrian Nation", but his manuscript was confiscated, and the authorities refused to return it to him. Activity in exile First number of Al-Zawba'a (The Storm) published on 1st August 1940. He was released from prison in late May 1937. In November 1937, Saadeh founded the newspaper Al-Nahdhah. Saadeh led the party until 1938. Then, for the second time, he left the country to establish party branches in the Lebanese communities in South America. Saadeh went to Brazil and founded the newspaper New Syria. Soon afterwards, he was arrested by the French colonial authorities and spent two months in prison. In 1939, at the outbreak of World War II, Saadeh moved to Argentina, where he remained until 1947. In Argentina, Saadeh continued his activities. He founded Al-Zawba'a (The Storm) newspaper and wrote The Intellectual Conflict in Syrian Literature, which was printed in Buenos Aires. In 1943, Saadeh married Juliette al-Mir and had three daughters with her. The French colonial court sentenced him in absentia to twenty years of imprisonment. Return to Lebanon and execution Saadeh in Lebanon Saadeh returned to Lebanon on 2 March 1947, following the country's independence from France. After his return, he made a revolutionary speech, upon which the authorities issued an arrest warrant in force for seven months and withdrew. In Lebanon, Saadeh founded the newspaper Al-Jil Al-Jadid. On 4 July 1949, the party declared a revolution in Lebanon in retaliation for a series of provocations staged by the government of Lebanon against party members. The revolt was suppressed and Saadeh travelled to Damascus to meet with Husni al-Za'im, the President of Syria at the time, who had previously agreed to support him. However, he was handed over by al-Zai'm to the Lebanese authorities. Saadeh and many of his followers were judged by a Lebanese military court and executed by a firing squad, including Saadeh himself. The capture, trial and execution happened in less than 48 hours. Saadeh's execution took place at the dawn of 8 July 1949. According to Adel Beshara, it was and still is the shortest and most secretive trial given to a political offender. His party continued to be active after his death. Saadeh's party supported the President of Lebanon Camille Chamoun during the 1958 Lebanon crisis. In 1961, the SSNP attempted a coup d'état against President Fuad Shihab, which failed. During the 1960s, party leaders were arrested, and the party was eventually splintered into separate factions. Syrian Social Nationalist Party As envisioned by Saadeh and the SSNP, "Natural Syria" includes modern Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, Jordan, Iraq, Kuwait, Cyprus, the Sinai Peninsula, the Ahvaz region of Iran, and Cilicia in southern Anatolia. The SSNP "Zawbaa" (Vortex, Tempest) is a glyph combining the Muslim crescent and the Christian cross, derived from Mesopotamian art. It symbolizes the blood shed by martyrs that makes the wheel of history whirl forward, dissipating the surrounding darkness (representing sectarianism, Ottoman occupation, and the colonial oppression that followed). Within the party, Saadeh gained a cult of personality and at the same time, Saadeh was named the party leader for life. However, according to Haytham, Saadeh stated that European fascism didn't influence him. Haytham claims that Saadeh's Syrian Social Nationalist ideology aimed at opposite ends; in contrast to National Socialism, Social Nationalism bases itself on a dynamic social entity (which is composed of many elements, from religion to language, culture, history, need, and mainly human interaction) defining its national identity and not the imposition of one ideal identity (e.g. blond hair, blue eyes) on the many factions. Saadeh emphasized the role of philosophy and social science in developing his social ideology. He viewed social nationalism, his version of nationalism, as a tool to transform traditional society into a dynamic and progressive one. He also opposed colonization that broke up Greater Syria into sub-states. Secularization played an important role in his ideology. He takes secularization beyond the socio-political aspects of the question into its philosophical dimensions. Saadeh rejected Pan-Arabism (the idea that the speakers of the Arabic language form a single, unified nation) and argued instead for the creation of the state of United Syrian Nation or Natural Syria, encompassing the Fertile Crescent, making up a Syrian homeland that "extends from the Taurus range in the northwest and the Zagros mountains in the northeast to the Suez Canal and the Red Sea in the south and includes the Sinai Peninsula and the Gulf of Aqaba, and from the Syrian Sea in the west (namely the eastern basin of the Mediterranean facing the Levant coastlines), including the island of Cyprus, to the arch of the Arabian Desert and the Persian Gulf in the east." (Kader, H. A.) Film in Arabic about Saadeh's return to Lebanon. Saadeh rejected both language and religion as defining characteristics of a nation and argued that nations develop through the common development of people inhabiting a specific geographical region. Thus, he was a strong opponent of Arab nationalism and Pan-Islamism. He argued that Syria was historically, culturally, and geographically distinct from the rest of the Arab world, which he divided into four parts. He traced Syrian history as a distinct entity back to the Phoenicians, Canaanites, Assyrians, Babylonians etc. and argued that Syrianism transcended religious distinctions. Saadeh himself denied these claims of alleged National Socialist and Fascist ideology of his party. During a 1935 speech, Saadeh said: "I want to use this opportunity to say that the system of the Syrian Social Nationalist Party is neither a Hitlerite nor a Fascist one, but a pure social nationalist one. It is not based on useless imitation, but is instead the result of an authentic invention – which is a virtue of our people". Ideology Philosophy Al-Madrahiyyah consists of calling the nations to discard the doctrine which regards Spirit as the only motor of human progress, or Matter as the fundamental basis of human development; to give up once and for all the idea that the world is by necessity in a state of war in which spiritual forces are continuously fighting with material forces; and finally to admit with us that the basis of human development is spiritual-materialist and that superior humanity recognizes this basis and builds the edifice of the future on it. The world, which has come to realize, especially after the last world war , how destructive the partial philosophies and ideologies of capitalism, Marxism, fascism and national socialism have been, is today in need of a new social philosophy that can save it from the arbitrariness and error of these ideologies.  — Sa'adeh, Commentaries on the Ideology, p. 132. Saadeh had an holistic notion of science, as "knowledge is that it revolves around the interaction of the self with the surrounding physical conditions" and was against epistemological reductionism, considering that "the self plays an active role in creating the conditions that transform things into objects of knowledge. As a social self, this self is the product of several dynamics – mind, intuition, the practical and existential. It does not depend on one factor and exclude the others." His whole thought was a refutation of the "individualist doctrine, whether in its sociological or methodological orientations". For him, the man was a totality by himself as much as in connection with his immediate surrounding, a social being but with his own dignity, which brings him closer to the personalism of someone like Nikolai Berdyaev. In his vision, the society's main role was to shape the individual being-as-relation through the Khaldunian notion of assabiya (solidarity), which, through some common features (geography, language, culture, ...) brings out the best in him, but without oppressing his liberties nor negligible either the spiritual or the material aspect, like he witnessed in contemporary ideologies such as communism, fascism or Nazism. Thus, "the concept of man-society is the axis of Sa'adeh’s theory of human existence. What is meant by this concept is that existence at a human level and existence at a social level are not independent phenomena; rather, they are one phenomenon, two aspects of the same social essence." Nationalism He had a regionalist vision of nationalism because he gave some utmost importance to geography: even if he was not an utmost environmental determinist, he thought that a man's relation with his milieu involves a particular way of acting because of the different climate, fauna or flora; men will manage their resources differently whether they're in mountains or desert, which will also have consequences on their interactions with foreign groups (over the control of the same resources and so on). Thus the notion of the homeland was dear to him. On racialism – which was associated with nationalism in many European ideologies -, "he argued that, contrary to common belief, race is a purely physical concept that has nothing to do with the psychological or social differences between human communities. People differ by their physical features – colour, height, and appearance – and are accordingly divided into races. Nationalism, however, cannot be founded on this reality. Every nation comprises diverse racial groups, and none is the product of one race or one specific tribe." The socio-economic cycle Contrarily to Zaki al-Arsuzi and other Arab nationalists who were influenced by European thinkers' vision of race and language – notably Fichte - Saadeh thus developed his vision, more inclusive and synthetic. It's a "dynamic theory of nationalism for the whole society based on the union in life and the socio-economic cycle (...) not deterministic. Land and people are two important ingredients of the nation. Still, they are not the nation themselves (...) is a civilizing theory because it recognizes the necessity and inevitability of interaction between nations (...) the interaction process has two poles: the first, economic possibilities of the environment, and the second, society’s ability to benefit from such possibilities (...) interaction takes place on two levels: horizontally, which determines the extent and character of regional interaction; and, vertically, between man and land, out of which a horizontal interaction may or may not occur (...) unlike Marxism, which reduced the economic question to one of class and considered the national question synonymous with the bourgeoisie, the concept of the socio-economic cycle is a societal concept (...) the mind is a primary factor in human progress. It is a liberating force and a complex entity that should not be viewed from just one angle. For Sa'adeh, the mind represents the liberation of human energy and its incorporation into the process of socio-economic interaction." Works Books Nushu' al-Umam (The Rise of Nations), Beirut: n.p., 1938. An-Nizam al-Jadid (The Modern System), Beirut and Damascus: SSNP Publications, 1950–1956. Al-Islam fi Risalatein (Islam in its Two Messages), Damascus: n.p., 1954. Al-Sira' al-Fikri fial-Adab al-Suri (Intellectual Conflict in Syrian Literature), 3rd edition, Beirut: SSNP Publications, 1955. Al-Muhadarat al-Ashr (The Ten Lectures), Beirut: SSNP Publications, 1956. Shuruh fi al-Aqida (Commentaries on the Ideology), Beirut: SSNP Publications, 1958. Marhalat ma Qabl al-Ta'sis (1921–1932) (The Stage Prior to the Formation ), Beirut: SSNP, 1975. Al-In'izaliyyah Aflasat (1947–1949), (Isolationism Has Gone Bankrupt), Beirut: SSNP Publications, 1976. Mukhtarat fi al-Mas'alah al-Lubnaniyyah (1936–1943) (Selections of the Lebanese Question), Beirut: SSNP Publications, 1976. Marahil al-Mas'alah al Filastiniyyah: 1921–1949 (The Stages of the Palestine Question), Beirut: SSNP Publications, 1977. Al-Rasa'il (Correspondences), Beirut: SSNP Publications, 1978–1990. Al-Athar al-Kamilah (Collected Works), Beirut: SSNP Publications, 1978–1995. A'da al-Arab A'da Lubnan (Enemies of Arabs, Enemies of Lebanon), Beirut: SSNP Publications, 1979. Al-Rassa'eel (Letters), Beirut: Dar Fikr for Research and Publication, 1989. Mukhtarat fi al-Hizbiyyah al-Dinniyyah (An Anthology on Religious Partisanship), Beirut: Dar Fikr, 1993. Al-Islam fi Risalateih al-Masihiyyah wal Muhammadiyyah (Islam in the Christian and Muhammadan Messages), 5th edition, Beirut: Al-Rukn, 1995. Articles "The Opening of a New Way for the Syrian Nation", Al-Jumhur, Beirut, June 1937. "Political Independence in the Key to Economic Independence", Souria al-Jadida (New Syria), 30 September 1939. "Greater Syria", al-Zawbaπa, no. 63, 1 July 1943. "Haqq al-Siraπ Haqq al-Taqaddum" (The Right to Struggle is the Right to Progress), Kull Shay', 107, Beirut, 15 April 1949. See also Syrian Social Nationalist Party Adunis References Notes ^ a b c Peretz 1994, p. 384. ^ a b c d e "Antun Saadeh". Syrian Social Nationalist Party. Archived from the original on 26 February 2012. Retrieved 22 May 2012. ^ "الحزب السوري القومي الإجتماعي - الموقع الرسمي - ما قبل التأسيس". Archived from the original on 16 April 2014. Retrieved 29 October 2013. ^ Adel Beshara, The Origins of Syrian Nationhood: Histories, Pioneers and Identity, Taylor & Francis (2012), p. 13 ^ antounsaadeh.com/bio ^ Rabi'a Abifadel, Sa'adeh: The Expatriate Critic and Man of Letters in Adel Beshara (ed.), Antun Sa'adeh: The Man, His Thought: an Anthology, Ithaca Press (2007), p. 442 ^ https://www.hindawi.org/books/79094150/ ^ a b Johnson 2001, p. 150. ^ Armanazi, Ghayth (October–November 2011). "The Arab Poet Laureate: An Appreciation of Adonis". The London Magazine. Archived from the original on 20 June 2013. Retrieved 24 October 2012. ^ "Antun Saadeh, the man, his thought, an anthology" ^ "Saadeh". Archived from the original on 21 October 2007. Retrieved 2 January 2008. ^ Kader, Dr. Haytham A. "Syrian Social Nationalist Party – Ideology". Archived from the original on 26 February 2012. Retrieved 4 May 2012. ^ Götz Nordbruch (2009). Nazism in Syria and Lebanon: The Ambivalence of the German Option, 1933–1945. Taylor & Francis. p. 45. ISBN 978-0-415-45714-9. ^ Moueen Haddad, "Sa'adeh and Marxism" in Adel Beshara (ed.), Antun Sa'adeh: The Man, His Thought: an Anthology, Ithaca Press (2007), p. 550 ^ Adnan Amshi, "Sa'adeh’s Philosophical Doctrine" in Adel Beshara (ed.), Antun Sa'adeh: The Man, His Thought: an Anthology, Ithaca Press (2007), pp. 353–372 ^ Nassif Nassar, "Sa'adeh and the Concept of Regional Nationalism" in Adel Beshara (ed.), Antun Sa'adeh: The Man, His Thought: an Anthology, Ithaca Press (2007), pp. 19–25 ^ In'am Raad, "Union in Life: Sa'adeh's Notion of the Socio-Economic Cycle" in Adel Beshara (ed.), Antun Sa'adeh: The Man, His Thought: an Anthology, Ithaca Press (2007), pp. 48–70 Bibliography Peretz, Don (1994). The Middle East Today. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 9780275945756. Johnson, Michael (2001). All Honourable Men: The Social Origins of War in Lebanon. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 9781860647154. Beshara, Adel (2007). Antun Sa'adeh: The Man, His Thought: An Anthology. Ithaca Press. ISBN 9780863723087. Beshara, Adel (2012). The Origins of Syrian Nationhood: Histories, Pioneers and Identity. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781136724503. External links school of Antoun Saadah "What Motivated me to Establish the Syrian Social Nationalist Party", by Antoun Saadeh Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway France BnF data Germany Israel United States Australia Netherlands Poland People Trove Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Antoine Saade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Saade"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic"},{"link_name":"Lebanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanese_people"},{"link_name":"Syrian Social Nationalist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Antoine Saade.Antoun Saadeh (Arabic: أنطون سعادة, romanized: ʾAnṭūn Saʿādah; 1 March 1904 – 8 July 1949) was a Lebanese politician, sociologist, philosopher and writer who founded the Syrian Social Nationalist Party.","title":"Antoun Saadeh"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dhour El Choueir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhour_El_Choueir"},{"link_name":"Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Lebanon_Mutasarrifate"},{"link_name":"Syrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian"},{"link_name":"Greek Orthodox Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Antioch"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeretz1994384-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SSNP-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Syrian nationalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_nationalist"},{"link_name":"polymath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymath"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Springer, New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Levant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levant"},{"link_name":"Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine_(region)"},{"link_name":"Transjordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirate_of_Transjordan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeretz1994384-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SSNP-2"},{"link_name":"polyglot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyglot"},{"link_name":"Portuguese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_language"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Early life","text":"Saadeh was born in 1904 in Dhour El Choueir, in the Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate. He was the son of a Syrian Greek Orthodox Christian physician,[1] Khalil Saadeh[2] and Naifa Nassir Khneisser.[3] His father was himself a Syrian nationalist as well as democracy advocate, and also an intellectual and author, who has been described as \"a prolific writer and polymath, whose works span the fields of politics, literature, journalism, novel-writing, and translation\".[4] Antoun Saadeh completed his elementary education in his birth town and continued his studies at the Lycée des Frères in Cairo and came back to Lebanon at the death of his mother.[5] In the later part of 1919, Saadeh immigrated to the United States, where he resided for approximately one year with his uncle in Springer, New Mexico and worked at a local train station. In February 1921, he moved to Brazil with his father, a prominent Arabic-language journalist. In 1924, Saadeh founded a secret society to unify Natural Syria. This society was dissolved the following year. Natural Syria, according to Saadeh, included the Levant, Palestine, Transjordan, Lebanon, Syria, Iraq, and parts of Southern Turkey. His concept of Syria included all religious, ethnic and linguistic groups in this region.[1] During his time in Brazil, Saadeh learned German and Russian.[2] Ultimately, he became a polyglot fluent in seven languages: Arabic, English, Portuguese, French, German, Spanish and Russian.[6]","title":"Life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American University of Beirut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_University_of_Beirut"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeretz1994384-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SSNP-2"},{"link_name":"Syrian Social Nationalist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SSNP-2"}],"sub_title":"Activity in Lebanon","text":"In July 1930, he returned to Lebanon. In 1931, he wrote \"A Love Tragedy\", which was first published with his \"Story of the Holiday of Our Lady of Sidnaya\" in Beirut in 1933. Also, in 1931, Saadeh worked at the daily newspaper Al-Ayyam; then, in 1932, he taught German at the American University of Beirut.[1] In 1933, he continued to publish pamphlets in the Al-Majalia magazine in Beirut.[2]On 16 November 1932, Saadeh secretly founded the Syrian Social Nationalist Party. Three years later, on 16 November 1935, the party's existence was proclaimed, and Saadeh was arrested and sentenced to six years imprisonment. During his confinement, he wrote his first book, \"The Rise of Nations\". He was released from prison early but was again detained in June 1936, where he wrote another book, \"Principles Explained\". In November of the same year, he was released from prison, but in March 1937, he was arrested again. During the time he spent in prison, he wrote his third book, \"The Rise of the Syrian Nation\", but his manuscript was confiscated, and the authorities refused to return it to him.[2]","title":"Life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Al-Zawba,_La_Tempestad,_a%C3%B1o_1,_n_1.png"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"Buenos Aires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buenos_Aires"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SSNP-2"}],"sub_title":"Activity in exile","text":"First number of Al-Zawba'a (The Storm) published on 1st August 1940.He was released from prison in late May 1937. In November 1937, Saadeh founded the newspaper Al-Nahdhah. Saadeh led the party until 1938. Then, for the second time, he left the country to establish party branches in the Lebanese communities in South America. Saadeh went to Brazil and founded the newspaper New Syria. Soon afterwards, he was arrested by the French colonial authorities and spent two months in prison. In 1939, at the outbreak of World War II, Saadeh moved to Argentina, where he remained until 1947. In Argentina, Saadeh continued his activities. He founded Al-Zawba'a (The Storm) newspaper and wrote The Intellectual Conflict in Syrian Literature, which was printed in Buenos Aires.[7] In 1943, Saadeh married Juliette al-Mir and had three daughters with her. The French colonial court sentenced him in absentia to twenty years of imprisonment.[2]","title":"Life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Antun_Sa%27ada.jpg"},{"link_name":"Damascus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascus"},{"link_name":"Husni al-Za'im","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Husni_al-Za%27im"},{"link_name":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson2001150-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-armanazi-9"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Camille Chamoun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camille_Chamoun"},{"link_name":"1958 Lebanon crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1958_Lebanon_crisis"},{"link_name":"Fuad Shihab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuad_Shihab"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson2001150-8"}],"sub_title":"Return to Lebanon and execution","text":"Saadeh in LebanonSaadeh returned to Lebanon on 2 March 1947, following the country's independence from France. After his return, he made a revolutionary speech, upon which the authorities issued an arrest warrant in force for seven months and withdrew. In Lebanon, Saadeh founded the newspaper Al-Jil Al-Jadid. On 4 July 1949, the party declared a revolution in Lebanon in retaliation for a series of provocations staged by the government of Lebanon against party members. The revolt was suppressed and Saadeh travelled to Damascus to meet with Husni al-Za'im, the President of Syria at the time, who had previously agreed to support him. However, he was handed over by al-Zai'm to the Lebanese authorities. Saadeh and many of his followers were judged by a Lebanese military court and executed by a firing squad, including Saadeh himself.[8] The capture, trial and execution happened in less than 48 hours.[9] Saadeh's execution took place at the dawn of 8 July 1949.[citation needed] According to Adel Beshara, it was and still is the shortest and most secretive trial given to a political offender.[citation needed]His party continued to be active after his death. Saadeh's party supported the President of Lebanon Camille Chamoun during the 1958 Lebanon crisis. In 1961, the SSNP attempted a coup d'état against President Fuad Shihab, which failed. During the 1960s, party leaders were arrested, and the party was eventually splintered into separate factions.[8]","title":"Life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SadheeSYRIA-ar.jpg"},{"link_name":"Natural Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Syria_in_pan-Syrian_nationalism"},{"link_name":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria"},{"link_name":"Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon"},{"link_name":"Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine_(region)"},{"link_name":"Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"},{"link_name":"Kuwait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait"},{"link_name":"Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus"},{"link_name":"Sinai Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Ahvaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahvaz"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"Cilicia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cilicia"},{"link_name":"Anatolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolia"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"blue eyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eye_color#Blue"},{"link_name":"social science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_science"},{"link_name":"Greater Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Syria"},{"link_name":"Secularization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secularization"},{"link_name":"Pan-Arabism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-Arabism"},{"link_name":"United Syrian Nation or Natural Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Syria_in_pan-Syrian_nationalism"},{"link_name":"Fertile Crescent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertile_Crescent"},{"link_name":"Taurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taurus_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Zagros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagros"},{"link_name":"Suez Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez_Canal"},{"link_name":"Red Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Sea"},{"link_name":"Sinai Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Gulf of Aqaba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Aqaba"},{"link_name":"Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus"},{"link_name":"Arabian Desert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Desert"},{"link_name":"Persian Gulf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_Gulf"},{"link_name":"Pan-Islamism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-Islamism"},{"link_name":"Phoenicians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenicians"},{"link_name":"Canaanites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaanites"},{"link_name":"Assyrians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian_people"},{"link_name":"Babylonians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonians"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kader-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nordbruch2009-13"}],"sub_title":"Syrian Social Nationalist Party","text":"As envisioned by Saadeh and the SSNP, \"Natural Syria\" includes modern Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, Jordan, Iraq, Kuwait, Cyprus, the Sinai Peninsula, the Ahvaz region of Iran, and Cilicia in southern Anatolia.The SSNP \"Zawbaa\" (Vortex, Tempest) is a glyph combining the Muslim crescent and the Christian cross, derived from Mesopotamian art. It symbolizes the blood shed by martyrs that makes the wheel of history whirl forward, dissipating the surrounding darkness (representing sectarianism, Ottoman occupation, and the colonial oppression that followed). Within the party, Saadeh gained a cult of personality and at the same time, Saadeh was named the party leader for life. However, according to Haytham,[10] Saadeh stated that European fascism didn't influence him. Haytham claims that Saadeh's Syrian Social Nationalist ideology aimed at opposite ends; in contrast to National Socialism, Social Nationalism bases itself on a dynamic social entity (which is composed of many elements, from religion to language, culture, history, need, and mainly human interaction) defining its national identity and not the imposition of one ideal identity (e.g. blond hair, blue eyes) on the many factions.Saadeh emphasized the role of philosophy and social science in developing his social ideology. He viewed social nationalism, his version of nationalism, as a tool to transform traditional society into a dynamic and progressive one. He also opposed colonization that broke up Greater Syria into sub-states. Secularization played an important role in his ideology. He takes secularization beyond the socio-political aspects of the question into its philosophical dimensions.Saadeh rejected Pan-Arabism (the idea that the speakers of the Arabic language form a single, unified nation) and argued instead for the creation of the state of United Syrian Nation or Natural Syria, encompassing the Fertile Crescent, making up a Syrian homeland that \"extends from the Taurus range in the northwest and the Zagros mountains in the northeast to the Suez Canal and the Red Sea in the south and includes the Sinai Peninsula and the Gulf of Aqaba, and from the Syrian Sea in the west (namely the eastern basin of the Mediterranean facing the Levant coastlines), including the island of Cyprus, to the arch of the Arabian Desert and the Persian Gulf in the east.\" (Kader, H. A.)Film in Arabic about Saadeh's return to Lebanon.Saadeh rejected both language and religion as defining characteristics of a nation and argued that nations develop through the common development of people inhabiting a specific geographical region. Thus, he was a strong opponent of Arab nationalism and Pan-Islamism. He argued that Syria was historically, culturally, and geographically distinct from the rest of the Arab world, which he divided into four parts. He traced Syrian history as a distinct entity back to the Phoenicians, Canaanites, Assyrians, Babylonians etc.[11] and argued that Syrianism transcended religious distinctions.[12]Saadeh himself denied these claims of alleged National Socialist and Fascist ideology of his party. During a 1935 speech, Saadeh said: \"I want to use this opportunity to say that the system of the Syrian Social Nationalist Party is neither a Hitlerite nor a Fascist one, but a pure social nationalist one. It is not based on useless imitation, but is instead the result of an authentic invention – which is a virtue of our people\".[13]","title":"Life and career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Ideology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"holistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holistic"},{"link_name":"epistemological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistemological"},{"link_name":"reductionism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reductionism"},{"link_name":"personalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personalism"},{"link_name":"Nikolai Berdyaev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_Berdyaev"},{"link_name":"Khaldunian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khaldunian"},{"link_name":"assabiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assabiya"},{"link_name":"communism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communism"},{"link_name":"fascism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascism"},{"link_name":"Nazism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazism"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Philosophy","text":"Al-Madrahiyyah consists of calling the nations to discard the doctrine which regards Spirit as the only motor of human progress, or Matter as the fundamental basis of human development; to give up once and for all the idea that the world is by necessity in a state of war in which spiritual forces are continuously fighting with material forces; and finally to admit with us that the basis of human development is spiritual-materialist and that superior humanity recognizes this basis and builds the edifice of the future on it. The world, which has come to realize, especially after the last world war [World War II], how destructive the partial philosophies and ideologies of capitalism, Marxism, fascism and national socialism have been, is today in need of a new social philosophy that can save it from the arbitrariness and error of these ideologies.\n\n\n — Sa'adeh, Commentaries on the Ideology, p. 132.[14]Saadeh had an holistic notion of science, as \"knowledge is that it revolves around the interaction of the self with the surrounding physical conditions\" and was against epistemological reductionism, considering that \"the self plays an active role in creating the conditions that transform things into objects of knowledge. As a social self, this self is the product of several dynamics – mind, intuition, the practical and existential. It does not depend on one factor and exclude the others.\" His whole thought was a refutation of the \"individualist doctrine, whether in its sociological or methodological orientations\". For him, the man was a totality by himself as much as in connection with his immediate surrounding, a social being but with his own dignity, which brings him closer to the personalism of someone like Nikolai Berdyaev. In his vision, the society's main role was to shape the individual being-as-relation through the Khaldunian notion of assabiya (solidarity), which, through some common features (geography, language, culture, ...) brings out the best in him, but without oppressing his liberties nor negligible either the spiritual or the material aspect, like he witnessed in contemporary ideologies such as communism, fascism or Nazism. Thus, \"the concept of man-society is the axis of Sa'adeh’s theory of human existence. What is meant by this concept is that existence at a human level and existence at a social level are not independent phenomena; rather, they are one phenomenon, two aspects of the same social essence.\"[15]","title":"Ideology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"environmental determinist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_determinist"},{"link_name":"racialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racialism"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Nationalism","text":"He had a regionalist vision of nationalism because he gave some utmost importance to geography: even if he was not an utmost environmental determinist, he thought that a man's relation with his milieu involves a particular way of acting because of the different climate, fauna or flora; men will manage their resources differently whether they're in mountains or desert, which will also have consequences on their interactions with foreign groups (over the control of the same resources and so on). Thus the notion of the homeland was dear to him. On racialism – which was associated with nationalism in many European ideologies -, \"he argued that, contrary to common belief, race is a purely physical concept that has nothing to do with the psychological or social differences between human communities. People differ by their physical features – colour, height, and appearance – and are accordingly divided into races. Nationalism, however, cannot be founded on this reality. Every nation comprises diverse racial groups, and none is the product of one race or one specific tribe.\"[16]","title":"Ideology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zaki al-Arsuzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaki_al-Arsuzi"},{"link_name":"Arab nationalists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_nationalists"},{"link_name":"Fichte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fichte"},{"link_name":"Marxism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxism"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"The socio-economic cycle","text":"Contrarily to Zaki al-Arsuzi and other Arab nationalists who were influenced by European thinkers' vision of race and language – notably Fichte - Saadeh thus developed his vision, more inclusive and synthetic. It's a \"dynamic theory of nationalism for the whole society based on the union in life and the socio-economic cycle (...) not deterministic. Land and people are two important ingredients of the nation. Still, they are not the nation themselves (...) is a civilizing theory because it recognizes the necessity and inevitability of interaction between nations (...) the interaction process has two poles: the first, economic possibilities\nof the environment, and the second, society’s ability to benefit from such possibilities (...) interaction takes place on two levels: horizontally, which determines the extent and character of regional interaction; and, vertically,\nbetween man and land, out of which a horizontal interaction may or may not occur (...) unlike Marxism, which reduced the economic question to one of class and considered the national question synonymous with the\nbourgeoisie, the concept of the socio-economic cycle is a societal concept (...) the mind is a primary factor in human progress. It is a liberating force and a complex entity that should not be viewed from just one\nangle. For Sa'adeh, the mind represents the liberation of human energy and its incorporation into the process of socio-economic interaction.\"[17]","title":"Ideology"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Books","text":"Nushu' al-Umam (The Rise of Nations), Beirut: n.p., 1938.\nAn-Nizam al-Jadid (The Modern System), Beirut and Damascus: SSNP Publications, 1950–1956.\nAl-Islam fi Risalatein (Islam in its Two Messages), Damascus: n.p., 1954.\nAl-Sira' al-Fikri fial-Adab al-Suri (Intellectual Conflict in Syrian Literature), 3rd edition, Beirut: SSNP Publications, 1955.\nAl-Muhadarat al-Ashr (The Ten Lectures), Beirut: SSNP Publications, 1956.\nShuruh fi al-Aqida (Commentaries on the Ideology), Beirut: SSNP Publications, 1958.\nMarhalat ma Qabl al-Ta'sis (1921–1932) (The Stage Prior to the Formation [of the SSNP]), Beirut: SSNP, 1975.\nAl-In'izaliyyah Aflasat (1947–1949), (Isolationism Has Gone Bankrupt), Beirut: SSNP Publications, 1976.\nMukhtarat fi al-Mas'alah al-Lubnaniyyah (1936–1943) (Selections of the Lebanese Question), Beirut: SSNP Publications, 1976.\nMarahil al-Mas'alah al Filastiniyyah: 1921–1949 (The Stages of the Palestine Question), Beirut: SSNP Publications, 1977.\nAl-Rasa'il (Correspondences), Beirut: SSNP Publications, 1978–1990.\nAl-Athar al-Kamilah (Collected Works), Beirut: SSNP Publications, 1978–1995.\nA'da al-Arab A'da Lubnan (Enemies of Arabs, Enemies of Lebanon), Beirut: SSNP Publications, 1979.\nAl-Rassa'eel (Letters), Beirut: Dar Fikr for Research and Publication, 1989.\nMukhtarat fi al-Hizbiyyah al-Dinniyyah (An Anthology on Religious Partisanship), Beirut: Dar Fikr, 1993.\nAl-Islam fi Risalateih al-Masihiyyah wal Muhammadiyyah (Islam in the Christian and Muhammadan Messages), 5th edition, Beirut: Al-Rukn, 1995.","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greater Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Syria"}],"sub_title":"Articles","text":"\"The Opening of a New Way for the Syrian Nation\", Al-Jumhur, Beirut, June 1937.\n\"Political Independence in the Key to Economic Independence\", Souria al-Jadida (New Syria), 30 September 1939.\n\"Greater Syria\", al-Zawbaπa, no. 63, 1 July 1943.\n\"Haqq al-Siraπ Haqq al-Taqaddum\" (The Right to Struggle is the Right to Progress), Kull Shay', 107, Beirut, 15 April 1949.","title":"Works"}]
[{"image_text":"First number of Al-Zawba'a (The Storm) published on 1st August 1940.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Al-Zawba%2C_La_Tempestad%2C_a%C3%B1o_1%2C_n_1.png/170px-Al-Zawba%2C_La_Tempestad%2C_a%C3%B1o_1%2C_n_1.png"},{"image_text":"Saadeh in Lebanon","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Antun_Sa%27ada.jpg/170px-Antun_Sa%27ada.jpg"},{"image_text":"As envisioned by Saadeh and the SSNP, \"Natural Syria\" includes modern Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, Jordan, Iraq, Kuwait, Cyprus, the Sinai Peninsula, the Ahvaz region of Iran, and Cilicia in southern Anatolia.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/SadheeSYRIA-ar.jpg/220px-SadheeSYRIA-ar.jpg"},{"image_text":"Film in Arabic about Saadeh's return to Lebanon."}]
[{"title":"Syrian Social Nationalist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party"},{"title":"Adunis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adunis"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagdstaffel_44
Jagdstaffel 44
["1 History","2 Commanding officers (Staffelführer)","3 Duty stations","4 Operations","5 Aircraft","6 References"]
Jasta 44Active1917–1918CountryGerman EmpireBranchLuftstreitkräfteTypeFighter squadronEngagementsWorld War IMilitary unit Royal Saxon Jagdstaffel 44, commonly abbreviated to Jasta 44, was a "hunting group" (i.e., fighter squadron) of the Luftstreitkräfte, the air arm of the Imperial German Army during World War I. The unit would score 19 aerial victories during the war, including four observation balloons downed. The squadron's victories came at the expense of two killed in action, two killed in flying accidents, two wounded in action, one injured in an accident, and two taken prisoner of war. History Jasta 44 was formed on 11 December 1917 at Flieger-Abteilung ("Flier Detachment") 6 at Grossenhain. It went operational on 23 December 1917. In April 1918, it joined Jagdgruppe 12, commanded by Heinrich Kroll. The squadron served until it was disbanded on 1 December 1918. Commanding officers (Staffelführer) Max Raspe: 11 December 1917 Albert Freytag: 14 February 1918 Paul Lotz: 10 June 1918 – 23 October 1918 (KIA) Leutnant von Borries: 23 October 1918 Duty stations Leffincourt, France Villeselve, France: March 1918 Ercheu: Early April 1918 Donstiennes, Belgium: 19 October 1918 Operations Jasta 44's first operational assignment, at Leffincourt, was support of 3 Armee. After being incorporated into Jagdgruppe 12, it usually supported 18 Armee. The squadron would serve through war's end, being disbanded at Kamenz, Kingdom of Saxony, on 1 December 1918. Aircraft Jasta 44 re-equipped with Fokker D.VII fighters when it was consolidated into Jagdgruppe 12. Its previous equipment is unknown. References ^ a b c d e f Franks, Bailey & Guest (1993), p. 46. Bibliography Franks, Norman; Bailey, Frank W. & Guest, Russell F. (1993). Above The Lines: The Aces and Fighter Units of the German Air Service, Naval Air Service, and Flanders Marine Corps, 1914–1918. London, UK: Grub Street. ISBN 978-0-948817-73-1. vte Jastas of the Imperial German Army Air ServicePrussian 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 17 18 19 20 25 26 27 29 30 31 33 36 37 38 39 41 42 43 45 46 48 49 50 51 52 53 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 73 74 75 81 82 83 85 86 87 88 89 90 Bavarian 16 23 32 34 35 76 77 78 79 80 Saxon 21 22 24 40 44 54 72 Württembergian 28 47 64 84 vteAviation in World War IPeople and aircraft Commanders Aces Aircraft of the Entente Powers Aircraft of the Central Powers Zeppelins Campaignsand battles Strategic bombing German Cuxhaven Bombing of cities Aerial reconnaissance Fokker Scourge Flight over Vienna Bloody April Battles Entente Powersair services British air services Royal Flying Corps Royal Naval Air Service Royal Air Force Australian Flying Corps Canadian Air Force (1918–1920) French Air Service Imperial Russian Air Service Royal Italian Air Corps Romanian Air Corps United States Army Air Service Greek air services Army Air Service Naval Air Service Central Powersair services Imperial German Air Service Austro-Hungarian Imperial and Royal Aviation Troops Ottoman Aviation Squadrons Bulgarian Army Aeroplane Section
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Luftstreitkräfte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luftstreitkr%C3%A4fte"},{"link_name":"Imperial German Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_German_Army"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"four observation balloons downed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balloon_buster"},{"link_name":"killed in action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killed_in_action"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranksBaileyGuest199346-1"}],"text":"Military unitRoyal Saxon Jagdstaffel 44, commonly abbreviated to Jasta 44, was a \"hunting group\" (i.e., fighter squadron) of the Luftstreitkräfte, the air arm of the Imperial German Army during World War I. The unit would score 19 aerial victories during the war, including four observation balloons downed. The squadron's victories came at the expense of two killed in action, two killed in flying accidents, two wounded in action, one injured in an accident, and two taken prisoner of war.[1]","title":"Jagdstaffel 44"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grossenhain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grossenhain"},{"link_name":"Jagdgruppe 12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jagdgruppe_12&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Heinrich Kroll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Kroll"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranksBaileyGuest199346-1"}],"text":"Jasta 44 was formed on 11 December 1917 at Flieger-Abteilung (\"Flier Detachment\") 6 at Grossenhain. It went operational on 23 December 1917. In April 1918, it joined Jagdgruppe 12, commanded by Heinrich Kroll. The squadron served until it was disbanded on 1 December 1918.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"(KIA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killed_in_action"},{"link_name":"Leutnant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leutnant"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranksBaileyGuest199346-1"}],"text":"Max Raspe: 11 December 1917\nAlbert Freytag: 14 February 1918\nPaul Lotz: 10 June 1918 – 23 October 1918 (KIA)\nLeutnant von Borries: 23 October 1918[1]","title":"Commanding officers (Staffelführer)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Leffincourt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leffincourt"},{"link_name":"Villeselve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villeselve"},{"link_name":"Ercheu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ercheu"},{"link_name":"Donstiennes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thuin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranksBaileyGuest199346-1"}],"text":"Leffincourt, France\nVilleselve, France: March 1918\nErcheu: Early April 1918\nDonstiennes, Belgium: 19 October 1918[1]","title":"Duty stations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"3 Armee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_Army_(German_Empire)"},{"link_name":"18 Armee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18th_Army_(German_Empire)"},{"link_name":"Kamenz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamenz"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Saxony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranksBaileyGuest199346-1"}],"text":"Jasta 44's first operational assignment, at Leffincourt, was support of 3 Armee. After being incorporated into Jagdgruppe 12, it usually supported 18 Armee. The squadron would serve through war's end, being disbanded at Kamenz, Kingdom of Saxony, on 1 December 1918.[1]","title":"Operations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fokker D.VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fokker_D.VII"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranksBaileyGuest199346-1"}],"text":"Jasta 44 re-equipped with Fokker D.VII fighters when it was consolidated into Jagdgruppe 12. Its previous equipment is unknown.[1]","title":"Aircraft"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Franks, Norman; Bailey, Frank W. & Guest, Russell F. (1993). Above The Lines: The Aces and Fighter Units of the German Air Service, Naval Air Service, and Flanders Marine Corps, 1914–1918. London, UK: Grub Street. ISBN 978-0-948817-73-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Franks","url_text":"Franks, Norman"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-948817-73-1","url_text":"978-0-948817-73-1"}]}]
[]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodonessa
Pink-headed duck
["1 Description","2 Distribution","3 Taxonomy and systematics","4 Status","5 References","6 Other sources","7 External links"]
Species of bird Pink-headed duck Mounted specimen at National Museum of Scotland Conservation status Critically Endangered  (IUCN 3.1) CITES Appendix I (CITES) Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Order: Anseriformes Family: Anatidae Genus: RhodonessaReichenbach, 1853 Species: R. caryophyllacea Binomial name Rhodonessa caryophyllacea(Latham, 1790) Distribution of records of this species Synonyms Anas caryophyllacea Fuligula caryophyllacea Netta caryophyllacea Callichen caryophyllaceum The pink-headed duck (Rhodonessa caryophyllacea) is a large diving duck that was once found in parts of the Gangetic plains of India, parts of Maharashtra, Bangladesh and in the riverine swamps of Myanmar but has been feared extinct since the 1950s. Numerous searches have failed to provide any proof of continued existence. It has been suggested that it may exist in the inaccessible swamp regions of northern Myanmar and some sight reports from that region have led to its status being declared as "Critically Endangered" rather than extinct. The genus placement has been disputed and while some have suggested that it is close to the red-crested pochard (Netta rufina), others have placed it in a separate genus of its own. It is unique in the pink colouration of the head combined with a dark body. A prominent wing patch and the long slender neck are features shared with the common Indian spot-billed duck. The eggs have also been held as particularly peculiar in being nearly spherical. Description Male and female as illustrated by Henrik Grönvold The male pink-headed duck is unmistakable when a good view is had. Both sexes are 41–43 cm and long-billed with long necks and peaked heads. The male has a pink bill, head and neck while the female has a pale pinkish head and neck with a paler bill. The black of the body extends as a narrow strip on the front of the neck. Wings have a leading white edge. In flight it would not contrast as much as the syntopic white-winged duck. Wing does not have the dark trailing edge of the red-crested pochard. Confusion with male red-crested pochards stems mainly from observations of swimming birds, as the latter species also has a conspicuous red head (although the color is actually very different from the pink-headed duck). Indian spot-billed ducks, on the other hand, can look similar to female pink-headed ducks when in flight and seen from a distance, and if seen from behind, they could be mistaken for males too. The upper side of the wing is distinguishing, with dark green secondaries (speculum) and prominent white tertiaries in the spot-billed duck and a pinkish-beige speculum, much lighter than its surroundings, in the pink-headed duck. If the upper part of the wings cannot be reliably seen, they are all but indistinguishable except to expert observers in good visibility conditions. Young birds had a nearly whitish head without a trace of pink and a mellow two note call wugh-ah has been attributed to the species. Its breeding habitat is lowland marshes and pools in tall-grass jungle. The nest is built amongst grass. The eggs, six or seven in a clutch, are very spherical and creamy white. The eggs measure 1.71 to 1.82 inches long and 1.61 to 1.7 inches wide. They were believed to have been non-migratory and found singly or in pairs and very rarely in small groups. Pink-headed ducks are believed to have eaten water plants and molluscs. Like Netta species, they typically up-ended or dabbled for food and did not dive like a pochard. Distribution A defective illustration of the head which misses the nuchal crest. Allan Octavian Hume and Stuart Baker noted that the stronghold of the species was north of the Ganges and west of the Brahmaputra, mainly in Maldah, Purnea, Madhubani and Purulia districts of present-day Bihar. It was said to be commoner in Singhbum. Hume collected a specimen in Manipur which he noted was very rare, hiding among dense reeds in Loktak Lake. Edward Blyth claimed that it was found in the Rakhine state of Burma. Brian Houghton Hodgson obtained specimens from Nepal. A few records were also noted from Delhi, Sindh and Punjab. The populations (possibly) undertook local seasonal movements, resulting in scattered historic records as far as Punjab, Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh. Thus, resulting in rare sightings of the species in Maharashtra. Birds were also reported from the Oudh region some from very close to Lucknow. Specimens were shot at Najafgarh lake in the Delhi district. Jerdon obtained specimens of the bird from further south although he did not personally observe any in the wild until he visited Bengal. Taxonomy and systematics Painting by Bhawani Das, of a living specimen in the collection of Lady Impey, circa 1777. This accurately records the colour of the legs. The pink-headed duck was described by John Latham in 1790 under the genus Anas. In describing the species, it is possible that he made of use of a painting in the collection of Lady Impey, wife of Sir Elijah Impey who was Chief Justice of court in Calcutta from 1774 to 1783. Mary Impey maintained a menagerie in Calcutta and commissioned Indian artists such as Bhawani Das from Patna to illustrate animals in the collection. The Impeys moved to England, and after the death of her husband, she sold these paintings at auction in 1810. Some of them were acquired by the 13th Earl of Derby. The swelling at the base of trachea in the male The genus Rhodonessa was originally created for this species alone. Jean Delacour and Ernst Mayr, in their 1945 revision of the family Anatidae considered it a somewhat abnormal member of the Anatini (or river-ducks) group because the hind toe is slightly lobed, display behaviour and the tendency to feed at the surface. The birds were observed in European aviaries and although they never bred, the males displayed often and this involved puffing the neck feathers, lowering the neck to rest on the back and then stretching up the neck while producing a wheezy whistle like a mallard. A study of its tracheal anatomy by Alfred Henry Garrod in 1875 suggested that it had a "slight fusiform dilatation" in the anterior syringeal region. The "bulba ossea" at the lower part of the male syrinx is peculiar in being swollen. The colour pattern has also been considered unique, lacking any of the metallic colours on the secondaries that are characteristic of the Anatini. The other unique feature being the somewhat large and nearly spherical shape of the eggs. All of these features supporting the retention of the species in a separate genus. Such mid-tracheal swellings were found only in Mergini and Aythyini and is extremely rare in the genus Anas. This tracheal bulla is rounded in Anas but angular with fenestrae in Netta and Aythya. Johnsgard considered Marmaronetta and Rhodonessa as intermediate in form. Based on the available morphological and behavioural evidence, especially the structure of the humerus and the structure of tracheal rings, Sidney Dillon Ripley suggested that it was undoubtedly in the Aythyini. A study found that Rhodonessa was closely allied to the red-crested pochard (Netta rufina) suggesting that the two species be placed in the same genus. Rhodonessa was described prior to Netta which would then make Rhodonessa rufina the name of choice, however these changes have not been widely accepted. The pink colour is derived from a carotenoid pigment which is unusual among ducks and known only from a few other species such as the pink-eared duck which are not closely related. Status Turnaround video of a specimen, Naturalis Biodiversity Center This duck formerly occurred in eastern India, Bangladesh and northern Myanmar, but is now probably extinct. It was always rare, and the last confirmed sighting, by C. M. Inglis, was from Bhagownie, Darbhangha District, in June 1935, with reports from India persisting until the early 1960s. These include reports from Monghyr and from near Shimla. Sidney Dillon Ripley considered it likely extinct in 1950. An 1847 illustration In 1988, Rory Nugent, an American birder, and Shankar Barua of Delhi, reported spotting the elusive bird on the banks of the Brahmaputra. The pair started their quest for the bird at Saikhoa ghat on the north-eastern end of the river on the Indian side of the border. After 29 days of sailing, Nugent said that he saw the pink-headed duck amidst a flock of other waterbirds. However, Nugent and Barua's claimed sighting has not been widely accepted. Reports of pink-headed ducks after the 1960s have been received from the largely unexplored Mali Hka and Chindwin Myit drainages in Northern Myanmar. While the area is not very well surveyed by scientists, searches have been inconclusive and confusion with the red-crested pochard and the Indian spot-billed duck has been a common source of supposed pink-headed duck sightings. A report on a survey in the Hu Kaung valley in November 2003 concluded that there is sufficient reason to believe that pink-headed ducks may still exist in Northern Myanmar's Kachin State, but a thorough survey of the Nat Kaung river between Kamaing and Shadusup in October 2005 failed to find this species; a number of interesting ducks were observed, but they turned out to be Indian spot-billed ducks or white-winged ducks. Suggestions have been made that it may be nocturnal. In 2017, an expedition to find the species by Global Wildlife Conservation also failed, with evidence indicating that the biodiversity in the general area around Indawgyi Lake and its surrounding areas was heavily declining due to habitat degradation. Anecdotes from residents in the area, however, indicate that the bird may have lived in the area far more recently than the last confirmed report from 1910, possibly as recently as 2010. One resident stated that a pink-headed duck was sighted in 1998, associating with a flock of gadwall and pintail. Another, more dubious report stated that shortly after a failed expedition in the area by Birdlife International ended, a local hunter caught a live male and a female or juvenile pink-headed duck, and contacted Myanmar's Biodiversity and Nature Conservation Association to sell it to them for a fee. The offer was declined, and the hunter killed both ducks. Another hunter recalled that when the habitat was in good condition, pink-headed ducks were regulars in the area, possibly up to 2014. They were apparently most common during February, and he also could mimic their possible calls, though it is unknown whether these calls were truly by pink-headed ducks. The hunter also said that there were large, impassable ponds in the wetland's center that may still hold pink-headed ducks, but these could only be accessed with a drone, which are banned in the region. The reason for its disappearance was probably habitat destruction. It is not known why it was always considered rare, but the rarity is believed to be genuine (and not an artefact of insufficient fieldwork) as its erstwhile habitat was frequently scoured by hunters in Colonial times. The pink-headed duck was much sought after by hunters and later as an ornamental bird, mainly because of its unusual plumage. Like most diving ducks, it was not considered good eating, which should facilitate the survival of any remnant birds. The last specimen was obtained in 1935 in Darbhanga by C. M. Inglis. Some birds were also kept in the aviaries of Jean Théodore Delacour in Clères (France) and Alfred Ezra at Foxwarren Park (England) where the last known birds lived in captivity. The only known photographs of the species were taken here and include one of a pair taken around 1925 by David Seth-Smith. References ^ a b BirdLife International (2018). "Rhodonessa caryophyllacea". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22680344A125558688. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22680344A125558688.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.|date= / |doi= mismatch ^ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14. ^ Latham, John (1790). Index ornithologicus, sive Systema Ornithologiae; complectens avium divisionem in classes, ordines, genera, species, ipsarumque varietates: adjectis synonymis, locis, descriptionibus, &c. London: Leigh & Sotheby. ^ King, F. Wayne (1988). "Extant Unless Proven Extinct: The International Legal Precedent". Conservation Biology. 2 (4): 395–397. Bibcode:1988ConBi...2..395K. doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.1988.tb00205.x. ^ Rasmussen, P. C.; Anderton, J. C. (2005). Birds of South Asia: The Ripley Guide. Vol. 2. Smithsonian Institution & Lynx Editions. p. 78. ^ Phillips, John C. (1922). A natural history of the ducks. Vol. 1. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Company. pp. 90–93. ^ Ali, S.; Ripley, S. D. (1978). Handbook of the birds of India and Pakistan. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 175–177. ISBN 0-19-562063-1. ^ Barnes, H. E. (1891). "Nesting in western India". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 6 (3): 285–317. ^ Oates, Eugene W. (1902). Catalogue of the collections of birds' eggs in the British Museum (Natural History). Vol. II. London: British Museum. p. 143. ^ a b Baker, E. C. S. (1897). "Indian ducks and their allies. Part II". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 11 (2): 171–198. ^ a b Humphrey, P. S.; Ripley, S. D. (1962). "The affinities of the Pink-headed Duck (Rhodonessa caryophyllacea)". Postilla. 61: 1–21. ^ Inglis, C. M. (1904). "The birds of the Madhubani subdivision of the Darbhanga district, Tirhut, with notes on species noted elsewhere in the district. Part VIII". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 16 (1): 70–75. ^ Hume, Allan (1888). "The Birds of Manipur, Assam, Sylhet and Cachar". Stray Feathers. 11: 1–353. ^ Marshall, A. H. (1918). "Occurrence of the Pinkheaded Duck Rhodonessa caryophyllacea in the Punjab". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 25 (3): 502–503. ^ Ara, Jamal (1960). "In search of the Pinkheaded Duck ". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 57 (2): 415–417. ^ Irby, L. H. (1861). "Notes on birds observed in Oudh and Kumaon". Ibis. 3 (2): 217–251. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1861.tb07456.x. ^ Reid, Geo (1879). Hume, Allan (ed.). "". Stray Feathers. 8: 418. ^ Hume, A. O.; Marshall, C. H. T. (1881). Game birds of India, Burmah and Ceylon. Vol. 3. Self-published. pp. 173–180. ^ Simson, F. B. (1884). "Notes on the Pink-headed Duck (Anas caryophyllacea)". Ibis. 5 (2): 271–275. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919x.1884.tb01165.x. ^ Jerdon, T. C. (1864). The game birds and wild fowl of India. Calcutta: Military Orphan Press. pp. 176–177. ^ Stephens, J. F. (1824). General Zoology. Volume 12 part 2. Aves. pp. 207–208. ^ a b Ezra, Alfred (1926). "The Pink-headed Duck Rhodonessa caryophyllacea". The Avicultural Magazine. 4 (12): 24. ^ Fisher, C. T., ed. (2002). A Passion for Natural History: The Life and Legacy of the 13th Earl of Derby. National Museums and Galleries on Merseyside. ISBN 1-902700-14-7. ^ Fisher, C.; Kear, J. (2002). "The taxonomic importance of two early paintings of the pink-headed duck Rhodonessa caryophyllacea (Latham 1790)". Bull. Brit. Orn. Club. 122 (4): 244–248. ^ Delacour, Jean; Mayr, Ernst (1945). "The Family Anatidae". Wilson Bull. 57: 3–55. ^ Garrod, Alfred Henry (1875). "On the form of the lower larynx in certain species of ducks". Proc. Zool. Soc. London: 151–156. ^ Blanford WT (1898). The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma. Birds. Volume 4. Taylor and Francis, London. pp. 425–426. ^ Johnsgard, Paul A. (161). "The Taxonomy of the Anatidae: A behavioural analysis". Ibis. 103: 71–85. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1961.tb02421.x. S2CID 35642972. ^ Johnsgard, Paul A. (1965). "Tribe Aythyini (Pochards)". Handbook of Waterfowl Behavior. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-0207-7. ^ Woolfenden, G. E. (1959). "Postcranial osteology of the waterfowl". Bull. Fla. State Mus. 6 (1): 183–187. ^ Livezey, B. C. (1998). "A phylogenetic analysis of modern pochards (Anatidae: Aythini)" (PDF). The Auk. 113 (1): 74–93. doi:10.2307/4088937. JSTOR 4088937. ^ Collar, N. J.; Andreev, A. V.; Chan, S.; Crosby, M. J.; Subramanya, S.; Tobias, J. A., eds. (2001). "Pink-headed Duck". Threatened Birds of Asia: The BirdLife International Red Data Book (PDF). BirdLife International. pp. 489–501. ISBN 0-946888-44-2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-06. Retrieved 2010-04-30. ^ Thomas, Daniel B.; James, Helen F. (2016). "Nondestructive Raman spectroscopy confirms carotenoid-pigmented plumage in the Pink-headed Duck" (PDF). The Auk. 133 (2): 147–154. doi:10.1642/AUK-15-152.1. ISSN 0004-8038. S2CID 54210463. ^ Jardine, E. R. (1909). "Occurrence of the Pink-headed Duck (Rhodonessa caryophyllacea) in Burma". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 19 (1): 264. ^ Whistler, H. (1916). "The Pink-headed Duck Rhodonessa caryophyllacea, Lath. in the Punjab". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 24 (3): 599. ^ Hume, A. O. (1879). "Gleanings from the Calcutta market". Stray Feathers. 7 (6): 479–498. ^ Singh, Laliteshwar Prasad (1966). "The Pinkheaded Duck again". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 63 (2): 440. ^ Mehta, K. L. (1960). "A Pinkheaded Duck at last?". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 57 (2): 417. ^ Ripley, S. Dillon (1950). "Two birds about which more information is needed". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 49 (1): 119–120. ^ Nugent, Rory (1991). The search for the Pink-headed Duck. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston. ISBN 0-395-50552-6. ^ a b Nguyen, Thi Ngoc Ha, ed. (2003). "Pink-headed Duck survey in the Hukaung Valley, Myanmar" (PDF). Babbler. 8: 6–7. ^ Hanh, Dang Nguyen Hong, ed. (2005). "Latest search fails to locate Pink-headed Duck" (PDF). Babbler. 16: 21–22. ^ Tordoff, Andrew W.; Appleton, T.; Eames, J. C.; Eberhardt, K.; Hla, Htin; Khin Ma Ma Thwin; Sawo Myow Zaw; Moses, Saw; Sein Myo Aung (2008). "The historical and current status of Pink-headed Duck Rhodonessa caryophyllacea in Myanmar". Bird Conservation International. 18: 38–52. doi:10.1017/S0959270908000063. ^ Species, Lost (2017-12-08). "Pink-headed Duck Expedition Report: Myanmar 2017". Lost Species. Retrieved 2017-12-15. ^ Species, Lost (2017-12-08). "Search for the Pink-headed Duck: The Interviews". Lost Species. Retrieved 2017-12-15. ^ Inglis, C.M. (1940). "Records of some rare, or uncommon, geese and ducks and other water birds and waders in North Bihar". Journal of the Bengal Natural History Society. 15 (2): 56–60. ^ Hoage, R. J.; Deiss, William A. (1996). New Worlds, New Animals. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 148. ISBN 0-8018-5373-7. ^ Swainson, W. (1838). The cabinet cyclopaedia. Animals in menageries. London: Longman, Orme, Brown, Green & Longmans, and John Taylor. pp. 277–278. ^ Anonymous (1875). Revised list of the vertebrated animals now or lately living in the gardens of the Zoological Society. Zoological Society of London. p. 29. Other sources Ali, S. (1960). "The pink-headed duck Rhodonessa caryophyllacea (Latham)". Wildfowl Trust 1lth Annual Report. pp. 54–58. Bucknill, JA (1924). "The disappearance of the Pink-headed Duck (Rhodonessa caryophyllacea Lath.)". Ibis. 66 (1): 146–151. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1924.tb08120.x. van der Ven, Joost (2007). Roze is een kleur – Zoektochten naar een eend in Myanmar 1999–2006. Utrecht: IJzer. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rhodonessa caryophyllacea. BirdLife International Species Factsheet Taxon identifiersRhodonessa caryophyllacea Wikidata: Q597144 Wikispecies: Rhodonessa caryophyllacea ADW: Rhodonessa_caryophyllacea ARKive: rhodonessa-caryophyllacea Avibase: 8D0294E1C02AD596 BirdLife: 22680344 BOW: pihduc1 CoL: 6X6HQ eBird: pihduc1 ECOS: 1223 EoL: 45515923 GBIF: 2498189 iNaturalist: 7085 IRMNG: 10200385 ITIS: 175222 IUCN: 22680344 NCBI: 2025362 Open Tree of Life: 3595948 Species+: 9052 Xeno-canto: Rhodonessa-caryophyllacea Authority control databases: National Israel United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"diving duck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_duck"},{"link_name":"extinct","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinct"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn_status_13_November_2021-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"red-crested pochard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red-crested_pochard"},{"link_name":"Netta rufina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netta_rufina"},{"link_name":"Indian spot-billed duck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_spot-billed_duck"}],"text":"The pink-headed duck (Rhodonessa caryophyllacea) is a large diving duck that was once found in parts of the Gangetic plains of India, parts of Maharashtra, Bangladesh and in the riverine swamps of Myanmar but has been feared extinct since the 1950s. Numerous searches have failed to provide any proof of continued existence. It has been suggested that it may exist in the inaccessible swamp regions of northern Myanmar and some sight reports from that region have led to its status being declared as \"Critically Endangered\" rather than extinct.[1][4] The genus placement has been disputed and while some have suggested that it is close to the red-crested pochard (Netta rufina), others have placed it in a separate genus of its own. It is unique in the pink colouration of the head combined with a dark body. A prominent wing patch and the long slender neck are features shared with the common Indian spot-billed duck. The eggs have also been held as particularly peculiar in being nearly spherical.","title":"Pink-headed duck"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RhodonessaGronvold.jpg"},{"link_name":"Henrik Grönvold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrik_Gr%C3%B6nvold"},{"link_name":"red-crested pochard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red-crested_pochard"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Indian spot-billed ducks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_spot-billed_duck"},{"link_name":"secondaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remiges"},{"link_name":"tertiaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remiges"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"marshes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsh"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hbk-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-baker-10"},{"link_name":"Netta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netta"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ripley-11"}],"text":"Male and female as illustrated by Henrik GrönvoldThe male pink-headed duck is unmistakable when a good view is had. Both sexes are 41–43 cm and long-billed with long necks and peaked heads. The male has a pink bill, head and neck while the female has a pale pinkish head and neck with a paler bill. The black of the body extends as a narrow strip on the front of the neck. Wings have a leading white edge. In flight it would not contrast as much as the syntopic white-winged duck. Wing does not have the dark trailing edge of the red-crested pochard.[5] Confusion with male red-crested pochards stems mainly from observations of swimming birds, as the latter species also has a conspicuous red head (although the color is actually very different from the pink-headed duck). Indian spot-billed ducks, on the other hand, can look similar to female pink-headed ducks when in flight and seen from a distance, and if seen from behind, they could be mistaken for males too. The upper side of the wing is distinguishing, with dark green secondaries (speculum) and prominent white tertiaries in the spot-billed duck and a pinkish-beige speculum, much lighter than its surroundings, in the pink-headed duck. If the upper part of the wings cannot be reliably seen, they are all but indistinguishable except to expert observers in good visibility conditions. Young birds had a nearly whitish head without a trace of pink and a mellow two note call wugh-ah has been attributed to the species.[6]Its breeding habitat is lowland marshes and pools in tall-grass jungle.[7] The nest is built amongst grass. The eggs, six or seven in a clutch, are very spherical and creamy white.[8] The eggs measure 1.71 to 1.82 inches long and 1.61 to 1.7 inches wide.[9] They were believed to have been non-migratory and found singly or in pairs and very rarely in small groups. Pink-headed ducks are believed to have eaten water plants and molluscs.[10] Like Netta species, they typically up-ended or dabbled for food and did not dive like a pochard.[11]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RhodonessaHead.jpg"},{"link_name":"Allan Octavian Hume","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Octavian_Hume"},{"link_name":"Stuart Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Charles_Stuart_Baker"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Loktak Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loktak_Lake"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Edward Blyth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Blyth"},{"link_name":"Rakhine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakhine_State"},{"link_name":"Brian Houghton Hodgson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Houghton_Hodgson"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-baker-10"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Jerdon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_C._Jerdon"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"A defective illustration of the head which misses the nuchal crest.Allan Octavian Hume and Stuart Baker noted that the stronghold of the species was north of the Ganges and west of the Brahmaputra, mainly in Maldah, Purnea, Madhubani and Purulia districts of present-day Bihar.[12] It was said to be commoner in Singhbum. Hume collected a specimen in Manipur which he noted was very rare, hiding among dense reeds in Loktak Lake.[13] Edward Blyth claimed that it was found in the Rakhine state of Burma. Brian Houghton Hodgson obtained specimens from Nepal. A few records were also noted from Delhi, Sindh and Punjab. The populations (possibly) undertook local seasonal movements, resulting in scattered historic records as far as Punjab, Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh. Thus, resulting in rare sightings of the species in Maharashtra. [10][14][15] Birds were also reported from the Oudh region some from very close to Lucknow.[16][17] Specimens were shot at Najafgarh lake in the Delhi district.[18] Jerdon obtained specimens of the bird from further south although he did not personally observe any in the wild until he visited Bengal.[19][20]","title":"Distribution"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RhodonessaBhawaniDas.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lady Impey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Impey"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-swainson-22"},{"link_name":"Lady Impey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Impey"},{"link_name":"Elijah Impey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elijah_Impey"},{"link_name":"13th Earl of Derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Smith-Stanley,_13th_Earl_of_Derby"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SyrinxRhodonessaGarrod.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jean Delacour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Delacour"},{"link_name":"Ernst Mayr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Mayr"},{"link_name":"mallard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mallard"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Alfred Henry Garrod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Henry_Garrod"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fbi-27"},{"link_name":"Mergini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mergini"},{"link_name":"Aythyini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aythyini"},{"link_name":"Anas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anas"},{"link_name":"Netta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netta"},{"link_name":"Aythya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aythya"},{"link_name":"Marmaronetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marmaronetta"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"humerus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humerus"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"tracheal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrate_trachea"},{"link_name":"Sidney Dillon Ripley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Dillon_Ripley"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ripley-11"},{"link_name":"red-crested pochard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red-crested_pochard"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"pink-eared duck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pink-eared_duck"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"text":"Painting by Bhawani Das, of a living specimen in the collection of Lady Impey, circa 1777. This accurately records the colour of the legs.The pink-headed duck was described by John Latham in 1790 under the genus Anas.[21][22] In describing the species, it is possible that he made of use of a painting in the collection of Lady Impey, wife of Sir Elijah Impey who was Chief Justice of court in Calcutta from 1774 to 1783. Mary Impey maintained a menagerie in Calcutta and commissioned Indian artists such as Bhawani Das from Patna to illustrate animals in the collection. The Impeys moved to England, and after the death of her husband, she sold these paintings at auction in 1810. Some of them were acquired by the 13th Earl of Derby.[23][24]The swelling at the base of trachea in the maleThe genus Rhodonessa was originally created for this species alone. Jean Delacour and Ernst Mayr, in their 1945 revision of the family Anatidae considered it a somewhat abnormal member of the Anatini (or river-ducks) group because the hind toe is slightly lobed, display behaviour and the tendency to feed at the surface. The birds were observed in European aviaries and although they never bred, the males displayed often and this involved puffing the neck feathers, lowering the neck to rest on the back and then stretching up the neck while producing a wheezy whistle like a mallard.[25] A study of its tracheal anatomy by Alfred Henry Garrod in 1875[26] suggested that it had a \"slight fusiform dilatation\" in the anterior syringeal region. The \"bulba ossea\" at the lower part of the male syrinx is peculiar in being swollen. The colour pattern has also been considered unique, lacking any of the metallic colours on the secondaries that are characteristic of the Anatini. The other unique feature being the somewhat large and nearly spherical shape of the eggs. All of these features supporting the retention of the species in a separate genus.[27] Such mid-tracheal swellings were found only in Mergini and Aythyini and is extremely rare in the genus Anas. This tracheal bulla is rounded in Anas but angular with fenestrae in Netta and Aythya. Johnsgard considered Marmaronetta and Rhodonessa as intermediate in form.[28][29] Based on the available morphological and behavioural evidence, especially the structure of the humerus[30] and the structure of tracheal rings, Sidney Dillon Ripley suggested that it was undoubtedly in the Aythyini.[11]A study found that Rhodonessa was closely allied to the red-crested pochard (Netta rufina) suggesting that the two species be placed in the same genus.[31] Rhodonessa was described prior to Netta which would then make Rhodonessa rufina the name of choice, however these changes have not been widely accepted.[32] The pink colour is derived from a carotenoid pigment which is unusual among ducks and known only from a few other species such as the pink-eared duck which are not closely related.[33]","title":"Taxonomy and systematics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Naturalis Biodiversity Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalis_Biodiversity_Center"},{"link_name":"duck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duck"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"Myanmar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"extinct","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_extinct_birds"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"C. M. Inglis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_M._Inglis"},{"link_name":"Monghyr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monghyr"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Shimla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimla"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Sidney Dillon Ripley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Dillon_Ripley"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PinkheadedDuckJerdon.jpg"},{"link_name":"Rory Nugent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rory_Nugent"},{"link_name":"Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi"},{"link_name":"Brahmaputra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmaputra"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Mali Hka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali_Hka"},{"link_name":"Chindwin Myit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chindwin_Myit"},{"link_name":"red-crested pochard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red-crested_pochard"},{"link_name":"Indian spot-billed duck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_spot-billed_duck"},{"link_name":"Hu Kaung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hu_Kaung&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nguyen-41"},{"link_name":"Kachin State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kachin_State"},{"link_name":"Nat Kaung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nat_Kaung&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kamaing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamaing"},{"link_name":"Shadusup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shadusup&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Indian spot-billed ducks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_spot-billed_duck"},{"link_name":"white-winged ducks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-winged_duck"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nguyen-41"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Indawgyi Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indawgyi_Lake"},{"link_name":"gadwall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gadwall"},{"link_name":"pintail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_pintail"},{"link_name":"Birdlife International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BirdLife_International"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Darbhanga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darbhanga"},{"link_name":"C. M. Inglis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_M._Inglis"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Jean Théodore Delacour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Th%C3%A9odore_Delacour"},{"link_name":"Clères","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cl%C3%A8res"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Alfred Ezra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Ezra"},{"link_name":"Foxwarren Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foxwarren_Park"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"David Seth-Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Seth-Smith"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-swainson-22"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"}],"text":"Turnaround video of a specimen, Naturalis Biodiversity CenterThis duck formerly occurred in eastern India, Bangladesh and northern Myanmar,[34] but is now probably extinct. It was always rare,[35][36] and the last confirmed sighting, by C. M. Inglis, was from Bhagownie, Darbhangha District, in June 1935, with reports from India persisting until the early 1960s. These include reports from Monghyr[37] and from near Shimla.[38] Sidney Dillon Ripley considered it likely extinct in 1950.[39]An 1847 illustrationIn 1988, Rory Nugent, an American birder, and Shankar Barua of Delhi, reported spotting the elusive bird on the banks of the Brahmaputra. The pair started their quest for the bird at Saikhoa ghat on the north-eastern end of the river on the Indian side of the border. After 29 days of sailing, Nugent said that he saw the pink-headed duck amidst a flock of other waterbirds. However, Nugent and Barua's claimed sighting[40] has not been widely accepted. Reports of pink-headed ducks after the 1960s have been received from the largely unexplored Mali Hka and Chindwin Myit drainages in Northern Myanmar. While the area is not very well surveyed by scientists, searches have been inconclusive and confusion with the red-crested pochard and the Indian spot-billed duck has been a common source of supposed pink-headed duck sightings. A report on a survey in the Hu Kaung valley in November 2003[41] concluded that there is sufficient reason to believe that pink-headed ducks may still exist in Northern Myanmar's Kachin State, but a thorough survey of the Nat Kaung river between Kamaing and Shadusup in October 2005 failed to find this species;[42] a number of interesting ducks were observed, but they turned out to be Indian spot-billed ducks or white-winged ducks.[41] Suggestions have been made that it may be nocturnal.[43]In 2017, an expedition to find the species by Global Wildlife Conservation also failed, with evidence indicating that the biodiversity in the general area around Indawgyi Lake and its surrounding areas was heavily declining due to habitat degradation. Anecdotes from residents in the area, however, indicate that the bird may have lived in the area far more recently than the last confirmed report from 1910, possibly as recently as 2010. One resident stated that a pink-headed duck was sighted in 1998, associating with a flock of gadwall and pintail. Another, more dubious report stated that shortly after a failed expedition in the area by Birdlife International ended, a local hunter caught a live male and a female or juvenile pink-headed duck, and contacted Myanmar's Biodiversity and Nature Conservation Association to sell it to them for a fee. The offer was declined, and the hunter killed both ducks. Another hunter recalled that when the habitat was in good condition, pink-headed ducks were regulars in the area, possibly up to 2014. They were apparently most common during February, and he also could mimic their possible calls, though it is unknown whether these calls were truly by pink-headed ducks. The hunter also said that there were large, impassable ponds in the wetland's center that may still hold pink-headed ducks, but these could only be accessed with a drone, which are banned in the region.[44][45]The reason for its disappearance was probably habitat destruction. It is not known why it was always considered rare, but the rarity is believed to be genuine (and not an artefact of insufficient fieldwork) as its erstwhile habitat was frequently scoured by hunters in Colonial times. The pink-headed duck was much sought after by hunters and later as an ornamental bird, mainly because of its unusual plumage. Like most diving ducks, it was not considered good eating, which should facilitate the survival of any remnant birds. The last specimen was obtained in 1935 in Darbhanga by C. M. Inglis.[46] Some birds were also kept in the aviaries of Jean Théodore Delacour in Clères (France) and Alfred Ezra at Foxwarren Park (England) where the last known birds lived in captivity. The only known photographs of the species were taken here and include one of a pair taken around 1925 by David Seth-Smith.[22][47][48][49]","title":"Status"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1111/j.1474-919X.1924.tb08120.x","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1474-919X.1924.tb08120.x"}],"text":"Ali, S. (1960). \"The pink-headed duck Rhodonessa caryophyllacea (Latham)\". Wildfowl Trust 1lth Annual Report. pp. 54–58.\nBucknill, JA (1924). \"The disappearance of the Pink-headed Duck (Rhodonessa caryophyllacea Lath.)\". Ibis. 66 (1): 146–151. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1924.tb08120.x.\nvan der Ven, Joost (2007). Roze is een kleur – Zoektochten naar een eend in Myanmar 1999–2006. Utrecht: IJzer.","title":"Other sources"}]
[{"image_text":"Male and female as illustrated by Henrik Grönvold","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/RhodonessaGronvold.jpg/220px-RhodonessaGronvold.jpg"},{"image_text":"A defective illustration of the head which misses the nuchal crest.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/RhodonessaHead.jpg/220px-RhodonessaHead.jpg"},{"image_text":"Painting by Bhawani Das, of a living specimen in the collection of Lady Impey, circa 1777. This accurately records the colour of the legs.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/RhodonessaBhawaniDas.jpg/170px-RhodonessaBhawaniDas.jpg"},{"image_text":"The swelling at the base of trachea in the male","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/SyrinxRhodonessaGarrod.jpg/220px-SyrinxRhodonessaGarrod.jpg"},{"image_text":"Turnaround video of a specimen, Naturalis Biodiversity Center"},{"image_text":"An 1847 illustration","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/PinkheadedDuckJerdon.jpg/220px-PinkheadedDuckJerdon.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"BirdLife International (2018). \"Rhodonessa caryophyllacea\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22680344A125558688. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22680344A125558688.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22680344/125558688","url_text":"\"Rhodonessa caryophyllacea\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22680344A125558688.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22680344A125558688.en"}]},{"reference":"\"Appendices | CITES\". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php","url_text":"\"Appendices | CITES\""}]},{"reference":"Latham, John (1790). Index ornithologicus, sive Systema Ornithologiae; complectens avium divisionem in classes, ordines, genera, species, ipsarumque varietates: adjectis synonymis, locis, descriptionibus, &c. London: Leigh & Sotheby.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_UPZAAAAAcAAJ","url_text":"Index ornithologicus, sive Systema Ornithologiae; complectens avium divisionem in classes, ordines, genera, species, ipsarumque varietates: adjectis synonymis, locis, descriptionibus, &c"}]},{"reference":"King, F. Wayne (1988). \"Extant Unless Proven Extinct: The International Legal Precedent\". Conservation Biology. 2 (4): 395–397. Bibcode:1988ConBi...2..395K. doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.1988.tb00205.x.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1988ConBi...2..395K","url_text":"1988ConBi...2..395K"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1523-1739.1988.tb00205.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1523-1739.1988.tb00205.x"}]},{"reference":"Rasmussen, P. C.; Anderton, J. C. (2005). Birds of South Asia: The Ripley Guide. Vol. 2. Smithsonian Institution & Lynx Editions. p. 78.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Phillips, John C. (1922). A natural history of the ducks. Vol. 1. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Company. pp. 90–93.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/naturalhistoryof01phil#page/n151/mode/1up","url_text":"A natural history of the ducks"}]},{"reference":"Ali, S.; Ripley, S. D. (1978). Handbook of the birds of India and Pakistan. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 175–177. ISBN 0-19-562063-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-562063-1","url_text":"0-19-562063-1"}]},{"reference":"Barnes, H. E. (1891). \"Nesting in western India\". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 6 (3): 285–317.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Edwin_Barnes","url_text":"Barnes, H. E."},{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/ibis03brit#page/249/mode/1up","url_text":"\"Nesting in western India\""}]},{"reference":"Oates, Eugene W. (1902). Catalogue of the collections of birds' eggs in the British Museum (Natural History). Vol. II. London: British Museum. p. 143.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/catalogueofcolle02britrich#page/143/mode/1up/","url_text":"Catalogue of the collections of birds' eggs in the British Museum (Natural History)"}]},{"reference":"Baker, E. C. S. (1897). \"Indian ducks and their allies. Part II\". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 11 (2): 171–198.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/30156890","url_text":"\"Indian ducks and their allies. Part II\""}]},{"reference":"Humphrey, P. S.; Ripley, S. D. (1962). \"The affinities of the Pink-headed Duck (Rhodonessa caryophyllacea)\". Postilla. 61: 1–21.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/postilla611962peab","url_text":"\"The affinities of the Pink-headed Duck (Rhodonessa caryophyllacea)\""}]},{"reference":"Inglis, C. M. (1904). \"The birds of the Madhubani subdivision of the Darbhanga district, Tirhut, with notes on species noted elsewhere in the district. Part VIII\". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 16 (1): 70–75.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/journalofbombayn16abomb#page/74/mode/1up","url_text":"\"The birds of the Madhubani subdivision of the Darbhanga district, Tirhut, with notes on species noted elsewhere in the district. Part VIII\""}]},{"reference":"Hume, Allan (1888). \"The Birds of Manipur, Assam, Sylhet and Cachar\". Stray Feathers. 11: 1–353.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/strayfeathersjou11188899hume#page/344/mode/1up/","url_text":"\"The Birds of Manipur, Assam, Sylhet and Cachar\""}]},{"reference":"Marshall, A. H. (1918). \"Occurrence of the Pinkheaded Duck Rhodonessa caryophyllacea in the Punjab\". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 25 (3): 502–503.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/journalofbombayn25abomb#page/502/mode/1up","url_text":"\"Occurrence of the Pinkheaded Duck Rhodonessa caryophyllacea in the Punjab\""}]},{"reference":"Ara, Jamal (1960). \"In search of the Pinkheaded Duck [Rhodonessa caryophyllacea (Latham)]\". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 57 (2): 415–417.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/47541975","url_text":"\"In search of the Pinkheaded Duck [Rhodonessa caryophyllacea (Latham)]\""}]},{"reference":"Irby, L. H. (1861). \"Notes on birds observed in Oudh and Kumaon\". Ibis. 3 (2): 217–251. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1861.tb07456.x.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/ibis03brit#page/249/mode/1up","url_text":"\"Notes on birds observed in Oudh and Kumaon\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1474-919X.1861.tb07456.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1474-919X.1861.tb07456.x"}]},{"reference":"Reid, Geo (1879). Hume, Allan (ed.). \"[Letter to on specimen of Pink-headed Duck in Lucknow Museum]\". Stray Feathers. 8: 418.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/strayfeathersaj00humegoog#page/n445/mode/1up/","url_text":"\"[Letter to on specimen of Pink-headed Duck in Lucknow Museum]\""}]},{"reference":"Hume, A. O.; Marshall, C. H. T. (1881). Game birds of India, Burmah and Ceylon. Vol. 3. Self-published. pp. 173–180.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/GameBirdsOfIndia3/HumeGameBirds3#page/n195/mode/1up","url_text":"Game birds of India, Burmah and Ceylon"}]},{"reference":"Simson, F. B. (1884). \"Notes on the Pink-headed Duck (Anas caryophyllacea)\". Ibis. 5 (2): 271–275. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919x.1884.tb01165.x.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/ibis25brit#page/271/mode/1up/","url_text":"\"Notes on the Pink-headed Duck (Anas caryophyllacea)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1474-919x.1884.tb01165.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1474-919x.1884.tb01165.x"}]},{"reference":"Jerdon, T. C. (1864). The game birds and wild fowl of India. Calcutta: Military Orphan Press. pp. 176–177.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/gamebirdsandwil00jerdgoog#page/n185/mode/1up/","url_text":"The game birds and wild fowl of India"}]},{"reference":"Stephens, J. F. (1824). General Zoology. Volume 12 part 2. Aves. pp. 207–208.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/p1generalzoology10shawuoft#page/207/mode/1up/","url_text":"General Zoology. Volume 12 part 2. Aves"}]},{"reference":"Ezra, Alfred (1926). \"The Pink-headed Duck Rhodonessa caryophyllacea\". The Avicultural Magazine. 4 (12): 24.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/252703#page/434/mode/1up","url_text":"\"The Pink-headed Duck Rhodonessa caryophyllacea\""}]},{"reference":"Fisher, C. T., ed. (2002). A Passion for Natural History: The Life and Legacy of the 13th Earl of Derby. National Museums and Galleries on Merseyside. ISBN 1-902700-14-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-902700-14-7","url_text":"1-902700-14-7"}]},{"reference":"Fisher, C.; Kear, J. (2002). \"The taxonomic importance of two early paintings of the pink-headed duck Rhodonessa caryophyllacea (Latham 1790)\". Bull. Brit. Orn. Club. 122 (4): 244–248.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bulletinofbritis122brit/page/244","url_text":"\"The taxonomic importance of two early paintings of the pink-headed duck Rhodonessa caryophyllacea (Latham 1790)\""}]},{"reference":"Delacour, Jean; Mayr, Ernst (1945). \"The Family Anatidae\". Wilson Bull. 57: 3–55.","urls":[{"url":"https://sora.unm.edu/node/3253","url_text":"\"The Family Anatidae\""}]},{"reference":"Garrod, Alfred Henry (1875). \"On the form of the lower larynx in certain species of ducks\". Proc. Zool. Soc. London: 151–156.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/proceedingsofgen75zool#page/152/mode/2up/","url_text":"\"On the form of the lower larynx in certain species of ducks\""}]},{"reference":"Blanford WT (1898). The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma. Birds. Volume 4. Taylor and Francis, London. pp. 425–426.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/birdsindia04oaterich#page/425/mode/1up/","url_text":"The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma. Birds. Volume 4"}]},{"reference":"Johnsgard, Paul A. (161). \"The Taxonomy of the Anatidae: A behavioural analysis\". Ibis. 103: 71–85. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1961.tb02421.x. S2CID 35642972.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Johnsgard","url_text":"Johnsgard, Paul A."},{"url":"http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/johnsgard/29/","url_text":"\"The Taxonomy of the Anatidae: A behavioural analysis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1474-919X.1961.tb02421.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1474-919X.1961.tb02421.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:35642972","url_text":"35642972"}]},{"reference":"Johnsgard, Paul A. (1965). \"Tribe Aythyini (Pochards)\". Handbook of Waterfowl Behavior. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-0207-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Johnsgard","url_text":"Johnsgard, Paul A."},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/handbookofwaterf00paul","url_text":"Handbook of Waterfowl Behavior"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-0207-7","url_text":"0-8014-0207-7"}]},{"reference":"Woolfenden, G. E. (1959). \"Postcranial osteology of the waterfowl\". Bull. Fla. State Mus. 6 (1): 183–187.","urls":[{"url":"http://digitool.fcla.edu/R/CJSHCSLHP2G7FLJK6MDXIYRQYPJPD67LJ8IL853CK9R8HK7AHY-01180?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=952786","url_text":"\"Postcranial osteology of the waterfowl\""}]},{"reference":"Livezey, B. C. (1998). \"A phylogenetic analysis of modern pochards (Anatidae: Aythini)\" (PDF). The Auk. 113 (1): 74–93. doi:10.2307/4088937. JSTOR 4088937.","urls":[{"url":"http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v113n01/p0074-p0093.pdf","url_text":"\"A phylogenetic analysis of modern pochards (Anatidae: Aythini)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F4088937","url_text":"10.2307/4088937"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/4088937","url_text":"4088937"}]},{"reference":"Collar, N. J.; Andreev, A. V.; Chan, S.; Crosby, M. J.; Subramanya, S.; Tobias, J. A., eds. (2001). \"Pink-headed Duck\". Threatened Birds of Asia: The BirdLife International Red Data Book (PDF). BirdLife International. pp. 489–501. ISBN 0-946888-44-2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-06. Retrieved 2010-04-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120306020347/http://birdbase.hokkaido-ies.go.jp/rdb/rdb_en/rhodcary.pdf","url_text":"Threatened Birds of Asia: The BirdLife International Red Data Book"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-946888-44-2","url_text":"0-946888-44-2"},{"url":"http://birdbase.hokkaido-ies.go.jp/rdb/rdb_en/rhodcary.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Thomas, Daniel B.; James, Helen F. (2016). \"Nondestructive Raman spectroscopy confirms carotenoid-pigmented plumage in the Pink-headed Duck\" (PDF). The Auk. 133 (2): 147–154. doi:10.1642/AUK-15-152.1. ISSN 0004-8038. 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(1960). \"The pink-headed duck Rhodonessa caryophyllacea (Latham)\". Wildfowl Trust 1lth Annual Report. pp. 54–58.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Bucknill, JA (1924). \"The disappearance of the Pink-headed Duck (Rhodonessa caryophyllacea Lath.)\". Ibis. 66 (1): 146–151. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1924.tb08120.x.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1474-919X.1924.tb08120.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1474-919X.1924.tb08120.x"}]},{"reference":"van der Ven, Joost (2007). Roze is een kleur – Zoektochten naar een eend in Myanmar 1999–2006. Utrecht: IJzer.","urls":[]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aziz_Y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1r%C4%B1m
Aziz Yıldırım
["1 Club's honours","1.1 Football","1.2 Men's basketball","1.3 Women's basketball","1.4 Men's volleyball","1.5 Women's volleyball","1.6 Athletics","1.7 Boxing","1.8 Swimming","1.9 Table Tennis","2 Personal life","3 2011 Turkish sports corruption scandal","4 References","5 External links"]
Turkish businessman and civil engineer (born 1952) Aziz YıldırımPresident of Fenerbahçe SKIn office14 February 1998 – 3 June 2018Preceded byAli Haydar ŞenSucceeded byAli Koç Personal detailsBorn (1952-11-02) 2 November 1952 (age 71)Ergani, TurkeySpouses Yıldız Yıldırım ​ ​(m. 1981⁠–⁠2010)​ Gonca Çelikkıran ​(m. 2011)​ Alma materAnkara Devlet Mühendislik Mimarlık AkademisiProfessionEngineer Aziz Yıldırım (born 2 November 1952) was the 36th chairman of the Turkish multi-sport club Fenerbahçe SK. He lost the election held on 3 June 2018 to Ali Koç which made him the 37th president of the Turkish club. He served the club as the president from 1998 to 2018. He has a degree in civil engineering. Club's honours Football UEFA Champions League : 2007–08 (quarter-final) UEFA Europa League : 2012–13 (semi-final) Turkish Süper Lig (6) : 2000–01, 2003–04, 2004–05, 2006–07, 2010–11, 2013–14 Türkiye Kupası (2): 2011-2012, 2012-2013 Süper Kupa (3): 2007, 2009, 2014 Başbakanlık Kupası (1) : 1998 Atatürk Kupası (1) : 1998 Men's basketball EuroLeague (1): 2016–17, 2015–16 (runner-up), 2017–18 (runner-up), 2014–15 (Fourth) TBL (7): 2006–07, 2007–08, 2009–10, 2010–11, 2013–14, 2015–16, 2016–17 Türkiye Kupası (4): 2009–10, 2010–11, 2012–13, 2015–16 Cumhurbaşkanlığı Kupası (4): 2006–07, 2012–13, 2015–16, 2016–17 Women's basketball EuroLeague Women: 2012–13 (runner-up), 2013–14 (runner-up), 2016–17 (runner-up), 2015–16 (Third), 2011–12 (Fourth), 2014–15 (Fourth) TKBL (13): 1998–99, 2001–02, 2003–04, 2005–06, 2006–07, 2007–08, 2008–09, 2009–10, 2010–11, 2011–12, 2012–13, 2015–16, 2017–18 Türkiye Kupası (11): 1998–99, 1999–00, 2000–01, 2003–04, 2004–05, 2005–06, 2006–07, 2007–08, 2008–09, 2014–15, 2015–16 Cumhurbaşkanlığı Kupası (11): 1998–99, 1999–00, 2000–01, 2003–04, 2004–05, 2006–07, 2009–10, 2011–12, 2012–13, 2013–14, 2014–15 Men's volleyball CEV Challenge Cup (1) : 2013–14 BVA Kupası (2): 2009–10, 2013–14 Voleybol Ligi (4): 2007–08, 2009–10, 2010–11, 2011–12 Türkiye Kupası (3): 2007–08, 2011–12, 2016–17 Voleybol Süper Kupa (3): 2011, 2012, 2017 Women's volleyball FIVB Volleyball Women's Club World Championship (1): 2010, 2012 (Third) Women's CEV Champions League (1): 2011–12, 2009–10 (runner-up), 2015–16, 2010–11 (Third) Women's CEV Cup (1): 2013–14, 2012–13 (runner-up), 2008–09 (Third) Voleybol Ligi (5): 2008–09, 2009–10, 2010–11, 2014–15, 2016–17 Türkiye Kupası (3): 2009–10, 2014–15, 2016–17 Voleybol Süper Kupa (3): 2009, 2010, 2015 Athletics Avrupa Kulüpler Şampiyonası (men's) (1): 1998, 2006 (runner-up) Avrupa Kulüpler Şampiyonası (women's): 1998 (runner-up) Boxing Avrupa Kulüpler Şampiyonası: 1999 (runner-up) Swimming CIJ Meet Kupası (2): 2004, 2005 Table Tennis ETTU Champions League (1) : 2014–15, 2013–14 (runner-up) ETTU Kupası (2): 2011–12, 2012–13, 2007–08 (runner-up) Personal life Yıldırım was born in Ergani. He has 3 daughters, two of whom are from his first marriage. 2011 Turkish sports corruption scandal Main article: 2011 Turkish sports corruption scandal On 2 July 2012, a Turkish "Special Authority Court" sentenced Yıldırım to three years and nine months for match-fixing and two years and six months for forming an illegal organisation. The sentence was later approved by the Turkish Supreme Court of Appeals. He was detained for one year in Metris Prison together with several other sportspeople involved in the scandal. However, on 6 March 2014 special authority courts were abolished in Turkey. On 23 July 2014, his earlier retrial demand was accepted, meaning that he and all the people involved will have a retrial about this case. The first trial of the retrial process was made on 24 April 2015. On 9 October 2015, the courts acquitted Aziz Yıldırım and all the people who were charged at the beginning of the investigation, pending the Supreme Court's approval. Fenerbahce declared that after the Supreme Court's approval, they would take every action to be compensated from all of the damages that has been done to the club by this investigation and previous court rulings. In June 2018 Yildirim faced fierce competition in his bid to be reelected president of Fenerbahce, a role he had held since 1998 in which he lost to Ali Koç. References ^ Profile on biyografi.info ^ The Board of Directors Archived 15 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine ^ "Who is who?". Archived from the original on 5 October 2017. Retrieved 19 August 2010. ^ "Aziz Yıldırım 365 gün sonra serbest kaldı". Hürriyet (in Turkish). 2 July 2012. Retrieved 3 March 2014. ^ "Özel yetkili mahkemeler kaldırıldı". ^ "Aziz Yıldırım'a yeniden yargılama - Türkiye- ntvmsnbc.com". www.ntvmsnbc.com. Archived from the original on 26 June 2014. ^ "Aziz Yıldırım Sakarya'ya Geldi". AdaHaberleri (in Turkish). 27 September 2014. Archived from the original on 1 October 2014. Retrieved 27 September 2014. ^ "Şike Davası 8 Temmuz'a ertelendi". MЭLLЭYET HABER - TЬRKЭYE'NЭN HABER SЭTESЭ. 28 April 2015. ^ "Emniyet Müdürü Mutlu Ekizoğlu meslekten ihraç edildi". MİLLİYET HABER - TÜRKİYE'NİN HABER SİTESİ. 21 April 2015. ^ "Şike Davası'nda karar açıklandı! Aziz Yıldırım ve diğer sanıklar beraat etti". ^ "Fenerbahçe aklandı! Şimde ne olacak? - Güncel - Ülke.com.tr". Archived from the original on 21 December 2016. Retrieved 10 August 2016. ^ Keddie, Patrick (1 June 2018). "Election Day for a Beleaguered Turkish Soccer Power". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 31 January 2023. External links Media related to Aziz Yıldırım at Wikimedia Commons Fenerbahçe official website Aziz Yıldırım — Navigation boxes vteFenerbahçe Spor Kulübü Founded on 3 May 1907 Based in Istanbul Fenerbahçe in Europe Records and statistics Current season The club The club Presidents General Harington Cup Supporters Facilities Şükrü Saracoğlu Stadium Ülker Sports and Event Hall Fenerbahçe Lefter Küçükandonyadis Sports Complex Football Men's football current season Women's football current season Footballers Reserves Academy Managers Captains Seasons Current season Basketball Men's basketball current season Women's basketball Basketball coaches Men's past rosters Women's past rosters Volleyball Men's volleyball Women's volleyball Volleyballers Volleyball coaches Other departments Athletics Boxing Esports Rowing Sailing Swimming Table Tennis Rivalries The Intercontinental Derby (football) The Intercontinental Derby (basketball) Beşiktaş–Fenerbahçe rivalry (football) Beşiktaş–Fenerbahçe rivalry (basketball) Supporter groups Genç Fenerbahçeliler 1907 ÜNİFEB 1907 Fenerbahçe Fenerbahçe S.K. supporters Media FB TV Radio Fenerbahçe Fenercell Related 2011 Turkish football match-fixing scandal Fenerbahçe University Yaşa Fenerbahçe Big Three Parent club Fenerbahçe SK vteFenerbahçe S.K. presidents Ziya Songülen (1907–1908) Ayetullah Bey (1908–1909) Tevfik Taşçı (1909–1910) Galip Kulaksızoğlu (1910–1911) Osman Fuat Efendi (1911–1913) Hamit Hüsnü Kayacan (1912–1914) Mehmet Sabri Toprak (1915–1916) Doktor Nâzım (1916–1918) Refik Ahmet Nuri Sekizinci (1918–1919) Şehzade Ömer Faruk (1920–1923) Nasuhi Baydar (1924–1927) Muvaffak Menemencioğlu (1928–1932) Sait Selahattin Cihanoğlu (1932–1933) Hayri Celal Atamer (1933–1934) Şükrü Saracoğlu (1934–1950) Ali Muhittin Hacı Bekir (1950–1951) Osman Kavrakoğlu (1951–1953) Bedii Yazıcı (1953–1954) Zeki Rıza Sporel (1955–1957) Agah Erozan (1958–1959) Medeni Berk (1960) Hasan Kamil Sporel (1960–1961) Razi Trak (1961–1962) İsmet Uluğ (1962–1966) Faruk Ilgaz (1966–1974) Emin Cankurtaran (1974–1976) Faruk Ilgaz (1976–1980) Razi Trak (1980–1981) Ali Şen (1981–1983) Faruk Ilgaz (1983–1984) Fikret Arıcan (1984–1986) Tahsin Kaya (1986–1989) Metin Aşık (1989–1993) Güven Sazak (1993–1994) Hasan Özaydın (1994) Ali Şen (1994–1998) Aziz Yıldırım (1998–2018) Ali Koç (2018–present)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Turkish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"multi-sport club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_club"},{"link_name":"Fenerbahçe SK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenerbah%C3%A7e_S.K."},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Ali Koç","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Ko%C3%A7"},{"link_name":"civil engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_engineering"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Aziz Yıldırım (born 2 November 1952) was the 36th chairman of the Turkish multi-sport club Fenerbahçe SK.[2] He lost the election held on 3 June 2018 to Ali Koç which made him the 37th president of the Turkish club. He served the club as the president from 1998 to 2018. He has a degree in civil engineering.[3]","title":"Aziz Yıldırım"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Club's honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"UEFA Champions League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"2007–08","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League_2007-2008"},{"link_name":"UEFA Europa League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Europa_League"},{"link_name":"2012–13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_UEFA_Europa_League"},{"link_name":"Turkish Süper 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2006–07, 2012–13, 2015–16, 2016–17","title":"Club's honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"EuroLeague 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basketball","text":"EuroLeague Women: 2012–13 (runner-up), 2013–14 (runner-up), 2016–17 (runner-up), 2015–16 (Third), 2011–12 (Fourth), 2014–15 (Fourth)\nTKBL (13): 1998–99, 2001–02, 2003–04, 2005–06, 2006–07, 2007–08, 2008–09, 2009–10, 2010–11, 2011–12, 2012–13, 2015–16, 2017–18\nTürkiye Kupası (11): 1998–99, 1999–00, 2000–01, 2003–04, 2004–05, 2005–06, 2006–07, 2007–08, 2008–09, 2014–15, 2015–16\nCumhurbaşkanlığı Kupası (11): 1998–99, 1999–00, 2000–01, 2003–04, 2004–05, 2006–07, 2009–10, 2011–12, 2012–13, 2013–14, 2014–15","title":"Club's honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CEV Challenge Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Challenge_Cup_(volleyball)"},{"link_name":"2013–14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CEV_Challenge_Cup"},{"link_name":"BVA Kupası","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Erkekler_Voleybol_Balkan_Kupas%C4%B1"},{"link_name":"2009–10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Erkekler_Voleybol_Balkan_Kupas%C4%B1"},{"link_name":"2013–14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Erkekler_Voleybol_Balkan_Kupas%C4%B1"},{"link_name":"Voleybol Ligi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Men%27s_Volleyball_League"},{"link_name":"2007–08","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Men%27s_Volleyball_League"},{"link_name":"2009–10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Men%27s_Volleyball_League"},{"link_name":"2010–11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Men%27s_Volleyball_League"},{"link_name":"2011–12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Men%27s_Volleyball_League"},{"link_name":"Türkiye Kupası","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voleybol_Erkekler_T%C3%BCrkiye_Kupas%C4%B1"},{"link_name":"2007–08","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voleybol_Erkekler_T%C3%BCrkiye_Kupas%C4%B1"},{"link_name":"2011–12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voleybol_Erkekler_T%C3%BCrkiye_Kupas%C4%B1"},{"link_name":"2016–17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voleybol_Erkekler_T%C3%BCrkiye_Kupas%C4%B1"},{"link_name":"Voleybol Süper Kupa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkiye_Erkekler_Voleybol_Ligi"},{"link_name":"2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voleybol_Erkekler_%C5%9Eampiyonlar_Kupas%C4%B1"},{"link_name":"2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voleybol_Erkekler_%C5%9Eampiyonlar_Kupas%C4%B1"},{"link_name":"2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voleybol_Erkekler_%C5%9Eampiyonlar_Kupas%C4%B1"}],"sub_title":"Men's volleyball","text":"CEV Challenge Cup (1) : 2013–14\nBVA Kupası (2): 2009–10, 2013–14\nVoleybol Ligi (4): 2007–08, 2009–10, 2010–11, 2011–12\nTürkiye Kupası (3): 2007–08, 2011–12, 2016–17\nVoleybol Süper Kupa (3): 2011, 2012, 2017","title":"Club's honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FIVB Volleyball Women's Club World Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIVB_Volleyball_Women%27s_Club_World_Championship"},{"link_name":"2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_FIVB_Women%27s_Club_World_Championship"},{"link_name":"2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_FIVB_Women%27s_Club_World_Championship"},{"link_name":"Women's CEV Champions League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_CEV_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"2011–12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_CEV_Champions_League_2011%E2%80%9312"},{"link_name":"2009–10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_CEV_Champions_League_2009%E2%80%9310"},{"link_name":"2015–16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_CEV_Women%27s_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"2010–11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_CEV_Champions_League_2010%E2%80%9311"},{"link_name":"Women's CEV Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_CEV_Cup"},{"link_name":"2013–14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_CEV_Cup_2013%E2%80%9314"},{"link_name":"2012–13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_CEV_Cup_2012%E2%80%9313"},{"link_name":"2008–09","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_CEV_Cup_2008-09"},{"link_name":"Voleybol Ligi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Women%27s_Volleyball_League"},{"link_name":"2008–09","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Women%27s_Volleyball_League"},{"link_name":"2009–10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Women%27s_Volleyball_League"},{"link_name":"2010–11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Women%27s_Volleyball_League"},{"link_name":"2014–15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Women%27s_Volleyball_League"},{"link_name":"2016–17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Women%27s_Volleyball_League"},{"link_name":"Türkiye Kupası","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voleybol_Bayanlar_T%C3%BCrkiye_Kupas%C4%B1"},{"link_name":"2009–10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voleybol_Bayanlar_T%C3%BCrkiye_Kupas%C4%B1"},{"link_name":"2014–15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voleybol_Bayanlar_T%C3%BCrkiye_Kupas%C4%B1"},{"link_name":"2016–17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voleybol_Bayanlar_T%C3%BCrkiye_Kupas%C4%B1"},{"link_name":"Voleybol Süper Kupa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkiye_Kad%C4%B1nlar_Voleybol_Ligi"},{"link_name":"2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voleybol_Bayanlar_%C5%9Eampiyonlar_Kupas%C4%B1"},{"link_name":"2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voleybol_Bayanlar_%C5%9Eampiyonlar_Kupas%C4%B1"},{"link_name":"2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voleybol_Bayanlar_%C5%9Eampiyonlar_Kupas%C4%B1"}],"sub_title":"Women's volleyball","text":"FIVB Volleyball Women's Club World Championship (1): 2010, 2012 (Third)\nWomen's CEV Champions League (1): 2011–12, 2009–10 (runner-up), 2015–16, 2010–11 (Third)\nWomen's CEV Cup (1): 2013–14, 2012–13 (runner-up), 2008–09 (Third)\nVoleybol Ligi (5): 2008–09, 2009–10, 2010–11, 2014–15, 2016–17\nTürkiye Kupası (3): 2009–10, 2014–15, 2016–17\nVoleybol Süper Kupa (3): 2009, 2010, 2015","title":"Club's honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Avrupa Kulüpler Şampiyonası (men's)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenerbah%C3%A7e_Athletics"},{"link_name":"1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenerbah%C3%A7e_Athletics"},{"link_name":"2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenerbah%C3%A7e_Athletics"},{"link_name":"Avrupa Kulüpler Şampiyonası (women's)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenerbah%C3%A7e_Athletics"},{"link_name":"1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenerbah%C3%A7e_Athletics"}],"sub_title":"Athletics","text":"Avrupa Kulüpler Şampiyonası (men's) (1): 1998, 2006 (runner-up)\nAvrupa Kulüpler Şampiyonası (women's): 1998 (runner-up)","title":"Club's honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Avrupa Kulüpler Şampiyonası","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Amateur_Boxing_Championships"},{"link_name":"1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Amateur_Boxing_Championships"}],"sub_title":"Boxing","text":"Avrupa Kulüpler Şampiyonası: 1999 (runner-up)","title":"Club's honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CIJ Meet Kupası","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenerbah%C3%A7e_Swimming"},{"link_name":"2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenerbah%C3%A7e_Swimming"},{"link_name":"2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenerbah%C3%A7e_Swimming"}],"sub_title":"Swimming","text":"CIJ Meet Kupası (2): 2004, 2005","title":"Club's honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ETTU Champions League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Champions_League_(table_tennis)"},{"link_name":"2014–15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Champions_League_(table_tennis)"},{"link_name":"2013–14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Champions_League_(table_tennis)"},{"link_name":"ETTU Kupası","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ETTU_Cup"},{"link_name":"2011–12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ETTU_Cup"},{"link_name":"2012–13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ETTU_Cup"},{"link_name":"2007–08","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ETTU_Cup"}],"sub_title":"Table Tennis","text":"ETTU Champions League (1) : 2014–15, 2013–14 (runner-up)\nETTU Kupası (2): 2011–12, 2012–13, 2007–08 (runner-up)","title":"Club's honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ergani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergani"}],"text":"Yıldırım was born in Ergani. He has 3 daughters, two of whom are from his first marriage.","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Metris Prison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metris_Prison"},{"link_name":"scandal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Turkish_sports_corruption_scandal"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Ali Koç","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Ko%C3%A7"}],"text":"On 2 July 2012, a Turkish \"Special Authority Court\" sentenced Yıldırım to three years and nine months for match-fixing and two years and six months for forming an illegal organisation. The sentence was later approved by the Turkish Supreme Court of Appeals. He was detained for one year in Metris Prison together with several other sportspeople involved in the scandal. However, on 6 March 2014 special authority courts were abolished in Turkey. On 23 July 2014, his earlier retrial demand was accepted, meaning that he and all the people involved will have a retrial about this case.[4][5][6][7] The first trial of the retrial process was made on 24 April 2015. On 9 October 2015, the courts acquitted Aziz Yıldırım and all the people who were charged at the beginning of the investigation, pending the Supreme Court's approval. Fenerbahce declared that after the Supreme Court's approval, they would take every action to be compensated from all of the damages that has been done to the club by this investigation and previous court rulings.[8][9][10][11] In June 2018 Yildirim faced fierce competition in his bid to be reelected president of Fenerbahce, a role he had held since 1998[12] in which he lost to Ali Koç.","title":"2011 Turkish sports corruption scandal"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gladiator_(Melvin_Potter)
Gladiator (Melvin Potter)
["1 Publication history","2 Fictional character biography","3 Powers and abilities","4 Other versions","5 In other media","6 References","7 External links"]
Comic book character This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in-universe style. Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective. (February 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article is missing information about the chartacter's publication history. Please expand the article to include this information. Further details may exist on the talk page. (January 2015) The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's general notability guideline. Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted.Find sources: "Gladiator" Melvin Potter – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: "Gladiator" Melvin Potter – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Comics character GladiatorThe Gladiator by Alex MaleevPublication informationPublisherMarvel ComicsFirst appearanceDaredevil #18 (July 1966)Created byStan Lee (writer)John Romita Sr. (artist)In-story informationAlter egoMelvin PotterTeam affiliationsEmissaries of EvilMaggiaAbilitiesAccomplished clothing designerSuperb martial artistPeak physical conditionWears thick metal armorPossesses arsenal of edged weapons Gladiator (Melvin Potter) is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Potter was initially depicted as a supervillain and one of the first enemies of the superhero Daredevil. In civilian life, he is a costume designer at the Spotlight Costume Shop in New York City. He eventually reformed and became a consistent supporter of Daredevil. Potter was portrayed by Matt Gerald in the streaming television series Daredevil, set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). Publication history This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (January 2015) Gladiator first appeared in Daredevil #18 (July 1966), and was created by Stan Lee and John Romita Sr. Fictional character biography Melvin Potter was a costume designer who delusionally believed that he was far better than any superhero. In order to prove his point, he designed a suit of battle armor for himself, complete with deadly wrist blades, and became known as the Gladiator. During his first criminal outing, he battled Daredevil before encountering his recurring enemy, the Masked Marauder. Gladiator later appeared in Europe, where he again fought Daredevil again and joined the Maggia. Eventually, he joined Electro's Emissaries of Evil to attack Daredevil once again. Later, Gladiator aided Whitney Frost in a raid of Stark Enterprises, where he first fought Iron Man. Gladiator returned to battling Daredevil. He later allied with the Death-Stalker, and later still allied with the Beetle. While under control of the Purple Man, he attacked Daredevil. Gladiator had one last battle against Daredevil before deciding to reform. He began undergoing therapy from Betsy Beatty, whom he later married. After reforming, the Gladiator allied with Daredevil and Elektra against the Hand. Donning his Gladiator costume again, Potter met Spider-Man. Kingpin, on behalf of a madman in his employ, pressured Potter into producing a Daredevil costume. Potter later donned his Gladiator costume again to discourage a youth from a life of crime. He was later forced into working for the Kingpin's elderly predecessor Alexander Bont, who claimed that Potter had a four-year-old daughter that he had never met and that she would die if Potter did not help. Gladiator brought Murdock to Bont, who attempted to kill Murdock and assume his old mantle but instead died of a drug-induced heart attack. The Gladiator was defeated by the new White Tiger and went back to prison. In prison, Gladiator was accused of murdering two fellow inmates. Matt Murdock's law firm defended him, after Murdock's super-senses indicated that he was telling the truth about his innocence. However, at the end of the issue, taunted by another inmate, Gladiator snaps his handcuffs and brutally assaults the inmate and a corrections officer, only to surrender to another officer and claim once again that he didn't do it. Later, after being broken out of an armored car, Melvin beat a confused Daredevil and moved to the sewers, heading for his Gladiator costume. Gladiator then went on a rampage in Chinatown, killing innocent people and culminating in an attack on Matt and Milla in a restaurant. After being knocked out, Matt woke up in a police car to a voice claiming that Gladiator will murder his wife. Matt tracked down the Gladiator, whom he then defeated, and Milla, whom he then rescued. After this incident, Melvin realized the weight of his actions and attempted suicide, only to be saved by Daredevil. Potter was taken back to prison and heavily sedated after repeatedly banging his head against the wall. Separately, it was revealed that Mr. Fear had secretly administered chemicals to Potter that caused him to go irreversibly insane with rage. Powers and abilities Gladiator has no superhuman abilities. However, he is a superb martial arts fighter and is very physically powerful. As a villain, he wore thick metal armor with a helmet and metallic gauntlets. He was armed with an arsenal of edged weapons and whirling, jagged circular sawblades made of titanium, one mounted on each gauntlet. Small rotors in the gauntlets cause the blades to rotate at high speeds, and the whirling blades could also be detached to serve as short-range missile weapons. In civilian life, Potter is an accomplished clothing designer, proficient in drafting, design and sewing. Other versions In the alternate time of the 2005 "House of M" story-line, Gladiator appears as an assassin of the Kingpin. The Ultimate Marvel universe version of Gladiator is an enemy of Spider-Man, and a crazed madman obsessed with "the emperor". In other media Melvin Potter appears in Daredevil, portrayed by Matt Gerald. Introduced in the first season, this version is an inventor who was forced by Wilson Fisk to make protective suits for him. Upon learning of this, Matt Murdock convinces Potter to make him a suit in exchange for ensuring Fisk cannot threaten him anymore. In the third season, Fisk forces Potter to make a replica of Murdock's suit for Benjamin "Dex" Poindexter to frame Murdock as a criminal. Potter later attempts to corroborate the lie, but is arrested for violating his parole and assaulting federal agents. Melvin Potter appears in the Daredevil novel Predator's Smile, written by Christopher Golden. References ^ Conroy, Mike (2004). 500 Comicbook Villains. Collins & Brown. ISBN 1-84340-205-X. ^ Brevoort, Tom; DeFalco, Tom; Manning, Matthew K.; Sanderson, Peter; Wiacek, Win (2017). Marvel Year By Year: A Visual History. DK Publishing. p. 117. ISBN 978-1465455505. ^ Daredevil #18 ^ Daredevil #22-23. Marvel Comics (New York). ^ Daredevil Annual #1 ^ Iron Man #7-8. Marvel Comics (New York). ^ Daredevil #63 ^ Daredevil #85. Marvel Comics (New York). ^ Daredevil #113-114. Marvel Comics (New York). ^ Daredevil #140. Marvel Comics (New York). ^ Daredevil #154. Marvel Comics (New York). ^ Daredevil #166. Marvel Comics (New York). ^ Daredevil #173-175 ^ The Spectacular Spider-Man #77. Marvel Comics (New York). ^ "Born Again" storyline, Daredevil #230-231. Marvel Comics (New York). ^ Marvel Comics Presents #98. Marvel Comics (New York). ^ Daredevil vol. 2 #67-70. Marvel Comics (New York). ^ Daredevil vol. 2 #95. Marvel Comics (New York). ^ Daredevil vol. 2 #96-99. Marvel Comics (New York). ^ Daredevil #18. Marvel Comics (New York). ^ House of M: Avengers #3. Marvel Comics (New York). ^ Bendis, Brian Michael (w), Bagley, Mark (p). Ultimate Spider-Man #60. Marvel Comics (New York). ^ White, Brett (March 11, 2015). "Netflix's 'Daredevil' Announces Casting for Turk, Gladiator & More" Archived 2015-03-13 at the Wayback Machine. CBR.com. Retrieved March 4, 2019. ^ Abraham, Phil (director); Douglas Petrie and Marco Ramirez (writer) (March 18, 2016). "Dogs to a Gunfight". Marvel's Daredevil. Season 2. Episode 2. Netflix. ^ Fraser, Toa (director); Sarah Streicher (writer) (October 19, 2018). "Aftermath". Marvel's Daredevil. Season 3. Episode 7. Netflix. External links Gladiator at Marvel Wiki Gladiator at The Appendix to the Handbook of the Marvel Universe vteDaredevilStan Lee and Bill EverettSupportingcharacters Avengers Black Cat Black Widow Blindspot Luke Cage The Chaste Stick Defenders Big Ben Donovan Milla Donovan Echo Elektra Vanessa Fisk Gladiator Heroes for Hire Iron Fist Jessica Jones Master Izo Brett Mahoney Jack Murdock Maggie Murdock Moon Knight Foggy Nelson New Avengers Dakota North Karen Page Punisher She-Hulk Spider-Man Blake Tower Ben Urich White Tiger AntagonistsCommon antagonists Bullseye Gladiator Jester Kingpin Mister Fear Owl Purple Man Typhoid Mary Group enemies Ani-Men Emissaries of Evil Enforcers Hand Maggia Sons of the Serpent Other supervillains Bengal Blackwing Black Tarantula Alexander Bont Bullet Bushwacker Copperhead Crusher Fancy Dan Death-Stalker Death's Head Damon Dran Richard Fisk Hammerhead Lady Bullseye Leap-Frog Machinesmith Man-Bull Masked Marauder Matador Mister Hyde Montana Mysterio Nuke Ox Paladin Ringmaster Silvermane Shock Synapse Tombstone Turk Barrett Other versions Daredevil Noir Dare the Terminator Darkdevil End of Days Kingpin / Matt Murdock Ultimate Daredevil Publications Daredevil Daredevil/Batman: Eye for an Eye Batman/Daredevil: King of New York Daredevil: The Man Without Fear Daredevil/Bullseye: The Target Daredevil: End of Days Ultimate Daredevil and Elektra Ultimate Elektra Daredevil: Reborn The Daredevils Storylines "Born Again" "Guardian Devil" "Without Fear" "Return of the King" "Shadowland" "Ninja" "Chinatown" "Devil's Reign" "Gang War" Other media Daredevil vs Spider-Man Daredevil (film) soundtrack video game Elektra Daredevil: Born Again Daredevil (TV series) Seasons 1 2 3 Characters Matt Murdock Frank Castle Claire Temple Category vteStan LeeMediaTitles Backstreet Project Heroes for Hope How to Draw Comics the Marvel Way Just Imagine... 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American comic books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_comic_book"},{"link_name":"Marvel Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"},{"link_name":"supervillain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supervillain"},{"link_name":"superhero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superhero"},{"link_name":"Daredevil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daredevil_(Marvel_Comics_character)"},{"link_name":"costume designer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costume_designer"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Matt Gerald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Gerald"},{"link_name":"streaming television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streaming_television"},{"link_name":"Daredevil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daredevil_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Marvel Cinematic Universe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Cinematic_Universe"}],"text":"Comics characterGladiator (Melvin Potter) is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Potter was initially depicted as a supervillain and one of the first enemies of the superhero Daredevil. In civilian life, he is a costume designer at the Spotlight Costume Shop in New York City. He eventually reformed and became a consistent supporter of Daredevil.[citation needed]Potter was portrayed by Matt Gerald in the streaming television series Daredevil, set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU).","title":"Gladiator (Melvin Potter)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Daredevil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daredevil_(Marvel_Comics_series)"},{"link_name":"Stan Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stan_Lee"},{"link_name":"John Romita Sr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Romita_Sr."}],"text":"Gladiator first appeared in Daredevil #18 (July 1966), and was created by Stan Lee and John Romita Sr.","title":"Publication history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Daredevil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daredevil_(Marvel_Comics_character)"},{"link_name":"Masked Marauder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masked_Marauder_(comics)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Maggia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maggia_(comics)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Electro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electro_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Emissaries of Evil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emissaries_of_Evil"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Whitney Frost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madame_Masque"},{"link_name":"Iron Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Man"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Death-Stalker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death-Stalker"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Beetle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abner_Jenkins"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Purple Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purple_Man"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Elektra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektra_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Hand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hand_(comics)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Spider-Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider-Man"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Kingpin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingpin_(character)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Alexander Bont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Bont"},{"link_name":"White Tiger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Tiger_(Angela_Del_Toro)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Chinatown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinatown"},{"link_name":"Mr. Fear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mister_Fear#Larry_Cranston"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"Melvin Potter was a costume designer who delusionally believed that he was far better than any superhero. In order to prove his point, he designed a suit of battle armor for himself, complete with deadly wrist blades, and became known as the Gladiator.[2] During his first criminal outing, he battled Daredevil before encountering his recurring enemy, the Masked Marauder.[3] Gladiator later appeared in Europe, where he again fought Daredevil again and joined the Maggia.[4] Eventually, he joined Electro's Emissaries of Evil to attack Daredevil once again.[5] Later, Gladiator aided Whitney Frost in a raid of Stark Enterprises, where he first fought Iron Man.[6]Gladiator returned to battling Daredevil.[7][8] He later allied with the Death-Stalker,[9] and later still allied with the Beetle.[10] While under control of the Purple Man, he attacked Daredevil.[11] Gladiator had one last battle against Daredevil before deciding to reform. He began undergoing therapy from Betsy Beatty,[12] whom he later married.After reforming, the Gladiator allied with Daredevil and Elektra against the Hand.[13] Donning his Gladiator costume again, Potter met Spider-Man.[14]Kingpin, on behalf of a madman in his employ, pressured Potter into producing a Daredevil costume.[15] Potter later donned his Gladiator costume again to discourage a youth from a life of crime.[16]He was later forced into working for the Kingpin's elderly predecessor Alexander Bont, who claimed that Potter had a four-year-old daughter that he had never met and that she would die if Potter did not help. Gladiator brought Murdock to Bont, who attempted to kill Murdock and assume his old mantle but instead died of a drug-induced heart attack. The Gladiator was defeated by the new White Tiger and went back to prison.[17]In prison, Gladiator was accused of murdering two fellow inmates. Matt Murdock's law firm defended him, after Murdock's super-senses indicated that he was telling the truth about his innocence. However, at the end of the issue, taunted by another inmate, Gladiator snaps his handcuffs and brutally assaults the inmate and a corrections officer, only to surrender to another officer and claim once again that he didn't do it. Later, after being broken out of an armored car, Melvin beat a confused Daredevil and moved to the sewers, heading for his Gladiator costume.[18] Gladiator then went on a rampage in Chinatown, killing innocent people and culminating in an attack on Matt and Milla in a restaurant. After being knocked out, Matt woke up in a police car to a voice claiming that Gladiator will murder his wife. Matt tracked down the Gladiator, whom he then defeated, and Milla, whom he then rescued.After this incident, Melvin realized the weight of his actions and attempted suicide, only to be saved by Daredevil. Potter was taken back to prison and heavily sedated after repeatedly banging his head against the wall. Separately, it was revealed that Mr. Fear had secretly administered chemicals to Potter that caused him to go irreversibly insane with rage.[19]","title":"Fictional character biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"Gladiator has no superhuman abilities. However, he is a superb martial arts fighter and is very physically powerful. As a villain, he wore thick metal armor with a helmet and metallic gauntlets. He was armed with an arsenal of edged weapons and whirling, jagged circular sawblades made of titanium, one mounted on each gauntlet. Small rotors in the gauntlets cause the blades to rotate at high speeds, and the whirling blades could also be detached to serve as short-range missile weapons.[citation needed]In civilian life, Potter is an accomplished clothing designer, proficient in drafting, design and sewing.[20]","title":"Powers and abilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"House of M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_M"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Ultimate Marvel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate_Marvel"},{"link_name":"Spider-Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider-Man_(Ultimate_Marvel_character)"},{"link_name":"the emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nurhaci"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"In the alternate time of the 2005 \"House of M\" story-line, Gladiator appears as an assassin of the Kingpin.[21]The Ultimate Marvel universe version of Gladiator is an enemy of Spider-Man, and a crazed madman obsessed with \"the emperor\".[22]","title":"Other versions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Daredevil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daredevil_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Matt Gerald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Gerald"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"first season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daredevil_season_1"},{"link_name":"Wilson Fisk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilson_Fisk_(Marvel_Cinematic_Universe)"},{"link_name":"Matt Murdock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Murdock_(Marvel_Cinematic_Universe)"},{"link_name":"third season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daredevil_season_3"},{"link_name":"Benjamin \"Dex\" Poindexter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Poindexter_(Marvel_Cinematic_Universe)"},{"link_name":"Christopher Golden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Golden"}],"text":"Melvin Potter appears in Daredevil, portrayed by Matt Gerald.[23][24][25] Introduced in the first season, this version is an inventor who was forced by Wilson Fisk to make protective suits for him. Upon learning of this, Matt Murdock convinces Potter to make him a suit in exchange for ensuring Fisk cannot threaten him anymore. In the third season, Fisk forces Potter to make a replica of Murdock's suit for Benjamin \"Dex\" Poindexter to frame Murdock as a criminal. Potter later attempts to corroborate the lie, but is arrested for violating his parole and assaulting federal agents.\nMelvin Potter appears in the Daredevil novel Predator's Smile, written by Christopher Golden.","title":"In other media"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD_93129
HD 93129
["1 Location","2 System","3 Properties","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
Triple star system in the constellation Carina HD 93129 HD 93129 surrounded by the lesser stars of Trumpler 14Credit: NASA & ESA, Jesús Maíz Apellániz (Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucia) Observation dataEpoch J2000      Equinox J2000 Constellation Carina Right ascension 10h 43m 57.5s Declination −59° 32′ 51.3″ Apparent magnitude (V) 6.90 (7.310 + 8.84) Characteristics A Spectral type O2If* (O2If+O3.5V) U−B color index −0.81 B−V color index +0.25 B Evolutionary stage main sequence Spectral type O3.5 V((f))z U−B color index −0.79 B−V color index +0.23 AstrometryRadial velocity (Rv)−0.4 ± 7.4 km/sProper motion (μ) RA: -5.0 mas/yr Dec.: 17.0 mas/yr Distance2,300 pcAbsolute magnitude (MV)(A): −6.5 (−6.1 + −5.2)(B): −4.9 DetailsAaMass110 M☉Radius22.5 R☉Luminosity1,480,000 L☉Surface gravity (log g)3.71 cgsTemperature42,500 KRotational velocity (v sin i)130 km/sAge0.9+0.2−0.4 MyrAbMass70 M☉Radius13.1 R☉Luminosity575,000 L☉Temperature44,000 K BMass52 M☉Radius13 R☉Luminosity575,000 L☉Surface gravity (log g)3.92 cgsTemperature44,000 KRotational velocity (v sin i)112 km/s Other designations CD−58° 3528, Trumpler 14 1, CCDM J10440-5933, WDS J10440-5933 A: TYC 8626-2805-1, ALS 15862, LS 1820B: ALS 19309 Database referencesSIMBADHD 93129HD 93129 AHD 93129 B HD 93129 is a triple star system in the Carina Nebula, with all three components being hot O class stars amongst the most luminous stars in the Milky Way. It is the dominant member of the Trumpler 14 star cluster, a young star cluster within the Carina OB1 stellar association that harbors other super-luminous stars, like Eta Carinae and WR 25. Location The Carina Nebula, with η Carinae on the left and Trumpler 14 just right of center HD 93129 is found at the centre of the massive Trumpler 14 open cluster in the Carina Nebula star forming region. It is too far away for its distance to have been accurately determined using the annual parallax method, but accurate distances for η Carinae and the Homunculus Nebula, modelling of clusters, and astrophysical data about other stars assumed to be within the same region, all lead to a distance around 2,300 parsecs. HD 93129 Aa is the closest O2 supergiant to Earth. That volume of space is home to many other massive and luminous stars. HD 93128, yet another O3.5 main sequence star, is only 24' away within Trumpler 14, and HD 93250 and HD 93205 are two more O3.5 stars in the larger Trumpler 16 cluster around η Carinae. There are also three Wolf-Rayet stars, an O4 supergiant, many other class O stars, and the unique η Carinae itself. System Image of the star cluster Trumpler 14 with HD 93129 A being the brightest star in the image, and HD 93129 B close but clearly resolved HD 93129 consists of two clearly resolved components, HD 93129 A and HD 93129 B, and HD 93129 A itself is made up of two much closer stars. HD 93129 A has been resolved into two components. The spectrum is dominated by the brighter component, although the secondary is only 0.9 magnitudes fainter. HD 93129 Aa is an O2 supergiant and Ab is an O3.5 main sequence star. Their separation has decreased from 55 mas in 2004 to only 27 mas in 2013, but an accurate orbit is not available. HD 93129 B is an O3.5 main-sequence star 3 arc-seconds away from the closer pair. It is about 1.5 magnitudes fainter than the combined HD 93129 A, and approximately the same brightness as HD 93129 Ab. A further 5 fainter stars within 5 arc-seconds have been detected, between five and seven magnitudes fainter at infrared wavelengths. Properties All three stars of HD 93129 are among the most luminous in the galaxy; 1,480,000 L☉ for the supergiant primary and 575,000 L☉ for each of the other two stars. They are also among the hottest, with the supergiant at 42,500 K and the other two at 52,000 K. The stars have masses calculated to be between 70 M☉ and 110 M☉. HD 93129Aa has left the main sequence and its age is estimated to be around 900,000 years. The existence of the zero-age main sequence stars within Trumpler 14 suggest its age may be less than 600,000 years. See also Trumpler 14 Mystic Mountain List of most massive stars References ^ a b c d e f Høg, E.; Fabricius, C.; Makarov, V. V.; Urban, S.; Corbin, T.; Wycoff, G.; Bastian, U.; Schwekendiek, P.; Wicenec, A. (2000). "The Tycho-2 catalogue of the 2.5 million brightest stars". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 355: L27. Bibcode:2000A&A...355L..27H. doi:10.1888/0333750888/2862. ISBN 0333750888. ^ Ducati, J. R. (2002). "VizieR Online Data Catalog: Catalogue of Stellar Photometry in Johnson's 11-color system". CDS/ADC Collection of Electronic Catalogues. 2237. Bibcode:2002yCat.2237....0D. ^ a b c d e f Vazquez, R. A.; Baume, G.; Feinstein, A.; Prado, P. (1996). "Investigation on the region of the open cluster TR 14". Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement. 116: 75. Bibcode:1996A&AS..116...75V. ^ Sota, A.; Maíz Apellániz, J.; Morrell, N. I.; Barbá, R. H.; Walborn, N. R.; Gamen, R. C.; Arias, J. I.; Alfaro, E. J. (2014). "The Galactic O-Star Spectroscopic Survey (GOSSS). II. Bright Southern Stars". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement. 211 (1): 10. arXiv:1312.6222. Bibcode:2014ApJS..211...10S. doi:10.1088/0067-0049/211/1/10. S2CID 118847528. ^ a b c d Cohen, D. H.; Gagné, M.; Leutenegger, M. A.; MacArthur, J. P.; Wollman, E. E.; Sundqvist, J. O.; Fullerton, A. W.; Owocki, S. P. (2011). "Chandra X-ray spectroscopy of the very early O supergiant HD 93129A: Constraints on wind shocks and the mass-loss rate". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 415 (4): 3354–3364. arXiv:1104.4786. Bibcode:2011MNRAS.415.3354C. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.18952.x. S2CID 8258609. ^ Maíz Apellániz, J.; Sota, A.; Arias, J. I.; Barbá, R. H.; Walborn, N. R.; Simón-Díaz, S.; Negueruela, I.; Marco, A.; Leão, J. R. S.; Herrero, A.; Gamen, R. C.; Alfaro, E. J. (2016). "The Galactic O-Star Spectroscopic Survey (GOSSS). III. 142 Additional O-type Systems". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 224 (1): 4. arXiv:1602.01336. Bibcode:2016ApJS..224....4M. doi:10.3847/0067-0049/224/1/4. S2CID 55658165. ^ a b c d Penny, Laura R.; Gies, Douglas R.; Hartkopf, William I.; Mason, Brian D.; Turner, Nils H. (1993). "The frequency of binary stars in the young cluster Trumpler 14". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. 105: 588. Bibcode:1993PASP..105..588P. doi:10.1086/133200. ^ a b c Nelan, Edmund P.; Walborn, Nolan R.; Wallace, Debra J.; Moffat, Anthony F. J.; Makidon, Russell B.; Gies, Douglas R.; Panagia, Nino (2004). "Resolving OB Systems in the Carina Nebula with the Hubble Space Telescope Fine Guidance Sensor". The Astronomical Journal. 128 (1): 323–329. Bibcode:2004AJ....128..323N. doi:10.1086/420716. S2CID 121115585. ^ a b c d Repolust, T.; Puls, J.; Herrero, A. (2004). "Stellar and wind parameters of Galactic O-stars. The influence of line-blocking/blanketing". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 415: 349–376. Bibcode:2004A&A...415..349R. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20034594. ^ a b c d Smith, Nathan (2006). "A census of the Carina Nebula - I. Cumulative energy input from massive stars". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 367 (2): 763–772. arXiv:astro-ph/0601060. Bibcode:2006MNRAS.367..763S. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.10007.x. S2CID 14060690. ^ a b Del Palacio, Santiago; Bosch-Ramon, Valentí; Romero, Gustavo E.; Benaglia, Paula (2016). "A model for the non-thermal emission of the very massive colliding-wind binary HD 93129A". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 591: A139. arXiv:1604.07294. Bibcode:2016A&A...591A.139D. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201628264. S2CID 55216290. ^ a b c d Vink, Jorick S; Davies, B; Harries, T. J; Oudmaijer, R. D; Walborn, N. R (2009). "On the presence and absence of disks around O-type stars". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 505 (2): 743. arXiv:0909.0888. Bibcode:2009A&A...505..743V. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200912610. S2CID 16636438. ^ a b c Sana, H.; Le Bouquin, J.-B.; Lacour, S.; Berger, J.-P.; Duvert, G.; Gauchet, L.; Norris, B.; Olofsson, J.; Pickel, D.; Zins, G.; Absil, O.; De Koter, A.; Kratter, K.; Schnurr, O.; Zinnecker, H. (2014). "Southern Massive Stars at High Angular Resolution: Observational Campaign and Companion Detection". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement. 215 (1): 15. arXiv:1409.6304. Bibcode:2014ApJS..215...15S. doi:10.1088/0067-0049/215/1/15. S2CID 53500788. ^ Benaglia, P.; Koribalski, B. (2004). "Radio observations of HD 93129A: The earliest O star with the highest mass loss?". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 416 (1): 171–178. arXiv:astro-ph/0312003. Bibcode:2004A&A...416..171B. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20034138. S2CID 18416034. External links http://jumk.de/astronomie/big-stars/hd-93129a.shtml vteConstellation of Carina List of stars in Carina Carina in Chinese astronomy StarsBayer α (Canopus) β (Miaplacidus) ε (Avior) η θ ι (Aspidiske) υ χ ω Variable R S T (not variable) U Y RT AG BO CK EV GG HR IX OY PP (p) QZ V337 (q) V341 V343 (d) V344 (f) V345 (E) V357 (a) V371 (z2) V372 V376 (b1) V382 (x) V399 (P) V415 (A) V448 (O) V518 V520 (w) V528 V533 (y) V560 V602 V640 V742 V752 V759 V816 V817 V906 HR 2435 (N) 2934 (Q) 3159 (D) 3220 (B) 3260 (C) 3414 (e2) 3415 (e1) 3571 (c) 3598 (b2) 3643 (G) 3663 (i) 3696 (g) 3728 (k) 3821 (H) 3825 (h) 3856 (m) 3884 (l) 4025 (M) 4089 (L) 4102 (I) 4114 (s) 4138 (K) 4142 4159 (r) 4164 (t1) 4177 (t2) 4205 4222 4257 (u) 4325 (z1) HD 53143 63765 (Tapecue) 65216 85628 93129 93250 93403 95086 97950 Other AWI0005x3s CPD−57°2874 DEN 0817−6155 1E 1048-59 Innes' star LHS 288 NGC 3603-A1 NGC 3603-B NGC 3603-C OGLE-TR-182 OGLE-TR-211 OGLE2-TR-L9 Sher 25 WR 20a WR 21a WR 22 WR 24 WR 25 WR 30a WR 31a WR 42e Exoplanets OGLE-TR-111b OGLE-TR-132b OGLE-TR-113b OGLE-TR-182b OGLE-TR-211b OGLE2-TR-L9b HD 63765 b (Yvaga) HD 65216 b HD 65216 c HD 85628 Ab HD 95086 b (Levantes) StarclustersNGC 2516 2808 3114 3293 3324 3532 3603 Other Carina OB1 Carina OB2 Collinder 228 IC 2602 IC 2714 Platais 8 Trumpler 14 Trumpler 15 Trumpler 16 Westerlund 2 NebulaeNGC 2867 3199 3576 3579 3581 3582 3584 3586 Other Carina Nebula G290.1-0.8 Hen 2-47 Homunculus Nebula IC 2220 IC 2448 IGR J11014−6103 RCW 49 GalaxiesNGC 3059 Other Carina Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy Galaxy clusters Bullet Cluster Astronomical events GRB 000131 GRB 080916C Category
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carina Nebula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carina_Nebula"},{"link_name":"O class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellar_classification#Class_O"},{"link_name":"most luminous stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_most_luminous_stars"},{"link_name":"Milky Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milky_Way"},{"link_name":"Trumpler 14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpler_14"},{"link_name":"star cluster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_cluster"},{"link_name":"Carina OB1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carina_OB1"},{"link_name":"Eta Carinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eta_Carinae"},{"link_name":"WR 25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WR_25"}],"text":"HD 93129 is a triple star system in the Carina Nebula, with all three components being hot O class stars amongst the most luminous stars in the Milky Way. It is the dominant member of the Trumpler 14 star cluster, a young star cluster within the Carina OB1 stellar association that harbors other super-luminous stars, like Eta Carinae and WR 25.","title":"HD 93129"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ESO_-_The_Carina_Nebula_(by).jpg"},{"link_name":"Carina Nebula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carina_Nebula"},{"link_name":"η Carinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eta_Carinae"},{"link_name":"Trumpler 14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpler_14"},{"link_name":"Trumpler 14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpler_14"},{"link_name":"open cluster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_cluster"},{"link_name":"Carina Nebula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carina_Nebula"},{"link_name":"annual parallax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annual_parallax"},{"link_name":"η Carinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eta_Carinae"},{"link_name":"Homunculus Nebula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homunculus_Nebula"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cohen-5"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sana-13"},{"link_name":"HD 93128","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD_93128"},{"link_name":"HD 93250","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD_93250"},{"link_name":"HD 93205","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD_93205"},{"link_name":"Trumpler 16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpler_16"},{"link_name":"Wolf-Rayet stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf-Rayet_star"},{"link_name":"supergiant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supergiant"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-smith-10"}],"text":"The Carina Nebula, with η Carinae on the left and Trumpler 14 just right of centerHD 93129 is found at the centre of the massive Trumpler 14 open cluster in the Carina Nebula star forming region. It is too far away for its distance to have been accurately determined using the annual parallax method, but accurate distances for η Carinae and the Homunculus Nebula, modelling of clusters, and astrophysical data about other stars assumed to be within the same region, all lead to a distance around 2,300 parsecs.[5] HD 93129 Aa is the closest O2 supergiant to Earth.[13]That volume of space is home to many other massive and luminous stars. HD 93128, yet another O3.5 main sequence star, is only 24' away within Trumpler 14, and HD 93250 and HD 93205 are two more O3.5 stars in the larger Trumpler 16 cluster around η Carinae. There are also three Wolf-Rayet stars, an O4 supergiant, many other class O stars, and the unique η Carinae itself.[10]","title":"Location"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ESO-Trumpler14-cluster.jpg"},{"link_name":"star cluster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_cluster"},{"link_name":"Trumpler 14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpler_14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-benaglia-14"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sana-13"},{"link_name":"O3.5 main-sequence star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O-type_main-sequence_star"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tycho2-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vazquez-3"},{"link_name":"infrared","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sana-13"}],"text":"Image of the star cluster Trumpler 14 with HD 93129 A being the brightest star in the image, and HD 93129 B close but clearly resolvedHD 93129 consists of two clearly resolved components, HD 93129 A and HD 93129 B, and HD 93129 A itself is made up of two much closer stars.HD 93129 A has been resolved into two components. The spectrum is dominated by the brighter component, although the secondary is only 0.9 magnitudes fainter. HD 93129 Aa is an O2 supergiant and Ab is an O3.5 main sequence star.[14] Their separation has decreased from 55 mas in 2004 to only 27 mas in 2013, but an accurate orbit is not available.[13]HD 93129 B is an O3.5 main-sequence star 3 arc-seconds away from the closer pair. It is about 1.5 magnitudes fainter than the combined HD 93129 A, and approximately the same brightness as HD 93129 Ab.[1][3]A further 5 fainter stars within 5 arc-seconds have been detected, between five and seven magnitudes fainter at infrared wavelengths.[13]","title":"System"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cohen-5"},{"link_name":"zero-age main sequence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-age_main_sequence"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-penny1993-7"}],"text":"All three stars of HD 93129 are among the most luminous in the galaxy;[5] 1,480,000 L☉ for the supergiant primary and 575,000 L☉ for each of the other two stars. They are also among the hottest, with the supergiant at 42,500 K and the other two at 52,000 K. The stars have masses calculated to be between 70 M☉ and 110 M☉.HD 93129Aa has left the main sequence and its age is estimated to be around 900,000 years. The existence of the zero-age main sequence stars within Trumpler 14 suggest its age may be less than 600,000 years.[7]","title":"Properties"}]
[{"image_text":"The Carina Nebula, with η Carinae on the left and Trumpler 14 just right of center","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/ESO_-_The_Carina_Nebula_%28by%29.jpg/260px-ESO_-_The_Carina_Nebula_%28by%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Image of the star cluster Trumpler 14 with HD 93129 A being the brightest star in the image, and HD 93129 B close but clearly resolved","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/ESO-Trumpler14-cluster.jpg/220px-ESO-Trumpler14-cluster.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Trumpler 14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpler_14"},{"title":"Mystic Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mystic_Mountain"},{"title":"List of most massive stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_most_massive_stars"}]
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(2011). \"Chandra X-ray spectroscopy of the very early O supergiant HD 93129A: Constraints on wind shocks and the mass-loss rate\". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 415 (4): 3354–3364. arXiv:1104.4786. Bibcode:2011MNRAS.415.3354C. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.18952.x. 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(2014). \"Southern Massive Stars at High Angular Resolution: Observational Campaign and Companion Detection\". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement. 215 (1): 15. arXiv:1409.6304. Bibcode:2014ApJS..215...15S. doi:10.1088/0067-0049/215/1/15. S2CID 53500788.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1409.6304","url_text":"1409.6304"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014ApJS..215...15S","url_text":"2014ApJS..215...15S"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0067-0049%2F215%2F1%2F15","url_text":"10.1088/0067-0049/215/1/15"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53500788","url_text":"53500788"}]},{"reference":"Benaglia, P.; Koribalski, B. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chung_King_Can_Suck_It
Chung King Can Suck It
["1 Album history","2 Track listing","3 Musical personnel","4 No producer or engineering credit","5 References","6 External links"]
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Chung King Can Suck It" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) 1989 studio album by JudgeChung King Can Suck ItStudio album by JudgeReleased1989Recorded1989 at Chung King House of Metal, New York CityGenreHardcore punkLength21:52LabelRevelationProducerNo producer credit takenJudge chronology New York Crew(1988) Chung King Can Suck It(1989) Bringin' It Down(1989) Chung King Can Suck It is a limited-pressing colored vinyl album by New York City band Judge, containing the original version of what was to be the Bringin' It Down album. The title of the album is a direct insult to the Chung King recording studio in New York City (then known as Chung King House of Metal). Album history Judge had gone into Chung King with only one three-day weekend of studio time block-booked in order to record their first album, since band members John Porcelly and Sammy Siegler were set to tour with their main band Youth of Today in Europe later that month. The studio was home to many of the popular (and now legendary) rap acts of the day, including the Beastie Boys, Run-DMC and LL Cool J; Youth Of Today had recorded their third album We're Not in This Alone at the same studio earlier in the year, so Porcelly and Siegler were already familiar with the place. According to a 2005 interview with Judge guitarist Porcell in AMP, all three of those acts had already been using three of the four separate facilities in the studio complex, leaving Judge with what was at the time the least technologically advanced of the four rooms. To complicate matters, the recording engineer the band had been assigned by the studio was a full-blown cocaine addict – an irony given Judge's militant anti-drug lyrics and moral code. During the second day of the sessions, the engineer on duty failed to show up for work, forcing the band to work with another studio staff engineer totally unaccustomed to recording punk rock music. After the sessions were completed, Porcell and Siegler listened to the finished mixes while on the Youth of Today European tour and came to the conclusion that while the performances were good, the recordings were not up to the standards of what they had done in the past with Youth of Today. The drum tracks in particular do not have the punch typical of other Revelation releases at the time, and the overall mix is considered to be thin. A phone call to lead singer Mike "Judge" Ferarro confirmed that he too was unhappy with the finished album, and the group chose to shelve the session and start over in a different studio. Unfortunately for Revelation, label owner Jordan Cooper had already paid for the mastering of the record and the plating of the vinyl stampers – a point in the manufacture of record too late to fully prevent the release of an album, especially for Revelation Records, which was then still a small independent label that Cooper was running out of his home. With advance orders already coming in for the as-yet unreleased album, Revelation decided to press a limited run of 100 white-vinyl copies of the album, assigning it catalog number REV:-1 (negative one), and sending these copies to tide over fans who had advance ordered Bringin' It Down. As is customary the record pressing plant produced a 10% overrun of the album and as a result 110 copies were delivered. Each copy has its number stamped on the bottom corner of the back of the sleeve however the printing on the jacket notes a pressing run of 100 so with the additional 10, those extra sleeves had the "100" altered to say "110". This record has been much sought after by collectors ever since. Judge then scheduled time at Normandy Studios in Rhode Island – the same studio where The Cro-Mags recorded their second album Best Wishes in 1988 – to record a proper version of their first album, Bringin' It Down. The two albums are similar in track listing for the first eight songs; Chung King... features two songs, "Holding On" and "No Apologies", that were not rerecorded for Bringin' It Down; "Where It Went", written after the Chung King... sessions, takes their place. The Chung King Can Suck It album remained a rarity (in spite of two different bootleg editions of the album), and was sought after both for its collectibility and the two rare Judge songs it contained, until 2005, when Revelation compiled all of Judge's recorded output – Chung King Can Suck It included – for the CD What It Meant: The Complete Discography. In May 2015 a copy became the most expensive sale on Discogs.com, fetching $6,048, a record that stood for a year until David Bowie's second album, David Bowie, sold for $6,826. Track listing "Take Me Away" "Bringin' It Down" "Hold Me Back" "Give It Up" "The Storm" "Hear Me" "Like You" "I've Lost" "Holding On" "No Apologies" Musical personnel Mike Ferarro – vocals Porcell – guitar, backing vocals Sammy Siegler – drums, backing vocals Jimmy Yu – bass Lukey Luke – backing vocals Alex Brown – backing vocals Tom Capone – backing vocals Kevin Egan – backing vocals Jay Anarchy -backing vocals No producer or engineering credit No formal producer or engineering credit is given on either the original album sleeve or in the CD booklet of What It Meant. On Chung King Can Suck It, the producer credit is given as "He Who Can Suck It", and no engineering credit is given. In the liner notes of What It Meant, the credits are more blunt: The producer credit reads "Not produced" and the engineering credit reads "Engineered by some cokehead loser." If the album had been released in a proper manner, guitarist John Porcell would have taken credit or co-credit for producing the album, as he did with all of Judge's recorded output. References ^ The Vinyl Factory: This hardcore punk record is the most expensive item ever sold on Discogs ^ The Guardian: David Bowie's second album breaks Discogs' price record External links Revelation Records' hidden page on Chung King Can Suck It
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The title of the album is a direct insult to the Chung King recording studio in New York City (then known as Chung King House of Metal).","title":"Chung King Can Suck It"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Porcelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porcell"},{"link_name":"Sammy Siegler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sammy_Siegler"},{"link_name":"Youth of Today","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youth_of_Today"},{"link_name":"Beastie Boys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beastie_Boys"},{"link_name":"Run-DMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Run-DMC"},{"link_name":"LL Cool J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LL_Cool_J"},{"link_name":"We're Not in This Alone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We%27re_Not_in_This_Alone"},{"link_name":"Porcell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porcell"},{"link_name":"AMP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMP_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"recording engineer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_engineer"},{"link_name":"independent label","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_label"},{"link_name":"The Cro-Mags","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cro-Mags"},{"link_name":"Best Wishes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best_Wishes_(Cro-Mags_album)"},{"link_name":"Bringin' It Down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bringin%27_It_Down"},{"link_name":"What It Meant: The Complete Discography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_It_Meant:_The_Complete_Discography"},{"link_name":"Discogs.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discogs.com"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"David Bowie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bowie_(1969_album)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Judge had gone into Chung King with only one three-day weekend of studio time block-booked in order to record their first album, since band members John Porcelly and Sammy Siegler were set to tour with their main band Youth of Today in Europe later that month. The studio was home to many of the popular (and now legendary) rap acts of the day, including the Beastie Boys, Run-DMC and LL Cool J; Youth Of Today had recorded their third album We're Not in This Alone at the same studio earlier in the year, so Porcelly and Siegler were already familiar with the place. According to a 2005 interview with Judge guitarist Porcell in AMP, all three of those acts had already been using three of the four separate facilities in the studio complex, leaving Judge with what was at the time the least technologically advanced of the four rooms. To complicate matters, the recording engineer the band had been assigned by the studio was a full-blown cocaine addict – an irony given Judge's militant anti-drug lyrics and moral code. During the second day of the sessions, the engineer on duty failed to show up for work, forcing the band to work with another studio staff engineer totally unaccustomed to recording punk rock music.After the sessions were completed, Porcell and Siegler listened to the finished mixes while on the Youth of Today European tour and came to the conclusion that while the performances were good, the recordings were not up to the standards of what they had done in the past with Youth of Today. The drum tracks in particular do not have the punch typical of other Revelation releases at the time, and the overall mix is considered to be thin. A phone call to lead singer Mike \"Judge\" Ferarro confirmed that he too was unhappy with the finished album, and the group chose to shelve the session and start over in a different studio. Unfortunately for Revelation, label owner Jordan Cooper had already paid for the mastering of the record and the plating of the vinyl stampers – a point in the manufacture of record too late to fully prevent the release of an album, especially for Revelation Records, which was then still a small independent label that Cooper was running out of his home.With advance orders already coming in for the as-yet unreleased album, Revelation decided to press a limited run of 100 white-vinyl copies of the album, assigning it catalog number REV:-1 (negative one), and sending these copies to tide over fans who had advance ordered Bringin' It Down. As is customary the record pressing plant produced a 10% overrun of the album and as a result 110 copies were delivered. Each copy has its number stamped on the bottom corner of the back of the sleeve however the printing on the jacket notes a pressing run of 100 so with the additional 10, those extra sleeves had the \"100\" altered to say \"110\". This record has been much sought after by collectors ever since.Judge then scheduled time at Normandy Studios in Rhode Island – the same studio where The Cro-Mags recorded their second album Best Wishes in 1988 – to record a proper version of their first album, Bringin' It Down. The two albums are similar in track listing for the first eight songs; Chung King... features two songs, \"Holding On\" and \"No Apologies\", that were not rerecorded for Bringin' It Down; \"Where It Went\", written after the Chung King... sessions, takes their place.The Chung King Can Suck It album remained a rarity (in spite of two different bootleg editions of the album), and was sought after both for its collectibility and the two rare Judge songs it contained, until 2005, when Revelation compiled all of Judge's recorded output – Chung King Can Suck It included – for the CD What It Meant: The Complete Discography. In May 2015 a copy became the most expensive sale on Discogs.com, fetching $6,048,[1] a record that stood for a year until David Bowie's second album, David Bowie, sold for $6,826.[2]","title":"Album history"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"\"Take Me Away\"\n\"Bringin' It Down\"\n\"Hold Me Back\"\n\"Give It Up\"\n\"The Storm\"\n\"Hear Me\"\n\"Like You\"\n\"I've Lost\"\n\"Holding On\"\n\"No Apologies\"","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Porcell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porcell"},{"link_name":"Sammy Siegler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sammy_Siegler"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Yu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Yu"},{"link_name":"Alex Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Brown_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Tom Capone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Capone"}],"text":"Mike Ferarro – vocals\nPorcell – guitar, backing vocals\nSammy Siegler – drums, backing vocals\nJimmy Yu – bass\nLukey Luke – backing vocals\nAlex Brown – backing vocals\nTom Capone – backing vocals\nKevin Egan – backing vocals\nJay Anarchy -backing vocals","title":"Musical personnel"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"No formal producer or engineering credit is given on either the original album sleeve or in the CD booklet of What It Meant. On Chung King Can Suck It, the producer credit is given as \"He Who Can Suck It\", and no engineering credit is given. In the liner notes of What It Meant, the credits are more blunt: The producer credit reads \"Not produced\" and the engineering credit reads \"Engineered by some cokehead loser.\" If the album had been released in a proper manner, guitarist John Porcell would have taken credit or co-credit for producing the album, as he did with all of Judge's recorded output.","title":"No producer or engineering credit"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VMRO%E2%80%93DPMNE
VMRO-DPMNE
["1 Background","2 Foundation and rise to power","2.1 Antiquization and Skopje 2014","2.2 Macedonian political crisis","2.3 Mickoski's leadership","3 Youth Force Union","4 Election results","4.1 Presidential elections","4.2 Assembly elections","5 See also","6 References","7 Further reading","8 External links"]
Macedonian political party This article has an unclear citation style. The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of citation and footnoting. (July 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization – Democratic Party for Macedonian National Unity Внатрешна македонска револуционерна организација – Демократска партија за македонско национално единствоAbbreviationVMRO-DPMNELeaderHristijan MickoskiSecretary-GeneralGjorgjija SajkoskiVice-PresidentAleksandar NikoloskiVlado Misajlovski Timčo Mucunski Gordana Dimitrievska KocovskaFounderLjubčo Georgievski, Dragan Bogdanovski, Boris ZmejkovskiGojko JakovlevskiFounded17 June 1990HeadquartersSkopjeYouth wingYouth Force UnionIdeologyConservatismChristian democracyMacedonian nationalismCivic nationalismEconomic liberalismAnti-communismHistorical:Bulgarophilia (1991–2002)Antiquization (2006–2017)Political positionCentre-right to right-wingNational affiliationYour MacedoniaEuropean affiliationEuropean People's Party (associate)International affiliationInternational Democracy UnionColours  Red  Black  GoldAssembly55 / 120Mayors42 / 80Local councils468 / 1,333Skopje city council18 / 45Websitevmro-dpmne.org.mkPolitics of North MacedoniaPolitical partiesElections The Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization – Democratic Party for Macedonian National Unity (Macedonian: Внатрешна македонска револуционерна организација – Демократска партија за македонско национално единство), often simplified as VMRO-DPMNE (Macedonian: ВМРО–ДПМНЕ), is a conservative political party in North Macedonia and is the main centre-right to right-wing party in the country. The party has presented itself as Christian-democratic, but it is considered nationalist, anti-communist, and economically liberal. VMRO-DPMNE's support is based on ethnic Macedonians with some exceptions. The party claims that their goals and objectives are to express the tradition of the Macedonian people on whose political struggle and concepts it is based. Nevertheless, it has formed multiple coalition governments with ethnic minority parties. Under the leadership of Ljubčo Georgievski in its beginning, the party supported the Macedonian independence from Socialist Yugoslavia, and led a policy of closer relationships with Bulgaria. After being accused of being a pro-Bulgarian politician, Georgievski broke off from VMRO-DPMNE in 2003 to form the VMRO – People's Party. Under the leadership of Nikola Gruevski, the party promoted ultranationalist identity politics in the form of antiquization. Its nationalist stances were often perceived also as anti-Albanian. During Gruevski's leadership the party changed from a pro-European and а pro-NATO policy, to a Russophilic, pro-Serbian and anti-Western one. His government also managed to build strong Eurosceptic sentiments within the country. Background The first section of the acronym 'VMRO' which forms the party's name derives from the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization, a rebel movement formed in 1893. After undergoing various transformations, the original organization was suppressed after the military coup d'état of 1934, in its headquarters in Bulgaria. At that time the territory of the current North Macedonia was a province called Vardar Banovina, part of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. As the Bulgarian army entered Yugoslav Macedonia as German satellite during WWII, former IMRO members were active in organizing Bulgarian Action Committees, charged with taking over the local authorities. After Bulgaria switched to the Allied in September 1944, they tried to create a pro-Bulgarian independent Macedonian state under the protectorate of the Third Reich. The VMRO–DPMNE claims ideological descent from the old IMRO, although there is no known continuity between the two organizations. The historical IMRO was as a whole pro-Bulgarian grouping, and its membership was allowed initially only for Bulgarians. Foundation and rise to power Following the death of Yugoslav President Josip Broz Tito in 1980, SFR Yugoslavia began to disintegrate and democratic politics were revived in Macedonia. Many exiles returned to then SR Macedonia from abroad, and a new generation of young Macedonian intellectuals rediscovered the history of Macedonian nationalism. Dragan Bogdanovski who was a proclaimed Macedonian rights movement activist had made a blueprint for a Democratic Party for Macedonian National Unity. He had also made a statute, book of rules, and an instruction of how the party is going to work. Ljubčo Georgievski together with Bogdanovski, Boris Zmejkovski and few other activists had agreed to make a party for a future independent Macedonia. Under the name VMRO–DPMNE, it was founded on 17 June 1990 in Skopje, as a Macedonian nationalist party. Georgievski served as the party's first president. After the first multi-party elections in 1990, VMRO–DPMNE became the strongest party in the parliament. It did not form a government because it did not achieve a majority of seats; this forced it to form a coalition with an ethnic Albanian party, but it refused to do so. The party boycotted the second round of the 1994 elections claiming fraud in the first round. By the mid-1990s, it created offices in most major cities. After winning the 1998 election, VMRO–DPMNE surprised many people when finally forming a coalition government with an ethnic Albanian party, the Democratic Party of Albanians. After their victory in the elections, they formed a new government with Ljubčo Georgievski as Prime Minister. In 1999, VMRO–DPMNE's candidate Boris Trajkovski was elected President, completing VMRO–DPMNE's takeover. Once in office, Trajkovski adopted a more moderate policy than expected. VMRO–DPMNE's government was defeated at the 2002 legislative elections. In an alliance with the Liberal Party of Macedonia, VMRO–DPMNE won 28 out of 120 seats. In 2004 Trajkovski died in a plane crash and Branko Crvenkovski was elected president, defeating VMRO–DPMNE's candidate Saško Kedev. Accused of being a pro-Bulgarian politician (a stigma in Macedonia), Georgievski broke off with VMRO-DPMNE and established the VMRO-NP. The widespread public support for EU membership in the 2000s encouraged the party to evolve into a moderate and pro-European party. The party became the largest party in parliament again after a net gain of over a dozen seats in the 2006 parliamentary elections. With 44 of 120 seats, the party formed a government in coalition with the Democratic Party of Albanians. On 15 May 2007, the party became an observer-member of the European People's Party. The party won 2008 early parliamentary elections. In the 120-seat Assembly, VMRO–DPMNE won 63 seats, enough to form its own government, and by that, the party won 4 more years of dominance in the Macedonian Parliament (mandate period 2008-2012) and government control. After the Parliament constituted itself on 21 June 2008, the President Branko Crvenkovski on 23 June 2008 gave the then VMRO–DPMNE's leader and future prime minister Nikola Gruevski the mandate to form the new government (mandate period 2008–2012). In 2009, the VMRO–DPMNE-led coalition "For a better Macedonia" won in 56 out of 84 municipalities, the party's presidential candidate Gjorge Ivanov also won the presidential election. The party won again in the 2011 early parliamentary elections. VMRO–DPMNE won 56 seats of the 120-seat Assembly of the Republic of Macedonia, the party formed a government in coalition with the Democratic Union for Integration in the Macedonian Parliament (mandate period 2011–2015). In 2014, early parliamentary elections were held together with the presidential election, VMRO–DPMNE won again 61 seats of the 120-seat Assembly and formed a government in coalition with the Democratic Union for Integration (mandate period 2014-2018). Antiquization and Skopje 2014 See also: Antiquization and Skopje 2014 VMRO–DPMNE was criticized for its "antiquisation" policy (known locally as "Antikvizacija") between 2006 and 2017, in which it sought to claim ancient Macedonian figures like Alexander the Great and Philip II of Macedon for the country. The policy was pursued since its coming to power in 2006, and especially since Macedonia's non-invitation to NATO in 2008, as a way of putting pressure on Greece as well as in an attempt to construct a new identity on the basis of a presumed link to the world of antiquity. The antiquisation policy fought criticism by academics as it demonstrated feebleness of archaeology and of other historical disciplines in public discourse, as well as a danger of marginalization. The policy also attracted criticism domestically, by ethnic Macedonians within the country, who saw as dangerously dividing the country between those who identify with classical antiquity and those who identify with the country's Slavic culture. Ethnic Albanians saw it as an attempt to marginalize them and exclude them from the national narrative. The policy, which also claimed as ethnic Macedonians figures considered national heroes in Bulgaria, such as Todor Aleksandrov and Ivan Mihailov, has drawn criticism from Bulgaria, and is regarded to have had a negative impact on the international position of the country. Foreign diplomats warned that the policy reduced international sympathy for Macedonia's position in the naming dispute with Greece. SDSM was opposed to the project and has alleged that the monuments in the project could have cost six to ten times less than what the government paid, which may already have exceeded 600 million euros. In 2012, as part of the controversial VMRO-DPMNE project Skopje 2014, a statue of the member of the IMRO Simeon Radev, who was also a Bulgarian diplomat, was installed on the building of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The statue was later taken down, with the explanation that it had been a mistake. The explanation was that Radev's relation with Macedonia was only as his place of birth, while his entire life's work was dedicated to the Bulgarian state. According to the Macedonian newspaper Fokus, under Gruevski's leadership there was not even a single activist who supported historical revisionism regarding the Bulgarian question in a high-ranking position and he started an open confrontation with Bulgaria, consistently getting closer to Serbia and its policy. Macedonian political crisis See also: 2011 Macedonian protests, 2015 Macedonian protests, 2016 Macedonian protests, and 2017 storming of Macedonian Parliament The party does not have a good reputation in the Western world. It is often associated with neo-fascism and with Marine Le Pen's party in France (i.e National Rally). VMRO-DPMNE was widely accused of nepotism and authoritarianism and was involved in a series of wiretapping, corruption and money-laundering scandals, with the Macedonian Special Prosecution ordering in 2017 a series of investigations against the party's former leader and ex-PM Nikola Gruevski, as well as ministers and other high-ranked officials, for involvement in illegal activities. In 2018, and amid ongoing investigations, a Skopje court froze the party's property assets. Gruevski himself was sentenced in 2018 but fled when he was ordered to serve his prison sentence. Nevertheless, Gruevski remained an honorary chairman of the party until July 2020. Ljubčo Georgievski espoused his opinion in an interview with Radio Free Europe in 2012, that VMRO-DPMNE is his personal failure. According to him, it became a fake party without any ideology. Georgievski announced that he feels obliged to nail the party every single day. According to him, if the party policy of fabricating hoaxes about the Macedonian past continues, the ethnic Macedonians will gradually lose the support of all ethnic communities in the country. In 2015, he espoused in an interview for Radio Free Europe his opinion that the then government had a clear goal: to keep the country closer to Serbia, and at some future stage to join the northern neighbor. According to him a classical pro-Yugoslav policy of Serbianisation was being conducted, where confrontation with all the other neighbors was taking place, but the border between Macedonian and Serbian national identity had been erased. "Stop the Serbian assimilation of the Macedonian nation" was the motto of the billboards that were placed then on Skopje streets, through which the Party launched a campaign for preserving the Macedonian national identity. The pro-governmental press claimed that the "Bulgarian" Georgievski organised a new provocation. As a result, the billboards were removed quickly by the VMRO-DPMNE authorities. Georgievski has insisted in 2022, that it continues to be hidden by the modern Macedonian historians that the historical IMRO-activists were Bulgarians, saying that he IMRO victims for the idea of an Independent Macedonia are proclaimed traitors, while the communist spies from UDBA are seen as heroes and that this is what VMRO-DPMNE keeps doing, which is a total paradox. According to him, after his departure, agents of the former Yugoslav security service were massively introduced into the party's leadership. Mickoski's leadership VMRO-DPMNE has been criticized for its hard-line stance against the Prespa Agreement that was reached in June 2018 between the Republic of Macedonia and Greece, which resolved the long-standing Macedonia naming dispute by renaming the country as North Macedonia and recognizing that Macedonian culture and language are distinct and unrelated to ancient Hellenic civilization. On 16 October 2018, US Assistant Secretary of State Wess Mitchell sent a letter to VMRO-DPMNE leader Hristijan Mickoski, in which he expresses the disappointment of the United States with the positions of the party's leadership, including him personally, regarding its position against the Prespa agreement and asks to "set aside partisan interests" and work to get the name change approved. Mickoski expressed his hope that the Republic of Macedonia will be very soon a part of the NATO and EU families, "but proud and dignified, not humiliated, disfigured and disgraced." However in 2019, Mickoski has been criticized by the SDSM Deputy Foreign Minister Andrej Žernovski, that he has insisted, if he becomes a Prime Minister, after receiving a start date for accession negotiations on the EU membership of North Macedonia, the friendship agreements with the neighboring Greece and Bulgaria, signed by Zoran Zaev's government, would be denounced. According to the analyst Erol Rizaov, Mickoski's long-term goal is really the denouncement of both agreements. Mickoski has said if he came to power he would revise the Prespa Agreement signed with Greece in 2018, although stating that he will abide to it. In April 2022, a Bulgarian club named after the last leader of the historical IMRO, Ivan Mihailov (1924–1934), was officially opened in Bitola. After its opening, the club was set on fire, and the VMRO-DPMNE leader demanded that the arsonist, who was arrested, be released. The deputy chairman of the party Alexander Nikoloski expressed later his support to the decision of the Commission for Protection against Discrimination, which announces that the club "Ivan Mihailov" is discriminative towards the citizens of the country on national and ethnic grounds. VMRO-DPMNE deputy Rashela Mizrahi declared also the last leader of the organization whose name it bears to be a fascist. Later, the party submitted a bill demanding that such names be banned for use in the country to increase distancing from fascism and Nazism. The newspaper Fokus accused Gruevski's successor Mickoski of continuing his Bulgarophobic agenda. Bulgarian MEP Andrey Kovatchev also accused Mickoski of Bulgarophobia. The party became the main oppositional force which participated in the 2022 North Macedonia protests, surrounding its accession into the EU. Analysts from Bulgaria have seen the party as pro-Russian, pro-Serbian and anti-European. In August 2022, Mickoski vowed to leave politics forever if Bulgarians were included in the country's constitution, a mandatory requirement included in the negotiating framework with the EU. In September 2022, the party proposed a referendum under which the friendship treaty between Bulgaria and North Macedonia would be denounced. According to the former Macedonian Prime Minister Vlado Bučkovski, Russia stays behind this anti-Bulgarian hysteria, aiming to prevent the EU-path of the country. DPMNE has opposed the signings of the Friendship treaty with Bulgaria in 2017, and of the Prespa Agreement with Greece in 2018. VMRO-DPMNE is against the recognition of the Bulgarians in North Macedonia as an official ethnic minority, which is conditio sine qua non the country to become a member of the EU. In this way, the party effectively halted the European integration of North Macedonia. VMRO-DPMNE's election campaign in 2024 has continued to voice Euroscepticism. Youth Force Union The Youth Force Union (Macedonian: Унија на млади сили на ВМРО-ДПМНЕ), also known as UMS (Macedonian: УМС), is the youth wing organization of the VMRO-DPMNE. It considers itself a continuation of historical youth organizations which spread the ideals of VMRO for independent Macedonia. A number of projects arising from the Youth Force Union were conducted in the past 20 years. Formed in 1991, the most remarkable and influential President of YFU was Filip Petrovski; he was its leader in the period 1997–2000, and member of parliament 1998–2001. Election results Presidential elections Election Party candidate Votes % Votes % Result First round Second round 1994 Ljubiša Georgievski 197,109 21.6% - - Lost N 1999 Boris Trajkovski 219,098 21.1% 582,808 53.2% Elected Y 2004 Saško Kedev 309,132 34.1% 329,179 37.4% Lost N 2009 Gjorge Ivanov 345,850 35.04% 453,616 63.14% Elected Y 2014 449,442 51.69% 534,910 55.28% Elected Y 2019 Gordana Siljanovska-Davkova 318,341 44.16% 377,713 46.41% Lost N 2024 363,086 41.20% 561,000 65,14% Elected Y Assembly elections Election Party leader Vote % Seats +/– Position Government 1990 Ljubčo Georgievski First round 154,101 14.3% 38 / 120 38 1st Opposition Second round 238,367 29.9% 1994 First round 141,946 14.3% 0 / 120 38 Extra-parliamentary Second round Boycotted 1998 First round 312,669 28.1% 49 / 120 49 1st Government Second round 381,196 49% 2002 298,404 25% 33 / 120 16 2nd Opposition 2006 Nikola Gruevski 303,543 32.5% 45 / 120 12 1st Government 2008 481,501 48.48% 63 / 120 18 1st Government 2011 438,138 39.98% 56 / 123 7 1st Government 2014 481,615 42.98% 61 / 123 5 1st Government 2016 454,519 38.14% 51 / 120 10 1st Opposition 2020 Hristijan Mickoski 315,344 34.57% 44 / 120 7 2nd Opposition 2024 436,036 44.58% 58 / 120 14 1st Government See also List of political parties in North Macedonia References ^ "Мицкоски се обрати кон своите сопартијци од ВМРО-ДПМНЕ: Еве што им порача" . 23 December 2017. ^ a b c Berglund, Sten, ed. (2013). The Handbook of Political Change in Eastern Europe. Edward Elgar Publishing. pp. 621–622. ISBN 978-1782545880. ^ Daskalovski, Židas (2006). Walking on the Edge: Consolidating Multiethnic Macedonia, 1989-2004. Globic. p. 46. ISBN 978-0977666232. ^ According to the party's statute, in chapter 4, which bears the title, Macedonia for all people, a path to common patriotism, the principles of a new Civic and national nationalism are clearly stated. As well as the party, they established a system of joint coordination and cooperation of the various groups, ethnicities and religions that have an influence in the RNM, in the development and prosperity of the state. DOCTRINE OF THE POLITICAL PARTY VMRO - DPMNE, Chapter 4 Macedonia for all people, a path to common patriotism, https://vmro-dpmne.org.mk/%d0%b4%d0%be%d0%ba%d1%82%d1%80%d0%b8%d0%bd%d0%b0-%d0%bd%d0%b0-%d0%b2%d0%bc%d1%80%d0%be-%d0%b4%d0%bf%d0%bc%d0%bd%d0%b5 ^ According to the personal evaluation of the founder of the party Ljubco Georgievski, not only he, but also 90 percent of VMRO-DPMNE members in the early 1990s, as well as 50 percent of the government he led from 1998 to 2002, felt themselves as Bulgarophiles. He also accused his successor Gruevski of being a Serboman. For more see: Што се случува во десницата? Утрински весник, број 3294 од 31 мај 2010 година. ^ Per the leading VMRO-DPMNE member Aleksandar Lepavcov his grandfather called himself Bulgarian. His father was Bulgarian or, to put it most mildly, a big Bulgarophile. I am also Bulgarophile, but above all I am Macedonian. I know my roots, but today the situation is as it is. For more see: New Faces in Skopje, Lessons from the Macedonian Elections and the Challenges Facing the New Government, International Crisis Group (ICG), UNHCR, 8 January 1999. ^ Friedman, Eben. (2002). Party System, Electoral Systems and Minority Representation in the Republic of Macedonia from 1990 to 2002†. pp= 235-236 in European Yearbook of Minority Issues Online. 2. pp. 227-245. 10.1163/221161103X00111. ^ Fontana, Giuditta (2016). Education Policy and Power-Sharing in Post-Conflict Societies: Lebanon, Northern Ireland, and Macedonia. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 105. ISBN 978-3319314266. ^ Bakke, Elisabeth (2010). "Central and East European party systems since 1989". In Ramet, Sabrina P. (ed.). Central and Southeast European Politics since 1989. Cambridge University Press. p. 79. ISBN 978-0-521-88810-3. ^ a b c Nordsieck, Wolfram (2020). "North Macedonia". Parties and Elections in Europe. Retrieved 16 July 2020. ^ Bideleux, Robert; Jeffries, Ian (2007). The Balkans: A Post-Communist History. Taylor & Francis. p. 419. ISBN 978-0-415-22962-3. ^ Piano, Aili (30 September 2009). Freedom in the World 2009: The Annual Survey of Political Rights & Civil Liberties. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 433. ISBN 978-1-4422-0122-4. ^ Fluri, Philipp H.; Gustenau, Gustav E.; Pantev, Plamen I. (19 September 2005). "Macedonian Reform Perspectives". The Evolution of Civil-Military Relations in South East Europe: Continuing Democratic Reform and Adapting to the Needs of Fighting Terrorism. Springer. p. 170. ISBN 978-3-7908-1572-6. ^ Atanasov, Petar (2005). "Macedonian Reform Perspectives". In Fluri, Philipp H.; Gustenau, Gustav E.; Pantev, Plamen I. (eds.). The Evolution of Civil–Military Relations in South East Europe: Continuing Democratic Reform and Adapting to the Needs of Fighting Terrorism. Springer Science+Business Media. p. 170. ISBN 978-3-7908-1572-6. ^ "Key political Parties in Macedonia". Balkan Insight. 27 September 2012. ^ Bugajski, Janusz (1995). Ethnic Politics in Eastern Europe: A Guide to Nationality Policies, Organizations, and Parties. M. E. Sharpe. p. 463. ISBN 978-0-7656-1911-2. ^ Vera Stojarová, Peter Emerson (2013) Party Politics in the Western Balkans; Routledge, ISBN 1135235856, p. 175. ^ Hugh Poulton, Who are the Macedonians?, Hurst & Company, 2000, ISBN 9781850652380, p. 207. ^ Danforth, Loring M. (1995). The Macedonian Conflict: Ethnic Nationalism in a Transnational World. Princeton University Press. p. 144. ISBN 0691043574. ...the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization – Democratic Party for Macedonian National Unity (VMRO-DPMNE), an ultranationalist party whose irredentist platform called for the creation of a "United Macedonia". ^ Bugajski, Janusz (1995). Ethnic Politics in Eastern Europe: A Guide to Nationality Policies, Organizations, and Parties. M. E. Sharpe. p. 463. ISBN 978-0-7656-1911-2. ^ Poulton, Hugh (2000). Who Are the Macedonians? (2nd ed.). Indiana University Press. p. 217. ISBN 0-253-21359-2. ^ European Yearbook of Minority Issues: 2002-2003. Vol. 2. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. 2004. p. 233. ISBN 9004138390. ^ Dobos, Corina; Stan, Marius (2010). Politics of Memory in Post-Communist Europe (History of Communism in Europe). Zeta Books. p. 197. ISBN 978-9731997858. ^ Jebb, Cindy R. (2006). The Fight for Legitimacy: Democracy vs. Terrorism. Praeger Publishing. p. 65. ISBN 978-0275991890. ^ "Вмро – Дпмне". Vmro-dpmne.org.mk. Retrieved 30 April 2014. ^ The party politics in Macedonia, 1993, Skopje, G. Ljubancev ^ MKD.MK – Prime Minister Gruevski: Macedonia won with fair and democratic elections (in Macedonian) ^ 20 years Macedonian independence (TV documentary film), Macedonian Radio-Television, 2011 ^ Troebst.S, ‘An Ethnic War That Did Not Take Place: Macedonia, Its Minorities and Its Neighbours in the 1990s’, p. 78 in David Turton (ed.), War and Ethnicity: Global Connections and Local Violence (Rochester, 1997 ), pp. 77–103. ^ Dimitar Bechev, Historical Dictionary of North Macedonia, Historical Dictionaries of Europe, Rowman & Littlefield, 2019, p. 124, ISBN 1538119625. ^ Piacentini A., Make Macedonia Great Again! The New Face of Skopje and the Macedonians’ identity dilemma edited by Evinç Doğan in Reinventing Eastern Europe: Imaginaries, Identities and Transformations; Place and space series; Transnational Press London, 2019; ISBN 1910781878, p. 87. ^ Tom Lansford as ed., Political Handbook of the World 2018-2019; (2019) CQ Press, p. 968, ISBN 1544327137. ^ Gurakuç Kuçi, Hybrid Warfare And The Importance Of Elections In Geopolitics: The Case Of North Macedonia – Analysis.Eurasia Review. (ISSN 2330-717X); April 24, 2024. ^ Pandeva, I.R. (2022). North Macedonia and Russia: An Ambiguous Relationship. In: Kaeding, M., Pollak, J., Schmidt, P. (eds) Russia and the Future of Europe. The Future of Europe. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-95648-6_35 ^ Tomáš Vlček, Martin Jirušek, Russian Oil Enterprises in Europe: Investments and Regional Influence, Springer, 2019, p. 143, ISBN 3030198391. ^ Vassilis Petsinis, From pro-American to pro-Russian? Nikola Gruevski as a political chameleon. 22 May 2015. openDemocracy. ^ Jasmin Mujanovic, Hunger and Fury: The Crisis of Democracy in the Balkans, Oxford University Press, 2018, ISBN 0190877391, pp. 115; 162. ^ Aubrey Belford et al., Leaked Documents Show Russian, Serbian Attempts to Meddle in Macedonia. 04 June 2017, Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project. ^ Rajchinovska Pandeva, I. (2021). North Macedonia: The Name in Exchange for European Union Membership?. In: Kaeding, M., Pollak, J., Schmidt, P. (eds) Euroscepticism and the Future of Europe. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-41272-2_26 ^ "Collective Memory, National Identity, and Ethnic Conflict: Greece, Bulgaria, and the Macedonian Question," Victor Roudometof, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2002, ISBN 0275976483, p. 99. ^ Todor Chepreganov et al., History of the Macedonian People, Institute of National History, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje,(2008) p. 254. ^ Alan John Day; Roger East; Richard Thomas (2002). A Political and Economic Dictionary of Eastern Europe: Alan J. Day, Roger East and Richard Thomas . Routledge. p. 275. ISBN 978-1-85743-063-9. ^ Bernard A. Cook, Europe Since 1945: An Encyclopedia, Volume 2, Taylor & Francis, 2001, ISBN 9780815340584, p. 813. ^ "A more modern national hero is Gotse Delchev, leader of the turn-of-the-century Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (IMRO), which was actually a largely pro-Bulgarian organization but is claimed as the founding Macedonian national movement." Kaufman, Stuart J. Modern Hatreds: The Symbolic Politics of Ethnic War. Cornell University Press, 2001, ISBN 0801487366, p. 193. ^ The first name of the IMRO was "Bulgarian Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Committees", which was later changed several times. Initially its membership was restricted only for Bulgarians. It was active not only in Macedonia but also in Thrace (the Vilayet of Adrianople). Since its early name emphasized the Bulgarian nature of the organization by linking the inhabitants of Thrace and Macedonia to Bulgaria, these facts are still difficult to be explained from the Macedonian historiography. They suggest that IMRO revolutionaries in the Ottoman period did not differentiate between ‘Macedonians’ and ‘Bulgarians’. Moreover, as their own writings attest, they often saw themselves and their compatriots as ‘Bulgarians’ and wrote in Bulgarian standard language. For more see: Brunnbauer, Ulf (2004) Historiography, Myths and the Nation in the Republic of Macedonia. In: Brunnbauer, Ulf, (ed.) (Re)Writing History. Historiography in Southeast Europe after Socialism. Studies on South East Europe, vol. 4. LIT, Münster, pp. 165-200 ISBN 382587365X. ^ The revolutionary committee dedicated itself to fight for "full political autonomy for Macedonia and Adrianople." Since they sought autonomy only for those areas inhabited by Bulgarians, they denied other nationalities membership in IMRO. According to Article 3 of the statutes, "any Bulgarian could become a member". For more see: Laura Beth Sherman, Fires on the mountain: the Macedonian revolutionary movement and the kidnapping of Ellen Stone, Volume 62, East European Monographs, 1980, ISBN 0914710559, p. 10. ^ The most controversial revisionist effort concerned the attempt to include the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organisation (VMRO) of the interwar period within the Macedonian national narrative. Previous scholarship had regarded this organization as a reactionary force of Bulgarian expansionism, pointing to its support for conservative circles in Bulgaria, its contacts with the fascist Croatian Ustashe and Nazi Germany, and its display of Bulgarian national identity. The attempt to rehabilitate it was directly linked to efforts by the VMRO-DPMNE party, to declare itself the legitimate successor of the historical VMRO. For more see: Serving the Nation: Ulf Brunnbauer, Historiography in the Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) After Socialism, Historein, Vol 4 (2003). ^ Walking on the Edge: Consolidating Multiethnic Macedonia, 1989-2004, Židas Daskalovski, Globic Press, 2006 (page 46) ^ Jenkins, Brian; Sofos, Spyros A., eds. (1996). Nation and Identity in Contemporary Europe. Routledge. p. 255. ISBN 9780415123129. ^ a b c Steven Levitsky; Lucan A. Way (2010). Competitive Authoritarianism: Hybrid Regimes After the Cold War. Cambridge University Press. pp. 125–128. ISBN 9780521709156. ^ Večer Online Archived 28 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine (in Macedonian) ^ Macedonia profile, BBC News Europe, 23 October 2012 ^ Naoum Kaytchev (2014). "Being Macedonian: Different types of ethnic identifications in the contemporary Republic of Macedonia". Politeja. ismo Wydziału Studiów Międzynarodowych i Politycznych Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego: 123–131. doi:10.12797/Politeja.11.2014.30.13. ^ a b c d e Ghosts of the past endanger Macedonia's future. Boris Georgievski, BalkanInsight, 27 October 2009 . ^ Langer, Benjamin; Julia Lechler (2010). Reading the City: Urban Space and Memory in Skopje. Univerlagtuberlin. p. 43. ISBN 978-3-7983-2129-8. ^ Ludomir R. Lozny (1 January 2011). Comparative Archaeologies: A Sociological View of the Science of the Past. Springer. p. 427. ISBN 978-1-4419-8225-4. ^ Vangeli Anastas (2011). "Nation-building ancient Macedonian style: the origins and the effects of the so-called antiquization in Macedonia". Nationalities Papers. 39: 13–32. doi:10.1080/00905992.2010.532775. S2CID 154923343. ^ "SDSM Allegations at Government on Skopje 2014 Project". Skopje: SkopjeDiem. 30 March 2011. Archived from the original on 4 January 2013. Retrieved 30 July 2012. ^ Macedonian Culture Strategy: Milestone or Wish List?, BalkanInsight, 15 Nov 12 ^ В Скопие: Скулптурата на Симеон Радев била грешка, Vesti, 11.04.2012. ^ Македонски седмичник: Груевски води антибългарска политика, Мицкоски е негово копие. BGNES, 23.08.2019. ^ a b Bulgaria and the Elections in Macedonia: Observations, Findings, Expectations. ACCESS Association. 1999. p. 19. ^ "Court Freezes Macedonian Opposition's Property Assets". 1 November 2018. Retrieved 13 November 2018. ^ EWB (22 July 2020). "Gruevski no longer honorary president of VMRO-DPMNE". European Western Balkans. Retrieved 28 July 2020. ^ Георгиевски: Ако обичаме Македония, трябва да учим албански, 19.11.2012, Actualno.com. ^ Радио Слободна Европа, јануари 23, 2015, Марија Митевска, Србизација на Македонија? ^ Скопие осъмна с билборд срещу сръбската асимилация. Actualno.com. 03.02.2015. ^ Љубчо Георгиевски:Во Македонија се крие дека Делчев бил бугарски учител – Жртвите за самостојна Македонија ги правиме предавници, а удбашите херои. May 6, 2022, iNFOMAX. ^ Љубчо Георгиевски му одговоpи на Бориc Стојменов – кажа сè што мисли за него. info7NEWS - November 1, 2022. ^ "Wess Mitchell to VMRO-DPMNE leader Mickoski: We are disappointed with you!". www.balkaneu.com. 16 October 2018. Retrieved 20 October 2018. ^ "US ups pressure on FYROM opposition to ratify constitutional changes | Kathimerini". Retrieved 20 October 2018. ^ "Greek Foreign Minister Resigns Over Macedonia Deal Dispute". Retrieved 20 October 2018. ^ Македонски заместник-министър за ВМРО-ДПМНЕ: Патриоти у дома, „европейци и американци“ пред Борисов. 22 Ноември 2019, Агенция "Фокус". ^ Ерол Ризаов, Стратегијата на Мицкоски со референдум...дум...дум...13.09.2022; DW. ^ "Мицкоски: Преспанскиот договор е реалност – DW – 3.11.2021". dw.com (in Macedonian). Retrieved 10 December 2022. ^ Лидерът на ВМРО-ДПМНЕ Християн Мицкоски поиска освобождаването на арестувания за палежа на Културния клуб "Иван Михайлов" в Битоля. БТА, 08.06.2022. ^ Influx of Anti-Bulgarian Rhetoric by the Macedonian Elite. www.novinite.com, 20.04.2022. ^ Игра на клубове: новите български сдружения разпалиха битката на власт и опозиция в Скопие. Дневник, 18 окт 2022. ^ ВМРО-ДПМНЕ предлага закон за "спорни имена на сдружения" след откриването на български клубове. Dir.bg, 17.10.2022. ^ Лидерът на ВМРО-ДПМНЕ преброи 173 българи в Северна Македония. Mediapool.bg., 08 октомври 2022. ^ Ковачев: Мицкоски е шампион по антибългаризъм, действа като сърбоманските четници. BGNES, 20.05.2021. ^ Margarita Assenova, The Balkans Are Heating up Again. Eurasia Daily Monitor Volume: 19 Issue: 102, July 8, 2022. ^ Debate Derailed In North Macedonian Parliament Amid Unrest Over Proposed Deal With EU, Bulgaria. Radio Free Europe/Radio Libert, July 07, 2022. ^ Лилия Чалева, Мицкоски се зарече да напусне политиката, ако българите бъдат вписани в Конституцията на РСМ. Dir.bg, 16.08.2022. ^ ВМРО-ДПМНЕ обяви въпроса за референдума, свързан с Договора за приятелство с България. Dir.bg, 05.09.2022. ^ Krasen Nikolov, Russia behind anti-Bulgarian hysteria, says Macedonian ex-PM. 20.09.2022, EURACTIV. ^ "Новият македонски президент подсказа: Политиката ще е против България - Новини от Actualno". www.actualno.com (in Bulgarian). 9 May 2024. Retrieved 16 May 2024. ^ Krassen Nikolov, Bulgaria says North Macedonia risks EU accession over recent statements. Euractiv, 14.05.2024. ^ A VMRO-DPMNE campaign that continues to voice euroscepticism could further erode high but falling public support for EU membership. For more see: Oxford Analytica (2024), "North Macedonia vote may delay move to free EU impasse", Expert Briefings. https://doi.org/10.1108/OXAN-DB284843 ^ Matt Broomfield, Does Macedonia’s future lie in Europe? The country has become an ideological battleground. UnHerd, May 16, 2024. ^ "УНИЈА НА МЛАДИ СИЛИ НА ВМРО-ДПМНЕ – ВМРО-ДПМНЕ". Retrieved 18 October 2022. Further reading Mattioli, Fabio (2020). Dark Finance: Illiquidity and Authoritarianism at the Margins of Europe. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-1-5036-1294-5. External links Official website (in Macedonian) vtePolitical parties in North Macedonia Your Macedonia(58 seats)MPs VMRO-DPMNE (55) Socialist Party of Macedonia (2) Democratic Party of Serbs in Macedonia (1) Without MPs Dignity Macedonian Concept Democratic Union Macedonian Action Union of Tito's Left Forces New Liberal Party Workers-Peasant Party from Macedonia Democratic Bosniak Party Party of the Democratic Action of Macedonia Roma Democratic Forces Roma Integration Party Democratic Party of Roma Serbian Progressive Party in Macedonia Movement for National Unity of the Turks in Macedonia Party of the Vlachs of Macedonia Roma Alliance of Macedonia Party of United Democrats of Macedonia United for Macedonia Voice for Macedonia For a European Future(18 seats)MPs SDSM (15) New Social Democratic Party (2) Liberal Democratic Party (1) Without MPs Democratic Renewal of Macedonia Party for a European Future New Alternative Party for Economic Changes 21 Social and Economic Progress Party Party of Pensioners Party of Pensioners Serbian Party in Macedonia United Party for Roma Equality Party for Democratic Prosperity of the Roma Democratic Union of the Vlachs of Macedonia VMRO – People's Party European Front(18 seats)MPs Democratic Union for Integration (10) Alliance for Albanians-Sela (4) Democratic Party of Turks (1) Party for the Movement of the Turks in Macedonia (1) People's Movement (1) Democratic Party of Albanians (1) Without MPs Democratic European Party Union of Roma in Macedonia Bosniak Democratic VLEN(14 seats)MPs Alliance for Albanians (5) Democratic Movement (3) Alternative (2) Besa Movement (2) Self-determination Movement in North Macedonia (1) Other parties The Left (6) For Our Macedonia (ZNAM) (6) Without MPs Albanian Democratic Union Citizen Option for Macedonia Communist Party of Macedonia (within The Left) Democratic Alternative Democratic League of Bosniaks Green Humane City Homeland Macedonian Organization for Radical Reconstruction - Vardar - Aegean - Pirin National Democratic Party National Democratic Revival New Democracy Party for Democratic Prosperity Social Democratic Party United Party of Roma in Macedonia Integra-Macedonian Conservative Party Macedonian Renewal Reform Option – Workers' Party Party for the Full Emancipation of the Roma of Macedonia People's Movement for Macedonia – United Macedonia Permanent Macedonian Radical Unification (TMRO) Defunct Democratic Party Democratic Party of Macedonia Liberal Party of Macedonia Movement for All-Macedonian Action Party of Democratic Action–Islamic Path Party of Yugoslavs in Macedonia People's Democratic Party Radical Party of the Serbs in Macedonia Workers Party Young Democratic-Progressive Party Portal:Politics List of political parties Politics of North Macedonia vteEuropean People's PartyParliamentary groupNational partiesMember parties (EU) ÖVP LE CD&V GERB/ГЕРБ DSB/ДСБ BCM SDS/СДС HDZ HDS DISY/ΔΗ.ΣΥ. 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KDNP FG FI AP UdC PpI SVP PATT V TS-LKD CSV PN CDA PO PSL CDS-PP PPD-PSD PNL PMP UDMR/RMDSz KDH D Ali Slovensko NSi SDS SLS PP KD M Associated parties (non-EU) PD XD VMRO - DPMNE/ВМРО - ДПМНЕ H SNS/СНС VMSZ/SVM DM-LC-AdC Observer parties HHK/ՀՀԿ Heritage/Ժառանգություն BCD/БХД AHP/АГП За Свабоду HDZ BiH PDP SDA HDZ 1990 ENM/ენმ EG/ევსა LDK PLDM PAS PPDA BS KrF PDCS Batkivshchyna/Батьківщина YeS UDAR/УДАР Об'єднання «Самопоміч»/Ob'yednannya «Samopomich» Presidents Manfred Weber (President) Thanasis Bakolas (Secretary General) Mariya Gabriel (Vice-President) Olgierd Geblewicz (Vice-President) Esteban González Pons (Vice-President) Johannes Hahn (Vice-President) Andrzej Halicki (Vice-President) Esther de Lange (Vice-President) David McAllister (Vice-President) Siegfried Mureșan (Vice-President) Petteri Orpo (Vice-President) Dubravka Šuica (Vice-President) Antonio Tajani (Vice-President) Paulo Rangel (Treasurer) Ursula von der Leyen (ex officio Vice-President) European ParliamentGroup Presidents Manfred Weber (Chair) Arnaud Danjean (Vice-Chair) Esteban González Pons (Vice-Chair) Sandra Kalniete (Vice-Chair) Andrey Kovatchev (Vice-Chair) Esther de Lange (Vice-Chair) Vangelis Meimarakis (Vice-Chair) Siegfried Mureșan (Vice-Chair) Jan Olbrycht (Vice-Chair) Paulo Rangel (Vice-Chair) see European Parliament European Commissioners Ursula von der Leyen (President) Valdis Dombrovskis (Vice-President, An Economy that Works for the People) Dubravka Šuica (Vice-President, Democracy and Demography) Margaritis Schinas (Vice-President, Promoting the European Way of Life) Johannes Hahn (Budget and Administration) Phil Hogan (Trade) Mariya Gabriel (Innovation, Research, Culture, Education and Youth) Stella Kyriakides (Health and Food Safety) Adina-Ioana Vălean (Transport) Olivér Várhelyi (Neighbourhood and Enlargement) see von der Leyen Commission Heads of governmentat the European Council Karl Nehammer (Austria) Andrej Plenković (Croatia) Petteri Orpo (Finland) Kyriakos Mitsotakis (Greece) Simon Harris (Ireland) Evika Siliņa (Latvia) Luc Frieden (Luxembourg) Donald Tusk (Poland) Klaus Iohannis (Romania) Ulf Kristersson (Sweden) see European Council Eurofoundation: Wilfried Martens Centre for European Studies vteInternational Democracy Union Alliance of European Conservatives and Reformists Asia Pacific Democrat Union Caribbean Democrat Union Democrat Union of Africa European Democrat Union European People's Party International Women's Democrat Union International Young Democrat Union Union of Latin American Parties Member parties    Democratic Party Palmavon Webster Liberal Party Austrian People's Party National Independence Party United Democratic Party Social Democrat Movement Party of Democratic Action Democrats Union of Democratic Forces Conservative Party Independent Democratic Union National Renewal Kuomintang Conservative Party Democratic Union Democratic Rally Civic Democratic Party Dominica Freedom Party National Progressive Force Social Christian Party Nationalist Republican Alliance Isamaa National Coalition Party United National Movement Christian Democratic Union Christian Social Union in Bavaria New Patriotic Party New Democracy New National Party Unionist Party National Party Fidesz Independence Party Bharatiya Janata Party Jamaica Labour Party Maldivian Democratic Party Liberal Democratic Party Democratic Party National Party Conservative Party VMRO–DPMNE Conservative Party Christian People's Party CDS–PP People's Action Movement United Workers Party New Democratic Party Democratic Party of Serbia Slovenian Democratic Party People Power Party People's Party United National Party People's Democratic Movement Moderate Party Forum for Democratic Change Conservative Party Republican Party Project Venezuela Authority control databases International VIAF National United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Macedonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonian_language"},{"link_name":"conservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatism"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bakke2010-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PEE-10"},{"link_name":"political party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"North 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liberal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_liberalism"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Macedonians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonians_(ethnic_group)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"ethnic minority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minority_group#Racial_and_ethnic_minorities"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Ljubčo Georgievski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljub%C4%8Do_Georgievski"},{"link_name":"Macedonian independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_Macedonian_independence_referendum"},{"link_name":"Socialist Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"VMRO – People's Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VMRO_%E2%80%93_People%27s_Party"},{"link_name":"Nikola Gruevski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Gruevski"},{"link_name":"ultranationalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultranationalism"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"identity politics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identity_politics"},{"link_name":"antiquization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiquization"},{"link_name":"anti-Albanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Albanian_sentiment"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"pro-European","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro-European"},{"link_name":"pro-NATO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia%E2%80%93NATO_relations"},{"link_name":"Russophilic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russophilia"},{"link_name":"pro-Serbian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro-Serbian"},{"link_name":"anti-Western","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Western_sentiment"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jasmin_Mujanovic_2018-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Eurosceptic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euroscepticism"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"}],"text":"Macedonian political partyThe Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization – Democratic Party for Macedonian National Unity (Macedonian: Внатрешна македонска револуционерна организација – Демократска партија за македонско национално единство), often simplified as VMRO-DPMNE (Macedonian: ВМРО–ДПМНЕ), is a conservative[9][10] political party in North Macedonia and is the main centre-right[11][12][13] to right-wing[14] party in the country.The party has presented itself as Christian-democratic,[2][10][15] but it is considered nationalist,[16][17][18][19][20] anti-communist,[21][22][23] and economically liberal.[24] VMRO-DPMNE's support is based on ethnic Macedonians with some exceptions. The party claims that their goals and objectives are to express the tradition of the Macedonian people on whose political struggle and concepts it is based.[25][26] Nevertheless, it has formed multiple coalition governments with ethnic minority parties.[27] Under the leadership of Ljubčo Georgievski in its beginning, the party supported the Macedonian independence from Socialist Yugoslavia,[28] and led a policy of closer relationships with Bulgaria.[29] After being accused of being a pro-Bulgarian politician, Georgievski broke off from VMRO-DPMNE in 2003[30] to form the VMRO – People's Party.Under the leadership of Nikola Gruevski, the party promoted ultranationalist[31] identity politics in the form of antiquization. Its nationalist stances were often perceived also as anti-Albanian.[32] During Gruevski's leadership the party changed from a pro-European and а pro-NATO policy, to a Russophilic, pro-Serbian and anti-Western one.[33][34][35][36][37][38] His government also managed to build strong Eurosceptic sentiments within the country.[39]","title":"VMRO-DPMNE"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"acronym","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acronym"},{"link_name":"Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Macedonian_Revolutionary_Organization"},{"link_name":"military coup d'état of 1934","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1934_Bulgarian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat"},{"link_name":"North Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Vardar Banovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vardar_Banovina"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian army entered Yugoslav Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslav_Macedonia#Bulgarian_actions_in_1943"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian Action Committees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_Action_Committees"},{"link_name":"independent Macedonian state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Macedonia_(1944)"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"pro-Bulgarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro-Bulgarian"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"}],"text":"The first section of the acronym 'VMRO' which forms the party's name derives from the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization, a rebel movement formed in 1893. After undergoing various transformations, the original organization was suppressed after the military coup d'état of 1934, in its headquarters in Bulgaria. At that time the territory of the current North Macedonia was a province called Vardar Banovina, part of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. As the Bulgarian army entered Yugoslav Macedonia as German satellite during WWII, former IMRO members were active in organizing Bulgarian Action Committees, charged with taking over the local authorities. After Bulgaria switched to the Allied in September 1944, they tried to create a pro-Bulgarian independent Macedonian state under the protectorate of the Third Reich.[40][41] The VMRO–DPMNE claims ideological descent from the old IMRO,[42] although there is no known continuity between the two organizations.[43] The historical IMRO was as a whole pro-Bulgarian grouping,[44][45] and its membership was allowed initially only for Bulgarians.[46][47]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Josip Broz Tito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito"},{"link_name":"SFR Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"SR Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Macedonian nationalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonian_nationalism"},{"link_name":"Dragan Bogdanovski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragan_Bogdanovski"},{"link_name":"statute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statute"},{"link_name":"Ljubčo Georgievski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljub%C4%8Do_Georgievski"},{"link_name":"Skopje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"first multi-party elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_Macedonian_parliamentary_election"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LevitskyWay-50"},{"link_name":"1994 elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_Macedonian_general_election"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LevitskyWay-50"},{"link_name":"1998 election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_Macedonian_parliamentary_election"},{"link_name":"Democratic Party of Albanians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Albanians"},{"link_name":"Ljubčo Georgievski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljub%C4%8Do_Georgievski"},{"link_name":"Boris Trajkovski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Trajkovski"},{"link_name":"2002 legislative elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Macedonian_parliamentary_election"},{"link_name":"Liberal Party of Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Branko Crvenkovski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branko_Crvenkovski"},{"link_name":"Saško Kedev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%C5%A1ko_Kedev"},{"link_name":"VMRO-NP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VMRO_%E2%80%93_People%27s_Party"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LevitskyWay-50"},{"link_name":"2006 parliamentary elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Macedonian_parliamentary_election"},{"link_name":"European People's Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_People%27s_Party"},{"link_name":"2008 early parliamentary elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Macedonian_parliamentary_election"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PEE-10"},{"link_name":"Branko Crvenkovski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branko_Crvenkovski"},{"link_name":"Nikola Gruevski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Gruevski"},{"link_name":"municipalities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Gjorge Ivanov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjorge_Ivanov"},{"link_name":"presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Macedonian_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"2011 early parliamentary elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Macedonian_parliamentary_election"},{"link_name":"early parliamentary elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Macedonian_general_election"},{"link_name":"government in coalition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_Nikola_Gruevski_IV"},{"link_name":"Democratic Union for Integration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Union_for_Integration"}],"text":"Following the death of Yugoslav President Josip Broz Tito in 1980, SFR Yugoslavia began to disintegrate and democratic politics were revived in Macedonia. Many exiles returned to then SR Macedonia from abroad, and a new generation of young Macedonian intellectuals rediscovered the history of Macedonian nationalism. Dragan Bogdanovski who was a proclaimed Macedonian rights movement activist had made a blueprint for a Democratic Party for Macedonian National Unity. He had also made a statute, book of rules, and an instruction of how the party is going to work. Ljubčo Georgievski together with Bogdanovski, Boris Zmejkovski and few other activists had agreed to make a party for a future independent Macedonia. Under the name VMRO–DPMNE, it was founded on 17 June 1990 in Skopje,[48] as a Macedonian nationalist party.[49] Georgievski served as the party's first president.After the first multi-party elections in 1990, VMRO–DPMNE became the strongest party in the parliament.[50] It did not form a government because it did not achieve a majority of seats; this forced it to form a coalition with an ethnic Albanian party, but it refused to do so. The party boycotted the second round of the 1994 elections claiming fraud in the first round. By the mid-1990s, it created offices in most major cities.[50] After winning the 1998 election, VMRO–DPMNE surprised many people when finally forming a coalition government with an ethnic Albanian party, the Democratic Party of Albanians. After their victory in the elections, they formed a new government with Ljubčo Georgievski as Prime Minister. In 1999, VMRO–DPMNE's candidate Boris Trajkovski was elected President, completing VMRO–DPMNE's takeover. Once in office, Trajkovski adopted a more moderate policy than expected.VMRO–DPMNE's government was defeated at the 2002 legislative elections. In an alliance with the Liberal Party of Macedonia, VMRO–DPMNE won 28 out of 120 seats. In 2004 Trajkovski died in a plane crash and Branko Crvenkovski was elected president, defeating VMRO–DPMNE's candidate Saško Kedev. Accused of being a pro-Bulgarian politician (a stigma in Macedonia), Georgievski broke off with VMRO-DPMNE and established the VMRO-NP.The widespread public support for EU membership in the 2000s encouraged the party to evolve into a moderate and pro-European party.[50] The party became the largest party in parliament again after a net gain of over a dozen seats in the 2006 parliamentary elections. With 44 of 120 seats, the party formed a government in coalition with the Democratic Party of Albanians. On 15 May 2007, the party became an observer-member of the European People's Party.The party won 2008 early parliamentary elections. In the 120-seat Assembly, VMRO–DPMNE won 63 seats, enough to form its own government, and by that, the party won 4 more years of dominance in the Macedonian Parliament (mandate period 2008-2012) and government control.[10] After the Parliament constituted itself on 21 June 2008, the President Branko Crvenkovski on 23 June 2008 gave the then VMRO–DPMNE's leader and future prime minister Nikola Gruevski the mandate to form the new government (mandate period 2008–2012).In 2009, the VMRO–DPMNE-led coalition \"For a better Macedonia\" won in 56 out of 84 municipalities, the party's presidential candidate Gjorge Ivanov also won the presidential election.[51]The party won again in the 2011 early parliamentary elections. VMRO–DPMNE won 56 seats of the 120-seat Assembly of the Republic of Macedonia, the party formed a government in coalition with the Democratic Union for Integration in the Macedonian Parliament (mandate period 2011–2015).In 2014, early parliamentary elections were held together with the presidential election, VMRO–DPMNE won again 61 seats of the 120-seat Assembly and formed a government in coalition with the Democratic Union for Integration (mandate period 2014-2018).","title":"Foundation and rise to power"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Antiquization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiquization"},{"link_name":"Skopje 2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje_2014"},{"link_name":"antiquisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiquization"},{"link_name":"ancient Macedonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Macedonians"},{"link_name":"Alexander the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_the_Great"},{"link_name":"Philip II of Macedon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_II_of_Macedon"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Georgievski-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"marginalization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_exclusion"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"classical antiquity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_antiquity"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Georgievski-54"},{"link_name":"Albanians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanians_in_North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Georgievski-54"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Todor Aleksandrov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todor_Aleksandrov"},{"link_name":"Ivan Mihailov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Mihailov"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Georgievski-54"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Georgievski-54"},{"link_name":"SDSM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_Union_of_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"Skopje 2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje_2014"},{"link_name":"Simeon Radev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simeon_Radev"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"Fokus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fokus_(newspaper)"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"}],"sub_title":"Antiquization and Skopje 2014","text":"See also: Antiquization and Skopje 2014VMRO–DPMNE was criticized for its \"antiquisation\" policy (known locally as \"Antikvizacija\") between 2006 and 2017, in which it sought to claim ancient Macedonian figures like Alexander the Great and Philip II of Macedon for the country.[52] The policy was pursued since its coming to power in 2006,[53] and especially since Macedonia's non-invitation to NATO in 2008, as a way of putting pressure on Greece as well as in an attempt to construct a new identity on the basis of a presumed link to the world of antiquity.[54][55] The antiquisation policy fought criticism by academics as it demonstrated feebleness of archaeology and of other historical disciplines in public discourse, as well as a danger of marginalization.[56] The policy also attracted criticism domestically, by ethnic Macedonians within the country, who saw as dangerously dividing the country between those who identify with classical antiquity and those who identify with the country's Slavic culture.[54] Ethnic Albanians saw it as an attempt to marginalize them and exclude them from the national narrative.[54] The policy, which also claimed as ethnic Macedonians figures considered national heroes in Bulgaria, such as Todor Aleksandrov and Ivan Mihailov, has drawn criticism from Bulgaria,[54] and is regarded to have had a negative impact on the international position of the country.[57] Foreign diplomats warned that the policy reduced international sympathy for Macedonia's position in the naming dispute with Greece.[54] SDSM was opposed to the project and has alleged that the monuments in the project could have cost six to ten times less than what the government paid, which may already have exceeded 600 million euros.[58][59] In 2012, as part of the controversial VMRO-DPMNE project Skopje 2014, a statue of the member of the IMRO Simeon Radev, who was also a Bulgarian diplomat, was installed on the building of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The statue was later taken down, with the explanation that it had been a mistake. The explanation was that Radev's relation with Macedonia was only as his place of birth, while his entire life's work was dedicated to the Bulgarian state.[60] According to the Macedonian newspaper Fokus, under Gruevski's leadership there was not even a single activist who supported historical revisionism regarding the Bulgarian question in a high-ranking position and he started an open confrontation with Bulgaria, consistently getting closer to Serbia and its policy.[61]","title":"Foundation and rise to power"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2011 Macedonian protests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Macedonian_protests"},{"link_name":"2015 Macedonian protests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Macedonian_protests"},{"link_name":"2016 Macedonian protests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Macedonian_protests"},{"link_name":"2017 storming of Macedonian Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_storming_of_Macedonian_Parliament"},{"link_name":"Western world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_world"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-62"},{"link_name":"neo-fascism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-fascism"},{"link_name":"Marine Le Pen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_Le_Pen"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"National Rally","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rally"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"fled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fugitive"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"Ljubčo Georgievski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljub%C4%8Do_Georgievski"},{"link_name":"Radio Free Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"Serbianisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbianisation"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"Macedonian historians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiography_in_North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Independent Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Macedonia_(IMRO)"},{"link_name":"UDBA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directorate_for_State_Security_(Yugoslavia)"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"}],"sub_title":"Macedonian political crisis","text":"See also: 2011 Macedonian protests, 2015 Macedonian protests, 2016 Macedonian protests, and 2017 storming of Macedonian ParliamentThe party does not have a good reputation in the Western world.[62] It is often associated with neo-fascism and with Marine Le Pen's party in France (i.e National Rally).[62] VMRO-DPMNE was widely accused of nepotism and authoritarianism and was involved in a series of wiretapping, corruption and money-laundering scandals, with the Macedonian Special Prosecution ordering in 2017 a series of investigations against the party's former leader and ex-PM Nikola Gruevski, as well as ministers and other high-ranked officials, for involvement in illegal activities. In 2018, and amid ongoing investigations, a Skopje court froze the party's property assets.[63] Gruevski himself was sentenced in 2018 but fled when he was ordered to serve his prison sentence. Nevertheless, Gruevski remained an honorary chairman of the party until July 2020.[64]Ljubčo Georgievski espoused his opinion in an interview with Radio Free Europe in 2012, that VMRO-DPMNE is his personal failure. According to him, it became a fake party without any ideology. Georgievski announced that he feels obliged to nail the party every single day. According to him, if the party policy of fabricating hoaxes about the Macedonian past continues, the ethnic Macedonians will gradually lose the support of all ethnic communities in the country.[65] In 2015, he espoused in an interview for Radio Free Europe his opinion that the then government had a clear goal: to keep the country closer to Serbia, and at some future stage to join the northern neighbor. According to him a classical pro-Yugoslav policy of Serbianisation was being conducted, where confrontation with all the other neighbors was taking place, but the border between Macedonian and Serbian national identity had been erased. \"Stop the Serbian assimilation of the Macedonian nation\" was the motto of the billboards that were placed then on Skopje streets, through which the Party launched a campaign for preserving the Macedonian national identity. The pro-governmental press claimed that the \"Bulgarian\" Georgievski organised a new provocation. As a result, the billboards were removed quickly by the VMRO-DPMNE authorities.[66][67] Georgievski has insisted in 2022, that it continues to be hidden by the modern Macedonian historians that the historical IMRO-activists were Bulgarians, saying that he IMRO victims for the idea of an Independent Macedonia are proclaimed traitors, while the communist spies from UDBA are seen as heroes and that this is what VMRO-DPMNE keeps doing, which is a total paradox.[68] According to him, after his departure, agents of the former Yugoslav security service were massively introduced into the party's leadership.[69]","title":"Foundation and rise to power"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Prespa Agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prespa_Agreement"},{"link_name":"Republic of Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Macedonia naming dispute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonia_naming_dispute"},{"link_name":"North Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"ancient Hellenic civilization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greece"},{"link_name":"US Assistant Secretary of State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Assistant_Secretary_of_State"},{"link_name":"Wess Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._Wess_Mitchell"},{"link_name":"Hristijan Mickoski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hristijan_Mickoski"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"SDSM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_Union_of_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Andrej Žernovski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrej_%C5%BDernovski"},{"link_name":"Zoran Zaev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoran_Zaev"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"Prespa Agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prespa_Agreement"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarians_in_North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Ivan Mihailov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Mihailov"},{"link_name":"Bitola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitola"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"Rashela Mizrahi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashela_Mizrahi"},{"link_name":"fascist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascist_(insult)"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"Fokus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fokus_(newspaper)"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"Andrey Kovatchev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrey_Kovatchev"},{"link_name":"2022 North Macedonia protests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_North_Macedonia_protests"},{"link_name":"EU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"Vlado Bučkovski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlado_Bu%C4%8Dkovski"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"Prespa Agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prespa_Agreement"},{"link_name":"Bulgarians in North Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarians_in_North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"conditio sine qua non","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conditio_sine_qua_non"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"election campaign in 2024","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_North_Macedonian_parliamentary_election"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"}],"sub_title":"Mickoski's leadership","text":"VMRO-DPMNE has been criticized for its hard-line stance against the Prespa Agreement that was reached in June 2018 between the Republic of Macedonia and Greece, which resolved the long-standing Macedonia naming dispute by renaming the country as North Macedonia and recognizing that Macedonian culture and language are distinct and unrelated to ancient Hellenic civilization. On 16 October 2018, US Assistant Secretary of State Wess Mitchell sent a letter to VMRO-DPMNE leader Hristijan Mickoski, in which he expresses the disappointment of the United States with the positions of the party's leadership, including him personally, regarding its position against the Prespa agreement and asks to \"set aside partisan interests\" and work to get the name change approved.[70][71] Mickoski expressed his hope that the Republic of Macedonia will be very soon a part of the NATO and EU families, \"but proud and dignified, not humiliated, disfigured and disgraced.\"[72] However in 2019, Mickoski has been criticized by the SDSM Deputy Foreign Minister Andrej Žernovski, that he has insisted, if he becomes a Prime Minister, after receiving a start date for accession negotiations on the EU membership of North Macedonia, the friendship agreements with the neighboring Greece and Bulgaria, signed by Zoran Zaev's government, would be denounced.[73] According to the analyst Erol Rizaov, Mickoski's long-term goal is really the denouncement of both agreements.[74] Mickoski has said if he came to power he would revise the Prespa Agreement signed with Greece in 2018, although stating that he will abide to it.[75]In April 2022, a Bulgarian club named after the last leader of the historical IMRO, Ivan Mihailov (1924–1934), was officially opened in Bitola. After its opening, the club was set on fire, and the VMRO-DPMNE leader demanded that the arsonist, who was arrested, be released.[76] The deputy chairman of the party Alexander Nikoloski expressed later his support to the decision of the Commission for Protection against Discrimination, which announces that the club \"Ivan Mihailov\" is discriminative towards the citizens of the country on national and ethnic grounds. VMRO-DPMNE deputy Rashela Mizrahi declared also the last leader of the organization whose name it bears to be a fascist.[77][78] Later, the party submitted a bill demanding that such names be banned for use in the country to increase distancing from fascism and Nazism.[79][80]The newspaper Fokus accused Gruevski's successor Mickoski of continuing his Bulgarophobic agenda.[81] Bulgarian MEP Andrey Kovatchev also accused Mickoski of Bulgarophobia. The party became the main oppositional force which participated in the 2022 North Macedonia protests, surrounding its accession into the EU.[82][83] Analysts from Bulgaria have seen the party as pro-Russian, pro-Serbian and anti-European. In August 2022, Mickoski vowed to leave politics forever if Bulgarians were included in the country's constitution, a mandatory requirement included in the negotiating framework with the EU.[84] In September 2022, the party proposed a referendum under which the friendship treaty between Bulgaria and North Macedonia would be denounced.[85] According to the former Macedonian Prime Minister Vlado Bučkovski, Russia stays behind this anti-Bulgarian hysteria, aiming to prevent the EU-path of the country.[86]DPMNE has opposed the signings of the Friendship treaty with Bulgaria in 2017, and of the Prespa Agreement with Greece in 2018. VMRO-DPMNE is against the recognition of the Bulgarians in North Macedonia as an official ethnic minority, which is conditio sine qua non the country to become a member of the EU.[87] In this way, the party effectively halted the European integration of North Macedonia.[88] VMRO-DPMNE's election campaign in 2024 has continued to voice Euroscepticism.[89][90]","title":"Foundation and rise to power"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Macedonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonian_language"},{"link_name":"Macedonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonian_language"},{"link_name":"Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonia_(region)"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"Filip Petrovski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filip_Petrovski"},{"link_name":"member of parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_parliament"}],"text":"The Youth Force Union (Macedonian: Унија на млади сили на ВМРО-ДПМНЕ), also known as UMS (Macedonian: УМС), is the youth wing organization of the VMRO-DPMNE. It considers itself a continuation of historical youth organizations which spread the ideals of VMRO for independent Macedonia.[91]A number of projects arising from the Youth Force Union were conducted in the past 20 years. Formed in 1991, the most remarkable and influential President of YFU was Filip Petrovski; he was its leader in the period 1997–2000, and member of parliament 1998–2001.","title":"Youth Force Union"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Election results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Presidential elections","title":"Election results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Assembly elections","title":"Election results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-5036-1294-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-1294-5"}],"text":"Mattioli, Fabio (2020). Dark Finance: Illiquidity and Authoritarianism at the Margins of Europe. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-1-5036-1294-5.","title":"Further reading"}]
[]
[{"title":"List of political parties in North Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_North_Macedonia"}]
[{"reference":"\"Мицкоски се обрати кон своите сопартијци од ВМРО-ДПМНЕ: Еве што им порача\" [Mickoski addressed his fellow party members from VMRO-DPMNE: Here is what he told them]. 23 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.biznisvesti.mk/mitskoski-se-obrati-kon-svoite-sopartijtsi-od-vmro-dpmne-eve-shto-im-poracha-video/","url_text":"\"Мицкоски се обрати кон своите сопартијци од ВМРО-ДПМНЕ: Еве што им порача\""}]},{"reference":"Berglund, Sten, ed. (2013). The Handbook of Political Change in Eastern Europe. Edward Elgar Publishing. pp. 621–622. ISBN 978-1782545880.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=hmtuqFnuDZwC&pg=PA621","url_text":"The Handbook of Political Change in Eastern Europe"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Elgar_Publishing","url_text":"Edward Elgar Publishing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1782545880","url_text":"978-1782545880"}]},{"reference":"Daskalovski, Židas (2006). Walking on the Edge: Consolidating Multiethnic Macedonia, 1989-2004. Globic. p. 46. ISBN 978-0977666232.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5RtM_MZlgVcC&pg=PA46","url_text":"Walking on the Edge: Consolidating Multiethnic Macedonia, 1989-2004"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0977666232","url_text":"978-0977666232"}]},{"reference":"Fontana, Giuditta (2016). Education Policy and Power-Sharing in Post-Conflict Societies: Lebanon, Northern Ireland, and Macedonia. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 105. ISBN 978-3319314266.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=KJTlDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA105","url_text":"Education Policy and Power-Sharing in Post-Conflict Societies: Lebanon, Northern Ireland, and Macedonia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan","url_text":"Palgrave Macmillan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3319314266","url_text":"978-3319314266"}]},{"reference":"Bakke, Elisabeth (2010). \"Central and East European party systems since 1989\". In Ramet, Sabrina P. (ed.). Central and Southeast European Politics since 1989. Cambridge University Press. p. 79. ISBN 978-0-521-88810-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=oFXdiS25N78C&pg=PA79","url_text":"\"Central and East European party systems since 1989\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabrina_P._Ramet","url_text":"Ramet, Sabrina P."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-88810-3","url_text":"978-0-521-88810-3"}]},{"reference":"Nordsieck, Wolfram (2020). \"North Macedonia\". Parties and Elections in Europe. Retrieved 16 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/northmacedonia.html","url_text":"\"North Macedonia\""}]},{"reference":"Bideleux, Robert; Jeffries, Ian (2007). The Balkans: A Post-Communist History. Taylor & Francis. p. 419. ISBN 978-0-415-22962-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5jrHOKsU9pEC&pg=PA419","url_text":"The Balkans: A Post-Communist History"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis","url_text":"Taylor & Francis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-22962-3","url_text":"978-0-415-22962-3"}]},{"reference":"Piano, Aili (30 September 2009). Freedom in the World 2009: The Annual Survey of Political Rights & Civil Liberties. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 433. ISBN 978-1-4422-0122-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=hZVhuV7h5hwC&pg=PA433","url_text":"Freedom in the World 2009: The Annual Survey of Political Rights & Civil Liberties"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield","url_text":"Rowman & Littlefield"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-0122-4","url_text":"978-1-4422-0122-4"}]},{"reference":"Fluri, Philipp H.; Gustenau, Gustav E.; Pantev, Plamen I. (19 September 2005). \"Macedonian Reform Perspectives\". The Evolution of Civil-Military Relations in South East Europe: Continuing Democratic Reform and Adapting to the Needs of Fighting Terrorism. Springer. p. 170. ISBN 978-3-7908-1572-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=AlVVsfDT0mMC&pg=PA170","url_text":"\"Macedonian Reform Perspectives\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7908-1572-6","url_text":"978-3-7908-1572-6"}]},{"reference":"Atanasov, Petar (2005). \"Macedonian Reform Perspectives\". In Fluri, Philipp H.; Gustenau, Gustav E.; Pantev, Plamen I. (eds.). The Evolution of Civil–Military Relations in South East Europe: Continuing Democratic Reform and Adapting to the Needs of Fighting Terrorism. Springer Science+Business Media. p. 170. ISBN 978-3-7908-1572-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=AlVVsfDT0mMC&pg=PA170","url_text":"\"Macedonian Reform Perspectives\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media","url_text":"Springer Science+Business Media"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7908-1572-6","url_text":"978-3-7908-1572-6"}]},{"reference":"\"Key political Parties in Macedonia\". Balkan Insight. 27 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/who-is-who-political-parties-in-macedonia","url_text":"\"Key political Parties in Macedonia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkan_Insight","url_text":"Balkan Insight"}]},{"reference":"Bugajski, Janusz (1995). Ethnic Politics in Eastern Europe: A Guide to Nationality Policies, Organizations, and Parties. M. E. Sharpe. p. 463. ISBN 978-0-7656-1911-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janusz_Bugajski","url_text":"Bugajski, Janusz"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/ethnicpoliticsin0000buga/page/111","url_text":"Ethnic Politics in Eastern Europe: A Guide to Nationality Policies, Organizations, and Parties"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._E._Sharpe","url_text":"M. E. Sharpe"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-1911-2","url_text":"978-0-7656-1911-2"}]},{"reference":"Danforth, Loring M. (1995). The Macedonian Conflict: Ethnic Nationalism in a Transnational World. Princeton University Press. p. 144. ISBN 0691043574. ...the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization – Democratic Party for Macedonian National Unity (VMRO-DPMNE), an ultranationalist party whose irredentist platform called for the creation of a \"United Macedonia\".","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0691043574","url_text":"0691043574"}]},{"reference":"Bugajski, Janusz (1995). Ethnic Politics in Eastern Europe: A Guide to Nationality Policies, Organizations, and Parties. M. E. Sharpe. p. 463. ISBN 978-0-7656-1911-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janusz_Bugajski","url_text":"Bugajski, Janusz"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/ethnicpoliticsin0000buga/page/111","url_text":"Ethnic Politics in Eastern Europe: A Guide to Nationality Policies, Organizations, and Parties"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._E._Sharpe","url_text":"M. E. Sharpe"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-1911-2","url_text":"978-0-7656-1911-2"}]},{"reference":"Poulton, Hugh (2000). Who Are the Macedonians? (2nd ed.). Indiana University Press. p. 217. ISBN 0-253-21359-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8_zeaeTOz6YC&pg=PA217","url_text":"Who Are the Macedonians?"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_University_Press","url_text":"Indiana University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-21359-2","url_text":"0-253-21359-2"}]},{"reference":"European Yearbook of Minority Issues: 2002-2003. Vol. 2. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. 2004. p. 233. ISBN 9004138390.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qzWw5N9uIIEC&pg=PA233","url_text":"European Yearbook of Minority Issues: 2002-2003"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinus_Nijhoff_Publishers","url_text":"Martinus Nijhoff Publishers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004138390","url_text":"9004138390"}]},{"reference":"Dobos, Corina; Stan, Marius (2010). Politics of Memory in Post-Communist Europe (History of Communism in Europe). Zeta Books. p. 197. ISBN 978-9731997858.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=YnDLBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA197","url_text":"Politics of Memory in Post-Communist Europe (History of Communism in Europe)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9731997858","url_text":"978-9731997858"}]},{"reference":"Jebb, Cindy R. (2006). The Fight for Legitimacy: Democracy vs. Terrorism. Praeger Publishing. p. 65. ISBN 978-0275991890.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cindy_Jebb","url_text":"Jebb, Cindy R."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=NQOJwfvFxzsC&pg=PA65","url_text":"The Fight for Legitimacy: Democracy vs. Terrorism"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praeger_Publishing","url_text":"Praeger Publishing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0275991890","url_text":"978-0275991890"}]},{"reference":"\"Вмро – Дпмне\". Vmro-dpmne.org.mk. Retrieved 30 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vmro-dpmne.org.mk/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=192:-15102004-&catid=42:statut&Itemid=77","url_text":"\"Вмро – Дпмне\""}]},{"reference":"Alan John Day; Roger East; Richard Thomas (2002). A Political and Economic Dictionary of Eastern Europe: Alan J. Day, Roger East and Richard Thomas [ed.]. Routledge. p. 275. ISBN 978-1-85743-063-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dt2TXexiKTgC&pg=PA275","url_text":"A Political and Economic Dictionary of Eastern Europe: Alan J. Day, Roger East and Richard Thomas [ed.]"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85743-063-9","url_text":"978-1-85743-063-9"}]},{"reference":"Jenkins, Brian; Sofos, Spyros A., eds. (1996). Nation and Identity in Contemporary Europe. Routledge. p. 255. ISBN 9780415123129.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415123129","url_text":"9780415123129"}]},{"reference":"Steven Levitsky; Lucan A. Way (2010). Competitive Authoritarianism: Hybrid Regimes After the Cold War. Cambridge University Press. pp. 125–128. ISBN 9780521709156.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521709156","url_text":"9780521709156"}]},{"reference":"Naoum Kaytchev (2014). \"Being Macedonian: Different types of ethnic identifications in the contemporary Republic of Macedonia\". Politeja. ismo Wydziału Studiów Międzynarodowych i Politycznych Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego: 123–131. doi:10.12797/Politeja.11.2014.30.13.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.12797%2FPoliteja.11.2014.30.13","url_text":"\"Being Macedonian: Different types of ethnic identifications in the contemporary Republic of Macedonia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.12797%2FPoliteja.11.2014.30.13","url_text":"10.12797/Politeja.11.2014.30.13"}]},{"reference":"Langer, Benjamin; Julia Lechler (2010). Reading the City: Urban Space and Memory in Skopje. Univerlagtuberlin. p. 43. ISBN 978-3-7983-2129-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=sgfc1TosZGYC&pg=PA43","url_text":"Reading the City: Urban Space and Memory in Skopje"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7983-2129-8","url_text":"978-3-7983-2129-8"}]},{"reference":"Ludomir R. Lozny (1 January 2011). Comparative Archaeologies: A Sociological View of the Science of the Past. Springer. p. 427. ISBN 978-1-4419-8225-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=HFkueBuO-ucC&pg=PA427","url_text":"Comparative Archaeologies: A Sociological View of the Science of the Past"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4419-8225-4","url_text":"978-1-4419-8225-4"}]},{"reference":"Vangeli Anastas (2011). \"Nation-building ancient Macedonian style: the origins and the effects of the so-called antiquization in Macedonia\". Nationalities Papers. 39: 13–32. doi:10.1080/00905992.2010.532775. S2CID 154923343.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00905992.2010.532775","url_text":"10.1080/00905992.2010.532775"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154923343","url_text":"154923343"}]},{"reference":"\"SDSM Allegations at Government on Skopje 2014 Project\". Skopje: SkopjeDiem. 30 March 2011. Archived from the original on 4 January 2013. Retrieved 30 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130104174531/http://www.skopjediem.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=9407:sdsm-allegations-at-government-on-skopje-2014-project-&catid=1:latest-news&Itemid=81","url_text":"\"SDSM Allegations at Government on Skopje 2014 Project\""},{"url":"http://www.skopjediem.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=9407:sdsm-allegations-at-government-on-skopje-2014-project-&catid=1:latest-news&Itemid=81","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bulgaria and the Elections in Macedonia: Observations, Findings, Expectations. ACCESS Association. 1999. p. 19.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=bUtpAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Bulgaria and the Elections in Macedonia: Observations, Findings, Expectations"}]},{"reference":"\"Court Freezes Macedonian Opposition's Property Assets\". 1 November 2018. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Francisca_Palafox_Portocarrero_y_KirkPatrick
María Francisca de Sales Portocarrero, 16th Duchess of Peñaranda
["1 Life and family","2 Bibliography","3 External links"]
The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's notability guideline for biographies. Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted.Find sources: "María Francisca de Sales Portocarrero, 16th Duchess of Peñaranda" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) María Francisca de Salesde Palafox Portocarrero16th Duchess of Peñaranda de DueroDuchess of AlbaPortrait by Franz Xaver Winterhalter, 1854BornMaría Francisca de Sales de Palafox Portocarrero y Kirkpatrick29 January 1825Granada, SpainDied16 September 1860(1860-09-16) (aged 35)Paris, FranceSpouse(s) Jacobo Fitz-James Stuart, 15th Duke of Alba ​ ​(m. 1848)​Issue Carlos María Fitz-James Stuart y Palafox, 16th Duke of Alba María de la Asunción Fitz-James Stuart y Palafox, 3rd Duchess of Galisteo María Luisa Fitz-James Stuart y Palafox, 14th Duchess of Montoro FatherCipriano de Palafox y Portocarrero, 8th Count of MontijoMotherMaría Manuela Kirkpatrick María Francisca de Sales "Paca" de Palafox Portocarrero y Kirkpatrick, 16th Duchess of Peñaranda de Duero (29 January 1825 – 16 September 1860), also known as Paca de Alba, was a Spanish noblewoman and the sister of Eugénie de Montijo, Empress of the French. She was the 16th Duchess of Peñaranda de Duero in her own right and a Grandee of Spain, and she inherited many other titles from her father. She was also Duchess of Alba by virtue of her marriage to Jacobo Fitz-James Stuart, 15th Duke of Alba. Life and family She was the elder daughter of Cipriano de Palafox y Portocarrero, 8th Count of Montijo and 15th Duke of Peñaranda de Duero, and his wife, María Manuela Kirkpatrick (daughter of the Scottish-born U.S. consul to Málaga), who provided inspiration for Prosper Mérimée's novella Carmen. Her younger sister, Eugenia, married French emperor Napoleon III in 1853 and became Empress consort of the French. While she was a child, her family moved to France. After her father's death in 1839, her mother moved back to Spain with the two girls. Her mother was desperate to get her and Eugenia married off, and the sisters became condescendingly known as las condesitas by Madrid society. The 16th Marquis of Alcañices asked his eldest son, José Osorio y Silva (later the 9th Duke of Sesto), to take charge of introducing the sisters into society. He ended up falling in love with María, and the two remained friends after her marriage. To get closer to María, he became friends with Eugenia. However, Eugenia fell in love with him, and when she found out that her love was not requited, she attempted suicide with a concoction of phosphorus and milk. As the eldest child, María succeeded to her father's titles – as : 16th Duchess of Peñaranda de Duero, 10th Marchioness of Valderrábano, 17th Marchioness of Villanueva del Fresno and Barcarrota, 13th Marchioness of la Algaba, 15th Marchioness of La Bañeza, 15th Marchioness of Mirallo, 14th Marchioness of Valdunquillo, 9th Countess of Montijo, 19th Countess of Teba 11th Countess of Baños 17th Countess of Miranda del Castañar, 18th Countess of Fuentidueña, 13th Countess of Casarrubios del Monte, 20th Countess of San Esteban de Gormaz, 18th Viscountess of Palacios de la Valduerna. These titles were incorporated into the House of Alba through her marriage to Jacobo Fitz-James Stuart y Ventimiglia, the heir of that house. They married in Madrid on 14 February 1848 and had three children: Carlos María Fitz-James Stuart y Palafox, 16th Duke of Alba; married María del Rosario Falcó y Osorio, 12th Countess of Siruela. María de la Asunción Fitz-James Stuart y Palafox, 3rd Duchess of Galisteo; married José Mesía Pando, mayor of Madrid and 4th Duke of Tamames. María Luisa Fitz-James Stuart y Palafox, 14th Duchess of Montoro; married Luis Fernández de Córdoba y Pérez de Barradas, 14th Duke of Medinaceli. She was made a Dame of the Order of Queen Maria Luisa. In 1859, she was diagnosed with tuberculosis, although her symptoms suggest leukemia. Her sister wanted to get her out of Madrid and so sent her yacht to Alicante. Accompanied by their mother (unaware of the severity of the disease) and a doctor, she moved to Paris, where she died on 16 September 1860. Her funeral was held at the Church of the Madeleine in Paris, and her remains were transported to Madrid. There, her friend José Osorio y Silva, who was the mayor of Madrid at that time, held a burial ceremony at the Hermitage of Santa María la Antigua, where she had expressed a wish to be buried. Her body was later moved to the family vault of the House of Alba at the Monastery of Inmaculada Concepción in Loeches, where it remains. Bibliography Ana de Sagrera (1990). Una rusa en España: Sofía, duquesa de Sesto. Espasa-Calpe. ISBN 84-239-2236-7. David Baguley, Napoleon III and his regime - an Extravaganza. Louisiana State University Press, 2000. ISBN 0-8071-2624-1. John Bierman, Napoleon III and his Carnival Empire. St. Martin's Press, 1988. ISBN 0-312-01827-4. Colin Carlin, William Kirkpatrick of Malaga, The Grimsay Press, 2011. ISBN 978-1-84530-071-5 External links Media related to María Francisca de Sales Portocarrero, 16th Duchess of Peñaranda at Wikimedia Commons Genealogy of the House of Alba Authority control databases International VIAF National Spain Germany
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eugénie de Montijo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A9nie_de_Montijo"},{"link_name":"Duchess of Peñaranda de Duero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Pe%C3%B1aranda_de_Duero"},{"link_name":"Grandee of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandee_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Duchess of Alba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Alba"},{"link_name":"Jacobo Fitz-James Stuart, 15th Duke of Alba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobo_Fitz-James_Stuart,_15th_Duke_of_Alba"}],"text":"María Francisca de Sales \"Paca\" de Palafox Portocarrero y Kirkpatrick, 16th Duchess of Peñaranda de Duero (29 January 1825 – 16 September 1860), also known as Paca de Alba, was a Spanish noblewoman and the sister of Eugénie de Montijo, Empress of the French. She was the 16th Duchess of Peñaranda de Duero in her own right and a Grandee of Spain, and she inherited many other titles from her father. She was also Duchess of Alba by virtue of her marriage to Jacobo Fitz-James Stuart, 15th Duke of Alba.","title":"María Francisca de Sales Portocarrero, 16th Duchess of Peñaranda"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cipriano de Palafox y Portocarrero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cipriano_de_Palafox_y_Portocarrero"},{"link_name":"Count of Montijo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_of_Montijo"},{"link_name":"María Manuela Kirkpatrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Manuela_Kirkpatrick_de_Grevign%C3%A9e"},{"link_name":"Málaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1laga"},{"link_name":"Prosper Mérimée","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosper_M%C3%A9rim%C3%A9e"},{"link_name":"Carmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen_(novella)"},{"link_name":"Eugenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A9nie_de_Montijo"},{"link_name":"Napoleon III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon_III"},{"link_name":"Empress consort of the French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empress_consort_of_the_French"},{"link_name":"Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid"},{"link_name":"José Osorio y Silva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Osorio_y_Silva"},{"link_name":"Duchess of Peñaranda de Duero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Pe%C3%B1aranda_de_Duero"},{"link_name":"Countess of Montijo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_of_Montijo"},{"link_name":"Countess of Teba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_of_Teba"},{"link_name":"Countess of Baños","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_of_Ba%C3%B1os"},{"link_name":"House of Alba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Alba"},{"link_name":"Jacobo Fitz-James Stuart y Ventimiglia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobo_Fitz-James_Stuart_y_Ventimiglia"},{"link_name":"Carlos María Fitz-James Stuart y Palafox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Mar%C3%ADa_Fitz-James_Stuart_y_Palafox"},{"link_name":"mayor of Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_Madrid"},{"link_name":"Duke of Medinaceli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Medinaceli"},{"link_name":"Order of Queen Maria Luisa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Queen_Maria_Luisa"},{"link_name":"tuberculosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberculosis"},{"link_name":"leukemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukemia"},{"link_name":"Alicante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alicante"},{"link_name":"Church of the Madeleine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_Madeleine"},{"link_name":"Hermitage of Santa María la Antigua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermitage_of_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_la_Antigua_(Madrid)"},{"link_name":"Monastery of Inmaculada Concepción","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monastery_of_Inmaculada_Concepci%C3%B3n_(Loeches)"},{"link_name":"Loeches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loeches"}],"text":"She was the elder daughter of Cipriano de Palafox y Portocarrero, 8th Count of Montijo and 15th Duke of Peñaranda de Duero, and his wife, María Manuela Kirkpatrick (daughter of the Scottish-born U.S. consul to Málaga), who provided inspiration for Prosper Mérimée's novella Carmen. Her younger sister, Eugenia, married French emperor Napoleon III in 1853 and became Empress consort of the French.While she was a child, her family moved to France. After her father's death in 1839, her mother moved back to Spain with the two girls. Her mother was desperate to get her and Eugenia married off, and the sisters became condescendingly known as las condesitas by Madrid society.The 16th Marquis of Alcañices asked his eldest son, José Osorio y Silva (later the 9th Duke of Sesto), to take charge of introducing the sisters into society. He ended up falling in love with María, and the two remained friends after her marriage. To get closer to María, he became friends with Eugenia. However, Eugenia fell in love with him, and when she found out that her love was not requited, she attempted suicide with a concoction of phosphorus and milk.As the eldest child, María succeeded to her father's titles – as :16th Duchess of Peñaranda de Duero,\n10th Marchioness of Valderrábano,\n17th Marchioness of Villanueva del Fresno and Barcarrota,\n13th Marchioness of la Algaba, 15th Marchioness of La Bañeza,\n15th Marchioness of Mirallo,\n14th Marchioness of Valdunquillo,\n9th Countess of Montijo,\n19th Countess of Teba\n11th Countess of Baños\n17th Countess of Miranda del Castañar,\n18th Countess of Fuentidueña,\n13th Countess of Casarrubios del Monte,\n20th Countess of San Esteban de Gormaz,\n18th Viscountess of Palacios de la Valduerna.These titles were incorporated into the House of Alba through her marriage to Jacobo Fitz-James Stuart y Ventimiglia, the heir of that house. They married in Madrid on 14 February 1848 and had three children:Carlos María Fitz-James Stuart y Palafox, 16th Duke of Alba; married María del Rosario Falcó y Osorio, 12th Countess of Siruela.\nMaría de la Asunción Fitz-James Stuart y Palafox, 3rd Duchess of Galisteo; married José Mesía Pando, mayor of Madrid and 4th Duke of Tamames.\nMaría Luisa Fitz-James Stuart y Palafox, 14th Duchess of Montoro; married Luis Fernández de Córdoba y Pérez de Barradas, 14th Duke of Medinaceli.She was made a Dame of the Order of Queen Maria Luisa. In 1859, she was diagnosed with tuberculosis, although her symptoms suggest leukemia. Her sister wanted to get her out of Madrid and so sent her yacht to Alicante. Accompanied by their mother (unaware of the severity of the disease) and a doctor, she moved to Paris, where she died on 16 September 1860.Her funeral was held at the Church of the Madeleine in Paris, and her remains were transported to Madrid. There, her friend José Osorio y Silva, who was the mayor of Madrid at that time, held a burial ceremony at the Hermitage of Santa María la Antigua, where she had expressed a wish to be buried. Her body was later moved to the family vault of the House of Alba at the Monastery of Inmaculada Concepción in Loeches, where it remains.","title":"Life and family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"84-239-2236-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-239-2236-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8071-2624-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8071-2624-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-312-01827-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-01827-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-84530-071-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84530-071-5"}],"text":"Ana de Sagrera (1990). Una rusa en España: Sofía, duquesa de Sesto. Espasa-Calpe. ISBN 84-239-2236-7.\nDavid Baguley, Napoleon III and his regime - an Extravaganza. Louisiana State University Press, 2000. ISBN 0-8071-2624-1.\nJohn Bierman, Napoleon III and his Carnival Empire. St. Martin's Press, 1988. ISBN 0-312-01827-4.\nColin Carlin, William Kirkpatrick of Malaga, The Grimsay Press, 2011. ISBN 978-1-84530-071-5","title":"Bibliography"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Rutaceae_genera
List of Rutaceae genera
[]
As of December 2023, Plants of the World Online (PoWO) accepted 152 genera in the family Rutaceae. The Angiosperm Phylogeny Website (APweb) also accepted about 150 genera, but with some genera accepted by PoWO not accepted and some extra genera. About 140 genera were common to the two lists. The list below is based on PoWO, with placements in APWeb shown in parentheses. Contents:  A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z A Agathosma apiculata Acmadenia Bartl. & H.L.Wendl. Acradenia Kippist Acronychia J.R.Forst. & G.Forst. - lemon aspen Adenandra Willd. Adiscanthus Ducke Aegle Corrêa - bael Aeglopsis Swingle Afraegle Engl. Afraurantium A.Chev. Agathosma Willd. Amyris P.Browne - West Indian sandalwood Andreadoxa Kallunki Angostura Roem. & Schult. Apocaulon R.S.Cowan Asterolasia F.Muell. Atalantia Corrêa B Fraser's Boronia (Boronia fraseri) Balfourodendron Mello ex Oliv. Balsamocitrus Stapf Bergera J.Koenig ex L. Boenninghausenia Rchb. ex Meisn. Boronia Sm. Bosistoa F.Muell. ex Benth. - bonewoods Bottegoa Chiov. Bouchardatia Baill. Bouzetia Montrouz., synonym of Suriana in family Surianaceae Brombya F.Muell. Burkillanthus Swingle C Mexican Orange Blossom (Choisya ternata) Calodendrum Thunb. Casimiroa La Llave Cedrelopsis Baill. Chloroxylon DC. Choisya Kunth - Mexican orange Chorilaena Endl. Citropsis (Engl.) Swingle & M.Kellerm. - African orange cherry Citrus L. Clausena Burm.f. Clymenia Swingle (may be included in Citrus) Cneoridium Hook.f. Cneorum L. (formerly in Cneoraceae) Coleonema Bartl. & H.L.Wendl. - breath of heaven Comptonella Baker f. (may be included in Melicope) Conchocarpus J.C.Mikan Correa Andrews Crossosperma T.G.Hartley Crowea Sm. Cyanothamnus Lindl. D Burning-bush (Dictamnus albus) Decagonocarpus Engl. Decatropis Hook.f. Decazyx Pittier & S.F.Blake Dendrosma Pancher & Sebert, synonym of Geijera Desmotes Kallunki Dictamnus L. - burning-bush Dictyoloma A.Juss. Diphasia Pierre, synonym of Vepris Dinosperma T.G.Hartley Diosma L. Diplolaena R.Br. Drummondita Harv. Dryades Groppo, Kallunki & Pirani Dutailliopsis T.G.Hartley Dutaillyea Baill. (may be included in Melicope) E Erythrochiton brasiliensis Empleurum Aiton Eriostemon Sm. Ertela Adans. Erythrochiton Nees & Mart. Esenbeckia Kunth Euchaetis Bartl. & H.L.Wendl. Euodia J.R.Forst. & G.Forst. Euxylophora Huber F Fagaropsis Mildbr. – crow ash, cudgerie Feroniella Swingle Flindersia R.Br. G Galipea Aubl. Geijera Schott - wilga, axebreakers Geleznowia Turcz. Glycosmis Corrêa H Halfordia F.Muell. Haplophyllum A.Juss. Harrisonia R.Br. ex A.Juss. Helietta Tul. Hortia Vand. I Ivodea Capuron L Leionema (F.Muell.) Paul G.Wilson Leptothyrsa Hook.f. Limnocitrus Swingle, synonym of Pleiospermium Limonia L. Lubaria Pittier Lunasia Blanco Luvunga Buch.-Ham. ex Wight & Arn. M Orange Jessamine (Murraya paniculata) Maclurodendron T.G.Hartley (may be included in Acronychia) Macrostylis Bartl. & H.L.Wendl. Medicosma Hook.f. Megastigma Hook.f. Melicope J.R.Forst. & G.Forst. - corkwood, alani Merope M.Roem. Merrillia Swingle, synonym of Murraya Metrodorea A.St.-Hil. Microcybe Turcz. Micromelum Blume Monanthocitrus Tanaka Muiriantha C.A.Gardner Murraya J.Koenig ex L. Myrtopsis Engl. N Naringi Adans. Naudinia Planch. & Linden Nematolepis Turcz. Neobyrnesia J.A.Armstr. Neoraputia Emmerich ex Kallunki Neoschmidia T.G.Hartley O Oricia Pierre, synonym of Vepris Oriciopsis Engl., synonym of Vepris Orixa Thunb. Oxanthera Montrouz., synonym of Citrus P Hoptree (Ptelea trifoliata) Pamburus Swingle Paramignya Wight Peltostigma Walp. Pentaceras Hook.f. Perryodendron T.G.Hartley Phebalium Vent. Phellodendron Rupr. - cork-tree Philotheca Rudge Phyllosma Bolus ex Schltr. Picrella Baill. (may be included in Melicope) Pilocarpus Vahl Pitavia Molina Pitaviaster T.G.Hartley (may be included in Melicope) Platydesma H.Mann, synonym of Melicope Pleiospermium Swingle Plethadenia Urb. Polyaster Hook.f. Psilopeganum Hemsl. Ptaeroxylon Eckl. & Zeyh. - sneezewood tree Ptelea L. R Common Rue (Ruta graveolens) Raputia Aubl. Raputiarana Emmerich Rauia Nees & Mart. Raulinoa R.S.Cowan Ravenia Vell. Raveniopsis Gleason Rhadinothamnus Paul G.Wilson Ruta L. Rutaneblina Steyerm. & Luteyn S Sarcomelicope Engl. (may be included in Melicope) Severinia Ten., synonym of Atalantia Sheilanthera I.Williams Sigmatanthus Huber ex Emmerich Skimmia Thunb. Sohnreyia K.Krause Spathelia L. Spiranthera A.St.-Hil. Stauranthus Liebm. Swinglea Merr. T Turpentine-broom, (Thamnosma montana) Teclea Delile, synonym of Vepris Tetractomia Hook.f. Tetradium Lour. Thamnosma Torr. & Frém. Ticorea Aubl. Toddalia Juss., synonym of Zanthoxylum Toxosiphon Baill. Triphasia Lour. V Vepris Comm. ex A.Juss. W Wenzelia Merr. Z Zanthoxylum L. - toothache tree Zieria Sm. (may be included in Boronia) References ^ "Rutaceae Juss.", Plants of the World Online, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, retrieved 14 December 2023 ^ Stevens, P.F., "Rutaceae Genera", Angiosperm Phylogeny Website, Missouri Botanical Garden, retrieved 2021-09-09
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#A"},{"link_name":"B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#B"},{"link_name":"C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#C"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#D"},{"link_name":"E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#E"},{"link_name":"F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#F"},{"link_name":"G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#G"},{"link_name":"H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#H"},{"link_name":"I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#I"},{"link_name":"J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#J"},{"link_name":"K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#K"},{"link_name":"L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#L"},{"link_name":"M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#M"},{"link_name":"N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#N"},{"link_name":"O","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#O"},{"link_name":"P","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#P"},{"link_name":"Q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Q"},{"link_name":"R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#R"},{"link_name":"S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#S"},{"link_name":"T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#T"},{"link_name":"U","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#U"},{"link_name":"V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#V"},{"link_name":"W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#W"},{"link_name":"X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#X"},{"link_name":"Y","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Y"},{"link_name":"Z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Z"}],"text":"Contents: \n \nA\nB\nC\nD\nE\nF\nG\nH\nI\nJ\nK\nL\nM\nN\nO\nP\nQ\nR\nS\nT\nU\nV\nW\nX\nY\nZ","title":"List of Rutaceae genera"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Agathosma_apiculata0.jpg"},{"link_name":"Agathosma apiculata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agathosma_apiculata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Acmadenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acmadenia"},{"link_name":"Acradenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acradenia"},{"link_name":"Acronychia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acronychia"},{"link_name":"Adenandra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenandra"},{"link_name":"Adiscanthus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adiscanthus"},{"link_name":"Aegle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegle_marmelos"},{"link_name":"Aeglopsis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeglopsis"},{"link_name":"Afraegle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afraegle"},{"link_name":"Afraurantium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afraurantium"},{"link_name":"Agathosma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agathosma"},{"link_name":"Amyris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amyris"},{"link_name":"Andreadoxa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreadoxa"},{"link_name":"Angostura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angostura_(plant)"},{"link_name":"Apocaulon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apocaulon"},{"link_name":"Asterolasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asterolasia"},{"link_name":"Atalantia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atalantia"}],"text":"Agathosma apiculataAcmadenia Bartl. & H.L.Wendl.\nAcradenia Kippist\nAcronychia J.R.Forst. & G.Forst. - lemon aspen\nAdenandra Willd.\nAdiscanthus Ducke\nAegle Corrêa - bael\nAeglopsis Swingle\nAfraegle Engl.\nAfraurantium A.Chev.\nAgathosma Willd.\nAmyris P.Browne - West Indian sandalwood\nAndreadoxa Kallunki\nAngostura Roem. & Schult.\nApocaulon R.S.Cowan\nAsterolasia F.Muell.\nAtalantia Corrêa","title":"A"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boronia_fraseri_Glenbrook.jpg"},{"link_name":"Boronia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boronia"},{"link_name":"Balfourodendron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balfourodendron"},{"link_name":"Balsamocitrus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balsamocitrus"},{"link_name":"Bergera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergera"},{"link_name":"Boenninghausenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boenninghausenia"},{"link_name":"Meisn.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Meissner"},{"link_name":"Boronia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boronia"},{"link_name":"Bosistoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosistoa"},{"link_name":"Bottegoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bottegoa"},{"link_name":"Bouchardatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouchardatia"},{"link_name":"Suriana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suriana"},{"link_name":"Brombya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brombya"},{"link_name":"Burkillanthus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkillanthus"}],"text":"Fraser's Boronia (Boronia fraseri)Balfourodendron Mello ex Oliv.\nBalsamocitrus Stapf\nBergera J.Koenig ex L.\nBoenninghausenia Rchb. ex Meisn.\nBoronia Sm.\nBosistoa F.Muell. ex Benth. - bonewoods\nBottegoa Chiov.\nBouchardatia Baill.\nBouzetia Montrouz., synonym of Suriana in family Surianaceae\nBrombya F.Muell.\nBurkillanthus Swingle","title":"B"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Choisya_ternata0.jpg"},{"link_name":"Choisya ternata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choisya_ternata"},{"link_name":"Calodendrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calodendrum"},{"link_name":"Casimiroa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casimiroa"},{"link_name":"Cedrelopsis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedrelopsis"},{"link_name":"Chloroxylon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroxylon"},{"link_name":"Choisya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choisya"},{"link_name":"Chorilaena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorilaena"},{"link_name":"Citropsis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citropsis"},{"link_name":"Citrus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citrus"},{"link_name":"Clausena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clausena"},{"link_name":"Clymenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clymenia_(plant)"},{"link_name":"Cneoridium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cneoridium"},{"link_name":"Cneorum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cneorum"},{"link_name":"Coleonema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coleonema"},{"link_name":"Comptonella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comptonella"},{"link_name":"Conchocarpus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conchocarpus"},{"link_name":"Correa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correa_(plant)"},{"link_name":"Crossosperma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossosperma"},{"link_name":"Crowea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowea"},{"link_name":"Cyanothamnus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanothamnus"}],"text":"Mexican Orange Blossom (Choisya ternata)Calodendrum Thunb.\nCasimiroa La Llave\nCedrelopsis Baill.\nChloroxylon DC.\nChoisya Kunth - Mexican orange\nChorilaena Endl.\nCitropsis (Engl.) Swingle & M.Kellerm. - African orange cherry\nCitrus L.\nClausena Burm.f.\nClymenia Swingle (may be included in Citrus)\nCneoridium Hook.f.\nCneorum L. (formerly in Cneoraceae)\nColeonema Bartl. & H.L.Wendl. - breath of heaven\nComptonella Baker f. (may be included in Melicope)\nConchocarpus J.C.Mikan\nCorrea Andrews\nCrossosperma T.G.Hartley\nCrowea Sm.\nCyanothamnus Lindl.","title":"C"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dyptam_jesionolistny_Dictamnus_albus.jpg"},{"link_name":"Dictamnus albus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictamnus_albus"},{"link_name":"Decagonocarpus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decagonocarpus"},{"link_name":"Decatropis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decatropis"},{"link_name":"Decazyx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decazyx"},{"link_name":"Geijera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geijera"},{"link_name":"Desmotes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmotes"},{"link_name":"Dictamnus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictamnus"},{"link_name":"Dictyoloma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictyoloma"},{"link_name":"Vepris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vepris"},{"link_name":"Dinosperma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinosperma"},{"link_name":"Diosma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diosma"},{"link_name":"Diplolaena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplolaena"},{"link_name":"Drummondita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drummondita"},{"link_name":"Harv.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Henry_Harvey"},{"link_name":"Dryades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dryades"},{"link_name":"Dutailliopsis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutailliopsis"},{"link_name":"Dutaillyea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutaillyea"},{"link_name":"Melicope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melicope"}],"text":"Burning-bush (Dictamnus albus)Decagonocarpus Engl.\nDecatropis Hook.f.\nDecazyx Pittier & S.F.Blake\nDendrosma Pancher & Sebert, synonym of Geijera\nDesmotes Kallunki\nDictamnus L. - burning-bush\nDictyoloma A.Juss.\nDiphasia Pierre, synonym of Vepris\nDinosperma T.G.Hartley\nDiosma L.\nDiplolaena R.Br.\nDrummondita Harv.\nDryades Groppo, Kallunki & Pirani\nDutailliopsis T.G.Hartley\nDutaillyea Baill. (may be included in Melicope)","title":"D"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Erythrochiton_brasiliensis5.jpg"},{"link_name":"Erythrochiton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythrochiton"},{"link_name":"Empleurum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empleurum"},{"link_name":"Eriostemon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eriostemon"},{"link_name":"Ertela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ertela"},{"link_name":"Erythrochiton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythrochiton"},{"link_name":"Esenbeckia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esenbeckia_(plant)"},{"link_name":"Euchaetis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euchaetis_(plant)"},{"link_name":"Euodia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euodia_(plant)"},{"link_name":"Euxylophora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euxylophora"}],"text":"Erythrochiton brasiliensisEmpleurum Aiton\nEriostemon Sm.\nErtela Adans.\nErythrochiton Nees & Mart.\nEsenbeckia Kunth\nEuchaetis Bartl. & H.L.Wendl.\nEuodia J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.\nEuxylophora Huber","title":"E"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fagaropsis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fagaropsis"},{"link_name":"Feroniella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feroniella"},{"link_name":"Flindersia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flindersia"}],"text":"Fagaropsis Mildbr. – crow ash, cudgerie\nFeroniella Swingle\nFlindersia R.Br.","title":"F"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Galipea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galipea"},{"link_name":"Geijera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geijera"},{"link_name":"Geleznowia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geleznowia"},{"link_name":"Glycosmis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycosmis"}],"text":"Galipea Aubl.\nGeijera Schott - wilga, axebreakers\nGeleznowia Turcz.\nGlycosmis Corrêa","title":"G"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Halfordia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halfordia"},{"link_name":"Haplophyllum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplophyllum_(plant)"},{"link_name":"Harrisonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrisonia"},{"link_name":"Helietta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helietta"},{"link_name":"Hortia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hortia"}],"text":"Halfordia F.Muell.\nHaplophyllum A.Juss.\nHarrisonia R.Br. ex A.Juss.\nHelietta Tul.\nHortia Vand.","title":"H"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ivodea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivodea"}],"text":"Ivodea Capuron","title":"I"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Leionema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leionema"},{"link_name":"Leptothyrsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptothyrsa"},{"link_name":"Limnocitrus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limnocitrus"},{"link_name":"Pleiospermium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleiospermium"},{"link_name":"Limonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limonia_acidissima"},{"link_name":"Lubaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubaria"},{"link_name":"Lunasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunasia"},{"link_name":"Luvunga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luvunga"}],"text":"Leionema (F.Muell.) Paul G.Wilson\nLeptothyrsa Hook.f.\nLimnocitrus Swingle, synonym of Pleiospermium\nLimonia L.\nLubaria Pittier\nLunasia Blanco\nLuvunga Buch.-Ham. ex Wight & Arn.","title":"L"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Murraya_paniculata.jpg"},{"link_name":"Murraya paniculata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murraya_paniculata"},{"link_name":"Maclurodendron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maclurodendron"},{"link_name":"Acronychia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acronychia"},{"link_name":"Macrostylis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macrostylis"},{"link_name":"Medicosma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicosma"},{"link_name":"Megastigma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megastigma"},{"link_name":"Melicope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melicope"},{"link_name":"Merope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merope_(plant)"},{"link_name":"Merrillia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merrillia"},{"link_name":"Murraya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murraya"},{"link_name":"Metrodorea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metrodorea"},{"link_name":"Microcybe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcybe"},{"link_name":"Micromelum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micromelum"},{"link_name":"Monanthocitrus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monanthocitrus"},{"link_name":"Muiriantha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muiriantha"},{"link_name":"Murraya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murraya"},{"link_name":"Myrtopsis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrtopsis"}],"text":"Orange Jessamine (Murraya paniculata)Maclurodendron T.G.Hartley (may be included in Acronychia)\nMacrostylis Bartl. & H.L.Wendl.\nMedicosma Hook.f.\nMegastigma Hook.f.\nMelicope J.R.Forst. & G.Forst. - corkwood, alani\nMerope M.Roem.\nMerrillia Swingle, synonym of Murraya\nMetrodorea A.St.-Hil.\nMicrocybe Turcz.\nMicromelum Blume\nMonanthocitrus Tanaka\nMuiriantha C.A.Gardner\nMurraya J.Koenig ex L.\nMyrtopsis Engl.","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Naringi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naringi"},{"link_name":"Naudinia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naudinia"},{"link_name":"Nematolepis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nematolepis"},{"link_name":"Neobyrnesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neobyrnesia"},{"link_name":"Neoraputia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoraputia"},{"link_name":"Neoschmidia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoschmidia"}],"text":"Naringi Adans.\nNaudinia Planch. & Linden\nNematolepis Turcz.\nNeobyrnesia J.A.Armstr.\nNeoraputia Emmerich ex Kallunki\nNeoschmidia T.G.Hartley","title":"N"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vepris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vepris"},{"link_name":"Vepris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vepris"},{"link_name":"Orixa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orixa_(plant)"},{"link_name":"Oxanthera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxanthera"},{"link_name":"Citrus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citrus"}],"text":"Oricia Pierre, synonym of Vepris\nOriciopsis Engl., synonym of Vepris\nOrixa Thunb.\nOxanthera Montrouz., synonym of Citrus","title":"O"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ptelea_trifoliata_20050808_002.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ptelea trifoliata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptelea_trifoliata"},{"link_name":"Pamburus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamburus"},{"link_name":"Paramignya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramignya"},{"link_name":"Peltostigma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peltostigma"},{"link_name":"Pentaceras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentaceras"},{"link_name":"Perryodendron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perryodendron"},{"link_name":"Phebalium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phebalium"},{"link_name":"Phellodendron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phellodendron"},{"link_name":"Philotheca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philotheca"},{"link_name":"Phyllosma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phyllosma"},{"link_name":"Picrella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picrella"},{"link_name":"Melicope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melicope"},{"link_name":"Pilocarpus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilocarpus"},{"link_name":"Pitavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitavia"},{"link_name":"Pitaviaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitaviaster"},{"link_name":"Melicope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melicope"},{"link_name":"Melicope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melicope"},{"link_name":"Pleiospermium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleiospermium"},{"link_name":"Plethadenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plethadenia"},{"link_name":"Polyaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyaster"},{"link_name":"Psilopeganum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psilopeganum"},{"link_name":"Ptaeroxylon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptaeroxylon"},{"link_name":"Ptelea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptelea"}],"text":"Hoptree (Ptelea trifoliata)Pamburus Swingle\nParamignya Wight\nPeltostigma Walp.\nPentaceras Hook.f.\nPerryodendron T.G.Hartley\nPhebalium Vent.\nPhellodendron Rupr. - cork-tree\nPhilotheca Rudge\nPhyllosma Bolus ex Schltr.\nPicrella Baill. (may be included in Melicope)\nPilocarpus Vahl\nPitavia Molina\nPitaviaster T.G.Hartley (may be included in Melicope)\nPlatydesma H.Mann, synonym of Melicope\nPleiospermium Swingle\nPlethadenia Urb.\nPolyaster Hook.f.\nPsilopeganum Hemsl.\nPtaeroxylon Eckl. & Zeyh. - sneezewood tree\nPtelea L.","title":"P"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ruta_graveolens_LC0061.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ruta graveolens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruta_graveolens"},{"link_name":"Raputia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raputia"},{"link_name":"Raputiarana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raputiarana"},{"link_name":"Rauia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rauia"},{"link_name":"Raulinoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raulinoa"},{"link_name":"Ravenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravenia_(plant)"},{"link_name":"Raveniopsis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raveniopsis"},{"link_name":"Rhadinothamnus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhadinothamnus"},{"link_name":"Ruta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruta"},{"link_name":"Rutaneblina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutaneblina"}],"text":"Common Rue (Ruta graveolens)Raputia Aubl.\nRaputiarana Emmerich\nRauia Nees & Mart.\nRaulinoa R.S.Cowan\nRavenia Vell.\nRaveniopsis Gleason\nRhadinothamnus Paul G.Wilson\nRuta L.\nRutaneblina Steyerm. & Luteyn","title":"R"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sarcomelicope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarcomelicope"},{"link_name":"Melicope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melicope"},{"link_name":"Atalantia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atalantia"},{"link_name":"Sheilanthera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheilanthera"},{"link_name":"Sigmatanthus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmatanthus"},{"link_name":"Skimmia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skimmia"},{"link_name":"Sohnreyia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sohnreyia"},{"link_name":"Spathelia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spathelia"},{"link_name":"Spiranthera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiranthera"},{"link_name":"Stauranthus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stauranthus"},{"link_name":"Swinglea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swinglea"}],"text":"Sarcomelicope Engl. (may be included in Melicope)\nSeverinia Ten., synonym of Atalantia\nSheilanthera I.Williams\nSigmatanthus Huber ex Emmerich\nSkimmia Thunb.\nSohnreyia K.Krause\nSpathelia L.\nSpiranthera A.St.-Hil.\nStauranthus Liebm.\nSwinglea Merr.","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Thamnosma_montana_flower_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Thamnosma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thamnosma"},{"link_name":"Vepris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vepris"},{"link_name":"Tetractomia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetractomia"},{"link_name":"Tetradium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetradium"},{"link_name":"Thamnosma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thamnosma"},{"link_name":"Ticorea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ticorea"},{"link_name":"Zanthoxylum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zanthoxylum"},{"link_name":"Toxosiphon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxosiphon"},{"link_name":"Triphasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triphasia"}],"text":"Turpentine-broom, (Thamnosma montana)Teclea Delile, synonym of Vepris\nTetractomia Hook.f.\nTetradium Lour.\nThamnosma Torr. & Frém.\nTicorea Aubl.\nToddalia Juss., synonym of Zanthoxylum\nToxosiphon Baill.\nTriphasia Lour.","title":"T"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vepris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vepris"}],"text":"Vepris Comm. ex A.Juss.","title":"V"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wenzelia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wenzelia"}],"text":"Wenzelia Merr.","title":"W"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zanthoxylum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zanthoxylum"},{"link_name":"Zieria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zieria"},{"link_name":"Boronia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boronia"}],"text":"Zanthoxylum L. - toothache tree\nZieria Sm. (may be included in Boronia)","title":"Z"}]
[{"image_text":"Agathosma apiculata","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Agathosma_apiculata0.jpg/220px-Agathosma_apiculata0.jpg"},{"image_text":"Fraser's Boronia (Boronia fraseri)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Boronia_fraseri_Glenbrook.jpg/220px-Boronia_fraseri_Glenbrook.jpg"},{"image_text":"Mexican Orange Blossom (Choisya ternata)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Choisya_ternata0.jpg/220px-Choisya_ternata0.jpg"},{"image_text":"Burning-bush (Dictamnus albus)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Dyptam_jesionolistny_Dictamnus_albus.jpg/220px-Dyptam_jesionolistny_Dictamnus_albus.jpg"},{"image_text":"Erythrochiton brasiliensis","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Erythrochiton_brasiliensis5.jpg/220px-Erythrochiton_brasiliensis5.jpg"},{"image_text":"Orange Jessamine (Murraya paniculata)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Murraya_paniculata.jpg/220px-Murraya_paniculata.jpg"},{"image_text":"Hoptree (Ptelea trifoliata)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Ptelea_trifoliata_20050808_002.jpg/220px-Ptelea_trifoliata_20050808_002.jpg"},{"image_text":"Common Rue (Ruta graveolens)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Ruta_graveolens_LC0061.jpg/220px-Ruta_graveolens_LC0061.jpg"},{"image_text":"Turpentine-broom, (Thamnosma montana)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Thamnosma_montana_flower_1.jpg/220px-Thamnosma_montana_flower_1.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Rutaceae Juss.\", Plants of the World Online, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, retrieved 14 December 2023","urls":[{"url":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30001492-2","url_text":"\"Rutaceae Juss.\""}]},{"reference":"Stevens, P.F., \"Rutaceae Genera\", Angiosperm Phylogeny Website, Missouri Botanical Garden, retrieved 2021-09-09","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/genera/rutaceaegen.html","url_text":"\"Rutaceae Genera\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Rutaceae_genera&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30001492-2","external_links_name":"\"Rutaceae Juss.\""},{"Link":"http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/genera/rutaceaegen.html","external_links_name":"\"Rutaceae Genera\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Andrew%27s_College_(disambiguation)
St. Andrew's College
["1 Singapore","2 United States","3 See also"]
St. Andrew's College may refer to: Australia and New Zealand St Andrews Christian College, Melbourne, Australia St Andrew's College, University of Sydney, a university college in Australia St Andrews College (Marayong), a high school in Australia St Andrew's College, Christchurch, New Zealand Canada St. Andrew's College, Manitoba St. Andrew's College, Aurora St. Andrew's College, Saskatoon St. Andrew's College, Prince Edward Island, predecessor of St Dunstan's College Great Britain St Andrew's College, Cambridge, England St Andrew's College, Drygrange, Scotland St Andrew's College of Education, Bearsden, Scotland India St. Andrew’s College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Mumbai Ireland St Andrew's College, Dublin Singapore Saint Andrew's Junior College, Potong Pasir, Singapore South Africa St. Andrew's College, Grahamstown United States New Saint Andrews College, Moscow, Idaho St. Andrews Presbyterian College, Laurinburg, North Carolina See also St. Andrew's School (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same termThis disambiguation page lists articles about schools, colleges, or other educational institutions which are associated with the same title. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St Andrews Christian College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Andrews_Christian_College"},{"link_name":"St Andrew's College, University of Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Andrew%27s_College,_University_of_Sydney"},{"link_name":"St Andrews College (Marayong)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Andrews_College_(Marayong)"},{"link_name":"St Andrew's College, Christchurch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Andrew%27s_College,_Christchurch"},{"link_name":"St. Andrew's College, Manitoba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Andrew%27s_College,_Manitoba"},{"link_name":"St. Andrew's College, Aurora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Andrew%27s_College,_Aurora"},{"link_name":"St. Andrew's College, Saskatoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Andrew%27s_College,_Saskatoon"},{"link_name":"St. Andrew's College, Prince Edward Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Andrew%27s_College,_Prince_Edward_Island"},{"link_name":"St Andrew's College, Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Andrew%27s_College,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"St Andrew's College, Drygrange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Andrew%27s_College,_Drygrange"},{"link_name":"St Andrew's College of Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Andrew%27s_College_of_Education"},{"link_name":"St. Andrew’s College of Arts, Science and Commerce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Andrew%E2%80%99s_College_of_Arts,_Science_and_Commerce"},{"link_name":"St Andrew's College, Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Andrew%27s_College,_Dublin"}],"text":"Australia and New ZealandSt Andrews Christian College, Melbourne, Australia\nSt Andrew's College, University of Sydney, a university college in Australia\nSt Andrews College (Marayong), a high school in Australia\nSt Andrew's College, Christchurch, New ZealandCanadaSt. Andrew's College, Manitoba\nSt. Andrew's College, Aurora\nSt. Andrew's College, Saskatoon\nSt. Andrew's College, Prince Edward Island, predecessor of St Dunstan's CollegeGreat BritainSt Andrew's College, Cambridge, England\nSt Andrew's College, Drygrange, Scotland\nSt Andrew's College of Education, Bearsden, ScotlandIndiaSt. Andrew’s College of Arts, Science and Commerce, MumbaiIrelandSt Andrew's College, Dublin","title":"St. Andrew's College"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Saint Andrew's Junior College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Andrew%27s_Junior_College"},{"link_name":"St. Andrew's College, Grahamstown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Andrew%27s_College,_Grahamstown"}],"text":"Saint Andrew's Junior College, Potong Pasir, SingaporeSouth AfricaSt. Andrew's College, Grahamstown","title":"Singapore"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Saint Andrews College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Saint_Andrews_College"},{"link_name":"St. Andrews Presbyterian College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Andrews_Presbyterian_College"}],"text":"New Saint Andrews College, Moscow, Idaho\nSt. Andrews Presbyterian College, Laurinburg, North Carolina","title":"United States"}]
[]
[{"title":"St. Andrew's School (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Andrew%27s_School_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Disambig_gray.svg"},{"title":"disambiguation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Disambiguation"},{"title":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere/St._Andrew%27s_College&namespace=0"}]
[]
[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere/St._Andrew%27s_College&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maldev_Rathore
Maldeo Rathore
["1 Early life","2 Expansion of Marwar","3 Reign","3.1 War with Nagaur","3.2 War with Merta","3.3 War with Jaisalmer","3.4 War with Jalore","3.5 Maldeo and Humayun","3.6 Maldeo and Udai Singh II","3.7 War with Bikaner","3.8 War with the Sur Empire","3.9 War with Amer","3.10 Battle of Harmoda","3.11 Mughal Invasions","4 Death and succession","5 In popular culture","6 Notes","7 References","8 External links"]
Rao of Marwar (1511–1562) Maldeo RathoreRao of MarwarPainting of Rao Maldeo RathoreRao of MarwarTenure9 May 1532 – 7 November 1562PredecessorRao GangaSuccessorRao Chandrasen RathoreBorn5 December 1511Jodhpur, MarwarDied7 November 1562(1562-11-07) (aged 50)Mehrangarh Fort, Jodhpur, MarwarConsortRani Jhali SwarupdejiSpouses among others Umade Bhattiyani Rani Kachwahi Lachapdeji Rani Jhali Hiradeji Rani Sonagari Ladbai Rani Jhali Narangdeji Rani Kachwahi Sahodramji Rani Hadi Rambhavatiji Tivu Gudi Issueamong others Ramchandra Kankavati Bai Udai Singh Chandrasen Rathore Raimal Rukmavati DynastyRathoreFatherRao GangaMotherPadma Kumari Deora ChauhanReligionHinduism Rao Maldeo Rathore (5 December 1511 – 7 November 1562) was a king of the Rathore dynasty, who ruled the kingdom of Marwar in present day state of Rajasthan. Maldeo ascended the throne in 1531 CE, inheriting a small ancestral principality of Rathore's but after a long period of military actions against his neighbours, Maldeo swept significant territories which included parts of present day Rajasthan, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat and Sindh. He refused to ally with either the Sur Empire or the Mughal Empire. Maldeo's credential as a ruler were praised by several Persian chronicles of the time like Tabaaq-i-Akbari and Tarik-i-Ferishta composed by Nizammuddin and Ferishta who both acknowledged him as the most powerful monarch in Hindustan. Early life Maldeo was born on 5 December 1511 as the eldest son of Rao Ganga, the Rathore ruler of Marwar. His mother, Rani Padma Kumari, was a princess from the Deora Chauhan kingdom of Sirohi. By the time he ascended the throne in 1531, Maldeo already enjoyed the reputation of being an intrepid warrior. Traditional and popular accounts list him amongst the most important rulers that Marwar has known. Maldeo had supported his father in several campaigns. At an early age he defeated the rebels of Sojat and humbled Rao Veeram Dev of Merta by defeating him in battle. Maldeo later led a 4,000 strong army and helped Rana Sanga in the siege of Bayana on February 1527 and a month later at Khanwa. He personally led the charge on the left wing of the Mughal army and after the Rajput confederacy's defeat, he carried the wounded and unconscious Rana out of the battlefield. In 1529 the Rathore rebel Shekha and Khanzada Daulat Khan of Nagaur attacked Jodhpur, however Rao Ganga and Maldeo defeated this army and killed Shekha. After Maldeo's participations in campaigns with his father and Rana Sanga and establishing his credential as a future monarch, he got overambitious and probably killed his father Ganga while he was drinking opium, by pushing him from the balcony. This is confirmed by Muhnot Nainsi in his chronicles. Later writers asserts that Ganga's fall was an accidental one due to opium effect without giving any conclusive evidence to save Maldeo from charge of Patricide. Expansion of Marwar   Greatest extent of the Kingdom of Marwar, 15th Century The rulers of Marwar once held sway over nine Rathore chieftains, however by the time Maldeo acceded to the throne, he ruled only two districts. Maldeo thus attacked these nine chieftains and changed Marwars stance of overlordship to absolute control. Maldeo also defeated the Sindhals of Raipur and Bhadrajun and fortified the two cities. In 1534 Maldeo attacked Nagaur and forced Daulat Khan to flee to Ajmer. Maldeo soon attacked Merta, Rian and Ajmer and captured them. The petty lords of Didwana and Pachpadra also acknowledged Maldeo's suzerainty. His attack on Jaisalmer was also successful and it brought the Bhatti rulers under his sway. In 1538 He defeated Mahecha Rathores and annexed Siwana and sent Bida Rathore to attack Jalore and captured Sultan Sikandar Khan. The Sultan was imprisoned and died after a short period in captivity. Maldeo, after capturing Jalore attacked and annexed Sanchore, Bhinmal, Radhanpur and Nabhara (In Gujarat). Maldeo's western territory at this time extended up to Sindh-Cholistan in the west and parts of Gujarat in the south-west. He had direct control over 40 districts in and around present day Rajasthan. In 1539 Maldeo took advantage of the war between the Mughals and the Sur Empire to conquer Bayana, Tonk and Toda. By regaining territories from Afghan occupation, Maldeo Rathore restored Hindu rule in the area and abolished the Jizya tax there. His northern boundary at Jhajjar was only about fifty kilometers from Delhi. According to Norman Ziegler, Marwar under Maldeo dominated the battles of his time period. This was due to the large number of horses that Maldeo supplied to his soldiers. Maldeo's father Rao Ganga had also created a regular cavalry force called "Chindhars", who were given a regular salary and were stationed in Sojat. Maldeo continued this tradition and greatly increased the number of Chindhars in his outposts. According to Satish Chandra, "Maldeo's kingdom comprised of almost the whole of western and eastern Rajasthan including Sambhal and Narnaul (In Haryana). His armies could be seen as far as the outskirts of Agra. Chandra also says that, Maldeo had the mirage of reviving the 8th century Rashtrakuta empire. But unlike Prithviraj Chauhan and Rana Sanga Maldeo did not have the support of the Rajput tribes and politically no empire based in Rajasthan alone could challenge or defeat an empire that stretched from Punjab to the Upper Ganga valley." This was pointing towards Maldeo's hope of competing with the Mughal and Sur empires. Reign War with Nagaur In 1534, Daulat Khan led an army and besieged Merta, which was then under Biram Dev Rathore. Maldeo took advantage of this situation to conquer Nagaur and force Daulat to flee to Ajmer. War with Merta Biram Dev of Merta had recently won Ajmer from the Gujarat Sultanate. Maldev demanded Ajmer by saying that Biram was too weak to hold Ajmer against Gujarat. Biram refused this request, resulting in Maldeo sending an army and conquering Ajmer from Biram dev. War with Jaisalmer Maldeo Rathore was expanding his territories westward and besieged Jaisalmer in 1537. Rawal Lunkaran was forced to sue for peace by giving Maldeo his daughter Umade Bhattiyani in marriage to him..Through this alliance Maldeo was able to secure his western borders and employ a large number of Bhati rajputs from Jaisalmer. War with Jalore After his campaign against Jaisalmer, Maldeo recruited a large number of Bhati soldiers and used them against his enemies. He soon after conquered Ajmer with their help and then turned towards Jalore, which was ruled by Sultan Sikandar Khan. Maldeo successfully conquered Jalore and took Sikandar as a prisoner to Jodhpur. Where the sultan died after a short time in prison. Maldeo and Humayun Maldeo Rathore had made an alliance with the Mughal emperor Humayun against Sher Shah Suri. But shortly after Humayun was defeated in the battles of Chausa and Kannauj by the Afghan emperor. Humayun upon losing most of his territories turned to Maldeo for help and was called to Marwar for refuge by the Rao. According to Rajput sources, Mughals killed several cows on the way to Marwar, this made the local Rajputs hostile towards Humayun as cows were sacred to the Hindus. Humayun was thus forced to flee from Marwar. The Mughal sources however blame Maldeo for betrayal and say that Maldeo breached the alliance because he was given more favourable terms by Sher Shah. according to Satish Chandra - "Maldeo invited him, but seeing the small size of his following, set his face against him" Chandra also says that Maldeo could have arrested Humayun but he refrained as he was an invited guest. Maldeo and Udai Singh II Rao Maldeo took advantage of the Mewari civil war and invaded Mewar. He established a garrison at Jaunpur (in Mewar) and annexed the lands of Sambhar, Kalsi, Fatehpur, Rewasa, Chota-Udaipur, Chatsu, Lawan and Malwarana. It was during this time that the Sisodia nobles asked Maldeo to aid them against Banvir. The combined Rathor-Sisodia army defeated Banvir and secured the throne for Udai Singh II. Maldeo continued to take advantage of the war and used the situation to form military posts in Mewar, Bundi and Ranthambore. This led to a bitter rivalry between Udai Singh II and Maldeo Rathore. War with Bikaner Bikaner was a Rathore kingdom situated towards the north of Marwar. Relations between Marwar and Bikaner had been bitter since the time of Bikaners foundation by Rao Bika. Rao Maldeo used a minor border dispute as a pretext for war and fought a battle with Rao Jaitsi in 1542 at the battle of Sohaba, Rao Jaitsi was killed in battle and Rao Maldeo took advantage of this situation to annex the entire kingdom of Bikaner. War with the Sur Empire Main article: Battle of Sammel A Marital alliance with Jaisalmer secured Marwars western borders but Maldeo was fiercely opposed by the dispossessed chiefs of Bikaner and Merta who made an alliance with the Sur emperor, Sher Shah Suri, of Delhi against Marwar. Shershah forged letters and deceived Maldeo into abandoning his commanders to their fate. Jaita and Kumpa, the two commanders of Maldeo refused to retreat and gave battle to the 80,000 strong Afghan army with a small force of 4,000-12,000 men. Afghan gunfire halted the Rajput charge and the small Rathore army was decimated by the Afghan reinforcements under Jalal Khan. The Afghans also suffered heavy losses in the battle. According to Satish Chandra - Sher Shahs oft quoted remark " I had given away the country of Delhi for a handful of millets" is a tribute to the gallantry of Jaita and Kumpa and the willingness of the Rajputs to face death even in the face of impossible odds. After the Battle of Sammel, Khawas Khan Marwat and Isa Khan Niyazi took possession of Jodhpur and occupied the territory of Marwar from Ajmer to Mount Abu in 1544. However, Maldeo reoccupied his lost territories in 1545 after the death of Sher Shah Suri. War with Amer Rao Maldeo defeated Bharmal and captured four districts of the Amer kingdom. Bharmal in order to save himself sought help from Haji Khan Sur. Battle of Harmoda Haji Khan was a slave of Sher Shah Suri and became the lord of Ajmer and Nagaur after the Battle of Sammel. Maldeo who was on a resurgence to win back his lost territories attacked Haji, however the States of Mewar and Bikaner came to Haji's aid and forced Maldeo to retreat. The relations between Haji and Udai Singh II deteriorated quickly, according to one account it was due to the demand of a dancing girl by Udai Singh in return for his help against Maldeo. Udai Singh threatened Haji for war upon which he fled to the refuge of Maldeo and together their armies defeated Udai Singh on January 1557 in the Battle of Harmoda. Maldeo captured the fortified city of Merta after the battle. Maldeo further invaded Amber and forced the Kachwaha Raja to become a feudatory of Marwar. Mughal Invasions Akbar succeeded Humayun in 1556, Many Rajput chiefs mustered around him with their grievances against the Rathore Chief of Jodhpur. Akbar used this as a casus belli against Maldeo and sent several expeditions against Marwar. The Mughals conquered Ajmer and Nagaur in 1557 and soon after Akbar captured Jaitaran and Parbatsar. However the Mughals failed to capture the core territories of Marwar. Maldeo before his death held the districts of Jodhpur, Sojat, Jaitaran, Phalodi, Siwana, Pokhran, Jalore, Sanchore, Merta, Barmer, Kotra and some parts of Jaisalmer. These territories were later captured by Akbar due to the succession war between Maldeo's sons. Death and succession Maldeo Rathore had named his younger son, Chandrasen Rathore as his successor but after Maldeo's death on 7 November 1562, a fratricidal contest began for the throne of Marwar. In popular culture 2013–2015: Bharat Ka Veer Putra – Maharana Pratap, broadcast by Sony Entertainment Television (India), where he was portrayed by Surendra Pal. Notes ^ Studies, University of Rajasthan Centre for Rajasthan (1999). History and culture of Rajasthan: from earliest times up to 1956 A.D. Centre for Rajasthan Studies, University of Rajasthan. p. 162. ^ Hooja, Rima (2006). A history of Rajasthan. 518: Rupa & Co.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link) ^ a b c d e f History of Rajasthan by Rima Hooja Section: The State of Marwar/Jodhpur, pp. 520–522. ISBN 9788129108906. ^ Rima Hooja (2006). A HISTORY OF RAJASTHAN (PB). Rupa & Company. p. 533. ISBN 978-81-291-1501-0. ^ Chandra, Satish (2005). Medieval India (1526–1748) Part two. Har-Anand Publications. p. 79. ISBN 9788124110669. ^ Hooja, RIma (2006). A History of Rajasthan. Jaipur: Rupa and Co. p. 520-522. ISBN 9788129115010. ^ Rajasthan District Gazetteer vol. 22, p. 22 ^ Bose, Melia Belli (2015). Royal Umbrellas of Stone: Memory, Politics, and Public Identity in Rajput Funerary Art. BRILL. p. 150. ISBN 978-9-00430-056-9. ^ Majumdar, R.C. (ed.) (2006). The Mughul Empire, Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, pp. 81–2 ^ Kothiyal, Tanuja (2016). Nomadic Narratives: A History of Mobility and Identity in the Great Indian Desert. Cambridge University Press. p. 85. ISBN 9781107080317. ^ Medieval India (1526–1748) Part two. by Satish Chandra. p. 79 ^ Kothiyal, Tanuja (2016). Nomadic Narratives: A History of Mobility and Identity in the Great Indian Desert. Cambridge University Press. pp. 85, 87. ISBN 9781107080317. ^ Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals Part - II By Satish Chandra ^ Babur and Humayun: Modern Learning Organisation By Aditya Gupta p. 58 ^ Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals Part - II By Satish Chandra pg.68, 80 ^ The Quarterly Journal of the Mythic Society (Bangalore, India)., Volume 62. p. 24 ^ The History and Culture of the Indian People, Volume 7. p. 332 ^ Rajasthan p. 70 by Dharmpal ^ Rajasthan Directory & Who's Who p. 15 ^ Majumdar, R.C. (2020). an advanced history of Rajasthan. Trinity Press. p. 432. Jeta and Kumpa, with their followers, opposed Sher Shah's army and fought with desperate valour, but only to meet a warriors death. Sher Shah won a victory, though at a great cost, with a loss of several thousand Afghans on the battlefield and coming close to losing his empire. ^ Hooja, Rima (2006). A history of Rajasthan. Rupa and Company. pp. 526–529. ISBN 9788129115010. 80,000 cavalry, besides infantry, artillery, war-elephants and possibly a camel corps, was ready for the campaign against Maldeo........4,000 cavalry according to some sources and less than 12,000 cavalry and archers according to others, Jaita, Kumpa and other loyal warriors of Marwar attacked the centre of Sher Shah's army.......Jalal Khan backed by the superiority of numbers and guns, eventually decimated the attackers and ensured victory for Sher Shah. ^ Chandra, Satish (2005). Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals Part - II. Har-Anand Publications. p. 80. ISBN 978-81-241-1066-9. ^ Mahajan, V.D. (1991, reprint 2007). History of Medieval India, Part II, New Delhi: S. Chand, ISBN 81-219-0364-5, p.43 ^ The Cambridge History of India pp. 54–55 ^ Sarkar, Jadunath (1994). A History of Jaipur: C. 1503–1938. p. 34. ISBN 9788125003335. ^ Hooja, Rima (2006). A History of Rajasthan, Section:The State of Mewar, AD 1500- AD 1600. Rupa & Company. pp. 462, 530. ISBN 9788129108906. Retrieved 15 September 2020. ^ Arms & Armour at the Jaipur court by Robert Elgood p.10 — "the small kingdom of Amber was a feudatory of Marwar until the sixteenth century". ^ Kothiyal, Tanuja (2016). Nomadic Narratives: A History of Mobility and Identity in the Great Indian. Cambridgr University Press. p. 78. ISBN 9781107080317. Retrieved 17 September 2020. ^ G.R. Parihar,Marwar and the Marathas: 1724–1843 A.D. p. xiii ^ Akbarnama, II, p. 358 ^ Sarkar, J.N. (1984, reprint 1994). A History of Jaipur, New Delhi: Orient Longman, ISBN 81-250-0333-9, p. 41 References Adams, Archibald (1899). The Western Rajputana States: A Medico-topographical and General. Original from the New York Public Library: Junior army & navy stores, limited. p. 63. External links Preceded byRao Ganga Rulers of Marwar (Jodhpur) The Rathore Dynasty 9 May 1532 – 7 November 1562 Succeeded byRao Chandra Sen
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rathore dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rathore_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Rajasthan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajasthan"},{"link_name":"Rajasthan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajasthan"},{"link_name":"Haryana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haryana"},{"link_name":"Uttar Pradesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"Gujarat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarat"},{"link_name":"Sindh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindh"},{"link_name":"Sur Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sur_Empire"},{"link_name":"Mughal Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_Empire"}],"text":"Rao Maldeo Rathore (5 December 1511 – 7 November 1562) was a king of the Rathore dynasty, who ruled the kingdom of Marwar in present day state of Rajasthan. Maldeo ascended the throne in 1531 CE, inheriting a small ancestral principality of Rathore's but after a long period of military actions against his neighbours, Maldeo swept significant territories which included parts of present day Rajasthan, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat and Sindh. He refused to ally with either the Sur Empire or the Mughal Empire.Maldeo's credential as a ruler were praised by several Persian chronicles of the time like Tabaaq-i-Akbari and Tarik-i-Ferishta composed by Nizammuddin and Ferishta who both acknowledged him as the most powerful monarch in Hindustan.","title":"Maldeo Rathore"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rao Ganga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganga_Rathore_of_Marwar"},{"link_name":"Sirohi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirohi"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Sojat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sojat"},{"link_name":"Bayana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayana"},{"link_name":"Khanwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Khanwa"},{"link_name":"Nagaur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagaur"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MD-3"},{"link_name":"Rana Sanga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rana_Sanga"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Maldeo was born on 5 December 1511 as the eldest son of Rao Ganga, the Rathore ruler of Marwar. His mother, Rani Padma Kumari, was a princess from the Deora Chauhan kingdom of Sirohi. By the time he ascended the throne in 1531, Maldeo already enjoyed the reputation of being an intrepid warrior. Traditional and popular accounts list him amongst the most important rulers that Marwar has known.[2]Maldeo had supported his father in several campaigns. At an early age he defeated the rebels of Sojat and humbled Rao Veeram Dev of Merta by defeating him in battle. Maldeo later led a 4,000 strong army and helped Rana Sanga in the siege of Bayana on February 1527 and a month later at Khanwa. He personally led the charge on the left wing of the Mughal army and after the Rajput confederacy's defeat, he carried the wounded and unconscious Rana out of the battlefield. In 1529 the Rathore rebel Shekha and Khanzada Daulat Khan of Nagaur attacked Jodhpur, however Rao Ganga and Maldeo defeated this army and killed Shekha.[3]After Maldeo's participations in campaigns with his father and Rana Sanga and establishing his credential as a future monarch, he got overambitious and probably killed his father Ganga while he was drinking opium, by pushing him from the balcony. This is confirmed by Muhnot Nainsi in his chronicles. Later writers asserts that Ganga's fall was an accidental one due to opium effect without giving any conclusive evidence to save Maldeo from charge of Patricide.[4]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Indian_Kingdom_of_Marwar_map.svg"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Nagaur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagaur"},{"link_name":"Ajmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajmer"},{"link_name":"Jaisalmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaisalmer"},{"link_name":"Rathores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rathore_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Siwana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siwana"},{"link_name":"Jalore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalore"},{"link_name":"Rajasthan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajasthan"},{"link_name":"Bayana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayana"},{"link_name":"Tonk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonk_District"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MD-3"},{"link_name":"Afghan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_(ethnonym)"},{"link_name":"Hindu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu"},{"link_name":"Jizya tax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jizya_tax"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bose_2015_p150-8"},{"link_name":"Jhajjar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jhajjar"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Majumdar1-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Prithviraj Chauhan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prithviraj_Chauhan"},{"link_name":"Rana Sanga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rana_Sanga"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Greatest extent of the Kingdom of Marwar, 15th Century[5][6]The rulers of Marwar once held sway over nine Rathore chieftains, however by the time Maldeo acceded to the throne, he ruled only two districts.[7] Maldeo thus attacked these nine chieftains and changed Marwars stance of overlordship to absolute control. Maldeo also defeated the Sindhals of Raipur and Bhadrajun and fortified the two cities. In 1534 Maldeo attacked Nagaur and forced Daulat Khan to flee to Ajmer. Maldeo soon attacked Merta, Rian and Ajmer and captured them. The petty lords of Didwana and Pachpadra also acknowledged Maldeo's suzerainty. His attack on Jaisalmer was also successful and it brought the Bhatti rulers under his sway. In 1538 He defeated Mahecha Rathores and annexed Siwana and sent Bida Rathore to attack Jalore and captured Sultan Sikandar Khan. The Sultan was imprisoned and died after a short period in captivity. Maldeo, after capturing Jalore attacked and annexed Sanchore, Bhinmal, Radhanpur and Nabhara (In Gujarat). Maldeo's western territory at this time extended up to Sindh-Cholistan in the west and parts of Gujarat in the south-west. He had direct control over 40 districts in and around present day Rajasthan. In 1539 Maldeo took advantage of the war between the Mughals and the Sur Empire to conquer Bayana, Tonk and Toda.[3]By regaining territories from Afghan occupation, Maldeo Rathore restored Hindu rule in the area and abolished the Jizya tax there.[8] His northern boundary at Jhajjar was only about fifty kilometers from Delhi.[9]According to Norman Ziegler, Marwar under Maldeo dominated the battles of his time period. This was due to the large number of horses that Maldeo supplied to his soldiers. Maldeo's father Rao Ganga had also created a regular cavalry force called \"Chindhars\", who were given a regular salary and were stationed in Sojat. Maldeo continued this tradition and greatly increased the number of Chindhars in his outposts.[10]According to Satish Chandra, \"Maldeo's kingdom comprised of almost the whole of western and eastern Rajasthan including Sambhal and Narnaul (In Haryana). His armies could be seen as far as the outskirts of Agra. Chandra also says that, Maldeo had the mirage of reviving the 8th century Rashtrakuta empire. But unlike Prithviraj Chauhan and Rana Sanga Maldeo did not have the support of the Rajput tribes and politically no empire based in Rajasthan alone could challenge or defeat an empire that stretched from Punjab to the Upper Ganga valley.\" This was pointing towards Maldeo's hope of competing with the Mughal and Sur empires.[11]","title":"Expansion of Marwar"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Reign"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MD-3"}],"sub_title":"War with Nagaur","text":"In 1534, Daulat Khan led an army and besieged Merta, which was then under Biram Dev Rathore. Maldeo took advantage of this situation to conquer Nagaur and force Daulat to flee to Ajmer.[3]","title":"Reign"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MD-3"}],"sub_title":"War with Merta","text":"Biram Dev of Merta had recently won Ajmer from the Gujarat Sultanate. Maldev demanded Ajmer by saying that Biram was too weak to hold Ajmer against Gujarat. Biram refused this request, resulting in Maldeo sending an army and conquering Ajmer from Biram dev.[3]","title":"Reign"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jaisalmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaisalmer"},{"link_name":"Umade Bhattiyani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umade_Bhattiyani"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Bhati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhati"},{"link_name":"Jaisalmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaisalmer"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"War with Jaisalmer","text":"Maldeo Rathore was expanding his territories westward and besieged Jaisalmer in 1537. Rawal Lunkaran was forced to sue for peace by giving Maldeo his daughter Umade Bhattiyani in marriage to him.[12].Through this alliance Maldeo was able to secure his western borders and employ a large number of Bhati rajputs from Jaisalmer.[13]","title":"Reign"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MD-3"}],"sub_title":"War with Jalore","text":"After his campaign against Jaisalmer, Maldeo recruited a large number of Bhati soldiers and used them against his enemies. He soon after conquered Ajmer with their help and then turned towards Jalore, which was ruled by Sultan Sikandar Khan. Maldeo successfully conquered Jalore and took Sikandar as a prisoner to Jodhpur. Where the sultan died after a short time in prison.[3]","title":"Reign"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Humayun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humayun"},{"link_name":"Sher Shah Suri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sher_Shah_Suri"},{"link_name":"Chausa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chausa"},{"link_name":"Kannauj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannauj"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Satish Chandra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satish_Chandra_(historian)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Maldeo and Humayun","text":"Maldeo Rathore had made an alliance with the Mughal emperor Humayun against Sher Shah Suri. But shortly after Humayun was defeated in the battles of Chausa and Kannauj by the Afghan emperor. Humayun upon losing most of his territories turned to Maldeo for help and was called to Marwar for refuge by the Rao. According to Rajput sources, Mughals killed several cows on the way to Marwar, this made the local Rajputs hostile towards Humayun as cows were sacred to the Hindus. Humayun was thus forced to flee from Marwar. The Mughal sources however blame Maldeo for betrayal and say that Maldeo breached the alliance because he was given more favourable terms by Sher Shah.[14] according to Satish Chandra - \"Maldeo invited him, but seeing the small size of his following, set his face against him\" Chandra also says that Maldeo could have arrested Humayun but he refrained as he was an invited guest.[15]","title":"Reign"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Banvir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banvir"},{"link_name":"Udai Singh II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udai_Singh_II"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MD-3"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Maldeo and Udai Singh II","text":"Rao Maldeo took advantage of the Mewari civil war and invaded Mewar. He established a garrison at Jaunpur (in Mewar) and annexed the lands of Sambhar, Kalsi, Fatehpur, Rewasa, Chota-Udaipur, Chatsu, Lawan and Malwarana. It was during this time that the Sisodia nobles asked Maldeo to aid them against Banvir. The combined Rathor-Sisodia army defeated Banvir and secured the throne for Udai Singh II. Maldeo continued to take advantage of the war and used the situation to form military posts in Mewar, Bundi and Ranthambore. This led to a bitter rivalry between Udai Singh II and Maldeo Rathore.[3][16][17]","title":"Reign"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rao Bika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rao_Bika"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"War with Bikaner","text":"Bikaner was a Rathore kingdom situated towards the north of Marwar. Relations between Marwar and Bikaner had been bitter since the time of Bikaners foundation by Rao Bika. Rao Maldeo used a minor border dispute as a pretext for war and fought a battle with Rao Jaitsi in 1542 at the battle of Sohaba, Rao Jaitsi was killed in battle and Rao Maldeo took advantage of this situation to annex the entire kingdom of Bikaner.[18]","title":"Reign"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sher Shah Suri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sher_Shah_Suri"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RC-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Battle of Sammel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sammel"},{"link_name":"Khawas Khan Marwat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khawas_Khan_Marwat"},{"link_name":"Ajmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajmer"},{"link_name":"Mount Abu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Abu"},{"link_name":"Sher Shah Suri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sher_Shah_Suri"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mahajan-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"War with the Sur Empire","text":"A Marital alliance with Jaisalmer secured Marwars western borders but Maldeo was fiercely opposed by the dispossessed chiefs of Bikaner and Merta who made an alliance with the Sur emperor, Sher Shah Suri, of Delhi against Marwar.[19] Shershah forged letters and deceived Maldeo into abandoning his commanders to their fate. Jaita and Kumpa, the two commanders of Maldeo refused to retreat and gave battle to the 80,000 strong Afghan army with a small force of 4,000-12,000 men. Afghan gunfire halted the Rajput charge and the small Rathore army was decimated by the Afghan reinforcements under Jalal Khan. The Afghans also suffered heavy losses in the battle.[20] According to Satish Chandra - Sher Shahs oft quoted remark \" I had given away the country of Delhi for a handful of millets\" is a tribute to the gallantry of Jaita and Kumpa and the willingness of the Rajputs to face death even in the face of impossible odds.[21][22] After the Battle of Sammel, Khawas Khan Marwat and Isa Khan Niyazi took possession of Jodhpur and occupied the territory of Marwar from Ajmer to Mount Abu in 1544. However, Maldeo reoccupied his lost territories in 1545 after the death of Sher Shah Suri.[23][24]","title":"Reign"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bharmal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharmal"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sarkar-25"}],"sub_title":"War with Amer","text":"Rao Maldeo defeated Bharmal and captured four districts of the Amer kingdom. Bharmal in order to save himself sought help from Haji Khan Sur.[25]","title":"Reign"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sher Shah Suri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sher_Shah_Suri"},{"link_name":"Ajmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajmer"},{"link_name":"Nagaur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagaur"},{"link_name":"Battle of Sammel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sammel"},{"link_name":"Mewar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mewar"},{"link_name":"Bikaner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bikaner"},{"link_name":"Udai Singh II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udai_Singh_II"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Kachwaha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kachwaha"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"sub_title":"Battle of Harmoda","text":"Haji Khan was a slave of Sher Shah Suri and became the lord of Ajmer and Nagaur after the Battle of Sammel. Maldeo who was on a resurgence to win back his lost territories attacked Haji, however the States of Mewar and Bikaner came to Haji's aid and forced Maldeo to retreat. The relations between Haji and Udai Singh II deteriorated quickly, according to one account it was due to the demand of a dancing girl by Udai Singh in return for his help against Maldeo. Udai Singh threatened Haji for war upon which he fled to the refuge of Maldeo and together their armies defeated Udai Singh on January 1557 in the Battle of Harmoda. Maldeo captured the fortified city of Merta after the battle.[26] Maldeo further invaded Amber and forced the Kachwaha Raja to become a feudatory of Marwar.[27]","title":"Reign"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Akbar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akbar"},{"link_name":"Rathore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rathore_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Jodhpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jodhpur"},{"link_name":"Marwar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marwar"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"sub_title":"Mughal Invasions","text":"Akbar succeeded Humayun in 1556, Many Rajput chiefs mustered around him with their grievances against the Rathore Chief of Jodhpur. Akbar used this as a casus belli against Maldeo and sent several expeditions against Marwar. The Mughals conquered Ajmer and Nagaur in 1557 and soon after Akbar captured Jaitaran and Parbatsar. However the Mughals failed to capture the core territories of Marwar. Maldeo before his death held the districts of Jodhpur, Sojat, Jaitaran, Phalodi, Siwana, Pokhran, Jalore, Sanchore, Merta, Barmer, Kotra and some parts of Jaisalmer. These territories were later captured by Akbar due to the succession war between Maldeo's sons.[28][29]","title":"Reign"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chandrasen Rathore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandrasen_Rathore"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"text":"Maldeo Rathore had named his younger son, Chandrasen Rathore as his successor but after Maldeo's death on 7 November 1562, a fratricidal contest began for the throne of Marwar.[30][31]","title":"Death and succession"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bharat Ka Veer Putra – Maharana Pratap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharat_Ka_Veer_Putra_%E2%80%93_Maharana_Pratap"},{"link_name":"Sony Entertainment Television (India)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Entertainment_Television_(India)"},{"link_name":"Surendra Pal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surendra_Pal"}],"text":"2013–2015: Bharat Ka Veer Putra – Maharana Pratap, broadcast by Sony Entertainment Television (India), where he was portrayed by Surendra Pal.","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-History_1-0"},{"link_name":"History and culture of Rajasthan: from earliest times up to 1956 A.D.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=6yNuAAAAMAAJ&q=maldeo+rathore+1511"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"cite 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II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=0Rm9MC4DDrcC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-81-241-1066-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-241-1066-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Mahajan_23-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"81-219-0364-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-219-0364-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-24"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-sarkar_25-0"},{"link_name":"A History of Jaipur: C. 1503–1938","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=O0oPIo9TXKcC&q=History+of+Jaipur+by+Jadunath+Sarkar"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9788125003335","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788125003335"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-26"},{"link_name":"A History of Rajasthan, Section:The State of Mewar, AD 1500- AD 1600","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=tosMAQAAMAAJ&q=Harmoda"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9788129108906","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788129108906"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-27"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-28"},{"link_name":"Nomadic Narratives: A History of Mobility and Identity in the Great Indian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=be-7CwAAQBAJ&q=Rao+jodha&pg=PA78"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781107080317","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107080317"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-29"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-30"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-31"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"81-250-0333-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-250-0333-9"}],"text":"^ Studies, University of Rajasthan Centre for Rajasthan (1999). History and culture of Rajasthan: from earliest times up to 1956 A.D. Centre for Rajasthan Studies, University of Rajasthan. p. 162.\n\n^ Hooja, Rima (2006). A history of Rajasthan. 518: Rupa & Co.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)\n\n^ a b c d e f History of Rajasthan by Rima Hooja Section: The State of Marwar/Jodhpur, pp. 520–522. ISBN 9788129108906.\n\n^ Rima Hooja (2006). A HISTORY OF RAJASTHAN (PB). Rupa & Company. p. 533. ISBN 978-81-291-1501-0.\n\n^ Chandra, Satish (2005). Medieval India (1526–1748) Part two. Har-Anand Publications. p. 79. ISBN 9788124110669.\n\n^ Hooja, RIma (2006). A History of Rajasthan. Jaipur: Rupa and Co. p. 520-522. ISBN 9788129115010.\n\n^ Rajasthan District Gazetteer vol. 22, p. 22\n\n^ Bose, Melia Belli (2015). Royal Umbrellas of Stone: Memory, Politics, and Public Identity in Rajput Funerary Art. BRILL. p. 150. ISBN 978-9-00430-056-9.\n\n^ Majumdar, R.C. (ed.) (2006). The Mughul Empire, Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, pp. 81–2\n\n^ Kothiyal, Tanuja (2016). Nomadic Narratives: A History of Mobility and Identity in the Great Indian Desert. Cambridge University Press. p. 85. ISBN 9781107080317.\n\n^ Medieval India (1526–1748) Part two. by Satish Chandra. p. 79\n\n^ Kothiyal, Tanuja (2016). Nomadic Narratives: A History of Mobility and Identity in the Great Indian Desert. Cambridge University Press. pp. 85, 87. ISBN 9781107080317.\n\n^ Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals Part - II By Satish Chandra\n\n^ Babur and Humayun: Modern Learning Organisation By Aditya Gupta p. 58\n\n^ Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals Part - II By Satish Chandra pg.68, 80\n\n^ The Quarterly Journal of the Mythic Society (Bangalore, India)., Volume 62. p. 24\n\n^ The History and Culture of the Indian People, Volume 7. p. 332\n\n^ Rajasthan p. 70 by Dharmpal\n\n^ Rajasthan Directory & Who's Who p. 15\n\n^ Majumdar, R.C. (2020). an advanced history of Rajasthan. Trinity Press. p. 432. Jeta and Kumpa, with their followers, opposed Sher Shah's army and fought with desperate valour, but only to meet a warriors death. Sher Shah won a victory, though at a great cost, with a loss of several thousand Afghans on the battlefield and coming close to losing his empire.\n\n^ Hooja, Rima (2006). A history of Rajasthan. Rupa and Company. pp. 526–529. ISBN 9788129115010. 80,000 cavalry, besides infantry, artillery, war-elephants and possibly a camel corps, was ready for the campaign against Maldeo........4,000 cavalry according to some sources and less than 12,000 cavalry and archers according to others, Jaita, Kumpa and other loyal warriors of Marwar attacked the centre of Sher Shah's army.......Jalal Khan backed by the superiority of numbers and guns, eventually decimated the attackers and ensured victory for Sher Shah.\n\n^ Chandra, Satish (2005). Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals Part - II. Har-Anand Publications. p. 80. ISBN 978-81-241-1066-9.\n\n^ Mahajan, V.D. (1991, reprint 2007). History of Medieval India, Part II, New Delhi: S. Chand, ISBN 81-219-0364-5, p.43\n\n^ The Cambridge History of India pp. 54–55\n\n^ Sarkar, Jadunath (1994). A History of Jaipur: C. 1503–1938. p. 34. ISBN 9788125003335.\n\n^ Hooja, Rima (2006). A History of Rajasthan, Section:The State of Mewar, AD 1500- AD 1600. Rupa & Company. pp. 462, 530. ISBN 9788129108906. Retrieved 15 September 2020.\n\n^ Arms & Armour at the Jaipur court by Robert Elgood p.10 — \"the small kingdom of Amber was a feudatory of Marwar until the sixteenth century\".\n\n^ Kothiyal, Tanuja (2016). Nomadic Narratives: A History of Mobility and Identity in the Great Indian. Cambridgr University Press. p. 78. ISBN 9781107080317. Retrieved 17 September 2020.\n\n^ G.R. Parihar,Marwar and the Marathas: 1724–1843 A.D. p. xiii\n\n^ Akbarnama, II, p. 358\n\n^ Sarkar, J.N. (1984, reprint 1994). A History of Jaipur, New Delhi: Orient Longman, ISBN 81-250-0333-9, p. 41","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"  Greatest extent of the Kingdom of Marwar, 15th Century[5][6]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Indian_Kingdom_of_Marwar_map.svg/350px-Indian_Kingdom_of_Marwar_map.svg.png"}]
null
[{"reference":"Studies, University of Rajasthan Centre for Rajasthan (1999). History and culture of Rajasthan: from earliest times up to 1956 A.D. Centre for Rajasthan Studies, University of Rajasthan. p. 162.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6yNuAAAAMAAJ&q=maldeo+rathore+1511","url_text":"History and culture of Rajasthan: from earliest times up to 1956 A.D."}]},{"reference":"Hooja, Rima (2006). A history of Rajasthan. 518: Rupa & Co.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Rima Hooja (2006). A HISTORY OF RAJASTHAN (PB). Rupa & Company. p. 533. ISBN 978-81-291-1501-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qqd1RAAACAAJ","url_text":"A HISTORY OF RAJASTHAN (PB)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-291-1501-0","url_text":"978-81-291-1501-0"}]},{"reference":"Chandra, Satish (2005). Medieval India (1526–1748) Part two. Har-Anand Publications. p. 79. 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ISBN 9781107080317.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=be-7CwAAQBAJ&q=A+History+of+Mobility+and+Identity+in+the+Great+Indian+Desert.","url_text":"Nomadic Narratives: A History of Mobility and Identity in the Great Indian Desert"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107080317","url_text":"9781107080317"}]},{"reference":"Kothiyal, Tanuja (2016). Nomadic Narratives: A History of Mobility and Identity in the Great Indian Desert. Cambridge University Press. pp. 85, 87. ISBN 9781107080317.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=be-7CwAAQBAJ&q=A+History+of+Mobility+and+Identity+in+the+Great+Indian+Desert.","url_text":"Nomadic Narratives: A History of Mobility and Identity in the Great Indian Desert"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107080317","url_text":"9781107080317"}]},{"reference":"Majumdar, R.C. (2020). an advanced history of Rajasthan. Trinity Press. p. 432. Jeta and Kumpa, with their followers, opposed Sher Shah's army and fought with desperate valour, but only to meet a warriors death. Sher Shah won a victory, though at a great cost, with a loss of several thousand Afghans on the battlefield and coming close to losing his empire.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Hooja, Rima (2006). A history of Rajasthan. Rupa and Company. pp. 526–529. ISBN 9788129115010. 80,000 cavalry, besides infantry, artillery, war-elephants and possibly a camel corps, was ready for the campaign against Maldeo........4,000 cavalry according to some sources and less than 12,000 cavalry and archers according to others, Jaita, Kumpa and other loyal warriors of Marwar attacked the centre of Sher Shah's army.......Jalal Khan backed by the superiority of numbers and guns, eventually decimated the attackers and ensured victory for Sher Shah.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qqd1RAAACAAJ&q=rima%20hooja%20rajasthan","url_text":"A history of Rajasthan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788129115010","url_text":"9788129115010"}]},{"reference":"Chandra, Satish (2005). Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals Part - II. Har-Anand Publications. p. 80. ISBN 978-81-241-1066-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0Rm9MC4DDrcC","url_text":"Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals Part - II"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-241-1066-9","url_text":"978-81-241-1066-9"}]},{"reference":"Sarkar, Jadunath (1994). A History of Jaipur: C. 1503–1938. p. 34. ISBN 9788125003335.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=O0oPIo9TXKcC&q=History+of+Jaipur+by+Jadunath+Sarkar","url_text":"A History of Jaipur: C. 1503–1938"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788125003335","url_text":"9788125003335"}]},{"reference":"Hooja, Rima (2006). A History of Rajasthan, Section:The State of Mewar, AD 1500- AD 1600. Rupa & Company. pp. 462, 530. ISBN 9788129108906. Retrieved 15 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=tosMAQAAMAAJ&q=Harmoda","url_text":"A History of Rajasthan, Section:The State of Mewar, AD 1500- AD 1600"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788129108906","url_text":"9788129108906"}]},{"reference":"Kothiyal, Tanuja (2016). Nomadic Narratives: A History of Mobility and Identity in the Great Indian. Cambridgr University Press. p. 78. ISBN 9781107080317. Retrieved 17 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=be-7CwAAQBAJ&q=Rao+jodha&pg=PA78","url_text":"Nomadic Narratives: A History of Mobility and Identity in the Great Indian"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107080317","url_text":"9781107080317"}]},{"reference":"Adams, Archibald (1899). The Western Rajputana States: A Medico-topographical and General. Original from the New York Public Library: Junior army & navy stores, limited. p. 63.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ujsQAAAAYAAJ&dq=Maldeo+Rathore&pg=PA63","url_text":"The Western Rajputana States: A Medico-topographical and General"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Editscontent2.9
User talk:Editscontent2.9
["1 Links to draft articles","2 Speedy deletion nomination of Miss Universe Philippines 2023","3 Miss Universe Philippines 2023 moved to draftspace","4 Miss Grand Philippines moved to draftspace","5 September 2022","6 Links to draft articles - again","7 September 2022 #2","8 Disambiguation link notification for October 15","9 Speedy deletion nomination of Miss Universe Philippines 2023","10 Speedy deletion nomination of The Miss Globe 2022","11 ArbCom 2022 Elections voter message","12 Concern regarding Draft:Gabrielle Basiano","13 Your draft article, Draft:Gabrielle Basiano","14 February 2023","15 Disambiguation link notification for March 11","16 Mutya ng Pilipinas 2022 has been userfied","17 March 2023 – editing while logged out","18 CS1 error on Mister International Philippines 2023","19 Speedy deletion nomination of Mister International Philippines 2022","20 Miss Universe 2023 and false info","21 \"Turkey\" vs. \"Türkiye\"","22 Your contributed article, Miss Universe 2024","23 Speedy deletion nomination of Miss Universe 2024","24 November 2023","25 ArbCom 2023 Elections voter message","26 \"Turkey\" vs. \"Türkiye\"","27 Speedy deletion nomination of Miss Universe 2024","28 Note on Miss Universe Philippines 2024","29 Disambiguation link notification for March 9","30 Sub-national flags are not needed in pageant articles","31 Spanish naming customs","32 May 2024","33 Miss Universe Philippines 2025 moved to draftspace","34 AfC notification: Draft:Miss Universe Philippines 2025 has a new comment","35 June 2024","36 Miss \"Chinese Taipei\" on Miss Universe 2024?"]
Links to draft articles Please do not introduce links in actual articles to draft articles, as you did to Binibining Pilipinas 2022. Since a draft is not yet ready for the main article space, it is not in shape for ordinary readers, and links from articles should not go to a draft. Such links are contrary to the Manual of Style. These links have been removed. Thank you. - Arjayay (talk) 22:24, 1 August 2022 (UTC) iam so sorry again. Editscontent2.9 (talk) 11:59, 6 August 2022 (UTC) Speedy deletion nomination of Miss Universe Philippines 2023 Hello, Editscontent2.9, Welcome to Wikipedia! I edit here too, under the username Hughesdarren, and I thank you for your contributions. I wanted to let you know, however, that I have tagged Miss Universe Philippines 2023 for deletion, because it doesn't appear to contain any encyclopedic content. You may find our guide for writing quality articles to be extremely informative. Also, you may want to consider working on future articles in draft space first, where they cannot be deleted for lacking content. If you feel that the article shouldn't be deleted and want more time to work on it, you can contest this deletion but please don't remove the speedy deletion tag from the top. If the page is already deleted by the time you come across this message and you wish to retrieve the deleted material, please contact the deleting administrator. For any further query, please leave a comment here and prepend it with {{Re|Hughesdarren}}. And, don't forget to sign your reply with ~~~~ . Thanks! Message delivered via the Page Curation tool, on behalf of the reviewer. Hughesdarren (talk) 02:32, 7 August 2022 (UTC) ok Editscontent2.9 (talk) 03:10, 7 August 2022 (UTC) Miss Universe Philippines 2023 moved to draftspace An article you recently created, Miss Universe Philippines 2023, is not suitable as written to remain published. It needs more citations from reliable, independent sources. (?) Information that can't be referenced should be removed (verifiability is of central importance on Wikipedia). I've moved your draft to draftspace (with a prefix of "Draft:" before the article title) where you can incubate the article with minimal disruption. When you feel the article meets Wikipedia's general notability guideline and thus is ready for mainspace, please click on the "Submit your draft for review!" button at the top of the page. McMatter (talk)/(contrib) 05:15, 7 August 2022 (UTC) Ok Editscontent2.9 (talk) 04:30, 9 August 2022 (UTC) Miss Grand Philippines moved to draftspace An article you recently created, Miss Grand Philippines, is not suitable as written to remain published. It needs more citations from reliable, independent sources. (?) Information that can't be referenced should be removed (verifiability is of central importance on Wikipedia). I've moved your draft to draftspace (with a prefix of "Draft:" before the article title) where you can incubate the article with minimal disruption. When you feel the article meets Wikipedia's general notability guideline and thus is ready for mainspace, please click on the "Submit your draft for review!" button at the top of the page. ––FormalDude talk 08:40, 31 August 2022 (UTC) September 2022 Hello, I'm SeanJ 2007. I noticed that you recently removed content from Draft:Miss Universe Philippines 2023 without adequately explaining why. In the future, it would be helpful to others if you described your changes to Wikipedia with an accurate edit summary. If this was a mistake, don't worry; the removed content has been restored. If you would like to experiment, please use your sandbox. If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you can leave me a message on my talk page. Thanks. SeanJ 2007 (talk) 07:05, 5 September 2022 (UTC) Links to draft articles - again Please stop your disruptive editing. If you continue to vandalize Wikipedia, as you did at Miss Grand International 2022, you may be blocked from editing. It was clearly explained, above, that you should not add links to draft articles, but you have continued doing so. Please stop - Arjayay (talk) 11:56, 6 September 2022 (UTC) September 2022 #2 Hello! I'm Bri. Your recent edit(s) to the page Miss Universe 2022 appear to have added incorrect information, so they have been reverted for now. If you believe the information you added was correct, please cite a reliable source or discuss your change on the article's talk page. If you would like to experiment, please use your sandbox. If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you can leave me a message on my talk page. Thank you. This edit does not have support for the claim a person was selected for the pageant you are editing. ☆ Bri (talk) 14:34, 24 September 2022 (UTC) Disambiguation link notification for October 15 Hi. Thank you for your recent edits. An automated process has detected that when you recently edited Miss Intercontinental 2022, you added a link pointing to the disambiguation page Markham. Such links are usually incorrect, since a disambiguation page is merely a list of unrelated topics with similar titles. (Read the FAQ • Join us at the DPL WikiProject.) It's OK to remove this message. Also, to stop receiving these messages, follow these opt-out instructions. Thanks, DPL bot (talk) 06:01, 15 October 2022 (UTC) Speedy deletion nomination of Miss Universe Philippines 2023 Hello, Editscontent2.9, Welcome to Wikipedia! I edit here too, under the username Pppery and I thank you for your contributions. I wanted to let you know, however, that I have tagged an article that you started, Miss Universe Philippines 2023, for deletion, because a consensus decision previously decided that it wasn't suitable for inclusion in the encyclopedia. If you wish to restore a page deleted via a deletion discussion, please use the deletion review process instead, rather than reposting the content of the page. If you feel that the article shouldn't be deleted and want more time to work on it, you can contest this deletion but please don't remove the speedy deletion tag from the top. If the page is already deleted by the time you come across this message and you wish to retrieve the deleted material, please contact the deleting administrator. For any further query, please leave a comment here and prepend it with {{Re|Pppery}}. And, don't forget to sign your reply with ~~~~ . Thanks! Message delivered via the Page Curation tool, on behalf of the reviewer. * Pppery * it has begun... 02:46, 16 October 2022 (UTC) Speedy deletion nomination of The Miss Globe 2022 If this is the first article that you have created, you may want to read the guide to writing your first article.You may want to consider using the Article Wizard to help you create articles. A tag has been placed on The Miss Globe 2022 requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A7 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article appears to be about a person, a group of people, an individual animal, an organization (band, club, company, etc.), web content, or an organized event that does not credibly indicate how or why the subject is important or significant: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, such articles may be deleted at any time. Please read more about what is generally accepted as notable. If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason, you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and clicking the button labelled "Contest this speedy deletion". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. However, be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself, but do not hesitate to add information in line with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. If the page is deleted, and you wish to retrieve the deleted material for future reference or improvement, then please contact the deleting administrator. ☆ Bri (talk) 02:25, 17 October 2022 (UTC) ArbCom 2022 Elections voter message Hello! Voting in the 2022 Arbitration Committee elections is now open until 23:59 (UTC) on Monday, 12 December 2022. All eligible users are allowed to vote. Users with alternate accounts may only vote once. The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to impose binding solutions to disputes between editors, primarily for serious conduct disputes the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the authority to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail. If you wish to participate in the 2022 election, please review the candidates and submit your choices on the voting page. If you no longer wish to receive these messages, you may add {{NoACEMM}} to your user talk page. MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 01:56, 29 November 2022 (UTC) Concern regarding Draft:Gabrielle Basiano Hello, Editscontent2.9. This is a bot-delivered message letting you know that Draft:Gabrielle Basiano, a page you created, has not been edited in at least 5 months. Drafts that have not been edited for six months may be deleted, so if you wish to retain the page, please edit it again or request that it be moved to your userspace. If the page has already been deleted, you can request it be undeleted so you can continue working on it. Thank you for your submission to Wikipedia. FireflyBot (talk) 07:01, 7 January 2023 (UTC) Your draft article, Draft:Gabrielle Basiano Hello, Editscontent2.9. It has been over six months since you last edited the Articles for Creation submission or Draft page you started, "Gabrielle Basiano". In accordance with our policy that Wikipedia is not for the indefinite hosting of material deemed unsuitable for the encyclopedia mainspace, the draft has been deleted. When you plan on working on it further and you wish to retrieve it, you can request its undeletion. An administrator will, in most cases, restore the submission so you can continue to work on it. Thanks for your submission to Wikipedia, and happy editing. Liz Read! Talk! 06:30, 7 February 2023 (UTC) February 2023 Good day. As what you did to pages like Miss Universe Philippines 2020, Miss Universe Philippines 2021, Miss Universe Philippines 2022, and Miss Universe Philippines 2023, withdrawals, debuts, and returnees need NOT to be included in their infoboxes since the provinces/cities vary from what the girls want to represent unlike Miss USA and Miss Universe where the states/countries represented are permanent. Mr. Kenshin (talk) 11:23, 19 February 2023 (UTC) I'm so sorry Again I will not tolerating this again. Thanks for your Concern! Editscontent2.9 (talk) 13:22, 18 March 2023 (UTC) Disambiguation link notification for March 11 An automated process has detected that when you recently edited Binibining Pilipinas 2007, you added a link pointing to the disambiguation page Bicol. (Opt-out instructions.) --DPL bot (talk) 06:05, 11 March 2023 (UTC) Hi! I'm sorry for that. I just forgot to add Region on it Btw the Delegate I put BICOL REGION instead of Iriga Because she mentioned on the Introduction Segment BICOL REGION instead of IRIGA, CAMARINES SUR. thanks Editscontent2.9 (talk) 13:21, 18 March 2023 (UTC) Mutya ng Pilipinas 2022 has been userfied An article you recently created, Mutya ng Pilipinas 2022, does not have enough sources and citations as written to remain published. It needs more citations from reliable, independent sources. (?) Information that can't be referenced should be removed (verifiability is of central importance on Wikipedia). I've moved your draft to your userspace (with a prefix of "User:Editscontent2.9" before the article title) where you can incubate the article with minimal disruption. When you feel the article meets Wikipedia's general notability guideline and thus is ready for mainspace, please click on the "Submit your draft for review!" button at the top of the page. ☆ Bri (talk) 20:45, 31 March 2023 (UTC) March 2023 – editing while logged out Hello, I noticed that you may have recently made edits while logged out. Please be mindful not to perform controversial edits while logged out, or your account risks being blocked from editing. Please consider reading up on Wikipedia's policy on multiple accounts before editing further. Additionally, making edits while logged out reveals your IP address, which may allow others to determine your location and identity. If this was not your intention, please remember to log in when editing. Thank you. ☆ Bri (talk) 15:09, 1 April 2023 (UTC) CS1 error on Mister International Philippines 2023 Hello, I'm Qwerfjkl (bot). I have automatically detected that this edit performed by you, on the page Mister International Philippines 2023, may have introduced referencing errors. They are as follows: A "generic title" error. References show this error when they have a generic placeholder title. Please edit the article to add the appropriate title to the reference. (Fix | Ask for help) Please check this page and fix the errors highlighted. If you think this is a false positive, you can report it to my operator. Thanks, Qwerfjkl (bot) (talk) 04:27, 1 July 2023 (UTC) Speedy deletion nomination of Mister International Philippines 2022 Hello Editscontent2.9, I wanted to let you know that I just tagged Mister International Philippines 2022 for deletion, because the article doesn't clearly indicate why the subject is important enough to be included in an encyclopedia. If you feel that the article shouldn't be deleted and want more time to work on it, you can contest this deletion, but don't remove the speedy deletion tag from the top. You can leave a note on my talk page if you have questions. Thanks! Message delivered via the Page Curation tool, on behalf of the reviewer. ❯❯❯ Raydann(Talk) 13:46, 1 July 2023 (UTC) Miss Universe 2023 and false info Hi, please refrain from adding misinformation in Miss Universe 2023. The Bulgarian delegate you added was for another international pageant and not for Miss Universe. Also please refrain from adding trivial and unnecessary content especially if these are speculations. The wiki article must contain factual content, not idealistic fantasies that you wish to add whenever.Milesq (talk) 08:41, 24 July 2023 (UTC) okay. Editscontent2.9 (talk) 12:38, 4 August 2023 (UTC) And please, stop changing the name of Turkey to Türkiye, it has been discussed multiple times in the country's talkpage that Turkey must be followed in all Wikipedia articles, as compliant to WP:COMMONNAME which means regardless what the sash says Wikipedia rules will still be followed. I hope this is the last time I'd have to remind regarding these rules, so as not to result in an edit war. Milesq (talk) 15:12, 6 October 2023 (UTC) "Turkey" vs. "Türkiye" Hi! I saw you used the name "Türkiye" as the name of the country generally known in English as "Turkey" in your recent edit. Q: Why don't you use the name Türkiye, the correct name for this country? A: Because the English-language Wikipedia has a WP:COMMONNAME policy. We use names for countries and places that are the names commonly used for them in English, regardless of what official organizations use. Technically, this kind of name is known as an exonym. For example, we use the name Germany, instead of the native endonym Deutschland, and we use the name Japan instead of the native name 日本. (Notice that this does not apply when we are quoting a literal name in Turkish; for example, the newspaper is called Türkiye, not Turkey. To do that would be hypercorrection, and we don't do that. Nor do we mangle the name into English in direct quotations in the Turkish language, nor in URLs. But it does apply for all uses in the English language; so the capital is Ankara, Turkey, not "Ankara, Türkiye") If or when that general English-language usage changes (as has happened in the past with place names such as Mumbai and Beijing), the same WP:COMMONNAME policy implies that the English-language Wikipedia will necessarily also follow suit. So far, that hasn't happened. This has been discussed many times, with the same result every time because of the common name policy. If you'd like to discuss this further, please take it up at Talk:Turkey. However, for the reasons given above, there is currently a moratorium on further requests for name changes to the Turkey article until 1 December 2023. — The Anome (talk) 14:21, 29 October 2023 (UTC) Your contributed article, Miss Universe 2024 If this is the first article that you have created, you may want to read the guide to writing your first article.You may want to consider using the Article Wizard to help you create articles. Hello, I noticed that you recently created a new page, Miss Universe 2024. First, thank you for your contribution; Wikipedia relies solely on the efforts of volunteers such as you. Unfortunately, the page you created covers a topic on which we already have a page – Draft:Miss Universe 2024. Because of the duplication, your article has been tagged for speedy deletion. Please note that this is not a comment on you personally and we hope you will continue helping to improve Wikipedia. If the topic of the article you created is one that interests you, then perhaps you would like to help out at Draft:Miss Universe 2024. If you have new information to add, you might want to discuss it at ]. If you think the article you created should remain separate, you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and clicking the button labelled "Contest this speedy deletion". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. However, be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself, but do not hesitate to add information in line with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. If the page is deleted, and you wish to retrieve the deleted material for future reference or improvement, then please contact the deleting administrator, or if you have already done so, you can place a request here. Additionally if you would like to have someone review articles you create before they go live so they are not nominated for deletion shortly after you post them, allow me to suggest the article creation process and using our search feature to find related information we already have in the encyclopedia. Try not to be discouraged. Wikipedia looks forward to your future contributions. ♒️ 98TIGERIUS 🐯 04:09, 19 November 2023 (UTC) Speedy deletion nomination of Miss Universe 2024 If this is the first article that you have created, you may want to read the guide to writing your first article.You may want to consider using the Article Wizard to help you create articles. A tag has been placed on Miss Universe 2024 requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section G4 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the page appears to be a repost of material that was previously deleted following a deletion discussion, at Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Miss Universe 2024. When a page has substantially identical content to that of a page deleted after a discussion, and any changes in the content do not address the reasons for which the material was previously deleted, it may be deleted at any time. If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason, you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and clicking the button labelled "Contest this speedy deletion". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. However, be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself, but do not hesitate to add information in line with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. If the page is deleted, and you wish to retrieve the deleted material for future reference or improvement, then please contact the deleting administrator, or if you have already done so, you can place a request here. Wikishovel (talk) 04:33, 19 November 2023 (UTC) November 2023 Hello, I noticed that you may have recently made edits to Miss Universe 2024 while logged out. Please be mindful not to perform controversial edits while logged out, or your account risks being blocked from editing. Please consider reading up on Wikipedia's policy on multiple accounts before editing further. Additionally, making edits while logged out reveals your IP address, which may allow others to determine your location and identity. If this was not your intention, please remember to log in when editing. Thank you. Wikishovel (talk) 04:53, 19 November 2023 (UTC) Hello, I'm 98Tigerius. I noticed that you added or changed content in an article, Miss Universe 2023, but you didn't provide a reliable source. It's been removed and archived in the page history for now, but if you'd like to include a citation and re-add it, please do so. You can have a look at referencing for beginners. If you think I made a mistake, you can leave me a message on my talk page. Thank you. ♒️ 98TIGERIUS 🐯 11:04, 24 November 2023 (UTC) ArbCom 2023 Elections voter message Hello! Voting in the 2023 Arbitration Committee elections is now open until 23:59 (UTC) on Monday, 11 December 2023. All eligible users are allowed to vote. Users with alternate accounts may only vote once. The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to impose binding solutions to disputes between editors, primarily for serious conduct disputes the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the authority to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail. If you wish to participate in the 2023 election, please review the candidates and submit your choices on the voting page. If you no longer wish to receive these messages, you may add {{NoACEMM}} to your user talk page. MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 00:54, 28 November 2023 (UTC) "Turkey" vs. "Türkiye" Hi! I saw you used the name "Türkiye" as the name of the country generally known in English as "Turkey" in your recent edit. Q: Why don't you use the name Türkiye, the correct name for this country? A: Because the English-language Wikipedia has a WP:COMMONNAME policy. We use names for countries and places that are the names commonly used for them in English, regardless of what official organizations use. Technically, this kind of name is known as an exonym. For example, we use the name Germany, instead of the native endonym Deutschland, and we use the name Japan instead of the native name 日本. Q: But the Turkish government, U.S. State Department, and United Nations all use "Türkiye", so it must be correct. A: Indeed they do. But WP:COMMONNAME is not authority-based, but usage-based. Notice that this does not apply when we are quoting a literal name in Turkish; for example, the newspaper is called Türkiye, not Turkey. To do that would be hypercorrection, and we don't do that. Nor do we mangle the name into English in direct quotations, including titles of documents, nor in URLs. But it does apply for all uses in Wikipedia's own voice in the English language, including article titles (so the capital is Ankara, Turkey, not "Ankara, Türkiye") If or when that general English-language usage changes (as has happened in the past with place names such as Mumbai and Beijing), the same WP:COMMONNAME policy implies that the English-language Wikipedia will necessarily also follow suit. So far, that hasn't happened. This has been discussed many times, with the same result every time because of the common name policy. If you'd like to discuss this further, please take it up at Talk:Turkey. However, for the reasons given above, there is currently a moratorium on further requests for name changes to the Turkey article until 1 December 2023. — The Anome (talk) 13:40, 3 December 2023 (UTC) Speedy deletion nomination of Miss Universe 2024 If this is the first article that you have created, you may want to read the guide to writing your first article.You may want to consider using the Article Wizard to help you create articles. A tag has been placed on Miss Universe 2024 requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section G4 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the page appears to be a repost of material that was previously deleted following a deletion discussion, at Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Miss Universe 2024. When a page has substantially identical content to that of a page deleted after a discussion, and any changes in the content do not address the reasons for which the material was previously deleted, it may be deleted at any time. If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason, you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and clicking the button labelled "Contest this speedy deletion". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. However, be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself, but do not hesitate to add information in line with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. If the page is deleted, and you wish to retrieve the deleted material for future reference or improvement, then please contact the deleting administrator, or if you have already done so, you can place a request here. ❄️ 98𝚃𝙸𝙶𝙴𝚁𝙸𝚄𝚂 ☃️ 20:23, 24 December 2023 (UTC) Note on Miss Universe Philippines 2024 Hi, and thank you for your contributions to Wikipedia. It appears that you tried to give Draft:Miss Universe Philippines 2024 a different title by copying its content and pasting either the same content, or an edited version of it, into Miss Universe Philippines 2024. This is known as a "cut-and-paste move", and it is undesirable because it splits the page history, which is legally required for attribution. Instead, the software used by Wikipedia has a feature that allows pages to be moved to a new title together with their edit history. In most cases for registered users, once your account is four days old and has ten edits, you should be able to move an article yourself using the "Move" tab at the top of the page (the tab may be hidden in a dropdown menu for you). This both preserves the page history intact and automatically creates a redirect from the old title to the new. If you cannot perform a particular page move yourself this way (e.g. because a page already exists at the target title), please follow the instructions at requested moves to have it moved by someone else. Also, if there are any other pages that you moved by copying and pasting, even if it was a long time ago, please list them at Wikipedia:Requests for history merge. Thank you. EdrianJustine (talk) 17:03, 19 January 2024 (UTC) Disambiguation link notification for March 9 An automated process has detected that when you recently edited Binibining Pilipinas 2017, you added a link pointing to the disambiguation page Calamba. (Opt-out instructions.) --DPL bot (talk) 18:04, 9 March 2024 (UTC) Sub-national flags are not needed in pageant articles Please do not add sub-national flags in pageant articles. Per consensus described at MOS:FLAGRELEVANCE they are not pertinent and should not be included in the article. ☆ Bri (talk) 15:31, 16 March 2024 (UTC) Spanish naming customs Please stop changing Sheynnis Palacios' name in pageant articles to Shyennis Cornejo, Cornejo is her middle name and according to Spanish naming customs the middle name comes after the surname. I advise you to refrain from doing this as this may cause confusion among readers and may also result to spreading misinformation which is what not Wikipedia stands for. Thank you. Milesq (talk) 12:17, 7 May 2024 (UTC) May 2024 Hello, I'm Doclys. I noticed that you added or changed content in an article, Miss Universe Philippines 2024, but you didn't provide a reliable source. It's been removed and archived in the page history for now, but if you'd like to include a citation and re-add it, please do so. You can have a look at referencing for beginners. If you think I made a mistake, you can leave me a message on my talk page. Thank you. — doclys (❀) 01:52, 23 May 2024 (UTC) Hello and welcome to Wikipedia. Constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, but a recent edit of yours to the page Miss Universe Philippines 2024 has an edit summary that appears to be inadequate, inaccurate, or inappropriate. The summaries are helpful to people browsing an article's history, so it is important that you use edit summaries that accurately tell other editors what you did. Feel free to use the sandbox to make test edits. Thank you. — doclys (❀) 13:18, 23 May 2024 (UTC) Miss Universe Philippines 2025 moved to draftspace An article you recently created, Miss Universe Philippines 2025, is not suitable as written to remain published. It needs more citations from reliable, independent sources. (?) Information that can't be referenced should be removed (verifiability is of central importance on Wikipedia). I've moved your draft to draftspace (with a prefix of "Draft:" before the article title) where you can incubate the article with minimal disruption. When you feel the article meets Wikipedia's general notability guideline and thus is ready for mainspace, please click on the "Submit your draft for review!" button at the top of the page. Dan arndt (talk) 05:08, 23 May 2024 (UTC) AfC notification: Draft:Miss Universe Philippines 2025 has a new comment I've left a comment on your Articles for Creation submission, which can be viewed at Draft:Miss Universe Philippines 2025. Thanks! Dan arndt (talk) 05:09, 23 May 2024 (UTC) June 2024 You may be blocked from editing without further warning the next time you vandalize Wikipedia. Please do NOT be editing again without logging in. Drmies (talk) 16:36, 10 June 2024 (UTC) Miss "Chinese Taipei" on Miss Universe 2024? I repeat, there is not such information regarding her nomination, as she is currently on a high-profile case on her true intentions in the Philippines. Whoever your source may be is a fraud or a meme creator, and you completely fell for it. I suggest not relying as so much information on Facebook (or wherever you got that information from) unless it came from the official organization itself. Alice Guo is not a candidate. She is a politician in a high profile case. That's all there is to it. WP:VD Japemizen627 (talk) 02:32, 11 June 2024 (UTC)
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arndt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Dan_arndt"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Dan_arndt"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Editscontent2.9&action=edit&section=35"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stop_hand_nuvola.svg"},{"link_name":"blocked from editing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Blocking_policy"},{"link_name":"vandalize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Vandalism"},{"link_name":"Drmies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Drmies"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Drmies"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Editscontent2.9&action=edit&section=36"},{"link_name":"WP:VD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:VD"},{"link_name":"Japemizen627","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Japemizen627&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Japemizen627"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"}],"text":"Links to draft articles[edit]Please do not introduce links in actual articles to draft articles, as you did to Binibining Pilipinas 2022. Since a draft is not yet ready for the main article space, it is not in shape for ordinary readers, and links from articles should not go to a draft. Such links are contrary to the Manual of Style. These links have been removed. Thank you. - Arjayay (talk) 22:24, 1 August 2022 (UTC)[reply]iam so sorry again. Editscontent2.9 (talk) 11:59, 6 August 2022 (UTC)[reply]Speedy deletion nomination of Miss Universe Philippines 2023[edit]Hello, Editscontent2.9,Welcome to Wikipedia! I edit here too, under the username Hughesdarren, and I thank you for your contributions.I wanted to let you know, however, that I have tagged Miss Universe Philippines 2023 for deletion, because it doesn't appear to contain any encyclopedic content. You may find our guide for writing quality articles to be extremely informative. Also, you may want to consider working on future articles in draft space first, where they cannot be deleted for lacking content.If you feel that the article shouldn't be deleted and want more time to work on it, you can contest this deletion but please don't remove the speedy deletion tag from the top. If the page is already deleted by the time you come across this message and you wish to retrieve the deleted material, please contact the deleting administrator.For any further query, please leave a comment here and prepend it with {{Re|Hughesdarren}}. And, don't forget to sign your reply with ~~~~ . Thanks!Message delivered via the Page Curation tool, on behalf of the reviewer.Hughesdarren (talk) 02:32, 7 August 2022 (UTC)[reply]ok Editscontent2.9 (talk) 03:10, 7 August 2022 (UTC)[reply]Miss Universe Philippines 2023 moved to draftspace[edit]An article you recently created, Miss Universe Philippines 2023, is not suitable as written to remain published. It needs more citations from reliable, independent sources. (?) Information that can't be referenced should be removed (verifiability is of central importance on Wikipedia). I've moved your draft to draftspace (with a prefix of \"Draft:\" before the article title) where you can incubate the article with minimal disruption. When you feel the article meets Wikipedia's general notability guideline and thus is ready for mainspace, please click on the \"Submit your draft for review!\" button at the top of the page. McMatter (talk)/(contrib) 05:15, 7 August 2022 (UTC)[reply]Ok Editscontent2.9 (talk) 04:30, 9 August 2022 (UTC)[reply]Miss Grand Philippines moved to draftspace[edit]An article you recently created, Miss Grand Philippines, is not suitable as written to remain published. It needs more citations from reliable, independent sources. (?) Information that can't be referenced should be removed (verifiability is of central importance on Wikipedia). I've moved your draft to draftspace (with a prefix of \"Draft:\" before the article title) where you can incubate the article with minimal disruption. When you feel the article meets Wikipedia's general notability guideline and thus is ready for mainspace, please click on the \"Submit your draft for review!\" button at the top of the page. ––FormalDude talk 08:40, 31 August 2022 (UTC)[reply]September 2022[edit]Hello, I'm SeanJ 2007. I noticed that you recently removed content from Draft:Miss Universe Philippines 2023 without adequately explaining why. In the future, it would be helpful to others if you described your changes to Wikipedia with an accurate edit summary. If this was a mistake, don't worry; the removed content has been restored. If you would like to experiment, please use your sandbox. If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you can leave me a message on my talk page. Thanks. SeanJ 2007 (talk) 07:05, 5 September 2022 (UTC)[reply]Links to draft articles - again[edit]Please stop your disruptive editing. If you continue to vandalize Wikipedia, as you did at Miss Grand International 2022, you may be blocked from editing. It was clearly explained, above, that you should not add links to draft articles, but you have continued doing so. Please stop - Arjayay (talk) 11:56, 6 September 2022 (UTC)[reply]September 2022 #2[edit]Hello! I'm Bri. Your recent edit(s) to the page Miss Universe 2022 appear to have added incorrect information, so they have been reverted for now. If you believe the information you added was correct, please cite a reliable source or discuss your change on the article's talk page. If you would like to experiment, please use your sandbox. If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you can leave me a message on my talk page. Thank you.This edit does not have support for the claim a person was selected for the pageant you are editing. ☆ Bri (talk) 14:34, 24 September 2022 (UTC)[reply]Disambiguation link notification for October 15[edit]Hi. Thank you for your recent edits. An automated process has detected that when you recently edited Miss Intercontinental 2022, you added a link pointing to the disambiguation page Markham. Such links are usually incorrect, since a disambiguation page is merely a list of unrelated topics with similar titles. (Read the FAQ • Join us at the DPL WikiProject.)It's OK to remove this message. Also, to stop receiving these messages, follow these opt-out instructions. Thanks, DPL bot (talk) 06:01, 15 October 2022 (UTC)[reply]Speedy deletion nomination of Miss Universe Philippines 2023[edit]Hello, Editscontent2.9,Welcome to Wikipedia! I edit here too, under the username Pppery and I thank you for your contributions.I wanted to let you know, however, that I have tagged an article that you started, Miss Universe Philippines 2023, for deletion, because a consensus decision previously decided that it wasn't suitable for inclusion in the encyclopedia. If you wish to restore a page deleted via a deletion discussion, please use the deletion review process instead, rather than reposting the content of the page.If you feel that the article shouldn't be deleted and want more time to work on it, you can contest this deletion but please don't remove the speedy deletion tag from the top. If the page is already deleted by the time you come across this message and you wish to retrieve the deleted material, please contact the deleting administrator.For any further query, please leave a comment here and prepend it with {{Re|Pppery}}. And, don't forget to sign your reply with ~~~~ . Thanks!Message delivered via the Page Curation tool, on behalf of the reviewer.* Pppery * it has begun... 02:46, 16 October 2022 (UTC)[reply]Speedy deletion nomination of The Miss Globe 2022[edit]If this is the first article that you have created, you may want to read the guide to writing your first article.You may want to consider using the Article Wizard to help you create articles.A tag has been placed on The Miss Globe 2022 requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A7 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article appears to be about a person, a group of people, an individual animal, an organization (band, club, company, etc.), web content, or an organized event that does not credibly indicate how or why the subject is important or significant: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, such articles may be deleted at any time. Please read more about what is generally accepted as notable.If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason, you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and clicking the button labelled \"Contest this speedy deletion\". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. However, be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself, but do not hesitate to add information in line with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. If the page is deleted, and you wish to retrieve the deleted material for future reference or improvement, then please contact the deleting administrator. ☆ Bri (talk) 02:25, 17 October 2022 (UTC)[reply]ArbCom 2022 Elections voter message[edit]Hello! Voting in the 2022 Arbitration Committee elections is now open until 23:59 (UTC) on Monday, 12 December 2022. All eligible users are allowed to vote. Users with alternate accounts may only vote once.\nThe Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to impose binding solutions to disputes between editors, primarily for serious conduct disputes the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the authority to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail.\nIf you wish to participate in the 2022 election, please review the candidates and submit your choices on the voting page. If you no longer wish to receive these messages, you may add {{NoACEMM}} to your user talk page. MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 01:56, 29 November 2022 (UTC)[reply]Concern regarding Draft:Gabrielle Basiano[edit]Hello, Editscontent2.9. This is a bot-delivered message letting you know that Draft:Gabrielle Basiano, a page you created, has not been edited in at least 5 months. Drafts that have not been edited for six months may be deleted, so if you wish to retain the page, please edit it again or request that it be moved to your userspace.If the page has already been deleted, you can request it be undeleted so you can continue working on it.Thank you for your submission to Wikipedia. FireflyBot (talk) 07:01, 7 January 2023 (UTC)[reply]Your draft article, Draft:Gabrielle Basiano[edit]Hello, Editscontent2.9. It has been over six months since you last edited the Articles for Creation submission or Draft page you started, \"Gabrielle Basiano\".In accordance with our policy that Wikipedia is not for the indefinite hosting of material deemed unsuitable for the encyclopedia mainspace, the draft has been deleted. When you plan on working on it further and you wish to retrieve it, you can request its undeletion. An administrator will, in most cases, restore the submission so you can continue to work on it.Thanks for your submission to Wikipedia, and happy editing. Liz Read! Talk! 06:30, 7 February 2023 (UTC)[reply]February 2023[edit]Good day. As what you did to pages like Miss Universe Philippines 2020, Miss Universe Philippines 2021, Miss Universe Philippines 2022, and Miss Universe Philippines 2023, withdrawals, debuts, and returnees need NOT to be included in their infoboxes since the provinces/cities vary from what the girls want to represent unlike Miss USA and Miss Universe where the states/countries represented are permanent. Mr. Kenshin (talk) 11:23, 19 February 2023 (UTC)[reply]I'm so sorry Again I will not tolerating this again. Thanks for your Concern! Editscontent2.9 (talk) 13:22, 18 March 2023 (UTC)[reply]Disambiguation link notification for March 11[edit]An automated process has detected that when you recently edited Binibining Pilipinas 2007, you added a link pointing to the disambiguation page Bicol.(Opt-out instructions.) --DPL bot (talk) 06:05, 11 March 2023 (UTC)[reply]Hi! I'm sorry for that. I just forgot to add Region on it Btw the Delegate I put BICOL REGION instead of Iriga Because she mentioned on the Introduction Segment BICOL REGION instead of IRIGA, CAMARINES SUR. thanks Editscontent2.9 (talk) 13:21, 18 March 2023 (UTC)[reply]Mutya ng Pilipinas 2022 has been userfied[edit]An article you recently created, Mutya ng Pilipinas 2022, does not have enough sources and citations as written to remain published. It needs more citations from reliable, independent sources. (?) Information that can't be referenced should be removed (verifiability is of central importance on Wikipedia). I've moved your draft to your userspace (with a prefix of \"User:Editscontent2.9\" before the article title) where you can incubate the article with minimal disruption. When you feel the article meets Wikipedia's general notability guideline and thus is ready for mainspace, please click on the \"Submit your draft for review!\" button at the top of the page. ☆ Bri (talk) 20:45, 31 March 2023 (UTC)[reply]March 2023 – editing while logged out[edit]Hello, I noticed that you may have recently made edits while logged out. Please be mindful not to perform controversial edits while logged out, or your account risks being blocked from editing. Please consider reading up on Wikipedia's policy on multiple accounts before editing further. Additionally, making edits while logged out reveals your IP address, which may allow others to determine your location and identity. If this was not your intention, please remember to log in when editing. Thank you. ☆ Bri (talk) 15:09, 1 April 2023 (UTC)[reply]CS1 error on Mister International Philippines 2023[edit]Hello, I'm Qwerfjkl (bot). I have automatically detected that this edit performed by you, on the page Mister International Philippines 2023, may have introduced referencing errors. They are as follows:A \"generic title\" error. References show this error when they have a generic placeholder title. Please edit the article to add the appropriate title to the reference. (Fix | Ask for help)Please check this page and fix the errors highlighted. If you think this is a false positive, you can report it to my operator.\nThanks, Qwerfjkl (bot) (talk) 04:27, 1 July 2023 (UTC)[reply]Speedy deletion nomination of Mister International Philippines 2022[edit]Hello Editscontent2.9,I wanted to let you know that I just tagged Mister International Philippines 2022 for deletion, because the article doesn't clearly indicate why the subject is important enough to be included in an encyclopedia.If you feel that the article shouldn't be deleted and want more time to work on it, you can contest this deletion, but don't remove the speedy deletion tag from the top.You can leave a note on my talk page if you have questions. Thanks!Message delivered via the Page Curation tool, on behalf of the reviewer.❯❯❯ Raydann(Talk) 13:46, 1 July 2023 (UTC)[reply]Miss Universe 2023 and false info[edit]Hi, please refrain from adding misinformation in Miss Universe 2023. The Bulgarian delegate you added was for another international pageant and not for Miss Universe. Also please refrain from adding trivial and unnecessary content especially if these are speculations. The wiki article must contain factual content, not idealistic fantasies that you wish to add whenever.Milesq (talk) 08:41, 24 July 2023 (UTC)[reply]okay. Editscontent2.9 (talk) 12:38, 4 August 2023 (UTC)[reply]\nAnd please, stop changing the name of Turkey to Türkiye, it has been discussed multiple times in the country's talkpage that Turkey must be followed in all Wikipedia articles, as compliant to WP:COMMONNAME which means regardless what the sash says Wikipedia rules will still be followed. I hope this is the last time I'd have to remind regarding these rules, so as not to result in an edit war. Milesq (talk) 15:12, 6 October 2023 (UTC)[reply]\"Turkey\" vs. \"Türkiye\"[edit]Hi! I saw you used the name \"Türkiye\" as the name of the country generally known in English as \"Turkey\" in your recent edit.Q: Why don't you use the name Türkiye, the correct name for this country?A: Because the English-language Wikipedia has a WP:COMMONNAME policy. We use names for countries and places that are the names commonly used for them in English, regardless of what official organizations use. Technically, this kind of name is known as an exonym. For example, we use the name Germany, instead of the native endonym Deutschland, and we use the name Japan instead of the native name 日本.(Notice that this does not apply when we are quoting a literal name in Turkish; for example, the newspaper is called Türkiye, not Turkey. To do that would be hypercorrection, and we don't do that. Nor do we mangle the name into English in direct quotations in the Turkish language, nor in URLs. But it does apply for all uses in the English language; so the capital is Ankara, Turkey, not \"Ankara, Türkiye\")If or when that general English-language usage changes (as has happened in the past with place names such as Mumbai and Beijing), the same WP:COMMONNAME policy implies that the English-language Wikipedia will necessarily also follow suit. So far, that hasn't happened.This has been discussed many times, with the same result every time because of the common name policy. If you'd like to discuss this further, please take it up at Talk:Turkey. However, for the reasons given above, there is currently a moratorium on further requests for name changes to the Turkey article until 1 December 2023. — The Anome (talk) 14:21, 29 October 2023 (UTC)[reply]Your contributed article, Miss Universe 2024[edit]If this is the first article that you have created, you may want to read the guide to writing your first article.You may want to consider using the Article Wizard to help you create articles.Hello, I noticed that you recently created a new page, Miss Universe 2024. First, thank you for your contribution; Wikipedia relies solely on the efforts of volunteers such as you. Unfortunately, the page you created covers a topic on which we already have a page – Draft:Miss Universe 2024. Because of the duplication, your article has been tagged for speedy deletion. Please note that this is not a comment on you personally and we hope you will continue helping to improve Wikipedia. If the topic of the article you created is one that interests you, then perhaps you would like to help out at Draft:Miss Universe 2024. If you have new information to add, you might want to discuss it at [[Talk:Draft:Miss Universe 2024|the article's talk page]].If you think the article you created should remain separate, you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and clicking the button labelled \"Contest this speedy deletion\". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. However, be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself, but do not hesitate to add information in line with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. If the page is deleted, and you wish to retrieve the deleted material for future reference or improvement, then please contact the deleting administrator, or if you have already done so, you can place a request here. Additionally if you would like to have someone review articles you create before they go live so they are not nominated for deletion shortly after you post them, allow me to suggest the article creation process and using our search feature to find related information we already have in the encyclopedia. Try not to be discouraged. Wikipedia looks forward to your future contributions. ♒️ 98TIGERIUS 🐯 04:09, 19 November 2023 (UTC)[reply]Speedy deletion nomination of Miss Universe 2024[edit]If this is the first article that you have created, you may want to read the guide to writing your first article.You may want to consider using the Article Wizard to help you create articles.A tag has been placed on Miss Universe 2024 requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section G4 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the page appears to be a repost of material that was previously deleted following a deletion discussion, at Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Miss Universe 2024. When a page has substantially identical content to that of a page deleted after a discussion, and any changes in the content do not address the reasons for which the material was previously deleted, it may be deleted at any time.If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason, you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and clicking the button labelled \"Contest this speedy deletion\". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. However, be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself, but do not hesitate to add information in line with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. If the page is deleted, and you wish to retrieve the deleted material for future reference or improvement, then please contact the deleting administrator, or if you have already done so, you can place a request here. Wikishovel (talk) 04:33, 19 November 2023 (UTC)[reply]November 2023[edit]Hello, I noticed that you may have recently made edits to Miss Universe 2024 while logged out. Please be mindful not to perform controversial edits while logged out, or your account risks being blocked from editing. Please consider reading up on Wikipedia's policy on multiple accounts before editing further. Additionally, making edits while logged out reveals your IP address, which may allow others to determine your location and identity. If this was not your intention, please remember to log in when editing. Thank you. Wikishovel (talk) 04:53, 19 November 2023 (UTC)[reply]Hello, I'm 98Tigerius. I noticed that you added or changed content in an article, Miss Universe 2023, but you didn't provide a reliable source. It's been removed and archived in the page history for now, but if you'd like to include a citation and re-add it, please do so. You can have a look at referencing for beginners. If you think I made a mistake, you can leave me a message on my talk page. Thank you. ♒️ 98TIGERIUS 🐯 11:04, 24 November 2023 (UTC)[reply]ArbCom 2023 Elections voter message[edit]Hello! Voting in the 2023 Arbitration Committee elections is now open until 23:59 (UTC) on Monday, 11 December 2023. All eligible users are allowed to vote. Users with alternate accounts may only vote once.\nThe Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to impose binding solutions to disputes between editors, primarily for serious conduct disputes the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the authority to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail.\nIf you wish to participate in the 2023 election, please review the candidates and submit your choices on the voting page. If you no longer wish to receive these messages, you may add {{NoACEMM}} to your user talk page. MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 00:54, 28 November 2023 (UTC)[reply]\"Turkey\" vs. \"Türkiye\"[edit]Hi! I saw you used the name \"Türkiye\" as the name of the country generally known in English as \"Turkey\" in your recent edit.Q: Why don't you use the name Türkiye, the correct name for this country?A: Because the English-language Wikipedia has a WP:COMMONNAME policy. We use names for countries and places that are the names commonly used for them in English, regardless of what official organizations use. Technically, this kind of name is known as an exonym. For example, we use the name Germany, instead of the native endonym Deutschland, and we use the name Japan instead of the native name 日本.Q: But the Turkish government, U.S. State Department, and United Nations all use \"Türkiye\", so it must be correct.A: Indeed they do. But WP:COMMONNAME is not authority-based, but usage-based.Notice that this does not apply when we are quoting a literal name in Turkish; for example, the newspaper is called Türkiye, not Turkey. To do that would be hypercorrection, and we don't do that. Nor do we mangle the name into English in direct quotations, including titles of documents, nor in URLs. But it does apply for all uses in Wikipedia's own voice in the English language, including article titles (so the capital is Ankara, Turkey, not \"Ankara, Türkiye\")If or when that general English-language usage changes (as has happened in the past with place names such as Mumbai and Beijing), the same WP:COMMONNAME policy implies that the English-language Wikipedia will necessarily also follow suit. So far, that hasn't happened.This has been discussed many times, with the same result every time because of the common name policy. If you'd like to discuss this further, please take it up at Talk:Turkey. However, for the reasons given above, there is currently a moratorium on further requests for name changes to the Turkey article until 1 December 2023. — The Anome (talk) 13:40, 3 December 2023 (UTC)[reply]Speedy deletion nomination of Miss Universe 2024[edit]If this is the first article that you have created, you may want to read the guide to writing your first article.You may want to consider using the Article Wizard to help you create articles.A tag has been placed on Miss Universe 2024 requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section G4 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the page appears to be a repost of material that was previously deleted following a deletion discussion, at Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Miss Universe 2024. When a page has substantially identical content to that of a page deleted after a discussion, and any changes in the content do not address the reasons for which the material was previously deleted, it may be deleted at any time.If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason, you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and clicking the button labelled \"Contest this speedy deletion\". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. However, be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself, but do not hesitate to add information in line with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. If the page is deleted, and you wish to retrieve the deleted material for future reference or improvement, then please contact the deleting administrator, or if you have already done so, you can place a request here. ❄️ 98𝚃𝙸𝙶𝙴𝚁𝙸𝚄𝚂[📩 • 📝] ☃️ 20:23, 24 December 2023 (UTC)[reply]Note on Miss Universe Philippines 2024[edit]Hi, and thank you for your contributions to Wikipedia. It appears that you tried to give Draft:Miss Universe Philippines 2024 a different title by copying its content and pasting either the same content, or an edited version of it, into Miss Universe Philippines 2024. This is known as a \"cut-and-paste move\", and it is undesirable because it splits the page history, which is legally required for attribution. Instead, the software used by Wikipedia has a feature that allows pages to be moved to a new title together with their edit history.In most cases for registered users, once your account is four days old and has ten edits, you should be able to move an article yourself using the \"Move\" tab at the top of the page (the tab may be hidden in a dropdown menu for you). This both preserves the page history intact and automatically creates a redirect from the old title to the new. If you cannot perform a particular page move yourself this way (e.g. because a page already exists at the target title), please follow the instructions at requested moves to have it moved by someone else. Also, if there are any other pages that you moved by copying and pasting, even if it was a long time ago, please list them at Wikipedia:Requests for history merge. Thank you. EdrianJustine (talk) 17:03, 19 January 2024 (UTC)[reply]Disambiguation link notification for March 9[edit]An automated process has detected that when you recently edited Binibining Pilipinas 2017, you added a link pointing to the disambiguation page Calamba.(Opt-out instructions.) --DPL bot (talk) 18:04, 9 March 2024 (UTC)[reply]Sub-national flags are not needed in pageant articles[edit]Please do not add sub-national flags in pageant articles. Per consensus described at MOS:FLAGRELEVANCE they are not pertinent and should not be included in the article. ☆ Bri (talk) 15:31, 16 March 2024 (UTC)[reply]Spanish naming customs[edit]Please stop changing Sheynnis Palacios' name in pageant articles to Shyennis Cornejo, Cornejo is her middle name and according to Spanish naming customs the middle name comes after the surname. I advise you to refrain from doing this as this may cause confusion among readers and may also result to spreading misinformation which is what not Wikipedia stands for. Thank you. Milesq (talk) 12:17, 7 May 2024 (UTC)[reply]May 2024[edit]Hello, I'm Doclys. I noticed that you added or changed content in an article, Miss Universe Philippines 2024, but you didn't provide a reliable source. It's been removed and archived in the page history for now, but if you'd like to include a citation and re-add it, please do so. You can have a look at referencing for beginners. If you think I made a mistake, you can leave me a message on my talk page. Thank you. — doclys (❀) 01:52, 23 May 2024 (UTC)[reply]Hello and welcome to Wikipedia. Constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, but a recent edit of yours to the page Miss Universe Philippines 2024 has an edit summary that appears to be inadequate, inaccurate, or inappropriate. The summaries are helpful to people browsing an article's history, so it is important that you use edit summaries that accurately tell other editors what you did. Feel free to use the sandbox to make test edits. Thank you. — doclys (❀) 13:18, 23 May 2024 (UTC)[reply]Miss Universe Philippines 2025 moved to draftspace[edit]An article you recently created, Miss Universe Philippines 2025, is not suitable as written to remain published. It needs more citations from reliable, independent sources. (?) Information that can't be referenced should be removed (verifiability is of central importance on Wikipedia). I've moved your draft to draftspace (with a prefix of \"Draft:\" before the article title) where you can incubate the article with minimal disruption. When you feel the article meets Wikipedia's general notability guideline and thus is ready for mainspace, please click on the \"Submit your draft for review!\" button at the top of the page. Dan arndt (talk) 05:08, 23 May 2024 (UTC)[reply]AfC notification: Draft:Miss Universe Philippines 2025 has a new comment[edit]I've left a comment on your Articles for Creation submission, which can be viewed at Draft:Miss Universe Philippines 2025. Thanks! Dan arndt (talk) 05:09, 23 May 2024 (UTC)[reply]June 2024[edit]You may be blocked from editing without further warning the next time you vandalize Wikipedia. Please do NOT be editing again without logging in. Drmies (talk) 16:36, 10 June 2024 (UTC)[reply]Miss \"Chinese Taipei\" on Miss Universe 2024?[edit]I repeat, there is not such information regarding her nomination, as she is currently on a high-profile case on her true intentions in the Philippines. Whoever your source may be is a fraud or a meme creator, and you completely fell for it. I suggest not relying as so much information on Facebook (or wherever you got that information from) unless it came from the official organization itself. Alice Guo is not a candidate. She is a politician in a high profile case. That's all there is to it. WP:VD Japemizen627 (talk) 02:32, 11 June 2024 (UTC)[reply]","title":"User talk:Editscontent2.9"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Holt
Anne Holt
["1 Early life","2 Career","2.1 Writing","2.2 Piratforlaget","3 Political views","4 Honours and awards","5 Personal life","6 Bibliography","6.1 The Hanne Wilhelmsen series","6.2 Separate titles","6.3 The Vik/Stubø series","7 References","8 External links"]
Norwegian author, lawyer and former Minister of Justice Anne HoltAnne HoltBorn (1958-11-16) 16 November 1958 (age 65)Larvik, NorwayOccupationCrime novelistNationalityNorwegianGenreCrime fiction, thriller fiction,Notable worksWhat is Mine (2001), What Never Happens (2004)Minister of JusticeIn office25 October 1996 – 4 February 1997Prime MinisterTorbjørn JaglandPreceded byGrete FaremoSucceeded byGerd-Liv Valla Personal detailsNationalityNorwegianPolitical partyLabour Party Websitewww.piratforlaget.se/forfattare/anne-holt/ Anne Holt (born 16 November 1958) is a Norwegian author, lawyer and former Minister of Justice. Early life She was born in Larvik, grew up in Lillestrøm and Tromsø, and moved to Oslo in 1978. Holt graduated with a law degree from the University of Bergen in 1986, and worked for The Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation (NRK) in the period 1984 to 1988. Career She then worked at the Oslo Police Department for two years, earning her right to practise as a lawyer in Norway. In 1990 she returned to NRK, where she worked one year as a journalist and anchor woman for the news program Dagsrevyen. Anne Holt started her own law practice in 1994, and served as the Minister of Justice in Cabinet Jagland for a short period from 25 October 1996 to 4 February 1997. She resigned for health reasons, and was replaced by Gerd-Liv Valla. Writing In 1993, she made her debut as a novelist with the crime novel Blind gudinne, featuring the lesbian police officer Hanne Wilhelmsen. The two novels Løvens gap (1997) and Uten ekko (2000) are co-authored with her former state secretary Berit Reiss-Andersen. Her 2015 novel Offline is about a terrorist attack on an Islamic cultural center by a group of extreme Norwegian nationalists. She is one of the most successful crime novelists in Norway. She has been published in 25 countries. Val McDermid, a Scottish crime writer, has said that "Anne Holt is the latest crime writer to reveal how truly dark it gets in Scandinavia". Piratforlaget In 2004, Holt took part in the founding of the Norwegian branch of the Swedish publishing house, Piratforlaget, which had been started by the celebrated Swedish authors Jan Guillou and Liza Marklund. The objective, to publish bestselling writers at reduced prices, was controversial in Scandinavia, where book prices and author advances are highly standardized. Anders Heger, head of the Cappelen publishing house, expressed a widespread concern that Piratforlag would "intensify differences" between "the authors who earn a lot and those who don't". Political views Holt is a social democrat and a lifelong member of the Labour Party. She is outspoken against racism. In 2012, Holt wrote an op-ed in Dagbladet about the Norwegian Labour Party and the time after Anders Behring Breivik's terror attacks in Norway in 2011. In 2017, Holt wrote an op-ed in Dagens Nyheter in which she rejected the far-right view that Sweden's immigration policies were reckless and dangerous. Honours and awards She has won several awards, including the Riverton Prize (1994) for Salige er de som tørster, the Bokhandler Prize (1995) for Demonens død, and the Cappelen Prize (2001). Personal life She lives in Oslo with her registered partner Anne Christine Kjær (also known as Tine Kjær) and their daughter Iohanne. Bibliography The Hanne Wilhelmsen series 1993 Blind gudinne (Blind Goddess) 1994 Salige er de som tørster (Blessed Are Those Who Thirst) 1995 Demonens død (Death of the Demon) 1997 Løvens gap (co-authored with Berit Reiss-Andersen) (The Lion's Mouth) 1999 Død joker (Dead Joker) 2000 Uten ekko (co-authored with Berit Reiss-Andersen) (No Echo) 2003 Sannheten bortenfor (The Truth Beyond) 2007 1222 2015 Offline (Offline/Odd Numbers) 2016 I støv og aske (In Dust and Ashes) Separate titles 1997 Mea culpa 1998 I hjertet av VM. En fotballreise (co-authored with Erik Langbråten) 1999 Bernhard Pinkertons store oppdrag 2010 Flimmer (co-authored with Even Holt) 2014 Sudden death (co-authored with Even Holt) The Vik/Stubø series 2001 Det som er mitt (What is Mine/Punishment ISBN 978-0-446-17818-1) 2004 Det som aldri skjer (What never happens/The Final Murder ISBN 978-0-446-57803-5) 2006 Presidentens valg (Madam President/Death in Oslo ISBN 978-0-7515-3716-1) 2009 Pengemannen (Fear Not) 2012 Skyggedød (What Dark Clouds Hide) References ^ "Anne Holts nye krim: Terroren ikke påtrengende nok". www.aftenposten.no (in Norwegian Bokmål). 2015-09-26. Retrieved 2024-03-22. ^ "Salomonsson Agency". Salomonsson Agency. Retrieved 2024-03-22. ^ "Stjerneforfattere slår seg sammen". NRK (in Norwegian Bokmål). 2004-08-31. Retrieved 2024-03-22. ^ "Rasisme er rasisme – Nye Meninger". www.dagsavisen.no. Retrieved 2018-03-20. ^ "Vi lot oss ikke forandre". Dagbladet.no (in Norwegian). 2012-04-12. Retrieved 2018-03-20. ^ "Anne Holt: Så blev Sverige ett land att skämmas över". Dagens Nyheter (in Swedish). 2017-06-26. ISSN 1101-2447. Retrieved 2024-03-22. ^ Berge, Toril (2004-10-03). "- Jeg kan skrive krim". VG (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2024-03-22. External links Anne Holt's Swedish Publisher The Salomonsson Agency Archived 2014-06-22 at the Wayback Machine Fantastic Fiction Awards Preceded byGro Dahle Recipient of the Cappelen Prize 2001 Succeeded byJan Jakob Tønseth Preceded byGrete Faremo Minister of Justice and Public Security 1996–1997 Succeeded byGerd-Liv Valla Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway Spain France BnF data Germany Italy Israel Finland Belgium United States Sweden Japan Czech Republic Korea Netherlands Poland Other IdRef
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She resigned for health reasons, and was replaced by Gerd-Liv Valla.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"co-authored","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collaborative_writing"},{"link_name":"Berit Reiss-Andersen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berit_Reiss-Andersen"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Val McDermid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val_McDermid"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"sub_title":"Writing","text":"In 1993, she made her debut as a novelist with the crime novel Blind gudinne, featuring the lesbian police officer Hanne Wilhelmsen. The two novels Løvens gap (1997) and Uten ekko (2000) are co-authored with her former state secretary Berit Reiss-Andersen.Her 2015 novel Offline is about a terrorist attack on an Islamic cultural center by a group of extreme Norwegian nationalists.[1]She is one of the most successful crime novelists in Norway. She has been published in 25 countries. Val McDermid, a Scottish crime writer, has said that \"Anne Holt is the latest crime writer to reveal how truly dark it gets in Scandinavia\".[2]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jan Guillou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Guillou"},{"link_name":"Liza Marklund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liza_Marklund"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Piratforlaget","text":"In 2004, Holt took part in the founding of the Norwegian branch of the Swedish publishing house, Piratforlaget, which had been started by the celebrated Swedish authors Jan Guillou and Liza Marklund. The objective, to publish bestselling writers at reduced prices, was controversial in Scandinavia, where book prices and author advances are highly standardized. Anders Heger, head of the Cappelen publishing house, expressed a widespread concern that Piratforlag would \"intensify differences\" between \"the authors who earn a lot and those who don't\".[3]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"social democrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_democracy"},{"link_name":"Labour Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(Norway)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Norwegian Labour Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_norske_Arbeiderparti"},{"link_name":"Anders Behring Breivik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anders_Behring_Breivik"},{"link_name":"terror attacks in Norway in 2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Norway_attacks"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Holt is a social democrat and a lifelong member of the Labour Party. She is outspoken against racism.[4]In 2012, Holt wrote an op-ed in Dagbladet about the Norwegian Labour Party and the time after Anders Behring Breivik's terror attacks in Norway in 2011.[5]In 2017, Holt wrote an op-ed in Dagens Nyheter in which she rejected the far-right view that Sweden's immigration policies were reckless and dangerous.[6]","title":"Political views"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Riverton Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverton_Prize"},{"link_name":"Cappelen Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cappelen_Prize"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"She has won several awards, including the Riverton Prize (1994) for Salige er de som tørster, the Bokhandler Prize (1995) for Demonens død, and the Cappelen Prize (2001).[7]","title":"Honours and awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"registered partner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registered_partnership"}],"text":"She lives in Oslo with her registered partner Anne Christine Kjær (also known as Tine Kjær) and their daughter Iohanne.","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Berit Reiss-Andersen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berit_Reiss-Andersen"},{"link_name":"Berit Reiss-Andersen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berit_Reiss-Andersen"}],"sub_title":"The Hanne Wilhelmsen series","text":"1993 Blind gudinne (Blind Goddess)\n1994 Salige er de som tørster (Blessed Are Those Who Thirst)\n1995 Demonens død (Death of the Demon)\n1997 Løvens gap (co-authored with Berit Reiss-Andersen) (The Lion's Mouth)\n1999 Død joker (Dead Joker)\n2000 Uten ekko (co-authored with Berit Reiss-Andersen) (No Echo)\n2003 Sannheten bortenfor (The Truth Beyond)\n2007 1222\n2015 Offline (Offline/Odd Numbers)\n2016 I støv og aske (In Dust and Ashes)","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Separate titles","text":"1997 Mea culpa\n1998 I hjertet av VM. En fotballreise (co-authored with Erik Langbråten)\n1999 Bernhard Pinkertons store oppdrag\n2010 Flimmer (co-authored with Even Holt)\n2014 Sudden death (co-authored with Even Holt)","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-446-17818-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-446-17818-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-446-57803-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-446-57803-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7515-3716-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7515-3716-1"}],"sub_title":"The Vik/Stubø series","text":"2001 Det som er mitt (What is Mine/Punishment ISBN 978-0-446-17818-1)\n2004 Det som aldri skjer (What never happens/The Final Murder ISBN 978-0-446-57803-5)\n2006 Presidentens valg (Madam President/Death in Oslo ISBN 978-0-7515-3716-1)\n2009 Pengemannen (Fear Not)\n2012 Skyggedød (What Dark Clouds Hide)","title":"Bibliography"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Mitchell_(actor)
George Mitchell (actor)
["1 Early life","2 Roles of note","3 Broadway career","4 Film career","5 Television career","6 Selected Television Appearances","7 Personal life","8 References","9 External links"]
American actor (1905–1972) George MitchellGeorge Mitchell in TV's Bonanza, episode "The Gunmen" (1960)Born(1905-02-21)February 21, 1905Larchmont, New York, U.S.DiedJanuary 18, 1972(1972-01-18) (aged 66)Washington, D.C., U.S.OccupationActorYears active1935–1971SpouseKatherine Squire (m. 1940) George Mitchell (February 21, 1905 – January 18, 1972) was an American actor who performed from 1935 through 1971 in film, television, and on Broadway. Early life Mitchell was born February 21, 1905, in Larchmont in Westchester County in New York. He married his first wife, Mary Alice Shroyer (m.Dec 1927-div.1937) He fathered four children with Mary A. Shroyer. Mary (Mitchell) Oliver(deceased), Judith (Mitchell)Glasel (1930-present), George Mitchell III (deceased), and Eve (Mitchell) Joice(1936-present).He decided to become an actor after marrying actress Katherine Squire. Roles of note Mitchell became a bit typecast in Hollywood, usually playing loathsome characters who operated outside of the law. On television, Mitchell's credits include acting in two episodes of Alfred Hitchcock Presents called "Wally the Beard" (original air date March 1, 1965) with co-stars Larry Blyden and Kathie Brown, in which he played a knowledgeable and cranky seller of boats, and "Forty Detectives Later" (airing April 24, 1960), in which he portrayed the client of a private detective (James Franciscus) whom he hires to track the supposed murderer (Jack Weston) of his wife. On Broadway, 1969–70, he portrayed Chief Joseph in the play Indians, the source of Robert Altman's film Buffalo Bill and the Indians, or Sitting Bull's History Lesson. George Mitchell acted in several films and television episodes with his wife, Katherine Squire, the two of them often playing a husband-and-wife couple intrinsic to the story. One example was the two of them as an elderly couple in the Jack Nicholson film "Ride in the Whirlwind" — they first appear as a refuge for the two men on the run, but who then become instrumental to the fugitives' destruction. Other examples occurred in their roles in episodes of The Alfred Hitchcock Hour. George Mitchell's major acting credits include the film The Andromeda Strain (1971), directed by Robert Wise, co-starring Arthur Hill, and based on the novel of the same name by Michael Crichton. He played the comic relief as cranky old town drunk who, along with an infant, were among the only survivors of exposure to the deadly Andromeda Strain. Broadway career The Merry Widow, playing Cascada, July 15, 1942 – August 16, 1942 The New Moon, playing Jacques, August 18, 1942 – September 6, 1942 The Patriots, playing Ned, January 29, 1943 – June 26, 1943 Blossom Time, playing Von Schwind, September 4, 1943 – October 9, 1943 The New Moon, playing Captain Paul Duval, May 17, 1944 – ? Goodbye, My Fancy, playing Dr. Pitt, November 17, 1948 – December 24, 1949 The Day After Tomorrow, playing Dr. Shaw, October 26, 1950 – November 11, 1950 Desire Under the Elms, playing Peter Cabot, January 16, 1952 – February 23, 1952 The Crucible, playing John Willard, January 22, 1953 – July 11, 1953 Indians, playing Chief Joseph, October 13, 1969 – January 3, 1970 Film career Once in a Blue Moon (1935) .... Kolla Virginia (1941) .... Guest (uncredited) Captain Eddie (1945) .... Lieutenant Johnny De Angelis The Phenix City Story (1955) .... Hugh Britton 3:10 to Yuma (1957) .... Bartender The Wild and the Innocent (1959) .... Uncle Lije Hawks Third of a Man (1962) Birdman of Alcatraz (1962) .... Father Matthieu (uncredited) Kid Galahad (1962) .... Harry Sperling Twilight of Honor (1963) .... District Attorney Paul Farish The Unsinkable Molly Brown (1964) .... Monsignor Ryan Nevada Smith (1966) .... Paymaster Ride in the Whirlwind (1966) .... Evan The Flim-Flam Man (1967) .... Tetter The Learning Tree (1969) .... Jake Kiner The Andromeda Strain (1971) .... Jackson Two-Lane Blacktop (1971) .... Truck Driver at Accident Television career Mitchell had roles on television in shows ranging from the 1950s dramas of the Golden Age of Television (such as Goodyear Television Playhouse, Westinghouse Studio One, and The United States Steel Hour) to the westerns of the 1960s (including Tales of Wells Fargo, Zane Grey Theater, Death Valley Days, Gunsmoke, Laramie, Bonanza, The Virginian, and Have Gun, Will Travel). He was in the 1956 NBC adventure/musical The Adventures of Marco Polo, and several episodes of both The Twilight Zone and One Step Beyond. Another speciality was police/crime shows: Perry Mason, Peter Gunn, The Detectives Starring Robert Taylor, The Untouchables, Stoney Burke, Sam Benedict, and Naked City. He even tried comedy (Hazel, The Ghost & Mrs. Muir, Bewitched), medical (Ben Casey), and science-fiction-adventure shows (Time Tunnel, Land of the Giants, and Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea). He was also on Daktari, Lassie, Run for Your Life, and the 1961 NBC series, The Americans, a dramatization of family divisions in the American Civil War. On the 1960s gothic soap opera Dark Shadows, he originated the role of Matthew Morgan (later assumed by actor Thayer David). Selected Television Appearances Alfred Hitchcock Presents (1960) (Season 5 Episode 28: "Forty Detectives Later") as Munro Dean The Alfred Hitchcock Hour (1962) (Season 1 Episode 9: "The Black Curtain") as Druggist The Alfred Hitchcock Hour (1962) (Season 1 Episode 24: "The Star Juror") as Judge Higgins The Alfred Hitchcock Hour (1965) (Season 3 Episode 19: "Wally the Beard") as Keefer Personal life In 1940, he married Katherine Squire, with whom he often worked on stage, in film, and on television. He died on January 18, 1972, aged 66, of undisclosed causes, in Washington, D.C. Squire died in 1995. References Biography portalNew York (state) portalNew York City portalLos Angeles portalUnited States portalTheatre portalFilm portalTelevision portal ^ Jones, Ken D.; McClure, Arthur F; Twomey, Alfred E. (1976) "Character People" A. S. Barnes, ISBN 0-498-01697-8, page 148 ^ Stevens, Brad (2003) "Monte Hellman: His Life and Films" McFarland, ISBN 0-7864-1434-0, page 64 ^ Comini, Alessandra () "In Passionate Pursuit: A Memoir" George Braziller, ISBN 0-8076-1523-4, page 48 ^ George Mitchell webpage on the Internet Broadway Database website External links George Mitchell at IMDb George Mitchell at the Internet Broadway Database George Mitchell at the Internet Off-Broadway Database Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Italy Israel United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Broadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway_(theatre)"}],"text":"George Mitchell (February 21, 1905 – January 18, 1972) was an American actor who performed from 1935 through 1971 in film, television, and on Broadway.","title":"George Mitchell (actor)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Larchmont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larchmont,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Westchester County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westchester_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"},{"link_name":"Katherine Squire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katherine_Squire"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CP-1"}],"text":"Mitchell was born February 21, 1905, in Larchmont in Westchester County in New York. He married his first wife, Mary Alice Shroyer (m.Dec 1927-div.1937) He fathered four children with Mary A. Shroyer. Mary (Mitchell) Oliver(deceased), Judith (Mitchell)Glasel (1930-present), George Mitchell III (deceased), and Eve (Mitchell) Joice(1936-present).He decided to become an actor after marrying actress Katherine Squire.[1]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alfred Hitchcock Presents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock_Presents"},{"link_name":"James Franciscus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Franciscus"},{"link_name":"Jack Weston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Weston"},{"link_name":"Chief Joseph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Joseph"},{"link_name":"Indians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indians_(play)"},{"link_name":"Robert Altman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Altman"},{"link_name":"Buffalo Bill and the Indians, or Sitting Bull's History Lesson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_Bill_and_the_Indians,_or_Sitting_Bull%27s_History_Lesson"},{"link_name":"Jack Nicholson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Nicholson"},{"link_name":"Ride in the Whirlwind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ride_in_the_Whirlwind"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MH-2"},{"link_name":"The Alfred Hitchcock Hour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Alfred_Hitchcock_Hour"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IPP-3"},{"link_name":"The Andromeda Strain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Andromeda_Strain_(film)"},{"link_name":"Robert Wise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Wise"},{"link_name":"Arthur Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Hill_(Canadian_actor)"},{"link_name":"Michael Crichton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Crichton"},{"link_name":"comic relief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_relief"},{"link_name":"town drunk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town_drunk"}],"text":"Mitchell became a bit typecast in Hollywood, usually playing loathsome characters who operated outside of the law. On television, Mitchell's credits include acting in two episodes of Alfred Hitchcock Presents called \"Wally the Beard\" (original air date March 1, 1965) with co-stars Larry Blyden and Kathie Brown, in which he played a knowledgeable and cranky seller of boats, and \"Forty Detectives Later\" (airing April 24, 1960), in which he portrayed the client of a private detective (James Franciscus) whom he hires to track the supposed murderer (Jack Weston) of his wife. On Broadway, 1969–70, he portrayed Chief Joseph in the play Indians, the source of Robert Altman's film Buffalo Bill and the Indians, or Sitting Bull's History Lesson.George Mitchell acted in several films and television episodes with his wife, Katherine Squire, the two of them often playing a husband-and-wife couple intrinsic to the story. One example was the two of them as an elderly couple in the Jack Nicholson film \"Ride in the Whirlwind\" — they first appear as a refuge for the two men on the run, but who then become instrumental to the fugitives' destruction.[2] Other examples occurred in their roles in episodes of The Alfred Hitchcock Hour.[3]George Mitchell's major acting credits include the film The Andromeda Strain (1971), directed by Robert Wise, co-starring Arthur Hill, and based on the novel of the same name by Michael Crichton. He played the comic relief as cranky old town drunk who, along with an infant, were among the only survivors of exposure to the deadly Andromeda Strain.","title":"Roles of note"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Merry Widow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Merry_Widow"},{"link_name":"The New Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Moon"},{"link_name":"The Patriots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Patriots_(play)"},{"link_name":"Blossom Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blossom_Time_(operetta)"},{"link_name":"Goodbye, My Fancy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodbye,_My_Fancy"},{"link_name":"Desire Under the Elms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desire_Under_the_Elms"},{"link_name":"The Crucible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Crucible"},{"link_name":"Indians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indians_(play)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IBDB-4"}],"text":"The Merry Widow, playing Cascada, July 15, 1942 – August 16, 1942\nThe New Moon, playing Jacques, August 18, 1942 – September 6, 1942\nThe Patriots, playing Ned, January 29, 1943 – June 26, 1943\nBlossom Time, playing Von Schwind, September 4, 1943 – October 9, 1943\nThe New Moon, playing Captain Paul Duval, May 17, 1944 – ?\nGoodbye, My Fancy, playing Dr. Pitt, November 17, 1948 – December 24, 1949\nThe Day After Tomorrow, playing Dr. Shaw, October 26, 1950 – November 11, 1950\nDesire Under the Elms, playing Peter Cabot, January 16, 1952 – February 23, 1952\nThe Crucible, playing John Willard, January 22, 1953 – July 11, 1953\nIndians, playing Chief Joseph, October 13, 1969 – January 3, 1970[4]","title":"Broadway career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Once in a Blue Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Once_in_a_Blue_Moon_(1935_film)"},{"link_name":"Captain Eddie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_Eddie"},{"link_name":"The Phenix City Story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Phenix_City_Story"},{"link_name":"3:10 to Yuma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3:10_to_Yuma_(1957_film)"},{"link_name":"The Wild and the Innocent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wild_and_the_Innocent"},{"link_name":"Birdman of Alcatraz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birdman_of_Alcatraz_(film)"},{"link_name":"Kid Galahad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kid_Galahad"},{"link_name":"Twilight of Honor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twilight_of_Honor"},{"link_name":"The Unsinkable Molly Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Unsinkable_Molly_Brown_(film)"},{"link_name":"Nevada Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevada_Smith"},{"link_name":"Ride in the Whirlwind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ride_in_the_Whirlwind"},{"link_name":"The Flim-Flam Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Flim-Flam_Man"},{"link_name":"The Learning Tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Learning_Tree"},{"link_name":"The Andromeda Strain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Andromeda_Strain_(film)"},{"link_name":"Two-Lane Blacktop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-Lane_Blacktop"}],"text":"Once in a Blue Moon (1935) .... Kolla\nVirginia (1941) .... Guest (uncredited)\nCaptain Eddie (1945) .... Lieutenant Johnny De Angelis\nThe Phenix City Story (1955) .... Hugh Britton\n3:10 to Yuma (1957) .... Bartender\nThe Wild and the Innocent (1959) .... Uncle Lije Hawks\nThird of a Man (1962)\nBirdman of Alcatraz (1962) .... Father Matthieu (uncredited)\nKid Galahad (1962) .... Harry Sperling\nTwilight of Honor (1963) .... District Attorney Paul Farish\nThe Unsinkable Molly Brown (1964) .... Monsignor Ryan\nNevada Smith (1966) .... Paymaster\nRide in the Whirlwind (1966) .... Evan\nThe Flim-Flam Man (1967) .... Tetter\nThe Learning Tree (1969) .... Jake Kiner\nThe Andromeda Strain (1971) .... Jackson\nTwo-Lane Blacktop (1971) .... Truck Driver at Accident","title":"Film career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Goodyear Television Playhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodyear_Television_Playhouse"},{"link_name":"Westinghouse Studio One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westinghouse_Studio_One"},{"link_name":"The United States Steel Hour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_United_States_Steel_Hour"},{"link_name":"Tales of Wells Fargo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tales_of_Wells_Fargo"},{"link_name":"Zane Grey Theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zane_Grey_Theater"},{"link_name":"Death Valley Days","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_Valley_Days"},{"link_name":"Gunsmoke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunsmoke#Television_version"},{"link_name":"Laramie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laramie_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Bonanza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonanza"},{"link_name":"The Virginian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Virginian_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Have Gun, Will Travel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Have_Gun,_Will_Travel"},{"link_name":"The Twilight Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Twilight_Zone_(1959_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"One Step Beyond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoa_Presents:_One_Step_Beyond"},{"link_name":"Perry Mason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perry_Mason_(1957_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Peter Gunn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Gunn"},{"link_name":"The Detectives Starring Robert Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Detectives_Starring_Robert_Taylor"},{"link_name":"The Untouchables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Untouchables_(1959_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Stoney Burke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoney_Burke_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Sam Benedict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Benedict"},{"link_name":"Naked City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naked_City_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Hazel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazel_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The Ghost & Mrs. Muir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ghost_%26_Mrs._Muir_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Bewitched","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bewitched"},{"link_name":"Ben Casey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Casey"},{"link_name":"Time Tunnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Tunnel"},{"link_name":"Land of the Giants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_of_the_Giants"},{"link_name":"Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyage_to_the_Bottom_of_the_Sea_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Daktari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daktari"},{"link_name":"Lassie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lassie_(1954_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Run for Your Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Run_for_Your_Life_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Americans_(1961_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Dark Shadows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_Shadows"},{"link_name":"Thayer David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thayer_David"}],"text":"Mitchell had roles on television in shows ranging from the 1950s dramas of the Golden Age of Television (such as Goodyear Television Playhouse, Westinghouse Studio One, and The United States Steel Hour) to the westerns of the 1960s (including Tales of Wells Fargo, Zane Grey Theater, Death Valley Days, Gunsmoke, Laramie, Bonanza, The Virginian, and Have Gun, Will Travel).He was in the 1956 NBC adventure/musical The Adventures of Marco Polo, and several episodes of both The Twilight Zone and One Step Beyond. Another speciality was police/crime shows: Perry Mason, Peter Gunn, The Detectives Starring Robert Taylor, The Untouchables, Stoney Burke, Sam Benedict, and Naked City.He even tried comedy (Hazel, The Ghost & Mrs. Muir, Bewitched), medical (Ben Casey), and science-fiction-adventure shows (Time Tunnel, Land of the Giants, and Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea). He was also on Daktari, Lassie, Run for Your Life, and the 1961 NBC series, The Americans, a dramatization of family divisions in the American Civil War.On the 1960s gothic soap opera Dark Shadows, he originated the role of Matthew Morgan (later assumed by actor Thayer David).","title":"Television career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alfred Hitchcock Presents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock_Presents"},{"link_name":"The Alfred Hitchcock Hour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Alfred_Hitchcock_Hour"},{"link_name":"The Alfred Hitchcock Hour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Alfred_Hitchcock_Hour"},{"link_name":"The Alfred Hitchcock Hour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Alfred_Hitchcock_Hour"}],"text":"Alfred Hitchcock Presents (1960) (Season 5 Episode 28: \"Forty Detectives Later\") as Munro Dean\nThe Alfred Hitchcock Hour (1962) (Season 1 Episode 9: \"The Black Curtain\") as Druggist\nThe Alfred Hitchcock Hour (1962) (Season 1 Episode 24: \"The Star Juror\") as Judge Higgins\nThe Alfred Hitchcock Hour (1965) (Season 3 Episode 19: \"Wally the Beard\") as Keefer","title":"Selected Television Appearances"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Katherine Squire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katherine_Squire"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"In 1940, he married Katherine Squire, with whom he often worked on stage, in film, and on television. He died on January 18, 1972, aged 66, of undisclosed causes, in Washington, D.C. Squire died in 1995.[citation needed]","title":"Personal life"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holostean
Holostei
["1 Characteristics","2 Systematics of Neopterygii","2.1 Halecostomi hypothesis","2.2 Holostei hypothesis","3 Phylogeny of bony fishes","4 Notes","5 References","6 External links"]
Group of bony fish HolosteiTemporal range: Middle Permian to present PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Spotted gar, Lepisosteus oculatus Bowfin, Amia calva Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Actinopterygii Subclass: Neopterygii Infraclass: HolosteiMüller, 1846 Clades (with orders) Halecomorphi Amiiformes †Ionoscopiformes †Parasemionotiformes †Panxianichthyiformes Ginglymodi †Kyphosichthyiformes Lepisosteiformes †Semionotiformes Fish portal Holostei is a group of ray-finned bony fish. It is divided into two major clades, the Halecomorphi, represented by the single living genus, Amia with two species, the bowfins (Amia calva and Amia ocellicauda), as well as the Ginglymodi, the sole living representatives being the gars (Lepisosteidae), represented by seven living species in two genera (Atractosteus, Lepisosteus). The earliest members of the clade, which are putative "semionotiforms" such as Acentrophorus and Archaeolepidotus, are known from the Middle to Late Permian and are among the earliest known neopterygians. Holostei was thought to be regarded as paraphyletic. However, a recent study provided evidence that the Holostei are the closest living relates of the Teleostei, both within the Neopterygii. This was found from the morphology of the Holostei, for example presence of a paired vomer. Holosteans are closer to teleosts than are the chondrosteans, the other group intermediate between teleosts and cartilaginous fish, which are regarded as (at the nearest) a sister group to the Neopterygii. The spiracles of holosteans are reduced to vestigial remnants and the bones are lightly ossified. The thick ganoid scales of the gars are more primitive than those of the bowfin. Characteristics Holosteans share with other non-teleost ray-finned fish a mixture of characteristics of teleosts and sharks. In comparison with the other group of non-teleost ray-finned fish, the chondrosteans, the holosteans are closer to the teleosts and further from sharks: the pair of spiracles found in sharks and chondrosteans is reduced in holosteans to a remnant structure: in gars, the spiracles do not even open to the outside; the skeleton is lightly ossified: a thin layer of bone covers a mostly cartilaginous skeleton in the bowfins. In gars, the tail is still heterocercal but less so than in the chondrosteans. Bowfins have many-rayed dorsal fins and can breathe air like the bichirs. In the holosteans a primary pulmonoid (respiratory) swim bladder is still present, a trait that was independently lost in both chondrostei and teleostei, the only other two lineages of fish with a swim bladder (in some teleosts the swim bladder have since evolved to become secondarily respiratory again). The gars have thick ganoid scales typical of sturgeons whereas the bowfin has thin bony scales like the teleosts. The gars are therefore in this regard considered more primitive than the bowfin. The name Holostei derives from the Greek words holos, meaning whole, and osteon, meaning bone: a reference to their bony skeletons. Systematics of Neopterygii The evolutionary relationships of gars, bowfin and teleosts were a matter of debate. There are two competing hypotheses on the systematics of neopterygians: Halecostomi hypothesis The Halecostomi hypothesis proposes Halecomorphi (bowfin and its fossil relatives) as the sister group of Teleostei, the major group of living neopterygians, rendering the Holostei paraphyletic. Neopterygii Halecostomi Teleostei Halecomorphi Ginglymodi Holostei hypothesis The Holostei hypothesis, where the gars and bowfin form the clade Holostei as the sister group to Teleostei, is better supported than the Halecostomi hypothesis, rendering the latter paraphyletic. It proposes Halecomorphi as the sister group of Ginglymodi, the group which includes living gars (Lepisosteiformes) and their fossil relatives. It is estimated that the last common ancestor of gars and bowfin lived at least 250 million years ago. Neopterygii Teleostei Holostei Halecomorphi Ginglymodi Ginglymodi comprises three orders: Lepisosteiformes, Semionotiformes and Kyphosichthyiformes. Lepisosteiformes includes 1 family, 2 genera, and 7 species that are commonly referred to as gars. Semionotiformes and Kyphosichthyiformes are extinct orders. Halecomorphi contains the orders Parasemionotiformes, Panxianichthyiformes, Ionoscopiformes, and Amiiformes. In addition to many extinct species, Amiiformes includes only 1 extant species that is commonly referred to as the bowfin. Parasemionotiformes, Panxianichthyiformes, and Ionoscopiformes have no living members. Gars and bowfins are found in North America and in freshwater ecosystems. The differences in each can be spotted very easily from just looking at the fishes. The gars have elongated jaws with fanlike teeth, only 3 branchiostegal rays, and a small dorsal fin. Meanwhile the bowfins have a terminal mouth, 10–13 flattened branchiostegal rays, and a long dorsal fin. Phylogeny of bony fishes Cipactlichthys scutatus holotype fossil, from the Lower Cretaceous Tlayua Formation of Mexico The cladogram shows the relationships of holosteans to other living groups of bony fish (Osteichthyes), the great majority of which are teleosts, and to the terrestrial vertebrates (tetrapods) that evolved from a related group of lobe-finned fish. Approximate dates are from Near et al. (2012). Euteleostomi/ Sarcopterygii Actinistia (Coelacanths) Dipnoi (Lungfish) Tetrapods Amphibians Amniota Mammals Sauropsids (reptiles, birds) Actinopterygii 400 mya part of "Chondrostei" Polypteridae (bichirs) part of "Chondrostei" Acipenseriformes (sturgeons, paddlefish) Neopterygii 360 mya Teleostei 310 mya Holostei (bowfins, gars) 275 mya Osteichthyes Notes ^ Depending who you ask, the Chondrostei may be paraphyletic, or the Polypteridae may be considered not part of them. ^ Thus the former "Chondrostei" is not a clade, but is broken up. See Actinopteri for a possible reclassification. References ^ a b Broughton, Richard E.; Betancur-R., Ricardo; Li, Chenhong; Arratia, Gloria; Ortí, Guillermo (2013-04-16). "Multi-locus phylogenetic analysis reveals the pattern and tempo of bony fish evolution". PLOS Currents. 5: ecurrents.tol.2ca8041495ffafd0c92756e75247483e. doi:10.1371/currents.tol.2ca8041495ffafd0c92756e75247483e (inactive 2024-02-27). ISSN 2157-3999. PMC 3682800. PMID 23788273.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of February 2024 (link) ^ a b "PBDB". paleobiodb.org. Retrieved 2024-02-26. ^ a b López-Arbarello, Adriana; Sferco, Emilia (March 2018). "Neopterygian phylogeny: the merger assay". Royal Society Open Science. 5 (3): 172337. Bibcode:2018RSOS....572337L. doi:10.1098/rsos.172337. PMC 5882744. PMID 29657820. ^ Romano, Carlo (2021). "A Hiatus Obscures the Early Evolution of Modern Lineages of Bony Fishes" (PDF). Frontiers in Earth Science. 8: 672. doi:10.3389/feart.2020.618853. ISSN 2296-6463. ^ Brinkmann, W.; Romano, C.; Bucher, H.; Ware, D.; Jenks, J. (2010). "Palaeobiogeography and stratigraphy of advanced Gnathostomian fishes (Chondrichthyes and Osteichthyes) in the Early Triassic and from selected Anisian localities (report 1863-2009): Literaturbericht". Zentralblatt für Geologie und Paläontologie. Teil 2. 2009 (5/6): 765–812. doi:10.5167/uzh-34071. ISSN 0044-4189. ^ Hastings, Walker Jr., Galland (2014). FISHES, A GUIDE TO THEIR DIVERSITY. Oakland, California: University of California Press. pp. 60–62.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ Ontario. Game and fish commission ^ Respiratory Biology of Animals: evolutionary and functional morphology ^ Rick Leah. "Holostei". University of Liverpool (http://www.liv.ac.uk). ^ Patterson C. Interrelationships of holosteans. In: Greenwood P H, Miles R S, Patterson C, eds. Interrelationships of Fishes. Zool J Linn Soc, 1973, 53(Suppl): 233–305 ^ Betancur-R (2016). "Phylogenetic Classification of Bony Fishes Version 4". Archived from the original on 2017-07-11. Retrieved 2021-06-07. ^ Nelson, Joseph, S. (2016). Fishes of the World. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN 978-1-118-34233-6.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ "Actinopterygii". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 3 April 2006. ^ R. Froese and D. Pauly, ed. (February 2006). "FishBase". ^ Olsen P. E. (1984). "The skull and pectoral girdle of the parasemionotid fish Watsonulus eugnathoides from the Early Triassic Sakemena Group of Madagascar with comments on the relationships of the holostean fishes". J Vertebr Paleontol. 4 (3): 481–499. Bibcode:1984JVPal...4..481O. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.384.2050. doi:10.1080/02724634.1984.10012024. ^ Grande, Lance; Bemis, William E. (1998). "A Comprehensive Phylogenetic Study of Amiid Fishes (Amiidae) Based on Comparative Skeletal Anatomy. an Empirical Search for Interconnected Patterns of Natural History". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 18 (sup001): 1–696. Bibcode:1998JVPal..18S...1G. doi:10.1080/02724634.1998.10011114. ^ Thompson, Andrew W.; Hawkins, M. Brent; Parey, Elise; Wcisel, Dustin J.; Ota, Tatsuya; Kawasaki, Kazuhiko; Funk, Emily; Losilla, Mauricio; Fitch, Olivia E.; Pan, Qiaowei; Feron, Romain; Louis, Alexandra; Montfort, Jérôme; Milhes, Marine; Racicot, Brett L. (2021). "The bowfin genome illuminates the developmental evolution of ray-finned fishes". Nature Genetics. 53 (9): 1373–1384. doi:10.1038/s41588-021-00914-y. ISSN 1546-1718. PMC 8423624. PMID 34462605. ^ Brito, Paulo M.; Alvarado-Ortega, Jesus (2013). "Cipactlichthys scutatus, gen. nov., sp. nov. a New Halecomorph (Neopterygii, Holostei) from the Lower Cretaceous Tlayua Formation of Mexico". PLOS ONE. 8 (9): e73551. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...873551B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0073551. PMC 3762789. PMID 24023885. ^ a b Thomas J. Near; et al. (2012). "Resolution of ray-finned fish phylogeny and timing of diversification". PNAS. 109 (34): 13698–13703. Bibcode:2012PNAS..10913698N. doi:10.1073/pnas.1206625109. PMC 3427055. PMID 22869754. ^ Betancur-R, Ricardo; et al. (2013). "The Tree of Life and a New Classification of Bony Fishes". PLOS Currents Tree of Life. 5 (Edition 1). doi:10.1371/currents.tol.53ba26640df0ccaee75bb165c8c26288. hdl:2027.42/150563. PMC 3644299. PMID 23653398. ^ Laurin, M.; Reisz, R.R. (1995). "A reevaluation of early amniote phylogeny". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 113 (2): 165–223. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1995.tb00932.x. External links Holostei on The University of Liverpool website vteFishAbout fish Diversity Ethnoichthyology Evolution Diseases and parasites Fishing Fisheries Environmental impact of fishing - as food Fear of - FishBase Fish kill Hypoxia in - Ichthyology Anatomy andphysiology Age determination Anguilliformity Bone dermal intramembranous ossification Cleithrum Chromatophore Fins dorsal fin Gill branchial arch gill raker gill slit pharyngeal arch pharyngeal slit pseudobranch Glossohyal Jaw hyomandibula pharyngeal jaw Leydig's organ Mauthner cell Meristics Operculum papillare Papilla Photophore Root effect Shark cartilage Scales ganoine Spiral valve Suckermouth Swim bladder physoclisti physostome Teeth pharyngeal shark Teleost leptins Digital Library Sensorysystems Ampullae of Lorenzini Barbel Hydrodynamic reception Electroreception and electrogenesis Jamming avoidance response Lateral line Otolith Capacity for pain Schreckstoff Surface wave detection Vision Weberian apparatus Reproduction Bubble nest Clasper Egg case Development Ichthyoplankton Juvenile Life history theory Milt Mouthbrooder Polyandry Pregnancy Roe Sequential hermaphroditism Spawning triggers Locomotion Fin and flipper locomotion Amphibious Walking Flying Undulatory locomotion Tradeoffs for locomotion in air and water RoboTuna Otherbehaviour Aquatic predation Aquatic respiration Bait ball Bottom feeders Cleaner fish Corallivory Diel vertical migration Electric fish Filter feeders Forage fish Migratory Paedophagy Predatory Salmon run Sardine run Scale eaters Schooling fish Sleep Venomous Intelligence By habitat Cave Coastal Coldwater Coral reef Deep-sea Demersal Euryhaline Freshwater Groundfish Pelagic Tropical Other types Bait Coarse Diversity Game Genetically modified Hallucinogenic Oily Poisonous Rough Whitefish CommerceFarming Carp Catfish Octopus Salmonids Tilapia Wild fisheries Predatory billfish mackerel salmon tuna Forage anchovy herring sardine sprats Demersal cod flatfish pollock Major groups Jawless hagfish lampreys Cartilaginous chimaeras sharks rays Bony spiny-finned fleshy-finned Lists Aquarium life Blind Fish common names Fish families Glossary of ichthyology Largest Smallest Threatened rays sharks Prehistoric more lists... Category WikiProject vteHalecomorphi Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Actinopterygii Subclass: Neopterygii Infraclass: Holostei Actinopterygii see Actinopterygii Neopterygii see Neopterygii Halecomorphi see below↓ HalecomorphiHalecomorphi †Angolaichthys? †Cipactlichthys †Peia? †Promecosomina? †Prosantichthys †Parasemionotidae Albertonia Broughia Candelarialepis Devillersia Icarealcyon Jacobulus Jurongia Lehmanotus Lombardina? Ospia Parasemionotus Piveteaunotus Qingshania Stensionotus Suius Thomasinotus Watsonulus †Ionoscopiformes Ainia Allolepidotus? Altmuehlfuro Archaeosemionotus Asialepidotus? Brachyichthys Cerinichthys Elongofuro Eoeugnathus? Furo Gymnoichthys? Heterolepidotus Holzmadenfuro Italophiopsis Ohmdenfuro Oligopleurus? Ophiopsis Panxianichthys? Robustichthys? Sanctusichthys Schernfeldfuro Sinoeugnathus? Subortichthys Xingyia? Zandtfuro Ionoscopidae Ionoscopus Oshunia Quetzalichthys Spathiurus Ophiopsiellidae Congophiopsis Macrepistius Ophiopsiella Petalopteryx Placidichthys Teoichthys Amiiformes†Caturoidea Eurypoma Liodesmus Strobilodus Caturidae Amblysemius Caturus Catutoichthys Amioidea †Tomognathus †Sinamiidae Ikechaoamia Siamamia Sinamia Amiidae Amia †Amiopsis †Calamopleurus †Cratoamia †Cyclurus †Hispanamia †Maliamia †Melvius †Nipponamia †Pachyamia †Pseudamiatus †Solnhofenamia †Vidalamia vteGinglymodi Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Actinopterygii Subclass: Neopterygii Infraclass: Holostei Actinopterygii see Actinopterygii Neopterygii see Neopterygii Ginglymodi see below↓ GinglymodiGinglymodi †Diandongichthys †Luoxiongichthys †Ticinolepis †Sangiorgioichthys †KyphosichthyiformesKyphosichthyidae Fuyuanichthys Kyphosichthys Lashanichthyidae Lashanichthys Yudaiichthys †Semionotiformes Hoyasotes Lepidhoyas Neosemionotus? Quasimodichthys Semionotidae Lophionotus Semionotus Callipurbeckiidae Callipurbeckia Macrosemimimus Occitanichthys Paralepidotus Semiolepis Tlayuamichin Macrosemiidae Agoultichthys Enchelyolepis Eosemionotus Histionotus Legnonotus Macrosemius Macrosemiocotzus Notagogus Orthurus Palaeomacrosemius Propterus Uarbryichthys? Voelklichthys? Lepisosteiformes †Adrianaichthys †Beiduyu †Khoratichthys †Lanxangichthys †Neosemionotus? †Lepidotidae Camerichthys? Isanichthys? Lepidotes Scheenstia? Lepisosteoidei †Araripelepidotes †Pliodetes †Thaiichthys †Obaichthyidae Dentilepisosteus Obaichthys Lepisosteidae Atractosteus †Cuneatus †Grandemarinus †Herreraichthys Lepisosteus †Masillosteus †Nhanulepisosteus †Oniichthys Incertae sedis †Acentrophorus? †Alleiolepis? †Aphelolepis? †Archaeolepidotus? † Austrolepidotes? †Corunegenys? †Paracentrophorus? †Pericentrophorus? Taxon identifiersHolostei Wikidata: Q846164 Wikispecies: Holostei EoL: 4658526 ITIS: 161089 NCBI: 1489100 Paleobiology Database: 92051
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fish portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Fish"},{"link_name":"ray-finned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinopterygii"},{"link_name":"bony fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bony_fish"},{"link_name":"Halecomorphi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halecomorphi"},{"link_name":"Amia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amia_(fish)"},{"link_name":"bowfins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowfin"},{"link_name":"Amia calva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amia_calva"},{"link_name":"Amia ocellicauda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amia_ocellicauda"},{"link_name":"Ginglymodi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginglymodi"},{"link_name":"gars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gar"},{"link_name":"Atractosteus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atractosteus"},{"link_name":"Lepisosteus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepisosteus"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Neopterygian_phylogeny:_the_merger-3"},{"link_name":"semionotiforms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semionotiformes"},{"link_name":"Acentrophorus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acentrophorus"},{"link_name":"Archaeolepidotus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeolepidotus"},{"link_name":"Middle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalupian"},{"link_name":"Late Permian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lopingian"},{"link_name":"neopterygians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neopterygii"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Broughton2013-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PBDB-2"},{"link_name":"paraphyletic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraphyly"},{"link_name":"Teleostei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleostei"},{"link_name":"Neopterygii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neopterygii"},{"link_name":"vomer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vomer#In_other_animals"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"chondrosteans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chondrostei"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"spiracles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiracle_(vertebrates)"},{"link_name":"ganoid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ganoid"}],"text":"Fish portalHolostei is a group of ray-finned bony fish. It is divided into two major clades, the Halecomorphi, represented by the single living genus, Amia with two species, the bowfins (Amia calva and Amia ocellicauda), as well as the Ginglymodi, the sole living representatives being the gars (Lepisosteidae), represented by seven living species in two genera (Atractosteus, Lepisosteus).[3] The earliest members of the clade, which are putative \"semionotiforms\" such as Acentrophorus and Archaeolepidotus, are known from the Middle to Late Permian and are among the earliest known neopterygians.[4][5][1][2]Holostei was thought to be regarded as paraphyletic. However, a recent study provided evidence that the Holostei are the closest living relates of the Teleostei, both within the Neopterygii. This was found from the morphology of the Holostei, for example presence of a paired vomer.[6] Holosteans are closer to teleosts than are the chondrosteans, the other group intermediate between teleosts and cartilaginous fish, which are regarded as (at the nearest[a]) a sister group to the Neopterygii.The spiracles of holosteans are reduced to vestigial remnants and the bones are lightly ossified. The thick ganoid scales of the gars are more primitive than those of the bowfin.","title":"Holostei"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ray-finned fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray-finned_fish"},{"link_name":"teleosts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleostei"},{"link_name":"sharks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark"},{"link_name":"chondrosteans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chondrostei"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"ossified","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ossification"},{"link_name":"cartilaginous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartilage"},{"link_name":"heterocercal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterocercal"},{"link_name":"bichirs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bichir"},{"link_name":"swim bladder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swim_bladder"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"ganoid scales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganoid_scale"},{"link_name":"sturgeons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sturgeon"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-holo-10"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"}],"text":"Holosteans share with other non-teleost ray-finned fish a mixture of characteristics of teleosts and sharks. In comparison with the other group of non-teleost ray-finned fish, the chondrosteans, the holosteans are closer to the teleosts and further from sharks: the pair of spiracles found in sharks and chondrosteans is reduced in holosteans to a remnant structure: in gars, the spiracles do not even open to the outside;[7] the skeleton is lightly ossified: a thin layer of bone covers a mostly cartilaginous skeleton in the bowfins. In gars, the tail is still heterocercal but less so than in the chondrosteans. Bowfins have many-rayed dorsal fins and can breathe air like the bichirs.In the holosteans a primary pulmonoid (respiratory) swim bladder is still present, a trait that was independently lost in both chondrostei and teleostei, the only other two lineages of fish with a swim bladder (in some teleosts the swim bladder have since evolved to become secondarily respiratory again).[8]The gars have thick ganoid scales typical of sturgeons whereas the bowfin has thin bony scales like the teleosts. The gars are therefore in this regard considered more primitive than the bowfin.[9]The name Holostei derives from the Greek words holos, meaning whole, and osteon, meaning bone: a reference to their bony skeletons.","title":"Characteristics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"evolutionary relationships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogeny"},{"link_name":"hypotheses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypotheses"},{"link_name":"neopterygians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neopterygii"}],"text":"The evolutionary relationships of gars, bowfin and teleosts were a matter of debate. There are two competing hypotheses on the systematics of neopterygians:","title":"Systematics of Neopterygii"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Halecostomi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halecostomi"},{"link_name":"Halecomorphi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halecomorphi"},{"link_name":"bowfin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowfin"},{"link_name":"sister group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sister_group"},{"link_name":"Teleostei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleostei"},{"link_name":"paraphyletic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraphyletic"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Neopterygii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neopterygii"},{"link_name":"Halecostomi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halecostomi"},{"link_name":"Teleostei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleostei"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Common_carp_(white_background).jpg"},{"link_name":"Halecomorphi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halecomorphi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Amia_calva_(white_background).jpg"},{"link_name":"Ginglymodi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginglymodi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alligator_gar_fish_(white_background).jpg"}],"sub_title":"Halecostomi hypothesis","text":"The Halecostomi hypothesis proposes Halecomorphi (bowfin and its fossil relatives) as the sister group of Teleostei, the major group of living neopterygians, rendering the Holostei paraphyletic.[10]Neopterygii\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nHalecostomi\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTeleostei \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nHalecomorphi \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nGinglymodi","title":"Systematics of Neopterygii"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"clade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clade"},{"link_name":"sister group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sister_group"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Ginglymodi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginglymodi"},{"link_name":"gars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gar"},{"link_name":"Lepisosteiformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepisosteiformes"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Neopterygian_phylogeny:_the_merger-3"},{"link_name":"last common ancestor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Most_recent_common_ancestor"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Neopterygii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neopterygii"},{"link_name":"Teleostei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleostei"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Common_carp_(white_background).jpg"},{"link_name":"Halecomorphi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halecomorphi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Amia_calva_(white_background).jpg"},{"link_name":"Ginglymodi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginglymodi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alligator_gar_fish_(white_background).jpg"},{"link_name":"orders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_(biology)"},{"link_name":"Lepisosteiformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepisosteiformes"},{"link_name":"Semionotiformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semionotiformes"},{"link_name":"Kyphosichthyiformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyphosichthyiformes"},{"link_name":"family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_(biology)"},{"link_name":"genera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genera"},{"link_name":"species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species"},{"link_name":"Parasemionotiformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasemionotiformes"},{"link_name":"Panxianichthyiformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Panxianichthyiformes&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ionoscopiformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ionoscopiformes&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Amiiformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiiformes"},{"link_name":"extinct","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinct"},{"link_name":"species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species"},{"link_name":"extant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extant_taxon"},{"link_name":"freshwater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freshwater"}],"sub_title":"Holostei hypothesis","text":"The Holostei hypothesis, where the gars and bowfin form the clade Holostei as the sister group to Teleostei, is better supported than the Halecostomi hypothesis, rendering the latter paraphyletic.[11][12][13][14] It proposes Halecomorphi as the sister group of Ginglymodi, the group which includes living gars (Lepisosteiformes) and their fossil relatives.[15][16][3] It is estimated that the last common ancestor of gars and bowfin lived at least 250 million years ago.[17]Neopterygii\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTeleostei \n\n\n\n\n\n\nHolostei\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nHalecomorphi \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nGinglymodiGinglymodi comprises three orders: Lepisosteiformes, Semionotiformes and Kyphosichthyiformes. Lepisosteiformes includes 1 family, 2 genera, and 7 species that are commonly referred to as gars. Semionotiformes and Kyphosichthyiformes are extinct orders.Halecomorphi contains the orders Parasemionotiformes, Panxianichthyiformes, Ionoscopiformes, and Amiiformes. In addition to many extinct species, Amiiformes includes only 1 extant species that is commonly referred to as the bowfin. Parasemionotiformes, Panxianichthyiformes, and Ionoscopiformes have no living members.Gars and bowfins are found in North America and in freshwater ecosystems. The differences in each can be spotted very easily from just looking at the fishes. The gars have elongated jaws with fanlike teeth, only 3 branchiostegal rays, and a small dorsal fin. Meanwhile the bowfins have a terminal mouth, 10–13 flattened branchiostegal rays, and a long dorsal fin.","title":"Systematics of Neopterygii"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cipactlichthys_scutatus_holotype.png"},{"link_name":"Cipactlichthys scutatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cipactlichthys_scutatus"},{"link_name":"holotype","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holotype"},{"link_name":"Lower Cretaceous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Cretaceous"},{"link_name":"Tlayua Formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlayua_Formation"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"cladogram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cladogram"},{"link_name":"bony fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bony_fish"},{"link_name":"teleosts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleost"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PNAS-20"},{"link_name":"lobe-finned fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobe-finned_fish"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TOL-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-laurin&reisz1995-22"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PNAS-20"},{"link_name":"Euteleostomi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euteleostomi"},{"link_name":"Sarcopterygii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarcopterygii"},{"link_name":"Actinistia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinistia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coelacanth_flipped.png"},{"link_name":"Dipnoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipnoi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chinle_fish_Arganodus_cropped_cropped.png"},{"link_name":"Tetrapods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrapod"},{"link_name":"Amphibians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphibian"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Salamandra_salamandra_(white_background).jpg"},{"link_name":"Amniota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amniote"},{"link_name":"Mammals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ruskea_rotta.png"},{"link_name":"Sauropsids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauropsida"},{"link_name":"reptiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reptile"},{"link_name":"birds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zoology_of_Egypt_(1898)_(Varanus_exanthematicus).png"},{"link_name":"Actinopterygii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinopterygii"},{"link_name":"Chondrostei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chondrostei"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Polypteridae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polypteridae"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cuvier-105-Polypt%C3%A8re.jpg"},{"link_name":"Chondrostei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chondrostei"},{"link_name":"Acipenseriformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acipenseriformes"},{"link_name":"sturgeons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sturgeon"},{"link_name":"paddlefish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paddlefish"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Atlantic_sturgeon_flipped.jpg"},{"link_name":"Neopterygii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neopterygii"},{"link_name":"Teleostei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleostei"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Common_carp_(white_background).jpg"},{"link_name":"bowfins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowfin"},{"link_name":"gars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gar"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Amia_calva_(white_background).jpg"},{"link_name":"Osteichthyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteichthyes"}],"text":"Cipactlichthys scutatus holotype fossil, from the Lower Cretaceous Tlayua Formation of Mexico[18]The cladogram shows the relationships of holosteans to other living groups of bony fish (Osteichthyes), the great majority of which are teleosts,[19] and to the terrestrial vertebrates (tetrapods) that evolved from a related group of lobe-finned fish.[20][21] Approximate dates are from Near et al. (2012).[19]Euteleostomi/\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSarcopterygii\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nActinistia (Coelacanths) \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDipnoi (Lungfish) \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTetrapods\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAmphibians \n\n\n\n\n\n\nAmniota\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMammals \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSauropsids (reptiles, birds) \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nActinopterygii 400 mya\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\npart of \"Chondrostei\"[b] Polypteridae (bichirs) \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\npart of \"Chondrostei\"\n\n\nAcipenseriformes (sturgeons, paddlefish) \n\n\n\n\n\n\nNeopterygii 360 mya\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTeleostei 310 mya \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nHolostei (bowfins, gars) 275 mya \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nOsteichthyes","title":"Phylogeny of bony fishes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-23"},{"link_name":"Chondrostei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chondrostei"},{"link_name":"Actinopteri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinopteri"}],"text":"^ Depending who you ask, the Chondrostei may be paraphyletic, or the Polypteridae may be considered not part of them.\n\n^ Thus the former \"Chondrostei\" is not a clade, but is broken up. See Actinopteri for a possible reclassification.","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"Cipactlichthys scutatus holotype fossil, from the Lower Cretaceous Tlayua Formation of Mexico[18]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Cipactlichthys_scutatus_holotype.png/220px-Cipactlichthys_scutatus_holotype.png"}]
null
[{"reference":"Broughton, Richard E.; Betancur-R., Ricardo; Li, Chenhong; Arratia, Gloria; Ortí, Guillermo (2013-04-16). \"Multi-locus phylogenetic analysis reveals the pattern and tempo of bony fish evolution\". PLOS Currents. 5: ecurrents.tol.2ca8041495ffafd0c92756e75247483e. doi:10.1371/currents.tol.2ca8041495ffafd0c92756e75247483e (inactive 2024-02-27). ISSN 2157-3999. PMC 3682800. PMID 23788273.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3682800","url_text":"\"Multi-locus phylogenetic analysis reveals the pattern and tempo of bony fish evolution\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fcurrents.tol.2ca8041495ffafd0c92756e75247483e","url_text":"10.1371/currents.tol.2ca8041495ffafd0c92756e75247483e"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2157-3999","url_text":"2157-3999"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3682800","url_text":"3682800"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23788273","url_text":"23788273"}]},{"reference":"\"PBDB\". paleobiodb.org. 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Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 113 (2): 165–223. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1995.tb00932.x.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1096-3642.1995.tb00932.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1096-3642.1995.tb00932.x"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriac_Aramaic
Syriac language
["1 Name","1.1 Endonyms and exonyms","1.2 Wider and narrower meanings","2 Geographic distribution","3 History","3.1 Origins","3.2 Literary Syriac","3.3 Current status","4 Grammar","4.1 Nouns","4.2 Verbs","5 Phonology","5.1 Consonants","5.2 Vowels","6 See also","7 Notes","8 References","9 Sources","10 External links"]
Dialect of Middle Aramaic This article is about the Classical Syriac language. For the alphabet, see Syriac script. For Christian Neo-Aramaic languages, see Neo-Aramaic languages and Northeastern Neo-Aramaic. For Syro-Palestinian or Christian Palestinian Syriac, see Christian Palestinian Aramaic. SyriacClassical SyriacSyriac Aramaicܠܫܢܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܐ, Leššānā SuryāyāLeššānā Suryāyā in written Syriac (Esṭrangelā script)Pronunciationlɛʃˈʃɑːnɑː surˈjɑːjɑːRegionFertile Crescent (northern Iraq, northwestern Iran, Syria, Eastern Arabia (Bahrain, Kuwait, Qatar), Malabar Coast (Kerala)Era1st century AD; declined as a vernacular language after the 13th century; still in liturgical useLanguage familyAfro-Asiatic SemiticWest SemiticCentral SemiticNorthwest SemiticAramaicEastern AramaicSyriacDialects West Syriac East Syriac Writing systemSyriac abjadLanguage codesISO 639-2sycISO 639-3sycGlottologclas1252This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. This article contains Syriac text, written from right to left in a cursive style with some letters joined. Without proper rendering support, you may see unjoined Syriac letters or other symbols instead of Syriac script. The Syriac language (/ˈsɪriæk/ SIH-ree-ak; Classical Syriac: ܠܫܢܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܐ, romanized: Leššānā Sūryāyā, Leššono Suryoyo), also known as Syriac Aramaic (Syrian Aramaic, Assyrian Aramaic, Syro-Aramaic) and Classical Syriac ܠܫܢܐ ܥܬܝܩܐ (in its literary and liturgical form), is an Aramaic language. The language is a dialect that emerged during the first century AD from a local Aramaic dialect that was spoken in the ancient region of Osroene, centered in the city of Edessa. During the Early Christian period, it became the main literary language of various Aramaic-speaking Christian communities in the historical region of Ancient Syria and throughout the Near East. As a liturgical language of Syriac Christianity, it gained a prominent role among Eastern Christian communities that used both Eastern Syriac and Western Syriac rites. Following the spread of Syriac Christianity, it also became a liturgical language of eastern Christian communities as far as India and China. It flourished from the 4th to the 8th century, and continued to have an important role during the next centuries, but by the end of the Middle Ages it was gradually reduced to liturgical use, since the role of vernacular language among its native speakers was overtaken by several emerging Neo-Aramaic dialects. Classical Syriac is written in the Syriac alphabet, a derivation of the Aramaic alphabet. The language is preserved in a large body of Syriac literature, that comprises roughly 90% of the extant Aramaic literature. Along with Greek and Latin, Syriac became one of the three most important languages of Early Christianity. Already from the first and second centuries AD, the inhabitants of the region of Osroene began to embrace Christianity, and by the third and fourth centuries, local Edessan Aramaic language became the vehicle of the specific Christian culture that came to be known as the Syriac Christianity. Because of theological differences, Syriac-speaking Christians diverged during the 5th century into the Church of the East that followed the East Syriac Rite under the Persian rule, and the Syriac Orthodox Church that followed the West Syriac Rite under the Byzantine rule. As a liturgical language of Syriac Christianity, Classical Syriac language spread throughout Asia as far as the South Indian Malabar Coast, and Eastern China, and became the medium of communication and cultural dissemination for the later Arabs, and (to a lesser extent) the other peoples of Parthian and Sasanian empires. Primarily a Christian medium of expression, Syriac had a fundamental cultural and literary influence on the development of Arabic, which largely replaced it during the later medieval period. Syriac remains the sacred language of Syriac Christianity to this day. It is used as liturgical language of several denominations, like those who follow the East Syriac Rite, including the Assyrian Church of the East, the Ancient Church of the East, the Chaldean Catholic Church, the Syro-Malabar Catholic Church, and the Assyrian Pentecostal Church, and also those who follow the West Syriac Rite, including: Syriac Orthodox Church, the Syriac Catholic Church, the Maronite Catholic Church, the Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church, the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church and the Syro-Malankara Catholic Church. In its contemporary spoken forms, it is known as leshono kthobonoyo (lit. 'the written language') or simply kthobonoyo or ktovonoyo. Classical Syriac was originally the liturgical language of the Syriac Melkites within the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch in Antioch and parts of ancient Syria. The Syriac Melkites changed their church's West Syriac Rite to that of Constantinople in the 9th-11th centuries, necessitating new translations of all their Syriac liturgical books. Name An 11th-century Syriac manuscript In the English language, the term "Syriac" is used as a linguonym (language name) designating a specific variant of the Aramaic language in relation to its regional origin in northeastern parts of Ancient Syria, around Edessa, that lay outside of provincial borders of Roman Syria. Since Aramaic was used by various Middle Eastern peoples, having several variants (dialects), this specific dialect that originated in northeastern Syria became known under its regional (Syrian/Syriac) designation (Suryaya). In English scholarly literature, the term "Syriac" is preferred over the alternative form "Syrian" since the latter is much more polysemic and commonly relates to Syria in general. That distinction is used in English as a convention and does not exist on the ancient endonymic level. Several compound terms like "Syriac Aramaic", "Syrian Aramaic" or "Syro-Aramaic" are also used, thus emphasizing both the Aramaic nature of the language and its Syrian/Syriac regional origin. Endonyms and exonyms The Syriac alphabet Early native speakers and writers used several endonymic terms as designations for their language. In addition to common endonym (native name) for the Aramaic language in general (Aramaya), another endonymic term was also used, designating more specifically the local Edessan dialect, known as Urhaya, a term derived directly from the native Aramaic name for the city of Edessa (Urhay). Among similar endonymic names with regional connotations, term Nahraya was also used. It was derived from choronym (regional name) Bet-Nahrain, an Aramaic name for Mesopotamia in general. Late Syriac text, written in Madnhāyā script, from Thrissur, Kerala, India, 1799 Original endonymic (native) designations, for Aramaic in general (Aramaya), and Edessan Aramaic in particular (Urhaya), were later (starting from the 5th century) accompanied by another term, exonymic (foreign) in origin: Suryaya (Syrian/Syriac), adopted under the influence of a long-standing Greek custom of referring to speakers of Aramaic as Syrians. Among ancient Greeks, term "Syrian language" was used as a common designation for Aramaic language in general, and such usage was also reflected in Aramaic, by subsequent (acquired) use of the term "Suryaya" as the most preferred synonym for "Aramaya" (Aramaic). Practice of interchangeable naming (Aramaya, Urhaya, Nahraya, and Suryaya) persisted for centuries, in common use and also in works of various prominent writers. One of those who used various terms was theologian Jacob of Edessa (d. 708), who was referring to the language as "Syrian or Aramaic" (Suryāyā awkēt Ārāmāyā), and also as Urhāyā, when referring to Edessan Aramaic, or Naḥrāyā when pointing to the region of Bet-Nahrain (Aramaic term for Mesopotamia in general). Plurality of terms among native speakers (ārāmāyā, urhāyā, naḥrāyā, and suryāyā) was not reflected in Greek and Latin terminology, that preferred Syrian/Syriac designation, and the same preference was adopted by later scholars, with one important distinction: in western scholarly use, Syrian/Syriac label was subsequently reduced from the original Greek designation for Aramaic language in general to a more specific (narrower) designation for Edessan Aramaic language, that in its literary and liturgical form came to be known as Classical Syriac. That reduction resulted in the creation of a specific field of Syriac studies, within Aramaic studies. The Lord's Prayer in Syriac language Preference of early scholars towards the use of the Syrian/Syriac label was also relied upon its notable use as an alternative designation for Aramaic language in the "Cave of Treasures", long held to be the 4th century work of an authoritative writer and revered Christian saint Ephrem of Edessa (d. 373), who was thus believed to be proponent of various linguistic notions and tendencies expressed in the mentioned work. Since modern scholarly analyses have shown that the work in question was written much later (c. 600) by an unknown author, several questions had to be reexamined. In regard to the scope and usage of Syrian/Syriac labels in linguistic terminology, some modern scholars have noted that diversity of Aramaic dialects in the wider historical region of Syria should not be overlooked by improper and unspecific use of Syrian/Syriac labels. Diversity of Aramaic dialects was recorded by Theodoret of Cyrus (d. c. 466), who accepted Syrian/Syriac labels as common Greek designations for the Aramaic language in general, stating that "the Osroënians, the Syrians, the people of the Euphrates, the Palestinians, and the Phoenicians all speak Syriac, but with many differences in pronunciation". Theodoret's regional (provincial) differentiation of Aramaic dialects included an explicit distinction between the "Syrians" (as Aramaic speakers of Syria proper, western of Euphrates), and the "Osroenians" as Aramaic speakers of Osroene (eastern region, centered in Edessa), thus showing that dialect of the "Syrians" (Aramaic speakers of proper Syria) was known to be different from that of the "Osroenians" (speakers of Edessan Aramaic). Native (endonymic) use of the term Aramaic language (Aramaya/Oromoyo) among its speakers has continued throughout the medieval period, as attested by the works of prominent writers, including the Oriental Orthodox Patriarch Michael of Antioch (d. 1199). Wider and narrower meanings An ancient mosaic from Edessa, from the 2nd century CE, with inscriptions in early Edessan Aramaic (Old Syriac) Since the proper dating of the Cave of Treasures, modern scholars were left with no indications of native Aramaic adoption of Syrian/Syriac labels before the 5th century. In the same time, a growing body of later sources showed that both in Greek, and in native literature, those labels were most commonly used as designations for Aramaic language in general, including its various dialects (both eastern and western), thus challenging the conventional scholarly reduction of the term "Syriac language" to a specific designation for Edessan Aramaic. Such use, that excludes non-Edessan dialects, and particularly those of Western Aramaic provenience, persist as an accepted convention, but in the same time stands in contradiction both with original Greek, and later native (acquired) uses of Syrian/Syriac labels as common designations for Aramaic language in general. Syriac "Codex Ambrosianus" (F. 128) from the 11th century (CORRECTION: here the text is in Greek cursive) Those problems were addressed by prominent scholars, including Theodor Nöldeke (d. 1930) who noted on several occasions that term "Syriac language" has come to have two distinctive meanings, wider and narrower, with first (historical and wider) serving as a common synonym for Aramaic language in general, while other (conventional and narrower) designating only the Edessan Aramaic, also referred to more specifically as the "Classical Syriac". Noting the problem, scholars have tried to resolve the issue by being more consistent in their use of the term "Classical Syriac" as a strict and clear scientific designation for the old literary and liturgical language, but the consistency of such use was never achieved within the field. A bilingual Syriac and Neo-Persian psalter, in Syriac script, from the 12th–13th century Inconsistent use of "Syrian/Syriac" labels in scholarly literature has led some researchers to raise additional questions, related not only to terminological issues but also to some more fundamental (methodological) problems, that were undermining the integrity of the field. Attempts to resolve those issues were unsuccessful, and in many scholarly works, related to the old literary and liturgical language, reduction of the term "Classical Syriac" to "Syriac" (only) remained a manner of convenience, even in titles of works, including encyclopedic entries, thus creating a large body of unspecific references, that became a base for the emergence of several new classes of terminological problems at the advent of the informational era. Those problems culminated during the process of international standardization of the terms "Syriac" and "Classical Syriac" within the ISO 639 and MARC systems. The term "Classical Syriac" was accepted in 2007 and codified (ISO code: syc) as a designation for the old literary and liturgical language, thus confirming the proper use of the term. In the same time, within the MARC standard, code syc was accepted as designation for Classical Syriac, but under the name "Syriac", while the existing general code syr, that was until then named "Syriac", was renamed to "Syriac, Modern". Within ISO 639 system, large body of unspecific references related to various linguistic uses of the term "Syriac" remained related to the original ISO 639-2 code syr (Syriac), but its scope is defined within the ISO 639-3 standard as a macrolanguage that currently includes only some of the Neo-Aramaic languages. Such differences in classification, both terminological and substantial, within systems and between systems (ISO and MARC), led to the creation of several additional problems, that remain unresolved. Within linguistics, mosaic of terminological ambiguities related to Syrian/Syriac labels was additionally enriched by introduction of the term "Palaeo-Syrian language" as a variant designation for the ancient Eblaite language from the third millennium BC, that is unrelated to the much later Edessan Aramaic, and its early phases, that were commonly labeled as Old/Proto- or even Paleo/Palaeo-Syrian/Syriac in scholarly literature. Newest addition to the terminological mosaic occurred c. 2014, when it was proposed, also by a scholar, that one of regional dialects of the Old Aramaic language from the first centuries of the 1st millennium BC should be called "Central Syrian Aramaic", thus introducing another ambiguous term, that can be used, in its generic meaning, to any local variant of Aramaic that occurred in central regions of Syria during any period in history. After more than five centuries of Syriac studies, which were founded by western scholars at the end of the 15th century, main terminological issues related to the name and classification of the language known as Edessan Aramaic, and also referred to by several other names combined of Syrian/Syriac labels, remain opened and unsolved. Some of those issues have special sociolinguistic and ethnolinguistic significance for the remaining Neo-Aramaic speaking communities. Since the occurrence of major political changes in the Near East (2003), those issues have acquired additional complexity, related to legal recognition of the language and its name. In the Constitution of Iraq (Article 4), adopted in 2005, and also in subsequent legislation, term "Syriac" (Arabic: السريانية / al-suriania) is used as official designation for the language of Neo-Aramaic-speaking communities, thus opening additional questions related to linguistic and cultural identity of those communities. Legal and other practical (educational and informational) aspects of the linguistic self-identification also arose throughout Syriac-speaking diaspora, particularly in European countries (Germany, Sweden, Netherlands). Geographic distribution Once a major language in the Fertile Crescent and Eastern Arabia, Syriac is now limited to the towns and villages in the Nineveh Plains, Tur Abdin, the Khabur plains, in and around the cities of Mosul, Erbil and Kirkuk. Syriac was the local dialect of Aramaic in Edessa, and evolved under the influence of the Church of the East and the Syriac Orthodox Church into its current form. Before Arabic became the dominant language, Syriac was a major language among Christian communities in the Middle East, Central Asia and the Malabar Coast in India, and remains so among the Syriac Christians to this day. It has been found as far afield as Hadrian's Wall in Great Britain, with inscriptions written by Aramaic-speaking soldiers of the Roman Empire. History The modern distribution of Neo-Aramaic languages, including Neo-Syriac groups Īšoˁ, the Syriac pronunciation of the Hebrew and Aramaic name of Jesus, Yeshuʿ (ישוע) History of Syriac language is divided into several successive periods, defined primarily by linguistic, and also by cultural criteria. Some terminological and chronological distinctions exist between different classifications, that were proposed among scholars. "Old Syriac" (Old-Edessan Aramaic), represents the earliest stage in development of the language, that emerged by the beginning of the first century AD as the main Aramaic dialect in the region of Osroene, centered in Edessa, and continued to develop during the next two or three centuries, gradually gaining wider regional significance. "Middle Syriac" (Middle-Edessan Aramaic), most commonly known as "Classical Syriac" or "Literary Syriac" (ܟܬܒܢܝܐ Kṯāḇānāyā), represents the most important period in the history of the language, marked by notable literary, liturgical and cultural development and expansion, from the third to the thirteenth century. The period is further subdivided into three stages: Early Classical Syriac (Pre-Classical Syriac), represents the earliest stage in development of Classical Syriac during the third and fourth century, preceding the later linguistic standardization. Classical Syriac (in the narrower sense of the term), represents the main, standardized stage in development of Classical Syriac, from the fourth century up to the eighth century. Late Classical Syriac (Post-Classical Syriac), represents the later, somewhat declining stage in development of Classical Syriac, from the eighth century up to the twelfth or thirteenth century. "Modern Syriac" (Neo-Syriac Aramaic) represents modern Neo-Aramaic languages. Neo-Syriac languages did not develop directly from Classical Syriac, but rather from closely related dialects belonging to the same branch of Aramaic. Those dialects have long co-existed with Classical Syriac as a liturgical and literary language, and were significantly influenced by it during the late medieval and early modern period. Modern Syriac is divided into: Modern Eastern Syriac (Northeastern Neo-Aramaic), including primarily Assyrian Neo-Aramaic and Chaldean Neo-Aramaic. The term is usually not used in reference to Neo-Mandaic, another variety of Eastern Aramaic spoken by the Mandaeans. Modern Western Syriac (Central Neo-Aramaic), including (Turoyo and Mlahsô). Origins The Linguistic homeland of Edessan Aramaic: the Kingdom of Osroene between the Romans and Parthians, in the 1st century AD During the first three centuries of the Common Era, a local Aramaic dialect spoken in the Kingdom of Osroene, centered in Edessa, eastern of Euphrates, started to gain prominence and regional significance. There are about eighty extant early inscriptions, written in Old-Edessan Aramaic, dated to the first three centuries AD, with the earliest inscription being dated to the 6th year AD, and the earliest parchment to 243 AD. All of these early examples of the language are non-Christian. As a language of public life and administration in the region of Osroene, Edessan Aramaic was gradually given a relatively coherent form, style and grammar that is lacking in other Aramaic dialects of the same period. Since Old-Edessan Aramaic later developed into Classical Syriac, it was retroactively labeled by western scholars as "Old Syrian/Syriac" or "Proto-Syrian/Syriac", although the linguistic homeland of the language in the region of Osroene, was never part of contemporary (Roman) Syria. Literary Syriac The sixth beatitude (Matthew 5:8) from an East Syriac Peshitta.ܛܘܼܒܲܝܗܘܿܢ ܠܐܲܝܠܹܝܢ ܕܲܕ݂ܟܹܝܢ ܒܠܸܒ̇ܗܘܿܢ܄ ܕܗܸܢ݂ܘܿܢ ܢܸܚܙܘܿܢ ܠܐܲܠܵܗܵܐ܂Ṭūḇayhōn l-ʾaylên da-ḏḵên b-lebbhōn, d-hennōn neḥzōn l-ʾălāhā.'Blessed are the pure in heart, for they shall see God.' Further information: Syriac literature In the 3rd century, churches in Edessa began to use local Aramaic dialect as the language of worship. Early literary efforts were focused on creation of an authoritative Aramaic translation of the Bible, the Peshitta (ܦܫܝܛܬܐ Pšīṭtā). At the same time, Ephrem the Syrian was producing the most treasured collection of poetry and theology in the Edessan Aramaic language, that later became known as Syriac. In 489, many Syriac-speaking Christians living in the eastern reaches of the Roman Empire fled to the Sasanian Empire to escape persecution and growing animosity with Greek-speaking Christians. The Christological differences with the Church of the East led to the bitter Nestorian Schism in the Syriac-speaking world. As a result, Syriac developed distinctive western and eastern varieties. Although remaining a single language with a high level of comprehension between the varieties, the two employ distinctive variations in pronunciation and writing system, and, to a lesser degree, in vocabulary. The Syriac language later split into a western variety, used mainly by the Syriac Orthodox Church in upper Mesopotamia and Syria proper, and an eastern variety used mainly by the Church of the East in central and northeastern Mesopotamia. Religious divisions were also reflected in linguistic differences between the Western Syriac Rite and the Eastern Syriac Rite. During the 5th and the 6th century, Syriac reached its height as the lingua franca of Mesopotamia and surrounding regions. It existed in literary (liturgical) form, as well as in vernacular forms, as the native language of Syriac-speaking populations. Following the Arab conquest in the 7th century, vernacular forms of Syriac were gradually replaced during the next centuries by the advancing Arabic language. Having an Aramaic (Syriac) substratum, the regional Arabic dialect (Mesopotamian Arabic) developed under the strong influence of local Aramaic (Syriac) dialects, sharing significant similarities in language structure, as well as having evident and stark influences from previous (ancient) languages of the region. Syriac-influenced Arabic dialects developed among Iraqi Muslims, as well as Iraqi Christians, most of whom descend from native Syriac speakers. Western Syriac is the official language of the West Syriac Rite, practiced by the Syriac Orthodox Church, the Syriac Catholic Church, the Maronite Catholic Church, the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church, the Malabar Independent Syrian Church, the Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church, the Syro-Malankara Catholic Church and some Parishes in the Syro-Malabar Knanaya Archeparchy of Kottayam. Eastern Syriac is the liturgical language of the East Syriac Rite, practised in modern times by the ethnic Assyrian followers of the Assyrian Church of the East, the Assyrian Pentecostal Church, the Ancient Church of the East, the Chaldean Catholic Church, as well as the Syro-Malabar Catholic Church in India. Syriac literature is by far the most prodigious of the various Aramaic languages. Its corpus covers poetry, prose, theology, liturgy, hymnody, history, philosophy, science, medicine and natural history. Much of this wealth remains unavailable in critical editions or modern translation. From the 7th century onwards, Syriac gradually gave way to Arabic as the spoken language of much of the region, excepting northern Iraq and Mount Lebanon. The Mongol invasions and conquests of the 13th century, and the religiously motivated massacres of Syriac Christians by Timur further contributed to the rapid decline of the language. In many places outside of Upper Mesopotamia and Mount Lebanon, even in liturgy, it was replaced by Arabic. Current status A warning sign in Mardin, Turkey: Syriac Turkish ܫܬܩܐ ܒܒܥܘšeṯqā, b-ḇāʿū'Silence, please') Lütfen! Sessiz olalım!'Please! Let's be quiet!' Revivals of literary Syriac in recent times have led to some success with the creation of newspapers in written Syriac (ܟܬܒܢܝܐ Kṯāḇānāyā) similar to the use of Modern Standard Arabic has been employed since the early decades of the 20th century. Modern forms of literary Syriac has also been used not only in religious literature but also in secular genres, often with Assyrian nationalistic themes. Syriac is spoken as the liturgical language of the Syriac Orthodox Church, as well as by some of its adherents. Syriac has been recognised as an official minority language in Iraq. It is also taught in some public schools in Iraq, Syria, Palestine, Israel, Sweden, Augsburg (Germany) and Kerala (India). In 2014, an Assyrian nursery school could finally be opened in Yeşilköy, Istanbul after waging a lawsuit against the Ministry of National Education which had denied it permission, but was required to respect non-Muslim minority rights as specified in the Treaty of Lausanne. In August 2016, the Ourhi Centre was founded by the Assyrian community in the city of Qamishli, to educate teachers in order to make Syriac an additional language to be taught in public schools in the Jazira Region of the Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria, which then started with the 2016/17 academic year. In April 2023, a team of AI researchers completed the first AI translation model and website for classical Syriac. Grammar Many Syriac words, like those in other Semitic languages, belong to triconsonantal roots, collations of three Syriac consonants. New words are built from these three consonants with variable vowel and consonant sets. For example, the following words belong to the root ܫܩܠ (ŠQL), to which a basic meaning of taking can be assigned: ܫܩܠ – šqal: "he has taken" ܢܫܩܘܠ – nešqol: "he will take, ... let him take, ... so that he might take." ܫܩܘܠ – šqol: "take! (masculine singular)" ܫܩܠ – šāqel: "he takes, he is taking, the one (masculine) who takes" ܫܩܠ – šaqqel: "he has lifted/raised" ܐܫܩܠ – ʾašqel: "he has set out" ܫܩܠܐ – šqālā: "a taking, burden, recension, portion or syllable" ܫܩ̈ܠܐ – šeqlē: "takings, profits, taxes" ܫܩܠܘܬܐ – šaqluṯā: "a beast of burden" ܫܘܩܠܐ – šuqqālā: "arrogance" Nouns Most Syriac nouns are built from triliteral roots. Nouns carry grammatical gender (masculine or feminine), they can be either singular or plural in number (a very few can be dual) and can exist in one of three grammatical states. These states should not be confused with grammatical cases in other languages. The absolute state is the basic form of the noun – ܫܩ̈ܠܝܢ, šeqlin, "taxes". The emphatic state usually represents a definite noun – ܫܩ̈ܠܐ, šeqlē, "the taxes". The construct state marks a noun in relationship to another noun – ܫܩ̈ܠܝ, šeqlay, "taxes of...". However, very quickly in the development of Classical Syriac, the emphatic state became the ordinary form of the noun, and the absolute and construct states were relegated to certain stock phrases (for example, ܒܪ ܐܢܫܐ/ܒܪܢܫܐ, bar nāšā, "man, person", literally "son of man"). In Old and early Classical Syriac, most genitive noun relationships are built using the construct state, but contrary to the genitive case, it is the head-noun which is marked by the construct state. Thus, ܫܩ̈ܠܝ ܡܠܟܘܬܐ, šeqlay malkuṯā, means "the taxes of the kingdom". Quickly, the construct relationship was abandoned and replaced by the use of the relative particle ܕ, d-, da-. Thus, the same noun phrase becomes ܫܩ̈ܠܐ ܕܡܠܟܘܬܐ, šeqlē d-malkuṯā, where both nouns are in the emphatic state. Very closely related nouns can be drawn into a closer grammatical relationship by the addition of a pronominal suffix. Thus, the phrase can be written as ܫܩ̈ܠܝܗ ܕܡܠܟܘܬܐ, šeqlêh d-malkuṯā. In this case, both nouns continue to be in the emphatic state, but the first has the suffix that makes it literally read "her taxes" ("kingdom" is feminine), and thus is "her taxes, of the kingdom". Adjectives always agree in gender and number with the nouns they modify. Adjectives are in the absolute state if they are predicative, but agree with the state of their noun if attributive. Thus, ܒܝܫܝ̈ܢ ܫܩ̈ܠܐ, bišin šeqlē, means "the taxes are evil", whereas ܫܩ̈ܠܐ ܒܝ̈ܫܐ, šeqlē ḇišē, means "evil taxes". Verbs Most Syriac verbs are built on triliteral roots as well. Finite verbs carry person, gender (except in the first person) and number, as well as tense and conjugation. The non-finite verb forms are the infinitive and the active and passive participles. Syriac has only two true morphological tenses: perfect and imperfect. Whereas these tenses were originally aspectual in Aramaic, they have become a truly temporal past and future tenses respectively. The present tense is usually marked with the participle followed by the subject pronoun. Such pronouns are usually omitted in the case of the third person. This use of the participle to mark the present tense is the most common of a number of compound tenses that can be used to express varying senses of tense and aspect. Syriac also employs derived verb stems such as are present in other Semitic languages. These are regular modifications of the verb's root to express other changes in meaning. The first stem is the ground state, or Pəʿal (this name models the shape of the root) form of the verb, which carries the usual meaning of the word. The next is the intensive stem, or Paʿʿel, form of the verb, which usually carries an intensified meaning. The third is the extensive stem, or ʾAp̄ʿel, form of the verb, which is often causative in meaning. Each of these stems has its parallel passive conjugation: the ʾEṯpəʿel, ʾEṯpaʿʿal and ʾEttap̄ʿal respectively. To these six cardinal stems are added a few irregular stems, like the Šap̄ʿel and ʾEštap̄ʿal, which generally have an extensive meaning. The basic G-stem or "Peal" conjugation of "to write" in the perfect and imperfect is as follows: Perfect Imperfect singular plural singular plural 1st person ܟܬܒܬ keṯḇeṯ ܟܬܒܢ kəṯaḇn ܐܟܬܘܒ eḵtoḇ ܢܟܬܘܒ neḵtoḇ 2nd person m. ܟܬܒܬ kəṯaḇt ܟܬܒܬܘܢ kəṯaḇtûn ܬܟܬܘܒ teḵtoḇ ܬܟܬܒܘܢ teḵtəḇûn f. ܟܬܒܬܝ kəṯaḇt ܟܬܒ̈ܬܝܢ kəṯaḇtên ܬܟܬܒܝܢ teḵtəḇîn ܬܟܬܒ̈ܢ teḵtəḇān 3rd person m. ܟܬܒ kəṯaḇ ܟܬܒܘ kəṯaḇ ܢܟܬܘܒ neḵtoḇ ܢܟܬܒܘܢ neḵtəḇûn f. ܟܬܒܬ keṯbaṯ ܟܬܒ kəṯaḇ ܬܟܬܘܒ teḵtoḇ ܢܟܬܒ̈ܢ neḵtəḇān Phonology ʾAḇôn daḇašmayyā Lord's Prayer, ʾAḇōn daḇašmayyā sung in Western Syriac Problems playing this file? See media help. Phonologically, like the other Northwest Semitic languages, Syriac has 22 consonants. The consonantal phonemes are: transliteration ʾ b g d h w z ḥ ṭ y k l m n s ʿ p ṣ q r š t letter ܐ ܒ ܓ ܕ ܗ ܘ ܙ ܚ ܛ ܝ ܟ ܠ ܡ ܢ ܣ ܥ ܦ ܨ ܩ ܪ ܫ ܬ pronunciation , , , , , , Phonetically, there is some variation in the pronunciation of Syriac in its various forms. The various Modern Eastern Aramaic vernaculars have quite different pronunciations, and these sometimes influence how the classical language is pronounced, for example, in public prayer. Classical Syriac has two major streams of pronunciation: western and eastern. Consonants Syriac shares with Aramaic a set of lightly contrasted stop/fricative pairs. In different variations of a certain lexical root, a root consonant might exist in stop form in one variation and fricative form in another. In the Syriac alphabet, a single letter is used for each pair. Sometimes a dot is placed above the letter (quššāyā "strengthening"; equivalent to a dagesh in Hebrew) to mark that the stop pronunciation is required, and a dot is placed below the letter (rukkāḵā "softening") to mark that the fricative pronunciation is required. The pairs are: Voiced labial pair – /b/ and /v/ Voiced velar pair – /ɡ/ and /ɣ/ Voiced dental pair – /d/ and /ð/ Voiceless labial pair – /p/ and /f/ Voiceless velar pair – /k/ and /x/ Voiceless dental pair – /t/ and /θ/ Like some Semitic languages, Syriac too has emphatic consonants, and it has three of them, /q/ being a historically emphatic variant of /k/. These are consonants that have a coarticulation in the pharynx or slightly higher. There are two pharyngeal fricatives, another class of consonants typically found in Semitic languages. Syriac also has a rich array of sibilants: Table of Syriac consonants Bilabial Labio-dental Dental Alveolar Post-alveolar Palatal Velar Uvular Pharyn-geal Glottal plain emphatic Nasal m n Stop p b t d tˤ k ɡ q ʔ Fricative f v θ ð s z sˤ ʃ x ɣ ħ ʕ h Approximant w l j Trill r Vowels As with most Semitic languages, the vowels of Syriac are mostly subordinated to consonants. Especially in the presence of an emphatic consonant, vowels tend to become mid-centralised. Classical Syriac had the following distinguishable vowels: Vowel phonemes in Classical Syriac Front Back unrounded rounded Close i u Close-mid e o Open-mid ɛ Open a ɑ In the western dialect, /ɑ/ has become , and the original /o/ has merged with /u/. In eastern dialects, there is more fluidity in the pronunciation of front vowels, with some speakers distinguishing five qualities of such vowels, and others only distinguishing three. Vowel length is generally not important: close vowels tend to be longer than open vowels. The open vowels form diphthongs with the approximants /j/ and /w/. In almost all dialects, the full sets of possible diphthongs collapses into two or three actual pronunciations: /ɑj/ usually becomes /aj/, but the western dialect has /oj/ /aj/, further, sometimes monophthongized to /e/ /aw/ usually becomes /ɑw/ /ɑw/, further, sometimes monophthongized to /o/ See also Portals: Middle East Christianity Languages Syriac literature Syriac sacral music Syriac Christianity Syriac studies Aramaic studies Mandaic language Neo-Aramaic languages List of loanwords in Assyrian Neo-Aramaic List of loanwords in Classical Syriac Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium Levantine Arabic Suriyani Malayalam Notes ^ Classical, unvocalized spelling; with Eastern Syriac vowels: ܠܸܫܵܢܵܐ ܣܘܼܪܝܵܝܵܐ; with Western Syriac vowels: ܠܶܫܳ݁ܢܳܐ ܣܽܘܪܝܳܝܳܐ. References ^ Mario Kozah; Abdulrahim Abu-Husayn; Saif Shaheen Al-Murikhi; Haya Al Thani (9 December 2014). The Syriac Writers of Qatar in the Seventh Century. Gorgias Press. p. 298. ISBN 9781463236649. The Syriac writers of Qatar themselves produced some of the best and most sophisticated writing to be found in all Syriac literature of the seventh century, but they have not received the scholarly attention that they deserve in the last half century. This volume seeks to redress this underdevelopment by setting the standard for further research in the sub-field of Beth Qatraye studies. ^ a b Healey 2012, p. 637-652. ^ Healey 2012, p. 637, 649. ^ Brock 1998, p. 708-719. ^ a b c d e Butts 2011, p. 390-391. ^ Butts 2018, p. 137-165. ^ Butts 2019, p. 222-242. ^ Brock 1989a, p. 11–23. sfn error: no target: CITEREFBrock1989a (help) ^ Brock 2005, p. 5-20. ^ Beyer 1986, p. 44. ^ a b Neill 2004, p. 38. ^ Briquel-Chatonnet 2012, p. 652–659. ^ a b Weninger 2012, p. 747–755. ^ Healey 2012, p. 643. ^ Brock 1992b. sfn error: no target: CITEREFBrock1992b (help) ^ Kiraz, George A. (4 March 2020). "Kthobonoyo Syriac: Some Observations and Remarks". Hugoye: Journal of Syriac Studies. 10: 113–124. doi:10.31826/hug-2011-100113. S2CID 188192926. Retrieved 21 February 2023. ^ Iskandar, Amine (27 February 2022). "About the origin of the Lebanese language (I)". syriacpress.com. Syriacpress. ^ CLASSICAL SYRIAC. Gorgias Handbooks. p. 14. In contrast to "Nestorians" and "Jacobites", a small group of Syriacs accepted the decisions of the Council of Chalcedon. Non-Chalcedonian Syriacs called them "Melkites" (from Aramaic malka "king"), thereby connecting them to the Byzantine Emperor's denomination. Melkite Syriacs were mostly concentrated around Antioch and adjacent regions of northern Syria and used Syriac as their literary and liturgical language. The Melkite community also included the Aramaic-speaking Jewish converts to Christianity in Palestine and the Orthodox Christians of Transjordan. During the 5th-6th centuries, they were engaged in literary work (mainly translation) in Palestinian Christian Aramaic, a Western Aramaic dialect, using a script closely resembling the Estrangela cursive of Osrhoene. ^ "JACOB BARCLAY, Melkite Orthodox Syro-Byzantine Manuscripts in Syriac and Palestinian Aramaic" quote from the German book Internationale Zeitschriftenschau für Bibelwissenschaft und Grenzgebiete, p. 291 ^ "The west Syriac tradition covers the Syriac Orthodox, Maronite, and Melkite churches, though the Melkites changed their Church's rite to that of Constantinople in the 9th-11th centuries, which required new translations of all its liturgical books.", quote from the book The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity, p.917 ^ Arman Akopian (11 December 2017). "Other branches of Syriac Christianity: Melkites and Maronites". Introduction to Aramean and Syriac Studies. Gorgias Press. p. 573. ISBN 9781463238933. The main center of Aramaic-speaking Melkites was Palestine. During the 5th-6th centuries, they were engaged in literary, mainly translation work in the local Western Aramaic dialect, known as "Palestinian Christian Aramaic", using a script closely resembling the cursive Estrangela of Osrhoene. Palestinian Melkites were mostly Jewish converts to Christianity, who had a long tradition of using Palestinian Aramaic dialects as literary languages. Closely associated with the Palestinian Melkites were the Melkites of Transjordan, who also used Palestinian Christian Aramaic. Another community of Aramaic-speaking Melkites existed in the vicinity of Antioch and parts of Syria. These Melkites used Classical Syriac as a written language, the common literary language of the overwhelming majority of Christian Arameans. ^ Robinson & Coakley 2013, p. 1-2. ^ Robinson & Coakley 2013, p. 1, note 1. ^ Millar 2006, p. 107-109. ^ Brock 1992a, p. 16. sfn error: no target: CITEREFBrock1992a (help) ^ a b Brock 1992c, p. 226. sfn error: no target: CITEREFBrock1992c (help) ^ a b c d Butts 2019, p. 222. ^ Brock & Taylor 2001, p. 8. ^ Brock & Coakley 2011, p. 30-31. ^ Minov 2020, p. 256-257. ^ Rompay 2000, p. 78. ^ Debié 2009, p. 106. sfn error: no target: CITEREFDebié2009 (help) ^ Brock 2010, p. 7. ^ Farina 2018, p. 182-183. ^ a b Healey 2012, p. 638. ^ Ruzer 2014, p. 196-197. ^ Rubin 1998, p. 322-323. ^ Toepel 2013, p. 531-584. ^ Minov 2017, p. 129-229. ^ Taylor 2002, p. 303. ^ Shepardson 2019, p. 140. ^ Petruccione & Hill, p. 343. sfn error: no target: CITEREFPetruccioneHill (help) ^ Brock 1994, p. 149. ^ Taylor 2002, p. 302. ^ Weltecke 2009, p. 115-125. ^ Toepel 2013, p. 531-539. ^ Millar 2013, p. 49. ^ Rompay 2008, p. 366. ^ Brock 2011, p. 96-97. ^ Nöldeke 1886, p. 649. ^ Nöldeke 1904, p. XXXI. ^ Brock 1989b, p. 363–375. sfn error: no target: CITEREFBrock1989b (help) ^ Rompay 1994, p. 72. ^ Gzella 2015, p. 367. ^ Gzella 2019, p. 205-207. ^ Ishow 1978, p. 359-365. ^ "ISO 639-2 Registration Authority: Change History (syc)". Library of Congress. Retrieved 21 February 2023. ^ "Additions to MARC Code List for Languages". Library of Congress. 22 October 2007. Retrieved 21 February 2023. ^ "ISO 639-2 Registration Authority: Change History (syr)". Library of Congress. Retrieved 21 February 2023. ^ "639 Identifier Documentation: syr". SIL.org. Retrieved 21 February 2023. ^ "Language and Script Identifiers". Retrieved 21 February 2023. ^ Garbini 1981, p. 81. ^ Lipiński 2001, p. 51-52. ^ Gzella 2014, p. 73. ^ Gzella 2015, p. 11, 67–87. ^ Burnett 2005, p. 421-436. ^ Wilkinson 2019, p. 751-769. ^ Heinrichs 1990. ^ Naby 2004, p. 197-203. ^ "Constitution of the Republic of Iraq" (PDF). Official Gazette of Iraq (in Arabic). Vol. 4012. 28 December 2005. Retrieved 21 February 2023. ^ "Iraqi Constitution" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2011. Retrieved 21 February 2023. ^ "Surayt-Aramaic Online Project (SAOP)". Retrieved 21 February 2023. ^ Healey 2009, p. 13. ^ Kim 2008, p. 506-509. ^ Butts 2019, p. 225-231. ^ a b c Healey 2007, p. 115–127. ^ a b c Healey 2008, p. 221-229. ^ Butts 2019, p. 225-227. ^ Butts 2019, p. 227-230. ^ Butts 2019, p. 230-231. ^ Butts 2019, p. 231. ^ a b Lipiński 2001, p. 70. ^ Kim 2008, p. 505-531. ^ Murre van den Berg 2008, pp. 335–352. ^ a b Healey 2012, p. 641-642. ^ a b Butts 2019, p. 225-247. ^ Peursen, 2008 & 231–256. sfn error: no target: CITEREFPeursen2008231–256 (help) ^ Khan 2007, p. 95-114. ^ Río Sánchez 2013, p. 129-136. ^ Kiraz 2007, p. 129-142. ^ Watt 2009, p. 58. ^ Anbori, Abbas. "The Comprehensive Policy to Manage the Ethnic Languages in Iraq" (PDF). pp. 4–5. Retrieved 21 February 2023. ^ Farhoud, Amira (28 March 2017). "Syriacs: Still Going Strong". Bethlehem Bible College. Retrieved 21 February 2023. ^ Dorit, Shilo (1 April 2010). "The Ben Yehudas of Aramaic". Haaretz. Retrieved 21 February 2023. ^ "Syriac... a language struggling to survive". Voices of Iraq. 28 December 2007. Archived from the original on 30 March 2012. Retrieved 21 February 2023. ^ "Assyrian School Welcomes Students in Istanbul, Marking a New Beginning". Assyrian International News Agency. 10 September 2014. Retrieved 21 February 2023. ^ "Turkey Denies Request to Open Assyrian-Language Kindergarten". Archived from the original on 4 November 2014. Retrieved 21 February 2023. ^ "Syriac Christians revive ancient language despite war". ARA News. 17 August 2016. Archived from the original on 17 August 2016. Retrieved 21 February 2023. ^ al-Wasl, Zaman (3 October 2016). "Hassakeh: Syriac Language to Be Taught in PYD-controlled Schools". The Syrian Observer. Retrieved 21 February 2023. ^ "Syriac.IO – Translator". www.syriac.io. Retrieved 8 May 2023. ^ Robinson and Coakley, 2013 p.36, p. 60. Sources Andrade, Nathanael J. (2013). Syrian Identity in the Greco-Roman World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781107244566. Andrade, Nathanael J. (2011). 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Brock, Sebastian P.; Taylor, David G. K., eds. (2001). The Hidden Pearl: The Syrian Orthodox Church and its Ancient Aramaic Heritage. Vol. 1. Rome: Trans World Film Italia. Brock, Sebastian P. (2004). "The Earliest Syriac Literature". The Cambridge History of Early Christian Literature. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 161–172. ISBN 9780521460835. Brock, Sebastian P. (2005). "The Syriac Orient: A Third 'Lung' for the Church?". Orientalia Christiana Periodica. 71: 5–20. Brock, Sebastian P. (2006). Fire from Heaven: Studies in Syriac Theology and Liturgy. Aldershot: Ashgate. ISBN 9780754659082. Brock, Sebastian P. (2007). "Early Dated Manuscripts of the Church of the East, 7th-13th Century". Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies. 21 (2): 8–34. Archived from the original on 6 October 2008. Brock, Sebastian P. (2008) . The Holy Spirit in the Syrian Baptismal Tradition (3rd ed.). Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. ISBN 9781593338442. Brock, Sebastian P. (2010). 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ISBN 9789042931640. Drijvers, Hendrik J. W. (1980). Cults and Beliefs at Edessa. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 9004060502. Farina, Margherita (2018). "La linguistique syriaque selon Jacques d'Édesse". Lesauteurs syriaques etleurlangue. Paris: Geuthner. pp. 167–187. Garbini, Giovanni (1981). "Considerations on the Language of Ebla". La Lingua Di Ebla: Atti Del Convegno Internazionale (1st ed.). Napoli: Istituto universitario orientale, Seminario di studi asiatici. pp. 75–82. Gzella, Holger (2014). "Language and Script". The Aramaeans in Ancient Syria. Leiden: Brill. pp. 71–107. ISBN 9789004229433. Gzella, Holger (2015). A Cultural History of Aramaic: From the Beginnings to the Advent of Islam. Leiden-Boston: Brill. ISBN 9789004285101. Gzella, Holger (2019). "The Syriac Language in the Context of the Semitic Languages". The Syriac World. London: Routledge. pp. 205–221. Healey, John F. (1980). First Studies in Syriac. Birmingham: University of Birmingham. ISBN 9780704403901. Healey, John F. (2007). "The Edessan Milieu and the Birth of Syriac" (PDF). Hugoye: Journal of Syriac Studies. 10 (2): 115–127. Healey, John F. (2009). Aramaic Inscriptions and Documents of the Roman Period. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199252565. Healey, John F. (2012). "Syriac". The Semitic Languages: An International Handbook. Berlin-Boston: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 637–652. ISBN 9783110251586. Healey, John F. (2008). "Variety in Early Syriac: The Context in Contemporary Aramaic". Aramaic in Its Historical and Linguistic Setting. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 221–229. ISBN 9783447057875. Healey, John F. (2019). "The Pre-Christian Religions of the Syriac-Speaking Regions". The Syriac World. London: Routledge. pp. 47–67. ISBN 9781138899018. Heinrichs, Wolfhart, ed. (1990). Studies in Neo-Aramaic. Atlanta: Scholars Press. ISBN 9781555404307. Herman, Geoffrey (2019). "The Syriac World in the Persian Empire". The Syriac World. London: Routledge. pp. 134–145. Ishow, Habib (1978). 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Millar, Fergus (2013). "The Evolution of the Syrian Orthodox Church in the Pre-Islamic Period: From Greek to Syriac?" (PDF). Journal of Early Christian Studies. 21 (1): 43–92. doi:10.1353/earl.2013.0002. S2CID 170436440. Minov, Sergey (2017). "Date and Provenance of the Syriac Cave of Treasures: A Reappraisal". Hugoye: Journal of Syriac Studies. 20 (1): 129–229. doi:10.31826/hug-2018-200105. S2CID 212688445. Minov, Sergey (2020). Memory and Identity in the Syriac Cave of Treasures: Rewriting the Bible in Sasanian Iran. Leiden-Boston: Brill. ISBN 9789004445512. Murre van den Berg, Heleen (2008). "Classical Syriac, Neo-Aramaic, and Arabic in the Churchof the East and the Chaldean Church between 1500 and 1800". Aramaic in Its Historical and Linguistic Setting. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 335–352. ISBN 9783447057875. Naby, Eden (2004). "From Lingua Franca to Endangered Language: The Legal Aspects of the Preservation of Aramaic in Iraq". On the Margins of Nations: Endangered Languages and Linguistic Rights. Bath: Foundation for Endangered Languages. pp. 197–203. ISBN 9780953824861. Neill, Stephen (2004) . A History of Christianity in India: The Beginnings to AD 1707. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521548854. Nöldeke, Theodor (1886). "Semitic Languages". The Encyclopaedia Britannica. Vol. 21 (9th ed.). New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 641–656. Nöldeke, Theodor (1904). Compendious Syriac Grammar (1st English ed.). London: Williams & Norgate. Pat-El, Na‘ama (2019). Syriac (2nd ed.). John Huehnergard and Na‘ama Pat-El (eds.), The Semitic Languages: London & New York: Routledge. pp. 653–678. Petruccione, John F.; Hill, Robert C., eds. (2007). Theodoret of Cyrus: The Questions on the Octateuch. Vol. 2. Washington: COA Press. ISBN 9780813214993. Peursen, Wido van (2008). "Language Variation, Language Development, and the Textual History of the Peshitta". 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"The East: Syria and Mesopotamia". The Oxford Handbook of Early Christian Studies. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 365–386. ISBN 9780199271566. Rompay, Lucas van (2011). "Aramaic". Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. pp. 28–30. Rubin, Milka (1998). "The Language of Creation or the Primordial Language: A Case of Cultural Polemics in Antiquity". Journal of Jewish Studies. 49 (2): 306–333. doi:10.18647/2120/JJS-1998. Rudder, Joshua. Learn to Write Aramaic: A Step-by-Step Approach to the Historical & Modern Scripts. n.p.: CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2011. 220 pp. ISBN 978-1461021421 Includes the Estrangela (pp. 59–113), Madnhaya (pp. 191–206), and the Western Serto (pp. 173–190) scripts. Ruzer, Serge (2014). "Hebrew versus Aramaic as Jesus' Language: Notes on Early Opinions by Syriac Authors". The Language Environment of First Century Judaea. Leiden-Boston: Brill. pp. 182–205. ISBN 9789004264410. Shepardson, Christine (2019). Controlling Contested Places: Late Antique Antioch and the Spatial Politics of Religious Controversyd. Oakland: University of California Press. ISBN 9780520303379. Taylor, David G. K. (2002). "Bilingualism and Diglossia in Late Antique Syria and Mesopotamia". Bilingualism in Ancient Society: Language Contact and the Written Word. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 298–331. ISBN 9789004264410. Taylor, David G. K. (2011). "Syriac Lexicography". Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. pp. 391–393. Toepel, Alexander (2013). "The Cave of Treasures: A new Translation and Introduction". Old Testament Pseudepigrapha: More Noncanonical Scriptures. Vol. 1. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. pp. 531–584. ISBN 9780802827395. Watt, John W. (2009). "Aramaic and Syriac". Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World. Oxford: Elsevier. pp. 56–59. ISBN 9780080877754. Weninger, Stefan (2012). "Aramaic-Arabic Language Contact". The Semitic Languages: An International Handbook. Berlin-Boston: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 747–755. ISBN 9783110251586. Weltecke, Dorothea (2009). "Michael the Syrian and Syriac Orthodox Identity". Church History and Religious Culture. 89 (1–3): 115–125. doi:10.1163/187124109X408023. Weltecke, Dorothea; Younansardaroud, Helen (2019). "The Renaissance of Syriac Literature in the Twelfth–Thirteenth Centuries". The Syriac World. London: Routledge. pp. 698–717. ISBN 9781138899018. Wilkinson, Robert J. (2019). "The Early Study of Syriac in Europe". The Syriac World. London: Routledge. pp. 751–769. ISBN 9781138899018. Wilmshurst, David (2019). "The Church of the East in the 'Abbasid Era". The Syriac World. London: Routledge. pp. 189–201. ISBN 9781138899018. Wood, Philip (2019). "Historiography in the Syriac-Speaking World, 300–1000". The Syriac World. London: Routledge. pp. 405–421. ISBN 9781138899018. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Syriac language. Aramaic edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia A Coursebook of Classical Syriac Freie Universität Berlin Repository YouTube video: Associate professor Svante Lundgren explains the history and origin of the term "Syriac" (Suryoyo/Suroyo) Syriac traditional pronunciation Aramaic Dictionary (lexicon and concordance) Syriac at ScriptSource.com The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon Syriac Studies Reference Library, Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University "Syriac Language" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911. Leshono Suryoyo – Die traditionelle Aussprache des Westsyrischen – The traditional pronunciation of Western Syriac "City Youth Learn Dying Language, Preserve It". The New Indian Express. 9 May 2016. Archived from the original on 9 May 2016. Retrieved 9 May 2016. "Minorities of Iraq: EU Research Service" (PDF). What is Syriac and what is Aramaic according to Syriac grammarians on History and Philosophy of the Language Sciences Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage Syriac Language at Encyclopaedia Iranica Syriac Language in the McClintock and Strong Biblical Cyclopedia Syriac Language at the Department of Syriac Studies vteSemitic languagesBranches East West Central South East Akkadian Canaano-Akkadian Eblaite CentralArabicHistorical Proto-Arabic Old Arabic Ancient North Arabian Dadanitic Dumaitic Hasaitic Hismaic Safaitic Taymanitic Thamudic Nabataean Arabic Pre-classical Arabic Literary Classical Modern Standard Dialect groups Egyptian Arabic Levantine Maghrebi Siculo-Arabic Maltese Mesopotamian Peninsular NorthwestAramaicHistorical Old Aramaic Imperial Aramaic Biblical Aramaic Middle Aramaic Eastern Ashurian and Hatran Jewish Babylonian Mandaic Syriac Western Lebanese Nabataean Palestinian Christian Palestinian Galilean Jewish Palestinian Samaritan Palmyrene Neo-AramaicNorth-easternChristian Barwar Bohtan Hértevin Koy Sanjaq Christian Qaraqosh Senaya Suret Assyrian Chaldean Urmia Christian Jewish Barzani Betanure Inter-Zab Koy Sanjaq Jewish Sanandaj Trans-Zab Urmia Jewish Zakho Others Central Mlaḥsô Turoyo Neo-Mandaic Western Others Armazic Judeo-Aramaic Canaanite Ammonite Edomite Hebrew Biblical northern dialect Mishnaic Medieval Modern Moabite Phoenician Punic Others Amorite Ugaritic Galilean Deir Alla Himyaritic Samalian Sutean SouthEastern (ModernArabian) Baṭḥari Ḥarsusi Hobyot Mehri Shehri Soqotri WesternEthio-SemiticNorth Geʽez Dahalik Tigre Tigrinya SouthTrans-versalAmharic–Argobba Amharic Argobba Harari–East Gurage East Gurage Siltʼe Inneqor Ulbare Wolane Zay Harari OuterN-group Gafat Soddo Tt-group Mesmes Muher West Gurage Inor Endegen Mesqan Sebat Bet Chaha Ezha Gumer Gura Gyeto Old Arabian Faifi Hadramautic Minaean Qatabanian Awsanian Rijal Alma Razihi Sabaic Italics indicate extinct or historical languages. Languages between parentheses are varieties of the language on their left. vteSyriac ChristianityWest Syriac, legacy of the Church of AntiochEastern Catholic Maronite Church (685) Syriac Catholic Church (1662) Oriental Orthodox Syriac Orthodox Church (512) East Syriac, legacy ofthe Church of the East(the "Nestorian Church")(410–1552)Eastern Catholic Chaldean Catholic Church (1552) Nestorian Assyrian Church of the East (1552) Ancient Church of the East (1968) Protestant (Eastern Protestant) Assyrian Evangelical Church (1870) Assyrian Pentecostal Church (1940) Saint Thomas Christians,legacy ofthe Malankara Church(active 1st century–1601)in Kerala, IndiaEastern Catholic Syro-Malabar Church (East Syriac) (1665) Syro-Malankara Catholic Church (West Syriac) (1932) Oriental Orthodox Jacobite Syrian Christian Church (1665) Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church (1912) Malabar Independent Syrian Church (1772) Nestorian (Assyrian Church of the East) Chaldean Syrian Church (1701) Protestant (Eastern Protestant) Mar Thoma Syrian Church (1852) St. Thomas Evangelical Church of India (1961) Believers Eastern Church (2017) Key figures Ephrem the Syrian Aphrahat Nestorius Jacob Baradaeus Jacob of Serugh Severus of Antioch Paul the Jew Maron Philoxenus of Mabbug Thomas of Cana Isaac the Syrian John Maron Mar Sabor and Mar Proth Dionysius bar Salibi Bar Hebraeus Shimun VIII Yohannan Sulaqa Abraham of Angamaly Gregorios Abdal Jaleel Thoma I Abraham Koorilos I Ignatius Andrew Akijan Cyril VI Tanas Elias Mellus Dionysius of Vattasseril Geevarghese Ivanios Coorilos Paulose Thoma Darmo Baselios Paulose II Languages Assyrian Neo-Aramaic Bohtan Neo-Aramaic Chaldean Neo-Aramaic Garshuni Hertevin Koy Sanjaq Christian Mlaḥsô Senaya Syriac Malayalam Turoyo Syriac (Liturgical) See also Assyrian people/Syriac Assyrian genocide Assyrian nationalism Assyrian homeland Assyrian independence movement Proposals for Assyrian autonomy in Iraq Assyrian–Chaldean–Syriac diaspora Terms for Syriac Christians Arameans Phoenicianism Malankara–Persian ecclesiastical relations Syriac sacral music * Defunct with schism of 1552 Christianity portal vteAssyrian peopleEthno-linguistic group(s) indigenous to the Middle East with various additional/alternate self-identifications, such as Syriacs, Arameans, or ChaldeansIdentity Assyrian continuity Assyrian–Chaldean–Syriac diaspora Chaldean Catholics Terms for Syriac Christians Assyrian flagAramean-Syriac flagChaldean flagSyriacChristianityWest Syriac Rite Syriac Orthodox Church (518–) Syriac Catholic Church (1662–) Assyrian Evangelical Church (1870–) Assyrian Pentecostal Church (1940–) East Syriac Rite Chaldean Catholic Church (1552–) Assyrian Church of the East (1692–) Ancient Church of the East (1968–) Aramaic/Syriaclanguages Assyrian Neo-Aramaic Chaldean Neo-Aramaic Turoyo Bohtan Neo-Aramaic Hertevin Senaya Mlaḥsô Syriac script Culture Assyrian folk/pop music Music of Mesopotamia Syriac sacral music Folk dance Cuisine Clothing History(includingrelatedcontexts)Ancient Assyria Early Assyrian period (2600–2025 BCE) Old Assyrian period (2025–1364 BCE) Middle Assyrian Empire (1363–912 BCE) Neo-Assyrian Empire (911–609 BCE) Post-imperial Assyria (609 BCE–240 CE) Ancient Mesopotamian religion Arameans Assyrian tribes Classicalantiquity Seleucid Empire (312–63 BCE) Parthian Empire (247 BCE–224 CE) Osroene (132 BCE–244 CE) Syrian Wars (66 BCE–217 CE) Roman Syria (64 BCE–637 CE) Adiabene (15–116) Roman Assyria (116–118) Christianization (1st to 3rd c.) Nestorian schism (5th c.) Church of the East (410-1552) Asoristan (226–651) Byzantine–Sasanian wars (502–628) Middle ages Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia (630s) Muslim conquest of Syria (630s) Abbasid Caliphate (750–1258) Emirs of Mosul (905–1383) Buyid amirate (945–1055) Principality of Antioch (1098–1268) Ilkhanate (1258–1335) Jalayirid Sultanate (1335–1432) Qara Qoyunlu (1375–1468) Aq Qoyunlu (1453–1501) Modern era Safavid Empire (1508–55) Ottoman Empire (1555–1917) Schism of 1552 (16th c.) Massacres of Badr Khan (1840s) Massacres of Diyarbekir (1895) Rise of nationalism (19th c.) Adana massacre (1909) Assyrian genocide (1914–20) Independence movement (1919–) Simele massacre (1933) Post-Saddam Iraq (2003–) Genocide of Christians by ISIL (2014–) By countryHomelandSettlements Iraq Nineveh Plains Qaraqosh Alqosh Tel Keppe Bartella Ankawa Shaqlawa Zakho Iran Urmia Salmas Sanandaj Syria Al-Hasakah Governorate Al-Hasakah Tell Tamer Qamishli Khabur Turkey Hakkari Mardin Province Mardin Mazıdağı Tur Abdin Diaspora Armenia Australia Belgium Canada Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Israel Jordan Lebanon Mexico Netherlands New Zealand Palestine Russia Sweden United Kingdom United States Detroit Uruguay Politics Assyrian Democratic Movement Assyrian Democratic Organisation Assyrian Universal Alliance Dawronoye Syriac Union Party (Syria) Syriac Union Party (Lebanon) Syriac Military Council Sutoro History portal Christianity portal Authority control databases National Spain France BnF data Germany Israel United States Latvia Japan Czech Republic Other İslâm Ansiklopedisi
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Syriac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Syriac_language"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Aramaic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aramaic_language"},{"link_name":"Osroene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osroene"},{"link_name":"Edessa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edessa"},{"link_name":"Early Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Christian"},{"link_name":"literary language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literary_language"},{"link_name":"Ancient Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria_(region)"},{"link_name":"Near East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near_East"},{"link_name":"liturgical language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liturgical_language"},{"link_name":"Syriac Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriac_Christianity"},{"link_name":"Eastern Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Christian"},{"link_name":"Eastern Syriac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Syriac_Rite"},{"link_name":"Western Syriac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Syriac_Rite"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_East_in_China"},{"link_name":"Middle Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"vernacular language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernacular_language"},{"link_name":"Neo-Aramaic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Aramaic_languages"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrock1998708-719-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButts2011390-391-6"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHealey2012637-652-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButts2018137-165-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButts2019222-242-8"},{"link_name":"Syriac alphabet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriac_alphabet"},{"link_name":"Aramaic alphabet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aramaic_alphabet"},{"link_name":"Syriac literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriac_literature"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrock1989a11%E2%80%9323-9"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language"},{"link_name":"Early Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Christianity"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrock20055-20-10"},{"link_name":"Osroene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osroene"},{"link_name":"Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity"},{"link_name":"Syriac Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriac_Christianity"},{"link_name":"Church of the East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_East"},{"link_name":"East Syriac Rite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Syriac_Rite"},{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasanian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Syriac Orthodox Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church"},{"link_name":"West Syriac Rite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Syriac_Rite"},{"link_name":"Byzantine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeyer198644-11"},{"link_name":"Syriac Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriac_Christianity"},{"link_name":"Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia"},{"link_name":"Malabar Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malabar_Coast"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeill200438-12"},{"link_name":"Eastern China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_China"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriquel-Chatonnet2012652%E2%80%93659-13"},{"link_name":"Arabs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabs"},{"link_name":"Parthian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Sasanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasanian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeninger2012747%E2%80%93755-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHealey2012643-15"},{"link_name":"sacred language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred_language"},{"link_name":"Syriac Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriac_Christianity"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrock1992b-16"},{"link_name":"East Syriac Rite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Syriac_Rite"},{"link_name":"Assyrian Church of the East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East"},{"link_name":"Ancient Church of the East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Church_of_the_East"},{"link_name":"Chaldean Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Syro-Malabar Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syro-Malabar_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Assyrian Pentecostal Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian_Pentecostal_Church"},{"link_name":"West Syriac Rite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Syriac_Rite"},{"link_name":"Syriac Orthodox Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church"},{"link_name":"Syriac Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriac_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Maronite Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maronite_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malankara_Mar_Thoma_Syrian_Church"},{"link_name":"Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malankara_Orthodox_Syrian_Church"},{"link_name":"Syro-Malankara Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syro-Malankara_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kthobonoyo-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Melkites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melkite"},{"link_name":"Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Antioch"},{"link_name":"Antioch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antioch"},{"link_name":"ancient Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria_Prima"},{"link_name":"West Syriac Rite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Syriac_Rite"},{"link_name":"Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Rite"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"This article is about the Classical Syriac language. For the alphabet, see Syriac script. For Christian Neo-Aramaic languages, see Neo-Aramaic languages and Northeastern Neo-Aramaic. For Syro-Palestinian or Christian Palestinian Syriac, see Christian Palestinian Aramaic.This article contains Syriac text, written from right to left in a cursive style with some letters joined. Without proper rendering support, you may see unjoined Syriac letters or other symbols instead of Syriac script.The Syriac language (/ˈsɪriæk/ SIH-ree-ak; Classical Syriac: ܠܫܢܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܐ, romanized: Leššānā Sūryāyā, Leššono Suryoyo),[a] also known as Syriac Aramaic (Syrian Aramaic, Assyrian Aramaic, Syro-Aramaic) and Classical Syriac ܠܫܢܐ ܥܬܝܩܐ (in its literary and liturgical form), is an Aramaic language. The language is a dialect that emerged during the first century AD from a local Aramaic dialect that was spoken in the ancient region of Osroene, centered in the city of Edessa. During the Early Christian period, it became the main literary language of various Aramaic-speaking Christian communities in the historical region of Ancient Syria and throughout the Near East. As a liturgical language of Syriac Christianity, it gained a prominent role among Eastern Christian communities that used both Eastern Syriac and Western Syriac rites. Following the spread of Syriac Christianity, it also became a liturgical language of eastern Christian communities as far as India and China. It flourished from the 4th to the 8th century, and continued to have an important role during the next centuries, but by the end of the Middle Ages it was gradually reduced to liturgical use, since the role of vernacular language among its native speakers was overtaken by several emerging Neo-Aramaic dialects.[4][5][2][6][7]Classical Syriac is written in the Syriac alphabet, a derivation of the Aramaic alphabet. The language is preserved in a large body of Syriac literature, that comprises roughly 90% of the extant Aramaic literature.[8] Along with Greek and Latin, Syriac became one of the three most important languages of Early Christianity.[9] Already from the first and second centuries AD, the inhabitants of the region of Osroene began to embrace Christianity, and by the third and fourth centuries, local Edessan Aramaic language became the vehicle of the specific Christian culture that came to be known as the Syriac Christianity. Because of theological differences, Syriac-speaking Christians diverged during the 5th century into the Church of the East that followed the East Syriac Rite under the Persian rule, and the Syriac Orthodox Church that followed the West Syriac Rite under the Byzantine rule.[10]As a liturgical language of Syriac Christianity, Classical Syriac language spread throughout Asia as far as the South Indian Malabar Coast,[11] and Eastern China,[12] and became the medium of communication and cultural dissemination for the later Arabs, and (to a lesser extent) the other peoples of Parthian and Sasanian empires. Primarily a Christian medium of expression, Syriac had a fundamental cultural and literary influence on the development of Arabic,[13] which largely replaced it during the later medieval period.[14]Syriac remains the sacred language of Syriac Christianity to this day.[15] It is used as liturgical language of several denominations, like those who follow the East Syriac Rite, including the Assyrian Church of the East, the Ancient Church of the East, the Chaldean Catholic Church, the Syro-Malabar Catholic Church, and the Assyrian Pentecostal Church, and also those who follow the West Syriac Rite, including: Syriac Orthodox Church, the Syriac Catholic Church, the Maronite Catholic Church, the Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church, the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church and the Syro-Malankara Catholic Church. In its contemporary spoken forms, it is known as leshono kthobonoyo (lit. 'the written language') or simply kthobonoyo or ktovonoyo.[16][17] Classical Syriac was originally the liturgical language of the Syriac Melkites within the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch in Antioch and parts of ancient Syria. The Syriac Melkites changed their church's West Syriac Rite to that of Constantinople in the 9th-11th centuries, necessitating new translations of all their Syriac liturgical books.[18][19][20][21]","title":"Syriac language"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Syriac_Sert%C3%A2_book_script.jpg"},{"link_name":"manuscript","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuscript"},{"link_name":"English language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"},{"link_name":"linguonym","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguonym"},{"link_name":"Aramaic language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aramaic_language"},{"link_name":"Ancient Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Syria"},{"link_name":"Edessa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edessa"},{"link_name":"Roman Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Syria"},{"link_name":"dialects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialects"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinsonCoakley20131-2-23"},{"link_name":"scholarly literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholarly_literature"},{"link_name":"polysemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polysemic"},{"link_name":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinsonCoakley20131,_note_1-24"},{"link_name":"convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_(norm)"},{"link_name":"endonymic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endonymic"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillar2006107-109-25"}],"text":"An 11th-century Syriac manuscriptIn the English language, the term \"Syriac\" is used as a linguonym (language name) designating a specific variant of the Aramaic language in relation to its regional origin in northeastern parts of Ancient Syria, around Edessa, that lay outside of provincial borders of Roman Syria. Since Aramaic was used by various Middle Eastern peoples, having several variants (dialects), this specific dialect that originated in northeastern Syria became known under its regional (Syrian/Syriac) designation (Suryaya).[22]In English scholarly literature, the term \"Syriac\" is preferred over the alternative form \"Syrian\" since the latter is much more polysemic and commonly relates to Syria in general.[23] That distinction is used in English as a convention and does not exist on the ancient endonymic level.[24] Several compound terms like \"Syriac Aramaic\", \"Syrian Aramaic\" or \"Syro-Aramaic\" are also used, thus emphasizing both the Aramaic nature of the language and its Syrian/Syriac regional origin.","title":"Name"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aramaic_alphabet.jpg"},{"link_name":"endonymic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endonymic"},{"link_name":"Aramaic language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aramaic_language"},{"link_name":"Edessa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edessa"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrock1992a16-26"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrock1992c226-27"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButts2011390-391-6"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButts2019222-28"},{"link_name":"choronym","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choronym"},{"link_name":"Bet-Nahrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bet-Nahrain"},{"link_name":"Mesopotamia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButts2011390-391-6"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButts2019222-28"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:East_Syriac_Script_Thaksa.jpg"},{"link_name":"Thrissur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrissur"},{"link_name":"Kerala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"exonymic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exonymic"},{"link_name":"synonym","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synonym"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrock1992c226-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrockTaylor20018-29"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrockCoakley201130-31-30"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButts2011390-391-6"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButts2019222-28"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinov2020256-257-31"},{"link_name":"Jacob of Edessa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_of_Edessa"},{"link_name":"Bet-Nahrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bet-Nahrain"},{"link_name":"Mesopotamia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERompay200078-32"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDebi%C3%A92009106-33"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrock20107-34"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarina2018182-183-35"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButts2011390-391-6"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButts2019222-28"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHealey2012638-36"},{"link_name":"Syriac studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriac_studies"},{"link_name":"Aramaic studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aramaic_studies"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Awondwashmayanetqaddash.png"},{"link_name":"Lord's Prayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord%27s_Prayer"},{"link_name":"Cave of Treasures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cave_of_Treasures"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuzer2014196-197-37"},{"link_name":"Ephrem of Edessa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephrem_of_Edessa"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin1998322-323-38"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToepel2013531-584-39"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinov2017129-229-40"},{"link_name":"region of Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Region_of_Syria"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2002303-41"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShepardson2019140-42"},{"link_name":"Theodoret of Cyrus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodoret_of_Cyrus"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetruccioneHill343-43"},{"link_name":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Syria"},{"link_name":"Euphrates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphrates"},{"link_name":"Osroene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osroene"},{"link_name":"Edessa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edessa"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrock1994149-44"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2002302-45"},{"link_name":"endonymic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endonymic"},{"link_name":"Michael of Antioch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_I_of_Antioch"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeltecke2009115-125-46"}],"sub_title":"Endonyms and exonyms","text":"The Syriac alphabetEarly native speakers and writers used several endonymic terms as designations for their language. In addition to common endonym (native name) for the Aramaic language in general (Aramaya), another endonymic term was also used, designating more specifically the local Edessan dialect, known as Urhaya, a term derived directly from the native Aramaic name for the city of Edessa (Urhay).[25][26][5][27] Among similar endonymic names with regional connotations, term Nahraya was also used. It was derived from choronym (regional name) Bet-Nahrain, an Aramaic name for Mesopotamia in general.[5][27]Late Syriac text, written in Madnhāyā script, from Thrissur, Kerala, India, 1799Original endonymic (native) designations, for Aramaic in general (Aramaya), and Edessan Aramaic in particular (Urhaya), were later (starting from the 5th century) accompanied by another term, exonymic (foreign) in origin: Suryaya (Syrian/Syriac), adopted under the influence of a long-standing Greek custom of referring to speakers of Aramaic as Syrians. Among ancient Greeks, term \"Syrian language\" was used as a common designation for Aramaic language in general, and such usage was also reflected in Aramaic, by subsequent (acquired) use of the term \"Suryaya\" as the most preferred synonym for \"Aramaya\" (Aramaic).[26][28][29][5][27][30]Practice of interchangeable naming (Aramaya, Urhaya, Nahraya, and Suryaya) persisted for centuries, in common use and also in works of various prominent writers. One of those who used various terms was theologian Jacob of Edessa (d. 708), who was referring to the language as \"Syrian or Aramaic\" (Suryāyā awkēt Ārāmāyā), and also as Urhāyā, when referring to Edessan Aramaic, or Naḥrāyā when pointing to the region of Bet-Nahrain (Aramaic term for Mesopotamia in general).[31][32][33][34]Plurality of terms among native speakers (ārāmāyā, urhāyā, naḥrāyā, and suryāyā)[5][27] was not reflected in Greek and Latin terminology, that preferred Syrian/Syriac designation, and the same preference was adopted by later scholars, with one important distinction: in western scholarly use, Syrian/Syriac label was subsequently reduced from the original Greek designation for Aramaic language in general to a more specific (narrower) designation for Edessan Aramaic language, that in its literary and liturgical form came to be known as Classical Syriac.[35] That reduction resulted in the creation of a specific field of Syriac studies, within Aramaic studies.The Lord's Prayer in Syriac languagePreference of early scholars towards the use of the Syrian/Syriac label was also relied upon its notable use as an alternative designation for Aramaic language in the \"Cave of Treasures\",[36] long held to be the 4th century work of an authoritative writer and revered Christian saint Ephrem of Edessa (d. 373), who was thus believed to be proponent of various linguistic notions and tendencies expressed in the mentioned work.[37] Since modern scholarly analyses have shown that the work in question was written much later (c. 600) by an unknown author,[38][39] several questions had to be reexamined. In regard to the scope and usage of Syrian/Syriac labels in linguistic terminology, some modern scholars have noted that diversity of Aramaic dialects in the wider historical region of Syria should not be overlooked by improper and unspecific use of Syrian/Syriac labels.[40][41]Diversity of Aramaic dialects was recorded by Theodoret of Cyrus (d. c. 466), who accepted Syrian/Syriac labels as common Greek designations for the Aramaic language in general, stating that \"the Osroënians, the Syrians, the people of the Euphrates, the Palestinians, and the Phoenicians all speak Syriac, but with many differences in pronunciation\".[42] Theodoret's regional (provincial) differentiation of Aramaic dialects included an explicit distinction between the \"Syrians\" (as Aramaic speakers of Syria proper, western of Euphrates), and the \"Osroenians\" as Aramaic speakers of Osroene (eastern region, centered in Edessa), thus showing that dialect of the \"Syrians\" (Aramaic speakers of proper Syria) was known to be different from that of the \"Osroenians\" (speakers of Edessan Aramaic).[43][44]Native (endonymic) use of the term Aramaic language (Aramaya/Oromoyo) among its speakers has continued throughout the medieval period, as attested by the works of prominent writers, including the Oriental Orthodox Patriarch Michael of Antioch (d. 1199).[45]","title":"Name"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roman_Orpheus_Taming_Wild_Animals.jpg"},{"link_name":"Edessa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edessa"},{"link_name":"Cave of Treasures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cave_of_Treasures"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToepel2013531-539-47"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillar201349-48"},{"link_name":"Western Aramaic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Aramaic_language"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERompay2008366-49"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrock201196-97-50"},{"link_name":"Aramaic language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aramaic_language"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ambrosianus_F128.png"},{"link_name":"Theodor Nöldeke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_N%C3%B6ldeke"},{"link_name":"synonym","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synonym"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEN%C3%B6ldeke1886649-51"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEN%C3%B6ldeke1904XXXI-52"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrock1989b363%E2%80%93375-53"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERompay199472-54"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHealey2012638-36"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGzella2015367-55"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGzella2019205-207-56"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bilingual_Syriac-New_Persian_psalter_in_Syriac_script,_Bulayik,_12th-13th_century_AD,_paper_-_Ethnological_Museum,_Berlin_-_DSC01760.JPG"},{"link_name":"psalter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psalter"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIshow1978359-365-57"},{"link_name":"informational era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informational_era"},{"link_name":"international standardization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_standardization"},{"link_name":"ISO 639","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_639"},{"link_name":"MARC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MARC_standards"},{"link_name":"syc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=511"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"ISO 639-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_639-2"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"ISO 639-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_639-3"},{"link_name":"macrolanguage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macrolanguage"},{"link_name":"Neo-Aramaic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Aramaic"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"Eblaite language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eblaite_language"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarbini198181-63"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipi%C5%84ski200151-52-64"},{"link_name":"Old Aramaic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Aramaic"},{"link_name":"1st millennium BC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_millennium_BC"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGzella201473-65"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGzella201511,_67%E2%80%9387-66"},{"link_name":"Syriac studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriac_studies"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurnett2005421-436-67"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2019751-769-68"},{"link_name":"sociolinguistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociolinguistic"},{"link_name":"ethnolinguistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnolinguistic"},{"link_name":"Neo-Aramaic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Aramaic"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeinrichs1990-69"},{"link_name":"Near East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near_East"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaby2004197-203-70"},{"link_name":"Constitution of Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Iraq"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"Neo-Aramaic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Aramaic"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"self-identification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-identification"},{"link_name":"diaspora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaspora"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"}],"sub_title":"Wider and narrower meanings","text":"An ancient mosaic from Edessa, from the 2nd century CE, with inscriptions in early Edessan Aramaic (Old Syriac)Since the proper dating of the Cave of Treasures,[46] modern scholars were left with no indications of native Aramaic adoption of Syrian/Syriac labels before the 5th century. In the same time, a growing body of later sources showed that both in Greek, and in native literature, those labels were most commonly used as designations for Aramaic language in general, including its various dialects (both eastern and western),[47] thus challenging the conventional scholarly reduction of the term \"Syriac language\" to a specific designation for Edessan Aramaic. Such use, that excludes non-Edessan dialects, and particularly those of Western Aramaic provenience,[48][49] persist as an accepted convention, but in the same time stands in contradiction both with original Greek, and later native (acquired) uses of Syrian/Syriac labels as common designations for Aramaic language in general.Syriac \"Codex Ambrosianus\" (F. 128) from the 11th century (CORRECTION: here the text is in Greek cursive)Those problems were addressed by prominent scholars, including Theodor Nöldeke (d. 1930) who noted on several occasions that term \"Syriac language\" has come to have two distinctive meanings, wider and narrower, with first (historical and wider) serving as a common synonym for Aramaic language in general, while other (conventional and narrower) designating only the Edessan Aramaic, also referred to more specifically as the \"Classical Syriac\".[50][51]Noting the problem, scholars have tried to resolve the issue by being more consistent in their use of the term \"Classical Syriac\" as a strict and clear scientific designation for the old literary and liturgical language, but the consistency of such use was never achieved within the field.[52][53][35][54][55]A bilingual Syriac and Neo-Persian psalter, in Syriac script, from the 12th–13th centuryInconsistent use of \"Syrian/Syriac\" labels in scholarly literature has led some researchers to raise additional questions, related not only to terminological issues but also to some more fundamental (methodological) problems, that were undermining the integrity of the field.[56] Attempts to resolve those issues were unsuccessful, and in many scholarly works, related to the old literary and liturgical language, reduction of the term \"Classical Syriac\" to \"Syriac\" (only) remained a manner of convenience, even in titles of works, including encyclopedic entries, thus creating a large body of unspecific references, that became a base for the emergence of several new classes of terminological problems at the advent of the informational era. Those problems culminated during the process of international standardization of the terms \"Syriac\" and \"Classical Syriac\" within the ISO 639 and MARC systems.The term \"Classical Syriac\" was accepted in 2007 and codified (ISO code: syc) as a designation for the old literary and liturgical language, thus confirming the proper use of the term.[57] In the same time, within the MARC standard, code syc was accepted as designation for Classical Syriac, but under the name \"Syriac\", while the existing general code syr, that was until then named \"Syriac\", was renamed to \"Syriac, Modern\".[58] Within ISO 639 system, large body of unspecific references related to various linguistic uses of the term \"Syriac\" remained related to the original ISO 639-2 code syr (Syriac),[59] but its scope is defined within the ISO 639-3 standard as a macrolanguage that currently includes only some of the Neo-Aramaic languages.[60] Such differences in classification, both terminological and substantial, within systems and between systems (ISO and MARC), led to the creation of several additional problems, that remain unresolved.[61]Within linguistics, mosaic of terminological ambiguities related to Syrian/Syriac labels was additionally enriched by introduction of the term \"Palaeo-Syrian language\" as a variant designation for the ancient Eblaite language from the third millennium BC,[62][63] that is unrelated to the much later Edessan Aramaic, and its early phases, that were commonly labeled as Old/Proto- or even Paleo/Palaeo-Syrian/Syriac in scholarly literature. Newest addition to the terminological mosaic occurred c. 2014, when it was proposed, also by a scholar, that one of regional dialects of the Old Aramaic language from the first centuries of the 1st millennium BC should be called \"Central Syrian Aramaic\",[64][65] thus introducing another ambiguous term, that can be used, in its generic meaning, to any local variant of Aramaic that occurred in central regions of Syria during any period in history.After more than five centuries of Syriac studies, which were founded by western scholars at the end of the 15th century,[66][67] main terminological issues related to the name and classification of the language known as Edessan Aramaic, and also referred to by several other names combined of Syrian/Syriac labels, remain opened and unsolved. Some of those issues have special sociolinguistic and ethnolinguistic significance for the remaining Neo-Aramaic speaking communities.[68]Since the occurrence of major political changes in the Near East (2003), those issues have acquired additional complexity, related to legal recognition of the language and its name.[69] In the Constitution of Iraq (Article 4), adopted in 2005, and also in subsequent legislation, term \"Syriac\" (Arabic: السريانية / al-suriania) is used as official designation for the language of Neo-Aramaic-speaking communities,[70][71] thus opening additional questions related to linguistic and cultural identity of those communities. Legal and other practical (educational and informational) aspects of the linguistic self-identification also arose throughout Syriac-speaking diaspora, particularly in European countries (Germany, Sweden, Netherlands).[72]","title":"Name"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Syriac_Christianity.svg"},{"link_name":"Fertile Crescent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertile_Crescent"},{"link_name":"Eastern Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Arabia"},{"link_name":"Nineveh Plains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nineveh_Plains"},{"link_name":"Tur Abdin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tur_Abdin"},{"link_name":"Khabur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khabur_(Euphrates)"},{"link_name":"Mosul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosul"},{"link_name":"Erbil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erbil"},{"link_name":"Kirkuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkuk"},{"link_name":"dialect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialect"},{"link_name":"Edessa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edessa"},{"link_name":"Church of the East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_East"},{"link_name":"Syriac Orthodox Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church"},{"link_name":"Middle East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East"},{"link_name":"Central Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Asia"},{"link_name":"Malabar Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malabar_Coast"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeill200438-12"},{"link_name":"Syriac Christians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terms_for_Syriac_Christians"},{"link_name":"Hadrian's Wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrian%27s_Wall"},{"link_name":"Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHealey200913-74"}],"text":"Once a major language in the Fertile Crescent and Eastern Arabia, Syriac is now limited to the towns and villages in the Nineveh Plains, Tur Abdin, the Khabur plains, in and around the cities of Mosul, Erbil and Kirkuk.Syriac was the local dialect of Aramaic in Edessa, and evolved under the influence of the Church of the East and the Syriac Orthodox Church into its current form. Before Arabic became the dominant language, Syriac was a major language among Christian communities in the Middle East, Central Asia and the Malabar Coast in India,[11] and remains so among the Syriac Christians to this day. It has been found as far afield as Hadrian's Wall in Great Britain, with inscriptions written by Aramaic-speaking soldiers of the Roman Empire.[73]","title":"Geographic distribution"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Syriac_Dialects_EN.svg"},{"link_name":"Neo-Aramaic languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Aramaic_languages"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Early_Syriac_alphabet_form_of_the_name_of_Jesus.svg"},{"link_name":"Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim2008506-509-75"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButts2019225-231-76"},{"link_name":"Osroene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osroene"},{"link_name":"Edessa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edessa"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHealey2007115%E2%80%93127-77"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHealey2008221-229-78"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButts2019225-227-79"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButts2019227-230-80"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButts2019230-231-81"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButts2019231-82"},{"link_name":"Neo-Aramaic languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Aramaic_languages"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipi%C5%84ski200170-83"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim2008505-531-84"},{"link_name":"late medieval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_medieval"},{"link_name":"early modern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_modern"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurre_van_den_Berg2008335%E2%80%93352-85"},{"link_name":"Northeastern Neo-Aramaic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeastern_Neo-Aramaic"},{"link_name":"Assyrian Neo-Aramaic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian_Neo-Aramaic"},{"link_name":"Chaldean Neo-Aramaic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaldean_Neo-Aramaic"},{"link_name":"Neo-Mandaic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Mandaic"},{"link_name":"Mandaeans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandaeans"},{"link_name":"Central Neo-Aramaic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Neo-Aramaic"},{"link_name":"Turoyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turoyo_language"},{"link_name":"Mlahsô","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mlahs%C3%B4_language"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipi%C5%84ski200170-83"}],"text":"The modern distribution of Neo-Aramaic languages, including Neo-Syriac groupsĪšoˁ, the Syriac pronunciation of the Hebrew and Aramaic name of Jesus, Yeshuʿ (ישוע)History of Syriac language is divided into several successive periods, defined primarily by linguistic, and also by cultural criteria. Some terminological and chronological distinctions exist between different classifications, that were proposed among scholars.[74][75]\"Old Syriac\" (Old-Edessan Aramaic), represents the earliest stage in development of the language, that emerged by the beginning of the first century AD as the main Aramaic dialect in the region of Osroene, centered in Edessa, and continued to develop during the next two or three centuries, gradually gaining wider regional significance.[76][77][78]\n\"Middle Syriac\" (Middle-Edessan Aramaic), most commonly known as \"Classical Syriac\" or \"Literary Syriac\" (ܟܬܒܢܝܐ Kṯāḇānāyā), represents the most important period in the history of the language, marked by notable literary, liturgical and cultural development and expansion, from the third to the thirteenth century. The period is further subdivided into three stages:\nEarly Classical Syriac (Pre-Classical Syriac), represents the earliest stage in development of Classical Syriac during the third and fourth century, preceding the later linguistic standardization.[79]\nClassical Syriac (in the narrower sense of the term), represents the main, standardized stage in development of Classical Syriac, from the fourth century up to the eighth century.[80]\nLate Classical Syriac (Post-Classical Syriac), represents the later, somewhat declining stage in development of Classical Syriac, from the eighth century up to the twelfth or thirteenth century.[81]\n\"Modern Syriac\" (Neo-Syriac Aramaic) represents modern Neo-Aramaic languages.[82][83] Neo-Syriac languages did not develop directly from Classical Syriac, but rather from closely related dialects belonging to the same branch of Aramaic. Those dialects have long co-existed with Classical Syriac as a liturgical and literary language, and were significantly influenced by it during the late medieval and early modern period.[84] Modern Syriac is divided into:\nModern Eastern Syriac (Northeastern Neo-Aramaic), including primarily Assyrian Neo-Aramaic and Chaldean Neo-Aramaic. The term is usually not used in reference to Neo-Mandaic, another variety of Eastern Aramaic spoken by the Mandaeans.\nModern Western Syriac (Central Neo-Aramaic), including (Turoyo and Mlahsô).[82]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alter_Orient_0100AD.svg"},{"link_name":"Linguistic homeland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_homeland"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Osroene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Osroene"},{"link_name":"Common Era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Era"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Osroene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Osroene"},{"link_name":"Edessa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edessa"},{"link_name":"Euphrates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphrates"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHealey2007115%E2%80%93127-77"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHealey2008221-229-78"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHealey2012641-642-86"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButts2019225-247-87"},{"link_name":"linguistic homeland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_homeland"},{"link_name":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Syria"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHealey2007115%E2%80%93127-77"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHealey2008221-229-78"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHealey2012641-642-86"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButts2019225-247-87"}],"sub_title":"Origins","text":"The Linguistic homeland of Edessan Aramaic: the Kingdom of Osroene between the Romans and Parthians, in the 1st century ADDuring the first three centuries of the Common Era, a local Aramaic dialect spoken in the Kingdom of Osroene, centered in Edessa, eastern of Euphrates, started to gain prominence and regional significance. There are about eighty extant early inscriptions, written in Old-Edessan Aramaic, dated to the first three centuries AD, with the earliest inscription being dated to the 6th year AD, and the earliest parchment to 243 AD. All of these early examples of the language are non-Christian.[76][77][85][86]As a language of public life and administration in the region of Osroene, Edessan Aramaic was gradually given a relatively coherent form, style and grammar that is lacking in other Aramaic dialects of the same period. Since Old-Edessan Aramaic later developed into Classical Syriac, it was retroactively labeled by western scholars as \"Old Syrian/Syriac\" or \"Proto-Syrian/Syriac\", although the linguistic homeland of the language in the region of Osroene, was never part of contemporary (Roman) Syria.[76][77][85][86]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:6thBeatitude.svg"},{"link_name":"beatitude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatitudes"},{"link_name":"Matthew 5:8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_5:8"},{"link_name":"Syriac literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriac_literature"},{"link_name":"Edessa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edessa"},{"link_name":"Peshitta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peshitta"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeursen2008231%E2%80%93256-88"},{"link_name":"Ephrem the Syrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephrem_the_Syrian"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Nestorian Schism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nestorian_Schism"},{"link_name":"Syriac Orthodox Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church"},{"link_name":"Church of the East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_East"},{"link_name":"Western Syriac Rite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Syriac_Rite"},{"link_name":"Eastern Syriac Rite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Syriac_Rite"},{"link_name":"Mesopotamia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia"},{"link_name":"Arabic language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeninger2012747%E2%80%93755-14"},{"link_name":"substratum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substrata_(linguistics)"},{"link_name":"Mesopotamian Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamian_Arabic"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhan200795-114-89"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTER%C3%ADo_S%C3%A1nchez2013129-136-90"},{"link_name":"Iraqi Muslims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Arabs"},{"link_name":"Iraqi Christians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Iraq"},{"link_name":"West Syriac Rite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Syriac_Rite"},{"link_name":"Syriac Orthodox Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church"},{"link_name":"Syriac Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriac_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Maronite Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maronite_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malankara_Orthodox_Syrian_Church"},{"link_name":"Malabar Independent Syrian Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malabar_Independent_Syrian_Church"},{"link_name":"Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malankara_Mar_Thoma_Syrian_Church"},{"link_name":"Syro-Malankara Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syro-Malankara_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Syro-Malabar Knanaya Archeparchy of Kottayam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syro-Malabar_Catholic_Archeparchy_of_Kottayam"},{"link_name":"East Syriac Rite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Syriac_Rite"},{"link_name":"Assyrian Church of the East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East"},{"link_name":"Assyrian Pentecostal Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian_Pentecostal_Church"},{"link_name":"Ancient Church of the East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Church_of_the_East"},{"link_name":"Chaldean Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Syro-Malabar Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syro-Malabar_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic"},{"link_name":"Mongol invasions and conquests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_invasions_and_conquests"},{"link_name":"Timur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timur"},{"link_name":"Upper Mesopotamia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Mesopotamia"},{"link_name":"Mount Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Lebanon"}],"sub_title":"Literary Syriac","text":"The sixth beatitude (Matthew 5:8) from an East Syriac Peshitta.ܛܘܼܒܲܝܗܘܿܢ ܠܐܲܝܠܹܝܢ ܕܲܕ݂ܟܹܝܢ ܒܠܸܒ̇ܗܘܿܢ܄ ܕܗܸܢ݂ܘܿܢ ܢܸܚܙܘܿܢ ܠܐܲܠܵܗܵܐ܂Ṭūḇayhōn l-ʾaylên da-ḏḵên b-lebbhōn, d-hennōn neḥzōn l-ʾălāhā.'Blessed are the pure in heart, for they shall see God.'Further information: Syriac literatureIn the 3rd century, churches in Edessa began to use local Aramaic dialect as the language of worship. Early literary efforts were focused on creation of an authoritative Aramaic translation of the Bible, the Peshitta (ܦܫܝܛܬܐ Pšīṭtā).[87] At the same time, Ephrem the Syrian was producing the most treasured collection of poetry and theology in the Edessan Aramaic language, that later became known as Syriac.In 489, many Syriac-speaking Christians living in the eastern reaches of the Roman Empire fled to the Sasanian Empire to escape persecution and growing animosity with Greek-speaking Christians.[citation needed] The Christological differences with the Church of the East led to the bitter Nestorian Schism in the Syriac-speaking world. As a result, Syriac developed distinctive western and eastern varieties. Although remaining a single language with a high level of comprehension between the varieties, the two employ distinctive variations in pronunciation and writing system, and, to a lesser degree, in vocabulary.The Syriac language later split into a western variety, used mainly by the Syriac Orthodox Church in upper Mesopotamia and Syria proper, and an eastern variety used mainly by the Church of the East in central and northeastern Mesopotamia. Religious divisions were also reflected in linguistic differences between the Western Syriac Rite and the Eastern Syriac Rite. During the 5th and the 6th century, Syriac reached its height as the lingua franca of Mesopotamia and surrounding regions. It existed in literary (liturgical) form, as well as in vernacular forms, as the native language of Syriac-speaking populations.Following the Arab conquest in the 7th century, vernacular forms of Syriac were gradually replaced during the next centuries by the advancing Arabic language.[13] Having an Aramaic (Syriac) substratum, the regional Arabic dialect (Mesopotamian Arabic) developed under the strong influence of local Aramaic (Syriac) dialects, sharing significant similarities in language structure, as well as having evident and stark influences from previous (ancient) languages of the region.[88][89]\nSyriac-influenced Arabic dialects developed among Iraqi Muslims, as well as Iraqi Christians, most of whom descend from native Syriac speakers.Western Syriac is the official language of the West Syriac Rite, practiced by the Syriac Orthodox Church, the Syriac Catholic Church, the Maronite Catholic Church, the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church, the Malabar Independent Syrian Church, the Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church, the Syro-Malankara Catholic Church and some Parishes in the Syro-Malabar Knanaya Archeparchy of Kottayam.Eastern Syriac is the liturgical language of the East Syriac Rite, practised in modern times by the ethnic Assyrian followers of the Assyrian Church of the East, the Assyrian Pentecostal Church, the Ancient Church of the East, the Chaldean Catholic Church, as well as the Syro-Malabar Catholic Church in India.Syriac literature is by far the most prodigious of the various Aramaic languages. Its corpus covers poetry, prose, theology, liturgy, hymnody, history, philosophy, science, medicine and natural history. Much of this wealth remains unavailable in critical editions or modern translation.From the 7th century onwards, Syriac gradually gave way to Arabic as the spoken language of much of the region, excepting northern Iraq and Mount Lebanon. The Mongol invasions and conquests of the 13th century, and the religiously motivated massacres of Syriac Christians by Timur further contributed to the rapid decline of the language. In many places outside of Upper Mesopotamia and Mount Lebanon, even in liturgy, it was replaced by Arabic.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tabelayeke_bi_suryan%C3%AE_D%C3%AAra_Zehferan%C3%AA_2008.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mardin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mardin"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Modern Standard Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"Assyrian nationalistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian_nationalism"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiraz2007129-142-91"},{"link_name":"Syriac Orthodox Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church"},{"link_name":"its adherents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Christians_(Middle_East)"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatt200958-92"},{"link_name":"minority language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minority_language"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"},{"link_name":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria"},{"link_name":"Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Palestine"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"Augsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augsburg"},{"link_name":"Kerala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala"},{"link_name":"nursery school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preschool"},{"link_name":"Yeşilköy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ye%C5%9Filk%C3%B6y"},{"link_name":"Istanbul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"Ministry of National Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Education_(Turkey)"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Lausanne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"Jazira Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazira_Region"},{"link_name":"Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-syriaclanguage-100"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"}],"sub_title":"Current status","text":"A warning sign in Mardin, Turkey: Syriac Turkish ܫܬܩܐ ܒܒܥܘšeṯqā, b-ḇāʿū'Silence, please') Lütfen! Sessiz olalım!'Please! Let's be quiet!'Revivals of literary Syriac in recent times have led to some success with the creation of newspapers in written Syriac (ܟܬܒܢܝܐ Kṯāḇānāyā) similar to the use of Modern Standard Arabic has been employed since the early decades of the 20th century.[clarification needed] Modern forms of literary Syriac has also been used not only in religious literature but also in secular genres, often with Assyrian nationalistic themes.[90]Syriac is spoken as the liturgical language of the Syriac Orthodox Church, as well as by some of its adherents.[91] Syriac has been recognised as an official minority language in Iraq.[92] It is also taught in some public schools in Iraq, Syria, Palestine,[93] Israel, Sweden,[94][95] Augsburg (Germany) and Kerala (India).In 2014, an Assyrian nursery school could finally be opened in Yeşilköy, Istanbul[96] after waging a lawsuit against the Ministry of National Education which had denied it permission, but was required to respect non-Muslim minority rights as specified in the Treaty of Lausanne.[97]In August 2016, the Ourhi Centre was founded by the Assyrian community in the city of Qamishli, to educate teachers in order to make Syriac an additional language to be taught in public schools in the Jazira Region of the Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria,[98] which then started with the 2016/17 academic year.[99]In April 2023, a team of AI researchers completed the first AI translation model and website for classical Syriac.[100]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Semitic languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semitic_languages"},{"link_name":"triconsonantal roots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semitic_root#Triconsonantal_roots"}],"text":"Many Syriac words, like those in other Semitic languages, belong to triconsonantal roots, collations of three Syriac consonants. New words are built from these three consonants with variable vowel and consonant sets. For example, the following words belong to the root ܫܩܠ (ŠQL), to which a basic meaning of taking can be assigned:ܫܩܠ – šqal: \"he has taken\"\nܢܫܩܘܠ – nešqol: \"he will take, ... let him take, ... so that he might take.\"\nܫܩܘܠ – šqol: \"take! (masculine singular)\"\nܫܩܠ – šāqel: \"he takes, he is taking, the one (masculine) who takes\"\nܫܩܠ – šaqqel: \"he has lifted/raised\"\nܐܫܩܠ – ʾašqel: \"he has set out\"\nܫܩܠܐ – šqālā: \"a taking, burden, recension, portion or syllable\"\nܫܩ̈ܠܐ – šeqlē: \"takings, profits, taxes\"\nܫܩܠܘܬܐ – šaqluṯā: \"a beast of burden\"\nܫܘܩܠܐ – šuqqālā: \"arrogance\"","title":"Grammar"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"nouns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noun"},{"link_name":"grammatical gender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_gender"},{"link_name":"grammatical cases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_case"},{"link_name":"genitive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genitive_case"},{"link_name":"noun phrase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noun_phrase"},{"link_name":"Adjectives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjective"},{"link_name":"predicative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predicative_expression#Predicative_(adjectival_or_nominal)"},{"link_name":"attributive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjective#Attributive_adjective"}],"sub_title":"Nouns","text":"Most Syriac nouns are built from triliteral roots. Nouns carry grammatical gender (masculine or feminine), they can be either singular or plural in number (a very few can be dual) and can exist in one of three grammatical states. These states should not be confused with grammatical cases in other languages.The absolute state is the basic form of the noun – ܫܩ̈ܠܝܢ, šeqlin, \"taxes\".\nThe emphatic state usually represents a definite noun – ܫܩ̈ܠܐ, šeqlē, \"the taxes\".\nThe construct state marks a noun in relationship to another noun – ܫܩ̈ܠܝ, šeqlay, \"taxes of...\".However, very quickly in the development of Classical Syriac, the emphatic state became the ordinary form of the noun, and the absolute and construct states were relegated to certain stock phrases (for example, ܒܪ ܐܢܫܐ/ܒܪܢܫܐ, bar nāšā, \"man, person\", literally \"son of man\").In Old and early Classical Syriac, most genitive noun relationships are built using the construct state, but contrary to the genitive case, it is the head-noun which is marked by the construct state. Thus, ܫܩ̈ܠܝ ܡܠܟܘܬܐ, šeqlay malkuṯā, means \"the taxes of the kingdom\". Quickly, the construct relationship was abandoned and replaced by the use of the relative particle ܕ, d-, da-. Thus, the same noun phrase becomes ܫܩ̈ܠܐ ܕܡܠܟܘܬܐ, šeqlē d-malkuṯā, where both nouns are in the emphatic state. Very closely related nouns can be drawn into a closer grammatical relationship by the addition of a pronominal suffix. Thus, the phrase can be written as ܫܩ̈ܠܝܗ ܕܡܠܟܘܬܐ, šeqlêh d-malkuṯā. In this case, both nouns continue to be in the emphatic state, but the first has the suffix that makes it literally read \"her taxes\" (\"kingdom\" is feminine), and thus is \"her taxes, [those] of the kingdom\".Adjectives always agree in gender and number with the nouns they modify. Adjectives are in the absolute state if they are predicative, but agree with the state of their noun if attributive. Thus, ܒܝܫܝ̈ܢ ܫܩ̈ܠܐ, bišin šeqlē, means \"the taxes are evil\", whereas ܫܩ̈ܠܐ ܒܝ̈ܫܐ, šeqlē ḇišē, means \"evil taxes\".","title":"Grammar"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"person","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_person"},{"link_name":"tense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_tense"},{"link_name":"conjugation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_conjugation"},{"link_name":"infinitive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinitive"},{"link_name":"active","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_voice"},{"link_name":"passive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_voice"},{"link_name":"participles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Participle"},{"link_name":"morphological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)"},{"link_name":"aspectual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_aspect"},{"link_name":"past","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Past_tense"},{"link_name":"future","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_tense"},{"link_name":"present tense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Present_tense"},{"link_name":"participle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Participle"},{"link_name":"subject","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subject_(grammar)"},{"link_name":"pronoun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronoun"},{"link_name":"derived verb stems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derived_stem"},{"link_name":"intensified meaning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intensive_word_form"},{"link_name":"causative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causative"},{"link_name":"passive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_voice"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"}],"sub_title":"Verbs","text":"Most Syriac verbs are built on triliteral roots as well. Finite verbs carry person, gender (except in the first person) and number, as well as tense and conjugation. The non-finite verb forms are the infinitive and the active and passive participles.Syriac has only two true morphological tenses: perfect and imperfect. Whereas these tenses were originally aspectual in Aramaic, they have become a truly temporal past and future tenses respectively. The present tense is usually marked with the participle followed by the subject pronoun. Such pronouns are usually omitted in the case of the third person. This use of the participle to mark the present tense is the most common of a number of compound tenses that can be used to express varying senses of tense and aspect.Syriac also employs derived verb stems such as are present in other Semitic languages. These are regular modifications of the verb's root to express other changes in meaning. The first stem is the ground state, or Pəʿal (this name models the shape of the root) form of the verb, which carries the usual meaning of the word. The next is the intensive stem, or Paʿʿel, form of the verb, which usually carries an intensified meaning. The third is the extensive stem, or ʾAp̄ʿel, form of the verb, which is often causative in meaning. Each of these stems has its parallel passive conjugation: the ʾEṯpəʿel, ʾEṯpaʿʿal and ʾEttap̄ʿal respectively. To these six cardinal stems are added a few irregular stems, like the Šap̄ʿel and ʾEštap̄ʿal, which generally have an extensive meaning.The basic G-stem or \"Peal\" conjugation of \"to write\" in the perfect and imperfect is as follows:[101]","title":"Grammar"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ʾAḇôn daḇašmayyā","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aboun.ogg"},{"link_name":"Lord's Prayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord%27s_Prayer"},{"link_name":"media help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Media"}],"text":"ʾAḇôn daḇašmayyā\n\nLord's Prayer, ʾAḇōn daḇašmayyā sung in Western Syriac\nProblems playing this file? See media help.Phonologically, like the other Northwest Semitic languages, Syriac has 22 consonants. The consonantal phonemes are:Phonetically, there is some variation in the pronunciation of Syriac in its various forms. The various Modern Eastern Aramaic vernaculars have quite different pronunciations, and these sometimes influence how the classical language is pronounced, for example, in public prayer. Classical Syriac has two major streams of pronunciation: western and eastern.","title":"Phonology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"stop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stop_consonant"},{"link_name":"fricative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fricative_consonant"},{"link_name":"dagesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagesh"},{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language"},{"link_name":"labial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labial_consonant"},{"link_name":"velar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velar_consonant"},{"link_name":"dental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental_consonant"},{"link_name":"labial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labial_consonant"},{"link_name":"velar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velar_consonant"},{"link_name":"dental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental_consonant"},{"link_name":"emphatic consonants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emphatic_consonant"},{"link_name":"pharynx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_pharynx"},{"link_name":"pharyngeal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharyngeal_consonant"},{"link_name":"sibilants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibilant"}],"sub_title":"Consonants","text":"Syriac shares with Aramaic a set of lightly contrasted stop/fricative pairs. In different variations of a certain lexical root, a root consonant might exist in stop form in one variation and fricative form in another. In the Syriac alphabet, a single letter is used for each pair. Sometimes a dot is placed above the letter (quššāyā \"strengthening\"; equivalent to a dagesh in Hebrew) to mark that the stop pronunciation is required, and a dot is placed below the letter (rukkāḵā \"softening\") to mark that the fricative pronunciation is required. The pairs are:Voiced labial pair – /b/ and /v/\nVoiced velar pair – /ɡ/ and /ɣ/\nVoiced dental pair – /d/ and /ð/\nVoiceless labial pair – /p/ and /f/\nVoiceless velar pair – /k/ and /x/\nVoiceless dental pair – /t/ and /θ/Like some Semitic languages, Syriac too has emphatic consonants, and it has three of them, /q/ being a historically emphatic variant of /k/. These are consonants that have a coarticulation in the pharynx or slightly higher. There are two pharyngeal fricatives, another class of consonants typically found in Semitic languages. Syriac also has a rich array of sibilants:","title":"Phonology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"front vowels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front_vowel"},{"link_name":"close vowels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close_vowel"},{"link_name":"open vowels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_vowel"},{"link_name":"diphthongs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diphthong"},{"link_name":"approximants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Approximant_consonant"},{"link_name":"monophthongized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monophthong"}],"sub_title":"Vowels","text":"As with most Semitic languages, the vowels of Syriac are mostly subordinated to consonants. Especially in the presence of an emphatic consonant, vowels tend to become mid-centralised.Classical Syriac had the following distinguishable vowels:In the western dialect, /ɑ/ has become [ɔ], and the original /o/ has merged with /u/. In eastern dialects, there is more fluidity in the pronunciation of front vowels, with some speakers distinguishing five qualities of such vowels, and others only distinguishing three. Vowel length is generally not important: close vowels tend to be longer than open vowels.The open vowels form diphthongs with the approximants /j/ and /w/. In almost all dialects, the full sets of possible diphthongs collapses into two or three actual pronunciations:/ɑj/ usually becomes /aj/, but the western dialect has /oj/\n/aj/, further, sometimes monophthongized to /e/\n/aw/ usually becomes /ɑw/\n/ɑw/, further, sometimes monophthongized to /o/","title":"Phonology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"}],"text":"^ Classical, unvocalized spelling; with Eastern Syriac vowels: ܠܸܫܵܢܵܐ ܣܘܼܪܝܵܝܵܐ; with Western Syriac vowels: ܠܶܫܳ݁ܢܳܐ ܣܽܘܪܝܳܝܳܐ.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Syrian Identity in the Greco-Roman World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=4ROhAQAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781107244566","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107244566"},{"link_name":"\"Framing the Syrian of Late Antiquity: Engagements with 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Europe\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=E48JswEACAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781138899018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781138899018"},{"link_name":"\"The Church of the East in the 'Abbasid Era\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=E48JswEACAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781138899018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781138899018"},{"link_name":"\"Historiography in the Syriac-Speaking World, 300–1000\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=E48JswEACAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781138899018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781138899018"}],"text":"Andrade, Nathanael J. (2013). Syrian Identity in the Greco-Roman World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781107244566.\nAndrade, Nathanael J. (2011). \"Framing the Syrian of Late Antiquity: Engagements with Hellenism\". Journal of Modern Hellenism. 28 (2010-2011): 1–46.\nAndrade, Nathanael J. (2014). \"Assyrians, Syrians and the Greek Language in the late Hellenistic and Roman Imperial Periods\". Journal of Near Eastern Studies. 73 (2): 299–317. doi:10.1086/677249. S2CID 163755644.\nAndrade, Nathanael J. (2019). \"Syriac and Syrians in the Later Roman Empire: Questions of identity\". The Syriac World. London: Routledge. pp. 157–174. ISBN 9781138899018.\nBeyer, Klaus (1986). The Aramaic Language: Its Distribution and Subdivisions. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht. ISBN 9783525535738.\nBriquel-Chatonnet, Françoise (2012). \"Syriac as the Language of Eastern Christianity\". The Semitic Languages: An International Handbook. Berlin-Boston: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 652–659. ISBN 9783110251586.\nBriquel-Chatonnet, Françoise (2019). \"Writing Syriac: Manuscripts and Inscriptions\". The Syriac World. London: Routledge. pp. 243–265. ISBN 9781138899018.\nBrock, Sebastian P. (1983). \"Towards a History of Syriac Translation Technique\". III Symposium Syriacum 1980. Roma: Pontificium institutum studiorum orientalium. pp. 1–14.\nBrock, Sebastian P. (1984). Syriac Perspectives on Late Antiquity. London: Variorum Reprints. ISBN 9780860781479.\nBrock, Sebastian P. (1989). \"Three Thousand Years of Aramaic Literature\". ARAM Periodical. 1 (1): 11–23.\nBrock, Sebastian P. (1989). \"Some Observations on the Use of Classical Syriac in the Late Twentieth Century\". Journal of Semitic Studies. 34 (2): 363–375. doi:10.1093/jss/XXXIV.2.363.\nBrock, Sebastian P. (1992) [1985]. The Luminous Eye: The Spiritual World Vision of Saint Ephrem (2nd revised ed.). Kalamazoo: Cistercian Publications. ISBN 9780879075248.\nBrock, Sebastian P. (1992). Studies in Syriac Christianity: History, Literature, and Theology. Aldershot: Variorum. ISBN 9780860783053.\nBrock, Sebastian P. (1992). \"Eusebius and Syriac Christianity\". Eusebius, Christianity, and Judaism. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. pp. 212–234. ISBN 0814323618.\nBrock, Sebastian P. (1994). \"Greek and Syriac in Late Antique Syria\". Literacy and Power in the Ancient World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 149–160, 234–235. ISBN 9780521587365.\nBrock, Sebastian P. (1996). Syriac Studies: A Classified Bibliography, 1960-1990. Kaslik: Parole de l'Orient.\nBrock, Sebastian P. (1997). A Brief Outline of Syriac Literature. Kottayam: St. Ephrem Ecumenical Research Institute.\nBrock, Sebastian P. (1998). \"Syriac Culture, 337–425\". The Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. 13. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 708–719. ISBN 9780521302005.\nBrock, Sebastian P. (1999). From Ephrem to Romanos: Interactions Between Syriac and Greek in Late Antiquity. Aldershot: Ashgate. ISBN 9780860788003.\nBrock, Sebastian P. (1999). \"St. Ephrem in the Eyes of Later Syriac Liturgical Tradition\" (PDF). Hugoye: Journal of Syriac Studies. 2 (1): 5–25. doi:10.31826/hug-2010-020103. S2CID 212688898.\nBrock, Sebastian P.; Taylor, David G. K., eds. (2001). The Hidden Pearl: The Syrian Orthodox Church and its Ancient Aramaic Heritage. Vol. 1. Rome: Trans World Film Italia.\nBrock, Sebastian P. (2004). \"The Earliest Syriac Literature\". The Cambridge History of Early Christian Literature. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 161–172. ISBN 9780521460835.\nBrock, Sebastian P. (2005). \"The Syriac Orient: A Third 'Lung' for the Church?\". Orientalia Christiana Periodica. 71: 5–20.\nBrock, Sebastian P. (2006). Fire from Heaven: Studies in Syriac Theology and Liturgy. Aldershot: Ashgate. ISBN 9780754659082.\nBrock, Sebastian P. (2007). \"Early Dated Manuscripts of the Church of the East, 7th-13th Century\". Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies. 21 (2): 8–34. Archived from the original on 6 October 2008.\nBrock, Sebastian P. (2008) [1979]. The Holy Spirit in the Syrian Baptismal Tradition (3rd ed.). Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. ISBN 9781593338442.\nBrock, Sebastian P. (2010). \"Jacob the Annotator: Jacob's Annotations to His Revised Translation of Severus' Cathedral Homilies\". Studies on Jacob of Edessa. Piscataway: Gorgias Press. pp. 1–13. doi:10.31826/9781463216634-002. ISBN 9781463216634.\nBrock, Sebastian P. (2011). \"Christian Palestinian Aramaic\". Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. pp. 96–97.\nBrock, Sebastian P.; Butts, Aaron M. (2011). \"Syriac Conferences\". Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. pp. 389–390.\nBrock, Sebastian P.; Coakley, James F. (2011). \"Arameans\". Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. pp. 30–31.\nBrock, Sebastian P. (2017). An Introduction to Syriac Studies. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. ISBN 9781463207137.\nBrock, Sebastian P. (2017). \"Scribal Tradition and the Transmission of Syriac Literature in Late Antiquity and Early Islam\". Scribal Practices and the Social Construction of Knowledge in Antiquity. Leuven: Peeters Publishers. pp. 61–68. ISBN 9789042933149.\nBrock, Sebastian P. (2019). The People and the Peoples: Syriac Dialogue Poems from Late Antiquity. Oxford: Journal of Jewish Studies. ISBN 9780957522817.\nBrock, Sebastian P. (2019). \"Later Syriac Poetry\". The Syriac World. London: Routledge. pp. 327–338. ISBN 9781138899018.\nBrockelmann, Carl (1895). Lexicon Syriacum (1st ed.). Berlin: Reuther & Reichard.\nBurnett, Stephen G. (2005). \"Christian Aramaism: The Birth and Growth of Aramaic Scholarship in the Sixteenth Century\" (PDF). Seeking Out the Wisdom of the Ancients. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns. pp. 421–436. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 August 2021. Retrieved 28 November 2020.\nButts, Aaron M. (2011). \"Syriac Language\". Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. pp. 390–391.\nButts, Aaron M. (2016). Language Change in the Wake of Empire: Syriac in its Greco-Roman Context. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns. ISBN 9781575064215.\nButts, Aaron M. (2018). \"The Greco-Roman Context of the Syriac Language\". Les auteurs syriaques et leur langue. Paris: Geuthner. pp. 137–165.\nButts, Aaron M. (2019). \"The Classical Syriac Language\". The Syriac World. London: Routledge. pp. 222–242.\nCarlson, Thomas A. (2019). \"Syriac in a Diverse Middle East: From the Mongol Ilkhanate to Ottoman Dominance, 1286–1517\". The Syriac World. London: Routledge. pp. 718–730. ISBN 9781138899018.\nDonabed, Sargon G. (2015). Reforging a Forgotten History: Iraq and the Assyrians in the Twentieth Century. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 9780748686056.\nDonabed, Sargon G. (2017). \"Neither Syriac-speaking nor Syrian Orthodox Christians: Harput Assyrians in the United States as a Model for Ethnic Self-Categorization and Expression\". Syriac in its Multi-Cultural Context. Leuven: Peeters Publishers. pp. 359–369. ISBN 9789042931640.\nDrijvers, Hendrik J. W. (1980). Cults and Beliefs at Edessa. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 9004060502.\nFarina, Margherita (2018). \"La linguistique syriaque selon Jacques d'Édesse\". Lesauteurs syriaques etleurlangue. Paris: Geuthner. pp. 167–187.\nGarbini, Giovanni (1981). \"Considerations on the Language of Ebla\". La Lingua Di Ebla: Atti Del Convegno Internazionale (1st ed.). Napoli: Istituto universitario orientale, Seminario di studi asiatici. pp. 75–82.\nGzella, Holger (2014). \"Language and Script\". The Aramaeans in Ancient Syria. Leiden: Brill. pp. 71–107. ISBN 9789004229433.\nGzella, Holger (2015). A Cultural History of Aramaic: From the Beginnings to the Advent of Islam. Leiden-Boston: Brill. ISBN 9789004285101.\nGzella, Holger (2019). \"The Syriac Language in the Context of the Semitic Languages\". The Syriac World. London: Routledge. pp. 205–221.\nHealey, John F. (1980). First Studies in Syriac. Birmingham: University of Birmingham. ISBN 9780704403901.\nHealey, John F. (2007). \"The Edessan Milieu and the Birth of Syriac\" (PDF). Hugoye: Journal of Syriac Studies. 10 (2): 115–127.\nHealey, John F. (2009). Aramaic Inscriptions and Documents of the Roman Period. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199252565.\nHealey, John F. (2012). \"Syriac\". The Semitic Languages: An International Handbook. Berlin-Boston: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 637–652. ISBN 9783110251586.\nHealey, John F. (2008). \"Variety in Early Syriac: The Context in Contemporary Aramaic\". Aramaic in Its Historical and Linguistic Setting. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 221–229. ISBN 9783447057875.\nHealey, John F. (2019). \"The Pre-Christian Religions of the Syriac-Speaking Regions\". The Syriac World. London: Routledge. pp. 47–67. ISBN 9781138899018.\nHeinrichs, Wolfhart, ed. (1990). Studies in Neo-Aramaic. Atlanta: Scholars Press. ISBN 9781555404307.\nHerman, Geoffrey (2019). \"The Syriac World in the Persian Empire\". The Syriac World. London: Routledge. pp. 134–145.\nIshow, Habib (1978). \"Faut-il remplacer le terme syriaque par le terme araméen?\". Symposium Syriacum 1976. Roma: Pontificium institutum studiorum orientalium. pp. 359–365.\nJoseph, John B. (2000). The Modern Assyrians of the Middle East: A History of Their Encounter with Western Christian Missions, Archaeologists, and Colonial Powers. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 9004116419.\nKhan, Geoffrey (2007). \"Aramaic in the Medieval and Modern Periods\" (PDF). Languages of Iraq: Ancient and Modern. Cambridge: The British School of Archaeology in Iraq. pp. 95–114.\nKim, Ronald (2008). \"Stammbaum or Continuum? The Subgrouping of Modern Aramaic Dialects Reconsidered\". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 128 (3): 505–531.\nKiraz, George A. (2007). \"Kthobonoyo Syriac: Some Observations and Remarks\" (PDF). Hugoye: Journal of Syriac Studies. 10 (2): 129–142.\nLipiński, Edward (2001) [1997]. Semitic Languages: Outline of a Comparative Grammar (2nd ed.). Leuven: Peeters Publishers. ISBN 9789042908154.\nMaclean, Arthur J. (1895). Grammar of the Dialects of Vernacular Syriac: As Spoken by the Eastern Syrians of Kurdistan, North-West Persia and the Plain of Mosul, with Notices of the Vernacular of the Jews of Azerbijan and of Zakhu near Mosul. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781107648128.\nMesso, Johny (2011). \"The Origin of the Terms Syria(n) and Suryoyo: Once Again\". Parole de l'Orient. 36: 111–125.\nMillar, Fergus (2006). A Greek Roman Empire: Power and Belief under Theodosius II (408–450). Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 9780520253919.\nMillar, Fergus (2008). \"Community, Religion and Language in the Middle-Euphrates Zone in Late Antiquity\". Scripta Classica Israelica. 27: 67–93.\nMillar, Fergus (2011). \"Greek and Syriac in Edessa: From Ephrem to Rabbula (CE 363–435)\". Semitica et Classica. 4: 99–114. doi:10.1484/J.SEC.1.102508.\nMillar, Fergus (2012). \"Greek and Syriac in Fifth-Century Edessa: The Case of Bishop Hibas\". Semitica et Classica. 5: 151–165. doi:10.1484/J.SEC.1.103053.\nMillar, Fergus (2013). \"The Evolution of the Syrian Orthodox Church in the Pre-Islamic Period: From Greek to Syriac?\" (PDF). Journal of Early Christian Studies. 21 (1): 43–92. doi:10.1353/earl.2013.0002. S2CID 170436440.\nMinov, Sergey (2017). \"Date and Provenance of the Syriac Cave of Treasures: A Reappraisal\". Hugoye: Journal of Syriac Studies. 20 (1): 129–229. doi:10.31826/hug-2018-200105. S2CID 212688445.\nMinov, Sergey (2020). Memory and Identity in the Syriac Cave of Treasures: Rewriting the Bible in Sasanian Iran. Leiden-Boston: Brill. ISBN 9789004445512.\nMurre van den Berg, Heleen (2008). \"Classical Syriac, Neo-Aramaic, and Arabic in the Churchof the East and the Chaldean Church between 1500 and 1800\". Aramaic in Its Historical and Linguistic Setting. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 335–352. ISBN 9783447057875.\nNaby, Eden (2004). \"From Lingua Franca to Endangered Language: The Legal Aspects of the Preservation of Aramaic in Iraq\". On the Margins of Nations: Endangered Languages and Linguistic Rights. Bath: Foundation for Endangered Languages. pp. 197–203. ISBN 9780953824861.\nNeill, Stephen (2004) [1984]. A History of Christianity in India: The Beginnings to AD 1707. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521548854.\nNöldeke, Theodor (1886). \"Semitic Languages\". The Encyclopaedia Britannica. Vol. 21 (9th ed.). New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 641–656.\nNöldeke, Theodor (1904). Compendious Syriac Grammar (1st English ed.). London: Williams & Norgate.\nPat-El, Na‘ama (2019). Syriac (2nd ed.). John Huehnergard and Na‘ama Pat-El (eds.), The Semitic Languages: London & New York: Routledge. pp. 653–678.\nPetruccione, John F.; Hill, Robert C., eds. (2007). Theodoret of Cyrus: The Questions on the Octateuch. Vol. 2. Washington: COA Press. ISBN 9780813214993.\nPeursen, Wido van (2008). \"Language Variation, Language Development, and the Textual History of the Peshitta\". Aramaic in Its Historical and Linguistic Setting. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 231–256. ISBN 9783447057875.\nRío Sánchez, Francisco del (2013). \"Influences of Aramaic on dialectal Arabic\". Archaism and Innovation in the Semitic Languages: Selected papers. Cordoba: Cordoba Near Eastern Research Unit. pp. 129–136.\nRobinson, Theodore H.; Coakley, James F. (2013) [1915]. Robinson's Paradigms and Exercises in Syriac Grammar (6th revised ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199687176.\nRompay, Lucas van (1994). \"Some Preliminary Remarks on the Origins of Classical Syriac as a Standard Language: The Syriac Version of Eusebius of Caesarea's Ecclesiastical History\". Semitic and Cushitic studies. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 70–89. ISBN 9783447034470.\nRompay, Lucas van (2000). \"Past and Present Perceptions of Syriac Literary Tradition\" (PDF). Hugoye: Journal of Syriac Studies. 3 (1): 71–103. doi:10.31826/hug-2010-030105. S2CID 212688244.\nRompay, Lucas van (2008). \"The East: Syria and Mesopotamia\". The Oxford Handbook of Early Christian Studies. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 365–386. ISBN 9780199271566.\nRompay, Lucas van (2011). \"Aramaic\". Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. pp. 28–30.\nRubin, Milka (1998). \"The Language of Creation or the Primordial Language: A Case of Cultural Polemics in Antiquity\". Journal of Jewish Studies. 49 (2): 306–333. doi:10.18647/2120/JJS-1998.\nRudder, Joshua. Learn to Write Aramaic: A Step-by-Step Approach to the Historical & Modern Scripts. n.p.: CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2011. 220 pp. ISBN 978-1461021421 Includes the Estrangela (pp. 59–113), Madnhaya (pp. 191–206), and the Western Serto (pp. 173–190) scripts.\nRuzer, Serge (2014). \"Hebrew versus Aramaic as Jesus' Language: Notes on Early Opinions by Syriac Authors\". The Language Environment of First Century Judaea. Leiden-Boston: Brill. pp. 182–205. ISBN 9789004264410.\nShepardson, Christine (2019). Controlling Contested Places: Late Antique Antioch and the Spatial Politics of Religious Controversyd. Oakland: University of California Press. ISBN 9780520303379.\nTaylor, David G. K. (2002). \"Bilingualism and Diglossia in Late Antique Syria and Mesopotamia\". Bilingualism in Ancient Society: Language Contact and the Written Word. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 298–331. ISBN 9789004264410.\nTaylor, David G. K. (2011). \"Syriac Lexicography\". Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. pp. 391–393.\nToepel, Alexander (2013). \"The Cave of Treasures: A new Translation and Introduction\". Old Testament Pseudepigrapha: More Noncanonical Scriptures. Vol. 1. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. pp. 531–584. ISBN 9780802827395.\nWatt, John W. (2009). \"Aramaic and Syriac\". Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World. Oxford: Elsevier. pp. 56–59. ISBN 9780080877754.\nWeninger, Stefan (2012). \"Aramaic-Arabic Language Contact\". The Semitic Languages: An International Handbook. Berlin-Boston: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 747–755. ISBN 9783110251586.\nWeltecke, Dorothea (2009). \"Michael the Syrian and Syriac Orthodox Identity\". Church History and Religious Culture. 89 (1–3): 115–125. doi:10.1163/187124109X408023.\nWeltecke, Dorothea; Younansardaroud, Helen (2019). \"The Renaissance of Syriac Literature in the Twelfth–Thirteenth Centuries\". The Syriac World. London: Routledge. pp. 698–717. ISBN 9781138899018.\nWilkinson, Robert J. (2019). \"The Early Study of Syriac in Europe\". The Syriac World. London: Routledge. pp. 751–769. ISBN 9781138899018.\nWilmshurst, David (2019). \"The Church of the East in the 'Abbasid Era\". The Syriac World. London: Routledge. pp. 189–201. ISBN 9781138899018.\nWood, Philip (2019). \"Historiography in the Syriac-Speaking World, 300–1000\". The Syriac World. London: Routledge. pp. 405–421. ISBN 9781138899018.","title":"Sources"}]
[{"image_text":"An 11th-century Syriac manuscript","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Syriac_Sert%C3%A2_book_script.jpg/265px-Syriac_Sert%C3%A2_book_script.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Syriac alphabet","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Aramaic_alphabet.jpg/265px-Aramaic_alphabet.jpg"},{"image_text":"Late Syriac text, written in Madnhāyā script, from Thrissur, Kerala, India, 1799","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/East_Syriac_Script_Thaksa.jpg/265px-East_Syriac_Script_Thaksa.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Lord's Prayer in Syriac language","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Awondwashmayanetqaddash.png/265px-Awondwashmayanetqaddash.png"},{"image_text":"An ancient mosaic from Edessa, from the 2nd century CE, with inscriptions in early Edessan Aramaic (Old Syriac)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Roman_Orpheus_Taming_Wild_Animals.jpg/265px-Roman_Orpheus_Taming_Wild_Animals.jpg"},{"image_text":"Syriac \"Codex Ambrosianus\" (F. 128) from the 11th century (CORRECTION: here the text is in Greek cursive)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Ambrosianus_F128.png/265px-Ambrosianus_F128.png"},{"image_text":"A bilingual Syriac and Neo-Persian psalter, in Syriac script, from the 12th–13th century","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Bilingual_Syriac-New_Persian_psalter_in_Syriac_script%2C_Bulayik%2C_12th-13th_century_AD%2C_paper_-_Ethnological_Museum%2C_Berlin_-_DSC01760.JPG/265px-Bilingual_Syriac-New_Persian_psalter_in_Syriac_script%2C_Bulayik%2C_12th-13th_century_AD%2C_paper_-_Ethnological_Museum%2C_Berlin_-_DSC01760.JPG"},{"image_text":"Once a major language in the Fertile Crescent and Eastern Arabia, Syriac is now limited to the towns and villages in the Nineveh Plains, Tur Abdin, the Khabur plains, in and around the cities of Mosul, Erbil and Kirkuk.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Syriac_Christianity.svg/265px-Syriac_Christianity.svg.png"},{"image_text":"The modern distribution of Neo-Aramaic languages, including Neo-Syriac groups","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Syriac_Dialects_EN.svg/265px-Syriac_Dialects_EN.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Īšoˁ, the Syriac pronunciation of the Hebrew and Aramaic name of Jesus, Yeshuʿ (ישוע)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Early_Syriac_alphabet_form_of_the_name_of_Jesus.svg/265px-Early_Syriac_alphabet_form_of_the_name_of_Jesus.svg.png"},{"image_text":"The Linguistic homeland of Edessan Aramaic: the Kingdom of Osroene between the Romans and Parthians, in the 1st century AD","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Alter_Orient_0100AD.svg/265px-Alter_Orient_0100AD.svg.png"},{"image_text":"The sixth beatitude (Matthew 5:8) from an East Syriac Peshitta.ܛܘܼܒܲܝܗܘܿܢ ܠܐܲܝܠܹܝܢ ܕܲܕ݂ܟܹܝܢ ܒܠܸܒ̇ܗܘܿܢ܄ ܕܗܸܢ݂ܘܿܢ ܢܸܚܙܘܿܢ ܠܐܲܠܵܗܵܐ܂Ṭūḇayhōn l-ʾaylên da-ḏḵên b-lebbhōn, d-hennōn neḥzōn l-ʾălāhā.'Blessed are the pure in heart, for they shall see God.'","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/6thBeatitude.svg/400px-6thBeatitude.svg.png"},{"image_text":"A warning sign in Mardin, Turkey: Syriac Turkish ܫܬܩܐ ܒܒܥܘšeṯqā, b-ḇāʿū'Silence, please') Lütfen! Sessiz olalım!'Please! Let's be quiet!' ","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Tabelayeke_bi_suryan%C3%AE_D%C3%AAra_Zehferan%C3%AA_2008.jpg/220px-Tabelayeke_bi_suryan%C3%AE_D%C3%AAra_Zehferan%C3%AA_2008.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png"}]
[{"title":"Portals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals"},{"title":"Middle East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Middle_East"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg"},{"title":"Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Christianity"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Globe_of_letters.svg"},{"title":"Languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Languages"},{"title":"Syriac literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriac_literature"},{"title":"Syriac sacral music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriac_sacral_music"},{"title":"Syriac Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriac_Christianity"},{"title":"Syriac studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriac_studies"},{"title":"Aramaic studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aramaic_studies"},{"title":"Mandaic language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandaic_language"},{"title":"Neo-Aramaic languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Aramaic_languages"},{"title":"List of loanwords in Assyrian Neo-Aramaic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_loanwords_in_Assyrian_Neo-Aramaic"},{"title":"List of loanwords in Classical Syriac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_loanwords_in_Classical_Syriac"},{"title":"Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpus_Scriptorum_Christianorum_Orientalium"},{"title":"Levantine Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levantine_Arabic"},{"title":"Suriyani Malayalam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suriyani_Malayalam"}]
[{"reference":"Mario Kozah; Abdulrahim Abu-Husayn; Saif Shaheen Al-Murikhi; Haya Al Thani (9 December 2014). The Syriac Writers of Qatar in the Seventh Century. Gorgias Press. p. 298. ISBN 9781463236649. The Syriac writers of Qatar themselves produced some of the best and most sophisticated writing to be found in all Syriac literature of the seventh century, but they have not received the scholarly attention that they deserve in the last half century. This volume seeks to redress this underdevelopment by setting the standard for further research in the sub-field of Beth Qatraye studies.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdulrahim_Abu-Husayn","url_text":"Abdulrahim Abu-Husayn"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781463236649","url_text":"9781463236649"}]},{"reference":"Kiraz, George A. (4 March 2020). \"Kthobonoyo Syriac: Some Observations and Remarks\". Hugoye: Journal of Syriac Studies. 10: 113–124. doi:10.31826/hug-2011-100113. S2CID 188192926. Retrieved 21 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.31826/hug-2011-100113/html","url_text":"\"Kthobonoyo Syriac: Some Observations and Remarks\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.31826%2Fhug-2011-100113","url_text":"10.31826/hug-2011-100113"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:188192926","url_text":"188192926"}]},{"reference":"Iskandar, Amine (27 February 2022). \"About the origin of the Lebanese language (I)\". syriacpress.com. Syriacpress.","urls":[{"url":"https://syriacpress.com/blog/2022/02/27/about-the-origin-of-the-lebanese-language/","url_text":"\"About the origin of the Lebanese language (I)\""}]},{"reference":"CLASSICAL SYRIAC. Gorgias Handbooks. p. 14. In contrast to \"Nestorians\" and \"Jacobites\", a small group of Syriacs accepted the decisions of the Council of Chalcedon. Non-Chalcedonian Syriacs called them \"Melkites\" (from Aramaic malka \"king\"), thereby connecting them to the Byzantine Emperor's denomination. Melkite Syriacs were mostly concentrated around Antioch and adjacent regions of northern Syria and used Syriac as their literary and liturgical language. The Melkite community also included the Aramaic-speaking Jewish converts to Christianity in Palestine and the Orthodox Christians of Transjordan. During the 5th-6th centuries, they were engaged in literary work (mainly translation) in Palestinian Christian Aramaic, a Western Aramaic dialect, using a script closely resembling the Estrangela cursive of Osrhoene.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Arman Akopian (11 December 2017). \"Other branches of Syriac Christianity: Melkites and Maronites\". Introduction to Aramean and Syriac Studies. Gorgias Press. p. 573. ISBN 9781463238933. The main center of Aramaic-speaking Melkites was Palestine. During the 5th-6th centuries, they were engaged in literary, mainly translation work in the local Western Aramaic dialect, known as \"Palestinian Christian Aramaic\", using a script closely resembling the cursive Estrangela of Osrhoene. Palestinian Melkites were mostly Jewish converts to Christianity, who had a long tradition of using Palestinian Aramaic dialects as literary languages. Closely associated with the Palestinian Melkites were the Melkites of Transjordan, who also used Palestinian Christian Aramaic. Another community of Aramaic-speaking Melkites existed in the vicinity of Antioch and parts of Syria. These Melkites used Classical Syriac as a written language, the common literary language of the overwhelming majority of Christian Arameans.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781463238933","url_text":"9781463238933"}]},{"reference":"\"ISO 639-2 Registration Authority: Change History (syc)\". Library of Congress. Retrieved 21 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_changes_bycode.php?code_ID=511","url_text":"\"ISO 639-2 Registration Authority: Change History (syc)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Additions to MARC Code List for Languages\". Library of Congress. 22 October 2007. Retrieved 21 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.loc.gov/marc/tn071022.html","url_text":"\"Additions to MARC Code List for Languages\""}]},{"reference":"\"ISO 639-2 Registration Authority: Change History (syr)\". Library of Congress. Retrieved 21 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=434","url_text":"\"ISO 639-2 Registration Authority: Change History (syr)\""}]},{"reference":"\"639 Identifier Documentation: syr\". SIL.org. Retrieved 21 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/syr","url_text":"\"639 Identifier Documentation: syr\""}]},{"reference":"\"Language and Script Identifiers\". Retrieved 21 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://syriaca.org/documentation/isostandards.html","url_text":"\"Language and Script Identifiers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Constitution of the Republic of Iraq\" (PDF). Official Gazette of Iraq (in Arabic). Vol. 4012. 28 December 2005. Retrieved 21 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://zaidalali.bookswarm.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/Iraqs-constitution-FINAL-official-gazette-copy.pdf","url_text":"\"Constitution of the Republic of Iraq\""}]},{"reference":"\"Iraqi Constitution\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2011. Retrieved 21 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110304074809/http://www.iraqinationality.gov.iq/attach/iraqi_constitution.pdf","url_text":"\"Iraqi Constitution\""},{"url":"http://www.iraqinationality.gov.iq/attach/iraqi_constitution.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Surayt-Aramaic Online Project (SAOP)\". Retrieved 21 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://userblogs.fu-berlin.de/saop/events/who-are-we/project-description","url_text":"\"Surayt-Aramaic Online Project (SAOP)\""}]},{"reference":"Anbori, Abbas. \"The Comprehensive Policy to Manage the Ethnic Languages in Iraq\" (PDF). pp. 4–5. Retrieved 21 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.turkmen.nl/1A_Others/minority-Iraq.pdf","url_text":"\"The Comprehensive Policy to Manage the Ethnic Languages in Iraq\""}]},{"reference":"Farhoud, Amira (28 March 2017). \"Syriacs: Still Going Strong\". Bethlehem Bible College. Retrieved 21 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://bethbc.edu/blog/2017/03/28/syriacs-still-going-strong/","url_text":"\"Syriacs: Still Going Strong\""}]},{"reference":"Dorit, Shilo (1 April 2010). \"The Ben Yehudas of Aramaic\". Haaretz. Retrieved 21 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.haaretz.com/2010-04-01/ty-article/the-ben-yehudas-of-aramaic/0000017f-e2d2-d9aa-afff-fbdaaa3d0000","url_text":"\"The Ben Yehudas of Aramaic\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haaretz","url_text":"Haaretz"}]},{"reference":"\"Syriac... a language struggling to survive\". Voices of Iraq. 28 December 2007. Archived from the original on 30 March 2012. Retrieved 21 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120330162150/http://admin.iraqupdates.net/p_articles.php/article/25518","url_text":"\"Syriac... a language struggling to survive\""},{"url":"http://admin.iraqupdates.net/p_articles.php/article/25518","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Assyrian School Welcomes Students in Istanbul, Marking a New Beginning\". Assyrian International News Agency. 10 September 2014. Retrieved 21 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.aina.org/news/20140910111521.htm","url_text":"\"Assyrian School Welcomes Students in Istanbul, Marking a New Beginning\""}]},{"reference":"\"Turkey Denies Request to Open Assyrian-Language Kindergarten\". Archived from the original on 4 November 2014. Retrieved 21 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141104151615/http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/tr/culture/2012/12/turkey-denies-assyrian-request-to-open-kindergarten.html","url_text":"\"Turkey Denies Request to Open Assyrian-Language Kindergarten\""},{"url":"https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/tr/culture/2012/12/turkey-denies-assyrian-request-to-open-kindergarten.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Syriac Christians revive ancient language despite war\". ARA News. 17 August 2016. Archived from the original on 17 August 2016. Retrieved 21 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160817064715/http://aranews.net/2016/08/syriac-christians-revive-ancient-language-despite-war-2/","url_text":"\"Syriac Christians revive ancient language despite war\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARA_News","url_text":"ARA News"},{"url":"http://aranews.net/2016/08/syriac-christians-revive-ancient-language-despite-war-2/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"al-Wasl, Zaman (3 October 2016). \"Hassakeh: Syriac Language to Be Taught in PYD-controlled Schools\". The Syrian Observer. Retrieved 21 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://syrianobserver.com/news/25299/hassakeh_syriac_language_be_taught_pyd_controlled_schools.html","url_text":"\"Hassakeh: Syriac Language to Be Taught in PYD-controlled Schools\""}]},{"reference":"\"Syriac.IO – Translator\". www.syriac.io. Retrieved 8 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.syriac.io/translate","url_text":"\"Syriac.IO – Translator\""}]},{"reference":"Andrade, Nathanael J. (2013). Syrian Identity in the Greco-Roman World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781107244566.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4ROhAQAAQBAJ","url_text":"Syrian Identity in the Greco-Roman World"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107244566","url_text":"9781107244566"}]},{"reference":"Andrade, Nathanael J. (2011). \"Framing the Syrian of Late Antiquity: Engagements with Hellenism\". Journal of Modern Hellenism. 28 (2010-2011): 1–46.","urls":[{"url":"https://journals.sfu.ca/jmh/index.php/jmh/article/download/267/270","url_text":"\"Framing the Syrian of Late Antiquity: Engagements with Hellenism\""}]},{"reference":"Andrade, Nathanael J. (2014). \"Assyrians, Syrians and the Greek Language in the late Hellenistic and Roman Imperial Periods\". Journal of Near Eastern Studies. 73 (2): 299–317. doi:10.1086/677249. S2CID 163755644.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1086/677249","url_text":"\"Assyrians, Syrians and the Greek Language in the late Hellenistic and Roman Imperial Periods\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F677249","url_text":"10.1086/677249"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163755644","url_text":"163755644"}]},{"reference":"Andrade, Nathanael J. (2019). \"Syriac and Syrians in the Later Roman Empire: Questions of identity\". The Syriac World. London: Routledge. pp. 157–174. 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(2010). \"Jacob the Annotator: Jacob's Annotations to His Revised Translation of Severus' Cathedral Homilies\". Studies on Jacob of Edessa. Piscataway: Gorgias Press. pp. 1–13. doi:10.31826/9781463216634-002. ISBN 9781463216634.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastian_P._Brock","url_text":"Brock, Sebastian P."},{"url":"https://www.degruyter.com/view/book/9781463216634/10.31826/9781463216634-002.xml","url_text":"\"Jacob the Annotator: Jacob's Annotations to His Revised Translation of Severus' Cathedral Homilies\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.31826%2F9781463216634-002","url_text":"10.31826/9781463216634-002"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781463216634","url_text":"9781463216634"}]},{"reference":"Brock, Sebastian P. (2011). \"Christian Palestinian Aramaic\". 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Lexicon Syriacum (1st ed.). Berlin: Reuther & Reichard.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Brockelmann","url_text":"Brockelmann, Carl"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=bTJIAQAAMAAJ","url_text":"Lexicon Syriacum"}]},{"reference":"Burnett, Stephen G. (2005). \"Christian Aramaism: The Birth and Growth of Aramaic Scholarship in the Sixteenth Century\" (PDF). Seeking Out the Wisdom of the Ancients. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns. pp. 421–436. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 August 2021. Retrieved 28 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210827102740/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/188050924.pdf","url_text":"\"Christian Aramaism: The Birth and Growth of Aramaic Scholarship in the Sixteenth Century\""},{"url":"https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/188050924.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Butts, Aaron M. (2011). \"Syriac Language\". Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. pp. 390–391.","urls":[{"url":"https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Syriac-Language","url_text":"\"Syriac Language\""}]},{"reference":"Butts, Aaron M. (2016). Language Change in the Wake of Empire: Syriac in its Greco-Roman Context. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns. ISBN 9781575064215.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=kxsMMQAACAAJ","url_text":"Language Change in the Wake of Empire: Syriac in its Greco-Roman Context"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781575064215","url_text":"9781575064215"}]},{"reference":"Butts, Aaron M. (2018). \"The Greco-Roman Context of the Syriac Language\". Les auteurs syriaques et leur langue. Paris: Geuthner. pp. 137–165.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/36472678","url_text":"\"The Greco-Roman Context of the Syriac Language\""}]},{"reference":"Butts, Aaron M. (2019). \"The Classical Syriac Language\". 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ISBN 9780748686056.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=bwLdCQAAQBAJ","url_text":"Reforging a Forgotten History: Iraq and the Assyrians in the Twentieth Century"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780748686056","url_text":"9780748686056"}]},{"reference":"Donabed, Sargon G. (2017). \"Neither Syriac-speaking nor Syrian Orthodox Christians: Harput Assyrians in the United States as a Model for Ethnic Self-Categorization and Expression\". Syriac in its Multi-Cultural Context. Leuven: Peeters Publishers. pp. 359–369. ISBN 9789042931640.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=sxt4rgEACAAJ","url_text":"\"Neither Syriac-speaking nor Syrian Orthodox Christians: Harput Assyrians in the United States as a Model for Ethnic Self-Categorization and Expression\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789042931640","url_text":"9789042931640"}]},{"reference":"Drijvers, Hendrik J. W. (1980). Cults and Beliefs at Edessa. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 9004060502.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=69YUAAAAIAAJ","url_text":"Cults and Beliefs at Edessa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004060502","url_text":"9004060502"}]},{"reference":"Farina, Margherita (2018). \"La linguistique syriaque selon Jacques d'Édesse\". Lesauteurs syriaques etleurlangue. Paris: Geuthner. pp. 167–187.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/37792302","url_text":"\"La linguistique syriaque selon Jacques d'Édesse\""}]},{"reference":"Garbini, Giovanni (1981). \"Considerations on the Language of Ebla\". La Lingua Di Ebla: Atti Del Convegno Internazionale (1st ed.). Napoli: Istituto universitario orientale, Seminario di studi asiatici. pp. 75–82.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9NINAAAAYAAJ","url_text":"\"Considerations on the Language of Ebla\""}]},{"reference":"Gzella, Holger (2014). \"Language and Script\". The Aramaeans in Ancient Syria. Leiden: Brill. pp. 71–107. ISBN 9789004229433.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=sW_AAgAAQBAJ","url_text":"\"Language and Script\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004229433","url_text":"9789004229433"}]},{"reference":"Gzella, Holger (2015). A Cultural History of Aramaic: From the Beginnings to the Advent of Islam. Leiden-Boston: Brill. ISBN 9789004285101.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=y9UuBgAAQBAJ","url_text":"A Cultural History of Aramaic: From the Beginnings to the Advent of Islam"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004285101","url_text":"9789004285101"}]},{"reference":"Gzella, Holger (2019). \"The Syriac Language in the Context of the Semitic Languages\". The Syriac World. London: Routledge. pp. 205–221.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/38655623","url_text":"\"The Syriac Language in the Context of the Semitic Languages\""}]},{"reference":"Healey, John F. (1980). First Studies in Syriac. Birmingham: University of Birmingham. ISBN 9780704403901.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=UJ8OAAAAYAAJ","url_text":"First Studies in Syriac"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780704403901","url_text":"9780704403901"}]},{"reference":"Healey, John F. (2007). \"The Edessan Milieu and the Birth of Syriac\" (PDF). Hugoye: Journal of Syriac Studies. 10 (2): 115–127.","urls":[{"url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Beth-Mardutho/hugoye-data/master/pdf/vol10/HV10N2Healey.pdf","url_text":"\"The Edessan Milieu and the Birth of Syriac\""}]},{"reference":"Healey, John F. (2009). Aramaic Inscriptions and Documents of the Roman Period. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199252565.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Op8VDAAAQBAJ","url_text":"Aramaic Inscriptions and Documents of the Roman Period"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199252565","url_text":"9780199252565"}]},{"reference":"Healey, John F. (2012). \"Syriac\". The Semitic Languages: An International Handbook. Berlin-Boston: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 637–652. ISBN 9783110251586.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=SMzgBLT87MkC&pg=PA637","url_text":"\"Syriac\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110251586","url_text":"9783110251586"}]},{"reference":"Healey, John F. (2008). \"Variety in Early Syriac: The Context in Contemporary Aramaic\". Aramaic in Its Historical and Linguistic Setting. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 221–229. ISBN 9783447057875.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=tfVZnCV6ABcC","url_text":"\"Variety in Early Syriac: The Context in Contemporary Aramaic\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783447057875","url_text":"9783447057875"}]},{"reference":"Healey, John F. (2019). \"The Pre-Christian Religions of the Syriac-Speaking Regions\". The Syriac World. London: Routledge. pp. 47–67. ISBN 9781138899018.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=E48JswEACAAJ","url_text":"\"The Pre-Christian Religions of the Syriac-Speaking Regions\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781138899018","url_text":"9781138899018"}]},{"reference":"Heinrichs, Wolfhart, ed. (1990). Studies in Neo-Aramaic. Atlanta: Scholars Press. ISBN 9781555404307.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfhart_Heinrichs","url_text":"Heinrichs, Wolfhart"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3n0OAAAAYAAJ","url_text":"Studies in Neo-Aramaic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781555404307","url_text":"9781555404307"}]},{"reference":"Herman, Geoffrey (2019). \"The Syriac World in the Persian Empire\". The Syriac World. London: Routledge. pp. 134–145.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/41536816","url_text":"\"The Syriac World in the Persian Empire\""}]},{"reference":"Ishow, Habib (1978). \"Faut-il remplacer le terme syriaque par le terme araméen?\". Symposium Syriacum 1976. Roma: Pontificium institutum studiorum orientalium. pp. 359–365.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=TBliAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"\"Faut-il remplacer le terme syriaque par le terme araméen?\""}]},{"reference":"Joseph, John B. (2000). The Modern Assyrians of the Middle East: A History of Their Encounter with Western Christian Missions, Archaeologists, and Colonial Powers. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 9004116419.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Joseph_(historian)","url_text":"Joseph, John B."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=79wj2hj4wKUC","url_text":"The Modern Assyrians of the Middle East: A History of Their Encounter with Western Christian Missions, Archaeologists, and Colonial Powers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004116419","url_text":"9004116419"}]},{"reference":"Khan, Geoffrey (2007). \"Aramaic in the Medieval and Modern Periods\" (PDF). Languages of Iraq: Ancient and Modern. Cambridge: The British School of Archaeology in Iraq. pp. 95–114.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Khan","url_text":"Khan, Geoffrey"},{"url":"http://www.bisi.ac.uk/sites/bisi.localhost/files/languages_of_iraq.pdf","url_text":"\"Aramaic in the Medieval and Modern Periods\""}]},{"reference":"Kim, Ronald (2008). \"Stammbaum or Continuum? The Subgrouping of Modern Aramaic Dialects Reconsidered\". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 128 (3): 505–531.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/23883016","url_text":"\"Stammbaum or Continuum? The Subgrouping of Modern Aramaic Dialects Reconsidered\""}]},{"reference":"Kiraz, George A. (2007). \"Kthobonoyo Syriac: Some Observations and Remarks\" (PDF). Hugoye: Journal of Syriac Studies. 10 (2): 129–142.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Kiraz","url_text":"Kiraz, George A."},{"url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Beth-Mardutho/hugoye-data/master/pdf/vol10/HV10N2Kiraz.pdf","url_text":"\"Kthobonoyo Syriac: Some Observations and Remarks\""}]},{"reference":"Lipiński, Edward (2001) [1997]. Semitic Languages: Outline of a Comparative Grammar (2nd ed.). Leuven: Peeters Publishers. ISBN 9789042908154.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Lipi%C5%84ski_(orientalist)","url_text":"Lipiński, Edward"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=IiXVqyEkPKcC","url_text":"Semitic Languages: Outline of a Comparative Grammar"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789042908154","url_text":"9789042908154"}]},{"reference":"Maclean, Arthur J. (1895). Grammar of the Dialects of Vernacular Syriac: As Spoken by the Eastern Syrians of Kurdistan, North-West Persia and the Plain of Mosul, with Notices of the Vernacular of the Jews of Azerbijan and of Zakhu near Mosul. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781107648128.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_John_Maclean","url_text":"Maclean, Arthur J."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=XCR6RznZM3MC","url_text":"Grammar of the Dialects of Vernacular Syriac: As Spoken by the Eastern Syrians of Kurdistan, North-West Persia and the Plain of Mosul, with Notices of the Vernacular of the Jews of Azerbijan and of Zakhu near Mosul"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107648128","url_text":"9781107648128"}]},{"reference":"Messo, Johny (2011). \"The Origin of the Terms Syria(n) and Suryoyo: Once Again\". Parole de l'Orient. 36: 111–125.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johny_Messo","url_text":"Messo, Johny"},{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/35435499","url_text":"\"The Origin of the Terms Syria(n) and Suryoyo: Once Again\""}]},{"reference":"Millar, Fergus (2006). A Greek Roman Empire: Power and Belief under Theodosius II (408–450). Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 9780520253919.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fergus_Millar","url_text":"Millar, Fergus"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0bowDwAAQBAJ","url_text":"A Greek Roman Empire: Power and Belief under Theodosius II (408–450)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520253919","url_text":"9780520253919"}]},{"reference":"Millar, Fergus (2008). \"Community, Religion and Language in the Middle-Euphrates Zone in Late Antiquity\". Scripta Classica Israelica. 27: 67–93.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fergus_Millar","url_text":"Millar, Fergus"},{"url":"https://scriptaclassica.org/index.php/sci/article/view/3273/2789","url_text":"\"Community, Religion and Language in the Middle-Euphrates Zone in Late Antiquity\""}]},{"reference":"Millar, Fergus (2011). \"Greek and Syriac in Edessa: From Ephrem to Rabbula (CE 363–435)\". Semitica et Classica. 4: 99–114. doi:10.1484/J.SEC.1.102508.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fergus_Millar","url_text":"Millar, Fergus"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1484/J.SEC.1.102508","url_text":"\"Greek and Syriac in Edessa: From Ephrem to Rabbula (CE 363–435)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1484%2FJ.SEC.1.102508","url_text":"10.1484/J.SEC.1.102508"}]},{"reference":"Millar, Fergus (2012). \"Greek and Syriac in Fifth-Century Edessa: The Case of Bishop Hibas\". Semitica et Classica. 5: 151–165. doi:10.1484/J.SEC.1.103053.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fergus_Millar","url_text":"Millar, Fergus"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1484/J.SEC.1.103053","url_text":"\"Greek and Syriac in Fifth-Century Edessa: The Case of Bishop Hibas\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1484%2FJ.SEC.1.103053","url_text":"10.1484/J.SEC.1.103053"}]},{"reference":"Millar, Fergus (2013). \"The Evolution of the Syrian Orthodox Church in the Pre-Islamic Period: From Greek to Syriac?\" (PDF). Journal of Early Christian Studies. 21 (1): 43–92. doi:10.1353/earl.2013.0002. S2CID 170436440.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fergus_Millar","url_text":"Millar, Fergus"},{"url":"http://www.syriacstudies.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/24-Evolution-of-Syrian-church.pdf","url_text":"\"The Evolution of the Syrian Orthodox Church in the Pre-Islamic Period: From Greek to Syriac?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fearl.2013.0002","url_text":"10.1353/earl.2013.0002"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170436440","url_text":"170436440"}]},{"reference":"Minov, Sergey (2017). \"Date and Provenance of the Syriac Cave of Treasures: A Reappraisal\". Hugoye: Journal of Syriac Studies. 20 (1): 129–229. doi:10.31826/hug-2018-200105. S2CID 212688445.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/31601350","url_text":"\"Date and Provenance of the Syriac Cave of Treasures: A Reappraisal\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.31826%2Fhug-2018-200105","url_text":"10.31826/hug-2018-200105"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:212688445","url_text":"212688445"}]},{"reference":"Minov, Sergey (2020). Memory and Identity in the Syriac Cave of Treasures: Rewriting the Bible in Sasanian Iran. Leiden-Boston: Brill. ISBN 9789004445512.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9AsOEAAAQBAJ","url_text":"Memory and Identity in the Syriac Cave of Treasures: Rewriting the Bible in Sasanian Iran"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004445512","url_text":"9789004445512"}]},{"reference":"Murre van den Berg, Heleen (2008). \"Classical Syriac, Neo-Aramaic, and Arabic in the Churchof the East and the Chaldean Church between 1500 and 1800\". Aramaic in Its Historical and Linguistic Setting. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 335–352. ISBN 9783447057875.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heleen_Murre-van_den_Berg","url_text":"Murre van den Berg, Heleen"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=tfVZnCV6ABcC","url_text":"\"Classical Syriac, Neo-Aramaic, and Arabic in the Churchof the East and the Chaldean Church between 1500 and 1800\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783447057875","url_text":"9783447057875"}]},{"reference":"Naby, Eden (2004). \"From Lingua Franca to Endangered Language: The Legal Aspects of the Preservation of Aramaic in Iraq\". On the Margins of Nations: Endangered Languages and Linguistic Rights. Bath: Foundation for Endangered Languages. pp. 197–203. ISBN 9780953824861.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=UM3BMtn6TmcC","url_text":"\"From Lingua Franca to Endangered Language: The Legal Aspects of the Preservation of Aramaic in Iraq\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780953824861","url_text":"9780953824861"}]},{"reference":"Neill, Stephen (2004) [1984]. A History of Christianity in India: The Beginnings to AD 1707. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521548854.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Neill","url_text":"Neill, Stephen"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=RH4VPgB__GQC","url_text":"A History of Christianity in India: The Beginnings to AD 1707"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521548854","url_text":"9780521548854"}]},{"reference":"Nöldeke, Theodor (1886). \"Semitic Languages\". The Encyclopaedia Britannica. Vol. 21 (9th ed.). New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 641–656.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_N%C3%B6ldeke","url_text":"Nöldeke, Theodor"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3_dAAQAAMAAJ","url_text":"\"Semitic Languages\""}]},{"reference":"Nöldeke, Theodor (1904). Compendious Syriac Grammar (1st English ed.). London: Williams & Norgate.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_N%C3%B6ldeke","url_text":"Nöldeke, Theodor"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Rk06AQAAMAAJ","url_text":"Compendious Syriac Grammar"}]},{"reference":"Pat-El, Na‘ama (2019). Syriac (2nd ed.). John Huehnergard and Na‘ama Pat-El (eds.), The Semitic Languages: London & New York: Routledge. pp. 653–678.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Petruccione, John F.; Hill, Robert C., eds. (2007). Theodoret of Cyrus: The Questions on the Octateuch. Vol. 2. Washington: COA Press. ISBN 9780813214993.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=R-t0pkJHRbQC","url_text":"Theodoret of Cyrus: The Questions on the Octateuch"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813214993","url_text":"9780813214993"}]},{"reference":"Peursen, Wido van (2008). \"Language Variation, Language Development, and the Textual History of the Peshitta\". Aramaic in Its Historical and Linguistic Setting. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 231–256. ISBN 9783447057875.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=tfVZnCV6ABcC","url_text":"\"Language Variation, Language Development, and the Textual History of the Peshitta\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783447057875","url_text":"9783447057875"}]},{"reference":"Río Sánchez, Francisco del (2013). \"Influences of Aramaic on dialectal Arabic\". Archaism and Innovation in the Semitic Languages: Selected papers. Cordoba: Cordoba Near Eastern Research Unit. pp. 129–136.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/3782152","url_text":"\"Influences of Aramaic on dialectal Arabic\""}]},{"reference":"Robinson, Theodore H.; Coakley, James F. (2013) [1915]. Robinson's Paradigms and Exercises in Syriac Grammar (6th revised ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199687176.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=sQ4oAAAAQBAJ","url_text":"Robinson's Paradigms and Exercises in Syriac Grammar"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199687176","url_text":"9780199687176"}]},{"reference":"Rompay, Lucas van (1994). \"Some Preliminary Remarks on the Origins of Classical Syriac as a Standard Language: The Syriac Version of Eusebius of Caesarea's Ecclesiastical History\". Semitic and Cushitic studies. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 70–89. ISBN 9783447034470.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dnkOAAAAYAAJ","url_text":"\"Some Preliminary Remarks on the Origins of Classical Syriac as a Standard Language: The Syriac Version of Eusebius of Caesarea's Ecclesiastical History\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783447034470","url_text":"9783447034470"}]},{"reference":"Rompay, Lucas van (2000). \"Past and Present Perceptions of Syriac Literary Tradition\" (PDF). Hugoye: Journal of Syriac Studies. 3 (1): 71–103. doi:10.31826/hug-2010-030105. S2CID 212688244.","urls":[{"url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Beth-Mardutho/hugoye-data/master/pdf/vol3/HV3N1VanRompay.pdf","url_text":"\"Past and Present Perceptions of Syriac Literary Tradition\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.31826%2Fhug-2010-030105","url_text":"10.31826/hug-2010-030105"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:212688244","url_text":"212688244"}]},{"reference":"Rompay, Lucas van (2008). \"The East: Syria and Mesopotamia\". The Oxford Handbook of Early Christian Studies. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 365–386. ISBN 9780199271566.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=NgPI7Jt1HewC","url_text":"\"The East: Syria and Mesopotamia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199271566","url_text":"9780199271566"}]},{"reference":"Rompay, Lucas van (2011). \"Aramaic\". Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. pp. 28–30.","urls":[{"url":"https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Aramaic","url_text":"\"Aramaic\""}]},{"reference":"Rubin, Milka (1998). \"The Language of Creation or the Primordial Language: A Case of Cultural Polemics in Antiquity\". 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ISBN 9789004264410.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=F5QXAwAAQBAJ","url_text":"\"Hebrew versus Aramaic as Jesus' Language: Notes on Early Opinions by Syriac Authors\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004264410","url_text":"9789004264410"}]},{"reference":"Shepardson, Christine (2019). Controlling Contested Places: Late Antique Antioch and the Spatial Politics of Religious Controversyd. Oakland: University of California Press. ISBN 9780520303379.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Rw6LDwAAQBAJ","url_text":"Controlling Contested Places: Late Antique Antioch and the Spatial Politics of Religious Controversyd"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520303379","url_text":"9780520303379"}]},{"reference":"Taylor, David G. K. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%26D
Kim Heechul & Kim Jungmo
["1 History","2 Discography","2.1 Extended plays","2.2 Singles","3 Videography","4 Tour and showcase","5 References","6 Notes","7 External links"]
South Korean pop rock duo Kim Heechul & Kim JungmoKim Hee-chul and Kim Jung-mo in 2015Background informationAlso known asM&D (2011–15)OriginSeoul, South KoreaGenres Pop rock dance rock Years active2011–19LabelsSMLabel SJPast members Kim Hee-chul Kim Jung-mo Websitemnd.smtown.com Kim Heechul & Kim Jungmo (formerly M&D, shortened from Midnight & Dawn or Miari & Dangye-dong) was a South Korean pop rock duo formed by SM Entertainment in 2011. The group was composed of Super Junior's Heechul and TraxX's Kim Jung-mo. Both members decided to write and compose every song the project group released. They'll continuously release music which they can and want to do, regardless of the genre. Their debut single, "Close Ur Mouth" was released in June 2011 under the name M&D. In early July 2016, SM Entertainment announced that the duo would return as Kim Heechul & Kim Jungmo (김희철&김정모). The group disbanded on April 30, 2019. History M&D released their debut digital single "Close Ur Mouth" on June 22, 2011. They also released their music video, starring various artists, including F.T. Island's Choi Jong-hoon and Lee Hong-gi, Supreme Team's Simon D, Miss A's Jia, Beast's Yong Jun-hyung and Comedian Kim Kyung Jin. Their first live performance was at Mnet’s summer awards ceremony 20’s Choice on July 7. In early-April 2015, SM Entertainment announced that M&D would release their first mini-album Cottage Industry with the lead track "I Wish" digitally on April 16 and physically on April 20. The lead track was also written and composed by the duo. They made their comeback stage on M Countdown on April 16. Heechul released a collaboration single with Mamamoo's Wheein called "Narcissus" on April 15, 2016, as a part of SM Entertainment's project SM Station. The single was written by Heechul and produced by Jungmo. The music video starred model Kim Jin-kyung. In early July 2016, SM Entertainment announced that the duo would return as Kim Heechul & Kim Jungmo, with a 2nd mini-album Goody Bag, and trot-rock lead track "Ulsanbawi" on July 12. The album consists of six tracks, which were written by Heechul and composed by Jungmo. They also released a music video starring DIA's Chaeyeon. On April 30, 2019, Jungmo left SM Entertainment, ending M&D permanently. Discography Kim Heechul & Kim Jungmo discographyStudio albums0Music videos4EPs2Singles4 Extended plays Title Details Peak chart positions Sales KOR Cottage Industry Released: April 16, 2015 Label: SM Entertainment Formats: CD, digital download 2 KOR: 26,168+ Goody Bag Released: July 12, 2016 Label: Label SJ, SM Entertainment Formats: CD, digital download 5 KOR: 10,348+ Singles Title Year Peak chart positions Sales Album(s) KORGaon "Close Ur Mouth" 2011 — KOR: 55,603+ Cottage Industry "Spring Days of My Life"(with. Bae Ki-sung) 2015 — — Non-album single "I Wish" 100 Cottage Industry "Pro and Amateur"(with. Zhou Mi) 2016 — Immortal Songs: Singing the Legend (Roo'ra Special) "Narcissus"(with. Wheein (from Mamamoo)) 140 SM Station Season 1Goody Bag "Ulsanbawi" — Goody Bag "—" denotes releases that did not chart or were not released in that region."*" denotes the chart did not exist at that time. Videography Title Year Ref. "Close Ur Mouth" 2011 "I Wish" 2015 "I Wish" (KARAOKE Ver.) "Narcissus" 2016 "Ulsanbawi" Tour and showcase Kim Heechul & Kim Jungmo Showcase "Dear My Fan" (2016) SM Town Live World Tour V (2016) References ^ a b "김희철·트랙스 정모, 프로젝트그룹 'M&D' 결성". Star News (in Korean). June 21, 2011. Archived from the original on September 28, 2018. Retrieved September 28, 2018. ^ a b " 김희철&김정모의 트로트 도전… '우리 지금 진지하다'". Sports Donga (in Korean). July 12, 2016. Archived from the original on June 12, 2018. Retrieved October 1, 2018. ^ a b "김희철&김정모 듀엣 출격 눈앞, 전곡 참여 '완성도 높였다'". TV Daily (in Korean). July 6, 2016. Archived from the original on October 2, 2018. Retrieved October 1, 2018. ^ a b "SM 측 "트랙스와 최근 전속계약 만료, 아름다운 이별" " . Naver (in Korean). April 30, 2019. Archived from the original on May 2, 2019. Retrieved April 30, 2019. ^ "김희철 KIM HEECHUL & 김정모 KIM JUNGMO 'Close Ur Mouth (뭘봐)' MV". YouTube (in Korean). June 22, 2011. Archived from the original on December 16, 2018. Retrieved September 28, 2018. ^ "김희철, M&D 촬영 중 각오 "신인의 마음으로"". Star News (in Korean). July 3, 2011. Archived from the original on July 14, 2018. Retrieved September 28, 2018. ^ "김희철, M&D로 대전·원주 팬 사인회 진행". TV daily. May 12, 2015. Archived from the original on April 29, 2021. Retrieved June 12, 2018. ^ "M&D 미아리&단계동_Comeback Stage '하고 싶어 (I Wish)'_KBS MUSIC BANK". SMTOWN – YouTube. April 17, 2015. Archived from the original on March 17, 2017. Retrieved September 28, 2018. ^ "Kim Heechul x Mamamoo's Wheein, duet track collab "finished recording"". OSEN (in Korean). March 29, 2016. Archived from the original on July 18, 2019. Retrieved June 14, 2018. ^ Park, Hyeon-min (March 29, 2016). " 김희철X마마무 휘인, 듀엣곡 호흡…"녹음 완료"". Naver (in Korean). Archived from the original on July 18, 2019. Retrieved April 7, 2016. ^ " 김희철&김정모의 트로트 도전… '우리 지금 진지하다'". Sports Donga (in Korean). July 12, 2016. Archived from the original on June 12, 2018. Retrieved June 12, 2018. ^ Peak positions for EPs on the Gaon Album Chart: Cottage Industry (2015): "2015년 18주차 Album Chart" (in Korean). Gaon Music Chart. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2018-06-16. Goody Bag (2016): "2016년 29주차 Album Chart" (in Korean). Gaon Music Chart. Archived from the original on 2016-08-15. Retrieved 2018-09-28. ^ "Cottage Industry" (in Korean). Gaon Music Chart. Archived from the original on 2016-03-20. Retrieved 2018-09-28. ^ "Goody Bag" (in Korean). Gaon Music Chart. Archived from the original on 2015-02-03. Retrieved 2018-10-01. ^ "Gaon Digital Chart". Gaon. Archived from the original on 2015-08-27. Retrieved 2018-09-28. "I Wish". April 25, 2015. Archived from the original on April 2, 2016. Retrieved September 28, 2018. "Narcissus". April 10–16, 2016. Archived from the original on 2016-08-05. ^ "Close Ur Mouth". June 25, 2011. Archived from the original on December 22, 2017. Retrieved September 28, 2018. ^ "'불후의명곡' 김희철, 캔 배기성과 '내 생에 봄날은 간다'열창…'강렬'". 10 Asia (in Korean). March 21, 2015. Archived from the original on August 4, 2018. Retrieved August 4, 2018. ^ " 내 생에 봄날은". Melon. Archived from the original on April 29, 2021. Retrieved September 14, 2018. ^ "불후의 명곡 - 전설을 노래하다 (룰라 편)" (in Korean). Melon. Archived from the original on 2021-04-29. Retrieved 2018-10-02. ^ 김희철 KIM HEECHUL & 김정모 KIM JUNGMO 'Close Ur Mouth (뭘봐)' MV. Youtube. Retrieved August 20, 2020. ^ 김희철 KIM HEECHUL & 김정모 KIM JUNGMO '하고 싶어 (I Wish)' MV. Youtube. Retrieved August 20, 2020. ^ 김희철 KIM HEECHUL & 김정모 KIM JUNGMO '하고 싶어 (I Wish) (KARAOKE Ver.)' MV. Youtube. April 16, 2016. Retrieved August 20, 2020. ^ 김진경, 김희철-김정모 '나르시스' MV 출연… 다정 인증샷 공개. Sisun News. April 16, 2016. Retrieved September 28, 2018. ^ 다이아 정채연, 김희철·김정모 신곡 MV 출연 "김희철 직접 제안". Chic News. June 16, 2016. Retrieved September 28, 2018. ^ Heechul & Jungmo Showcase Dear My Fan. YouTube. Retrieved October 1, 2018. Notes ^ Immortal Songs: Singing the Legend (The Hometown of Stars Special). Cover of the single "Spring Days of My Life" by Can. ^ Cover of the single "Pro and Amateur" by Roo'ra. External links Official website vteKim Heechul & Kim Jungmo Kim Hee-chul Kim Jung-mo Extended plays Cottage Industry Goody Bag Related topics Super Junior TraxX SM Entertainment Label SJ Category Authority control databases VIAF
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They also released their music video, starring various artists, including F.T. Island's Choi Jong-hoon and Lee Hong-gi, Supreme Team's Simon D, Miss A's Jia, Beast's Yong Jun-hyung and Comedian Kim Kyung Jin.[5] Their first live performance was at Mnet’s summer awards ceremony 20’s Choice on July 7.[6]In early-April 2015, SM Entertainment announced that M&D would release their first mini-album Cottage Industry with the lead track \"I Wish\" digitally on April 16 and physically on April 20.[7] The lead track was also written and composed by the duo. They made their comeback stage on M Countdown on April 16.[8]Heechul released a collaboration single with Mamamoo's Wheein called \"Narcissus\" on April 15, 2016, as a part of SM Entertainment's project SM Station. The single was written by Heechul and produced by Jungmo. The music video starred model Kim Jin-kyung.[9][10] In early July 2016, SM Entertainment announced that the duo would return as Kim Heechul & Kim Jungmo, with a 2nd mini-album Goody Bag, and trot-rock lead track \"Ulsanbawi\" on July 12.[2][3] The album consists of six tracks, which were written by Heechul and composed by Jungmo. They also released a music video starring DIA's Chaeyeon.[11]On April 30, 2019, Jungmo left SM Entertainment, ending M&D permanently.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Extended plays","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Singles","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Videography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"SM Town Live World Tour V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_Town_Live_World_Tour_V"}],"text":"Kim Heechul & Kim Jungmo Showcase \"Dear My Fan\" (2016)[25]\nSM Town Live World Tour V (2016)","title":"Tour and showcase"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"Can","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can_(South_Korean_band)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"Roo'ra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roo%27ra"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"^ Immortal Songs: Singing the Legend (The Hometown of Stars Special). Cover of the single \"Spring Days of My Life\" by Can.[17][18]\n\n^ Cover of the single \"Pro and Amateur\" by Roo'ra.[19]","title":"Notes"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"김희철·트랙스 정모, 프로젝트그룹 'M&D' 결성\". Star News (in Korean). June 21, 2011. Archived from the original on September 28, 2018. Retrieved September 28, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://star.mt.co.kr/stview.php?no=2011062108405787199","url_text":"\"김희철·트랙스 정모, 프로젝트그룹 'M&D' 결성\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180928161300/http://star.mt.co.kr/stview.php?no=2011062108405787199","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"[연예의 법칙] 김희철&김정모의 트로트 도전… '우리 지금 진지하다'\". Sports Donga (in Korean). July 12, 2016. Archived from the original on June 12, 2018. Retrieved October 1, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://sports.donga.com/3/all/20160712/79157005/2","url_text":"\"[연예의 법칙] 김희철&김정모의 트로트 도전… '우리 지금 진지하다'\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180612210908/http://sports.donga.com/3/all/20160712/79157005/2","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"김희철&김정모 듀엣 출격 눈앞, 전곡 참여 '완성도 높였다'\". TV Daily (in Korean). July 6, 2016. Archived from the original on October 2, 2018. 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Archived from the original on December 16, 2018. Retrieved September 28, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c4dfLAGJhao","url_text":"\"김희철 KIM HEECHUL & 김정모 KIM JUNGMO 'Close Ur Mouth (뭘봐)' MV\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181216050645/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c4dfLAGJhao","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"김희철, M&D 촬영 중 각오 \"신인의 마음으로\"\". Star News (in Korean). July 3, 2011. Archived from the original on July 14, 2018. Retrieved September 28, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://star.mt.co.kr/stview.php?no=2011070315481732198","url_text":"\"김희철, M&D 촬영 중 각오 \"신인의 마음으로\"\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180714023409/http://star.mt.co.kr/stview.php?no=2011070315481732198","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"김희철, M&D로 대전·원주 팬 사인회 진행\". TV daily. May 12, 2015. Archived from the original on April 29, 2021. Retrieved June 12, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://tvdaily.asiae.co.kr/read.php3?aid=1431438512903682010","url_text":"\"김희철, M&D로 대전·원주 팬 사인회 진행\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210429060855/https://use.fontawesome.com/releases/v5.8.2/css/all.css","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"M&D 미아리&단계동_Comeback Stage '하고 싶어 (I Wish)'_KBS MUSIC BANK\". SMTOWN – YouTube. April 17, 2015. Archived from the original on March 17, 2017. Retrieved September 28, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ohb5uc4tE1o","url_text":"\"M&D 미아리&단계동_Comeback Stage '하고 싶어 (I Wish)'_KBS MUSIC BANK\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170317193731/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ohb5uc4tE1o","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Kim Heechul x Mamamoo's Wheein, duet track collab \"finished recording\"\". OSEN (in Korean). March 29, 2016. Archived from the original on July 18, 2019. 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Retrieved June 12, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://sports.donga.com/3/all/20160712/79157005/2","url_text":"\"[연예의 법칙] 김희철&김정모의 트로트 도전… '우리 지금 진지하다'\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180612210908/http://sports.donga.com/3/all/20160712/79157005/2","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"2015년 18주차 Album Chart\" (in Korean). Gaon Music Chart. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2018-06-16.","urls":[{"url":"http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/album.gaon?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=&targetTime=18&hitYear=2015&termGbn=week","url_text":"\"2015년 18주차 Album Chart\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303182021/http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/album.gaon?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=&targetTime=18&hitYear=2015&termGbn=week","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"2016년 29주차 Album Chart\" (in Korean). Gaon Music Chart. Archived from the original on 2016-08-15. 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Retrieved 2018-10-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/album.gaon?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=&targetTime=07&hitYear=2016&termGbn=month","url_text":"\"Goody Bag\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150203005818/http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/album.gaon?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=&targetTime=07&hitYear=2016&termGbn=month","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Gaon Digital Chart\". Gaon. Archived from the original on 2015-08-27. Retrieved 2018-09-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=ALL","url_text":"\"Gaon Digital Chart\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaon_Music_Chart","url_text":"Gaon"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150827053959/http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=ALL","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"I Wish\". April 25, 2015. Archived from the original on April 2, 2016. Retrieved September 28, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=ALL&targetTime=18&hitYear=2015&termGbn=week","url_text":"\"I Wish\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160402133944/http://www.gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?serviceGbn=ALL&termGbn=week&hitYear=2015&targetTime=18&nationGbn=T","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Narcissus\". April 10–16, 2016. Archived from the original on 2016-08-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805063752/http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?pageNo=2&nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=ALL&targetTime=16&hitYear=2016&termGbn=week","url_text":"\"Narcissus\""},{"url":"http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?pageNo=2&nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=ALL&targetTime=16&hitYear=2016&termGbn=week","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Close Ur Mouth\". June 25, 2011. Archived from the original on December 22, 2017. 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Retrieved August 20, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c4dfLAGJhao","url_text":"김희철 KIM HEECHUL & 김정모 KIM JUNGMO 'Close Ur Mouth (뭘봐)' MV"}]},{"reference":"김희철 KIM HEECHUL & 김정모 KIM JUNGMO '하고 싶어 (I Wish)' MV. Youtube. Retrieved August 20, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K6lH6g1Z97E","url_text":"김희철 KIM HEECHUL & 김정모 KIM JUNGMO '하고 싶어 (I Wish)' MV"}]},{"reference":"김희철 KIM HEECHUL & 김정모 KIM JUNGMO '하고 싶어 (I Wish) (KARAOKE Ver.)' MV. Youtube. April 16, 2016. Retrieved August 20, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2Fp8TbKBz5M","url_text":"김희철 KIM HEECHUL & 김정모 KIM JUNGMO '하고 싶어 (I Wish) (KARAOKE Ver.)' MV"}]},{"reference":"김진경, 김희철-김정모 '나르시스' MV 출연… 다정 인증샷 공개. Sisun News. April 16, 2016. Retrieved September 28, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sisunnews.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=35350","url_text":"김진경, 김희철-김정모 '나르시스' MV 출연… 다정 인증샷 공개"}]},{"reference":"다이아 정채연, 김희철·김정모 신곡 MV 출연 \"김희철 직접 제안\". Chic News. June 16, 2016. Retrieved September 28, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://m.chicnews.co.kr/article.php?aid=1466041180112399007","url_text":"다이아 정채연, 김희철·김정모 신곡 MV 출연 \"김희철 직접 제안\""}]},{"reference":"Heechul & Jungmo Showcase Dear My Fan. YouTube. Retrieved October 1, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JlCbqW7Wi0U","url_text":"Heechul & Jungmo Showcase Dear My Fan"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Dillingham
Charles Dillingham
["1 Biography","2 Productions","3 Personal life","4 Footnotes","5 References","6 External links"]
American theatre producer For the managing director of the Center Theatre Group, see Charles Dillingham (managing director). This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Charles Dillingham" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Charles B. Dillingham Charles Bancroft Dillingham (May 30, 1868 – August 30, 1934) was an American theatre manager and producer of over 200 Broadway shows. Biography Charles Bancroft Dillingham was born on May 30, 1868, in Hartford, Connecticut, to Edmund Bancroft Dillingham, an Episcopalian clergyman and Josephine Potter. He graduated from the Hartford schools and went to work for a newspaper in Hartford, which sent him to Washington, D.C., as a correspondent. He then went to Chicago where he joined the staff of the Chicago Times-Herald. He subsequently moved to New York City and was hired by The Evening Sun for $15 per week. He became a theater critic for the New York Post. In 1896 he wrote a play "Ten P.M." which was produced at the Bijou Theater. The producer Charles Frohman saw it and offered Dillingham a job as an advertising agent. They formed a theatrical alliance and a friendship that lasted until Frohman died in the 1915 sinking of the RMS Lusitania. After leaving the employ of Frohman he formed the Dillingham Theatre Corporation. He also was associated over many years with A. L. Erlanger and Florenz Ziegfeld. The three were the principals of the A.L. Erlanger Amusement Enterprises, Inc. The 1936 Academy Award for Best Picture Winner The Great Ziegfeld told the story not only of Ziegfeld but also of Dillingham although it used the name "Billings" for Dillingham' likely due to Dillingham estate issues in which the Ziegfeld estate was owed money by the bankruptcy of Dillingham in 1933. Dillingham was also the owner of the Hippodrome, which in its time was the largest theatrical venue in the world. There he produced ice skating spectacles and competitions, dance stars such as Anna Pavlova, and it is where 'Poor Butterfly' was first heard. On January 10, 1910, he opened the Globe Theatre (now known as the Lunt-Fontanne Theatre) at Broadway and 46th Street which was the first ever theater venue with a retractable roof. Dillingham also introduced and managed dozens of star actors including Julia Marlowe and Ruby Keeler. Productions Julia Marlowe in The Cavalier (1902) Dillingham began his producing career in 1902, with a production of The Cavalier, starring Julia Marlowe, William Lewers and Frank Worthing. His other noteworthy productions include the following: The Little Princess, 1903 Miss Dolly Dollars, 1905 The Echo, 1910 Miss 1917, 1917 A Bill of Divorcement, featuring Katharine Cornell, 1921 Good Times, 1920 Bulldog Drummond, 1921 Peter Pan, 1924 The Little Minister, 1925 Sidewalks of New York, featuring Ruby Keeler, 1927 Waterloo Bridge, 1930 He also produced several musicals and musical reviews during his career, including Watch Your Step, the first musical by Irving Berlin (which featured Vernon and Irene Castle in their Broadway debut). In 1915, Dillingham hired the Russian prima ballerina Anna Pavlova to perform in New York City for six months. Personal life Jennie YeamansEileen KearneyDillingham's two wives were both actresses Dillingham was married in 1896 to actress and singer Jennie Yeamans who was a former child star. She died in 1906. On May 5, 1913, in Purchase, New York, he married Eileen Ann Kearney formerly of Stillwater, Minnesota. The new Mrs. Dillingham was part of the Alla Nazimova dance troupe and later was in several productions of Dillingham's. Dillingham bought his wife the home owned by Barbara Hatch (a daughter of Mrs. Willy Vanderbilt) at 153 East 63rd Street later owned by Gypsy Rose Lee, Jasper Johns and Spike Lee.The couple were regulars in society just as the old guard and the theater world began mingling. They were among the early snowbirds fleeing to Palm Beach during the winter season. They were often at European social scenes such as the Ascot and Longchamp racecourses. The marriage broke up in August 1924 after Mrs. Dillingham became enamored of Julius Broome Livingston Allen, twelve years her junior, whom she married in October of that year. The divorce caused a sensation and was reported in Time magazine. Eileen was a life long friend of Florenz Ziegfeld's wife the actress Billie Burke. She died in 1957 after divorcing her second husband in 1936, whom she had married twice. There have been various reports and rumors of Dillingham's homosexuality including a longtime relationship with Charles Frohman, with whom he lived for some time between his marriages. His second wife's family believed theirs to be a marriage of convenience. He was a pall bearer at Harry Houdini's funeral where he was thought to have quipped, "Let's see him get out of this one." Ill health and the stock market crash of 1929 forced Dillingham to give up producing. The writer Damon Runyon mentioned him in a short essay called ‘A Dog’s Best Friend’: “”Damon, what becomes of a man's friends when he gets sick?" I could not answer that one. It reminded me of a somewhat similar question asked by the once great theatrical producer, Charles Dillingham, at a time when he was broke and commencing to be forgotten along the big street, of which he was once one of the most glamorous and successful figures. He was sitting on a stool at a drugstore lunch counter when a gabby guy who knew who he was took the stool beside him and began babbling. "I wonder what's become of so-and-so?" he finally wondered, naming a Broadwayfarer who had sunk into obscurity. "I don't know", said Dillingham, adding thoughtfully, "I wonder what's become of Dillingham?"” Dillingham died of bronchopneumonia on August 30, 1934, at the Hotel Astor where he lived. Footnotes ^ a b "Charles B. Dillingham (1868-1934)". www.cedarhillfoundation.org. Retrieved 9 February 2020. ^ "Charles Dillingham: From Hartford to the Hippodrome". www.travsd.wordpress.com. 30 May 2019. Retrieved 9 February 2020. References Charles Dillingham obituary, New York Times August 31, 1934. External links Charles Dillingham at Find a Grave Charles Dillingham at the Internet Broadway Database Authority control databases International FAST VIAF WorldCat National United States Other SNAC
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DillinghamCharles Bancroft Dillingham (May 30, 1868 – August 30, 1934) was an American theatre manager and producer of over 200 Broadway shows.","title":"Charles Dillingham"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hartford, Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartford,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Episcopalian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episcopalian"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"Chicago Times-Herald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Times-Herald"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"The Evening Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sun_(New_York_City)"},{"link_name":"New York Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Post"},{"link_name":"Bijou Theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bijou_Theatre_(Manhattan,_1878)"},{"link_name":"Charles Frohman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Frohman"},{"link_name":"RMS Lusitania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RMS_Lusitania"},{"link_name":"A. 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Erlanger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._L._Erlanger"},{"link_name":"Florenz Ziegfeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florenz_Ziegfeld"},{"link_name":"Academy Award for Best Picture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Picture"},{"link_name":"The Great Ziegfeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Ziegfeld"},{"link_name":"Hippodrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Hippodrome"},{"link_name":"Anna Pavlova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Pavlova"},{"link_name":"Poor Butterfly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poor_Butterfly"},{"link_name":"Lunt-Fontanne Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunt-Fontanne_Theatre"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cedarhill-1"},{"link_name":"Julia Marlowe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Marlowe"},{"link_name":"Ruby Keeler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby_Keeler"}],"text":"Charles Bancroft Dillingham was born on May 30, 1868, in Hartford, Connecticut, to Edmund Bancroft Dillingham, an Episcopalian clergyman and Josephine Potter. He graduated from the Hartford schools and went to work for a newspaper in Hartford, which sent him to Washington, D.C., as a correspondent. He then went to Chicago where he joined the staff of the Chicago Times-Herald. He subsequently moved to New York City and was hired by The Evening Sun for $15 per week. He became a theater critic for the New York Post. \nIn 1896 he wrote a play \"Ten P.M.\" which was produced at the Bijou Theater. The producer Charles Frohman saw it and offered Dillingham a job as an advertising agent. They formed a theatrical alliance and a friendship that lasted until Frohman died in the 1915 sinking of the RMS Lusitania.After leaving the employ of Frohman he formed the Dillingham Theatre Corporation. He also was associated over many years with A. L. Erlanger and Florenz Ziegfeld. The three were the principals of the A.L. Erlanger Amusement Enterprises, Inc. The 1936 Academy Award for Best Picture Winner The Great Ziegfeld told the story not only of Ziegfeld but also of Dillingham although it used the name \"Billings\" for Dillingham' likely due to Dillingham estate issues in which the Ziegfeld estate was owed money by the bankruptcy of Dillingham in 1933.Dillingham was also the owner of the Hippodrome, which in its time was the largest theatrical venue in the world. There he produced ice skating spectacles and competitions, dance stars such as Anna Pavlova, and it is where 'Poor Butterfly' was first heard. On January 10, 1910, he opened the Globe Theatre (now known as the Lunt-Fontanne Theatre) at Broadway and 46th Street which was the first ever theater venue with a retractable roof.[1]Dillingham also introduced and managed dozens of star actors including Julia Marlowe and Ruby Keeler.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Julia_Marlowe.jpg"},{"link_name":"Julia Marlowe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Marlowe"},{"link_name":"William Lewers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Lewers&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Frank Worthing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Worthing"},{"link_name":"The Little Princess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Little_Princess#Source_material"},{"link_name":"Miss Dolly Dollars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_Dolly_Dollars"},{"link_name":"The Echo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Echo_(musical)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Miss 1917","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_1917"},{"link_name":"A Bill of Divorcement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Bill_of_Divorcement_(play)"},{"link_name":"Katharine Cornell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katharine_Cornell"},{"link_name":"Good Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Times_(musical)"},{"link_name":"Bulldog Drummond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulldog_Drummond"},{"link_name":"Peter Pan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Pan"},{"link_name":"The Little Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Little_Minister_(play)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sidewalks of New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sidewalks_of_New_York_(play)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ruby Keeler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby_Keeler"},{"link_name":"Waterloo Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterloo_Bridge_(play)"},{"link_name":"Irving Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Berlin"},{"link_name":"Vernon and Irene Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernon_and_Irene_Castle"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"prima ballerina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prima_ballerina"},{"link_name":"Anna Pavlova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Pavlova"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"}],"text":"Julia Marlowe in The Cavalier (1902)Dillingham began his producing career in 1902, with a production of The Cavalier, starring Julia Marlowe, William Lewers and Frank Worthing. His other noteworthy productions include the following:The Little Princess, 1903\nMiss Dolly Dollars, 1905\nThe Echo, 1910\nMiss 1917, 1917\nA Bill of Divorcement, featuring Katharine Cornell, 1921\nGood Times, 1920\nBulldog Drummond, 1921\nPeter Pan, 1924\nThe Little Minister, 1925\nSidewalks of New York, featuring Ruby Keeler, 1927\nWaterloo Bridge, 1930He also produced several musicals and musical reviews during his career, including Watch Your Step, the first musical by Irving Berlin (which featured Vernon and Irene Castle in their Broadway debut).In 1915, Dillingham hired the Russian prima ballerina Anna Pavlova to perform in New York City for six months.","title":"Productions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marie_Burroughs_Art_Portfolio_068_-_Jennie_Yeamans_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Jennie Yeamans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennie_Yeamans"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eileen_Kearney_-_Harper%27s_Weekly_1909.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jennie Yeamans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennie_Yeamans"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Purchase, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purchase,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Stillwater, Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stillwater,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Alla Nazimova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alla_Nazimova"},{"link_name":"Palm Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_Beach,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Ascot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascot_racecourse"},{"link_name":"Longchamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longchamp_Racecourse"},{"link_name":"Billie Burke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billie_Burke"},{"link_name":"homosexuality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homosexuality"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Harry Houdini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Houdini"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"stock market crash of 1929","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stock_market_crash_of_1929"},{"link_name":"Damon Runyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damon_Runyon"},{"link_name":"bronchopneumonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronchopneumonia"},{"link_name":"Hotel Astor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotel_Astor_(New_York_City)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cedarhill-1"}],"text":"Jennie YeamansEileen KearneyDillingham's two wives were both actressesDillingham was married in 1896 to actress and singer Jennie Yeamans who was a former child star.[2] She died in 1906. On May 5, 1913, in Purchase, New York, he married Eileen Ann Kearney formerly of Stillwater, Minnesota. The new Mrs. Dillingham was part of the Alla Nazimova dance troupe and later was in several productions of Dillingham's. Dillingham bought his wife the home owned by Barbara Hatch (a daughter of Mrs. Willy Vanderbilt) at 153 East 63rd Street later owned by Gypsy Rose Lee, Jasper Johns and Spike Lee.The couple were regulars in society just as the old guard and the theater world began mingling. They were among the early snowbirds fleeing to Palm Beach during the winter season. They were often at European social scenes such as the Ascot and Longchamp racecourses. The marriage broke up in August 1924 after Mrs. Dillingham became enamored of Julius Broome Livingston Allen, twelve years her junior, whom she married in October of that year. The divorce caused a sensation and was reported in Time magazine. Eileen was a life long friend of Florenz Ziegfeld's wife the actress Billie Burke. She died in 1957 after divorcing her second husband in 1936, whom she had married twice.There have been various reports and rumors of Dillingham's homosexuality including a longtime relationship with Charles Frohman, with whom he lived for some time between his marriages.[citation needed] His second wife's family believed theirs to be a marriage of convenience. He was a pall bearer at Harry Houdini's funeral where he was thought to have quipped, \"Let's see him get out of this one.\"[citation needed]Ill health and the stock market crash of 1929 forced Dillingham to give up producing. The writer Damon Runyon mentioned him in a short essay called ‘A Dog’s Best Friend’:“”Damon, what becomes of a man's friends when he gets sick?\"I could not answer that one. It reminded me of a somewhat similar question asked by the once great theatrical producer, Charles Dillingham, at a time when he was broke and commencing to be forgotten along the big street, of which he was once one of the most glamorous and successful figures. He was sitting on a stool at a drugstore lunch counter when a gabby guy who knew who he was took the stool beside him and began babbling.\"I wonder what's become of so-and-so?\" he finally wondered, naming a Broadwayfarer who had sunk into obscurity.\"I don't know\", said Dillingham, adding thoughtfully, \"I wonder what's become of Dillingham?\"”Dillingham died of bronchopneumonia on August 30, 1934, at the Hotel Astor where he lived.[1]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-cedarhill_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-cedarhill_1-1"},{"link_name":"\"Charles B. Dillingham (1868-1934)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//cedarhillfoundation.org/notable-residents/charles-b-dillingham/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Charles Dillingham: From Hartford to the Hippodrome\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//travsd.wordpress.com/2019/05/30/charles-dillingham-from-hartford-to-the-hippodrome/"}],"text":"^ a b \"Charles B. Dillingham (1868-1934)\". www.cedarhillfoundation.org. Retrieved 9 February 2020.\n\n^ \"Charles Dillingham: From Hartford to the Hippodrome\". www.travsd.wordpress.com. 30 May 2019. Retrieved 9 February 2020.","title":"Footnotes"}]
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null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Zurich_War
Old Zürich War
["1 See also","2 References"]
War of succession within the Old Swiss Confederacy from 1440 to 1446 Old Zürich War / Alter ZürichkriegEastern Switzerland in the mid-15th century:   Territories of the Imperial City of Zürich (hatching shows Kyburg)   Territories of the Sieben Orte of the Swiss Confederacy   Associates of the Swiss Confederacy   Lands of Frederick VII, Count of Toggenburg, as of 1436   Modern Swiss borderDate2 November 1440 – 12 June 1446LocationSwiss PlateauResult Settled by the Peace of Einsiedeln, 13 July 1450, Zürich re-admitted to the ConfederationTerritorialchanges Southern Zurich littoral (March and Höfe) lost to Schwyz; Kyburg lost to the Habsburgs (until 1452)Belligerents Imperial City of Zürich Habsburg Further Austria France Old Swiss Confederacy: Canton of Bern Canton of Lucerne Canton of Uri Canton of Schwyz Canton of Unterwalden Canton of Glarus Canton of Zug Vogteien of AppenzellCommanders and leaders Frederick III of Germany Charles VII of France Unknown The Old Zürich War (German: Alter Zürichkrieg; 1440–1446) was a conflict between the canton of Zürich and the other seven cantons of the Old Swiss Confederacy over the succession to the Count of Toggenburg. In 1436, Count Friedrich VII of Toggenburg died, leaving neither heir nor will. The canton of Zürich, led by burgomaster Rudolf Stüssi, claimed the Toggenburg lands; the cantons of Schwyz and Glarus made counter-claims, backed by the other cantons. In 1438, Zürich occupied the disputed area and cut off grain supplies to Schwyz and Glarus. In 1440, the other cantons expelled Zürich from the confederation and declared war. Zürich retaliated by making an alliance with Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor of the house of Habsburg. The mayor of Zürich, Rudolf Stüssi, defends the bridge of St. Jakob, near Zürich, against the forces of the Old Swiss Confederacy during the Battle of St. Jakob an der Sihl (1443). Illustration from the chronicle of Wernher Schodeler, c. 1515 Siege and beheading of the Zürich/Habsburg defenders of Greifensee (1444), memorial chapel to the right Rapperswil/Habsburg soldiers marquing a battle barque manned by probably soldiers from Schwyz on Lake Zurich at Endigerhorn in Rapperswil, Rapperswil Castle atop the Lindenhof hill to the left (~1445) The forces of Zürich were defeated in the Battle of St. Jakob an der Sihl on 22 July 1443 and Zürich was besieged. Frederick appealed to Charles VII of France to attack the confederates and the latter sent a force of about 30,000 Armagnac mercenaries under the command of the Dauphin via Basel to relieve the city. In the Battle of St. Jakob an der Birs near Basel on 26 August 1444, a blocking force of roughly 1,600 Swiss confederates was defeated, but inflicted such heavy losses on the French (2,000 killed) that the Dauphin decided to retreat. The confederacy and the Dauphin concluded a peace in October 1444, and his mercenary army withdrew from the war altogether. In May 1444, the confederacy laid siege to Greifensee, and captured the town after four weeks, on May 27, beheading all but two of the 64 defenders the next day, including their leader, Wildhans von Breitenlandenberg, the so-called Murder of Greifensee. Even in this time of war, such a mass execution was widely considered a cruel and unjust deed. By 1446, both sides were exhausted, and a preliminary peace was concluded. The confederation had not managed to conquer any of the cities of Zürich except Greifensee; Rapperswil and Zürich itself withstood the attacks. In 1450, the parties made a definitive peace and Zürich was admitted into the confederation again, but had to dissolve its alliance with the Habsburgs. The significance of the war is that it showed that the confederation had grown into a political alliance so close that it no longer tolerated separatist tendencies of a single member. See also Battles of the Old Swiss Confederacy Johannes Fründ References ^ Clifford J. Rogers (2010). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology, Volume 1. Oxford University Press. p. 327. ISBN 978-0195334036. Media related to Old Zurich War at Wikimedia Commons Old Zurich War in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland. Werner Meyer: Battle of St. Jakob an der Birs in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland, 2012. Authority control databases National Germany Czech Republic Other Historical Dictionary of Switzerland
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The canton of Zürich, led by burgomaster Rudolf Stüssi, claimed the Toggenburg lands; the cantons of Schwyz and Glarus made counter-claims, backed by the other cantons. In 1438, Zürich occupied the disputed area and cut off grain supplies to Schwyz and Glarus. In 1440, the other cantons expelled Zürich from the confederation and declared war. Zürich retaliated by making an alliance with Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor of the house of Habsburg.The mayor of Zürich, Rudolf Stüssi, defends the bridge of St. Jakob, near Zürich, against the forces of the Old Swiss Confederacy during the Battle of St. Jakob an der Sihl (1443). Illustration from the chronicle of Wernher Schodeler, c. 1515Siege and beheading of the Zürich/Habsburg defenders of Greifensee (1444), memorial chapel to the rightRapperswil/Habsburg soldiers marquing a battle barque manned by probably soldiers from Schwyz on Lake Zurich at Endigerhorn in Rapperswil, Rapperswil Castle atop the Lindenhof hill to the left (~1445)The forces of Zürich were defeated in the Battle of St. Jakob an der Sihl on 22 July 1443 and Zürich was besieged. Frederick appealed to Charles VII of France to attack the confederates and the latter sent a force of about 30,000 Armagnac mercenaries under the command of the Dauphin via Basel to relieve the city. In the Battle of St. Jakob an der Birs near Basel on 26 August 1444, a blocking force of roughly 1,600 Swiss confederates was defeated, but inflicted such heavy losses on the French (2,000 killed) that the Dauphin decided to retreat. The confederacy and the Dauphin concluded a peace in October 1444, and his mercenary army withdrew from the war altogether.[1]In May 1444, the confederacy laid siege to Greifensee, and captured the town after four weeks, on May 27, beheading all but two of the 64 defenders the next day, including their leader, Wildhans von Breitenlandenberg, the so-called Murder of Greifensee. Even in this time of war, such a mass execution was widely considered a cruel and unjust deed.By 1446, both sides were exhausted, and a preliminary peace was concluded. The confederation had not managed to conquer any of the cities of Zürich except Greifensee; Rapperswil and Zürich itself withstood the attacks. In 1450, the parties made a definitive peace and Zürich was admitted into the confederation again, but had to dissolve its alliance with the Habsburgs.The significance of the war is that it showed that the confederation had grown into a political alliance so close that it no longer tolerated separatist tendencies of a single member.","title":"Old Zürich War"}]
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[{"title":"Battles of the Old Swiss Confederacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battles_of_the_Old_Swiss_Confederacy"},{"title":"Johannes Fründ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Fr%C3%BCnd"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_910_weapon_trials_ship
Type 910 weapon trials ship
["1 References"]
Class of Chinese auxiliary ship History PRC Completed2012 Acquired2012 Commissioned2012 HomeportDalian StatusActive Class overview Operators People's Liberation Army Navy Preceded byType 909A weapon trials ship Built2012 onward In service2012 onward In commission2012 onward Planned4 Completed4 Active4 General characteristics TypeType 910 weapon trials ship Displacement6,080 long tons (6,180 t) Length129.3 m (424 ft 3 in) Beam17 m (55 ft 9 in) PropulsionMarine Diesel Range5,000 nmi (9,300 km; 5,800 mi) Sensors and processing systemsVarious Electronic warfare & decoysNone ArmamentVarious ArmourNone Aircraft carriedNone Aviation facilitieshelipad Notes1 helicopter Type 910 weapon trials ship (NATO reporting name:Dahua-II class) is a type of very little known auxiliary ship built in the People’s Republic of China (PRC) for the People's Liberation Army Navy (PLAN), and it is a follow-on of earlier Type 909A weapon trials ship, which in turn, is a follow-on of Type 909 weapon trials ship built earlier.Developed from Type 909A, Type 910 is larger and has longer endurance/range, so it can take longer missions when conducting weapon and sensors trials. Specification: Length: 129.3 meter Beam: 17 meter Displacement: 6080 ton Endurance: 5000 nautical miles As of 2022, a total of four ships have been identified: Type NATO designation Pennant No. Name(English) Name(Han 中文) Commissioned Displacement Fleet Status Type 910 weapon trials ship (AVM/AGM) Dahua-II class 893 Zhan Tianyou 詹天佑 2012 6080 t All fleets Active 894 Li Siguang 李四光 2014 6080 t All fleets Active 895 Wu Yunduo 吴运铎 2018 6080 t All fleets Active 896 Huang Weilu 黄纬禄 After 2018 6080 t All fleets Active References ^ a b c d "Type 910" (in Simplified Chinese). June 15, 2020. ^ a b "Type 910 weapon trials ship" (in Simplified Chinese). May 22, 2017. ^ a b "Type 910 AVM/AGM" (in Traditional Chinese). March 10, 2019. ^ a b "Type 910 AGM/AVM". Sohu (in Simplified Chinese). Retrieved March 13, 2022. vte Active ships of the People's Liberation Army NavySubmarinesNuclearballistic missile (SSBN) Type 096* Type 094 (Jin class) Type 092 (Xia class) Nuclear attack (SSN) Type 095* Type 093/A (Shang class) Type 091 (Han class) Conventionalballistic missile (SSB) Type 032 (Qing class) Conventionalattack (SS/SSK)Air-independent propulsionequipped (SSI/SSP) Type 039A/AG/B/C or Type 041 (Yuan class) Hunter-killer (SSK) Type 039/039G (Song class) Project 636 (Kilo II class) Project 877EKM (Kilo I class) ES5E/F and Type 035G/035ET/035B (Ming class) Medium (SS) ES5C/D and Type 035/035A (Ming class) Unclassified miscellaneous (IXSS) Chinese sailless submarine Olympics Class Principal surface combatantsAircraft carriers (CV) Chinese aircraft carrier programme Type 004* Type 003* Type 002 (Kuznetsov Mod. class) Type 001 (Kuznetsov class) Destroyers (DDG) Type 055CG (Renhai class) Type 052D (Luyang III class) Type 052C (Luyang II class) Type 052B (Luyang I class) Type 052 (Luhu class) Type 051C (Luzhou class) Type 051B (Luhai class) Project 956EM Sovremenny II class Project 956 Sovremenny I class Frigates (FFG) Type 054B* Type 054A (Jiangkai II class) Type 054 (Jiangkai I or Ma'anshan class) Type 053H3 (Jiangwei II class) Type 053H1G (Jianghu V class) Type 053H1 (Jianghu II class) Coastal warfare vesselsCorvettes (FS) Type 056FF (Jiangdao class) Submarine chasers (PCSC) Type 037-IS (Haiqing class) Type 037-I (Haijiu class) Type 062-I (Haizhui class) Type 037 (Hainan class) Project 122bis Kronshtadt class Armed merchantmen (SP) Type 113 Type 801 Type 8105 Type 8101 Type 8154 Type 792 naval trawlers Missile boats (PCM) Type 22 (Houbei class) Type 037-II (Houjian class) Type 037-IG (Houxin class) Type 021 (Houdong class) Type 021 (Huangfeng class or Soviet Osa-I class) Type 021 (Hola class) C 14 (China Cat class) Type 024 (Heku/Hegu/Houku/Hougu class) Torpedo boats (PT) Type 6625/025/026/026II/R704 (Huchuan class) Gunboats (PG) Type 062-I (Shanghai III class) Type 062 (Shanghai II class) Type 062 (Shanghai I class) Type 206 (Huludao class) Patrol boats (PB)Seagoing Type 026H Port security boat (PSB) Huangpu class Reconnaissance patrol combatant (PGR) Type 528 Type 865 Amphibious warfare vesselsLanding helicopter dock (LHD) or Landing helicopter assault (LHA) Type 076* Type 075 (Yushen class) Amphibious transport dock (LPD) Type 071 (Yuzhao class) Dock landing ship (LSD) Type 072III (Yuting I class) Type 072A (Yuting II class) Landing ship helicopter (LSH) Type 073-III (Yudeng class) Type 073A (Yunshu class) Landing ship tank (LST) Type 072 (Yukan class) Type 072-II (Yuting I class) Landing ship medium (LSM) Type 271IIIA (Yulü class) Type 073-I (Yudao class) Type 073-II (Yudao class) Type 073-IIY (Yudao class) Type 074A (Yubei class) Type 079-I (Yulian class) Type 079-II (Yulian class) Landing craft (LC)Landing craft tank (LCT) Type 068/069 (Yuch'in class) Type 067 (Yunnan class) Landing craft utility (LCU) Type 271III Type 074 (Yuhai or Wuhu-A class) Air-cushionedlanding craft (LCAC) Project 1232.2 Zubr class Type 726 (Yuyi class) Type 724 Type 722-II (Jinsha II class) Type 722-I (Jinsha I class) Type 716-II (Dagu B class) Mine warfare vessels (MCM)Minelayers (ML) Type 918 (Wolei class) Auxiliary minelayers (MMA) Type 8154 Minehunters (MH) Type 081 (Wochi class) Type 081A Type 082 (Wosao class) Type 082II (Wozang class) Minesweepers (MS) Type 010 Type 05 Minesweepingdrone (MSD) Type 529 Type 312 (Futi class) Auxiliary Minesweepers (MSA) Type 801 Type 8105 Type 8101 Type 8154 Type 792 Auxiliary vesselsAmmunitionships (AE/AEM)Ammunition ship (AE) Type 072 (Yantai class) Ammunition ship, Missile/Rocket (AEM) Yuan Wang 21 (operated by SSF) Yuan Wang 22 (operated by SSF) Buoy tenders (AGL) Type 066 Yuch'in class Type 744A Yannan class Type 911I Yunan/Yunnan class Type 944A Yanni class Cable layers (ARC) Type 911II Yunan/Yunnan class Type 991I Type 991II Youdian class Cargo ships (AK)Reefer ships (AF) Dongleng class Cargo ships (AK) Qiongsha class Retired landing ships/crafts Float-on/float-off ships (AKF) Modified Hansa Sonderberg class Donghai Island Zhen Hua 33 General storesissue ships (AKS) Type 904 Dayun class Type 904A Danyao class Type 904B Danyao II class Roll-on/roll-off ships (AKR) Bo Sea Pearl class Chang Da Long China Revival China Railway Bo Sea No.3 Container ships (AKX) Converted/militarized container ships Self-propelledlighters/barges (YF) 500 cubic meter Dongbo 22 Crane ship (AB) Beiqi 384 class Unidentified class: Nan-Qi 746 Degaussing /deperming ships (ADG) Type 911 Dazar class Type 912/912I/912III/Type 912IIIA Yanbai class Type 912IIIAH Yanci class Dive tenders (YDT) Longma class ARS/YDT Type 904I/904II Yanqian class AGE/YDT Dredgers (AGD) 8-m3 class Beijun 204 class Dongjun 417 class Dongjun 433 class Dongjun 434 class Nanjun 610 class Dredgers of unknown class/type: Bei-Jun 271, 273, 274, 277 & 278 Engineeringships Engineering ships of unknown class/type: Bei-Gong 275 & 276 Environmental research ships (AGER) Dulaji class Fleet Replenishmentship (AEFS) Type 901 Fuyu class Type 903 Fuchi I class Type 903A Fuchi II class Type 908 Fusu class Floating pile drivers (YPD) 36-m class floating pile driver Donggong 429 class Nangong 681 class General purposeresearch ships (AGE) Dubei class AGT/AGE Kandao class YFB/AGE Kantan class AGTR/AGE Type 904I & Type 904II Yanqian class YDT/AGE Type 906 Xiang Yang Hong 9 class YTT/AGE Harbor utilitycraft (YFU) Converted from various retired gunboats such as Type 53 and Type 55A Hospital ships (AH)Hospital ships (AH) Type 919 Anshen class Type 920 Anwei class Medical evacuation ships (AHP) Zhuanghe Ambulance transports (APH) Qiongsha class Ambulance craftd (YH) Ankang class Hydrographicsurvey ships (AGS) Type 55 Shantou class Type 068/069 (Yuch'in class) Type 635 A/B/C & Type 635II Yanlai class Type 636A Shupang class Type 639A Shupang class Type 646 Kanyang class Type 8101 Type 8105/Type 8154/Type 792 FT-14 AIT class Yanjiu class Icebreakers (AGB) Type 272 Museum ships PLANS Heroic Gunboat in the Toumenshan Naval Battle PLANS Liberation Minquan-class gunboat (replica) Project 183 P-6-class torpedo boat Type 021 missile boat Type 024 missile boat Type 031 ballistic submarine (SSB) Type 033 submarine (SS) Type 051 destroyer (DDG) Type 053K frigate (FFG) Type 091 submarine (SSN) Type 6607 destroyer (DDG) Oceanographicresearch ships (AGOR) Type 639A Shupang class Type 645 Zhang Jian Oceanographicsurveillance ships (AGOS) Ruili No. 10 Type 927 Dongjian class Type 988 Personneltransport (AP)Barracks ships (APB) Daguan class AXT/APT/APB Dispatch boat (YFB/YFL) Duchuan class Dufei class Dukou class Duludao class Dumujiu class Dusso class Duzhou class Nanjiao 90 class Transport ships (AP) Type 081 Red Flag class Darong class APT/AP Troopships (APT) Daguan class AXT/APB/APT Darong class AP/APT Qiongsha class Range support &target ships (AGT) Dachou class TR/TWR/AGT Dubei class AGE/AGT Type 811 Type 917 Damen class TR/TWR/AGT Decommissioned ships Repair ships (AR)Repair drydocks (ARD) 120t class Dongxiu 912 Hua Chuan No. 1 class Repair ships (AR) Type 648 Dadao class Rescue andsalvage shipsHeavy-lift ship (YHLC) Type 633 Rescue ships (ARS) Datuo class ATR/ARS Haijiu 101 class Longma class YDT/ARS Type 917 Dasan class Salvage ships (ATS) Type 922II Dalang class Type 922III Dalang II class Type 922IIIA Dalang III class Spy ships (AGI) Type 814A Dadie class Type 815 Dongdiao I class Type 815G/Type 815A Dongdiao II class Type 8105/Type 8154/Type 792 FT-14 AIT class Submarinesupport shipsSubmarinerescue ships (ASR) Type 930 Hudong class Type 946 Dazhou class Type 946A Dadong class Submarine tenders (AS) Type 925 Dajiang class Type 926 Dalao class Submersibles (X)Deep-submergencerescue vehicle (DSRV) Type 7103 DSRV LR7 Deep-submergencevehicle (DSV) Harmony class Jiaolong class Rainbowfish class Sea Pole class Struggler class OtherSubmersibles (X) Osprey-class submersible Mobile diving bell QSZ-II submersible Diver propulsionvehicles (DPV) QX-50 QY-18 QY-40 QJY-001 TankersReplenishment tanker (AOR) Hua Chuan Transport oiler (AOT) Fubai class Fujian class Fushi class Type 620 Shengli class Type 631 Fuchang class Type 637 Fuxiao class Water tanker (AWT) Fujian class Fushi class Jinyou class Nanshui 701 class Type 637 Fuxiao class Type 645 Guangzhou class Technological researchshipsSonar trials ships Kantan class AGE/AGTR Technical researchships (AGTR) Mirage Hunter Unclassified MiscellaneousSubmarine (IXSS) Chinese sailless submarine Torpedo trials craftTorpedo retrievers(TR/TWR) Dachou class AGT/TR/TWR Type 803 Type 917 Damen class AGT/TR/TWR Torpedo trials ships (YTT) Type 906 Xiang Yang Hong 9 class AGE/YTT Type 907A Tracking ship (AGM) Type 830 ATR/AGM Yuanwang class ARIS/AGM Training ships (AX)Training ship (AX) Daguan APB)/APT/AXT Type 0891A Dashi class Type 679 Daxing class Type 680 Dadu class Yanxi class ATLS/AX Training ship, sail (AXS) Type 2630 Onshore stationarytraining facilities Type 033 (Romeo class) Type 051/051Z (Luda class) Type 053H1Q (Jianghu-IV class) Type 6607 (Anshan class) Tugs (AT)Harbor tug (YT) Beituo 617 class Beituo 699 class Beituo 702 class Beituo 715 class Large harbor tug (YTB) Ducha class Duda class Duhast class Dupo class Rescue Tug (ATR) Bei-Tuo 739 class Datuo class ARS/ATR Dong-Tuo 835 class Haixiu 121 class Daozha class Type 830 AGM/ATR Sea-going Tug (ATA) Type 802 Gromovoy class Type 837 Hujiu class Type 852 Roslavl class Tugs of unknown class/type Bei-Tuo 153, 651, 704, 728, Dong-Tuo 845, 861, Nan-Tuo 142, 163, 168, 176, 187, 188 UAV mothershps (ATLS) Fighting Shark No.1 Yanxi class AGM/AVM/ATLS Unmanned surfacevehicles (USV) CASIC USVs Chinese Sea Hunter Sky Journey 1 HUST USVs JARI USV JUST USV Ostar USVs PWT USV Shanghai University USV Type 80 demolition boat VVLAI USV WSST USVs Yunzhou USVs Unmanned underwatervehicles (UUV)Autonomousunderwater vehicle (AUV) CR series Explorer series HSU-001 Intelligent Water class JUST AUVs Micro Dragon Series Orange Shark series Ostar AUVs Poseidon series Robosea AUVs Sea Clever Sea Whale series Submerged Dragon series THLMT AUVs Wukong WZODA XTDT Benthic landers CAS series Rainbowfish series Bottom crawlers Aquadrobotman series CSSC series Deepinfar series JUST series Robosea series SBSS series Sea Crab Sea Star THLMT unmanned vehicles#Underwater series VVLAI series Hybrid UUVs (Autonomous remotely-operated vehicles, ARVs) 7B8 Arctic series Hadal Hadal 1 Rainbowfish ARV Remotely operatedunderwater vehicle (ROUV) 8A4 8H4 Aquarobotman ROUV Deepinfar ROUVs Discovery Dragon Emperor Dragon Pearl Goldfish series JH-01 (Jiao-Hai 01) JTD-01 Deep Eel I JTML-02 JTMP series JTR series JUST ROUVs Max ROV Oceanxer ROUVs Ostar ROUVs PWT ROUV RECON-IV ROUV Robosea ROUVs SBSS ROUVs Sea Dragon series Sea Person (Hai-Ren/HR) series Sea Pole Sea Star 6000 Sea Submergence series SJT series ST-6000 THLMT ROUVs VVLAI ROUVs Walrus 1500 Underwater gliders Flying Wing Petrel series Sea Soar series Deepinfar Sea Wing series THLMT series Wave gliders CSSC series Hydrovo series Ostar series THLMT Black Pearl Weapon trialsships (AVM/AGM) Type 909 Wuhu-B class Type 909A Dahua class Type 910 Dahua-II class * = Under construction or procurement, CG= Classified as guided missile cruiser by NATO, FF= Classified as light frigate by PLAN
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NATO reporting name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO_reporting_name"},{"link_name":"auxiliary ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auxiliary_ship"},{"link_name":"People’s Republic of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%E2%80%99s_Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"People's Liberation Army Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Navy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r1-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r2-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r3-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r4-4"},{"link_name":"Type 909A weapon trials ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_909_weapon_trials_ship#Type_909A"},{"link_name":"Type 909 weapon trials ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_909_weapon_trials_ship"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r1-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r1-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r1-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r2-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r3-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r4-4"}],"text":"Type 910 weapon trials ship (NATO reporting name:Dahua-II class) is a type of very little known auxiliary ship built in the People’s Republic of China (PRC) for the People's Liberation Army Navy (PLAN),[1][2]\n[3][4]and it is a follow-on of earlier Type 909A weapon trials ship, which in turn, is a follow-on of Type 909 weapon trials ship built earlier.[1]Developed from Type 909A, Type 910 is larger and has longer endurance/range, so it can take longer missions when conducting weapon and sensors trials. Specification: [1]Length: 129.3 meter\nBeam: 17 meter\nDisplacement: 6080 ton\nEndurance: 5000 nautical milesAs of 2022, a total of four ships have been identified: [1][2][3][4]","title":"Type 910 weapon trials ship"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_E._McCarrick
Theodore McCarrick
["1 Early life and education","2 Priesthood","3 Episcopal career","3.1 Auxiliary bishop of New York","3.2 Bishop of Metuchen","3.3 Archbishop of Newark","3.4 Archbishop of Washington","4 Retirement as archbishop","5 Sexual abuse and abuse of authority","5.1 Warnings of alleged misconduct","5.2 Settlements","5.3 Abuse of seminarians","5.4 Removal from ministry and resignation as cardinal","5.5 Viganò allegations","5.6 Vatican trial and laicization","5.7 Title IX","5.8 Lawsuits","5.9 Vatican report","5.10 Holy See federal lawsuit","5.11 Criminal charges","6 Honorary degrees","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]
American former cardinal (born 1930) Theodore McCarrickMcCarrick in 2002ArchdioceseWashingtonAppointedNovember 21, 2000InstalledJanuary 3, 2001Term endedMay 16, 2006PredecessorJames Aloysius HickeySuccessorDonald WuerlOther post(s)Cardinal Priest of Santi Nereo e Achilleo (2001‍–‍2018)OrdersOrdinationMay 31, 1958by Francis SpellmanConsecrationJune 29, 1977by Terence CookeCreated cardinalFebruary 21, 2001by Pope John Paul II(resigned July 28, 2018)LaicizedFebruary 13, 2019Personal detailsBornTheodore Edgar McCarrick (1930-07-07) July 7, 1930 (age 93)New York CityPrevious post(s) President Pontifical Catholic University of Puerto Rico (1966‍–‍1969) Titular Bishop of Rusibisir (1977‍–‍1981) Auxiliary Bishop of New York (1977‍–‍1981) Bishop of Metuchen (1981‍–‍1986) Archbishop of Newark (1986‍–‍2000) Ecclesiastical Superior of the Turks and Caicos Islands (1998‍–‍2000) MottoCome Lord JesusCoat of arms Ordination historyHistoryPriestly ordinationOrdained byFrancis SpellmanDateMay 31, 1958Episcopal consecrationConsecrated byTerence CookeDateJune 29, 1977CardinalateElevated byPope John Paul IIDateFebruary 21, 2001Episcopal successionBishops consecrated by Theodore McCarrick as principal consecratorJohn Mortimer SmithJanuary 25, 1988James Thomas McHughJanuary 25, 1988Michael Angelo SaltarelliJuly 30, 1990Charles James McDonnellMarch 12, 1994João José Burke May 25, 1995Nicholas Anthony DiMarzioOctober 31, 1996Paul Gregory BootkoskiSeptember 5, 1997Vincent DePaul BreenSeptember 8, 1997Arthur Joseph SerratelliSeptember 8, 2000Francisco González ValerFebruary 11, 2002Kevin Joseph FarrellFebruary 11, 2002Martin D. HolleyJuly 2, 2004 Theodore Edgar McCarrick (born July 7, 1930) is a laicized American bishop and former cardinal of the Catholic Church. Ordained a priest in 1958, he became an auxiliary bishop of the Archdiocese of New York in 1977, then became Bishop of Metuchen, New Jersey, in 1981. From 1986 to 2000, he was Archbishop of Newark. He was created a cardinal in February 2001 and served as Archbishop of Washington from 2001 to 2006. Following credible allegations of repeated sexual misconduct towards boys and seminarians, he was removed from public ministry in June 2018, became the first cardinal to resign from the College of Cardinals because of claims of sexual abuse in July 2018, and was laicized in February 2019. Several honors he had been awarded, such as honorary degrees, were rescinded. A prolific fundraiser, he was connected to prominent politicians and was considered a power broker in Washington, D.C. Within the church, McCarrick was generally regarded as a moderate. McCarrick was accused of engaging in sexual misconduct with adult male seminarians over the course of decades. Though multiple reports about McCarrick's alleged conduct with adult seminarians were made to American bishops and the Vatican between 1993 and 2016, allegations of sexual abuse against minors were not known until 2018. In July 2018, The New York Times published a story detailing a pattern of sexual abuse of male seminarians and minors. After a church investigation and trial, he was found guilty of sexual crimes against adults and minors and abuse of power and dismissed from the clerical state in February 2019. He is the most senior church official in modern times to be laicized, and is the first known case of a cardinal being laicized for sexual abuse. The apparent lack of action from the church hierarchy in this case sparked demands for action against church leaders believed to be responsible. On October 6, 2018, the Holy See announced that Pope Francis had ordered "a thorough study of the entire documentation present in the Archives of the Dicasteries and Offices of the Holy See regarding the former Cardinal McCarrick, in order to ascertain all the relevant facts, to place them in their historical context and to evaluate them objectively". The resulting report of the Secretariat of State, published in November 2020, stated that Pope John Paul II was made aware of allegations against McCarrick but did not believe them, and that Benedict XVI, in 2005, upon learning of newly surfaced allegations, urgently sought a successor for McCarrick. The report avoided blaming Pope Francis for the scandal. Early life and education An only child, McCarrick was born into an Irish American family in New York City to Theodore E. and Margaret T. (née McLaughlin) McCarrick. His father was a ship captain who died from tuberculosis when McCarrick was three years old, and his mother then worked at an automobile parts factory in The Bronx. As a child, McCarrick served as an altar boy at the Church of the Incarnation in Washington Heights. He was expelled from the Jesuit Xavier High School in his junior year for missing classes. McCarrick missed an academic year due to the expulsion, but a friend of his family was able to help get him into the Jesuit Fordham Preparatory School. At Fordham, he was elected student council president and served in the ROTC program for the United States Air Force. McCarrick studied in Switzerland for a year before returning to the United States and attending Fordham University. McCarrick later entered St. Joseph's Seminary in Yonkers, from where he obtained a Bachelor of Arts in philosophy (1954) and a Master of Arts in theology (1958). McCarrick is a polyglot, speaking five languages (English, French, German, Italian and Spanish). Priesthood McCarrick was ordained to the priesthood by Cardinal Francis Spellman, Archbishop of New York, on May 31, 1958. From 1958 to 1963, he furthered his studies at the Catholic University of America in Washington, D.C., earning a PhD in sociology. He then served as an assistant chaplain at the Catholic University, becoming dean of students and director of development. McCarrick served as president of the Catholic University of Puerto Rico from 1965 to 1969, and was given the honorary title of Domestic Prelate of His Holiness in 1965. In 1969, Cardinal Terence Cooke recalled McCarrick to New York. McCarrick was an associate secretary for education and an assistant priest at Blessed Sacrament parish from 1969 to 1971. He was Cooke's secretary from 1971 to 1977. He was later accused of sexually abusing a male minor during this period. Episcopal career Auxiliary bishop of New York McCarrick and Admiral William Fallon, September 16, 2001, in Washington, D.C. In May 1977, McCarrick was appointed Auxiliary Bishop of New York and Titular Bishop of Rusibisir by Pope Paul VI. He received his episcopal consecration on the following June 29 from Cardinal Cooke, with Archbishop John Maguire and Bishop Patrick Ahern serving as co-consecrators. He selected as his episcopal motto: "Come Lord Jesus" (Revelation 22:20). As an auxiliary to Cardinal Cooke, he served as vicar of East Manhattan and the Harlems. Bishop of Metuchen On November 19, 1981, McCarrick was appointed the first bishop of the Diocese of Metuchen, New Jersey. He was installed at St. Francis of Assisi Cathedral on January 31, 1982. During his tenure, McCarrick erected new parishes in Perth Amboy, Califon, Skillman, Old Bridge, and Three Bridges. He also oversaw the development of the Diocesan Council of Catholic Women, Bishop's Annual Appeal, and ministries for blacks and Hispanics, anti-abortion activities, and the disabled. Secretary Mel Martinez with Cardinal Theodore McCarrick in February 2002 In 2001 a Catholic high school, originally established in 1885 and renamed multiple times through the years, was named Cardinal McCarrick High School in honor of McCarrick as the first bishop of the diocese. The school closed in June 2015 for financial reasons. Archbishop of Newark On May 30, 1986, McCarrick was appointed the fourth Archbishop of Newark. He succeeded Peter Leo Gerety, and was installed at the Cathedral of the Sacred Heart on the following July 25. During his tenure, he established the Office of Evangelization, ministries for Hispanics and victims of HIV, and a drug prevention program. He also promoted vocations, and ordained a total of 200 priests for the archdiocese. McCarrick in June 2006 McCarrick became known as an advocate for social justice, once saying, "he Church cannot be authentic unless it takes care of the poor, the newcomers, the needy." During the 1980s, he served as an official observer to the Helsinki Commission and the Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe at the behest of the State Department. In 1988, he participated in an interfaith meeting with Fidel Castro to promote religious freedom in Cuba, the first meeting of its kind subsequent to the fall of Fulgencio Batista. McCarrick, as a representative of Irish immigrant families, was chosen to be placed in the Ellis Island Hall of Fame on December 8, 1990. Within the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops (USCCB), he served as chairman of the Committee on Aid to the Church in Central and Eastern Europe from 1992 to 1997. In this capacity, he visited such countries as Serbia and Montenegro, the Baltics, and Kazakhstan. He was twice elected to head the USCCB's Committee on Migration, and once asked the Congress "to recognize and support the important task of nurturing new citizens so that they may begin to play a full role in the future of this nation." He later became a member of the Pontifical Council for the Pastoral Care of Migrants and Itinerants. He was elected chairman of the Bishops' Committee on International Policy in 1996. He visited Bosnia (which he described as "reminiscent of the Holocaust"), China, Poland, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, and Switzerland. Joined by Secretary of Labor Alexis Herman, he announced an initiative in 1997 to assure that Catholic school uniforms in his archdiocese would not be manufactured in sweatshops. In 1998, in addition to his duties as archbishop, McCarrick was designated as superior of the Roman Catholic Mission sui iuris of the Turks and Caicos Islands; he delegated this mission to priests of the Neocatechumenal Way. Archbishop of Washington President George W. Bush and Laura Bush welcome outgoing Archbishop of Washington McCarrick, left, the incoming Archbishop of Washington Donald Wuerl, far right, and Papal Nuncio Pietro Sambi to the White House. Pope John Paul II appointed McCarrick Archbishop of Washington, D.C. in November 2000. McCarrick was formally installed as the fifth archbishop of Washington at the Cathedral of St. Matthew the Apostle on January 3, 2001. On February 21, 2001, John Paul made him a cardinal, assigning him as cardinal priest to the titular church of Santi Nereo e Achilleo. He was one of the cardinal electors who participated in the 2005 papal conclave that elected Pope Benedict XVI. In June 2004, McCarrick was accused of intentionally misreading a letter from Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger recommending that Catholic politicians who supported abortion rights be denied the Eucharist. McCarrick led a successful push to have the USCCB allow the bishops of individual dioceses to determine who was or was not eligible to receive the sacrament of communion. Fr. Richard John Neuhaus said, "The bishops I have talked to have no doubt that presentation did not accurately represent the communication from Cardinal Ratzinger." McCarrick said that he did not want to cause "a confrontation with the Sacred Body of the Lord Jesus in my hand," and added that "the individual should be the one who decides whether or not he is in communion with the Church" and therefore eligible to receive the sacrament. McCarrick later met with then senator John Kerry, a Catholic and the Democratic nominee in that year's presidential election. Some Catholics felt Kerry should not have been allowed to receive Communion due to his political position favoring abortion rights. Although McCarrick was sometimes labelled a liberal, he was noted for adhering to church teaching on abortion, same-sex marriage, and the male-only priesthood. American Catholic journalist Michael Sean Winters disputed this claim writing "Liberals embraced him as a champion of moderation at a time when the Church was seen as increasingly reactionary. I always thought he was playing to the cameras." Retirement as archbishop Heraldic achievements as Archbishop of WashingtonAs an archbishop (2000–2001)As a cardinal (2001–2018) On May 16, 2006, Pope Benedict XVI accepted McCarrick's resignation as Archbishop of Washington, after the latter's reaching the customary age limit of 75, and appointed Donald Wuerl, Bishop of Pittsburgh, as the 6th Archbishop of Washington, DC. From May 16, 2006, until Wuerl's installation on June 22, 2006, McCarrick served as the Apostolic Administrator of the Archdiocese of Washington, an interim post. After his retirement, McCarrick resided for some time at the Redemptoris Mater seminary in the Archdiocese of Washington. He subsequently moved to the grounds of the provincial headquarters of the Institute of the Incarnate Word in Chillum, Maryland, in a building on a complex that included a seminary. McCarrick was named a counselor at the Center for Strategic and International Studies in 2007. In 2009, McCarrick presided over the graveside service of U.S. Senator Edward M. Kennedy at Arlington National Cemetery, where he read from a letter Kennedy had written to Pope Benedict XVI. In 2015, he served as one of the concelebrants at the funeral of Delaware Attorney General Beau Biden, son of President Joe Biden, (then Vice President) and presided over the closing Mass as well. Within the church, McCarrick "was always seen as a moderate, centrist presence in the hierarchy, a telegenic pastor who could present the welcoming face of the Church, no matter what the circumstances". A news article identified him in 2014 as "one of a number of senior churchmen who were more or less put out to pasture during the eight-year pontificate of Benedict XVI", adding that after the election of Pope Francis he found himself put "back in the mix." He was described as a "pope maker" by David Gibson, longtime religion reporter and author of "The Coming Catholic Church". During his retirement, McCarrick pressed House Speaker John Boehner to take up immigration reform. McCarrick spent a significant amount of time traveling and engaging in inter-religious dialogue. In April 2014, at the request of the U.S. State Department, McCarrick (along with a Muslim and an Evangelical cleric) made a trip to the Central African Republic, a country suffering from ethnic and interreligious violence. In May 2014, he traveled with Pope Francis to the Holy Land. McCarrick traveled to Armenia to discuss Syria with Eastern Orthodox clerics, the Philippines to visit typhoon victims, China for discussions on religious freedom, Iran for talks on nuclear proliferation, and served as a Vatican intermediary for the U.S.-Cuba talks. The release of some of McCarrick's correspondence in May 2019 indicates that he attempted to influence the selection of a United States ambassador to the Holy See. On January 27, 2017, in response to rumors President Trump was planning to appoint Catholic commentator George Weigel, McCarrick wrote to Pope Francis stating that Weigel was "very much a leader of the ultra-conservative wing of the Catholic Church in the United States and has been publicly critical of Your Holiness in the past." He added, "Many of us American bishops would have great concerns about his being named to such a position in which he would have an official voice, in opposition to your teaching." McCarrick indicated interest in discussing the topic further with the Pope, but there are no indications in their correspondence of whether he did so. Sexual abuse and abuse of authority See also: Catholic Church sex abuse cases in the United States Warnings of alleged misconduct In 1994, a priest wrote a letter to Bishop Edward T. Hughes, McCarrick's successor as Bishop of Metuchen, stating that McCarrick had inappropriately touched him. Also in 1994, Cardinal Agostino Cacciavillan, then papal nuncio to the United States, received a phone call from a woman who was concerned that there would be a media scandal if Pope John Paul II went to Newark during his 1995 visit to the United States because of "voices (rumors) about McCarrick's behavior with seminarians." Cacciavillan then told Cardinal John O'Connor, Archbishop of New York, about the woman's call. O'Connor conducted an "investigation, an inquiry" and eventually told Cacciavillan that "there was no obstacle to the visit of the Pope to Newark." Cacciavillan stated that he did not inform the Vatican. According to Italian journalists Andrea Tornielli and Gianni Valente, Cardinal O'Connor, in fact, "objected strongly to John Paul II's idea of rewarding McCarrick and the diocese of Newark with a stop during his papal visit to the United States in 1995", but that John Paul's personal secretary, Msgr. Stanisław Dziwisz, was able to intercept these objections before they reached the pope. The authors suggest that this was because as bishop, McCarrick was an efficient fundraiser for the Pope's causes, including anti-Communist efforts in Poland. Father Boniface Ramsey stated that he spoke to Thomas C. Kelly, Archbishop of Louisville, about McCarrick in 1993. In 2000, Ramsey wrote to the nuncio, Gabriel Montalvo Higuera, to complain about McCarrick's behavior. The letter was forwarded to Leonardo Sandri, the Vatican substitute for general affairs and later, a cardinal. Ramsey said that he tried to speak with Cardinal Edward Egan, then Archbishop of New York, about McCarrick's history, but that Egan "didn't want to hear it". In February 2019, the same month McCarrick was laicized by the Vatican, an image of a letter dated October 11, 2006 which Sandri sent to Ramsey, and which illustrates Ramsey's account of his involvement in the McCarrick affair, was published by the media, including in a Commonweal article which Ramsey himself wrote. The image showed that McCarrick's name and Archbishop status were concealed in the letter whenever Sandri mentioned it. In 2015, Ramsey wrote to Cardinal Seán Patrick O'Malley, Archbishop of Boston, about McCarrick. O'Malley stated that he never saw the letter, and that it had been handled "at the staff level." Richard Sipe stated that he wrote a letter to Benedict XVI in 2008, saying that McCarrick's activities "had been widely known for several decades." Sipe sent a letter to Bishop Robert W. McElroy in 2016, concerning sexual misconduct by McCarrick. McElroy asked if Sipe would be willing to share corroborating material that would substantiate his allegations. Sipe said that he was precluded from sharing specific documentary information. McElroy said "he limitations on his willingness to share corroborating information made it impossible to know what was real and what was rumor." Mike Kelly of the New Jersey Record reported that in a conversation with Cardinal Joseph W. Tobin of Newark, Tobin said that around the time he became Archbishop of Newark in 2016, he heard "rumors" about McCarrick having slept with seminarians, but chose not to believe them, stating that at the time they seemed too "incredulous" to be true. Kelly also mentioned that in 1998, based on a tip, he himself had attempted to investigate the rumors, "but no seminarians would talk". Settlements Between 2005 and 2007, the Diocese of Metuchen and the Archdiocese of Newark paid financial settlements to two priests who had accused McCarrick of abuse. These settlements totalled $180,000. In 2005, the Archdiocese of Newark and the Dioceses of Trenton and Metuchen paid a total of $80,000 to a former priest, who stated that McCarrick would touch him in bed, but only above the waist, and that they never kissed. The Diocese of Metuchen's contribution was not in reference to McCarrick, but to an allegation regarding previous conduct of a teacher at a high school located at that time in the diocese. In 2006, $100,000 was paid by the Diocese of Metuchen, where McCarrick had been bishop from 1981 to 1986. The payments were authorized by Bishop Paul G. Bootkoski, who also reported the offenses to law enforcement. According to Donald Cardinal Wuerl, McCarrick's successor as Archbishop of Washington, nobody from these dioceses informed him of these settlements, even after the retired McCarrick began living on the grounds of a seminary in the Archdiocese of Washington. In 2010, Sipe published excerpts from the 2005 and 2007 settlement documents. Between 2001 and 2006, McCarrick gave $600,000 to high-ranking church officials, including two popes, multiple priests, cardinals and archbishops, when he was Archbishop of Washington. According to The Washington Post, "Several of the more than 100 recipients were directly involved in assessing misconduct claims against McCarrick". Some of those recipients, however, including both Pope John Paul II and Pope Benedict XVI, had little oversight over these transactions. In February 2020, America magazine revealed that the Diocese of Metuchen, the Archdiocese of Newark, and Diocese of Trenton had, beginning in 2005, worked together to secretly pay victims of McCarrick. Former substitute for general affairs at the Secretariat of State, Leonardo Sandri, who received the letter of concern from Ramsey in 2000, was suspected of participating in the cover-up of McCarrick's acts, and America journalist Thomas J. Reese recommended that he and others be interviewed as part of the Vatican's investigation into the former cardinal. Abuse of seminarians In 2018, multiple media outlets reported a number of priests and former seminarians under McCarrick had come forward alleging that McCarrick had engaged in inappropriate conduct with male seminarians. These included reports that he made sexual advances toward young men training as seminarians during his tenure as Bishop of Metuchen and Archbishop of Newark. McCarrick reportedly routinely invited a number of these young men to a house on the shore with limited sleeping accommodations, resulting in one of them sharing a bed with the bishop. According to former seminarian Desmond Rossi, he and a friend later realized that the archbishop would cancel weekend gatherings "if there were not enough men going that they would exceed the number of available beds, thus necessitating one guest to share a bed with the archbishop". Rossi subsequently transferred before ordination from the Archdiocese of Newark to a diocese in New York State. Wuerl denied having any prior knowledge of claims regarding sexual abuse on the part of McCarrick. On January 10, 2019, The Washington Post published a story stating that Wuerl was aware of allegations against McCarrick in 2004 and reported them to the Vatican. In a January 12, 2019 letter, Wuerl stated that when "the allegation of sexual abuse of a minor was brought against Archbishop McCarrick, I stated publicly that I was never aware of any such allegation or rumors." But the context, he said, was in discussions about sexual abuse of minors, not adults. He later said in a letter dated January 15 to the priests of the archdiocese that the survivor in the previous Pittsburgh case had asked that the matter be kept confidential, and he heard no more about it: "I did not avert to it again," and "only afterwards was I reminded of the 14-year-old accusation of inappropriate conduct which, by that time, I had forgotten." In August 2019, letters and postcards that McCarrick sent to his alleged victims were made public. Two abuse prevention experts who reviewed the letters and postcards for the Associated Press described the correspondence as "a window into the way a predator grooms his prey." Removal from ministry and resignation as cardinal In 2013, Scottish cardinal Keith O'Brien, who was accused of sexual misconduct in the 1980s, resigned as Archbishop of Saint Andrews and Edinburgh, and left Scotland in disgrace for "months of "prayer and penance", although not defrocked or stripped of his cardinalate. He was the first sexually predatory Catholic cardinal whose case was dealt with publicly. The O'Brien case forced accountability and discussion of such cases on the Catholic Church, and Rome was forced to create a process. In a telephone interview about O'Brien at the time, Richard Sipe said that O'Brien was not the only case: "We have someone here too. It will go public soon." He was referring to McCarrick. In 2021, Brian Devlin, one of O'Brien's victims who later left the priesthood, waived anonymity to publish a book, Cardinal Sin, about his experiences and his fight for improved church governance and accountability. According to Devlin, O'Brien's and McCarrick's cases were linked: "If we hadn't gone to the Observer back then, the church would have dealt with McCarrick quite differently. Without O'Brien, there would be no church process." On June 20, 2018, McCarrick was removed from public ministry by the Holy See, after a review board of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York found an allegation "credible and substantiated" that he had sexually abused a 16-year-old altar boy while a priest in New York. Patrick Noaker, the attorney for the anonymous complainant, alleged two incidents at St. Patrick's Cathedral, one in 1971 and the other in 1972. Noaker stated that when measuring the teen for a cassock, McCarrick "unzipped pants and put his hands in the boy's pants." McCarrick stated that he was innocent of these charges: "I have absolutely no recollection of this reported abuse, and believe in my innocence." He also stated, "In obedience I accept the decision of The Holy See, that I no longer exercise any public ministry." Also on June 20, 2018, Cardinal Tobin revealed that during McCarrick's ministry in New Jersey, there had been accusations of sexual misconduct with three adults, and that two of the allegations had resulted in confidential financial settlements with the complainants. On July 5, 2018, Fordham University rescinded an honorary degree and other honors it had granted McCarrick. The Catholic University of America, where McCarrick earned two degrees and served in a variety of spiritual and administrative positions, also revoked the honorary degree it had awarded him in 2006. On July 16, 2018, The New York Times published a front-page article describing McCarrick's abuse of adult seminarians. On July 19, The New York Times published an article based on the story of a man named James, whose last name was withheld. A New Jersey man whose uncle had known McCarrick since high school, James alleged that McCarrick had sexually abused him beginning at age 11. James had been the first boy McCarrick had ever baptized. James said that McCarrick had exposed himself to him when he was 11 and had sexually touched him beginning when he was 13. He explained that he tried to tell his father a couple of years later but was not believed. On November 13, James revealed himself as James Grein, and gave a public speech at the "Silence Stops Now Rally" in Baltimore, where he called on Catholics to "reform and reclaim the Church." Speaking about alleged mishandling of allegations by Catholic bishops, he said, "Our bishops must know that the jig is up." On July 27, 2018, Pope Francis ordered McCarrick to observe "a life of prayer and penance in seclusion" and accepted his resignation from the College of Cardinals, the first resignation since Louis Billot, a French prelate, resigned in 1927 when he refused an order to withdraw his support of Action Française, a monarchist movement that Pope Pius XI had condemned. He is also the first cardinal to resign following allegations of sexual abuse. The Pope took this action before the accusations were investigated by church officials, the first time an order of penance and prayer has been issued before a church trial. McCarrick was not laicized (removed from the priesthood) at the time, pending the completion of a canonical trial. The Holy See announced on July 28, 2018, that Pope Francis had ordered Archbishop McCarrick (as he then became known) to obey an "obligation to remain in a house yet to be indicated to him" and also observe "a life of prayer and penance until the accusations made against him are examined in a regular canonical trial." In December 2019, McCarrick was sued by a man named John Bellocchio, who said that McCarrick sexually abused him when he was a 14-year-old boy in the 1990s. Viganò allegations Main article: Carlo Maria Viganò § August 2018 letter On August 25, 2018, Archbishop Carlo Maria Viganò, former Apostolic Nuncio to the United States, released an 11-page letter describing a series of warnings to the Vatican regarding McCarrick. Viganò stated that Montalvo, then nuncio to the United States, had informed the Vatican in 2000 of what Viganò characterized as McCarrick's "gravely immoral behaviour with seminarians and priests." He further stated that Archbishop Pietro Sambi, the nuncio from 2005 to 2011, had also informed the Vatican. Viganò says that in 2006 – when working at the Vatican – he wrote his own memo regarding McCarrick. However, he says, nothing was done to stop McCarrick. In 2008, Viganò says he wrote a second memo, including material from Sipe. In 2009 or 2010, according to Viganò, Pope Benedict XVI placed severe restrictions on McCarrick's movements and public ministry, not allowing him to travel beyond the grounds of the seminary where he was living and not permitting him to say Mass in public. However, according to Viganò, Pope Francis subsequently removed these sanctions and made McCarrick "his trusted counselor", even though Francis "knew from at least June 23, 2013 that McCarrick was a serial predator. He knew that he was a corrupt man, he covered for him to the bitter end." However, Italian journalists Tornielli and Valente report that "it was in 2007 – not 2009, as Viganò has said – that Pope Benedict XVI issued his 'instructions' to McCarrick." McCarrick responded in a 2008 letter to Vatican Secretary of State, Tarcisio Bertone, writing that he had shared his bed with seminarians. He said that "this was never done in secret or behind closed doors," and that he had never "had sexual relations with anyone, man, woman or child, nor have I ever sought such acts." Having given his explanation, the Archbishop then proceeded to largely ignore the Pope's instructions. Viganò called on Pope Francis and all others who he said covered up McCarrick's conduct to resign. It was observed that during the time McCarrick was allegedly under sanction, he maintained a "robust public presence" full of international travel, public masses, speeches, and the acceptance of awards, although in July 2010, on the occasion of his eightieth birthday, he declined an interview with The Washington Post. The reporter said that the Cardinal seemed to be avoiding the media. Both Cardinal Marc Ouellet, having been asked to come forward in 2018 by Viganò, and the "2020 Vatican Report on McCarrick" largely confirmed Viganò's statements that the Vatican under Benedict XVI imposed restrictions on McCarrick, although McCarrick proved often unwilling to follow them. The report also found that Viganò actively sought harsh sanctions for McCarrick while working as an official in the Secretariat of State. However, both Oullet and the report disputed Viganò's accusations against Francis, with the report admitting only that Francis heard of rumors about sexual impropriety by McCarrick but believed them to be discredited, and did not hear reports about abuse of minors until 2018. Viganò stated that he discussed McCarrick's conduct and the penalties surrounding it with McCarrick's successor as Archbishop of Washington, Cardinal Wuerl, who he says transgressed the Pope's order by allowing McCarrick to continue living at the seminary and therefore putting other seminarians at risk. Wuerl, through his spokesperson, Ed McFadden, denied that he was aware of any restrictions on McCarrick. "Archbishop Viganò presumed that Wuerl had specific information that Wuerl did not have," McFadden said. McCarrick's situation reportedly became easier when Nuncio Pietro Sambi died unexpectedly in July 2011 and was succeeded by Viganò, who, according to Tornielli and Valente, proved less eager to enforce Benedict XVI's instructions to McCarrick. Viganò subsequently acknowledged that Pope Benedict had made the restrictions private, perhaps "due to the fact that he (Archbishop McCarrick) was already retired, maybe due to the fact that he (Pope Benedict) was thinking he was ready to obey." The McCarrick case, along with the conclusion of the Grand jury investigation of Catholic Church sexual abuse in Pennsylvania, which alleged systematic cover-up of clergy sex abuse by bishops in Pennsylvania over decades, triggered a general call from Catholics across ideological boundaries for greater accountability and transparency in the church. However, these issues, in particular the Viganò allegations, have also escalated tensions in the Catholic Church between ideological liberals and conservatives, especially over the possible role of homosexuality in clergy sex abuse and the alleged complicity of Pope Francis in protecting McCarrick. On May 28, 2019, McCarrick's private secretary, Msgr. Anthony J. Figueiredo, released letters written by McCarrick suggesting that while senior Vatican officials placed restrictions on the former Cardinal after abuse allegations surfaced, they were not official sanctions and were not strictly enforced under the papacies of either Pope Benedict XVI or Pope Francis. In an interview published on May 28, 2019, Francis directly addressed the accusations made in Viganò's letter for the first time. He stated that he "knew nothing" about McCarrick's conduct. McCarrick claimed to have discussed restrictions that were placed on him with Wuerl, but Wuerl denied that he had any knowledge of such restrictions. Vatican trial and laicization On September 28, 2018, it was announced that McCarrick had moved to the Capuchin St. Fidelis Friary in Victoria, Kansas, the day before. The announcement was unpopular with many of the citizens of Victoria, especially because the friary is near an elementary school. Before McCarrick was laicized, the Archdiocese of Washington was paying a little over $500 a month for his lodging. After he was laicized, the archdiocese stopped the payments, and the friary stated that it would not be receiving remuneration from McCarrick or the local Roman Catholic Diocese of Salina for McCarrick's stay, even though McCarrick offered to pay. On February 16, 2019, the Holy See Press Office announced that McCarrick had been laicized. The Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith (CDF), in a church penal process, found McCarrick guilty of "solicitation in the Sacrament of Confession, and sins against the Sixth Commandment with minors and with adults, with the aggravating factor of the abuse of power". The guilty verdict was issued by the CDF on January 11, 2019, and McCarrick appealed. The CDF rejected the appeal on February 13 and McCarrick was notified on February 15. Pope Francis "recognized the definitive nature of this decision made in accord with law, rendering it a res iudicata (i.e., admitting of no further recourse)", meaning it is final and McCarrick has no further opportunity to appeal. The CDF used an expedited administrative process designed for cases in which evidence is overwhelming. McCarrick's ordination as a priest and Consecration as a bishop cannot be undone according to sacramental theology, but McCarrick cannot licitly (lawfully) perform any priestly duties, including celebrating Mass, although he may administer the sacrament of Penance to a penitent in danger of death; McCarrick can be stripped of the right to financial support from the church; and his laicization is permanent. McCarrick is the most senior church official in modern times to be laicized. In an interview with Slate published in September 2019, McCarrick stated, "I'm not as bad as they paint me. ... I do not believe that I did the things that they accused me of." McCarrick stated he believed the persons making accusations against him were "encouraged to do that" by his "enemies", and said repeatedly that many young men had come to the beach house without having any problems. McCarrick revealed that he never left the friary and participated in the daily routine of the other men who lived there. In January 2020, it was announced that McCarrick had moved out of the friary to an undisclosed location that was "secluded and away from public attention". McCarrick reportedly made the decision to move over concerns that media attention regarding his presence there might have a negative impact on the friary and because he wanted to be closer to his family. Title IX On September 5, 2019, it was revealed that an investigation conducted by Seton Hall University found that McCarrick's acts of sexual abuse against seminarians at the university were classified as a Title IX offense. Incidents of sex abuse McCarrick committed at both Immaculate Conception Seminary and St. Andrew's Seminary were not reported to the university because at the time, they were not compliant with Title IX. The report, which was reviewed by the law firm of Latham & Watkins, also accused McCarrick of creating a "culture of fear and intimidation" at Seton Hall University when he led the university as Archbishop of Newark. On August 10, 2020, however, it was revealed that a seminary professor did report in the late 1980s that McCarrick was taking seminary students to his shore house and that this allegation was disregarded by the Catholic Church. Lawsuits In August 2019, one of McCarrick's alleged victims, James Grein, filed a lawsuit against McCarrick and the Archdiocese of New York. In December 2019, Grein extended his lawsuit to the New Jersey-based Archdiocese of Newark and Diocese of Metuchen, claiming that the two dioceses committed gross negligence when they allowed McCarrick, who Grein stated was a friend of his family, to continue to visit and sexually abuse him. That same month, a new law went into effect throughout New Jersey which allowed more sex victims to file lawsuits. This resulted in more of McCarrick's alleged New Jersey victims filing lawsuits against McCarrick and the two Dioceses he served in that state. One of these cases was also reported to be the first sex abuse lawsuit brought against the Holy See, which was accused of receiving reports of sex abuse committed by McCarrick in 1988 and 1995. A lawsuit was filed on July 21, 2020, by an anonymous person saying that McCarrick operated a sex ring out of his New Jersey beachouse. The alleged victim maintained that McCarrick abused him with the assistance of other priests beginning in 1982, when he was 14. The lawsuit stated that boys were assigned different rooms in the house and paired with adult clergymen. The alleged victim, who attended schools operated by the Archdiocese of Newark, alleged priests and others under the control of McCarrick engaged in "open and obvious criminal sexual conduct" that was kept cloaked by the church and also served as "procurers" for McCarrick. The Archidocese of Newark, Diocese of Metuchen, where McCarrick was serving as bishop of at time of the alleged abuse, and the Catholic schools the alleged victim attended where named as defendants in the lawsuit as well. On September 9, 2020, a new lawsuit was filed which alleged that McCarrick kept a second beach house which he also used as a sex ring when he was Bishop of Metuchen. It was also revealed that the Archdiocese of Newark had purchased one of McCarrick's Diocese of Metuchen beach houses in 1997, when he was serving as archbishop, just four months before selling the other beach house, which it also purchased from the Diocese of Metuchen, as well. In November 2021, a new lawsuit was filed against both McCarrick and the Archdiocese of Newark by Michael Reading, an ordained priest who claimed McCarrick sexually abused him during a visit to the New Jersey shore in 1986. The alleged abuse occurred around the same time McCarrick ordained Reading as a priest. Vatican report On November 10, 2020, the Vatican released a report about the handling of allegations against McCarrick. It states that through an October 1999 letter from Cardinal O'Connor, Pope John Paul II learned of allegations of sexual deviancy against McCarrick while in the process of considering him for the position of Archbishop of Washington, but that an investigation was paused after three of the four bishops tasked with looking into the accusations provided "inaccurate and incomplete information." John Paul II then decided not to appoint him, but changed his mind after receiving a letter from McCarrick proclaiming his innocence. The report suggested that John Paul II was probably influenced by his experience in his native Poland where the communist government used "spurious allegations against bishops to degrade the standing of the Church". The report states that Benedict XVI asked for McCarrick's resignation as Archbishop of Washington in 2005, after learning about the 1994 letter to Hughes. The Vatican Office for Bishops ordered McCarrick to retire to private life verbally in 2006, and put it in writing in 2008, but both times he ignored their instructions. However, Benedict was also faulted in the report for not standing in the way of McCarrick's growing power. According to the report, Pope Francis, prior to becoming pope, had learned of allegations against McCarrick before McCarrick was named Archbishop of Washington, but believed that John Paul II had rejected them. Francis knew of rumors surrounding sexual conduct between McCarrick and adults but received no documentation of sexual impropriety against McCarrick until 2017, and was not aware of accusations of sexual abuse against minors until 2018. Holy See federal lawsuit On November 19, 2020, four people who accused McCarrick of sexually abusing them filed a lawsuit against the Holy See in federal court in Newark, New Jersey, saying it had failed in its oversight of McCarrick over whom it exercised complete control as his employer. The Holy See says priests are not its employees and that its status as a foreign sovereign is a defense from such a suit. Criminal charges On July 29, 2021, McCarrick was charged with sexually assaulting a 16-year-old male in 1974, during a wedding reception for the boy's brother on the grounds of Wellesley College in Massachusetts. The complaint was filed by Wellesley Police in Dedham District Court. On September 3, 2021, McCarrick pleaded not guilty in Dedham District Court to three counts of indecent assault and battery stemming from the alleged 1974 incident. In an early 2023 court filing, McCarrick's lawyers stated that he had experienced "significant" and "rapidly worsening" cognitive decline, and was thus not fit to stand trial. In June of that year, a state-appointed forensic psychologist found "deficits of his memory and ability to retain information", and on August 30, the court ruled that McCarrick was mentally incompetent to stand trial. On April 16, 2023, McCarrick was charged with one count of fourth-degree sexual assault for an April 1977 incident that occurred near Geneva Lake in Wisconsin. McCarrick allegedly abused the victim over a period of time, including at the Geneva Lake residence where he fondled the victim's genitals. Honorary degrees McCarrick was awarded at least 35 honorary degrees, many of which have now been revoked or are currently under consideration for revocation. Please be aware that it is possible that universities rescinded the honorary degrees and it may not be noted on this list. This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (August 2018) Location Date School Degree Status  New York 1967 College of Mount Saint Vincent Doctor of Laws (LL.D.) rescinded  New York June 1974 St. John's University Doctor of Humane Letters (DHL) rescinded  Maryland May 16, 1987 Mount St. Mary's College Doctorate  New Jersey May 17, 1987 Felician College DHL  Rhode Island May 18, 1987 Providence College Doctor of Divinity rescinded  New Jersey 1987 Saint Peter's College Doctorate rescinded  New Jersey 1994 University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey DHL  New York 2002 Fordham University Doctorate rescinded  District of Columbia 2004 Georgetown University DHL rescinded  District of Columbia May 13, 2006 Catholic University of America DHL rescinded  New York May 20, 2006 Canisius College DHL  Massachusetts May 21, 2006 Stonehill College Doctor of Humanities  New York 2007 Siena College Doctorate of Sacred Theology rescinded  Indiana May 18, 2008 University of Notre Dame LL.D. rescinded  Oregon 2008 University of Portland Doctorate rescinded  Pennsylvania 2008 Gannon University DHL  Montana September 14, 2009 Carroll College Doctorate  New York May 2011 St. Bonaventure University DHL rescinded  New York October 12, 2012 College of New Rochelle Doctorate rescinded  Palestine November 3, 2013 Bethlehem University Doctor of Humanities See also Hans Hermann Groër References ^ University was dissolved in 2013 ^ Povoledo, Elisabetta; Otterman, Sharon (July 28, 2018). 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Notre Dame News. University of Notre Dame. Retrieved February 16, 2019. ^ "University of Portland's statement regarding former Cardinal McCarrick". University of Portland. July 30, 2018. Retrieved August 16, 2018. ^ "How former Cardinal McCarrick's legacy is being dismantled, award by award". NJ.com. Retrieved October 1, 2018. ^ Koshinskie, Jason (June 1, 2008). "Cardinal McCarrick offers Gannon grads practical advice" (PDF). FaithLife. pp. 1, 3. Retrieved February 17, 2019. ^ Oliverio, Ashley (Winter 2010). "Cardinal McCarrick Delivers Centennial Catholic Lecture: Receives Honorary Degree" (PDF). Carroll Magazine. pp. 4–7. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 16, 2021. Retrieved February 14, 2021. ^ a b Schrack, Dan (September 11, 2018). "St. Bonaventure University rescinds McCarrick honorary degree". WENY-TV. Retrieved June 11, 2019 – via www.weny.com. ^ "Honorary Degree Recipients". The College of New Rochelle. Archived from the original on August 12, 2018. Retrieved August 16, 2018. ^ "His Eminence Theodore Cardinal McCarrick: Doctor of Humanities, Honoris Causa". Bethlehem University. Archived from the original on October 2, 2015. Retrieved February 17, 2019. External links Media related to Theodore Edgar McCarrick at Wikimedia Commons "McCarrick Card. Theodore Edgar". Holy See Press Office. Archived from the original on September 4, 2017. Retrieved November 24, 2017. Biography from the Washington Archdiocese website. Retiring Archbishop Gives Farewell Homily Washington Post, June 19, 2006, by Candace Rondeaux. Appearances on C-SPAN Catholic Church titles Preceded byJames Aloysius Hickey Archbishop of Washington November 21, 2000 – May 16, 2006 Succeeded byDonald Wuerl Preceded byPeter Leo Gerety Archbishop of Newark May 30, 1986 – November 21, 2000 Succeeded byJohn J. Myers Preceded byLawrence Aloysius Burke Ecclesiastical Superior of Turks and Caicos October 17, 1998 – November 21, 2000 New titleFirst Bishop Bishop of Metuchen November 19, 1981 – May 30, 1986 Succeeded byEdward Thomas Hughes Preceded byLéon Théobald Delaere  — TITULAR — Titular Bishop of Rusibisir June 29, 1977 – November 19, 1981 Succeeded byIvan Dias Preceded byBernardino Echeverría Ruiz Cardinal-Priest of Santi Nereo e Achilleo February 21, 2001 – July 28, 2018 Succeeded byCelestino Aós Braco vteRoman Catholic Archdiocese of WashingtonOrdinaries Archbishops Michael Joseph Curley Patrick O'Boyle William Wakefield Baum James Aloysius Hickey Theodore McCarrick Donald Wuerl Wilton Daniel Gregory Auxiliaries John Michael McNamara Patrick Joseph McCormick Philip Hannan William Joseph McDonald John Selby Spence Edward John Herrmann Thomas William Lyons Eugene Antonio Marino Thomas C. Kelly Álvaro Corrada del Río William G. Curlin Leonard Olivier William E. 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"laicized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loss_of_clerical_state"},{"link_name":"bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishops_in_the_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"cardinal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)"},{"link_name":"Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"priest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priesthood_in_the_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"auxiliary bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auxiliary_bishop"},{"link_name":"Archdiocese of New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_New_York"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Metuchen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Metuchen"},{"link_name":"New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of Newark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Newark"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Washington"},{"link_name":"College of Cardinals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_of_Cardinals"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTimes2018.07.16-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RNS84-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WaPo_2018.09.12-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McElroy9172018-10"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTimes2018.07.16-3"},{"link_name":"dismissed from the clerical state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loss_of_clerical_state_(Catholic_Church)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WP21619-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WP216192-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-washingtonpost1-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Holy See","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_See"},{"link_name":"Dicasteries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dicastery"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Secretariat of State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretariat_of_State_(Holy_See)"},{"link_name":"Pope John Paul II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II"},{"link_name":"Benedict XVI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedict_XVI"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Pope Francis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Francis"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-paulandbenedict-19"}],"text":"Theodore Edgar McCarrick (born July 7, 1930) is a laicized American bishop and former cardinal of the Catholic Church. Ordained a priest in 1958, he became an auxiliary bishop of the Archdiocese of New York in 1977, then became Bishop of Metuchen, New Jersey, in 1981. From 1986 to 2000, he was Archbishop of Newark. He was created a cardinal in February 2001 and served as Archbishop of Washington from 2001 to 2006. Following credible allegations of repeated sexual misconduct towards boys and seminarians, he was removed from public ministry in June 2018, became the first cardinal to resign from the College of Cardinals because of claims of sexual abuse in July 2018,[1] and was laicized in February 2019.[2] Several honors he had been awarded, such as honorary degrees, were rescinded.A prolific fundraiser, he was connected to prominent politicians and was considered a power broker in Washington, D.C.[3] Within the church, McCarrick was generally regarded as a moderate.[4][5][6][7]McCarrick was accused of engaging in sexual misconduct with adult male seminarians over the course of decades.[8] Though multiple reports about McCarrick's alleged conduct with adult seminarians were made to American bishops and the Vatican between 1993 and 2016,[9][10] allegations of sexual abuse against minors were not known until 2018. In July 2018, The New York Times published a story detailing a pattern of sexual abuse of male seminarians and minors.[3] After a church investigation and trial, he was found guilty of sexual crimes against adults and minors and abuse of power and dismissed from the clerical state in February 2019.[11] He is the most senior church official in modern times to be laicized,[12] and is the first known case of a cardinal being laicized for sexual abuse.[13]The apparent lack of action from the church hierarchy in this case sparked demands for action against church leaders believed to be responsible.[14][15] On October 6, 2018, the Holy See announced that Pope Francis had ordered \"a thorough study of the entire documentation present in the Archives of the Dicasteries and Offices of the Holy See regarding the former Cardinal McCarrick, in order to ascertain all the relevant facts, to place them in their historical context and to evaluate them objectively\".[16] The resulting report of the Secretariat of State, published in November 2020, stated that Pope John Paul II was made aware of allegations against McCarrick but did not believe them, and that Benedict XVI, in 2005, upon learning of newly surfaced allegations, urgently sought a successor for McCarrick.[17][18] The report avoided blaming Pope Francis for the scandal.[19]","title":"Theodore McCarrick"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-arch-20"},{"link_name":"captain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_captain"},{"link_name":"tuberculosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberculosis"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"The Bronx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bronx"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTimes2000-22"},{"link_name":"altar boy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altar_server"},{"link_name":"Church of the Incarnation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_Incarnation,_Roman_Catholic_(Manhattan)"},{"link_name":"Washington Heights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Heights,_Manhattan"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTimes2000-22"},{"link_name":"Xavier High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xavier_High_School_(New_York_City)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Conconi2004-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Fordham Preparatory School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fordham_Preparatory_School"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Conconi2004-23"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-becker-25"},{"link_name":"ROTC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ROTC"},{"link_name":"United States Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Conconi2004-23"},{"link_name":"Fordham University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fordham_University"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-becker-25"},{"link_name":"St. Joseph's Seminary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Joseph%27s_Seminary_(Dunwoodie)"},{"link_name":"Yonkers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yonkers,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-arch-20"},{"link_name":"polyglot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyglotism"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"text":"An only child, McCarrick was born into an Irish American family in New York City to Theodore E. and Margaret T. (née McLaughlin) McCarrick.[20] His father was a ship captain who died from tuberculosis when McCarrick was three years old,[21] and his mother then worked at an automobile parts factory in The Bronx.[22] As a child, McCarrick served as an altar boy at the Church of the Incarnation in Washington Heights.[22] He was expelled from the Jesuit Xavier High School in his junior year for missing classes.[23][24]McCarrick missed an academic year due to the expulsion, but a friend of his family was able to help get him into the Jesuit Fordham Preparatory School.[23][25] At Fordham, he was elected student council president and served in the ROTC program for the United States Air Force.[23] McCarrick studied in Switzerland for a year before returning to the United States and attending Fordham University.[25]McCarrick later entered St. Joseph's Seminary in Yonkers, from where he obtained a Bachelor of Arts in philosophy (1954) and a Master of Arts in theology (1958).[20] McCarrick is a polyglot, speaking five languages (English, French, German, Italian and Spanish).[26][27][28]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ordained","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_orders"},{"link_name":"priesthood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priesthood_in_the_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Francis Spellman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Spellman"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_New_York"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-coat-29"},{"link_name":"Catholic University of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_University_of_America"},{"link_name":"dean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_(education)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-arch-20"},{"link_name":"president","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_president"},{"link_name":"Catholic University of Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontifical_Catholic_University_of_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"Domestic Prelate of His Holiness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsignor"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-arch-20"},{"link_name":"Terence Cooke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terence_Cooke"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-arch-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-arch-20"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"text":"McCarrick was ordained to the priesthood by Cardinal Francis Spellman, Archbishop of New York, on May 31, 1958.[29] From 1958 to 1963, he furthered his studies at the Catholic University of America in Washington, D.C., earning a PhD in sociology. He then served as an assistant chaplain at the Catholic University, becoming dean of students and director of development.[20]McCarrick served as president of the Catholic University of Puerto Rico from 1965 to 1969, and was given the honorary title of Domestic Prelate of His Holiness in 1965.[20] In 1969, Cardinal Terence Cooke recalled McCarrick to New York. McCarrick was an associate secretary for education and an assistant priest at Blessed Sacrament parish from 1969 to 1971.[20] He was Cooke's secretary from 1971 to 1977.[20][30] He was later accused of sexually abusing a male minor during this period.[31]","title":"Priesthood"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Episcopal career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_Navy_010916-N-3235P-001_Admiral_William_Fallon,_Vice_Chief_of_Naval_Operations,_greets_His_Eminence_Theodore_Cardinal_McCarrick,_Archbishop_of_Washington.jpg"},{"link_name":"Admiral William Fallon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admiral_William_Fallon"},{"link_name":"Auxiliary Bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auxiliary_bishop"},{"link_name":"Titular Bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titular_bishop"},{"link_name":"Rusibisir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusibisir"},{"link_name":"Pope Paul VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI"},{"link_name":"episcopal consecration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_in_the_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"John Maguire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Maguire_(coadjutor_archbishop_of_New_York)"},{"link_name":"co-consecrators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consecrator"},{"link_name":"motto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motto"},{"link_name":"Revelation 22:20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=Revelation%2022:20&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-coat-29"},{"link_name":"vicar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicar_general"},{"link_name":"East Manhattan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Side_(Manhattan)"},{"link_name":"Harlems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlem"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-arch-20"}],"sub_title":"Auxiliary bishop of New York","text":"McCarrick and Admiral William Fallon, September 16, 2001, in Washington, D.C.In May 1977, McCarrick was appointed Auxiliary Bishop of New York and Titular Bishop of Rusibisir by Pope Paul VI. He received his episcopal consecration on the following June 29 from Cardinal Cooke, with Archbishop John Maguire and Bishop Patrick Ahern serving as co-consecrators. He selected as his episcopal motto: \"Come Lord Jesus\" (Revelation 22:20).[29]As an auxiliary to Cardinal Cooke, he served as vicar of East Manhattan and the Harlems.[20]","title":"Episcopal career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Diocese of Metuchen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Metuchen"},{"link_name":"New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"installed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enthronement"},{"link_name":"St. Francis of Assisi Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Francis_of_Assisi_Cathedral_(Metuchen,_New_Jersey)"},{"link_name":"parishes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parish_in_the_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Perth Amboy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth_Amboy,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Califon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Califon,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Skillman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skillman,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Old Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Bridge_Township,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Three Bridges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Bridges,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-metuchen-32"},{"link_name":"Diocesan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese"},{"link_name":"blacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Americans"},{"link_name":"Hispanics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans"},{"link_name":"anti-abortion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-abortion_movements"},{"link_name":"disabled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disability"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-metuchen-32"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Secretary_Mel_Martinez_with_Cardinal_Theodore_McCarrick_207-DP-8339A.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mel Martinez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mel_Martinez"},{"link_name":"Cardinal McCarrick High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_McCarrick_High_School"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"sub_title":"Bishop of Metuchen","text":"On November 19, 1981, McCarrick was appointed the first bishop of the Diocese of Metuchen, New Jersey. He was installed at St. Francis of Assisi Cathedral on January 31, 1982. During his tenure, McCarrick erected new parishes in Perth Amboy, Califon, Skillman, Old Bridge, and Three Bridges.[32] He also oversaw the development of the Diocesan Council of Catholic Women, Bishop's Annual Appeal, and ministries for blacks and Hispanics, anti-abortion activities, and the disabled.[32]Secretary Mel Martinez with Cardinal Theodore McCarrick in February 2002In 2001 a Catholic high school, originally established in 1885 and renamed multiple times through the years, was named Cardinal McCarrick High School in honor of McCarrick as the first bishop of the diocese. The school closed in June 2015 for financial reasons.[33]","title":"Episcopal career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Archbishop of Newark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Newark"},{"link_name":"Peter Leo Gerety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Leo_Gerety"},{"link_name":"Cathedral of the Sacred Heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral_Basilica_of_the_Sacred_Heart_(Newark)"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newark-34"},{"link_name":"vocations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocational_discernment_in_the_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTimes2000-22"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cardinal_McCarrick_june_18_06.jpg"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTimes2000-22"},{"link_name":"Helsinki Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helsinki_Accords"},{"link_name":"Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe"},{"link_name":"State Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newark-34"},{"link_name":"interfaith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interfaith_dialogue"},{"link_name":"Fidel Castro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidel_Castro"},{"link_name":"religious freedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_religion"},{"link_name":"Fulgencio Batista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulgencio_Batista"},{"link_name":"Ellis Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellis_Island"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newark-34"},{"link_name":"United States Conference of Catholic Bishops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Conference_of_Catholic_Bishops"},{"link_name":"Central and Eastern Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_and_Eastern_Europe"},{"link_name":"Serbia and Montenegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia_and_Montenegro"},{"link_name":"Baltics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_states"},{"link_name":"Kazakhstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan"},{"link_name":"Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newark-34"},{"link_name":"Pontifical Council for the Pastoral Care of Migrants and Itinerants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontifical_Council_for_the_Pastoral_Care_of_Migrants_and_Itinerants"},{"link_name":"Bosnia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"Holocaust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holocaust"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Rwanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTimes2000-22"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newark-34"},{"link_name":"Secretary of Labor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Labor"},{"link_name":"Alexis Herman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_Herman"},{"link_name":"Catholic school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_school"},{"link_name":"uniforms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_uniform"},{"link_name":"sweatshops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweatshop"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-labor-35"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic Mission sui iuris of the Turks and Caicos Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mission_sui_iuris_of_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands"},{"link_name":"Neocatechumenal Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neocatechumenal_Way"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"sub_title":"Archbishop of Newark","text":"On May 30, 1986, McCarrick was appointed the fourth Archbishop of Newark. He succeeded Peter Leo Gerety, and was installed at the Cathedral of the Sacred Heart on the following July 25. During his tenure, he established the Office of Evangelization, ministries for Hispanics and victims of HIV, and a drug prevention program.[34] He also promoted vocations, and ordained a total of 200 priests for the archdiocese.[22]McCarrick in June 2006McCarrick became known as an advocate for social justice, once saying, \"[T]he Church cannot be authentic unless it takes care of the poor, the newcomers, the needy.\"[22] During the 1980s, he served as an official observer to the Helsinki Commission and the Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe at the behest of the State Department.[34] In 1988, he participated in an interfaith meeting with Fidel Castro to promote religious freedom in Cuba, the first meeting of its kind subsequent to the fall of Fulgencio Batista. McCarrick, as a representative of Irish immigrant families, was chosen to be placed in the Ellis Island Hall of Fame on December 8, 1990.[34]Within the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops (USCCB), he served as chairman of the Committee on Aid to the Church in Central and Eastern Europe from 1992 to 1997. In this capacity, he visited such countries as Serbia and Montenegro, the Baltics, and Kazakhstan. He was twice elected to head the USCCB's Committee on Migration, and once asked the Congress \"to recognize and support the important task of nurturing new citizens so that they may begin to play a full role in the future of this nation.\"[34] He later became a member of the Pontifical Council for the Pastoral Care of Migrants and Itinerants.He was elected chairman of the Bishops' Committee on International Policy in 1996. He visited Bosnia (which he described as \"reminiscent of the Holocaust\"), China, Poland, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, and Switzerland.[22][34] Joined by Secretary of Labor Alexis Herman, he announced an initiative in 1997 to assure that Catholic school uniforms in his archdiocese would not be manufactured in sweatshops.[35]In 1998, in addition to his duties as archbishop, McCarrick was designated as superior of the Roman Catholic Mission sui iuris of the Turks and Caicos Islands; he delegated this mission to priests of the Neocatechumenal Way.[36]","title":"Episcopal career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:President_George_W._Bush_and_Archbishop_of_Washington.jpg"},{"link_name":"George W. Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush"},{"link_name":"Laura Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Bush"},{"link_name":"Donald Wuerl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Wuerl"},{"link_name":"Pietro Sambi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietro_Sambi"},{"link_name":"Pope John Paul II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Washington"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GoodsteinPrelate-37"},{"link_name":"Cathedral of St. Matthew the Apostle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral_of_St._Matthew_the_Apostle"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"made him a cardinal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinals_created_by_John_Paul_II"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"cardinal priest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_priest"},{"link_name":"titular church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titular_church"},{"link_name":"Santi Nereo e Achilleo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santi_Nereo_e_Achilleo"},{"link_name":"cardinal electors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_electors_for_the_papal_conclave,_2005"},{"link_name":"2005 papal conclave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_conclave,_2005"},{"link_name":"Pope Benedict XVI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-legacy-41"},{"link_name":"Eucharist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucharist"},{"link_name":"Richard John Neuhaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_John_Neuhaus"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"John Kerry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Kerry"},{"link_name":"presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"abortion rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro-choice"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Conconi2004-23"},{"link_name":"same-sex marriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Same-sex_marriage"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Conconi2004-23"},{"link_name":"Michael Sean Winters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Sean_Winters"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"}],"sub_title":"Archbishop of Washington","text":"President George W. Bush and Laura Bush welcome outgoing Archbishop of Washington McCarrick, left, the incoming Archbishop of Washington Donald Wuerl, far right, and Papal Nuncio Pietro Sambi to the White House.Pope John Paul II appointed McCarrick Archbishop of Washington, D.C. in November 2000.[37] McCarrick was formally installed as the fifth archbishop of Washington at the Cathedral of St. Matthew the Apostle on January 3, 2001.[38] On February 21, 2001, John Paul made him a cardinal,[39][40] assigning him as cardinal priest to the titular church of Santi Nereo e Achilleo. He was one of the cardinal electors who participated in the 2005 papal conclave that elected Pope Benedict XVI.[41]In June 2004, McCarrick was accused of intentionally misreading a letter from Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger recommending that Catholic politicians who supported abortion rights be denied the Eucharist. McCarrick led a successful push to have the USCCB allow the bishops of individual dioceses to determine who was or was not eligible to receive the sacrament of communion. Fr. Richard John Neuhaus said, \"The bishops I have talked to have no doubt that [McCarrick's] presentation did not accurately represent the communication from Cardinal Ratzinger.\"[42] McCarrick said that he did not want to cause \"a confrontation with the Sacred Body of the Lord Jesus in my hand,\" and added that \"the individual should be the one who decides whether or not he is in communion with the Church\" and therefore eligible to receive the sacrament. McCarrick later met with then senator John Kerry, a Catholic and the Democratic nominee in that year's presidential election. Some Catholics felt Kerry should not have been allowed to receive Communion due to his political position favoring abortion rights.[23]Although McCarrick was sometimes labelled a liberal, he was noted for adhering to church teaching on abortion, same-sex marriage, and the male-only priesthood.[23] American Catholic journalist Michael Sean Winters disputed this claim writing \"Liberals embraced him as a champion of moderation at a time when the Church was seen as increasingly reactionary. I always thought he was playing to the cameras.\"[43]","title":"Episcopal career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Heraldic achievements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achievement_(heraldry)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Theodore_Edgar_McCarrick_(used_2000-2001).svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Cardinal_Theodore_Edgar_McCarrick.svg"},{"link_name":"Donald Wuerl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Wuerl"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Redemptoris Mater seminary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redemptoris_Mater_(seminary)"},{"link_name":"Institute of the Incarnate Word","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_the_Incarnate_Word"},{"link_name":"Chillum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chillum,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNA_2018.07.24-45"},{"link_name":"Center for Strategic and International Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Strategic_and_International_Studies"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Edward M. Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Kennedy"},{"link_name":"Arlington National Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlington_National_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"Pope Benedict XVI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"concelebrants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concelebrant"},{"link_name":"Beau Biden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beau_Biden"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Joe Biden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"closing Mass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_funeral"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"hierarchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchy_of_the_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Pope Francis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Francis"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"John Boehner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Boehner"},{"link_name":"U.S. State Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._State_Department"},{"link_name":"Central African Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_African_Republic"},{"link_name":"ethnic and interreligious violence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_African_Republic_Civil_War_(2012%E2%80%932014)"},{"link_name":"traveled with Pope Francis to the Holy Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_pastoral_visits_of_Pope_Francis#2014"},{"link_name":"Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia"},{"link_name":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria"},{"link_name":"Eastern Orthodox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"typhoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon_Haiyan"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RNS84-4"},{"link_name":"U.S.-Cuba talks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban_thaw"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"United States ambassador to the Holy See","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_the_Holy_See"},{"link_name":"Trump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump"},{"link_name":"George Weigel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Weigel"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Crux5282019-56"}],"text":"Heraldic achievements as Archbishop of WashingtonAs an archbishop (2000–2001)As a cardinal (2001–2018)On May 16, 2006, Pope Benedict XVI accepted McCarrick's resignation as Archbishop of Washington, after the latter's reaching the customary age limit of 75, and appointed Donald Wuerl, Bishop of Pittsburgh, as the 6th Archbishop of Washington, DC. From May 16, 2006, until Wuerl's installation on June 22, 2006, McCarrick served as the Apostolic Administrator of the Archdiocese of Washington, an interim post.[44]After his retirement, McCarrick resided for some time at the Redemptoris Mater seminary in the Archdiocese of Washington. He subsequently moved to the grounds of the provincial headquarters of the Institute of the Incarnate Word in Chillum, Maryland, in a building on a complex that included a seminary.[45]McCarrick was named a counselor at the Center for Strategic and International Studies in 2007.[46]In 2009, McCarrick presided over the graveside service of U.S. Senator Edward M. Kennedy at Arlington National Cemetery, where he read from a letter Kennedy had written to Pope Benedict XVI.[47][48][49] In 2015, he served as one of the concelebrants at the funeral of Delaware Attorney General Beau Biden,[50] son of President Joe Biden, (then Vice President)[51] and presided over the closing Mass as well.[52]Within the church, McCarrick \"was always seen as a moderate, centrist presence in the hierarchy, a telegenic pastor who could present the welcoming face of the Church, no matter what the circumstances\". A news article identified him in 2014 as \"one of a number of senior churchmen who were more or less put out to pasture during the eight-year pontificate of Benedict XVI\", adding that after the election of Pope Francis he found himself put \"back in the mix.\"[53] He was described as a \"pope maker\" by David Gibson, longtime religion reporter and author of \"The Coming Catholic Church\".[54]During his retirement, McCarrick pressed House Speaker John Boehner to take up immigration reform. McCarrick spent a significant amount of time traveling and engaging in inter-religious dialogue. In April 2014, at the request of the U.S. State Department, McCarrick (along with a Muslim and an Evangelical cleric) made a trip to the Central African Republic, a country suffering from ethnic and interreligious violence. In May 2014, he traveled with Pope Francis to the Holy Land. McCarrick traveled to Armenia to discuss Syria with Eastern Orthodox clerics, the Philippines to visit typhoon victims, China for discussions on religious freedom, Iran for talks on nuclear proliferation,[4] and served as a Vatican intermediary for the U.S.-Cuba talks.[55]The release of some of McCarrick's correspondence in May 2019 indicates that he attempted to influence the selection of a United States ambassador to the Holy See. On January 27, 2017, in response to rumors President Trump was planning to appoint Catholic commentator George Weigel, McCarrick wrote to Pope Francis stating that Weigel was \"very much a leader of the ultra-conservative wing of the Catholic Church in the United States and has been publicly critical of Your Holiness in the past.\" He added, \"Many of us American bishops would have great concerns about his being named to such a position in which he would have an official voice, in opposition to your teaching.\" McCarrick indicated interest in discussing the topic further with the Pope, but there are no indications in their correspondence of whether he did so.[56]","title":"Retirement as archbishop"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Catholic Church sex abuse cases in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church_sex_abuse_cases_in_the_United_States"}],"text":"See also: Catholic Church sex abuse cases in the United States","title":"Sexual abuse and abuse of authority"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Edward T. Hughes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Hughes_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTimes2018.07.16-3"},{"link_name":"Agostino Cacciavillan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agostino_Cacciavillan"},{"link_name":"papal nuncio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_nuncio"},{"link_name":"John O'Connor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_O%27Connor_(cardinal)"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_New_York"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"Stanisław Dziwisz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Dziwisz"},{"link_name":"anti-Communist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Communist"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Faggioli-58"},{"link_name":"Boniface Ramsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boniface_Ramsey"},{"link_name":"Thomas C. Kelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_C._Kelly"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of Louisville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Louisville"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WaPo_2018.09.12-9"},{"link_name":"Gabriel Montalvo Higuera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Montalvo_Higuera"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTimes2018.07.16-3"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WaPo_2018.09.12-9"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-O'Malley-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"Leonardo Sandri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_Sandri"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mccarrickassist-61"},{"link_name":"Edward Egan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Egan"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_New_York"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-O'Malley-59"},{"link_name":"laicized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loss_of_clerical_state_(Catholic_Church)"},{"link_name":"Commonweal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonweal_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-imageofletter-62"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-imageofletter-62"},{"link_name":"Seán Patrick O'Malley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_Patrick_O%27Malley"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Boston"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTimes2018.07.16-3"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-O'Malley-59"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Globe_2018.07.25-63"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Globe_2018.07.25-63"},{"link_name":"Richard Sipe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Sipe"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTimes2018.07.16-3"},{"link_name":"Robert W. McElroy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_W._McElroy"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McElroy9172018-10"},{"link_name":"New Jersey Record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Record"},{"link_name":"Joseph W. Tobin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_W._Tobin"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"}],"sub_title":"Warnings of alleged misconduct","text":"In 1994, a priest wrote a letter to Bishop Edward T. Hughes, McCarrick's successor as Bishop of Metuchen, stating that McCarrick had inappropriately touched him.[3]Also in 1994, Cardinal Agostino Cacciavillan, then papal nuncio to the United States, received a phone call from a woman who was concerned that there would be a media scandal if Pope John Paul II went to Newark during his 1995 visit to the United States because of \"voices (rumors) about McCarrick's behavior with seminarians.\" Cacciavillan then told Cardinal John O'Connor, Archbishop of New York, about the woman's call. O'Connor conducted an \"investigation, an inquiry\" and eventually told Cacciavillan that \"there was no obstacle to the visit of the Pope to Newark.\" Cacciavillan stated that he did not inform the Vatican.[57] According to Italian journalists Andrea Tornielli and Gianni Valente, Cardinal O'Connor, in fact, \"objected strongly to John Paul II's idea of rewarding McCarrick and the diocese of Newark with a stop during his papal visit to the United States in 1995\", but that John Paul's personal secretary, Msgr. Stanisław Dziwisz, was able to intercept these objections before they reached the pope. The authors suggest that this was because as bishop, McCarrick was an efficient fundraiser for the Pope's causes, including anti-Communist efforts in Poland.[58]Father Boniface Ramsey stated that he spoke to Thomas C. Kelly, Archbishop of Louisville, about McCarrick in 1993.[9] In 2000, Ramsey wrote to the nuncio, Gabriel Montalvo Higuera, to complain about McCarrick's behavior.[3][9][59][60] The letter was forwarded to Leonardo Sandri, the Vatican substitute for general affairs and later, a cardinal.[61] Ramsey said that he tried to speak with Cardinal Edward Egan, then Archbishop of New York, about McCarrick's history, but that Egan \"didn't want to hear it\".[59] In February 2019, the same month McCarrick was laicized by the Vatican, an image of a letter dated October 11, 2006 which Sandri sent to Ramsey, and which illustrates Ramsey's account of his involvement in the McCarrick affair, was published by the media, including in a Commonweal article which Ramsey himself wrote.[62] The image showed that McCarrick's name and Archbishop status were concealed in the letter whenever Sandri mentioned it.[62]In 2015, Ramsey wrote to Cardinal Seán Patrick O'Malley, Archbishop of Boston, about McCarrick.[3][59][63] O'Malley stated that he never saw the letter, and that it had been handled \"at the staff level.\"[63]Richard Sipe stated that he wrote a letter to Benedict XVI in 2008, saying that McCarrick's activities \"had been widely known for several decades.\"[3] Sipe sent a letter to Bishop Robert W. McElroy in 2016, concerning sexual misconduct by McCarrick. McElroy asked if Sipe would be willing to share corroborating material that would substantiate his allegations. Sipe said that he was precluded from sharing specific documentary information. McElroy said \"[T]he limitations on his willingness to share corroborating information made it impossible to know what was real and what was rumor.\"[10]Mike Kelly of the New Jersey Record reported that in a conversation with Cardinal Joseph W. Tobin of Newark, Tobin said that around the time he became Archbishop of Newark in 2016, he heard \"rumors\" about McCarrick having slept with seminarians, but chose not to believe them, stating that at the time they seemed too \"incredulous\" to be true. Kelly also mentioned that in 1998, based on a tip, he himself had attempted to investigate the rumors, \"but no seminarians would talk\".[64]","title":"Sexual abuse and abuse of authority"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Diocese of Metuchen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Metuchen"},{"link_name":"Archdiocese of Newark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Newark"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PovoledoOtterman-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"Archdiocese of Newark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Newark"},{"link_name":"Trenton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Trento"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Crux_2018.08.24-67"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Crux_2018.08.24-67"},{"link_name":"Paul G. Bootkoski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Gregory_Bootkoski"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Crux_2018.08.24-67"},{"link_name":"Donald Cardinal Wuerl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Cardinal_Wuerl"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Washington"},{"link_name":"Archdiocese of Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Washington"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNA_2018.07.24-45"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNA_2018.07.31-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-news12hush-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wapodec2019-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-csf-72"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wapodec2019-71"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wapodec2019-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-csf-72"},{"link_name":"America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Thomas J. Reese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_J._Reese"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mccarrickassist-61"}],"sub_title":"Settlements","text":"Between 2005 and 2007, the Diocese of Metuchen and the Archdiocese of Newark paid financial settlements to two priests who had accused McCarrick of abuse.[65] These settlements totalled $180,000.[66]In 2005, the Archdiocese of Newark and the Dioceses of Trenton and Metuchen paid a total of $80,000 to a former priest, who stated that McCarrick would touch him in bed, but only above the waist, and that they never kissed. The Diocese of Metuchen's contribution was not in reference to McCarrick, but to an allegation regarding previous conduct of a teacher at a high school located at that time in the diocese.[67]In 2006, $100,000 was paid by the Diocese of Metuchen, where McCarrick had been bishop from 1981 to 1986.[67] The payments were authorized by Bishop Paul G. Bootkoski, who also reported the offenses to law enforcement.[67] According to Donald Cardinal Wuerl, McCarrick's successor as Archbishop of Washington, nobody from these dioceses informed him of these settlements, even after the retired McCarrick began living on the grounds of a seminary in the Archdiocese of Washington.[45][68] In 2010, Sipe published excerpts from the 2005 and 2007 settlement documents.[69]Between 2001 and 2006, McCarrick gave $600,000 to high-ranking church officials, including two popes, multiple priests, cardinals and archbishops, when he was Archbishop of Washington.[70][71][72] According to The Washington Post, \"Several of the more than 100 recipients were directly involved in assessing misconduct claims against McCarrick\".[71] Some of those recipients, however, including both Pope John Paul II and Pope Benedict XVI, had little oversight over these transactions.[71][72]In February 2020, America magazine revealed that the Diocese of Metuchen, the Archdiocese of Newark, and Diocese of Trenton had, beginning in 2005, worked together to secretly pay victims of McCarrick. Former substitute for general affairs at the Secretariat of State, Leonardo Sandri, who received the letter of concern from Ramsey in 2000, was suspected of participating in the cover-up of McCarrick's acts, and America journalist Thomas J. Reese recommended that he and others be interviewed as part of the Vatican's investigation into the former cardinal.[61]","title":"Sexual abuse and abuse of authority"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTimes2018.07.16-3"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WaPo_2018.09.12-9"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"The Washington Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"Associated Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"}],"sub_title":"Abuse of seminarians","text":"In 2018, multiple media outlets reported a number of priests and former seminarians under McCarrick had come forward alleging that McCarrick had engaged in inappropriate conduct with male seminarians.[3][9] These included reports that he made sexual advances toward young men training as seminarians during his tenure as Bishop of Metuchen and Archbishop of Newark.[73] McCarrick reportedly routinely invited a number of these young men to a house on the shore with limited sleeping accommodations, resulting in one of them sharing a bed with the bishop. According to former seminarian Desmond Rossi, he and a friend later realized that the archbishop would cancel weekend gatherings \"if there were not enough men going that they would exceed the number of available beds, thus necessitating one guest to share a bed with the archbishop\".[74] Rossi subsequently transferred before ordination from the Archdiocese of Newark to a diocese in New York State.Wuerl denied having any prior knowledge of claims regarding sexual abuse on the part of McCarrick. On January 10, 2019, The Washington Post published a story stating that Wuerl was aware of allegations against McCarrick in 2004 and reported them to the Vatican.[75] In a January 12, 2019 letter, Wuerl stated that when \"the allegation of sexual abuse of a minor was brought against Archbishop McCarrick, I stated publicly that I was never aware of any such allegation or rumors.\" But the context, he said, was in discussions about sexual abuse of minors, not adults. He later said in a letter dated January 15 to the priests of the archdiocese that the survivor in the previous Pittsburgh case had asked that the matter be kept confidential, and he heard no more about it: \"I did not avert to it again,\" and \"only afterwards was I reminded of the 14-year-old accusation of inappropriate conduct which, by that time, I had forgotten.\"[76]In August 2019, letters and postcards that McCarrick sent to his alleged victims were made public. Two abuse prevention experts who reviewed the letters and postcards for the Associated Press described the correspondence as \"a window into the way a predator grooms his prey.\"[77]","title":"Sexual abuse and abuse of authority"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Keith O'Brien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_O%27Brien"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of Saint Andrews and Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Saint_Andrews_and_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-devlin-78"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-devlin-78"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"the Observer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Observer"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-devlin-78"},{"link_name":"Holy See","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_See"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_New_York"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"St. Patrick's Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Patrick%27s_Cathedral_(Manhattan)"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"cassock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassock"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WPost2018-82"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WPost2018-82"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ArchStatement-83"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"Fordham University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fordham_University"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mcshane-86"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"The Catholic University of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Catholic_University_of_America"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTimes2018.07.16-3"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTimes2018.07.19-91"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NJCom2018.07.20-92"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"Pope Francis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Francis"},{"link_name":"life of prayer and penance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_of_prayer_and_penance_(penalty)"},{"link_name":"College of Cardinals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_of_Cardinals"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"Louis Billot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Billot"},{"link_name":"Action Française","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_Fran%C3%A7aise"},{"link_name":"Pope Pius XI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_XI"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PovoledoOtterman-65"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"laicized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loss_of_Clerical_State_(Catholic_Church)"},{"link_name":"canonical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_law_of_the_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PovoledoOtterman-65"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"}],"sub_title":"Removal from ministry and resignation as cardinal","text":"In 2013, Scottish cardinal Keith O'Brien, who was accused of sexual misconduct in the 1980s, resigned as Archbishop of Saint Andrews and Edinburgh, and left Scotland in disgrace for \"months of \"prayer and penance\", although not defrocked or stripped of his cardinalate. He was the first sexually predatory Catholic cardinal whose case was dealt with publicly. The O'Brien case forced accountability and discussion of such cases on the Catholic Church, and Rome was forced to create a process.[78] In a telephone interview about O'Brien at the time, Richard Sipe said that O'Brien was not the only case: \"We have someone here too. It will go public soon.\" He was referring to McCarrick.[78]In 2021, Brian Devlin, one of O'Brien's victims who later left the priesthood, waived anonymity to publish a book, Cardinal Sin, about his experiences and his fight for improved church governance and accountability.[79]According to Devlin, O'Brien's and McCarrick's cases were linked: \"If we hadn't gone to the Observer [UK newspaper] back then, the church would have dealt with McCarrick quite differently. Without O'Brien, there would be no church process.\"[78]On June 20, 2018, McCarrick was removed from public ministry by the Holy See, after a review board of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York found an allegation \"credible and substantiated\" that he had sexually abused a 16-year-old altar boy while a priest in New York.[80] Patrick Noaker, the attorney for the anonymous complainant, alleged two incidents at St. Patrick's Cathedral, one in 1971 and the other in 1972.[81] Noaker stated that when measuring the teen for a cassock, McCarrick \"unzipped [the boy's] pants and put his hands in the boy's pants.\"[82] McCarrick stated that he was innocent of these charges: \"I have absolutely no recollection of this reported abuse, and believe in my innocence.\" He also stated, \"In obedience I accept the decision of The Holy See, that I no longer exercise any public ministry.\"[82][83] Also on June 20, 2018, Cardinal Tobin revealed that during McCarrick's ministry in New Jersey, there had been accusations of sexual misconduct with three adults, and that two of the allegations had resulted in confidential financial settlements with the complainants.[84][85]On July 5, 2018, Fordham University rescinded an honorary degree and other honors it had granted McCarrick.[86][87][88] The Catholic University of America, where McCarrick earned two degrees and served in a variety of spiritual and administrative positions, also revoked the honorary degree it had awarded him in 2006.[89] On July 16, 2018, The New York Times published a front-page article describing McCarrick's abuse of adult seminarians.[3][90] On July 19, The New York Times published an article based on the story of a man named James, whose last name was withheld. A New Jersey man whose uncle had known McCarrick since high school, James alleged that McCarrick had sexually abused him beginning at age 11. James had been the first boy McCarrick had ever baptized. James said that McCarrick had exposed himself to him when he was 11 and had sexually touched him beginning when he was 13. He explained that he tried to tell his father a couple of years later but was not believed.[91][92] On November 13, James revealed himself as James Grein, and gave a public speech at the \"Silence Stops Now Rally\" in Baltimore, where he called on Catholics to \"reform and reclaim the Church.\" Speaking about alleged mishandling of allegations by Catholic bishops, he said, \"Our bishops must know that the jig is up.\"[93]On July 27, 2018, Pope Francis ordered McCarrick to observe \"a life of prayer and penance in seclusion\" and accepted his resignation from the College of Cardinals,[94] the first resignation since Louis Billot, a French prelate, resigned in 1927 when he refused an order to withdraw his support of Action Française, a monarchist movement that Pope Pius XI had condemned.[95] He is also the first cardinal to resign following allegations of sexual abuse.[65] The Pope took this action before the accusations were investigated by church officials, the first time an order of penance and prayer has been issued before a church trial.[96] McCarrick was not laicized (removed from the priesthood) at the time, pending the completion of a canonical trial.[65] The Holy See announced on July 28, 2018, that Pope Francis had ordered Archbishop McCarrick (as he then became known) to obey an \"obligation to remain in a house yet to be indicated to him\" and also observe \"a life of prayer and penance until the accusations made against him are examined in a regular canonical trial.\"[97]In December 2019, McCarrick was sued by a man named John Bellocchio, who said that McCarrick sexually abused him when he was a 14-year-old boy in the 1990s.[98]","title":"Sexual abuse and abuse of authority"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Archbishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop"},{"link_name":"Carlo Maria Viganò","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Maria_Vigan%C3%B2"},{"link_name":"Apostolic Nuncio to the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostolic_Nunciature_to_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Vatican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_See"},{"link_name":"Pietro Sambi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietro_Sambi"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNA_2018.08.25-99"},{"link_name":"Pope Benedict XVI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI"},{"link_name":"Pope Francis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Francis"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNA_2018.08.25-99"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Faggioli-58"},{"link_name":"Tarcisio Bertone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarcisio_Bertone"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNA_2018.08.25-99"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"Marc Ouellet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Ouellet"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AP111020-102"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Flynn-104"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Faggioli-58"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Esteves-105"},{"link_name":"Grand jury investigation of Catholic Church sexual abuse in Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_jury_investigation_of_Catholic_Church_sexual_abuse_in_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT_Schmitz-108"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cbsmay29-111"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mccarrickknowledge-112"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"}],"sub_title":"Viganò allegations","text":"On August 25, 2018, Archbishop Carlo Maria Viganò, former Apostolic Nuncio to the United States, released an 11-page letter describing a series of warnings to the Vatican regarding McCarrick. Viganò stated that Montalvo, then nuncio to the United States, had informed the Vatican in 2000 of what Viganò characterized as McCarrick's \"gravely immoral behaviour with seminarians and priests.\" He further stated that Archbishop Pietro Sambi, the nuncio from 2005 to 2011, had also informed the Vatican. Viganò says that in 2006 – when working at the Vatican – he wrote his own memo regarding McCarrick. However, he says, nothing was done to stop McCarrick. In 2008, Viganò says he wrote a second memo, including material from Sipe.[99]In 2009 or 2010, according to Viganò, Pope Benedict XVI placed severe restrictions on McCarrick's movements and public ministry, not allowing him to travel beyond the grounds of the seminary where he was living and not permitting him to say Mass in public. However, according to Viganò, Pope Francis subsequently removed these sanctions and made McCarrick \"his trusted counselor\", even though Francis \"knew from at least June 23, 2013 that McCarrick was a serial predator. He knew that he was a corrupt man, he covered for him to the bitter end.\"[99]However, Italian journalists Tornielli and Valente report that \"it was in 2007 – not 2009, as Viganò has said – that Pope Benedict XVI issued his 'instructions' to McCarrick.\"[58] McCarrick responded in a 2008 letter to Vatican Secretary of State, Tarcisio Bertone, writing that he had shared his bed with seminarians. He said that \"this was never done in secret or behind closed doors,\" and that he had never \"had sexual relations with anyone, man, woman or child, nor have I ever sought such acts.\"[100] Having given his explanation, the Archbishop then proceeded to largely ignore the Pope's instructions.Viganò called on Pope Francis and all others who he said covered up McCarrick's conduct to resign.[99] It was observed that during the time McCarrick was allegedly under sanction, he maintained a \"robust public presence\" full of international travel, public masses, speeches, and the acceptance of awards, although in July 2010, on the occasion of his eightieth birthday, he declined an interview with The Washington Post. The reporter said that the Cardinal seemed to be avoiding the media.[101] Both Cardinal Marc Ouellet, having been asked to come forward in 2018 by Viganò, and the \"2020 Vatican Report on McCarrick\" largely confirmed Viganò's statements that the Vatican under Benedict XVI imposed restrictions on McCarrick, although McCarrick proved often unwilling to follow them. The report also found that Viganò actively sought harsh sanctions for McCarrick while working as an official in the Secretariat of State. However, both Oullet and the report disputed Viganò's accusations against Francis, with the report admitting only that Francis heard of rumors about sexual impropriety by McCarrick but believed them to be discredited, and did not hear reports about abuse of minors until 2018.[102][103]Viganò stated that he discussed McCarrick's conduct and the penalties surrounding it with McCarrick's successor as Archbishop of Washington, Cardinal Wuerl, who he says transgressed the Pope's order by allowing McCarrick to continue living at the seminary and therefore putting other seminarians at risk. Wuerl, through his spokesperson, Ed McFadden, denied that he was aware of any restrictions on McCarrick. \"Archbishop Viganò presumed that Wuerl had specific information that Wuerl did not have,\" McFadden said.[104] McCarrick's situation reportedly became easier when Nuncio Pietro Sambi died unexpectedly in July 2011 and was succeeded by Viganò, who, according to Tornielli and Valente, proved less eager to enforce Benedict XVI's instructions to McCarrick.[58] Viganò subsequently acknowledged that Pope Benedict had made the restrictions private, perhaps \"due to the fact that he (Archbishop McCarrick) was already retired, maybe due to the fact that he (Pope Benedict) was thinking he was ready to obey.\"[105]The McCarrick case, along with the conclusion of the Grand jury investigation of Catholic Church sexual abuse in Pennsylvania, which alleged systematic cover-up of clergy sex abuse by bishops in Pennsylvania over decades, triggered a general call from Catholics across ideological boundaries for greater accountability and transparency in the church. However, these issues, in particular the Viganò allegations, have also escalated tensions in the Catholic Church between ideological liberals and conservatives, especially over the possible role of homosexuality in clergy sex abuse and the alleged complicity of Pope Francis in protecting McCarrick.[106][107][108][109][110]On May 28, 2019, McCarrick's private secretary, Msgr. Anthony J. Figueiredo, released letters written by McCarrick suggesting that while senior Vatican officials placed restrictions on the former Cardinal after abuse allegations surfaced, they were not official sanctions and were not strictly enforced under the papacies of either Pope Benedict XVI or Pope Francis.[111][112][113] In an interview published on May 28, 2019, Francis directly addressed the accusations made in Viganò's letter for the first time. He stated that he \"knew nothing\" about McCarrick's conduct.[114] McCarrick claimed to have discussed restrictions that were placed on him with Wuerl, but Wuerl denied that he had any knowledge of such restrictions.[115]","title":"Sexual abuse and abuse of authority"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St. Fidelis Friary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Fidelis_Friary"},{"link_name":"Victoria, Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sept28-117"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Slate932019-118"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Slate932019-118"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Slate932019-118"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic Diocese of Salina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Salina"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Slate932019-118"},{"link_name":"Holy See Press Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_See_Press_Office"},{"link_name":"laicized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loss_of_Clerical_State_(Catholic_Church)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WP21619-12"},{"link_name":"Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregation_for_the_Doctrine_of_the_Faith"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CDFverdict-119"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WP21619-12"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CDFverdict-119"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CDFverdict-119"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ncrreports-120"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CDFverdict-119"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNA21619-121"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WP21619-12"},{"link_name":"ordination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_orders_in_the_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"sacramental theology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacramental_theology"},{"link_name":"sacrament of Penance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacrament_of_Penance"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-122"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WP216192-13"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ncrreports-120"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WP21619-12"},{"link_name":"Slate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slate_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Slate932019-118"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-123"}],"sub_title":"Vatican trial and laicization","text":"On September 28, 2018, it was announced that McCarrick had moved to the Capuchin St. Fidelis Friary in Victoria, Kansas, the day before.[116][117][118] The announcement was unpopular with many of the citizens of Victoria, especially because the friary is near an elementary school.[118] Before McCarrick was laicized, the Archdiocese of Washington was paying a little over $500 a month for his lodging.[118] After he was laicized, the archdiocese stopped the payments, and the friary stated that it would not be receiving remuneration from McCarrick or the local Roman Catholic Diocese of Salina for McCarrick's stay, even though McCarrick offered to pay.[118]On February 16, 2019, the Holy See Press Office announced that McCarrick had been laicized.[12] The Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith (CDF), in a church penal process, found McCarrick guilty of \"solicitation in the Sacrament of Confession, and sins against the Sixth Commandment with minors and with adults, with the aggravating factor of the abuse of power\".[119] The guilty verdict was issued by the CDF on January 11, 2019, and McCarrick appealed.[12][119] The CDF rejected the appeal on February 13 and McCarrick was notified on February 15.[119][120] Pope Francis \"recognized the definitive nature of this decision made in accord with law, rendering it a res iudicata (i.e., admitting of no further recourse)\",[119][121] meaning it is final and McCarrick has no further opportunity to appeal.[12] The CDF used an expedited administrative process designed for cases in which evidence is overwhelming. McCarrick's ordination as a priest and Consecration as a bishop cannot be undone according to sacramental theology, but McCarrick cannot licitly (lawfully) perform any priestly duties, including celebrating Mass, although he may administer the sacrament of Penance to a penitent in danger of death; McCarrick can be stripped of the right to financial support from the church;[122] and his laicization is permanent.[13][120] McCarrick is the most senior church official in modern times to be laicized.[12]In an interview with Slate published in September 2019, McCarrick stated, \"I'm not as bad as they paint me. ... I do not believe that I did the things that they accused me of.\" McCarrick stated he believed the persons making accusations against him were \"encouraged to do that\" by his \"enemies\", and said repeatedly that many young men had come to the beach house without having any problems. McCarrick revealed that he never left the friary and participated in the daily routine of the other men who lived there.[118] In January 2020, it was announced that McCarrick had moved out of the friary to an undisclosed location that was \"secluded and away from public attention\". McCarrick reportedly made the decision to move over concerns that media attention regarding his presence there might have a negative impact on the friary and because he wanted to be closer to his family.[123]","title":"Sexual abuse and abuse of authority"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Title IX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Title_IX"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cruxnowsept2019-124"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cruxnowsept2019-124"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cruxnowsept2019-124"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-125"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-126"}],"sub_title":"Title IX","text":"On September 5, 2019, it was revealed that an investigation conducted by Seton Hall University found that McCarrick's acts of sexual abuse against seminarians at the university were classified as a Title IX offense.[124] Incidents of sex abuse McCarrick committed at both Immaculate Conception Seminary and St. Andrew's Seminary were not reported to the university because at the time, they were not compliant with Title IX.[124] The report, which was reviewed by the law firm of Latham & Watkins,[124] also accused McCarrick of creating a \"culture of fear and intimidation\" at Seton Hall University when he led the university as Archbishop of Newark.[125] On August 10, 2020, however, it was revealed that a seminary professor did report in the late 1980s that McCarrick was taking seminary students to his shore house and that this allegation was disregarded by the Catholic Church.[126]","title":"Sexual abuse and abuse of authority"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-127"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-128"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-grein-129"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-grein-129"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-upilawsuit-130"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mccarricklawsuit-131"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-upilawsuit-130"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mccarricklawsuit-131"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mccarricklawsuit-131"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mccarricklawsuit-131"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lawsuitnj-132"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-houseofabuse-133"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lawsuitnj-132"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-beachhouses-134"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mcreading-135"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mcreading-135"}],"sub_title":"Lawsuits","text":"In August 2019, one of McCarrick's alleged victims, James Grein, filed a lawsuit against McCarrick and the Archdiocese of New York.[127][128] In December 2019, Grein extended his lawsuit to the New Jersey-based Archdiocese of Newark and Diocese of Metuchen, claiming that the two dioceses committed gross negligence when they allowed McCarrick, who Grein stated was a friend of his family,[129] to continue to visit and sexually abuse him.[129] That same month, a new law went into effect throughout New Jersey which allowed more sex victims to file lawsuits.[130][131] This resulted in more of McCarrick's alleged New Jersey victims filing lawsuits against McCarrick and the two Dioceses he served in that state.[130][131] One of these cases was also reported to be the first sex abuse lawsuit brought against the Holy See,[131] which was accused of receiving reports of sex abuse committed by McCarrick in 1988 and 1995.[131]A lawsuit was filed on July 21, 2020, by an anonymous person saying that McCarrick operated a sex ring out of his New Jersey beachouse. The alleged victim maintained that McCarrick abused him with the assistance of other priests beginning in 1982, when he was 14. The lawsuit stated that boys were assigned different rooms in the house and paired with adult clergymen.[132] The alleged victim, who attended schools operated by the Archdiocese of Newark, alleged priests and others under the control of McCarrick engaged in \"open and obvious criminal sexual conduct\" that was kept cloaked by the church and also served as \"procurers\" for McCarrick.[133] The Archidocese of Newark, Diocese of Metuchen, where McCarrick was serving as bishop of at time of the alleged abuse, and the Catholic schools the alleged victim attended where named as defendants in the lawsuit as well.[132] On September 9, 2020, a new lawsuit was filed which alleged that McCarrick kept a second beach house which he also used as a sex ring when he was Bishop of Metuchen. It was also revealed that the Archdiocese of Newark had purchased one of McCarrick's Diocese of Metuchen beach houses in 1997, when he was serving as archbishop, just four months before selling the other beach house, which it also purchased from the Diocese of Metuchen, as well.[134]In November 2021, a new lawsuit was filed against both McCarrick and the Archdiocese of Newark by Michael Reading, an ordained priest who claimed McCarrick sexually abused him during a visit to the New Jersey shore in 1986.[135] The alleged abuse occurred around the same time McCarrick ordained Reading as a priest.[135]","title":"Sexual abuse and abuse of authority"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pope John Paul II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic"},{"link_name":"Office for Bishops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregation_for_Bishops"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AP111020-102"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-136"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-137"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-138"}],"sub_title":"Vatican report","text":"On November 10, 2020, the Vatican released a report about the handling of allegations against McCarrick. It states that through an October 1999 letter from Cardinal O'Connor, Pope John Paul II learned of allegations of sexual deviancy against McCarrick while in the process of considering him for the position of Archbishop of Washington, but that an investigation was paused after three of the four bishops tasked with looking into the accusations provided \"inaccurate and incomplete information.\" John Paul II then decided not to appoint him, but changed his mind after receiving a letter from McCarrick proclaiming his innocence. The report suggested that John Paul II was probably influenced by his experience in his native Poland where the communist government used \"spurious allegations against bishops to degrade the standing of the Church\". The report states that Benedict XVI asked for McCarrick's resignation as Archbishop of Washington in 2005, after learning about the 1994 letter to Hughes. The Vatican Office for Bishops ordered McCarrick to retire to private life verbally in 2006, and put it in writing in 2008, but both times he ignored their instructions. However, Benedict was also faulted in the report for not standing in the way of McCarrick's growing power. According to the report, Pope Francis, prior to becoming pope, had learned of allegations against McCarrick before McCarrick was named Archbishop of Washington, but believed that John Paul II had rejected them. Francis knew of rumors surrounding sexual conduct between McCarrick and adults but received no documentation of sexual impropriety against McCarrick until 2017, and was not aware of accusations of sexual abuse against minors until 2018.[102][136][137][138]","title":"Sexual abuse and abuse of authority"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Holy See","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_See"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-overallvaticanlawsuit-139"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-140"}],"sub_title":"Holy See federal lawsuit","text":"On November 19, 2020, four people who accused McCarrick of sexually abusing them filed a lawsuit against the Holy See in federal court in Newark, New Jersey, saying it had failed in its oversight of McCarrick over whom it exercised complete control as his employer. The Holy See says priests are not its employees and that its status as a foreign sovereign is a defense from such a suit.[139][140]","title":"Sexual abuse and abuse of authority"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wellesley College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellesley_College"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Wellesley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellesley,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Dedham District Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dedham_District_Court"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-141"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-142"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-143"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-144"},{"link_name":"Geneva Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva_Lake"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-145"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-146"}],"sub_title":"Criminal charges","text":"On July 29, 2021, McCarrick was charged with sexually assaulting a 16-year-old male in 1974, during a wedding reception for the boy's brother on the grounds of Wellesley College in Massachusetts. The complaint was filed by Wellesley Police in Dedham District Court.[141] On September 3, 2021, McCarrick pleaded not guilty in Dedham District Court to three counts of indecent assault and battery stemming from the alleged 1974 incident.[142]In an early 2023 court filing, McCarrick's lawyers stated that he had experienced \"significant\" and \"rapidly worsening\" cognitive decline, and was thus not fit to stand trial.[143] In June of that year, a state-appointed forensic psychologist found \"deficits of his memory and ability to retain information\", and on August 30, the court ruled that McCarrick was mentally incompetent to stand trial.[144]On April 16, 2023, McCarrick was charged with one count of fourth-degree sexual assault for an April 1977 incident that occurred near Geneva Lake in Wisconsin. McCarrick allegedly abused the victim over a period of time, including at the Geneva Lake residence where he fondled the victim's genitals.[145][146]","title":"Sexual abuse and abuse of authority"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[147]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-147"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rescindeddegreesnj-148"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cnarescinded-149"}],"text":"McCarrick was awarded at least 35 honorary degrees,[147] many of which have now been revoked or are currently under consideration for revocation.[148][149] Please be aware that it is possible that universities rescinded the honorary degrees and it may not be noted on this list.","title":"Honorary degrees"}]
[{"image_text":"McCarrick and Admiral William Fallon, September 16, 2001, in Washington, D.C.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/US_Navy_010916-N-3235P-001_Admiral_William_Fallon%2C_Vice_Chief_of_Naval_Operations%2C_greets_His_Eminence_Theodore_Cardinal_McCarrick%2C_Archbishop_of_Washington.jpg/220px-US_Navy_010916-N-3235P-001_Admiral_William_Fallon%2C_Vice_Chief_of_Naval_Operations%2C_greets_His_Eminence_Theodore_Cardinal_McCarrick%2C_Archbishop_of_Washington.jpg"},{"image_text":"Secretary Mel Martinez with Cardinal Theodore McCarrick in February 2002","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Secretary_Mel_Martinez_with_Cardinal_Theodore_McCarrick_207-DP-8339A.jpg/220px-Secretary_Mel_Martinez_with_Cardinal_Theodore_McCarrick_207-DP-8339A.jpg"},{"image_text":"McCarrick in June 2006","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Cardinal_McCarrick_june_18_06.jpg/220px-Cardinal_McCarrick_june_18_06.jpg"},{"image_text":"President George W. Bush and Laura Bush welcome outgoing Archbishop of Washington McCarrick, left, the incoming Archbishop of Washington Donald Wuerl, far right, and Papal Nuncio Pietro Sambi to the White House.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/President_George_W._Bush_and_Archbishop_of_Washington.jpg/220px-President_George_W._Bush_and_Archbishop_of_Washington.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Metuchen.svg/80px-Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Metuchen.svg.png"}]
[{"title":"Hans Hermann Groër","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Hermann_Gro%C3%ABr"}]
[{"reference":"Povoledo, Elisabetta; Otterman, Sharon (July 28, 2018). \"Cardinal Theodore McCarrick Resigns Amid Sexual Abuse Scandal\". The New York Times. New York City.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/28/world/europe/cardinal-theodore-mccarrick-resigns.html","url_text":"\"Cardinal Theodore McCarrick Resigns Amid Sexual Abuse Scandal\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Comunicato della Congregazione per la Dottrina della Fede, 16.02.2019\" (Press release). Holy See Press Office. February 16, 2019. Retrieved February 16, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/it/bollettino/pubblico/2019/02/16/0133/00272.html","url_text":"\"Comunicato della Congregazione per la Dottrina della Fede, 16.02.2019\""}]},{"reference":"Goodstein, Laurie; Otterman, Sharon (July 16, 2018). \"He Preyed on Men Who Wanted to Be Priests. Then He Became a Cardinal\". The New York Times. Retrieved July 16, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/16/us/cardinal-mccarrick-abuse-priest.html","url_text":"\"He Preyed on Men Who Wanted to Be Priests. Then He Became a Cardinal\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Gibson, David (June 16, 2014). \"Globe-trotting Cardinal Theodore McCarrick is almost 84, and working harder than ever\". The Washington Post. Washington, D.C.: Nash Holdings. Religion News Service.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/religion/globe-trotting-cardinal-theodore-mccarrick-is-almost-84-and-working-harder-than-ever/2014/06/16/bf40f9b8-f581-11e3-930d-ca5db8eb8323_story.html","url_text":"\"Globe-trotting Cardinal Theodore McCarrick is almost 84, and working harder than ever\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post","url_text":"The Washington Post"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nash_Holdings","url_text":"Nash Holdings"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_News_Service","url_text":"Religion News Service"}]},{"reference":"O'Neil, John (May 16, 2006). \"Pope Names New Archbishop for Washington\". The New York Times. New York City. Cardinal McCarrick, who was regarded as more moderate on many issues...","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/16/us/16cnd-bishop.html","url_text":"\"Pope Names New Archbishop for Washington\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Hunt, Albert (September 22, 2015). \"An insider's thoughts on a provocative pope\". The Chicago Tribune. Chicago, Illinois: Tribune Publishing. Bloomberg News.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/sns-wp-blm-news-bc-pope-archbishop-qanda22-20150922-story.html","url_text":"\"An insider's thoughts on a provocative pope\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chicago_Tribune","url_text":"The Chicago Tribune"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribune_Publishing","url_text":"Tribune Publishing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg_News","url_text":"Bloomberg News"}]},{"reference":"Dias, Elizabeth; Horowitz, Jason (February 16, 2019). \"Pope Defrocks Theodore McCarrick, Ex-Cardinal Accused of Sexual Abuse\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/16/us/mccarrick-defrocked-vatican.html","url_text":"\"Pope Defrocks Theodore McCarrick, Ex-Cardinal Accused of Sexual Abuse\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"D'Emilio, Frances; Winfield, Nicole (February 16, 2019). \"Vatican defrocks former US cardinal McCarrick for sex abuse\". The Washington Post. Washington, D.C.: Nash Holdings. Associated Press. Archived from the original on February 16, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190216145957/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/vatican-defrocks-former-us-cardinal-mccarrick-over-sex-abuse/2019/02/16/ca7ceafa-31ca-11e9-8781-763619f12cb4_story.html","url_text":"\"Vatican defrocks former US cardinal McCarrick for sex abuse\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post","url_text":"The Washington Post"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nash_Holdings","url_text":"Nash Holdings"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press","url_text":"Associated Press"},{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/vatican-defrocks-former-us-cardinal-mccarrick-over-sex-abuse/2019/02/16/ca7ceafa-31ca-11e9-8781-763619f12cb4_story.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bruenig, Elizabeth (September 12, 2018). \"He wanted to be a priest. He says Archbishop McCarrick used that to abuse him\". The Washington Post. Washington, D.C.: Nash Holdings. Retrieved September 12, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/he-wanted-to-be-a-priest-he-says-archbishop-mccarrick-used-that-to-abuse-him/2018/09/12/eff6e726-b606-11e8-94eb-3bd52dfe917b_story.html","url_text":"\"He wanted to be a priest. He says Archbishop McCarrick used that to abuse him\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post","url_text":"The Washington Post"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nash_Holdings","url_text":"Nash Holdings"}]},{"reference":"McElwee, Joshua J. (August 17, 2018). \"San Diego bishop responds to survivor advocate letter that alleged abuse by McCarrick\". National Catholic Reporter. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B6st%C3%A4m_Yaxin
Röstäm Yaxin
["1 Notable works","2 Personal life","3 Awards","4 References"]
Soviet-Tatar composer (1921–1993) Röstəm YaxinРөстәм ЯхинРустем ЯхинGravestone in Kazan.Born16 August 1921Kazan, TASSR, RSFSR, Soviet UnionDied23 November 1993Kazan, Tatarstan, Russia Röstəm Möxəmmətxaci ulı Yaxin (Tatar: Рөстәм Мөхәммәтхаҗи улы Яхин, Russian: Рустем Мухаметхазеевич Яхин, romanized: Rustem Mukhametkhazeyevich Yakhin; 16 August 1921 – 23 November 1993) was a Tatar composer and pianist, People's Artist of the USSR (1986). Author of more than 300 songs and romances, including the State Anthem of the Republic of Tatarstan. Röstəm Yaxin was a laureate of the Ğabdulla Tuqay Tatar ASSR State Prize in 1959. Notable works Məxəbbət cırı (Мәхәббәт җыры / Песнь любви, Pesn lyubvi) Işanam (Ышанам / Верю, Veryu) Bezneñ ənilər (Безнең әниләр / Наши матери, Nashi materi) Aq cilkən (Ак җилкән / Белый парус, Belyi narus) Dulqınnar (Дулкыннар / Волны, Volny) Kitmə, Sanduğaç (Китмә, сандугач / Не улетай, соловей, Nye uletay, solovey) Kerim əle urmannarğa (Керим әле урманнарга / Войду я в лес, Voydu ya v les) Küñelemdə yaz (Күңелемдә яз / В душе весна, V dushe vesna) Personal life He was married to Halima Zakirovna Tazetdinova (1923–2004). The couple had no children. Awards Order of the Red Banner of Labour Order of the Badge of Honour Medal "Veteran of Labour" Medal "For the Victory over Germany in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945" Medal "For the Defence of Moscow" Jubilee Medal "In Commemoration of the 100th Anniversary since the Birth of Vladimir Il'ich Lenin" Jubilee Medal "70 Years of the Armed Forces of the USSR" People's Artist of the USSR People's Artist of the RSFSR Honoured Artist of the RSFSR References ^ a b "Яхин Рустем Мухаметхазеевич". ^ "Рустем Яхин — биография композитора". Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States Czech Republic Poland This article on a Russian composer is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1939_New_York_Film_Critics_Circle_Awards
1939 New York Film Critics Circle Awards
["1 Winners","2 References","3 External links"]
5th New York Film Critics Circle Awards 5th New York Film Critics Circle Awards December 27, 1939 Best Film: Wuthering Heights The 5th New York Film Critics Circle Awards, announced on 27 December 1939, honored the best filmmaking of 1939. Winners Best Picture: Wuthering Heights Runner-up – Gone with the Wind and Mr. Smith Goes to Washington Best Actor: James Stewart – Mr. Smith Goes to Washington Best Actress: Vivien Leigh – Gone with the Wind Best Director: John Ford – Stagecoach Best Foreign Film: Harvest (Regain) • France References ^ "New York Critics Give Top Award to "Wuthering Heights"". The Southeast Missourian. 29 December 1939. Retrieved 29 December 2017 – via Google News Archive. External links 1939 Awards vteNew York Film Critics CircleCurrent awards Best Film Best Director Best Actor Best Actress Best Supporting Actor Best Supporting Actress Best Screenplay Best Cinematographer Best Animated Film Best Foreign Language Film Best Non-Fiction Film Best First Film Retired awards Best Documentary (1980–1997) Best New Director (1989–1992, 1994–1996) Ceremonies 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnal_Knowledge_(game_show)
Carnal Knowledge (game show)
["1 Gameplay","2 References","3 External links"]
For other uses, see Carnal knowledge (disambiguation). British TV series or programme Carnal KnowledgeGenreGame showPresented byMaria McErlaneStarringRobert Llewellyn (pilot)Graham Norton (series)Theme music composerSimon BassPeter StuartCountry of originUnited KingdomOriginal languageEnglishNo. of series1No. of episodes27ProductionRunning time60 minutes (inc. adverts)Production companiesRapido TV and GranadaOriginal releaseNetworkChannel 4 (pilot)ITV (series)Release15 February (1996-02-15) –1 August 1996 (1996-08-01) Carnal Knowledge is a short-lived British television game show relating to sex. It was shown very late at night, in accordance with its explicit subject matter. It was one of only a handful of shows to transfer from Channel 4 (where the pilot edition was shown as part of a sex-themed weekend) to ITV. Gameplay Each edition featured two different couples being asked personal questions by Maria McErlane about their sex lives. Graham Norton acted as the assistant. One of his roles was keeping the scores. References ^ "Graham Norton's Carnal Knowledge". ^ "Graham Norton: Naughty but nice". BBC. 15 December 2003. Retrieved 1 October 2012. ^ Rampton, James (20 June 1998). "Interview: Graham Norton: Father Ted's legacy". Independent. London. Retrieved 1 October 2012. ^ "Graham Norton Sells Production Company to ITV for €21m". IFTM. Retrieved 1 October 2012. External links Carnal Knowledge at IMDb Carnal Knowledge at UKGameshows.com This article relating to a television programme from the UK is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasil_Radoslavov
Vasil Radoslavov
["1 Biography","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]
Prime Minister of Bulgaria (1854–1929) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Vasil Radoslavov" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2007) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Vasil RadoslavovВасил Радославов7th Prime Minister of BulgariaIn office28 August 1886 – 10 July 1887MonarchsAlexander (28 August 1886 – 7 September 1886) Regency (7 September 1886 – 29 April 1887) Ferdinand (29 April 1887 – 10 July 1887)Preceded byPetko KaravelovSucceeded byKonstantin StoilovIn office17 July 1913 – 21 June 1918MonarchFerdinandPreceded byStoyan DanevSucceeded byAleksandar MalinovMinister of JusticeIn office11 July 1884 – 24 July 1886Prime MinisterPetko KaravelovPreceded byKonstantin PomyanovSucceeded byGavril OroshakovIn office21 August 1886 – 24 August 1886Prime MinisterKliment TurnovskiPreceded byGavril OroshakovSucceeded byGavril OroshakovIn office31 May 1894 – 29 September 1894Prime MinisterKonstantin StoilovPreceded byKonstantin PomyanovSucceeded byPetar Peshev Personal detailsBorn(1854-07-27)27 July 1854Lovech, Ottoman EmpireDied21 October 1929(1929-10-21) (aged 75)Berlin, Weimar RepublicResting placeSofia, BulgariaNationalityBulgarianPolitical partyLiberal Party (until 1887) Liberal Party (Radoslavists) (1887–1920)Signature Signing of the Peace treaty with Ukraine (February 9, 1918) by 1. Count Ottokar Czernin, 2. Richard von Kühlmann and 3. Vasil Radoslavov Vasil Hristov Radoslavov (Bulgarian: Васил Христов Радославов) (27 July 1854 – 21 October 1929) was a leading Bulgarian liberal politician who twice served as Prime Minister. He was Premier of the country throughout most of World War I. Biography Born in Lovech, Radoslavov studied law at Heidelberg and became a supporter of Germany from then on. He became a political figure in 1884 when he was appointed Minister of Justice in the cabinet of Petko Karavelov, also holding the position under Archbishop Kliment Turnovski. He succeeded Karavelov as Prime Minister in 1886 and being aged 32 years, was the youngest person to have ever been Prime Minister of Bulgaria. Additionally he was the Minister of Finance. His brief reign was marked by corruption and ultimately led to a split in the Liberal Party, with a Radoslav Liberal Party formed in 1887 as a grouping for right-wing liberals. Radoslavov was noted for his strong support for friendship with Austria-Hungary. He returned to government in 1899 as Minister for Internal Affairs in the government of Todor Ivanchov, although after this he remained out of office until 1913 when he returned as Prime Minister. His anti-Russian rhetoric impressed Ferdinand who worked closely with Radoslavov in shaping foreign policy. He secured a large loan from Germany and Austria-Hungary in July 1914 but also managed to delay Bulgarian entry into the War. His popularity fell after Bulgaria officially entered the War, however, with money and resources now directed fully to the war effort. As Prime Minister he oversaw the liberation of Southern Dobruja and the occupation of Northern Dobruja in 1916 with the aid of German General August von Mackensen, although the move lost him some support from the German government as they wanted some of the territory for themselves. His government remained in office until June 1918, when the more moderate Aleksandar Malinov was recalled in the hope of brokering a favourable peace deal, with Radoslavov blamed for the failure of Bulgaria to gain full control of Northern Dobruja in the Treaty of Bucharest (the southern part of Northern Dobruja was ceded to Bulgaria, while the northern part of the region was placed under joint Bulgarian, Turkish, German and Austrian-Hungarian administration). By this point the Radoslavov government had become a by-word for corruption and subservience to Germany. Radoslavov fled Bulgaria after the war, going into exile in Germany. In 1922 the regime of Aleksandar Stamboliyski sentenced him to death in absentia for his part in the defeat. He was pardoned in 1929, the same year in which he died whilst still in exile in Berlin, Weimar Republic, on 21 October. On 3 November, he was buried in Sofia. See also Liberalism and radicalism in Bulgaria Political offices Preceded byPetko Karavelov Prime Minister of Bulgaria 1886–1887 Succeeded byKonstantin Stoilov Preceded byStoyan Danev Prime Minister of Bulgaria 1913–1918 Succeeded byAleksandar Malinov Preceded byKonstantin Pomyanov Minister of Justice 1884–1886 Succeeded byGavril Oroshakov Preceded byGavril Oroshakov Minister of Justice 1886 Succeeded byGavril Oroshakov Preceded byKonstantin Pomyanov Minister of Justice 1894 Succeeded byPetar Peshev vtePrime ministers of Bulgaria List of heads of government of Bulgaria Principality Burmov Turnovski D. Tsankov Karavelov Ehrnrooth Sobolev D. Tsankov Karavelov Turnovski Karavelov Radoslavov Stoilov Stambolov Stoilov Grekov Ivanchov Petrov Karavelov Danev Petrov Petkov Stanchov Gudev Malinov Tsardom Malinov Geshov Danev Radoslavov Malinov Teodorov Stamboliyski A. Tsankov Lyapchev Malinov Mushanov Georgiev Zlatev Toshev Kyoseivanov Filov Gabrovski Bozhilov Bagryanov Muraviev Georgiev People's Republic G. Dimitrov Kolarov Chervenkov Yugov Zhivkov Todorov Filipov Atanasov Lukanov Republic Popov P. Dimitrov Berov Indzhova Videnov Sofiyanski Kostov Saxe-Coburg-Gotha Stanishev Borisov Raykov Oresharski Bliznashki Borisov Gerdzhikov Borisov Yanev Petkov Donev Denkov Glavchev Italics indicate interim officeholders. References ^ "Ministry of Finance :: Vasil Radoslavov". www.minfin.bg. Archived from the original on 10 June 2009. ^ "Ministry of Finance :: Ministers". www.minfin.bg. ^ S.G. Evans, A Short History of Bulgaria, London, Lawrence and Wishart, 1960, p. 152 ^ a b S.G. Evans, A Short History of Bulgaria, London, Lawrence and Wishart, 1960, p. 156 ^ Saturday, 22 August, 2009 Michael Duffy (22 August 2009). "Who's Who - Vasil Radoslavov". First World War.com. Retrieved 22 March 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) External links Newspaper clippings about Vasil Radoslavov in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany United States Czech Republic Academics CiNii People Deutsche Biographie
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brest-litovsk_treaty.jpg"},{"link_name":"Peace treaty with Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk_(Ukraine%E2%80%93Central_Powers)"},{"link_name":"Count Ottokar Czernin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_Ottokar_Czernin"},{"link_name":"Richard von Kühlmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_von_K%C3%BChlmann"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_language"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"liberal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"}],"text":"Signing of the Peace treaty with Ukraine (February 9, 1918) by 1. Count Ottokar Czernin, 2. Richard von Kühlmann and 3. Vasil RadoslavovVasil Hristov Radoslavov (Bulgarian: Васил Христов Радославов) (27 July 1854 – 21 October 1929) was a leading Bulgarian liberal politician who twice served as Prime Minister. He was Premier of the country throughout most of World War I.","title":"Vasil Radoslavov"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lovech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovech"},{"link_name":"Heidelberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruprecht_Karl_University_of_Heidelberg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Petko Karavelov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petko_Karavelov"},{"link_name":"Kliment Turnovski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kliment_Turnovski"},{"link_name":"Minister of Finance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_(Bulgaria)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Radoslav Liberal Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Radoslavists)"},{"link_name":"right-wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right-wing"},{"link_name":"Austria-Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria-Hungary"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Todor Ivanchov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todor_Ivanchov"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Austria-Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria-Hungary"},{"link_name":"Southern Dobruja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Dobruja"},{"link_name":"Northern Dobruja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Dobruja"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire"},{"link_name":"August von Mackensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_von_Mackensen"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-4"},{"link_name":"Aleksandar Malinov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandar_Malinov"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Bucharest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1918)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-4"},{"link_name":"Aleksandar Stamboliyski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandar_Stamboliyski"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"},{"link_name":"Weimar Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weimar_Republic"},{"link_name":"Sofia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofia"}],"text":"Born in Lovech, Radoslavov studied law at Heidelberg[1] and became a supporter of Germany from then on. He became a political figure in 1884 when he was appointed Minister of Justice in the cabinet of Petko Karavelov, also holding the position under Archbishop Kliment Turnovski. He succeeded Karavelov as Prime Minister in 1886 and being aged 32 years, was the youngest person to have ever been Prime Minister of Bulgaria. Additionally he was the Minister of Finance.[2] His brief reign was marked by corruption and ultimately led to a split in the Liberal Party, with a Radoslav Liberal Party formed in 1887 as a grouping for right-wing liberals. Radoslavov was noted for his strong support for friendship with Austria-Hungary.[3]He returned to government in 1899 as Minister for Internal Affairs in the government of Todor Ivanchov, although after this he remained out of office until 1913 when he returned as Prime Minister. His anti-Russian rhetoric impressed Ferdinand who worked closely with Radoslavov in shaping foreign policy. He secured a large loan from Germany and Austria-Hungary in July 1914 but also managed to delay Bulgarian entry into the War. His popularity fell after Bulgaria officially entered the War, however, with money and resources now directed fully to the war effort. As Prime Minister he oversaw the liberation of Southern Dobruja and the occupation of Northern Dobruja in 1916 with the aid of German General August von Mackensen, although the move lost him some support from the German government as they wanted some of the territory for themselves.[4] His government remained in office until June 1918, when the more moderate Aleksandar Malinov was recalled in the hope of brokering a favourable peace deal, with Radoslavov blamed for the failure of Bulgaria to gain full control of Northern Dobruja in the Treaty of Bucharest (the southern part of Northern Dobruja was ceded to Bulgaria, while the northern part of the region was placed under joint Bulgarian, Turkish, German and Austrian-Hungarian administration). By this point the Radoslavov government had become a by-word for corruption and subservience to Germany.[4]Radoslavov fled Bulgaria after the war, going into exile in Germany. In 1922 the regime of Aleksandar Stamboliyski sentenced him to death in absentia for his part in the defeat. He was pardoned in 1929, the same year in which he died whilst still in exile[5] in Berlin, Weimar Republic, on 21 October. On 3 November, he was buried in Sofia.","title":"Biography"}]
[{"image_text":"Signing of the Peace treaty with Ukraine (February 9, 1918) by 1. Count Ottokar Czernin, 2. Richard von Kühlmann and 3. Vasil Radoslavov","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Brest-litovsk_treaty.jpg/200px-Brest-litovsk_treaty.jpg"}]
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Tsankov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragan_Tsankov"},{"title":"Karavelov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petko_Karavelov"},{"title":"Turnovski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kliment_Turnovski"},{"title":"Karavelov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petko_Karavelov"},{"title":"Radoslavov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"title":"Stoilov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantin_Stoilov"},{"title":"Stambolov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_Stambolov"},{"title":"Stoilov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantin_Stoilov"},{"title":"Grekov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitar_Grekov"},{"title":"Ivanchov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todor_Ivanchov"},{"title":"Petrov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racho_Petrov"},{"title":"Karavelov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petko_Karavelov"},{"title":"Danev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoyan_Danev"},{"title":"Petrov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racho_Petrov"},{"title":"Petkov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitar_Petkov"},{"title":"Stanchov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitar_Stanchov"},{"title":"Gudev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petar_Gudev"},{"title":"Malinov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandar_Malinov"},{"title":"Tsardom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bulgaria"},{"title":"Malinov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandar_Malinov"},{"title":"Geshov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Evstratiev_Geshov"},{"title":"Danev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoyan_Danev"},{"title":"Radoslavov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"title":"Malinov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandar_Malinov"},{"title":"Teodorov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teodor_Teodorov"},{"title":"Stamboliyski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandar_Stamboliyski"},{"title":"A. Tsankov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandar_Tsankov"},{"title":"Lyapchev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrey_Lyapchev"},{"title":"Malinov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandar_Malinov"},{"title":"Mushanov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Mushanov"},{"title":"Georgiev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimon_Georgiev"},{"title":"Zlatev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pencho_Zlatev"},{"title":"Toshev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrey_Toshev"},{"title":"Kyoseivanov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgi_Kyoseivanov"},{"title":"Filov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogdan_Filov"},{"title":"Gabrovski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petur_Gabrovski"},{"title":"Bozhilov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobri_Bozhilov"},{"title":"Bagryanov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Ivanov_Bagryanov"},{"title":"Muraviev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantin_Muraviev"},{"title":"Georgiev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimon_Georgiev"},{"title":"People's Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Bulgaria"},{"title":"G. Dimitrov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgi_Dimitrov"},{"title":"Kolarov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasil_Kolarov"},{"title":"Chervenkov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valko_Chervenkov"},{"title":"Yugov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Yugov"},{"title":"Zhivkov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todor_Zhivkov"},{"title":"Todorov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanko_Todorov"},{"title":"Filipov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grisha_Filipov"},{"title":"Atanasov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgi_Atanasov_(politician)"},{"title":"Lukanov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrey_Lukanov"},{"title":"Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria"},{"title":"Popov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitar_Iliev_Popov"},{"title":"P. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_empires
List of Muslim states and dynasties
["1 By land area","2 Middle East and North Africa","2.1 Mesopotamia and Levant (Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine, Syria)","2.2 Arabian Peninsula and Persian Gulf","2.3 North Africa (Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia)","3 Horn of Africa","4 Persian Plateau","5 Indian subcontinent","6 Southern Europe","7 Sahel and Subsaharan Africa","8 East Africa (\"Swahili Coast\")","9 Indian Ocean Region","10 Eastern Europe (Balkan Region)","11 Ural Region, Siberia (Russia)","12 Central Asia, East Asia","13 Southeast Asia","14 See also","15 References"]
This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "List of Muslim states and dynasties" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia. See Wikipedia's guide to writing better articles for suggestions. (November 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article includes a list of successive Islamic states and Muslim dynasties beginning with the time of the Islamic prophet Muhammad (570–632 CE) and the early Muslim conquests that spread Islam outside of the Arabian Peninsula, and continuing through to the present day. The first-ever establishment of an Islamic polity goes back to the Islamic State of Medina, which was established by Muhammad in the city of Medina in 622 CE. Following his death in 632 CE, his immediate successors established the Rashidun Caliphate. After that Muslim dynasties rose; some of these dynasties established notable and prominent Muslim empires, such as the Umayyad Empire and later the Abbasid Empire, Ottoman Empire centered around Anatolia, the Safavid Empire of Persia, and the Mughal Empire in India. By land area No Dynasty/State Land area Today part of Period 1 Abbasid Caliphate 11.1m² Km •Iraq• Saudi Arabia• Syria• Iran• Egypt• Yemen• Algeria• Oman• Bahrain• Qatar• United Arab Emirates• Jordan• Lebanon• Palestine• Russia• Israel• Libya• Tunisia• Pakistan• Azerbaijan• Turkey• Armenia• Kuwait• Afghanistan• Tajikistan• Uzbekistan• Kazakhstan• Turkmenistan• Kyrgyzstan• Cyprus• Georgia• China 750–1258 1261–1517 2 Umayyad Caliphate 11.1m² Km •Iraq• Saudi Arabia• Syria• Iran• Egypt• Yemen• Algeria• Oman• Bahrain• Qatar• United Arab Emirates• France• Spain• Portugal• Morocco• Western Sahara• Jordan• Lebanon• Palestine• Israel• Uzbekistan• Kyrgyzstan• Libya• Russia• Tunisia• Pakistan• Azerbaijan• Turkey• Armenia• Kuwait• Afghanistan• Tajikistan• Cyprus• Georgia 661–750 3 Rashidun Caliphate 6.4m² Km •Iraq• Saudi Arabia• Syria• Iran• Egypt• Yemen• Algeria• Oman• Bahrain• Qatar• United Arab Emirates• Jordan• Lebanon• Palestine• Israel• Libya• Tunisia• Pakistan• Azerbaijan• Turkey• Armenia• Kuwait• Afghanistan 632–661 4  Golden Horde 6.0m² Km • Russia• Ukraine• Kazakhstan• Kyrgyzstan• Hungary• Armenia• Georgia• Azerbaijan• Poland• Moldova 1313–1502 (Islamic) 5  Ottoman Empire 5.2m² Km • Turkey• Greece• Egypt• Syria• Albania• Lebanon• Armenia• Algeria• Hungary• Bulgaria• Iraq• Bosnia and Herzegovina• Cyprus• Russia• Ukraine• Saudi Arabia• Iran• Libya• Palestine• Israel• Jordan• Romania• Sudan• Somalia• Ethiopia• Djibouti• Yemen• Kuwait• Tunisia• Azerbaijan• Georgia• Moldova• Slovenia• Slovakia• Poland• Serbia• Kosovo• Bulgaria• Croatia• North Macedonia• Eritrea• Montenegro 1299–1922 6 Timurid empire 4.4m² Km • Uzbekistan• China• Pakistan• Iran• Afghanistan• India• Azerbaijan• Armenia• Russia• Georgia• Syria• Iraq• Kyrgyzstan• Kazakhstan• Turkmenistan• Tajikistan• Turkey 1370–1507 7  Fatimid Caliphate 4.1m² Km • Egypt• Palestine• Lebanon• Jordan• Algeria• Morocco• Tunisia• Libya• Saudi Arabia• Iraq• Syria• Turkey• Italy• Sudan• Israel• Chad• Niger 909–1171 8 Mughal Empire 4.0m² Km • Pakistan• India• Bangladesh• Afghanistan• Iran• Tajikistan• Myanmar 1526–1857 9 Seljuk Empire 3.9m² Km • Iran• Syria• Iraq• Oman• United Arab Emirates• Bahrain• Qatar• Afghanistan• Tajikistan• Turkmenistan• Turkey• Lebanon• Palestine• Israel• Jordan• Azerbaijan• Georgia 1037–1194 10 Ilkhanate 3.75m² Km • Iran• Syria• Turkey• Azerbaijan• Pakistan• Afghanistan• Tajikistan• Armenia• Georgia• Turkmenistan 1295–1335 (Islamic) 11 Khwarazmian Empire 3.6m² Km • Iran• Azerbaijan• China• Pakistan• Afghanistan• Turkmenistan• Tajikistan• Uzbekistan• Kyrgyzstan• Kazakhstan 1077–1231 12 Chagatai Khanate 3.5m² Km • China• Uzbekistan• Turkmenistan• Kazakhstan• Kyrgyzstan• Afghanistan• Mongolia• Russia 1347–1660 (Islamic) 13 Ghaznavid Empire 3.4m² Km • Afghanistan• Iran• Pakistan• India• Turkmenistan• China• Tajikistan• Kyrgyzstan• Uzbekistan 977–1186 14 Delhi Sultanate 3.2m²km • India• Pakistan• Bangladesh• Afghanistan 1206–1526 15 Safavid Empire 2.9m² Km • Iran• Afghanistan• Azerbaijan• Pakistan• Tajikistan• Iraq• Syria 1501–1736 16 Samanid Dynasty 2.85m² Km • Afghanistan• Pakistan• Iran• Tajikistan• Turkmenistan• Uzbekistan 819–999 17 Saffarid Dynasty 2.85m² Km • Afghanistan• Pakistan• Iran• Tajikistan• Turkmenistan• Uzbekistan 861–1003 Middle East and North Africa Main article: MENA Mesopotamia and Levant (Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine, Syria) Umayyad caliphate (661–750, based in Damascus) Abbasid caliphate (750–1258, based in Baghdad) Ayyubid dynasty (1171–1341, based in Damascus and Aleppo) Zengid dynasty (1127–1250, based in Aleppo) Burid dynasty (1104–1154) Hamdanid dynasty (890–1004, based in Aleppo) Uqaylid dynasty (990–1096; Syria, Iraq) Bani Assad (990–1081, Iraq) Numayrid (990–1081; Syria, Turkey) Marwanid (983–1085; Syria, Turkey, Armenia, Iraq) Mirdasid dynasty (1024–1080, Syria) Artuqids (1101–1409; Syria, Turkey, Iraq) Baban (1649–1851, Iraq) Soran (1816–1835, Iraq) Emirate of Hakkari (1380s–1845; Turkey, Syria) Bahdinan (1339–1843, Iraq) Bohtan (1330–1855) Principality of Bitlis (1182–1847) Hadhabani (906–1070) Mukriyan (1050–1500) Qarghuyah, Emirate of Aleppo (969–977) Nizari Ismaili state (1090–1256; Iraq, Iran, Syria) Emirate of Aleppo, Lulu' dynasty (1004–1016) Assaf dynasty (1306–1591, Lebanon) Harfush dynasty (1517–1865, Lebanon, Syria) Mamluk dynasty of Iraq (1734–1831) Emirate of Mosul (905–1096, 1127–1222, 1254–1383, 1758–1918) Emirate of Transjordan (1921–1946; Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Iraq) Arab Kingdom of Syria (1920) Kingdom of Iraq (1921–1958) Kingdom of Jordan (1921–present) Arabian Peninsula and Persian Gulf Main article: Arab states of the Persian Gulf Saudi Arabia Rashidun Caliphate (632–661) Emirate of Mecca (1916–1924) Saudi State Emirate of Riyadh (1903–1918) Saudi 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(1794–1947) Radhanpur State (1753–1948) Nawab of Rajouri (1194–1846) Rampur State (1719–1947) Sachin State (1791–1947) Sardargarh Bantva (1743–1948) Savanur State (1680–1912) Nawab of Surat (1733–1842) Tonk State (1817–1947) Zainabad (1903–1947) Mewat (1372–1527) Kharagpur Raj (1615–1840) Qaimkhani (1384–1731) Lalkhani Kingdom of Rohilkhand (1710–1857) Nanpara (1632–1947) Nawab of Mamdot (1800–1947) Bhikampur and Datawali (Aligarh) State (1750–1947) Nawab of Farrukhnagar (1732–1947) Nawab of Chhatari (1680–1981) Nawab of Sardhana (1842–1947) Faujdars of Purnea (1704–1947) Nawab of Pahasu (1825–1969) Southern Europe Spain & Portugal Mezquita Emirate of Cordoba (756–929) Caliph of Cordoba (929–1031) Taifa of Arjona (1232–1244) Taifa of Barcelona (716–801) Taifa of Baeza (1224–1226) Taifa of Ceuta (1026–1079) Taifa of Constantina and Hornachuelos (1143–1150) Taifa of Guadix and Baza (1145–1151) Taifa of Saltes and Huelva (1012–1051) Taifa of Jaen (1145–1168) Taifa of Lérida 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1080's–1100) Taifa of Lorca (1228–1250) Taifa of Menorca (1228–1287) Emirate of Granada (1228–1492) France Fraxinetum (887–972) The Emirate of Septimania, Southern France (Gaul) (719–759) Rule by: Umayyad Caliph of Cordova Italy The Emirate of Bari (847–871) The Emirate of Taranto (831–880) The Emirate of Sicily (802–1091) Rule by: Wali of Sicily (802–827) Euphemius & Asad Aghlabids of Sicily (827–909) Fatimids of Sicily (909–965) Emirate of Sicily (965–1091) Kalbids Gibraltar Gibraltar Maghreb (711–1462) Sahel and Subsaharan Africa Sudan, South Sudan Banu Kanz (1004–1412) Nubian Kingdom of al-Abwab (1276–1560) Darfur Sultanate (1445–1916) Dar Fertit (1700–1873) Dar al Masalit Sultanate (1884–1921) Dar Qimr Sultanate (1850–1945) Funj Sultanate (1503–1821) Kingdom of Fazughli (1685–1821) Under Sennar Kordofan Sultanate (1700–1821) Khedivate of Egypt (1867–1914) Mahdiyya (1889–1898) Sultanate of Egypt (1914–1z922) Kingdom of Egypt (1922–1958) Mauritania Emirate of Brakna (1600–1934) Emirate of Trarza (1640–present) Emirate of Adrar (1740–1932) Emirate of Tagant (1580–present) Niger Dendi Kingdom (1591–1901) Sultanate of Agadez (1449–1900) Sultanate of Damagaram (1731–present) Dosso kingdom (1750–present) Sultanate Maradi (1807–present) Tera Kingdom (1700–present) Kokoro Kingdom (1700–1901) Goure Kingdom (1700–1960) Dargol Kingdom (1700–1901) Emirate of Say (1825–1860) Nigeria Bornu Empire (1380–1893) Sokoto Caliphate (1804–1903) Hausa Kingdoms (1696–1831) Nupe Kingdom (1531–1872) Biu Kingdom (1535–1740) Gadawur Kingdom (1421–1807) Biram Kingdom (1110–1808) Kingdom of Ila Orangun (1680–present) Iwo Kingdom (1415–present) Kingdom of Kano (999–1349) Sultanate of Kano (1350–1805) Sultanate of Kebbi (1515–1831) Yauri Kingdom (1400–1799) Zamfara Kingdom (1200–1804) Zaria Kingdom (1200–1896) Osogbo Kingdom (1760–present) Ede Kingdom (1858–present) Suleja Emirate (1804–present) Adamawa Emirate (1809–present) Agaie Emirate (1832–present) Bade Emirate (1818–present) Bashar Emirate Bauchi Emirate (1805–present) Bida Emirate (1856–present) Biu Emirate (1740–present) Birnin Gwari Borgu Emirate (1730–present) Borno Emirate (1902–present) Damaturu Emirate (2004–present) Daura Emirate (1778–present) Dikwa Emirate (1901–present) Fika Emirate (1806–present) Gobir Kingdom (1694–1800) Gobir Emirate (1800–present) Gombe Emirate (1804–present) Gujba Emirate (2000–present) Gumel Emirate (1750–present) Gusau Emirate (1997–present) Gwandu Emirate (1849–present) Hadejia Emirate (1808–present) Ohinoyi of Ebiraland (1904–present) Ilorin Emirate (1824–present) Jajere Emirate (2000–present) Jama'are Emirate (1811–present) Jema'a Emirate (1810–present) Kano Emirate (1805–present) Katagum Emirate (1807–present) Katsina Emirate (1903–present) Kazaure Emirate (1819–present) Kebbi Emirate (1849–present) Keffi Emirate (1802–present) Kontagora Emirate (1858–present) Koton Karifi (1800–present) Lafia Emirate (1650–present) Lafiagi Emirate (1975–present) Lapai Emirate (1825–present) Lere Emirate (1808–present) Machina Emirate Misau Emirate (1850–present) Mubi Emirate (1805–present) Muri Emirate (1817–present) Nasarawa Emirate (1835–present) Ningi Emirate (1827–present) Pategi Emirate (1897–present) Potiskum Emirate (1809–present) Tula Chiefdom (2003–present) Rano Emirate (1819–present) Rano Kingdom (523–1819) Yauri Emirate (1799–present) Zamfara Emirate (1804–present) Zazzau Emirate (1808–present) Agbede (1880–present) Ajasse Ipo (1749–present) Ado-Odo Kingdom (1494–present) Auchi (1819–present) Kaiama Emirate (1770–present) Dutse Emirate (1807–present) Gwoza Emirate (1919–present) Ibadan (1820–present) Bichi Emirate (2019–present) Gaya Emirate (2019–present) Karaye Emirate (2019–present) Gwanara Emirate (1810–present) Shanga Emirate (1859–present) Wase Emirate (1820–present) Yashikira Emirate (1769–present) Bwari Emirate (1976–present) Mali Ghana Empire (500–1200) Mali Empire (1230–1670) Gao Empire (750–1430) Songhai Empire (1340–1591) Pashalik of Timbuktu (1591–1833) Sosso Empire (1100–1235) Bamana Empire (1712–1862) Kaarta Empire (1753–1854) Regional Fulani Empire of Sokoto (1804–1903) Fulani or Fulbe Empire of Macina of Seku Amadu (1818–1862) Fulani or Fulbe Empire of El Hajj Oumar Tall, Toucouleur Empire (1848–1898) Fulani or Fulbe Empire of Bundu (state) of Malick Daouda Sy (1669–1954) Kanem Empire (700–1380) Bornu Empire (1380–1893) Wadai Empire (1501–1912) Ghana Empire (500–1200) Mali Empire (1230–1670) Cameroon Bafut Kingdom (1750–present) Kotoko kingdom (1450–present) Bamum Kingdom (1394–present) Banyo Kingdom (1830–present) Bibemi Sultanate (1770–present) Garoua Sultanate (1810–present) Kontcha Kingdom (1902–present) Kungi Kingdom (1990–present) Logone-Birni Kingdom (1805–present) Mandara Kingdom (1500–present) Maroua Sultanate (1792–present) N'Gaoundere Sultanate (1836–present) Rey Bouba Sultanate (1804–present) Tibati Lamidate (1810–present) Bankim Kingdom (1760–present) Mboum Kingdom (1800–present) Benin Kandi Kingdom (1700–present) Parakou Kingdom (1700–present) Kwande (1709–1961) Nikki Kingdom (1700–present) Djougou (1750–present) Burkina Faso Mossi Kingdom (1095–1898) Wogodogo Kingdom (1182–present) Yatenga Kingdom (1333–present) Tenkodogo Kingdom (1120–present) Bilanga Kingdom (1700–present) Koala Kingdom (1810–present) Nungu Kingdom (1204–present) Pama Kingdom (1600–present) Gurunsi Kingdom (1870–1897) Liptako Kingdom (1810–present) Gwiriko Kingdom (1714–1915) Chad Kanem Empire (700–1380) Wadai Empire (1501–1912) Sultanate of Yao (1400–1890) Tunjur kingdom (1400–1650) Kingdom of Baguirmi (1485–1898) Dar Sila (1213–1643) Dar Runga (1700–1898) Rabih az-Zubayr (1860–1900) Kabka Sultanate (1990–Present) Central African Republic Dar al Kuti Sultanate (1830–1912) Rafai Sultanate (1800–1966) Zemio Sultanate (1830–1923) Bangassou Sultanate (1780–1966) Côte d'Ivoire Kong Empire (1690–1913) Kabasarana (1846–1880) Bouna Kingdom (1600–present) Ghana Dagbon Kingdom (1409–present) Kingdom of Wala (1317–present) Mamprusi (1450–present) Nanumba (1850–present) Gonja kingdom (1564–present) Zabarima Emirate (1860–1897) Senegambia Imamate of Futa Toro (1776–1821) Imamate of Futa Jallon (1725–1911) Empire of Great Fulo (1490–1776) Jolof Empire (1350–1549) Kingdom of Jolof (1549–1875) Cayor (1549–1879) Kingdom of Sine (1449–1969) Xaaso (1600–1880) Takrur Kingdom (800–1285) Baol (1555–1894) Waalo (1287–1855) Kingdom of Saloum (1494–1969) Gambia Baro Kingdom (1600–1892) Fuladugu Kingdom (1867–present) Marabout Kingdom (1851–1887) Guinea Benna Kingdom (1858–1904) Bramaya Kingdom (1800–1883) Dubreka Kingdom (1800–1888) Fuuta Jalon (1726–1912) Kanea Kingdom (1800–1880) Kinsam Kingdom (1850–1894) Koba Kingdom (1700–1898) Landuma Kingdom (1700–1892) Nalu Kingdom (1845–1884) Samburu Kingdom (1700–1892) Solima Kingdom (1850–1894) Timbi Tunni Kingdom (1800–1890) Guinea Bissau N'Gabu Kingdom (1850–1903) Togo Kotokolia (1785–present) Tchamba (1750–present) Bafilo (1700–present) Bassar (1800–present) Cokossi (1750–present) Sierra Leone Alikalia Kingdom (1817–1898) Biriwa Chiefdom (1800–present) Dembelia Sikunia (1850–present) Imperri Chiefdom (1850–present) Kaiyamba Chiefdom (1884–present) Mande (1800–1919) Nongowa Chiefdom (1820–present) Safroko Limba Chiefdom (1907–present) Susu Kingdom (1806–1892) Kingdom of Koya (1505–1908) Ko Fransa Kingdom (1700–1859) Tonko Limba Chiefdom (1836–present) Wonkafong (1794–1890) East Africa ("Swahili Coast") Tanzania Pemba Sultanate (1550–1829) Hadimu Sultanate (1650–1873) Unyanyembe Kingdom (1727–present) Kilindi dynasty (1750–Present) Tumbatu Sultanate (1800–1865) Ujiji Sultanate (1800–present) Sultanate of Zanzibar (1856–1964) Uhehu Sultanate (1860–1962) Kenya Malindi Kingdom (850–1861) Kilwa Sultanate (957–1517) Pate Sultanate (1203–1870) Mombasa Sultanate (1502–1895) Wituland (1858–1929) Democratic Republic of the Congo Tippu Tip's State (1860–1887) Sultanate Kasongo (1860–1895) Malawi Yao Chieftain (*1500–present) Jumbes of Nkhotakota (1840–1894) Mozambique Angoche Sultanate (1485–1910) Kitangonya Sheikhdom (1750–1906) Sankul Sheikhdom (1753–1910) Indian Ocean Region Maldives Sultanate of Maldives (1153–1968) Theemuge dynasty (1161–1338) Hilaalee dynasty (1388–1558) Utheemu dynasty (1632–1692) Hamavi dynasty (1692) Devadhu dynasty (1692–1701) Isdhoo dynasty (1701–1704) Dhiyamigili dynasty (1704–1759, 1766–1773) Huraa dynasty (1759–1766, 1774–1968) Mayotte The Sultanate of Mwati (1500–1841) Comoros The Sultanate of Ndzuwani (1711–1912) The Sultanate of Ngazidjia (1400–1912) Sultanate of Bambao The Sultanate of Mwali (1830–1909) The Sultanate of Bajini (1500–1889) The Sultanate of Itsandra (1400–1886) The Sultanate of Mitsamihuli The Sultanate of Washili The Sultanate of Hambuu The Sultanate of Hamahame The Sultanate of Mbwankuu The Sultanate of Mbude The Sultanate of Domba Madagascar The Sakalava Kingdom (1500–1898) The Antemoro Kingdom (1495–1888) Eastern Europe (Balkan Region) Ukraine, Moldova Crimean Khanate (1441–1783) Budjak Horde (1603–1799) Romania, Bulgaria Tamrash Republic (1878–1886) Provisional Government of Western Thrace (1913) Greece Pashalik of Yanina (1788–1822) Emirate of Crete (820–961) Albania Pashalik of Scutari (1757–1831) Pashalik of Berat (1774–1809) Ural Region, Siberia (Russia) Volga Bulgaria (922–1236) Golden Horde (1251–1502) Kazan Khanate (1438–1552) Astrakhan Khanate (1466–1556) Qasim Khanate (1452–1681) Bashkirs (800–1557) Sibir Khanate (1468–1598) Great Horde (1466–1502) Nogai Horde (1440–1634) Lesser Nogai Horde (1449–1783) Crimean Khanate (1441–1783) Mishar Yurt (1298–1393) Mukhsha Ulus (1300–1500) Idel-Ural State (1918) Central Asia, East Asia Transoxania (Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan) Afrighid dynasty (305–995) Principality of Ushrusana (822–892) Karakhanid Empire (840–1212, Transoxiana) Seljuk Empire (1029–1194, based in Merv, Eastern Division Khwarazmian Empire (1077–1231) Timurid dynasty (1370–1507) Chagatai Khanate (Mongol) (1226–1347) Muhtajids (950–1030) Yarkent Khanate (1487–1705) Shaybanid (1428–1599) Samanid dynasty (819–999) Ghaznavids (977–1186) Khanate of Bukhara (1500–1785) Kazakh Khanate (1456–1847) Khanate of Khiva (1511–1920) Khanate of Kokand (1709–1876) Uzbek Khanate (1428–1471) White Horde (Mongol) (1360–1428) Emirate of Bukhara (1785–1920) Golden Horde (Mongol) (1313–1502) Bukey Horde (1801–1845) Sufids (1361–1379) Ögedei Khanete (1226-1402) China Kara-Khanid Khanate (840–1212, based in Kashgar) Moghulistan (Mongol) (1347–1462) Western Moghulistan (1462–1690) Eastern Moghulistan / Uyghurstan (1462–1680) Yarkent Khanate (1514–1705) Turpan Khanate (1487–1570) Kashgaria Khanate (1865–1877) Kumul Khanate (1696–1930) Khoja Kingdom (1693–1857) Dughlats (1466–1514) Kingdom of Mangalai (1220–1877) Pingnan Guo (1856–1873) First East Turkestan Republic (1933–1934) Second East Turkestan Republic (1944–1949) Southeast Asia Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia Samudera Pasai Sultanate (1267–1521) Malacca Sultanate (1400–1511) Bruneian Sultanate (1363–present) Aceh Sultanate (1496–1904) Sultanate of Siak (1723–1949) Aru Kingdom (1225–1613) Sultanate of Langkat (1568–1946) Sultanate of Asahan (1630–1946) Sultanate of Serdang (1723–1946) Sultanate of Deli (1632–1946) Pagaruyung Kingdom (1347–1833) Sultanate of Johor (1528–present) Sultanate of Kedah (1136–present) Sultanate of Kelantan (1267–present) Sultanate of Perak (1528–present) Sultanate of Pahang (1470–present) Sultanate of Selangor (1743–present) Sultanate of Terengganu (1725–present) Perlis Kingdom (1843–present) Negeri Sembilan Kingdom (1773–present) Sultanate of Sarawak (1599–1641) Bima Sultanate (1620–1958) Mataram Sultanate (1586–1755) Demak Sultanate (1475–1554) Cirebon Sultanate (1430–1666) Banten Sultanate (1527–1813) Kingdom of Pajang (1568–1618) Yogyakarta Sultanate (1755–present) Surakarta Sunanate (1755–1945) Kingdom of Sumedang Larang (1527–1620) Kalinyamat Sultanate (1527–1599) Sultanate of Ternate (1257–1914) Sultanate of Tidore (1450–1967) Sultanate of Jailolo (1200s–1832) Sultanate of Bacan (1322–1965) Sultanate of Banjar (1526–1860) Sultanate of Pontianak (1771–1950) Kutai Kartanegara Sultanate (1600s–1945) Sultanate of Sambas (1609–1956) Sultanate of Sintang (1365–1950) Sultanate of Bulungan (1731–1964) Kingdom of Bolaang Mongondow (1670–1950) Sultanate of Gowa (1300s–1945) Kingdom of Tallo (1400–1856) Palembang Sultanate (1659–1823) Kingdom of Kaimana (1309–1923) Jambi Sultanate (1550–1905) Riau-Lingga Sultanate (1824–1911) Philippines Approximate extent of the Muslim Sultanates in the Philippines Kingdom of Manila (1258–1571) Kingdom of Namayan (1175–1571) Datu of Mactan (1500–1540) Sultanate of Maguindanao (1515–1905) Sultanate of Sulu (1405–1915, 1962–1986) Sultanates of Lanao (1616–Present) Bon-bon sultanate Thailand Pattani Kingdom (1457–1902) Sultanate of Singora (1605–1680) Kingdom of Setul Mambang Segara (1808–1916) Kingdom of Reman (1810–1902) Indochina Kingdom of Champa (11th century–1832) See also List of Sunni dynasties List of Shia dynasties Islamic state Caliphate List of largest empires Timeline of Middle Eastern history Early Muslim conquests History of Islam Muslim world The Ottomans: Europe's Muslim Emperors List of Buddhist Kingdoms and Empires List of Hindu empires and dynasties List of Jain states and dynasties List of Jewish states and dynasties List of Zoroastrian states and dynasties List of Confucian states and dynasties List of Tengrist states and dynasties References ^ Levy-Rubin, Milka (2011). Non-Muslims in the Early Islamic Empire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 102–103. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511977435. ISBN 978-1108449618. ^ Jo Van Steenbergen (2020). "2.1". A History of the Islamic World, 600–1800: Empire, Dynastic Formations, and Heterogeneities in Pre-Modern Islamic West-Asia. Routledge. ISBN 978-1000093070. ^ Libyan Studies, Society (2004). "Libyan Studies: Annual Report of the Society for Libyan Studies". Society for Libyan Studies (London, England). 35. Authority control databases: National United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Islamic states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_state"},{"link_name":"Muslim dynasties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Islam"},{"link_name":"Islamic prophet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_prophet"},{"link_name":"early Muslim conquests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests"},{"link_name":"spread Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spread_of_Islam"},{"link_name":"Arabian Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Islamic State of Medina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medina"},{"link_name":"Muhammad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad"},{"link_name":"Medina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medina"},{"link_name":"his immediate successors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashidun"},{"link_name":"Rashidun Caliphate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Umayyad Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umayyad_Empire"},{"link_name":"Abbasid Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbasid_Empire"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Anatolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolia"},{"link_name":"Safavid Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safavid_Iran"},{"link_name":"Persia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Iran"},{"link_name":"Mughal Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_Empire"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_subcontinent"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"This article includes a list of successive Islamic states and Muslim dynasties beginning with the time of the Islamic prophet Muhammad (570–632 CE) and the early Muslim conquests that spread Islam outside of the Arabian Peninsula, and continuing through to the present day.[citation needed]The first-ever establishment of an Islamic polity goes back to the Islamic State of Medina, which was established by Muhammad in the city of Medina in 622 CE. Following his death in 632 CE, his immediate successors established the Rashidun Caliphate.[citation needed]After that Muslim dynasties rose; some of these dynasties established notable and prominent Muslim empires, such as the Umayyad Empire and later the Abbasid Empire,[1][2] Ottoman Empire centered around Anatolia, the Safavid Empire of Persia, and the Mughal Empire in India.[citation needed]","title":"List of Muslim states and dynasties"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"By land area"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Middle East and North Africa"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Umayyad caliphate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umayyad_caliphate"},{"link_name":"Damascus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascus"},{"link_name":"Abbasid caliphate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbasid_caliphate"},{"link_name":"Baghdad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad"},{"link_name":"Ayyubid dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Damascus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascus"},{"link_name":"Aleppo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleppo"},{"link_name":"Zengid dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zengid_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Aleppo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleppo"},{"link_name":"Burid dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burid_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Hamdanid dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamdanid_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Aleppo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleppo"},{"link_name":"Uqaylid dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uqaylid_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Bani Assad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bani_Assad"},{"link_name":"Numayrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numayrid"},{"link_name":"Marwanid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marwanids_(Diyar_Bakr)"},{"link_name":"Mirdasid dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirdasid_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Artuqids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artuqids"},{"link_name":"Baban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baban"},{"link_name":"Soran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soran_Emirate"},{"link_name":"Emirate of Hakkari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirate_of_Hakkari"},{"link_name":"Bahdinan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahdinan"},{"link_name":"Bohtan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohtan"},{"link_name":"Principality of Bitlis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Bitlis"},{"link_name":"Hadhabani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadhabani"},{"link_name":"Mukriyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mukriyan"},{"link_name":"Qarghuyah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qarghuyah"},{"link_name":"Emirate of Aleppo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirate_of_Aleppo"},{"link_name":"Nizari Ismaili state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizari_Ismaili_state"},{"link_name":"Emirate of Aleppo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirate_of_Aleppo"},{"link_name":"Lulu' dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lulu%27_dynasty&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Assaf dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assaf_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Harfush dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harfush_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Mamluk dynasty of Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamluk_dynasty_of_Iraq"},{"link_name":"Emirate of Mosul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirate_of_Mosul"},{"link_name":"Emirate of Transjordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirate_of_Transjordan"},{"link_name":"Arab Kingdom of Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Kingdom_of_Syria"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iraq"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jordan"}],"sub_title":"Mesopotamia and Levant (Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine, Syria)","text":"Umayyad caliphate (661–750, based in Damascus)\nAbbasid caliphate (750–1258, based in Baghdad)\nAyyubid dynasty (1171–1341, based in Damascus and Aleppo)\nZengid dynasty (1127–1250, based in Aleppo)\nBurid dynasty (1104–1154)\nHamdanid dynasty (890–1004, based in Aleppo)\nUqaylid dynasty (990–1096; Syria, Iraq)\nBani Assad (990–1081, Iraq)\nNumayrid (990–1081; Syria, Turkey)\nMarwanid (983–1085; Syria, Turkey, Armenia, Iraq)\nMirdasid dynasty (1024–1080, Syria)\nArtuqids (1101–1409; Syria, Turkey, Iraq)\nBaban (1649–1851, Iraq)\nSoran (1816–1835, Iraq)\nEmirate of Hakkari (1380s–1845; Turkey, Syria)\nBahdinan (1339–1843, Iraq)\nBohtan (1330–1855)\nPrincipality of Bitlis (1182–1847)\nHadhabani (906–1070)\nMukriyan (1050–1500)\nQarghuyah, Emirate of Aleppo (969–977)\nNizari Ismaili state (1090–1256; Iraq, Iran, Syria)\nEmirate of Aleppo, Lulu' dynasty (1004–1016)\nAssaf dynasty (1306–1591, Lebanon)\nHarfush dynasty (1517–1865, Lebanon, Syria)\nMamluk dynasty of Iraq (1734–1831)\nEmirate of Mosul (905–1096, 1127–1222, 1254–1383, 1758–1918)\nEmirate of Transjordan (1921–1946; Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Iraq)\nArab Kingdom of Syria (1920)\nKingdom of Iraq (1921–1958)\nKingdom of Jordan (1921–present)","title":"Middle East and North Africa"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rashidun Caliphate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate"},{"link_name":"Emirate of Mecca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecca"},{"link_name":"Emirate of Riyadh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirate_of_Riyadh"},{"link_name":"Manfuha Sheikhdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manfuha"},{"link_name":"Abu Arish Sheikhdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Arish"},{"link_name":"Al Bir Sheikhdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Bir"},{"link_name":"Al Rawdah Sheikhdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ar_Rawdah&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Al-Kharj Emirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Kharj"},{"link_name":"Unaizah Emirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unaizah"},{"link_name":"Buraidah Emirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buraidah"},{"link_name":"Awdah Sheikhdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Awdah&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jalajil Sheikhdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalajil"},{"link_name":"Harmah Sheikhdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmah"},{"link_name":"Al Majma'ah Sheikhdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Majma%27ah"},{"link_name":"Shaqra Sheikhdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaqra_(Saudi_Arabia)"},{"link_name":"Mutayr Sheikhdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutayr"},{"link_name":"'Asir Sheikhdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Asir"},{"link_name":"Sheikdom of Upper Asir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheikdom_of_Upper_Asir"},{"link_name":"Sheikhdom of Lower 'Asir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Asir"},{"link_name":"Principality of Najran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Najran"},{"link_name":"'Uyayna Sheikhdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Uyayna"},{"link_name":"Dhurma Sheikhdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhurma"},{"link_name":"Gatgat Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gatgat&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Al Murrah Emirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Murrah"},{"link_name":"Emirate of Diriyah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirate_of_Diriyah"},{"link_name":"Emirate of Nejd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirate_of_Nejd"},{"link_name":"Emirate of Nejd and Hasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirate_of_Nejd_and_Hasa"},{"link_name":"Sharifate of Mecca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharifate_of_Mecca"},{"link_name":"Emirate of Jabal Shammar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirate_of_Jabal_Shammar"},{"link_name":"Sultanate of Nejd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Nejd"},{"link_name":"Idrisid Emirate of Asir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idrisid_Emirate_of_Asir"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Hejaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hejaz"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hejaz_and_Nejd"},{"link_name":"Bani Khalid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bani_Khalid_Emirate"},{"link_name":"House of Saud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Saud"},{"link_name":"Qarmatians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qarmatians"},{"link_name":"Uyunid Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uyunid_Emirate"},{"link_name":"Usfurid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usfurid"},{"link_name":"Jarwanid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarwanid"},{"link_name":"Jabrids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabrids"},{"link_name":"Bani Khalid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bani_Khalid_Emirate"},{"link_name":"House of Khalifa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Khalifa"},{"link_name":"House of Thani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Thani"},{"link_name":"House of Al-Sabah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Al-Sabah"},{"link_name":"Emirate of Abu Dhabi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirate_of_Abu_Dhabi"},{"link_name":"Emirate of Ajman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirate_of_Ajman"},{"link_name":"Emirate of Dubai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirate_of_Dubai"},{"link_name":"Emirate of Fujairah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirate_of_Fujairah"},{"link_name":"Emirate of Ras Al Khaimah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirate_of_Ras_Al_Khaimah"},{"link_name":"Emirate of Sharjah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirate_of_Sharjah"},{"link_name":"Emirate of Umm Al Quwain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umm_Al_Qawain"},{"link_name":"Dibba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dibba"},{"link_name":"Hamriyya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamriyya"},{"link_name":"Hira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Heera"},{"link_name":"Kalba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalba"},{"link_name":"Sultanate of Zafar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhofar"},{"link_name":"Imamate of Oman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imamate_of_Oman"},{"link_name":"Omani Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omani_Empire"},{"link_name":"Sultanate of Muscat and Oman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Muscat_and_Oman"},{"link_name":"Sultanate of Oman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Oman"},{"link_name":"Banu Ukhaidhir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banu_Ukhaidhir"},{"link_name":"Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutawakkilite_Kingdom_of_Yemen"},{"link_name":"Zurayids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zurayids"},{"link_name":"Hamdanids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamdanids"},{"link_name":"Sulaymanids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulaymanids"},{"link_name":"Mahdids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahdids"},{"link_name":"Sulayhid dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulayhid_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Rassids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rassids"},{"link_name":"Yemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen"},{"link_name":"Rasulid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasulid"},{"link_name":"Yemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen"},{"link_name":"Najahid dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Najahid_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Ziyadid dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziyadid_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Tahirid dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahirid_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Bani Ukhaidhir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bani_Ukhaidhir"},{"link_name":"Yufirids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yufirids"},{"link_name":"Yemeni Zaidi State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemeni_Zaidi_State"},{"link_name":"Alawi Sheikhdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alawi_Sheikhdom"},{"link_name":"Aqrabi Sheikhdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqrabi_Sheikhdom"},{"link_name":"Audhali Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audhali_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"Lower Aulaqi Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Aulaqi_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"Upper Aulaqi Sheikhdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Aulaqi_Sheikhdom"},{"link_name":"Upper Aulaqi Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Aulaqi_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"Beihan Emirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beihan_Emirate"},{"link_name":"Sheikhdom of al-Hawra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheikhdom_of_al-Hawra"},{"link_name":"Emirate of Dhala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirate_of_Dhala"},{"link_name":"Dathina Sheikhdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dathina_Sheikhdom"},{"link_name":"Fadhli Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fadhli_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"Sultanate of Haushabi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haushabi"},{"link_name":"Lahej Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahej_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"Maflahi Sheikhdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maflahi_Sheikhdom"},{"link_name":"Sheikhdom of Shaib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaib"},{"link_name":"Sultanate of Lower Yafa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Yafa"},{"link_name":"Sultanate of Upper Yafa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Yafa"},{"link_name":"Sheikhdom Al-Dhubi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Dhubi"},{"link_name":"Hadrami Sheikhdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrami_Sheikhdom"},{"link_name":"Emirate of Mawsata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mawsata"},{"link_name":"Sheikhdom of al-Irqa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sheikhdom_of_al-Irqa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mahra Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahra_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"Kathiri Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathiri_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"Tarim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarim,_Yemen"},{"link_name":"Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate"},{"link_name":"Qu'aiti Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%27aiti_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"Ash Shihr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ash_Shihr"},{"link_name":"Al Mukalla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Mukalla"},{"link_name":"Tulunids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulunids"},{"link_name":"Rassids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rassids"},{"link_name":"Qarmatian Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qarmatians"},{"link_name":"Sharifate of Mecca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharifate_of_Mecca"},{"link_name":"Ayyubid Dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayyubid_Dynasty"},{"link_name":"Rasulids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasulids"},{"link_name":"Mamluk Dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"Omani Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omani_Empire"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saudi_Arabia"}],"sub_title":"Arabian Peninsula and Persian Gulf","text":"Saudi ArabiaRashidun Caliphate (632–661)\nEmirate of Mecca (1916–1924) Saudi State\nEmirate of Riyadh (1903–1918) Saudi State\nManfuha Sheikhdom (1682–1834)\nAbu Arish Sheikhdom (1200–1863)\nAl Bir Sheikhdom (1600–1850)\nAl Rawdah Sheikhdom (1697–1790)\nAl-Kharj Emirate (1688–1865)\nUnaizah Emirate (1768–1904)\nBuraidah Emirate (1768–1913)\nAwdah Sheikhdom (1700–1790)\nJalajil Sheikhdom (1762–1831)\nHarmah Sheikhdom (1700–1779)\nAl Majma'ah Sheikhdom (1758–1908)\nShaqra Sheikhdom (1803–1834)\nMutayr Sheikhdom (1872–1903)\n'Asir Sheikhdom (983–1003, 1728–1863)\nSheikdom of Upper Asir (1802–1923)\nSheikhdom of Lower 'Asir (1830–1930)\nPrincipality of Najran (1633–1934)\n'Uyayna Sheikhdom (1446–1768)\nDhurma Sheikhdom (1600–1757)\nGatgat Sultanate (1900–1924)\nAl Murrah Emirate (1900–1917)\nEmirate of Diriyah (1744–1818) (First Saudi State)\nEmirate of Nejd (1818–1891) (Second Saudi State)\nEmirate of Nejd and Hasa (1902–1921) (Third Saudi State)\nSharifate of Mecca (968–1925)\nEmirate of Jabal Shammar (1836–1921)\nSultanate of Nejd (1921–1926)\nIdrisid Emirate of Asir (1909–1930)\nKingdom of Hejaz (1916–1925)\nKingdom of Hejaz and Nejd (1926–1932)\nBani Khalid (1669–1796)\nHouse of Saud (1744–present)BahrainQarmatians (899–1077)\nUyunid Kingdom (1076–1253)\nUsfurid (1253–1320)\nJarwanid (1305–1487)\nJabrids (1480–1570)\nBani Khalid (1669–1796)\nHouse of Khalifa (1783–present)QatarHouse of Thani (1825–present)KuwaitHouse of Al-Sabah (1752–present)United Arab EmiratesEmirate of Abu Dhabi (1761–present)\nEmirate of Ajman (1816–present)\nEmirate of Dubai (1833–present)\nEmirate of Fujairah (1876–present)\nEmirate of Ras Al Khaimah (1727–present)\nEmirate of Sharjah (1803–present)\nEmirate of Umm Al Quwain (1775–present)\nDibba (1871–1953)\nHamriyya (1875–1922)\nHira (1915–1942)\nKalba (1871–1952)OmanSultanate of Zafar (1421–1975)\nImamate of Oman (750–1696)\nOmani Empire (1696–1856)\nSultanate of Muscat and Oman (1820–1970)\nSultanate of Oman (1970–present)YemenBanu Ukhaidhir (865–1066)\nMutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen (1918–1970)\nZurayids (1083–1174)\nHamdanids (1099–1174)\nSulaymanids (1063–1174)\nMahdids (1159–1174)\nSulayhid dynasty (1047–1138)\nRassids of Yemen (897–1962)\nRasulid of Yemen (1229–1454)\nNajahid dynasty (1022–1158)\nZiyadid dynasty (819–856)\nTahirid dynasty (1454–1517)\nBani Ukhaidhir (865–1066)\nYufirids (847–997)\nYemeni Zaidi State (1547–1849)\nAlawi Sheikhdom (1743–1967)\nAqrabi Sheikhdom (1770–1967)\nAudhali Sultanate (1750–1970)\nLower Aulaqi Sultanate (1700–1967)\nUpper Aulaqi Sheikhdom (1750–1967)\nUpper Aulaqi Sultanate (1700–1967)\nBeihan Emirate (1680–1967)\nSheikhdom of al-Hawra (1858–1967)\nEmirate of Dhala (1750–1967)\nDathina Sheikhdom (1947–1967)\nFadhli Sultanate (1670–1967)\nSultanate of Haushabi (1730–1967)\nLahej Sultanate (1728–1967)\nMaflahi Sheikhdom (1850–1967)\nSheikhdom of Shaib (1850–1967)\nSultanate of Lower Yafa (1681–1967)\nSultanate of Upper Yafa (1800–1967)\nSheikhdom Al-Dhubi (1750–1967)\nHadrami Sheikhdom (1820–1967)\nEmirate of Mawsata (1780–1967)\nSheikhdom of al-Irqa (1800–1967)\nMahra Sultanate (1432–1967)\nKathiri Sultanate (1395–1967)\nTarim Sultanate (1916–1945)\nQu'aiti Sultanate (1858–1967)\nAsh Shihr (1752–1858)\nAl Mukalla (1707–1881)RegionalTulunids (868–905; Egypt, Syria)\nRassids (897–1962)\nQarmatian Kingdom (899–976)\nSharifate of Mecca (968–1925)\nAyyubid Dynasty (1171–1260)\nRasulids (1229–1454)\nMamluk Dynasty (1250–1517)\nOmani Sultanate (1696–1856)\nKingdom of Saudi Arabia (1932–present)","title":"Middle East and North Africa"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rustamid dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rustamid_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Aghlabid dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aghlabids"},{"link_name":"Ifriqiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ifriqiya"},{"link_name":"Fatimid Calipate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate"},{"link_name":"Zirid dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirid_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Almoravid dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Almohad dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almohad_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Ayyubid dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Hafsid dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafsid_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Nasrid dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasrid_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Granada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granada"},{"link_name":"Ceuta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceuta"},{"link_name":"Marinid dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marinid_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Abbasid Caliph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbasid_Caliph"},{"link_name":"Mamluk Sultanate of Cairo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate_of_Cairo"},{"link_name":"Wattasid dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wattasid_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Saadi dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saadi_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Alaouite dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaouite_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Emirate of Tlemcen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirate_of_Tlemcen"},{"link_name":"Emirate of Cordoba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirate_of_Cordoba"},{"link_name":"Rustamid dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rustamid_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Banu Ifran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banu_Ifran"},{"link_name":"Fatimid dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatimid_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Zirid dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirid_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Confederation of Banu Mzab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozabite_people"},{"link_name":"Hammadid dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammadid_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Tlemcen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zayyanids"},{"link_name":"Hafsid Emirate of Be’jaîa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hafsid_Emirate_of_Be%E2%80%99ja%C3%AEa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Zab Emirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zab_Emirate"},{"link_name":"Sultanate of Tuggurt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Tuggurt"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Ait Abbas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ait_Abbas"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Kuku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kuku"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Algiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regency_of_Algiers"},{"link_name":"Emirate of Abdelkader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirate_of_Abdelkader"},{"link_name":"Zenata Kingdoms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenata"},{"link_name":"Tulunids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulunids"},{"link_name":"Fatimid dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatimid_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Ikhshidids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikhshidids"},{"link_name":"Banu Kanz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banu_Kanz"},{"link_name":"Ayyubid dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Mamluk dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"Abbasid Caliph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbasid_Caliph"},{"link_name":"Mamluk Sultanate of Cairo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate_of_Cairo"},{"link_name":"Khedivate of Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khedivate_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Sultanate of Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Aghlabid dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aghlabids"},{"link_name":"Khurasanid dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khurasanid_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Hafsid Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafsid_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Hafsid Kingdom of Béjaïa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hafsid_Kingdom_of_B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Beylik of Tunis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beylik_of_Tunis"},{"link_name":"Muradid dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muradid_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Husaynid dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Husaynid_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Tunisia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tunisia"},{"link_name":"Emirate of Nekor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirate_of_Nekor"},{"link_name":"Emirate of Sijilmasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banu_Midrar"},{"link_name":"Muhallabids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhallabids"},{"link_name":"Ifriqiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ifriqiya"},{"link_name":"Idrisid dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idrisid_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Almoravid dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Almohad dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almohad_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Marinid Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marinid_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"Wattasid dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wattasid_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Saadi Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saadi_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"Pashalik of Timbuktu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashalik_of_Timbuktu"},{"link_name":"Naqsid principality of Tetouan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Naqsid_principality_of_Tetouan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Republic of Bou Regreg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Bou_Regreg"},{"link_name":"Alaouite dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaouite_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Republic of the Rif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_the_Rif"},{"link_name":"Zenata Kingdoms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenata"},{"link_name":"Sultanate of Fezzan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fezzan"},{"link_name":"Banu Khattab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banu_Khattab"},{"link_name":"Banu Khazrun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banu_Khazrun"},{"link_name":"Banu Sulaym Emirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banu_Sulaym"},{"link_name":"Emirate of Banu Talis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirate_of_Banu_Talis"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Banu Makki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banu_Makki"},{"link_name":"Sultanate of Tripolitania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banu_Thabit"},{"link_name":"Bani Ammar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bani_Ammar"},{"link_name":"Pasha of Tripoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasha_of_Tripoli"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Fezzan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fezzan"},{"link_name":"Awlad Muhammad dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Awlad_Muhammad_dynasty&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Karamanli dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karamanli_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Senussi Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senusiyya"},{"link_name":"Tripolitanian Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripolitanian_Republic"},{"link_name":"Cyrenaica Emirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrenaica_Emirate"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Libya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Libya"}],"sub_title":"North Africa (Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia)","text":"Rustamid dynasty (777–909)\nAghlabid dynasty (800–909; Ifriqiya, Tunisia, East-Algeria, West-Libya, Sicily)\nFatimid Calipate (909–1171; North Africa, Middle East)\nZirid dynasty (972–1148)\nAlmoravid dynasty (1040–1147; Maghreb, Spain)\nAlmohad dynasty (1121–1269)\nAyyubid dynasty (1171–1254)\nHafsid dynasty (1229–1574)\nNasrid dynasty (1232–1492; Granada, Ceuta)\nMarinid dynasty (1244–1465)\nAbbasid Caliph (1250–1517; North Africa, Middle East) under Mamluk Sultanate of Cairo\nWattasid dynasty (1472–1554)\nSaadi dynasty (1511–1628)\nAlaouite dynasty (1631–present)AlgeriaEmirate of Tlemcen (736–790)\nEmirate of Cordoba (756–929)\nRustamid dynasty (777–909)\nBanu Ifran (830–1040)\nFatimid dynasty (909–1171)\nZirid dynasty (972–1148)\nConfederation of Banu Mzab (1012–1882)\nHammadid dynasty (1014–1152)\nKingdom of Tlemcen (1235–1556)\nHafsid Emirate of Be’jaîa (1285–1510)\nZab Emirate (1402)\nSultanate of Tuggurt (1414–1854)\nKingdom of Ait Abbas (1510–1872)\nKingdom of Kuku (1515–1638)\nKingdom of Algiers (1515–1837)\nEmirate of Abdelkader (1832–1847)\nZenata KingdomsEgyptTulunids (868–905)\nFatimid dynasty (909–1171)\nIkhshidids (935–969)\nBanu Kanz (1004–1412)\nAyyubid dynasty (1171–1254)\nMamluk dynasty (1250–1517)\nAbbasid Caliph (1250–1517) under Mamluk Sultanate of Cairo\nKhedivate of Egypt (1867–1914)\nSultanate of Egypt (1914–1922)\nKingdom of Egypt (1922–1953)TunisiaAghlabid dynasty (800–909)\nKhurasanid dynasty (1059–1158)\nHafsid Kingdom (1229–1574)\nHafsid Kingdom of Béjaïa\nBeylik of Tunis (1573–1613)\nMuradid dynasty (1613–1705)\nHusaynid dynasty (1705–1956)\nKingdom of Tunisia (1956–1957)MoroccoEmirate of Nekor (710–1019)\nEmirate of Sijilmasa (758–1055)\nMuhallabids (771–793, Ifriqiya)\nIdrisid dynasty (788–974)\nAlmoravid dynasty (1040–1147)\nAlmohad dynasty (1121–1269 CE)\nMarinid Sultanate (1244–1465, Maghreb)\nWattasid dynasty (1472–1554)\nSaadi Sultanate (1549–1659)\nPashalik of Timbuktu (1591–1833; Western Sahara, Maghreb, Mali)\nNaqsid principality of Tetouan (1597–1673)\nRepublic of Bou Regreg (1627–1668)\nAlaouite dynasty (1666–present)\nRepublic of the Rif (1921–1926)\nZenata KingdomsLibyaSultanate of Fezzan (918–1190)\nBanu Khattab (918-1177)Banu Khazrun (1001–1146)\nBanu Sulaym Emirate (11th Century)\nEmirate of Banu Talis (1228-1551)[3]\nBanu Makki (1282-1392)\nSultanate of Tripolitania (1327–1401) under Bani Ammar\nPasha of Tripoli (1551–1711)\nKingdom of Fezzan (1556–1856) under Awlad Muhammad dynasty\nKaramanli dynasty (1711–1835)\nSenussi Kingdom (1843–1942)\nTripolitanian Republic (1918–1922)\nCyrenaica Emirate (1949–1951)\nKingdom of Libya (1951–1969)","title":"Middle East and North Africa"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Warsangeli Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawiye"},{"link_name":"Tunni Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunni_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"Mogadishu Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogadishu_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"Ajuran Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajuran_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"Hiraab Imamate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiraab_Imamate"},{"link_name":"Majeerteen Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majeerteen_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"Geledi Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geledi_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"Hobyo Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hobyo_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"Sultanate of Showa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Showa"},{"link_name":"Sultanate of Ifat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Ifat"},{"link_name":"Adal Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adal_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"Isaaq Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaaq_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"Habr Yunis Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habr_Yunis_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"Zeila Emirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeila"},{"link_name":"Harla Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harla_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Sultanate of Dawaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Dawaro"},{"link_name":"Harla Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harla_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Sultanate of Showa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Showa"},{"link_name":"Sultanate of Dawaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Dawaro"},{"link_name":"Sultanate of Bale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Bale"},{"link_name":"Sultanate of Arababni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Arababni"},{"link_name":"Hadiya Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadiya_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"Sultanate of Ifat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Ifat"},{"link_name":"Fatagar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatagar"},{"link_name":"Adal Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adal_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"Sultanate of Harar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Harar"},{"link_name":"Imamate of Aussa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imamate_of_Aussa"},{"link_name":"Emirate of Harar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirate_of_Harar"},{"link_name":"Sultanate of Aussa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Aussa"},{"link_name":"Isaaq Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaaq_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"Habr Yunis Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habr_Yunis_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"Wollo Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wollo"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Gimma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gimma"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Gumma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gumma"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Jimma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jimma"},{"link_name":"Gobaad Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argobba_people"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Limmu-Ennarea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Limmu-Ennarea"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Gera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gera"},{"link_name":"Sultanate of Dahlak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Dahlak"},{"link_name":"Beja Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beja_people"},{"link_name":"Tadjoura Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadjoura"},{"link_name":"Rahayta Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahayta"}],"text":"SomaliaWarsangeli Sultanate (1218–1886)\nTunni Sultanate (900–1300)\nMogadishu Sultanate (900–1300)\nAjuran Sultanate (1300–1798)\nHiraab Imamate (1600–1860)\nMajeerteen Sultanate (1600–1927)\nGeledi Sultanate (1843–1908)\nHobyo Sultanate (1878–1925)Sultanate of Showa (896–1285)\nSultanate of Ifat (1185–1415)\nAdal Sultanate (1415–1555)\nIsaaq Sultanate (1750–1884)\nHabr Yunis Sultanate (1769–1907)\nZeila Emirate (1415–1420)\nHarla Kingdom (501–1500)\nSultanate of Dawaro (915–1329)EthiopiaHarla Kingdom (501–1500)\nSultanate of Showa (896–1285)\nSultanate of Dawaro (915–1329)\nSultanate of Bale (1200–1324)\nSultanate of Arababni (1200–1314)\nHadiya Sultanate (1200–1495)\nSultanate of Ifat (1285–1415)\nFatagar (1400–1650)\nAdal Sultanate (1415–1577)\nSultanate of Harar (1526–1577)\nImamate of Aussa (1557–1672)\nEmirate of Harar (1647–1887)\nSultanate of Aussa (1734–present)\nIsaaq Sultanate (1750–1884)\nHabr Yunis Sultanate (1769–1907)\nWollo Kingdom (1760–1896)\nKingdom of Gimma (1770–1902)\nKingdom of Gumma (1770–1902)\nKingdom of Jimma (1790–1932)\nGobaad Sultanate (1800–present)\nKingdom of Limmu-Ennarea (1801–1890)\nKingdom of Gera (1835–1887)EritreaSultanate of Dahlak (1050–1557)\nBeja Kingdom (930–1500)DjiboutiTadjoura Sultanate (1450–present)\nRahayta Sultanate (1600–present)","title":"Horn of Africa"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Shah_Ismail_I._Inscribed_%22Ismael_Sophy_Rex_Pers%22._Painted_by_Cristofano_dell%27Altissimo,_dated_1552-1568.jpg"},{"link_name":"Paduspanid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paduspanid"},{"link_name":"Dulafid dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dulafid_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Jibal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jibal"},{"link_name":"Justanids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justanids"},{"link_name":"Samanid Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samanid_Empire"},{"link_name":"Tahirid dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahirid_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Qarinvand dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qarinvand_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Saffarid dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saffarid_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Shirvanshah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirvanshah"},{"link_name":"Alavid dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alavid_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Sajid dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sajid_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Ma'danids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%27danids"},{"link_name":"Makran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makran"},{"link_name":"Aishanids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aishanids"},{"link_name":"Sallarid dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sallarid_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Ziyarid dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziyarid_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Banu Ilyas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banu_Ilyas"},{"link_name":"Buyid dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buyid_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Rawadid dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rawadid_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Tabriz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabriz"},{"link_name":"Hasanwayhid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasanwayhid"},{"link_name":"Annazids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annazids"},{"link_name":"Ma'munid dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%27munid_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Kakuyid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakuyid"},{"link_name":"Great Seljuq Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Seljuq_Empire"},{"link_name":"Nasrid dynasty (Sistan)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasrid_dynasty_(Sistan)"},{"link_name":"Kerman Seljuk Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerman_Seljuk_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"Hormuz Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ormus"},{"link_name":"Khwarezmian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khwarezmian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Khwarezm-Shâh dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khwarezm"},{"link_name":"Nizari Ismaili state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizari_Ismaili_state"},{"link_name":"Ahmadilis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmadilis"},{"link_name":"Eldiguzids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eldiguzids"},{"link_name":"Atabegs of Yazd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atabegs_of_Yazd"},{"link_name":"Salghurids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salghurids"},{"link_name":"Shiraz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiraz"},{"link_name":"Hazaraspids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazaraspids"},{"link_name":"Khorshidi dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khorshidi_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Lorestan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorestan"},{"link_name":"Qutlugh-Khanids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qutlugh-Khanids"},{"link_name":"Mihrabanid dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihrabanid_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Baluchistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baluchistan"},{"link_name":"Kart dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kart_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Ilkhanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilkhanate"},{"link_name":"Muzaffarids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzaffarids_(Iran)"},{"link_name":"Sarbadars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarbadars"},{"link_name":"Chupanids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chupanids"},{"link_name":"Injuids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injuids"},{"link_name":"Jalayirid Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalayirid_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"Afrasiyab dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrasiyab_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Marashis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marashis"},{"link_name":"Kara Koyunlu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kara_Koyunlu"},{"link_name":"Ak Koyunlu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ak_Koyunlu"},{"link_name":"Musha'sha'iyyah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musha%27sha%27iyyah"},{"link_name":"Talysh Khanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talysh_Khanate"},{"link_name":"Maku Khanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maku_Khanate"},{"link_name":"Ardabil Khanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardabil_Khanate"},{"link_name":"Khalkhal Khanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalkhal_Khanate"},{"link_name":"Khoy Khanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khoy_Khanate"},{"link_name":"Maragheh Khanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maragheh_Khanate"},{"link_name":"Marand Khanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marand_Khanate"},{"link_name":"Sarab Khanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarab_Khanate"},{"link_name":"Tabriz Khanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabriz_Khanate"},{"link_name":"Urmia Khanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urmia_Khanate"},{"link_name":"Emirate of Muhammara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirate_of_Muhammara"},{"link_name":"Safavid dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safavid_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Afsharid dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afsharid_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Zand dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zand_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Qajar dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Pahlavi dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Battle_of_Preveza_(1538).jpg"},{"link_name":"Great Seljuk Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seljuk_Empire"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seljuk_Sultanate_of_R%C3%BBm"},{"link_name":"Danishmends Dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danishmends"},{"link_name":"Mengujekids Dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mengujekids"},{"link_name":"Saltukids Dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saltukids"},{"link_name":"Artuqids Dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artuqids"},{"link_name":"Karamanids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karamanids"},{"link_name":"Chaka of Smyrna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaka_of_Smyrna"},{"link_name":"Shah-Armens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah-Armens"},{"link_name":"Beylik of Dilmac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beylik_of_Dilmac"},{"link_name":"Inalids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inalids"},{"link_name":"Beylik of Cubukogullari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beylik_of_Cubukogullari"},{"link_name":"Ahiler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahiler"},{"link_name":"Alaiye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaiye"},{"link_name":"Aydinids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aydinids"},{"link_name":"Beyliks of Canik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyliks_of_Canik"},{"link_name":"Jandarids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jandarids"},{"link_name":"Chobanids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chobanids"},{"link_name":"Dulkadirids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dulkadirids"},{"link_name":"Eretnids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eretnids"},{"link_name":"Erzincan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beylik_of_Erzincan"},{"link_name":"Eshrefids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eshrefids"},{"link_name":"Germiyanids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germiyanids"},{"link_name":"Hamidids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamidids"},{"link_name":"Kadi Burhan al-Din","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadi_Burhan_al-Din"},{"link_name":"Karasids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karasids"},{"link_name":"Ladik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beylik_of_L%C3%A2dik"},{"link_name":"Mentese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mente%C5%9Fe_(beylik)"},{"link_name":"Pervaneoglu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pervaneoglu"},{"link_name":"Ramadanids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadanids"},{"link_name":"Sahib Ataids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahib_Ataids"},{"link_name":"Sarukhanids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarukhanids"},{"link_name":"Teke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beylik_of_Teke"},{"link_name":"Emirate of Melitene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirate_of_Melitene"},{"link_name":"Amida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marwanids_(Diyar_Bakr)"},{"link_name":"Ayyubid dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Zurarid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zurarid&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Emirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirate"},{"link_name":"Arzen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arzen"},{"link_name":"Emirate of Bingöl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirate_of_Bing%C3%B6l"},{"link_name":"Emirate of Bradost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirate_of_Bradost"},{"link_name":"Emirate of Bitlis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirate_of_Bitlis"},{"link_name":"Emirate of Çemiçgezek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emirate_of_%C3%87emi%C3%A7gezek&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Emirate of Hasankeyf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirate_of_Hasankeyf"},{"link_name":"Emirate of Hakkari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirate_of_Hakkari"},{"link_name":"Emirate of Pazooka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirate_of_Pazooka"},{"link_name":"Emirate of Palu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirate_of_Palu"},{"link_name":"Eldiguzids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eldiguzids"},{"link_name":"Shirvanshah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirvanshah"},{"link_name":"Ak Koyunlu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ak_Koyunlu"},{"link_name":"Kara Koyunlu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kara_Koyunlu"},{"link_name":"Shamakhy Khanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamakhy_Khanate"},{"link_name":"Karabakh Khanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karabakh_Khanate"},{"link_name":"Erivan Khanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erivan_Khanate"},{"link_name":"Afsharid dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afsharid_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Safavid dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safavid_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Shaki Khanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaki_Khanate"},{"link_name":"Ganja khanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganja_khanate"},{"link_name":"Quba Khanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quba_Khanate"},{"link_name":"Baku Khanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baku_Khanate"},{"link_name":"Khalkhal Khanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalkhal_Khanate"},{"link_name":"Nakhichevan Khanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakhichevan_Khanate"},{"link_name":"Shirvan Khanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirvan_Khanate"},{"link_name":"Khoja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khoja"},{"link_name":"Shamakha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamakha"},{"link_name":"Shamakha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamakha"},{"link_name":"Ardabil Khanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardabil_Khanate"},{"link_name":"Urmia Khanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urmia_Khanate"},{"link_name":"Javad Khanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javad_Khanate"},{"link_name":"Shirvan Khanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirvan_Khanate"},{"link_name":"Talysh Khanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talysh_Khanate"},{"link_name":"Elisu Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisu_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"Great Seljuk Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Seljuk_Empire"},{"link_name":"Derbent Khanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derbent_Khanate"},{"link_name":"Qajar dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Shamakha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamakha"},{"link_name":"Emirate of Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirate_of_Armenia"},{"link_name":"Erivan Khanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erivan_Khanate"},{"link_name":"Karabakh Khanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karabakh_Khanate"},{"link_name":"Shaddadids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaddadids"},{"link_name":"Sallarid dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sallarid_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Sajid dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sajid_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Marwanid dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marwanid_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Eldiguzids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eldiguzids"},{"link_name":"Emirate of Tbilisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirate_of_Tbilisi"},{"link_name":"Principality of Abkhazia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Abkhazia"},{"link_name":"Emirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirate"},{"link_name":"Derbent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derbent"},{"link_name":"Caucasian Imamate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasian_Imamate"},{"link_name":"Chechen Republic of Ichkeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria"},{"link_name":"Derbent Khanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derbent_Khanate"},{"link_name":"Avar Khanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avar_Khanate"},{"link_name":"Gazikumukh Shamkhalate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazikumukh_Shamkhalate"},{"link_name":"Shamkhalate of Tarki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamkhalate_of_Tarki"},{"link_name":"Gazikumukh Khanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazikumukh_Khanate"},{"link_name":"Abazinia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abazinia"},{"link_name":"North Caucasian Emirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Caucasian_Emirate"},{"link_name":"Circassia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circassia"},{"link_name":"Kabardia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabardia"},{"link_name":"Farighunids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farighunids"},{"link_name":"Ghurids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghurids"},{"link_name":"Ghaznavids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghaznavids"},{"link_name":"Kart dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kart_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Herat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herat"},{"link_name":"Afsharid Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afsharid_Empire"},{"link_name":"Emirate of Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirate_of_Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"Emirate of Afghanistan (1929)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirate_of_Afghanistan_(1929)"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Emirate_of_Afghanistan_(1996%E2%80%932001)"},{"link_name":"Barakzai dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barakzai_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Hotaki dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotaki_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Durrani Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durrani_Empire"},{"link_name":"Azad Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azad_Khan"},{"link_name":"Shiberghan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiberghan"},{"link_name":"Khanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khanate"},{"link_name":"Sar-e Pol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sar-e_Pol,_Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"Khanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khanate"},{"link_name":"Maymana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maymana"},{"link_name":"Khanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khanate"},{"link_name":"Khulm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khulm"},{"link_name":"Khanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khanate"},{"link_name":"Kunduz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunduz"},{"link_name":"Khanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khanate"},{"link_name":"Ghuriyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghuriyan"},{"link_name":"Khanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khanate"},{"link_name":"Badakshan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badakshan"},{"link_name":"Khanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khanate"},{"link_name":"Andkhoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andkhoy_(city)"},{"link_name":"Khanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khanate"},{"link_name":"Ghazni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghazni"},{"link_name":"Peshawar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peshawar"},{"link_name":"Qandahar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qandahar"},{"link_name":"Herat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herat"},{"link_name":"Kabul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabul"},{"link_name":"Islamic Emirate of Kunar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Emirate_of_Kunar"},{"link_name":"Islamic Emirate of Badakhshan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Emirate_of_Badakhshan"},{"link_name":"Islamic Revolutionary State of Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Revolutionary_State_of_Afghanistan"}],"text":"IranShah Ismail I, founder of Safavid dynastyPaduspanid (665–1598)\nDulafid dynasty (800–898, Jibal)\nJustanids (805–1004)\nSamanid Empire (819–999)\nTahirid dynasty (821–873)\nQarinvand dynasty (823–1110)\nSaffarid dynasty (861–1003)\nShirvanshah (861–1538)\nAlavid dynasty (864–928)\nSajid dynasty (889–929)\nMa'danids (890–1110, Makran)\nAishanids (912–961)\nSallarid dynasty (919–1062)\nZiyarid dynasty (928–1043)\nBanu Ilyas (932–968)\nBuyid dynasty (934–1062)\nRawadid dynasty (955–1071, Tabriz)\nHasanwayhid (959–1015)\nAnnazids (990–1180; Iran, Iraq)\nMa'munid dynasty (995–1017)\nKakuyid (1008–1141)\nGreat Seljuq Empire (1029–1194)\nNasrid dynasty (Sistan) (1029–1225)\nKerman Seljuk Sultanate (1041–1187)\nHormuz Kingdom (1060–1622)\nKhwarezmian Empire under Khwarezm-Shâh dynasty (1077–1231)\nNizari Ismaili state (1090–1256)\nAhmadilis (1122–1220)\nEldiguzids (1135–1225)\nAtabegs of Yazd (1141–1319)\nSalghurids (1148–1282, Shiraz)\nHazaraspids (1155–1424)\nKhorshidi dynasty (1155–1597, Lorestan)\nQutlugh-Khanids (1222–1306)\nMihrabanid dynasty (1236–1537, Baluchistan)\nKart dynasty (1244–1381)\nIlkhanate (Mongol) (1295–1357)\nMuzaffarids (1314–1393)\nSarbadars (1332–1386)\nChupanids (1335–1357)\nInjuids (1335–1357)\nJalayirid Sultanate (1335–1432)\nAfrasiyab dynasty (1349–1504)\nMarashis (1359–1596)\nKara Koyunlu (1374–1468)\nAk Koyunlu (1378–1501)\nMusha'sha'iyyah (1436–1729)\nTalysh Khanate (1747–1832)\nMaku Khanate (1747–1922)\nArdabil Khanate (1747–1808)\nKhalkhal Khanate (1747–1809)\nKhoy Khanate (1747–1813)\nMaragheh Khanate (1610–1925)\nMarand Khanate (1747–1828)\nSarab Khanate (1747–1797)\nTabriz Khanate (1747–1802)\nUrmia Khanate (1747–1865)\nEmirate of Muhammara (1740–1925)\nSafavid dynasty (1502–1736)\nAfsharid dynasty (1736–1796)\nZand dynasty (1751–1794)\nQajar dynasty (1789–1925)\nPahlavi dynasty (1925–1979)Anatolia (Turkey)Barbarossa Hayreddin PashaGreat Seljuk Empire (1029–1194)\nOttoman Empire (1299–1923)\nSeljuk Sultanate of Rûm (1077–1308)\nDanishmends Dynasty (1071–1178)\nMengujekids Dynasty (1072–1277)\nSaltukids Dynasty (1071–1202)\nArtuqids Dynasty (1101–1409)\nKaramanids (1250–1487)\nChaka of Smyrna (1081–1098)\nShah-Armens (1100–1207)\nBeylik of Dilmac (1085–1398)\nInalids (1095–1183)\nBeylik of Cubukogullari (1085–1112)\nAhiler (1290–1362)\nAlaiye (1293–1471)\nAydinids (1300–1425)\nBeyliks of Canik (1300–1460)\nJandarids (1291–1461)\nChobanids (1211–1309)\nDulkadirids (1348–1522)\nEretnids (1335–1390)\nErzincan (1379–1410)\nEshrefids (1285–1326)\nGermiyanids (1300–1429)\nHamidids (1300–1391)\nKadi Burhan al-Din (1381–1398)\nKarasids (1296–1357)\nLadik (1262–1391)\nMentese (1261–1424)\nPervaneoglu (1277–1322)\nRamadanids (1352–1608)\nSahib Ataids (1275–1341)\nSarukhanids (1300–1410)\nTeke (1321–1423)\nEmirate of Melitene (850–934)\nAmida (983–1085)\nAyyubid dynasty (1171–1341)\nZurarid Emirate of Arzen (850–930)\nEmirate of Bingöl (1231–1864)\nEmirate of Bradost (1510–1609)\nEmirate of Bitlis (1182–1815)\nEmirate of Çemiçgezek(1200–1663)\nEmirate of Hasankeyf (1232–1524)\nEmirate of Hakkari (1380–1847)\nEmirate of Pazooka (1499–1587)\nEmirate of Palu (1495–1850)AzerbaijanEldiguzids (1136–1225)\nShirvanshah (1207–1607)\nAk Koyunlu (1378–1501)\nKara Koyunlu (1374–1468)\nShamakhy Khanate (1721–1749)\nSalyan Khanate (1729–1782)\nKarabakh Khanate (1748–1822)\nErivan Khanate (1747–1828)\nAfsharid dynasty (1736–1796)\nSafavid dynasty (1501–1736)\nShaki Khanate (1743–1819)\nGanja khanate (1747–1805)\nQuba Khanate (1726–1806)\nBaku Khanate (1735–1806)\nKhalkhal Khanate (1747–1809)\nNakhichevan Khanate (1747–1828)\nShirvan Khanate (1748–1820)\nKhoja Shamakha (1748–1786)\nYeni Shamakha (1748–1786)\nArdabil Khanate (1747–1808)\nUrmia Khanate (1747–1865)\nJavad Khanate (1747–1805)\nShirvan Khanate (1748–1820)\nTalysh Khanate (1747–1828)\nElisu Sultanate (1604–1844)\nGreat Seljuk Empire (1037–1194)\nDerbent Khanate (1747–1806)\nQajar dynasty (1789–1925)\nShamakha ll (1786–1844)ArmeniaEmirate of Armenia (697–700, 711–885)\nErivan Khanate (1736–1827)\nKarabakh Khanate (1606–1806)\nShaddadids (951–1199)\nSallarid dynasty (919–1062)\nSajid dynasty (889–929)\nMarwanid dynasty (983–1085)\nEldiguzids (1135–1225)GeorgiaEmirate of Tbilisi (736–1122)\nPrincipality of Abkhazia (1463–1864)CaucasusEmirate of Derbent (654–1747)\nCaucasian Imamate (1828–1859)\nChechen Republic of Ichkeria (1991–2000)\nDerbent Khanate (1747–1806)\nAvar Khanate (1240–1864)\nGazikumukh Shamkhalate (740–1640)\nShamkhalate of Tarki (1640–1867)\nGazikumukh Khanate (1642–1860)\nAbazinia (1400–1800)\nNorth Caucasian Emirate (1919–1920)\nCircassia (1427–1864)\nKabardia (1453–1825)AfghanistanFarighunids (800–1010)\nGhurids (879–1215)\nGhaznavids (977–1186)\nKart dynasty (1244–1381, based in Herat)\nAfsharid Empire (1736–1796)\nEmirate of Afghanistan (1823–1926)\nEmirate of Afghanistan (1929) \nKingdom of Afghanistan (1926–1973)\nIslamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001)\nBarakzai dynasty (1826–1973)\nHotaki dynasty (1709–1738)\nDurrani Empire (1747–1826)\nAzad Khan (1750–1758)\nShiberghan Khanate (1757–1875)\nSar-e Pol Khanate (1510–1875)\nMaymana Khanate (1506–1900)\nKhulm Khanate (1800–1849)\nKunduz Khanate (1508–1888)\nGhuriyan Khanate (1803–1816)\nBadakshan Khanate (1657–1773)\nAndkhoy Khanate (1730–1880)\nGhazni (1879–1880)\nPeshawar (1747–1823)\nQandahar (1704–1881)\nHerat (1695–1881)\nKabul Kingdom (1747–1901)\nIslamic Emirate of Kunar (1991)\nIslamic Emirate of Badakhshan (1996)\nIslamic Revolutionary State of Afghanistan (1980)","title":"Persian Plateau"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TajCalligraphy3.jpg"},{"link_name":"Taj Mahal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taj_Mahal"},{"link_name":"Khalji dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalji_dynasty_of_Bengal"},{"link_name":"Balban dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balban_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Bengal Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"Ilyas Shahi dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilyas_Shahi_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Bani Ganesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bani_Ganesh"},{"link_name":"Hussain Shahi dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hussain_Shahi_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Karrani dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karrani_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Nawabs of Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nawabs_of_Bengal"},{"link_name":"Prithimpassa Estate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prithimpassa_Family"},{"link_name":"Pratapgarh Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pratapgarh_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Taraf Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taraf_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Baro-Bhuiyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baro-Bhuiyan"},{"link_name":"Ghaznavids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghaznavids"},{"link_name":"Ghurids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghurids"},{"link_name":"Gibarids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibarid_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Sultanate of Swat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Swat"},{"link_name":"Delhi Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"Mughal empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_empire"},{"link_name":"Durrani empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durrani_Empire"},{"link_name":"In Sindh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Sindh"},{"link_name":"Sind (caliphal province)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sind_(caliphal_province)"},{"link_name":"Habbari dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habbari_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Soomra dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soomra_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Samma dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samma_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Arghun dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arghun_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Tarkhan dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarkhan_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Kalhora dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalhora_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Talpur dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talpur_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Khairpur (princely state)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khairpur_(princely_state)"},{"link_name":"In Punjab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab"},{"link_name":"Emirate of Multan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirate_of_Multan"},{"link_name":"Langah Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langah_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"Bahawalpur (princely state)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahawalpur_(princely_state)"},{"link_name":"Chieftaincy of Pothohar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Pothohar_plateau"},{"link_name":"In Kashmir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Kashmir"},{"link_name":"Shah Mir dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Mir_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Chak dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chak_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Northern dynasties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilgit_Baltistan"},{"link_name":"Trakhan dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trakhan_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Maqpon dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maqpon_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Hunza (princely state)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunza_(princely_state)"},{"link_name":"Nagar (princely state)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagar_(princely_state)"},{"link_name":"Dynasties of Chitral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitral"},{"link_name":"Raees Dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raees_Dynasty"},{"link_name":"Katoor dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katoor_dynasty"},{"link_name":"In Khyber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa"},{"link_name":"Qarlughids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qarlughids"},{"link_name":"Pakhal's Sultanate of Swat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Swat"},{"link_name":"Pakhli Sarkar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakhal_Sarkar"},{"link_name":"Emirate of Waziristan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirate_of_Waziristan"},{"link_name":"Swat (princely state)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swat_(princely_state)"},{"link_name":"Amb (princely state)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amb_(princely_state)"},{"link_name":"Phulra (princely state)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phulra_(princely_state)"},{"link_name":"Dir (princely state)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dir_(princely_state)"},{"link_name":"Jandol State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jandol_State"},{"link_name":"In Balochistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balochistan"},{"link_name":"Las Bela (princely state)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Bela_(princely_state)"},{"link_name":"Kharan (princely state)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kharan_(princely_state)"},{"link_name":"Makran (princely state)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makran_(princely_state)"},{"link_name":"Khanate of Kalat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khanate_of_Kalat"},{"link_name":"Ghaznavids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghaznavids"},{"link_name":"Ghurids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghurids"},{"link_name":"Delhi Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"Mamluk dynasty of Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamluk_dynasty_of_Delhi"},{"link_name":"Khalji Dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalji_Dynasty"},{"link_name":"Tughlaq dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tughlaq_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Sayyid Dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayyid_Dynasty"},{"link_name":"Lodi dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lodi_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Bengal Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"Khandesh Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khandesh_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"Farooqi dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farooqi_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Jaunpur Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaunpur_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"Gujarat Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarat_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"Malwa Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malwa_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"Sur Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sur_Empire"},{"link_name":"Mughal Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_Empire"},{"link_name":"Bahmani Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahmani_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"Madurai Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madurai_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"Mysore Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysore_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Hyder Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyder_Ali"},{"link_name":"Tippu Sultan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tippu_Sultan"},{"link_name":"Deccan sultanates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deccan_sultanates"},{"link_name":"Bidar Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bidar_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"Ahmadnagar Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmadnagar_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"Berar Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berar_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"Bijapur Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bijapur_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"Golconda Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golconda_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"Nagpur Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagpur_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Nawab of Bengal and Murshidabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nawab_of_Bengal_and_Murshidabad"},{"link_name":"Carnatic Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnatic_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"Oudh State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oudh_State"},{"link_name":"Balasinor State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balasinor_State"},{"link_name":"Banda (state)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banda_(state)"},{"link_name":"Nawab of Banganapalle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nawab_of_Banganapalle"},{"link_name":"Baoni State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baoni_State"},{"link_name":"Basoda State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basoda_State"},{"link_name":"Bhopal State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhopal_State"},{"link_name":"Dujana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dujana"},{"link_name":"Nawab of Farrukhabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farrukhabad"},{"link_name":"Hyderabad State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyderabad_State"},{"link_name":"Jafarabad State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jafarabad_State"},{"link_name":"Janjira State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janjira_State"},{"link_name":"Jaora State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaora_State"},{"link_name":"Junagadh State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junagadh_State"},{"link_name":"Kamadhia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamadhia"},{"link_name":"Cambay State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambay_State"},{"link_name":"Arakkal Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arakkal_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Nawab of Kurnool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurnool"},{"link_name":"Kurwai State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurwai_State"},{"link_name":"Loharu State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loharu_State"},{"link_name":"Malerkotla State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malerkotla_State"},{"link_name":"Bantva Manavadar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantva_Manavadar"},{"link_name":"Mohammadgarh State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammadgarh_State"},{"link_name":"Palanpur State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palanpur_State"},{"link_name":"Pataudi State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pataudi_State"},{"link_name":"Pathari State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathari_State"},{"link_name":"Radhanpur State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radhanpur_State"},{"link_name":"Nawab of Rajouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajouri"},{"link_name":"Rampur State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rampur_State"},{"link_name":"Sachin State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sachin_State"},{"link_name":"Sardargarh Bantva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardargarh_Bantva"},{"link_name":"Savanur State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savanur_State"},{"link_name":"Nawab of Surat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surat"},{"link_name":"Tonk State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonk_State"},{"link_name":"Zainabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zainabad"},{"link_name":"Mewat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mewat"},{"link_name":"Kharagpur Raj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kharagpur_Raj"},{"link_name":"Qaimkhani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qaimkhani"},{"link_name":"Lalkhani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lalkhani"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Rohilkhand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Rohilkhand"},{"link_name":"Nanpara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanpara"},{"link_name":"Nawab of Mamdot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nawab_of_Mamdot"},{"link_name":"Bhikampur and Datawali (Aligarh) State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhikampur_and_Datawali_(Aligarh)_State"},{"link_name":"Nawab of Farrukhnagar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farrukhnagar"},{"link_name":"Nawab of Chhatari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nawab_of_Chhatari"},{"link_name":"Nawab of Sardhana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nawab_of_Sardhana"},{"link_name":"Faujdars of Purnea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faujdars_of_Purnea"},{"link_name":"Nawab of Pahasu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pahasu"}],"text":"Taj MahalBangladeshKhalji dynasty (1204–1231)\nBalban dynasty (1287–1324)\nBengal Sultanate (1352–1576) under:\nIlyas Shahi dynasty (1342–1415, 1437–1487)\nBani Ganesh (1418–1437)\nHussain Shahi dynasty (1493–1538)\nMuhammad Shahi dynasty (1554–1564)\nKarrani dynasty (1564–1576)\nNawabs of Bengal (1717–1880)\nPrithimpassa Estate (1499–1950)\nPratapgarh Kingdom (1489–1700)\nTaraf Kingdom (1200–1610)\nBaro-Bhuiyan (1576–1611)PakistanGhaznavids (1000–1186)\nGhurids (1175–1210)\nGibarids or Sultanate of Swat (1190-1519)\nDelhi Sultanate (1206–1526)\nMughal empire (1526–1857)\nDurrani empire (1747–1826)\nIn Sindh\nSind (caliphal province) (711–861)\nHabbari dynasty (854–1011)\nSoomra dynasty (1026–1356)\nSamma dynasty (1351–1524)\nArghun dynasty (1520–1591)\nTarkhan dynasty (1554–1591)\nKalhora dynasty (1701–1783)\nTalpur dynasty (1783–1843)\nKhairpur (princely state) (1783–1947)\nIn Punjab\nEmirate of Multan (855–1010)\nLangah Sultanate (1445–1540)\nBahawalpur (princely state) (1727–1947)\nChieftaincy of Pothohar (1394–1769)\nGakhar Sultanate (11th century-1818)\nIn Kashmir (1339–1586)\nShah Mir dynasty (1339–1561)\nChak dynasty (1554–1586)\nNorthern dynasties (780–1947)\nTrakhan dynasty (780–1821)\nMaqpon dynasty (1190–1840)\nHunza (princely state) (1700–1974)\nNagar (princely state) (1660–1974)\nDynasties of Chitral\nRaees Dynasty (1320–1570)\nKatoor dynasty (1570–1947)\nIn Khyber\nQarlughids (1238–1266)\nPakhal's Sultanate of Swat (1190-1519)\nPakhli Sarkar (1472–1703)\nEmirate of Waziristan (2004–2014)\nSwat (princely state) (1849–1972)\nAmb (princely state) (1772–1971)\nPhulra (princely state) (1828–1950)\nDir (princely state) (1626–1969)\nJandol State (1830–1972)\nIn Balochistan\nLas Bela (princely state) (1742–1955)\nKharan (princely state) (1697–1955)\nMakran (princely state) (1898–1955)\nKhanate of Kalat (1666–1955)IndiaGhaznavids (1000–1030)\nGhurids (1192–1206)\nDelhi Sultanate (1206–1526)\nMamluk dynasty of Delhi (1206–1290)\nKhalji Dynasty (1290–1320)\nTughlaq dynasty (1321–1414)\nSayyid Dynasty (1414–1451)\nLodi dynasty (1451–1526)\nBengal Sultanate (1352–1576)\nKhandesh Sultanate under Farooqi dynasty (1382–1601)\nJaunpur Sultanate (1394–1479)\nGujarat Sultanate (1394–1573)\nMalwa Sultanate (1392–1562)\nSur Empire (1540–1556)\nMughal Empire (1526–1857)\nBahmani Sultanate (1347–1527)\nMadurai Sultanate (1335–1378)\nMysore Kingdom (1749–1799) under Hyder Ali, Tippu Sultan\nDeccan sultanates (1489–1687)\nBidar Sultanate (1492–1619)\nAhmadnagar Sultanate (1490–1637)\nBerar Sultanate (1490–1572)\nBijapur Sultanate (1490–1686)\nGolconda Sultanate (1518–1687)\nNagpur Kingdom (1580–1885)\nNawab of Bengal and Murshidabad (1707–1880)\nCarnatic Sultanate (1692–1855)\nOudh State (1732–1858)\nBalasinor State (1758–1948)\nBanda (state) (1790–1858)\nNawab of Banganapalle (1665–1947)\nBaoni State (1784–1947)\nBasoda State (1753–1947)\nBhopal State (1723–1947)\nDujana (1806–1947)\nNawab of Farrukhabad (1714–1802)\nHyderabad State (1724–1949)\nJafarabad State (1650–1948)\nJanjira State (1489–1948)\nJaora State (1808–1948)\nJunagadh State (1730–1948)\nKamadhia (1817–1947)\nCambay State (1730–1948)\nArakkal Kingdom (1545–1819)\nNawab of Kurnool (1690–1839)\nKurwai State (1713–1923)\nLoharu State (1806–1931)\nMalerkotla State (1468–1947)\nBantva Manavadar (1733–1947)\nMohammadgarh State (1818–1947)\nPalanpur State (1597–1947)\nPataudi State (1804–1931)\nPathari State (1794–1947)\nRadhanpur State (1753–1948)\nNawab of Rajouri (1194–1846)\nRampur State (1719–1947)\nSachin State (1791–1947)\nSardargarh Bantva (1743–1948)\nSavanur State (1680–1912)\nNawab of Surat (1733–1842)\nTonk State (1817–1947)\nZainabad (1903–1947)\nMewat (1372–1527)\nKharagpur Raj (1615–1840)\nQaimkhani (1384–1731)\nLalkhani\nKingdom of Rohilkhand (1710–1857)\nNanpara (1632–1947)\nNawab of Mamdot (1800–1947)\nBhikampur and Datawali (Aligarh) State (1750–1947)\nNawab of Farrukhnagar (1732–1947)\nNawab of Chhatari (1680–1981)\nNawab of Sardhana (1842–1947)\nFaujdars of Purnea (1704–1947)\nNawab of Pahasu (1825–1969)","title":"Indian subcontinent"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Spain_Andalusia_Cordoba_BW_2015-10-27_13-54-14.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mezquita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezquita"},{"link_name":"Emirate of Cordoba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirate_of_C%C3%B3rdoba"},{"link_name":"Caliph of Cordoba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliph_of_Cordoba"},{"link_name":"Taifa of Arjona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taifa_of_Arjona"},{"link_name":"Taifa of Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcelona"},{"link_name":"Taifa of Baeza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taifa_of_Baeza"},{"link_name":"Taifa of Ceuta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taifa_of_Ceuta"},{"link_name":"Taifa of Constantina and Hornachuelos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taifa_of_Constantina_and_Hornachuelos"},{"link_name":"Taifa of Guadix and Baza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taifa_of_Guadix_and_Baza"},{"link_name":"Taifa of Saltes and Huelva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taifa_of_Saltes_and_Huelva"},{"link_name":"Taifa of Jaen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taifa_of_Jaen"},{"link_name":"Taifa of Lérida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taifa_of_L%C3%A9rida"},{"link_name":"Taifa of Murviedro and Sagunto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taifa_of_Murviedro_and_Sagunto"},{"link_name":"Taifa of Orihuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taifa_of_Orihuela"},{"link_name":"Taifa of Purchena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taifa_of_Purchena"},{"link_name":"Taifa of Segura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taifa_of_Segura"},{"link_name":"Taifa of Tortosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taifa_of_Tortosa"},{"link_name":"Taifa of Tejada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taifa_of_Tejada"},{"link_name":"Taifa of Valencia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valencia"},{"link_name":"Taifa of Alpuente","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taifa_of_Alpuente"},{"link_name":"Taifa of Badajoz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taifa_of_Badajoz"},{"link_name":"Taifa of Morón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taifa_of_Mor%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Taifa of Toledo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taifa_of_Toledo"},{"link_name":"Taifa of Tortosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taifa_of_Tortosa"},{"link_name":"Taifa of Arcos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taifa_of_Arcos"},{"link_name":"Taifa of Almería","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taifa_of_Almer%C3%ADa"},{"link_name":"Taifa of Denia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taifa_of_Denia"},{"link_name":"Taifa of Valencia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taifa_of_Valencia"},{"link_name":"Taifa of Murcia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taifa_of_Murcia"},{"link_name":"Taifa of Albarracín","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taifa_of_Albarrac%C3%ADn"},{"link_name":"Taifa of Zaragoza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taifa_of_Zaragoza"},{"link_name":"Taifa of Granada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taifa_of_Granada"},{"link_name":"Taifa of Carmona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taifa_of_Carmona"},{"link_name":"Taifa of Santa María de Algarve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taifa_of_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Algarve"},{"link_name":"Taifa of Mallorca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taifa_of_Mallorca"},{"link_name":"Taifa of Lisbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taifa_of_Lisbon"},{"link_name":"Taifa of Seville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taifa_of_Seville"},{"link_name":"Taifa of Niebla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taifa_of_Niebla"},{"link_name":"Taifa of Córdoba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taifa_of_C%C3%B3rdoba"},{"link_name":"Taifa of Mértola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taifa_of_M%C3%A9rtola"},{"link_name":"Taifa of Algeciras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taifa_of_Algeciras"},{"link_name":"Taifa of Ronda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taifa_of_Ronda"},{"link_name":"Taifa of Silves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taifa_of_Silves"},{"link_name":"Taifa of Málaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taifa_of_M%C3%A1laga"},{"link_name":"Taifa of Molina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taifa_of_Molina"},{"link_name":"Taifa of Lorca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taifa_of_Lorca"},{"link_name":"Taifa of Menorca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taifa_of_Menorca"},{"link_name":"Emirate of Granada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirate_of_Granada"},{"link_name":"Fraxinetum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraxinetum"},{"link_name":"Emirate of Septimania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septimania"},{"link_name":"Umayyad Caliph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umayyad_Caliph"},{"link_name":"Cordova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Spain"},{"link_name":"Emirate of Bari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirate_of_Bari"},{"link_name":"Emirate of Taranto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taranto"},{"link_name":"Emirate of Sicily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirate_of_Sicily"},{"link_name":"Wali of Sicily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicily"},{"link_name":"Aghlabids of Sicily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aghlabids"},{"link_name":"Fatimids of Sicily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatimids"},{"link_name":"Emirate of Sicily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirate_of_Sicily"},{"link_name":"Kalbids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalbids"},{"link_name":"Gibraltar Maghreb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gibraltar_Maghreb&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Spain & PortugalMezquitaEmirate of Cordoba (756–929)\nCaliph of Cordoba (929–1031)\nTaifa of Arjona (1232–1244)\nTaifa of Barcelona (716–801)\nTaifa of Baeza (1224–1226)\nTaifa of Ceuta (1026–1079)\nTaifa of Constantina and Hornachuelos (1143–1150)\nTaifa of Guadix and Baza (1145–1151)\nTaifa of Saltes and Huelva (1012–1051)\nTaifa of Jaen (1145–1168)\nTaifa of Lérida (1039–1046,1102–1110)\nTaifa of Murviedro and Sagunto (1086–1092)\nTaifa of Orihuela (1239–1249)\nTaifa of Purchena (1145–1150)\nTaifa of Segura (1147–1150)\nTaifa of Tortosa (1010–1099)\nTaifa of Tejada (1146–1150)\nTaifa of Valencia (1010–1238)\nTaifa of Alpuente (1009–1106)\nTaifa of Badajoz (1009–1151)\nTaifa of Morón (1010–1066)\nTaifa of Toledo (1010–1085)\nTaifa of Tortosa (1010–1099)\nTaifa of Arcos (1011–1145)\nTaifa of Almería (1010–1147)\nTaifa of Denia (1010–1227)\nTaifa of Valencia (1010–1238)\nTaifa of Murcia (1011–1266)\nTaifa of Albarracín (1012–1104)\nTaifa of Zaragoza (1013–1110)\nTaifa of Granada (1013–1145)\nTaifa of Carmona (1013–1150)\nTaifa of Santa María de Algarve (1018–1051)\nTaifa of Mallorca (1018–1203)\nTaifa of Lisbon (1022–1093)\nTaifa of Seville (1023–1091)\nTaifa of Niebla (1023–1262)\nTaifa of Córdoba (1031–1091)\nTaifa of Mértola (1033–1151)\nTaifa of Algeciras (1035–1058)\nTaifa of Ronda (1039–1065)\nTaifa of Silves (1040–1151)\nTaifa of Málaga (1073–1239)\nTaifa of Molina (c. 1080's–1100)\nTaifa of Lorca (1228–1250)\nTaifa of Menorca (1228–1287)\nEmirate of Granada (1228–1492)FranceFraxinetum (887–972)\nThe Emirate of Septimania, Southern France (Gaul) (719–759) Rule by:Umayyad Caliph of CordovaItalyThe Emirate of Bari (847–871)\nThe Emirate of Taranto (831–880)\nThe Emirate of Sicily (802–1091) Rule by:\nWali of Sicily (802–827) Euphemius & Asad\nAghlabids of Sicily (827–909)\nFatimids of Sicily (909–965)\nEmirate of Sicily (965–1091) KalbidsGibraltarGibraltar Maghreb (711–1462)","title":"Southern Europe"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Banu Kanz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banu_Kanz"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of al-Abwab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_al-Abwab"},{"link_name":"Darfur Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darfur_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"Dar Fertit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dar_Fertit"},{"link_name":"Dar al Masalit Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masalit_people"},{"link_name":"Dar Qimr Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dar_Qimr_Sultanate&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Funj Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funj_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Fazughli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Fazughli"},{"link_name":"Kordofan Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kordofan"},{"link_name":"Khedivate of Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khedivate_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Mahdiyya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahdist_State"},{"link_name":"Sultanate of Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Emirate of Brakna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirate_of_Brakna"},{"link_name":"Emirate of Trarza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirate_of_Trarza"},{"link_name":"Emirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirate"},{"link_name":"Adrar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrar_Region"},{"link_name":"Emirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirate"},{"link_name":"Tagant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagant_Region"},{"link_name":"Dendi Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendi_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Sultanate of Agadez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Agadez"},{"link_name":"Sultanate of Damagaram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Damagaram"},{"link_name":"Dosso kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dosso_kingdom"},{"link_name":"Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate"},{"link_name":"Maradi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maradi,_Niger"},{"link_name":"Tera Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9ra"},{"link_name":"Kokoro 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Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iwo,_Osun"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Kano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kano"},{"link_name":"Sultanate of Kano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Kano"},{"link_name":"Sultanate of Kebbi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebbi"},{"link_name":"Yauri Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yauri,_Nigeria"},{"link_name":"Zamfara Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamfara_State"},{"link_name":"Zaria Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaria"},{"link_name":"Osogbo Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osogbo"},{"link_name":"Ede Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ede,_Osun"},{"link_name":"Suleja Emirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suleja_Emirate"},{"link_name":"Adamawa Emirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adamawa_Emirate"},{"link_name":"Agaie Emirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agaie_Emirate"},{"link_name":"Bade Emirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bade_Emirate"},{"link_name":"Bashar Emirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashar,_Plateau,_Nigeria"},{"link_name":"Bauchi Emirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bauchi_Emirate"},{"link_name":"Bida Emirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bida_Emirate"},{"link_name":"Biu Emirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biu_Emirate"},{"link_name":"Birnin Gwari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birnin_Gwari"},{"link_name":"Borgu Emirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borgu_Emirate"},{"link_name":"Borno Emirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borno_Emirate"},{"link_name":"Damaturu Emirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damaturu_Emirate"},{"link_name":"Daura Emirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daura_Emirate"},{"link_name":"Dikwa Emirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dikwa_Emirate"},{"link_name":"Fika Emirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fika_Emirate"},{"link_name":"Gobir Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gobir_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Gobir Emirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gobir"},{"link_name":"Gombe Emirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gombe_Emirate"},{"link_name":"Gujba Emirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujba"},{"link_name":"Gumel Emirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gumel_Emirate"},{"link_name":"Gusau Emirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gusau"},{"link_name":"Gwandu Emirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwandu_Emirate"},{"link_name":"Hadejia Emirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadejia_Emirate"},{"link_name":"Ohinoyi of Ebiraland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohinoyi_of_Ebiraland"},{"link_name":"Ilorin Emirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilorin_Emirate"},{"link_name":"Jajere Emirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarmuwa"},{"link_name":"Jama'are Emirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jama%27are"},{"link_name":"Jema'a Emirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jema%27a"},{"link_name":"Kano Emirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kano_Emirate"},{"link_name":"Katagum Emirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katagum_Emirate"},{"link_name":"Katsina Emirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katsina_Emirate"},{"link_name":"Kazaure Emirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazaure_Emirate"},{"link_name":"Kebbi Emirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebbi_Emirate"},{"link_name":"Keffi Emirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keffi"},{"link_name":"Kontagora Emirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontagora_Emirate"},{"link_name":"Koton Karifi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koton_Karifi"},{"link_name":"Lafia Emirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lafia_Emirate"},{"link_name":"Lafiagi Emirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lafiagi"},{"link_name":"Lapai Emirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapai_Emirate"},{"link_name":"Lere Emirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lere,_Nigeria"},{"link_name":"Machina Emirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machina,_Nigeria"},{"link_name":"Misau Emirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misau"},{"link_name":"Mubi Emirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mubi_(town)"},{"link_name":"Muri Emirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muri,_Nigeria"},{"link_name":"Nasarawa Emirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasarawa"},{"link_name":"Ningi Emirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ningi,_Nigeria"},{"link_name":"Pategi Emirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pategi_Emirate"},{"link_name":"Potiskum Emirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potiskum_Emirate"},{"link_name":"Tula Chiefdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tula_Chiefdom"},{"link_name":"Rano Emirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rano"},{"link_name":"Rano Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rano"},{"link_name":"Yauri Emirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yauri_Emirate"},{"link_name":"Zamfara Emirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamfara_State"},{"link_name":"Zazzau Emirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zazzau"},{"link_name":"Agbede","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etsako_West"},{"link_name":"Ajasse Ipo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajasse_Ipo"},{"link_name":"Ado-Odo Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ado-Odo"},{"link_name":"Auchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auchi"},{"link_name":"Kaiama Emirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaiama"},{"link_name":"Dutse Emirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutse"},{"link_name":"Gwoza Emirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwoza"},{"link_name":"Ibadan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibadan"},{"link_name":"Bichi Emirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bichi"},{"link_name":"Gaya Emirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaya,_Nigeria"},{"link_name":"Karaye Emirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karaye"},{"link_name":"Gwanara Emirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwara_State"},{"link_name":"Shanga Emirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanga,_Nigeria"},{"link_name":"Wase Emirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wase,_Nigeria"},{"link_name":"Yashikira Emirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwara_State"},{"link_name":"Bwari Emirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bwari"},{"link_name":"Ghana Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana_Empire"},{"link_name":"Mali Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali_Empire"},{"link_name":"Gao Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gao_Empire"},{"link_name":"Songhai Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songhai_Empire"},{"link_name":"Pashalik of Timbuktu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashalik_of_Timbuktu"},{"link_name":"Sosso Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosso_Empire"},{"link_name":"Bamana Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamana_Empire"},{"link_name":"Kaarta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaarta"},{"link_name":"Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire"},{"link_name":"Fulani Empire of Sokoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulani_Empire_of_Sokoto"},{"link_name":"Fulani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulani"},{"link_name":"Fulbe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulbe"},{"link_name":"Macina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massina_Empire"},{"link_name":"Seku Amadu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seku_Amadu"},{"link_name":"Fulani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulani"},{"link_name":"Fulbe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulbe"},{"link_name":"El Hajj Oumar Tall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Hajj_Oumar_Tall"},{"link_name":"Toucouleur Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toucouleur_Empire"},{"link_name":"Fulani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulani"},{"link_name":"Fulbe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulbe"},{"link_name":"Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire"},{"link_name":"Bundu (state)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundu_(state)"},{"link_name":"Malick Daouda Sy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Malick_Daouda_Sy&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kanem Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanem_Empire"},{"link_name":"Bornu Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bornu_Empire"},{"link_name":"Wadai Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadai_Empire"},{"link_name":"Ghana Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana_Empire"},{"link_name":"Mali Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali_Empire"},{"link_name":"Bafut Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fon_of_Bafut"},{"link_name":"Kotoko kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotoko_kingdom"},{"link_name":"Bamum Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamum_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Banyo Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banyo,_Cameroon"},{"link_name":"Bibemi Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibemi"},{"link_name":"Garoua Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garoua"},{"link_name":"Kontcha Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontcha"},{"link_name":"Kungi Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kungi_Kingdom&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Logone-Birni Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logone-Birni"},{"link_name":"Mandara Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandara_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Maroua Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maroua"},{"link_name":"N'Gaoundere Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%27Gaoundere"},{"link_name":"Rey Bouba Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rey_Bouba"},{"link_name":"Tibati Lamidate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibati"},{"link_name":"Bankim Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankim"},{"link_name":"Mboum Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbum_language"},{"link_name":"Kandi Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kandi,_Benin"},{"link_name":"Parakou Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parakou"},{"link_name":"Kwande","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwande"},{"link_name":"Nikki Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikki,_Benin"},{"link_name":"Djougou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djougou"},{"link_name":"Mossi Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mossi_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Wogodogo Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouagadougou"},{"link_name":"Yatenga Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yatenga"},{"link_name":"Tenkodogo Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenkodogo"},{"link_name":"Bilanga Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilanga"},{"link_name":"Koala Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Liptako"},{"link_name":"Nungu Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Royal_family_of_Nungu&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pama Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pama,_Burkina_Faso"},{"link_name":"Gurunsi Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurunsi_people"},{"link_name":"Liptako Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liptako"},{"link_name":"Gwiriko Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwiriko"},{"link_name":"Kanem Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanem_Empire"},{"link_name":"Wadai 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Kuti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dar_al_Kuti"},{"link_name":"Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate"},{"link_name":"Rafai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafai"},{"link_name":"Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate"},{"link_name":"Zemio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zemio"},{"link_name":"Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate"},{"link_name":"Bangassou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangassou"},{"link_name":"Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate"},{"link_name":"Kong Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kong_Empire"},{"link_name":"Kabasarana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kabasarana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bouna Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouna,_Ivory_Coast"},{"link_name":"Dagbon Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagbon_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Wala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Wala"},{"link_name":"Mamprusi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamprusi"},{"link_name":"Nanumba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanumba_people"},{"link_name":"Gonja kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonja_kingdom"},{"link_name":"Zabarima Emirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zabarima_(emirate)"},{"link_name":"Imamate of Futa Toro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imamate_of_Futa_Toro"},{"link_name":"Imamate of Futa Jallon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imamate_of_Futa_Jallon"},{"link_name":"Empire of Great Fulo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Great_Fulo"},{"link_name":"Jolof Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jolof_Empire"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Jolof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jolof"},{"link_name":"Cayor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayor"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Sine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sine"},{"link_name":"Xaaso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Khasso"},{"link_name":"Takrur Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takrur_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Baol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baol"},{"link_name":"Waalo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waalo"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Saloum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saloum"},{"link_name":"Baro Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baro_,_Gambia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fuladugu Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuladugu"},{"link_name":"Marabout Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marabout"},{"link_name":"Benna Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benna_(Guinea)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bramaya Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bramaya&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dubreka Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubreka"},{"link_name":"Fuuta Jalon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuuta_Jalon"},{"link_name":"Kanea Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kanea&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kinsam Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kinsam&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Koba Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Koba_(Guinea)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Landuma Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landuma_people"},{"link_name":"Nalu Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nalu_people"},{"link_name":"Samburu Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samburu_people"},{"link_name":"Solima Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Solima&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Timbi Tunni Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbi-Touny"},{"link_name":"N'Gabu Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaabu"},{"link_name":"Kotokolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotokolia"},{"link_name":"Tchamba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchamba"},{"link_name":"Bafilo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bafilo"},{"link_name":"Bassar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bassar"},{"link_name":"Cokossi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cokossi"},{"link_name":"Alikalia Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alikalia"},{"link_name":"Biriwa Chiefdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biriwa_Chiefdom"},{"link_name":"Dembelia Sikunia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dembelia_Sikunia"},{"link_name":"Imperri Chiefdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperri_Chiefdom"},{"link_name":"Kaiyamba Chiefdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaiyamba_Chiefdom"},{"link_name":"Mande","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mand%C3%A9_peoples"},{"link_name":"Nongowa Chiefdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nongowa_Chiefdom"},{"link_name":"Safroko Limba Chiefdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safroko_Limba_Chiefdom"},{"link_name":"Susu Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susu_people"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Koya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Koya"},{"link_name":"Ko Fransa Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ko_Fransa_Kingdom&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tonko Limba Chiefdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonko_Limba_Chiefdom"},{"link_name":"Wonkafong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wonkafong&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Sudan, South SudanBanu Kanz (1004–1412) Nubian\nKingdom of al-Abwab (1276–1560)\nDarfur Sultanate (1445–1916)\nDar Fertit (1700–1873)\nDar al Masalit Sultanate (1884–1921)\nDar Qimr Sultanate (1850–1945)\nFunj Sultanate (1503–1821)\nKingdom of Fazughli (1685–1821) Under Sennar\nKordofan Sultanate (1700–1821)\nKhedivate of Egypt (1867–1914)\nMahdiyya (1889–1898)\nSultanate of Egypt (1914–1z922)\nKingdom of Egypt (1922–1958)MauritaniaEmirate of Brakna (1600–1934)\nEmirate of Trarza (1640–present)\nEmirate of Adrar (1740–1932)\nEmirate of Tagant (1580–present)NigerDendi Kingdom (1591–1901)\nSultanate of Agadez (1449–1900)\nSultanate of Damagaram (1731–present)\nDosso kingdom (1750–present)\nSultanate Maradi (1807–present)\nTera Kingdom (1700–present)\nKokoro Kingdom (1700–1901)\nGoure Kingdom (1700–1960)\nDargol Kingdom (1700–1901)\nEmirate of Say (1825–1860)NigeriaBornu Empire (1380–1893)\nSokoto Caliphate (1804–1903)\nHausa Kingdoms (1696–1831)\nNupe Kingdom (1531–1872)\nBiu Kingdom (1535–1740)\nGadawur Kingdom (1421–1807)\nBiram Kingdom (1110–1808)\nKingdom of Ila Orangun (1680–present)\nIwo Kingdom (1415–present)\nKingdom of Kano (999–1349)\nSultanate of Kano (1350–1805)\nSultanate of Kebbi (1515–1831)\nYauri Kingdom (1400–1799)\nZamfara Kingdom (1200–1804)\nZaria Kingdom (1200–1896)\nOsogbo Kingdom (1760–present)\nEde Kingdom (1858–present)\nSuleja Emirate (1804–present)\nAdamawa Emirate (1809–present)\nAgaie Emirate (1832–present)\nBade Emirate (1818–present)\nBashar Emirate\nBauchi Emirate (1805–present)\nBida Emirate (1856–present)\nBiu Emirate (1740–present)\nBirnin Gwari\nBorgu Emirate (1730–present)\nBorno Emirate (1902–present)\nDamaturu Emirate (2004–present)\nDaura Emirate (1778–present)\nDikwa Emirate (1901–present)\nFika Emirate (1806–present)\nGobir Kingdom (1694–1800)\nGobir Emirate (1800–present)\nGombe Emirate (1804–present)\nGujba Emirate (2000–present)\nGumel Emirate (1750–present)\nGusau Emirate (1997–present)\nGwandu Emirate (1849–present)\nHadejia Emirate (1808–present)\nOhinoyi of Ebiraland (1904–present)\nIlorin Emirate (1824–present)\nJajere Emirate (2000–present)\nJama'are Emirate (1811–present)\nJema'a Emirate (1810–present)\nKano Emirate (1805–present)\nKatagum Emirate (1807–present)\nKatsina Emirate (1903–present)\nKazaure Emirate (1819–present)\nKebbi Emirate (1849–present)\nKeffi Emirate (1802–present)\nKontagora Emirate (1858–present)\nKoton Karifi (1800–present)\nLafia Emirate (1650–present)\nLafiagi Emirate (1975–present)\nLapai Emirate (1825–present)\nLere Emirate (1808–present)\nMachina Emirate\nMisau Emirate (1850–present)\nMubi Emirate (1805–present)\nMuri Emirate (1817–present)\nNasarawa Emirate (1835–present)\nNingi Emirate (1827–present)\nPategi Emirate (1897–present)\nPotiskum Emirate (1809–present)\nTula Chiefdom (2003–present)\nRano Emirate (1819–present)\nRano Kingdom (523–1819)\nYauri Emirate (1799–present)\nZamfara Emirate (1804–present)\nZazzau Emirate (1808–present)\nAgbede (1880–present)\nAjasse Ipo (1749–present)\nAdo-Odo Kingdom (1494–present)\nAuchi (1819–present)\nKaiama Emirate (1770–present)\nDutse Emirate (1807–present)\nGwoza Emirate (1919–present)\nIbadan (1820–present)\nBichi Emirate (2019–present)\nGaya Emirate (2019–present)\nKaraye Emirate (2019–present)\nGwanara Emirate (1810–present)\nShanga Emirate (1859–present)\nWase Emirate (1820–present)\nYashikira Emirate (1769–present)\nBwari Emirate (1976–present)MaliGhana Empire (500–1200)\nMali Empire (1230–1670)\nGao Empire (750–1430)\nSonghai Empire (1340–1591)\nPashalik of Timbuktu (1591–1833)\nSosso Empire (1100–1235)\nBamana Empire (1712–1862)\nKaarta Empire (1753–1854)RegionalFulani Empire of Sokoto (1804–1903)\nFulani or Fulbe Empire of Macina of Seku Amadu (1818–1862)\nFulani or Fulbe Empire of El Hajj Oumar Tall, Toucouleur Empire (1848–1898)\nFulani or Fulbe Empire of Bundu (state) of Malick Daouda Sy (1669–1954)\nKanem Empire (700–1380)\nBornu Empire (1380–1893)\nWadai Empire (1501–1912)\nGhana Empire (500–1200)\nMali Empire (1230–1670)CameroonBafut Kingdom (1750–present)\nKotoko kingdom (1450–present)\nBamum Kingdom (1394–present)\nBanyo Kingdom (1830–present)\nBibemi Sultanate (1770–present)\nGaroua Sultanate (1810–present)\nKontcha Kingdom (1902–present)\nKungi Kingdom (1990–present)\nLogone-Birni Kingdom (1805–present)\nMandara Kingdom (1500–present)\nMaroua Sultanate (1792–present)\nN'Gaoundere Sultanate (1836–present)\nRey Bouba Sultanate (1804–present)\nTibati Lamidate (1810–present)\nBankim Kingdom (1760–present)\nMboum Kingdom (1800–present)BeninKandi Kingdom (1700–present)\nParakou Kingdom (1700–present)\nKwande (1709–1961)\nNikki Kingdom (1700–present)\nDjougou (1750–present)Burkina FasoMossi Kingdom (1095–1898)\nWogodogo Kingdom (1182–present)\nYatenga Kingdom (1333–present)\nTenkodogo Kingdom (1120–present)\nBilanga Kingdom (1700–present)\nKoala Kingdom (1810–present)\nNungu Kingdom (1204–present)\nPama Kingdom (1600–present)\nGurunsi Kingdom (1870–1897)\nLiptako Kingdom (1810–present)\nGwiriko Kingdom (1714–1915)ChadKanem Empire (700–1380)\nWadai Empire (1501–1912)\nSultanate of Yao (1400–1890)\nTunjur kingdom (1400–1650)\nKingdom of Baguirmi (1485–1898)\nDar Sila (1213–1643)\nDar Runga (1700–1898)\nRabih az-Zubayr (1860–1900)\nKabka Sultanate (1990–Present)Central African RepublicDar al Kuti Sultanate (1830–1912)\nRafai Sultanate (1800–1966)\nZemio Sultanate (1830–1923)\nBangassou Sultanate (1780–1966)Côte d'IvoireKong Empire (1690–1913)\nKabasarana (1846–1880)\nBouna Kingdom (1600–present)GhanaDagbon Kingdom (1409–present)\nKingdom of Wala (1317–present)\nMamprusi (1450–present)\nNanumba (1850–present)\nGonja kingdom (1564–present)\nZabarima Emirate (1860–1897)SenegambiaImamate of Futa Toro (1776–1821)\nImamate of Futa Jallon (1725–1911)\nEmpire of Great Fulo (1490–1776)\nJolof Empire (1350–1549)\nKingdom of Jolof (1549–1875)\nCayor (1549–1879)\nKingdom of Sine (1449–1969)\nXaaso (1600–1880)\nTakrur Kingdom (800–1285)\nBaol (1555–1894)\nWaalo (1287–1855)\nKingdom of Saloum (1494–1969)GambiaBaro Kingdom (1600–1892)\nFuladugu Kingdom (1867–present)\nMarabout Kingdom (1851–1887)GuineaBenna Kingdom (1858–1904)\nBramaya Kingdom (1800–1883)\nDubreka Kingdom (1800–1888)\nFuuta Jalon (1726–1912)\nKanea Kingdom (1800–1880)\nKinsam Kingdom (1850–1894)\nKoba Kingdom (1700–1898)\nLanduma Kingdom (1700–1892)\nNalu Kingdom (1845–1884)\nSamburu Kingdom (1700–1892)\nSolima Kingdom (1850–1894)\nTimbi Tunni Kingdom (1800–1890)Guinea BissauN'Gabu Kingdom (1850–1903)TogoKotokolia (1785–present)\nTchamba (1750–present)\nBafilo (1700–present)\nBassar (1800–present)\nCokossi (1750–present)Sierra LeoneAlikalia Kingdom (1817–1898)\nBiriwa Chiefdom (1800–present)\nDembelia Sikunia (1850–present)\nImperri Chiefdom (1850–present)\nKaiyamba Chiefdom (1884–present)\nMande (1800–1919)\nNongowa Chiefdom (1820–present)\nSafroko Limba Chiefdom (1907–present)\nSusu Kingdom (1806–1892)\nKingdom of Koya (1505–1908)\nKo Fransa Kingdom (1700–1859)\nTonko Limba Chiefdom (1836–present)\nWonkafong (1794–1890)","title":"Sahel and Subsaharan Africa"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pemba Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemba_Island"},{"link_name":"Hadimu Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadimu"},{"link_name":"Unyanyembe Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unyanyembe"},{"link_name":"Kilindi dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilindi_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Tumbatu Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumbatu"},{"link_name":"Ujiji Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ujiji"},{"link_name":"Sultanate of Zanzibar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Zanzibar"},{"link_name":"Uhehu Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uhehu_Sultanate&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Malindi Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malindi_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Kilwa Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilwa_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"Pate Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pate_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"Mombasa Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mombasa"},{"link_name":"Wituland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wituland"},{"link_name":"Tippu Tip's State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tippu_Tip%27s_State"},{"link_name":"Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate"},{"link_name":"Kasongo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasongo"},{"link_name":"Yao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yao_people_(East_Africa)"},{"link_name":"Chieftain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chieftain"},{"link_name":"Jumbes of Nkhotakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jumbes_of_Nkhotakota"},{"link_name":"Angoche Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angoche_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"Kitangonya Sheikhdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kitangonya_Sheikhdom&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sankul Sheikhdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sankul_Sheikhdom&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"TanzaniaPemba Sultanate (1550–1829)\nHadimu Sultanate (1650–1873)\nUnyanyembe Kingdom (1727–present)\nKilindi dynasty (1750–Present)\nTumbatu Sultanate (1800–1865)\nUjiji Sultanate (1800–present)\nSultanate of Zanzibar (1856–1964)\nUhehu Sultanate (1860–1962)KenyaMalindi Kingdom (850–1861)\nKilwa Sultanate (957–1517)\nPate Sultanate (1203–1870)\nMombasa Sultanate (1502–1895)\nWituland (1858–1929)Democratic Republic of the CongoTippu Tip's State (1860–1887)\nSultanate Kasongo (1860–1895)MalawiYao Chieftain (*1500–present)\nJumbes of Nkhotakota (1840–1894)MozambiqueAngoche Sultanate (1485–1910)\nKitangonya Sheikhdom (1750–1906)\nSankul Sheikhdom (1753–1910)","title":"East Africa (\"Swahili Coast\")"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sultanate of Maldives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Maldives"},{"link_name":"Theemuge dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theemuge_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Hilaalee dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilaalee_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Utheemu dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utheemu_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Hamavi dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hamavi_dynasty&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Devadhu dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Devadhu_dynasty&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Isdhoo dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isdhoo_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Dhiyamigili dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhiyamigili_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Huraa dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huraa_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Sultanate of Mwati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayotte"},{"link_name":"Sultanate of Ndzuwani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anjoun&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sultanate of Ngazidjia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Comore"},{"link_name":"Sultanate of Mwali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moheli"},{"link_name":"Sultanate of Bajini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bajini"},{"link_name":"Sultanate of Itsandra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itsandra"},{"link_name":"Sultanate of Mitsamihuli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsamihuli"},{"link_name":"Sultanate of Washili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Washili&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sultanate of Hambuu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hambuu&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sultanate of Hamahame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hamahame&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sultanate of Mbwankuu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mbwankuu&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sultanate of Mbude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mbude&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sultanate of Domba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domba"},{"link_name":"Sakalava Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakalava_people"},{"link_name":"Antemoro Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antemoro_people"}],"text":"MaldivesSultanate of Maldives (1153–1968)\nTheemuge dynasty (1161–1338)\nHilaalee dynasty (1388–1558)\nUtheemu dynasty (1632–1692)\nHamavi dynasty (1692)\nDevadhu dynasty (1692–1701)\nIsdhoo dynasty (1701–1704)\nDhiyamigili dynasty (1704–1759, 1766–1773)\nHuraa dynasty (1759–1766, 1774–1968)MayotteThe Sultanate of Mwati (1500–1841)ComorosThe Sultanate of Ndzuwani (1711–1912)\nThe Sultanate of Ngazidjia (1400–1912) Sultanate of Bambao\nThe Sultanate of Mwali (1830–1909)\nThe Sultanate of Bajini (1500–1889)\nThe Sultanate of Itsandra (1400–1886)\nThe Sultanate of Mitsamihuli\nThe Sultanate of Washili\nThe Sultanate of Hambuu\nThe Sultanate of Hamahame\nThe Sultanate of Mbwankuu\nThe Sultanate of Mbude\nThe Sultanate of DombaMadagascarThe Sakalava Kingdom (1500–1898)\nThe Antemoro Kingdom (1495–1888)","title":"Indian Ocean Region"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Crimean Khanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimean_Khanate"},{"link_name":"Budjak Horde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budjak_Horde"},{"link_name":"Tamrash Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamrash_Republic"},{"link_name":"Provisional Government of Western Thrace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Western_Thrace"},{"link_name":"Pashalik of Yanina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashalik_of_Yanina"},{"link_name":"Emirate of Crete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirate_of_Crete"},{"link_name":"Pashalik of Scutari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashalik_of_Scutari"},{"link_name":"Pashalik of Berat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashalik_of_Berat"}],"text":"Ukraine, MoldovaCrimean Khanate (1441–1783)\nBudjak Horde (1603–1799)Romania, BulgariaTamrash Republic (1878–1886)\nProvisional Government of Western Thrace (1913)GreecePashalik of Yanina (1788–1822)\nEmirate of Crete (820–961)AlbaniaPashalik of Scutari (1757–1831)\nPashalik of Berat (1774–1809)","title":"Eastern Europe (Balkan Region)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Volga Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volga_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Golden Horde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Horde"},{"link_name":"Kazan Khanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khanate_of_Kazan"},{"link_name":"Astrakhan Khanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrakhan_Khanate"},{"link_name":"Qasim Khanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qasim_Khanate"},{"link_name":"Bashkirs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashkirs"},{"link_name":"Sibir Khanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibir_Khanate"},{"link_name":"Great Horde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Horde"},{"link_name":"Nogai Horde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nogai_Horde"},{"link_name":"Lesser Nogai Horde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nogai_Horde"},{"link_name":"Crimean Khanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimean_Khanate"},{"link_name":"Mishar Yurt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mishar_Yurt"},{"link_name":"Mukhsha Ulus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mukhsha_Ulus"},{"link_name":"Idel-Ural State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idel-Ural_State"}],"text":"Volga Bulgaria (922–1236)\nGolden Horde (1251–1502)\nKazan Khanate (1438–1552)\nAstrakhan Khanate (1466–1556)\nQasim Khanate (1452–1681)\nBashkirs (800–1557)\nSibir Khanate (1468–1598)\nGreat Horde (1466–1502)\nNogai Horde (1440–1634)\nLesser Nogai Horde (1449–1783)\nCrimean Khanate (1441–1783)\nMishar Yurt (1298–1393)\nMukhsha Ulus (1300–1500)\nIdel-Ural State (1918)","title":"Ural Region, Siberia (Russia)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Afrighid dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrighid_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Principality of Ushrusana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Ushrusana"},{"link_name":"Karakhanid Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kara-Khanid_Khanate"},{"link_name":"Transoxiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transoxiana"},{"link_name":"Seljuk Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seljuk_Empire"},{"link_name":"Merv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merv"},{"link_name":"Khwarazmian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khwarazmian_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Timurid dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timurid_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Chagatai Khanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate"},{"link_name":"Muhtajids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhtajids"},{"link_name":"Yarkent Khanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarkent_Khanate"},{"link_name":"Shaybanid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaybanid"},{"link_name":"Samanid dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samanid_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Ghaznavids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghaznavids"},{"link_name":"Khanate of Bukhara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khanate_of_Bukhara"},{"link_name":"Kazakh Khanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakh_Khanate"},{"link_name":"Khanate of Khiva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khanate_of_Khiva"},{"link_name":"Khanate of Kokand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khanate_of_Kokand"},{"link_name":"Uzbek Khanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbek_Khanate"},{"link_name":"White Horde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Horde"},{"link_name":"Emirate of Bukhara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirate_of_Bukhara"},{"link_name":"Golden Horde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Horde"},{"link_name":"Bukey Horde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukey_Horde"},{"link_name":"Sufids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufids"},{"link_name":"Ögedei Khanete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%82%B4%E3%83%87%E3%82%A4%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A6%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B9"},{"link_name":"Kara-Khanid Khanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kara-Khanid_Khanate"},{"link_name":"Kashgar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashgar"},{"link_name":"Moghulistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moghulistan"},{"link_name":"Moghulistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moghulistan"},{"link_name":"Uyghurstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moghulistan"},{"link_name":"Yarkent Khanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarkent_Khanate"},{"link_name":"Turpan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turpan"},{"link_name":"Khanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khanate"},{"link_name":"Kashgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashgaria"},{"link_name":"Khanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khanate"},{"link_name":"Kumul Khanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumul_Khanate"},{"link_name":"Khoja Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khoja"},{"link_name":"Dughlats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dughlats"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Mangalai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mangalai"},{"link_name":"Pingnan Guo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pingnan_Guo"},{"link_name":"First East Turkestan Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_East_Turkestan_Republic"},{"link_name":"Second East Turkestan Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_East_Turkestan_Republic"}],"text":"Transoxania (Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan)Afrighid dynasty (305–995)\nPrincipality of Ushrusana (822–892)\nKarakhanid Empire (840–1212, Transoxiana)\nSeljuk Empire (1029–1194, based in Merv, Eastern Division\nKhwarazmian Empire (1077–1231)\nTimurid dynasty (1370–1507)\nChagatai Khanate (Mongol) (1226–1347)\nMuhtajids (950–1030)\nYarkent Khanate (1487–1705)\nShaybanid (1428–1599)\nSamanid dynasty (819–999)\nGhaznavids (977–1186)\nKhanate of Bukhara (1500–1785)\nKazakh Khanate (1456–1847)\nKhanate of Khiva (1511–1920)\nKhanate of Kokand (1709–1876)\nUzbek Khanate (1428–1471)\nWhite Horde (Mongol) (1360–1428)\nEmirate of Bukhara (1785–1920)\nGolden Horde (Mongol) (1313–1502)\nBukey Horde (1801–1845)\nSufids (1361–1379)\nÖgedei Khanete (1226-1402)ChinaKara-Khanid Khanate (840–1212, based in Kashgar)\nMoghulistan (Mongol) (1347–1462)\nWestern Moghulistan (1462–1690)\nEastern Moghulistan / Uyghurstan (1462–1680)\nYarkent Khanate (1514–1705)\nTurpan Khanate (1487–1570)\nKashgaria Khanate (1865–1877)\nKumul Khanate (1696–1930)\nKhoja Kingdom (1693–1857)\nDughlats (1466–1514)\nKingdom of Mangalai (1220–1877)\nPingnan Guo (1856–1873)\nFirst East Turkestan Republic (1933–1934)\nSecond East Turkestan Republic (1944–1949)","title":"Central Asia, East Asia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Samudera Pasai Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samudera_Pasai_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"Malacca Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malacca_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"Bruneian Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sultans_of_Brunei"},{"link_name":"Aceh Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aceh_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"Sultanate of Siak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Siak"},{"link_name":"Aru Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aru_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Sultanate of Langkat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Langkat"},{"link_name":"Sultanate of Asahan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Asahan"},{"link_name":"Sultanate of Serdang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Serdang"},{"link_name":"Sultanate of Deli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Deli"},{"link_name":"Pagaruyung Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagaruyung_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Sultanate of Johor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan_of_Johor"},{"link_name":"Sultanate of Kedah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kedah_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"Sultanate of Kelantan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelantan_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"Sultanate of Perak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"Sultanate of Pahang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan_of_Pahang"},{"link_name":"Sultanate of Selangor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selangor_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"Sultanate of Terengganu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Terengganu"},{"link_name":"Perlis Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Jamalullail_(Perlis)"},{"link_name":"Negeri Sembilan Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamtuan_Besar"},{"link_name":"Sultanate of Sarawak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sarawak"},{"link_name":"Bima Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bima_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"Mataram Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mataram_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"Demak Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demak_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"Cirebon Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirebon_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"Banten Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banten_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Pajang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pajang"},{"link_name":"Yogyakarta Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yogyakarta_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"Surakarta Sunanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surakarta_Sunanate"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Sumedang Larang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sumedang_Larang"},{"link_name":"Kalinyamat Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalinyamat_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"Sultanate of Ternate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Ternate"},{"link_name":"Sultanate of Tidore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Tidore"},{"link_name":"Sultanate of Jailolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Jailolo"},{"link_name":"Sultanate of Bacan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Bacan"},{"link_name":"Sultanate of Banjar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Banjar"},{"link_name":"Sultanate of Pontianak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Pontianak"},{"link_name":"Kutai Kartanegara Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutai"},{"link_name":"Sultanate of Sambas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sambas"},{"link_name":"Sultanate of Sintang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sintang"},{"link_name":"Sultanate of Bulungan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Bulungan"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Bolaang Mongondow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bolaang_Mongondow"},{"link_name":"Sultanate of Gowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Gowa"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Tallo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tallo"},{"link_name":"Palembang Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palembang_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Kaimana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kaimana"},{"link_name":"Jambi Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jambi_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"Riau-Lingga Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riau-Lingga_Sultanate"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Moro_Sultanates_(Philippines).png"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Manila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Manila"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Namayan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namayan"},{"link_name":"Datu of Mactan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mactan"},{"link_name":"Sultanate of Maguindanao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Maguindanao"},{"link_name":"Sultanate of Sulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sulu"},{"link_name":"Sultanates of Lanao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_States_of_Lanao"},{"link_name":"Bon-bon sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balayan"},{"link_name":"Pattani Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattani_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Sultanate of Singora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Singora"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Setul Mambang Segara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Setul_Mambang_Segara"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Reman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Reman"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Champa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Champa"}],"text":"Brunei, Indonesia, MalaysiaSamudera Pasai Sultanate (1267–1521)\nMalacca Sultanate (1400–1511)\nBruneian Sultanate (1363–present)\nAceh Sultanate (1496–1904)\nSultanate of Siak (1723–1949)\nAru Kingdom (1225–1613)\nSultanate of Langkat (1568–1946)\nSultanate of Asahan (1630–1946)\nSultanate of Serdang (1723–1946)\nSultanate of Deli (1632–1946)\nPagaruyung Kingdom (1347–1833)\nSultanate of Johor (1528–present)\nSultanate of Kedah (1136–present)\nSultanate of Kelantan (1267–present)\nSultanate of Perak (1528–present)\nSultanate of Pahang (1470–present)\nSultanate of Selangor (1743–present)\nSultanate of Terengganu (1725–present)\nPerlis Kingdom (1843–present)\nNegeri Sembilan Kingdom (1773–present)\nSultanate of Sarawak (1599–1641)\nBima Sultanate (1620–1958)\nMataram Sultanate (1586–1755)\nDemak Sultanate (1475–1554)\nCirebon Sultanate (1430–1666)\nBanten Sultanate (1527–1813)\nKingdom of Pajang (1568–1618)\nYogyakarta Sultanate (1755–present)\nSurakarta Sunanate (1755–1945)\nKingdom of Sumedang Larang (1527–1620)\nKalinyamat Sultanate (1527–1599)\nSultanate of Ternate (1257–1914)\nSultanate of Tidore (1450–1967)\nSultanate of Jailolo (1200s–1832)\nSultanate of Bacan (1322–1965)\nSultanate of Banjar (1526–1860)\nSultanate of Pontianak (1771–1950)\nKutai Kartanegara Sultanate (1600s–1945)\nSultanate of Sambas (1609–1956)\nSultanate of Sintang (1365–1950)\nSultanate of Bulungan (1731–1964)\nKingdom of Bolaang Mongondow (1670–1950)\nSultanate of Gowa (1300s–1945)\nKingdom of Tallo (1400–1856)\nPalembang Sultanate (1659–1823)\nKingdom of Kaimana (1309–1923)\nJambi Sultanate (1550–1905)\nRiau-Lingga Sultanate (1824–1911)PhilippinesApproximate extent of the Muslim Sultanates in the PhilippinesKingdom of Manila (1258–1571)\nKingdom of Namayan (1175–1571)\nDatu of Mactan (1500–1540)\nSultanate of Maguindanao (1515–1905)\nSultanate of Sulu (1405–1915, 1962–1986)\nSultanates of Lanao (1616–Present)\nBon-bon sultanateThailandPattani Kingdom (1457–1902)\nSultanate of Singora (1605–1680)\nKingdom of Setul Mambang Segara (1808–1916)\nKingdom of Reman (1810–1902)IndochinaKingdom of Champa (11th century–1832)","title":"Southeast Asia"}]
[{"image_text":"Shah Ismail I, founder of Safavid dynasty","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Portrait_of_Shah_Ismail_I._Inscribed_%22Ismael_Sophy_Rex_Pers%22._Painted_by_Cristofano_dell%27Altissimo%2C_dated_1552-1568.jpg/220px-Portrait_of_Shah_Ismail_I._Inscribed_%22Ismael_Sophy_Rex_Pers%22._Painted_by_Cristofano_dell%27Altissimo%2C_dated_1552-1568.jpg"},{"image_text":"Barbarossa Hayreddin Pasha","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Battle_of_Preveza_%281538%29.jpg/240px-Battle_of_Preveza_%281538%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Taj Mahal","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/TajCalligraphy3.jpg/240px-TajCalligraphy3.jpg"},{"image_text":"Mezquita","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Spain_Andalusia_Cordoba_BW_2015-10-27_13-54-14.jpg/240px-Spain_Andalusia_Cordoba_BW_2015-10-27_13-54-14.jpg"},{"image_text":"Approximate extent of the Muslim Sultanates in the Philippines","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Moro_Sultanates_%28Philippines%29.png/220px-Moro_Sultanates_%28Philippines%29.png"}]
[{"title":"List of Sunni dynasties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sunni_dynasties"},{"title":"List of Shia dynasties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Shia_dynasties"},{"title":"Islamic state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_state"},{"title":"Caliphate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliphate"},{"title":"List of largest empires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_empires"},{"title":"Timeline of Middle Eastern history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Middle_Eastern_history"},{"title":"Early Muslim conquests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests"},{"title":"History of Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Islam"},{"title":"Muslim world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_world"},{"title":"The Ottomans: Europe's Muslim Emperors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ottomans:_Europe%27s_Muslim_Emperors"},{"title":"List of Buddhist Kingdoms and Empires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_Kingdoms_and_Empires"},{"title":"List of Hindu empires and dynasties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Hindu_empires_and_dynasties"},{"title":"List of Jain states and dynasties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Jain_states_and_dynasties"},{"title":"List of Jewish states and dynasties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Jewish_states_and_dynasties"},{"title":"List of Zoroastrian states and dynasties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Zoroastrian_states_and_dynasties"},{"title":"List of Confucian states and dynasties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Confucian_states_and_dynasties"},{"title":"List of Tengrist states and dynasties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Tengrist_states_and_dynasties"}]
[{"reference":"Levy-Rubin, Milka (2011). Non-Muslims in the Early Islamic Empire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 102–103. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511977435. ISBN 978-1108449618.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fcbo9780511977435","url_text":"10.1017/cbo9780511977435"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1108449618","url_text":"978-1108449618"}]},{"reference":"Jo Van Steenbergen (2020). \"2.1\". A History of the Islamic World, 600–1800: Empire, Dynastic Formations, and Heterogeneities in Pre-Modern Islamic West-Asia. Routledge. ISBN 978-1000093070.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1000093070","url_text":"978-1000093070"}]},{"reference":"Libyan Studies, Society (2004). \"Libyan Studies: Annual Report of the Society for Libyan Studies\". Society for Libyan Studies (London, England). 35.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Libyan_Studies/EKtwAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0&bsq=banu%20tellis","url_text":"\"Libyan Studies: Annual Report of the Society for Libyan Studies\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22List+of+Muslim+states+and+dynasties%22","external_links_name":"\"List of Muslim states and dynasties\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22List+of+Muslim+states+and+dynasties%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22List+of+Muslim+states+and+dynasties%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22List+of+Muslim+states+and+dynasties%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22List+of+Muslim+states+and+dynasties%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22List+of+Muslim+states+and+dynasties%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fcbo9780511977435","external_links_name":"10.1017/cbo9780511977435"},{"Link":"https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Libyan_Studies/EKtwAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0&bsq=banu%20tellis","external_links_name":"\"Libyan Studies: Annual Report of the Society for Libyan Studies\""},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85068444","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H.H._Lewis
H. H. Lewis
["1 Biography","2 References","3 External links"]
For other people named Harry Lewis, see Harry Lewis (disambiguation). Harold Harwell LewisBorn(1901-01-13)January 13, 1901Cape Girardeau, Missouri, United StatesDiedJanuary 24, 1985(1985-01-24) (aged 84)Chaffee, MissouriOccupationWriter, laborerNationalityAmericanPeriod1930s to 1960sGenrePoetry and EssaySubjectSocial and Political CommentaryLiterary movementModernismThis biography relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this biography by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: "H. H. Lewis" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Harold Harwell Lewis (January 13, 1901 – January 24, 1985) was a Communist American poet during the 1930s thru the 1970s. Biography Harold Harwell Lewis, or H.H. Lewis as he became known, was born January 13, 1901, near Cape Girardeau, Missouri. He was one of four children born to Thomas and Catherine Tisdale Lewis. He received his secondary education at the Southeast Missouri State Normal School—Third District Training School, which is now named Southeast Missouri State University. During the Great Depression, Lewis traveled as a common laborer in the Southwest. Away from his parents for the first time, Lewis was incredibly poor and many of his encounters and experiences traveling would fuel his future career. That "stove-devil," heat-blanched and heat-crazed, gaunt and flagrantly dirty, up against it for twelve hours daily, received $60 per month. The waiters got $1.25 per day. The restaurant belonged to a chain of such for dime-gripping bums and low-paid working-stiffs. Came gringos and greasers for coffee and stew, hash, beans—a large bowl of brown beans for a dime. Came Negroes, humblest of all. Came "mouthmen" and "wolves," proletarian beasts of the ghastliest ilk. From the poverty of America, in this bottomless hell, came these contorted and condemned souls. — H.H. Lewis on his slide into poverty. Found in The Anvil, 1933 He eventually returned to the family farm to pursue a career of freelance writing, including publishing his own magazine, The Outlander. For a brief period in the 1930s Lewis enjoyed a small measure of acclaim. Malcolm Cowley of The New Republic in 1932 called him "the red-starred laureate, the Joe Hill of the Communist Movement." An editor of Partisan Review, in a testy exchange with Lewis, called him "a necrophilic son of a cretin." He was heralded as a rising star of proletarian literature by V. F. Calverton and editors of the Soviet publication, International Literature, Lewis seemed destined to stir up controversy. H.H. Lewis had a close friendship with famous writer William Carlos Williams, to whom Lewis represented a fresh and vigorous voice in the search for the "low-down Americano," or common man. With such support, both magazines began to published Lewis's prose and poetry in the 1930s, including Mencken's The American Mercury, Jack Conroy's The Anvil, The New Republic, and numerous others. In 1937, Lewis's poetry won the prestigious Harriet Monroe Literary Prize. His poem, "Farmhand's Refrain," first published in Poetry, was anthologized in the 1952 edition of Oscar Williams's A Little Treasury of Modern Poetry but dropped from subsequent editions. Git plumb outta breath, Git strangled to death On de T-bones in de sky? — H.H. Lewis lines from "Tractors Eat Kerosene" The Missouri farmhand poet and Communist essayist wrote both poetry and prose on the condition of Native Americans, African-American, and sharecroppers that were unique at the time of his creating them. Lewis tried to embrace the voice of the people, writing in the vernacular as well as writing in a style commonly referred to as Grammar B. His writings were translated into Japanese, French, German, and Russian and he was widely praised and popular in the Soviet Union for his proletarian and revolutionary sympathies. After several unsuccessful attempts to secure a Guggenheim Fellowship to support research on sharecroppers, Lewis devoted the rest of his life to exposing subversive threats to his country at home and abroad. His poetry and essays often focus on the plight of the sharecropper or on his various conspiracy theories. He was interested particularly in conspiracies relating to the attack on Pearl Harbor and the role played by the Communist Party and the Federal Bureau of Investigation. He recorded the story of his life in an autobiographical story “Down the Skidway.” In 1981 Lewis was the subject of the film “The Farmhand Poet”. He died in Chaffee, Missouri, on January 24, 1985. He is buried in Cape Girardeau. References ^ Special Collections and Archives, Southeast Missouri State University, H.H. Lewis Finding Aid, Descriptive Overview. http://library.semo.edu/archives/collections/Finding%20Aids/Lewis,%20H.H/CSS/H.%20H.%20Lewis%20Descriptive%20Overview.htm Archived 2014-03-18 at the Wayback Machine ^ a b c d Wixson, Douglas C (2006). "In Search of the Low-Down Americano: H. H. Lewis, William Carlos Williams, and the Politics of Literary Reception, 1930–1950". William Carlos Williams Review. 26 (1): 75–100. doi:10.1353/wcw.2007.0003. S2CID 144826902. Project MUSE 216546. ^ Special Collections and Archives, Southeast Missouri State University, H.H. Lewis Finding Aid, Descriptive Overview. http://library.semo.edu/archives/collections/Finding%20Aids/Lewis,%20H.H/H.%20H.%20Lewis%20Finding%20Aid.htm ^ Special Collections and Archives, Southeast Missouri State University, H.H. Lewis Finding Aid, Descriptive Overview. http://library.semo.edu/archives/collections/Finding%20Aids/Lewis,%20H.H/H.%20H.%20Lewis%20Finding%20Aid.htm ^ Special Collections and Archives, Southeast Missouri State University, H.H. Lewis Finding Aid, Descriptive Overview. http://library.semo.edu/archives/collections/Finding%20Aids/Lewis,%20H.H/H.%20H.%20Lewis%20Finding%20Aid.htm ^ Special Collections and Archives, Southeast Missouri State University, H.H. Lewis Finding Aid, Descriptive Overview. http://library.semo.edu/archives/collections/Finding%20Aids/Lewis,%20H.H/H.%20H.%20Lewis%20Finding%20Aid.htm ^ Special Collections and Archives, Southeast Missouri State University, H.H. Lewis Finding Aid. http://library.semo.edu/archives/collections/Finding%20Aids/Lewis,%20H.H/H.%20H.%20Lewis%20Container%20List.htm#Series_IV External links Wikiquote has quotations related to H. H. Lewis. Southeast Missouri State University Special Collections and Archives, The H.H. Lewis Collection The Newberry Library Inventory of the Jack Conroy Papers, 1924-1991. Archived 2008-05-14 at the Wayback Machine
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Harry Lewis (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Lewis_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Communist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist"},{"link_name":"American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"poet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poet"}],"text":"For other people named Harry Lewis, see Harry Lewis (disambiguation).Harold Harwell Lewis (January 13, 1901 – January 24, 1985) was a Communist American poet during the 1930s thru the 1970s.","title":"H. H. Lewis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cape Girardeau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Girardeau"},{"link_name":"Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Southeast Missouri State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Missouri_State_University"},{"link_name":"Great Depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wixson2006-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Malcolm Cowley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_Cowley"},{"link_name":"The New Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Republic"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wixson2006-2"},{"link_name":"William Carlos Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Carlos_Williams"},{"link_name":"The American Mercury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_American_Mercury"},{"link_name":"Jack Conroy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Conroy"},{"link_name":"The Anvil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Anvil_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Farmhand's Refrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Farmhand%27s_Refrain"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wixson2006-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wixson2006-2"},{"link_name":"sharecroppers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharecroppers"},{"link_name":"Grammar B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grammar_B&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Harold Harwell Lewis, or H.H. Lewis as he became known, was born January 13, 1901, near Cape Girardeau, Missouri. He was one of four children born to Thomas and Catherine Tisdale Lewis.[1]He received his secondary education at the Southeast Missouri State Normal School—Third District Training School, which is now named Southeast Missouri State University. During the Great Depression, Lewis traveled as a common laborer in the Southwest. Away from his parents for the first time, Lewis was incredibly poor and many of his encounters and experiences traveling would fuel his future career.That \"stove-devil,\" heat-blanched and heat-crazed, gaunt and flagrantly dirty, up against it for twelve hours daily, received $60 per month. The waiters got $1.25 per day. The restaurant belonged to a chain of such for dime-gripping bums and low-paid working-stiffs. Came gringos and greasers for coffee and stew, hash, beans—a large bowl of brown beans for a dime. Came Negroes, humblest of all. Came \"mouthmen\" and \"wolves,\" proletarian beasts of the ghastliest ilk. From the poverty of America, in this bottomless hell, came these contorted and condemned souls.\n\n\n— H.H. Lewis on his slide into poverty. Found in The Anvil, 1933[2]He eventually returned to the family farm to pursue a career of freelance writing, including publishing his own magazine, The Outlander.[3] For a brief period in the 1930s Lewis enjoyed a small measure of acclaim. Malcolm Cowley of The New Republic in 1932 called him \"the red-starred laureate, the Joe Hill of the Communist Movement.\" An editor of Partisan Review, in a testy exchange with Lewis, called him \"a necrophilic son of a cretin.\" He was heralded as a rising star of proletarian literature by V. F. Calverton and editors of the Soviet publication, International Literature, Lewis seemed destined to stir up controversy.[2]H.H. Lewis had a close friendship with famous writer William Carlos Williams, to whom Lewis represented a fresh and vigorous voice in the search for the \"low-down Americano,\" or common man. With such support, both magazines began to published Lewis's prose and poetry in the 1930s, including Mencken's The American Mercury, Jack Conroy's The Anvil, The New Republic, and numerous others. In 1937, Lewis's poetry won the prestigious Harriet Monroe Literary Prize.[4] His poem, \"Farmhand's Refrain,\" first published in Poetry, was anthologized in the 1952 edition of Oscar Williams's A Little Treasury of Modern Poetry but dropped from subsequent editions.[2]Git plumb outta breath, Git strangled to death On de T-bones in de sky?\n\n\n— H.H. Lewis lines from \"Tractors Eat Kerosene\"[2]The Missouri farmhand poet and Communist essayist wrote both poetry and prose on the condition of Native Americans, African-American, and sharecroppers that were unique at the time of his creating them. Lewis tried to embrace the voice of the people, writing in the vernacular as well as writing in a style commonly referred to as Grammar B. His writings were translated into Japanese, French, German, and Russian and he was widely praised and popular in the Soviet Union for his proletarian and revolutionary sympathies.After several unsuccessful attempts to secure a Guggenheim Fellowship to support research on sharecroppers, Lewis devoted the rest of his life to exposing subversive threats to his country at home and abroad.[5] His poetry and essays often focus on the plight of the sharecropper or on his various conspiracy theories. He was interested particularly in conspiracies relating to the attack on Pearl Harbor and the role played by the Communist Party and the Federal Bureau of Investigation. He recorded the story of his life in an autobiographical story “Down the Skidway.[6]”In 1981 Lewis was the subject of the film “The Farmhand Poet”. He died in Chaffee, Missouri, on January 24, 1985. He is buried in Cape Girardeau.[7]","title":"Biography"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1854_Ansei-T%C5%8Dkai_earthquake
1854 Tōkai earthquake
["1 Background","2 Damage","3 Characteristics","3.1 Earthquake","3.2 Tsunami","4 See also","5 References"]
Coordinates: 34°00′N 137°48′E / 34.0°N 137.8°E / 34.0; 137.8 Earthquake and tsunami off the coast of Japan 1854 Tōkai earthquakeLocal dateDecember 23, 1854 (1854-12-23)Local time09:00Magnitude8.4 MLEpicenter34°00′N 137°48′E / 34.0°N 137.8°E / 34.0; 137.8FaultNankai megathrustAreas affectedJapan, Tōkai regionTsunamiyesCasualties>2,000 The 1854 Tōkai earthquake was the first of the Ansei great earthquakes (1854–1855). It occurred at about 09:00 local time on 23 December 1854. It had a magnitude of 8.4 and caused a damaging tsunami. More than 10,000 buildings were destroyed and there were at least 2,000 casualties. It was the first of the three Ansei great earthquakes; the 1854 Ansei-Nankai earthquake of similar size hit southern Honshu the following day. Background The southern coast of Honshu runs parallel to the Nankai Trough, which marks the subduction of the Philippine Sea Plate beneath the Eurasian Plate. Movement on this convergent plate boundary leads to many earthquakes, some of them of megathrust type. The Nankai megathrust has five distinct segments (A-E) that can rupture independently, the segments have ruptured either singly or together repeatedly over the last 1300 years. Megathrust earthquakes on this structure tend to occur in pairs, with a relatively short time gap between them. In addition to the two events in 1854, there were similar earthquakes in 1944 and 1946. In each case the northeastern segment ruptured before the southwestern segment. Damage The wreckage of Diana following the 1854 Ansei-Tōkai earthquake and tsunami, Illustrated London News, 1856. Much of central Japan experienced seismic intensities of 5 (on the JMA scale). Damage from this earthquake was particularly severe in the coastal areas of Shizuoka Prefecture from Numazu to Tenryū River, with many houses being damaged or destroyed. On the east side of the Izu Peninsula, Shimoda was hit by the tsunami one hour after the earthquake. A series of nine waves struck the city, destroying 840 houses and claiming 122 lives. Diana, the flagship of a visiting Russian admiral, Putyatin, in Japan to negotiate what would become the Treaty of Shimoda, was spun round 42 times on its moorings and was so badly damaged that it sank in a later storm. At Suruga Bay, on the west side of the Izu Peninsula, the village of Iruma was destroyed and a 10 m high sand dome was deposited, on which the village was later reconstructed. Characteristics Earthquake The rupture area, magnitude and epicenter have been estimated from seismic intensity measurements, information about tsunami arrival times and evidence of co-seismic uplift/subsidence. Tsunami In most of the affected areas, run-up heights were in the range of 4–6 m. However, at Iruma, run-up heights of 13.2 and 16.5 m have been measured, much higher than most of the surrounding area. This and the deposition of the unusual sand dome, with an estimated volume of 700,000 m3, is interpreted to have been caused by the effects of resonance in the V-shaped Suruga bay. See also List of earthquakes in Japan List of historical earthquakes List of historical tsunamis References ^ a b Usami, T. (1979). "Study of Historical Earthquakes in Japan" (PDF). Bulletin of the Earthquake Research Institute. 54: 399–439. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-22. Retrieved 2009-11-13. ^ Ando, M. (1975). "Source mechanisms and tectonic significance of historical earthquakes along the nankai trough, Japan". Tectonophysics. 27 (2): 119–140. Bibcode:1975Tectp..27..119A. doi:10.1016/0040-1951(75)90102-X. ^ Ishibashi, K. (2004). "Status of historical seismology in Japan" (PDF). Annals of Geophysics. 47 (2/3): 339–368. Retrieved 2009-11-22. ^ Sieh, K.E. (1981). A Review of Geological Evidence for Recurrence Times of Large Earthquakes (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-06-04. Retrieved 2009-11-13. ^ Kaneda, Y.; Kawaguchi, K.; Araki, E.; Matsumoto, H.; Nakamura, T.; Kamiya, S.; Hori, T.; Baba, T. (2007). "Precise real-time observatory and simulating phenomena of earthquakes and tsunamis around the Nankai Trough - Towards the understanding of mega thrust earthquakes". 2007 Symposium on Underwater Technology and Workshop on Scientific Use of Submarine Cables and Related Technologies. pp. 299–300. doi:10.1109/UT.2007.370806. ISBN 978-1-4244-1207-5. S2CID 45347574. ^ a b c d e Sugawara, D.; Minoura K.; Imamura F.; Takahashi T. & Shuto N. (2005). "A huge sand dome, ca. 700,000 m3 in volume, formed by the 1854 Earthquake Tsunami in Suruga Bay, Central Japan" (PDF). ISET Journal of Earthquake Technology. 42 (4): 147–158. Retrieved 2009-11-14. vteNankai Trough megathrust earthquakesNotable Nankai Trough megathrust quakes 1361 Shōhei earthquake 1498 Meiō earthquake 1605 Keichō earthquake 1707 Hōei earthquake 1854 Tōkai earthquake 1854 Nankai earthquake 1944 Tōnankai earthquake 1946 Nankai earthquake Plate tectonics Nankai Trough Amurian Plate Philippine Sea Plate megathrust earthquake Nankai megathrust earthquakes Tsunami vteEarthquakes in JapanHistorical 679 Tsukushi 684 Hakuho 869 Jōgan 1293 Kamakura 1361 Shōhei 1498 Meiō 1586 Tenshō 1596 Fushimi 1605 Keichō 1611 Aizu 1611 Sanriku 1662 Kanbun 1662 Hyūga-nada 1677 Bōsō 1703 Genroku 1707 Hōei 1741 Kampo 1751 Takada 1771 Great Yaeyama 1792 Unzen 1804 Kisakata 1828 Sanjō 1833 Shōnai 1847 Zenkoji 1854 Iga–Ueno 1854 Nankai 1854 Tōkai 1855 Edo 1858 Hietsu 1872 Hamada 1889 Kumamoto 1891 Mino–Owari 1894 Tokyo 1894 Shōnai 1896 Sanriku 1896 Rikuu 20th century 1909 Anegawa 1911 Kikai Island 1914 Senboku 1922 Shimabara 1923 Great Kantō 1925 North Tajima 1927 North Tango 1930 North Izu 1933 Sanriku 1936 Miyagi 1939 Oga 1940 Shakotan 1941 Hyūga-nada 1943 Tottori 1944 Tōnankai 1945 Mikawa 1946 Nankai 1948 Fukui 1952 Tokachi 1961 North Mino 1963 Kuril Islands 1964 Niigata 1968 Ebino 1968 Hyūga-nada 1968 Tokachi 1973 Nemuro Peninsula 1974 Izu Peninsula 1978 Izu Ōshima 1978 Miyagi 1982 Urakawa 1983 Sea of Japan 1984 Nagano 1993 Kushiro 1993 Okushiri 1994 offshore Sanriku 1995 Hanshin 2000 Izu Islands 2000 Tottori 21st century 2001 Geiyo 2003 Miyagi 2003 Tokachi 2004 Chūetsu 2005 Fukuoka 2005 Miyagi 2006 Kuril Islands 2007 Chūetsu 2007 Kuril Islands 2007 Noto 2008 Iwate–Miyagi 2008 Iwate 2009 Shizuoka 2011 Tōhoku 2011 Nagano 2011 Shizuoka 2011 Miyagi 2011 Fukushima 2012 Chiba 2012 Sanriku 2014 Nagano 2015 Ogasawara 2016 Kumamoto 2016 Tottori 2016 Fukushima 2018 Osaka 2018 Hokkaido Eastern Iburi 2019 Yamagata 2021 Fukushima 2021 Miyagi 2021 Chiba 2022 Fukushima 2023 Noto 2024 Noto Related articles Nankai megathrust earthquakes Tōkai earthquakes Tōnankai earthquakes Nankai earthquakes South Kantō earthquakes Matsushiro earthquake swarm
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It had a magnitude of 8.4 and caused a damaging tsunami. More than 10,000 buildings were destroyed and there were at least 2,000 casualties.[1]It was the first of the three Ansei great earthquakes; the 1854 Ansei-Nankai earthquake of similar size hit southern Honshu the following day.","title":"1854 Tōkai earthquake"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nankai Trough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nankai_Trough"},{"link_name":"subduction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subduction"},{"link_name":"Philippine Sea Plate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Sea_Plate"},{"link_name":"Eurasian Plate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian_Plate"},{"link_name":"convergent plate boundary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convergent_plate_boundary"},{"link_name":"megathrust type","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megathrust_earthquake"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ando-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ishibashi-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sieh-4"},{"link_name":"Megathrust earthquakes on this structure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nankai_megathrust_earthquakes"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kaneda-5"}],"text":"The southern coast of Honshu runs parallel to the Nankai Trough, which marks the subduction of the Philippine Sea Plate beneath the Eurasian Plate. Movement on this convergent plate boundary leads to many earthquakes, some of them of megathrust type. The Nankai megathrust has five distinct segments (A-E) that can rupture independently,[2][3] the segments have ruptured either singly or together repeatedly over the last 1300 years.[4] Megathrust earthquakes on this structure tend to occur in pairs, with a relatively short time gap between them. In addition to the two events in 1854, there were similar earthquakes in 1944 and 1946. In each case the northeastern segment ruptured before the southwestern segment.[5]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Diana_Wreckage_Illustrated_London_News_1856.jpg"},{"link_name":"Diana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana_(Russian_ship)"},{"link_name":"Illustrated London News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illustrated_London_News"},{"link_name":"JMA scale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Meteorological_Agency_seismic_intensity_scale"},{"link_name":"Shizuoka Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shizuoka_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Numazu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numazu,_Shizuoka"},{"link_name":"Tenryū River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenry%C5%AB_River"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sugawara-6"},{"link_name":"Izu Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izu_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Shimoda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimoda,_Shizuoka"},{"link_name":"Diana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana_(Russian_ship)"},{"link_name":"Putyatin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yevfimy_Putyatin"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Shimoda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Shimoda"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sugawara-6"},{"link_name":"Suruga Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suruga_Bay"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sugawara-6"}],"text":"The wreckage of Diana following the 1854 Ansei-Tōkai earthquake and tsunami, Illustrated London News, 1856.Much of central Japan experienced seismic intensities of 5 (on the JMA scale). Damage from this earthquake was particularly severe in the coastal areas of Shizuoka Prefecture from Numazu to Tenryū River, with many houses being damaged or destroyed.[6]On the east side of the Izu Peninsula, Shimoda was hit by the tsunami one hour after the earthquake. A series of nine waves struck the city, destroying 840 houses and claiming 122 lives. Diana, the flagship of a visiting Russian admiral, Putyatin, in Japan to negotiate what would become the Treaty of Shimoda, was spun round 42 times on its moorings and was so badly damaged that it sank in a later storm.[6]At Suruga Bay, on the west side of the Izu Peninsula, the village of Iruma was destroyed and a 10 m high sand dome was deposited, on which the village was later reconstructed.[6]","title":"Damage"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Characteristics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Usami-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sugawara-6"}],"sub_title":"Earthquake","text":"The rupture area, magnitude and epicenter have been estimated from seismic intensity measurements, information about tsunami arrival times and evidence of co-seismic uplift/subsidence.[1][6]","title":"Characteristics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sugawara-6"}],"sub_title":"Tsunami","text":"In most of the affected areas, run-up heights were in the range of 4–6 m.\nHowever, at Iruma, run-up heights of 13.2 and 16.5 m have been measured, much higher than most of the surrounding area. This and the deposition of the unusual sand dome, with an estimated volume of 700,000 m3, is interpreted to have been caused by the effects of resonance in the V-shaped Suruga bay.[6]","title":"Characteristics"}]
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[{"title":"List of earthquakes in Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Japan"},{"title":"List of historical earthquakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_historical_earthquakes"},{"title":"List of historical tsunamis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_historical_tsunamis"}]
[{"reference":"Usami, T. (1979). \"Study of Historical Earthquakes in Japan\" (PDF). Bulletin of the Earthquake Research Institute. 54: 399–439. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-22. Retrieved 2009-11-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110722080425/http://repository.dl.itc.u-tokyo.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2261/12734/1/ji0543001.pdf","url_text":"\"Study of Historical Earthquakes in Japan\""},{"url":"http://repository.dl.itc.u-tokyo.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2261/12734/1/ji0543001.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ando, M. (1975). \"Source mechanisms and tectonic significance of historical earthquakes along the nankai trough, Japan\". Tectonophysics. 27 (2): 119–140. Bibcode:1975Tectp..27..119A. doi:10.1016/0040-1951(75)90102-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1975Tectp..27..119A","url_text":"1975Tectp..27..119A"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0040-1951%2875%2990102-X","url_text":"10.1016/0040-1951(75)90102-X"}]},{"reference":"Ishibashi, K. (2004). \"Status of historical seismology in Japan\" (PDF). Annals of Geophysics. 47 (2/3): 339–368. Retrieved 2009-11-22.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.earth-prints.org/bitstream/2122/763/1/02Ishibashi.pdf","url_text":"\"Status of historical seismology in Japan\""}]},{"reference":"Sieh, K.E. (1981). A Review of Geological Evidence for Recurrence Times of Large Earthquakes (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-06-04. Retrieved 2009-11-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100604120819/http://www.gps.caltech.edu/~sieh/pubs_docs/papers/P81b.pdf","url_text":"A Review of Geological Evidence for Recurrence Times of Large Earthquakes"},{"url":"http://www.gps.caltech.edu/~sieh/pubs_docs/papers/P81b.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kaneda, Y.; Kawaguchi, K.; Araki, E.; Matsumoto, H.; Nakamura, T.; Kamiya, S.; Hori, T.; Baba, T. (2007). \"Precise real-time observatory and simulating phenomena of earthquakes and tsunamis around the Nankai Trough - Towards the understanding of mega thrust earthquakes\". 2007 Symposium on Underwater Technology and Workshop on Scientific Use of Submarine Cables and Related Technologies. pp. 299–300. doi:10.1109/UT.2007.370806. ISBN 978-1-4244-1207-5. S2CID 45347574.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1109%2FUT.2007.370806","url_text":"10.1109/UT.2007.370806"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4244-1207-5","url_text":"978-1-4244-1207-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:45347574","url_text":"45347574"}]},{"reference":"Sugawara, D.; Minoura K.; Imamura F.; Takahashi T. & Shuto N. (2005). \"A huge sand dome, ca. 700,000 m3 in volume, formed by the 1854 Earthquake Tsunami in Suruga Bay, Central Japan\" (PDF). ISET Journal of Earthquake Technology. 42 (4): 147–158. Retrieved 2009-11-14.","urls":[{"url":"http://home.iitk.ac.in/~vinaykg/Iset462.pdf","url_text":"\"A huge sand dome, ca. 700,000 m3 in volume, formed by the 1854 Earthquake Tsunami in Suruga Bay, Central Japan\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulmus_%27Regal%27
Ulmus 'Regal'
["1 Description","2 Pests and diseases","3 Cultivation","4 Notable trees","5 Hybrid cultivars","6 Accessions","6.1 North America","6.2 Europe","7 Nurseries","8 References","9 External links"]
Elm cultivar Ulmus 'Regal''Regal', Dortmund.GenusUlmusHybrid parentage'Commelin' × '215' (U. pumila × 'Hoersholmiensis')Cultivar'Regal'OriginUS Ulmus 'Regal' is an American hybrid elm cultivar developed by the University of Wisconsin–Madison and released in 1983. 'Regal' was derived from seeds arising from the crossing of the Dutch hybrid clones 'Commelin' and '215' (Ulmus pumila × 'Hoersholmiensis') sent in 1960 by Hans M. Heybroek of the Dorschkamp Research Institute for Forestry & Landscape Planning, Wageningen, Netherlands. Description 'Regal' has a strong central leader bestowing an upright columnar form similar to 'Commelin', making it particularly suitable for street planting. The foliage is distinctively sparse, allowing dappled sunlight beneath the canopy . The leaves are narrowly elliptical, 5 cm to 10 cm in length, fern green when young, changing to a glossy, trichome-free, dusky spinach green. The perfect, wind-pollinated apetalous flowers emerge in early March. 'Regal' leaves 'Regal' foliage 'Regal' bole Pests and diseases 'Regal' has a good resistance, rated 4 out of 5, to Dutch elm disease and verticillium wilt, but is very susceptible to the Elm Leaf Beetle Xanthogaleruca luteola in the United States. The tree's foliage was adjudged 'resistant' to Black Spot by the Plant Diagnostic Clinic of the University of Missouri . Cultivation The tree performed particularly well in the Northern Arizona University trials where, along with 'Frontier', it proved very tolerant of the hot and arid conditions in the eastern part of Arizona, exhibiting minimal leaf scorch. In Europe, 'Regal' was introduced by the now-defunct Conrad-Appel nursery in Darmstadt and grown under licence by several Dutch and German nurseries as one of the Resista series . It has enjoyed modest success in Germany as a street tree , but remains uncommon in the UK, where it was introduced by the Conservation Foundation and marketed for a few years by Crowder's Nursery, near Lincoln. 'Regal' was planted in the Royal Horticultural Society's garden at Harlow Carr, North Yorkshire. It was trialled by Edinburgh Council, and many healthy specimens survive in the city. 'Regal' also featured in trials in New Zealand during the 1990s at the Hortresearch station, Palmerston North. 'Regal', Craigleith Rd, Edinburgh 'Regal' along a German highway Elm cultivars, Netherlands; 'Regal' 2nd from left 'Regal' in Daleview Gardens, Hove (2008) 'Regal' by Königstor, Kassel, Hessen (2022) Notable trees The UK TROBI champion is at Abbey Park, Leicester, measuring 14 m high, 26 cm d.b.h. in 2004. Hybrid cultivars 'Repura', 'Revera' Accessions North America Chicago Botanic Garden, US. 3 trees, no other details available. Holden Arboretum, US. Acc. no. 85–189 Europe Brighton & Hove City Council, UK. NCCPG Elm Collection. Some very big trees in Hangleton, Hove. Cambridge Botanic Garden , UK. No accession details available. Grange Farm Arboretum, Lincolnshire, UK. Rombergpark , Dortmund, Germany. Details not known. Royal Horticultural Society Harlow Carr Arboretum , Harrogate, UK. Planted 1988. Wijdemeren City Council, Netherlands. Elm collection. Planted in 2015 in Nederhorst den Berg (Randweg, Vincent van Goghstraat, Pieter de Hooghweg). Nurseries North America Johnson's Nursery , Menomonee Falls, Wisconsin, US. Klyn Nurseries , Perry, Ohio, US. Lake County Nursery , Perry, Ohio, US. Sun Valley Garden Centre , Eden Prairie, Minnesota, US. Europe Eisele GmbH & Co KG, Darmstadt, Germany. Noordplant , Glimmen, Netherlands. Pan-Global Plants , Frampton-on-Severn, Gloucestershire, UK. References ^ Santamour, J., Frank, S. & Bentz, S. (1995). Updated checklist of elm (Ulmus) cultivars for use in North America. Journal of Arboriculture, 21:3 (May 1995), 121–131. International Society of Arboriculture, Champaign, Illinois, US. ^ a b Smalley, E. B. & Lester, D. T. (1983), HortScience 18: 960–961, 1983. ^ Heybroek, H. M., Goudzwaard, L, Kaljee, H. (2009). Iep of olm, karakterboom van de Lage Landen (:Elm, a tree with character of the Low Countries). KNNV, Uitgeverij. ISBN 9789050112819 ^ Burdekin, D.A.; Rushforth, K.D. (November 1996). "Elms resistant to Dutch elm disease" (PDF). Arboriculture Research Note. 2/96. Revised by J.F. Webber. Alice Holt Lodge, Farnham: Arboricultural Advisory & Information Service: 1–9. ISSN 1362-5128. Retrieved 26 October 2017. ^ Katherine Swift, The Times, 7 June 2003 ^ 'Regal' in Edinburgh: nomorepencils.com/dutch-elm-disease-in-edinburgh/; fombl.org.uk/nl4.pdf; fombl.org.uk/nl5.pdf ^ "List of plants in the {elm} collection". Brighton & Hove City Council. Retrieved 23 September 2016. External links http://www.extension.iastate.edu/Publications/SUL4.pdf Summary, inc. photographs, of elm cultivars resistant to Dutch elm disease available in the United States. http://fletcher.ces.state.nc.us/programs/nursery/metria/metria11/warren/elm.htm Warren, K., J. Frank Schmidt & Son Co. (2002). The Status of Elms in the Nursery Industry in 2000. vteElm species, varieties, hybrids, hybrid cultivars and species cultivarsSpecies, varieties and subspecies U. alata (Winged elm) U. americana (American elm) U. americana var. floridana (Florida elm) U. bergmanniana (Bergmann's elm) U. bergmanniana var. bergmanniana U. bergmanniana var. lasiophylla U. castaneifolia (Chestnut-leafed or multinerved elm) U. changii (Hangzhou elm) U. changii var. changii U. changii var. kunmingensis (Kunming elm) U. chenmoui (Chenmou or Langya Mountain elm) U. chumlia U. crassifolia (Cedar or Texas cedar elm) U. davidiana (David or Father David elm) U. davidiana var. davidiana U. davidiana var. japonica (Japanese elm) U. elongata (Long raceme elm) U. gaussenii (Anhui or hairy elm) U. glabra (Wych or scots elm) U. glaucescens (Gansu elm) U. glaucescens var. glaucescens U. glaucescens var. lasiocarpa (hairy-fruited glaucescent elm) U. harbinensis (Harbin elm) U. ismaelis U. laciniata (Manchurian cut-leaf or lobed elm) U. laciniata var. nikkoensis (Nikko elm) U. laevis (European white elm) U. laevis var. celtidea U. laevis var. parvifolia U. laevis var. simplicidens U. lamellosa (Hebei elm) U. lanceifolia (Vietnam elm) U. macrocarpa (Large-fruited elm) U. macrocarpa var. glabra U. macrocarpa var. macrocarpa U. mexicana (Mexican elm) U. microcarpa (Tibetan elm) U. minor (Field elm) U. minor subsp. minor U. minor var. italica U. parvifolia (Chinese or lacebark elm) U. parvifolia var. coreana (Korean elm) U. prunifolia (Cherry-leafed elm) U. pseudopropinqua (Harbin spring elm) U. pumila (Siberian elm) U. rubra (Slippery elm) U. serotina (September elm) U. szechuanica (Szechuan (Sichuan) or red-fruited elm) U. thomasii (Rock or cork elm) U. uyematsui (Alishan elm) U. villosa (Cherry-bark or marn elm) U. wallichiana (Himalayan or kashmir elm) U. wallichiana subsp. wallichiana U. wallichiana subsp. xanthoderma U. wallichiana var. tomentosa Disputed species, varieties and subspecies U. boissieri U. minor subsp. canescens (Grey, grey-leafed or hoary elm) U. elliptica Hybrids U. davidiana var. japonica × U. minor U. × arbuscula U. × arkansana U. × brandisiana U. × diversifolia U. × hollandica (Dutch elm) U. × hollandica var. insularum U. × intermedia U. × mesocarpa Species cultivarsAmerican elm American Liberty Ascendens Augustine Aurea Beaverlodge Beebe's Weeping Brandon Burgoyne JFS Prince II College Columnaris Creole Queen Deadfree Delaware Exhibition Fiorei Flick's Spreader Folia Aurea Variegata Great Plains Hines Incisa Independence Iowa State Jackson Jefferson Kimley Klehmii L'Assomption Lake City Lewis & Clark Littleford Maine Markham Miller Park Minneapolis Park Moline Morden New Harmony Nigricans Patmore Pendula Penn Treaty Princeton Pyramidata Queen City Sheyenne Skinner Upright St. Croix Star Valley Forge Variegata Vase Washington Cedar elm Brazos Rim Chinese elm A-1 A. Ross Central Park Blizzard BSNUPF Burgundy Burnley Select Catlin Chessins Churchyard Cork Bark D. B. Cole Drake Dynasty Ed Wood Elsmo Emer I Emer II Emerald Prairie Frosty Garden City Clone Geisha Glory Golden Rey Hallelujah Hokkaido Jade Empress King's Choice Littleleaf Lois Hole Matthew Milliken Nire-keyaki Ohio Orange Ribbon Pathfinder Pendens Prairie Shade Prince Richard Red Fall Sabamiki Sagei Seiju Select 380 Sempervirens Small Frye State Fair Stone's Dwarf Taiwan The Thinker Todd True Green UPMTF Ware's Yarralumla Yatsubusa Zettler Ulmus parvifolia f. lanceolata European white elm Aureovariegata Colorans Helena Ornata Pendula Punctata Urticifolia Field elm Ademuz Albo-Dentata Amplifolia Argenteo-Variegata Atinia Atinia Pyramidalis Atinia Variegata Bea Schwarz Biltii Christine Buisman Concavaefolia Coritana Cretensis Cucullata Cucullata Variegata Dehesa de Amaniel Dehesa de la Villa Dicksonii Dijkwel Erecta Folia Alba-Punctata Glandulosa Goodyeri Hoersholmiensis Holmstruph Hunnybunii Hunnybunii pseudo-Stricta Laciniata Lanuginosa Majadahonda Microphylla Pendula Microphylla Purpurea Microphylla Rubra Monumentalis Pendula Picturata Plotii Propendens Punctata Purpurascens Purpurea Retiro Reverti Rugosa Rueppellii Sarniensis Schuurhoek Silvery Gem Sowerbyi Stricta Suberosa Umbraculifera Gracilis Umbraculifera Viminalis Viminalis Aurea Viminalis Betulaefolia Viminalis Gracilis Viminalis Incisa Viminalis Marginata Viminalis Pendula Viminalis Pulverulenta Viminalis Stricta Virgata Webbiana Japanese elm Discovery Freedom Jacan JFS-Bieberich Mitsui Centennial Prospector Reperta Reseda Thomson Validation Siberian elm Ansaloni Aurea Aurescens Chinkota Dropmore Dwarf Weeper Green King Hansen Harbin Manchu Mauro Mr. Buzz Park Royal Pendula Pinnato-ramosa Poort Bulten Puszta Pyramidalis Fiorei Zhonghua Jinye Winged elm Lace Parasol Wych elm Albo-Variegata Australis Camperdownii Cebennensis Concavaefolia Cornuta Corylifolia Purpurea Corylifolia Fastigiata Macrophylla Fastigiata Stricta Fastigiata Variegata Firma Flava Gigantea Gittisham Grandidentata Holgeri Horizontalis Insularis Latifolia Latifolia Aurea Latifolia Aureo-Variegata Latifolia Nigricans Luteo Variegata Lutescens Macrophylla Maculata Minor Nana Nigra Nitida Oblongata Pendula Macrophylla Pendula Variegata Pyrenaica Spectabilis Superba Tomentosa Hybrid cultivars Androssowii Amsterdam Arno Cathedral Clusius Columella Den Haag Dodoens Escaillard Fiorente Frontier Fuente Umbria Homestead Karagatch Lobel Morfeo Morton Morton Glossy Morton Plainsman Morton Red Tip Morton Stalwart Nanguen New Horizon Patriot Plantyn Plinio Rebella Rebona Recerta Regal Repura Revera San Zanobi Sapporo Autumn Gold Sapporo Gold 2 Stavast Toledo Urban Wanoux Wingham Dutch elm Alba Angustifolia Balder Belgica Blandford Canadian Giant Cicestria Cinerea Commelin Dampieri Dauvessei Daveyi Dovaei Dumont Elegantissima Eleganto-Variegata Etrusca Fastigiata Fjerrestad Folia Rhomboidea Freja Fulva Gaujardii Groeneveld Haarlemensis Klemmer Loke Macrophylla Aurea Major Microphylla Modiolina Muscaviensis Odin Pioneer Pitteurs Serpentina Smithii Superba Tricolor Tyr Vegeta Viminalis Viscosa Wentworthii Pendula Wredei Ypreau U. × intermedia Coolshade Fremont Improved Coolshade Lincoln Rosehill Willis Unconfirmed derivation cultivars aff. Plotii Acutifolia Alata Alksuth Argenteo-Marginata Aspera Atropurpurea Australis Berardii Betulaefolia Nigrescens Crispa Crispa Aurea Crispa Pendula Densa Exoniensis Fastigiata Glabra Folia Aurea Folia Rubra Folia Variegata Pendula Gallica Glabra Globosa Hamburg Hertfordensis Angustifolia Hertfordensis Latifolia Hillieri Jalaica Jacqueline Hillier Kansas Hybrid Klemmer Blanc Koopmannii Lombartsii Louis van Houtte Marmorata Monstrosa Myrtifolia Myrtifolia Purpurea Nemoralis Nigrescens Planeroides Planifolia Purpurea Pyramidalis Bertini Ramulosa Rotundifolia Rubra Rufa Rugosa Scampstoniensis Sericea Tiliaefolia Tortuosa Turkestanica Variegata Nova Virens Fossil elms U. okanaganensis
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hybrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)"},{"link_name":"cultivar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultivar"},{"link_name":"University of Wisconsin–Madison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison"},{"link_name":"'Commelin'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulmus_%27Commelin%27"},{"link_name":"Ulmus pumila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulmus_pumila"},{"link_name":"'Hoersholmiensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulmus_%27Hoersholmiensis%27"},{"link_name":"Hans M. Heybroek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_M._Heybroek"},{"link_name":"Wageningen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wageningen"}],"text":"Ulmus 'Regal' is an American hybrid elm cultivar developed by the University of Wisconsin–Madison and released in 1983. 'Regal' was derived from seeds arising from the crossing of the Dutch hybrid clones 'Commelin' and '215' (Ulmus pumila × 'Hoersholmiensis') sent in 1960 by Hans M. Heybroek of the Dorschkamp Research Institute for Forestry & Landscape Planning, Wageningen, Netherlands.","title":"Ulmus 'Regal'"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Santamour-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smalley-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.extension.iastate.edu/Publications/SUL4.pdf"},{"link_name":"elliptical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf_shape"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smalley-2"},{"link_name":"perfect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_flower"},{"link_name":"apetalous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apetalous"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ulmus_Regal_leaves.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ulmus_%27Regal%27._The_Meadows,_Edinburgh.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ulmus_%27Regal%27._Craigleith_Road,_Edinburgh_(2).jpg"}],"text":"'Regal' has a strong central leader bestowing an upright columnar form similar to 'Commelin', making it particularly suitable for street planting.[1][2] The foliage is distinctively sparse, allowing dappled sunlight beneath the canopy [2]. The leaves are narrowly elliptical, 5 cm to 10 cm in length, fern green when young, changing to a glossy, trichome-free, dusky spinach green.[2] The perfect, wind-pollinated apetalous flowers emerge in early March.'Regal' leaves\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'Regal' foliage\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'Regal' bole","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Heybroek-3"},{"link_name":"Dutch elm disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_elm_disease"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Burdekin-4"},{"link_name":"verticillium wilt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verticillium_wilt"},{"link_name":"Xanthogaleruca luteola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanthogaleruca_luteola"},{"link_name":"Black Spot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Spot_(disease)"},{"link_name":"University of Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Missouri"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//soilplantlab.missouri.edu/plant/diseases/resistant.htm"}],"text":"'Regal' has a good resistance, rated 4 out of 5,[3] to Dutch elm disease[4] and verticillium wilt, but is very susceptible to the Elm Leaf Beetle Xanthogaleruca luteola in the United States. The tree's foliage was adjudged 'resistant' to Black Spot by the Plant Diagnostic Clinic of the University of Missouri [3].","title":"Pests and diseases"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Northern Arizona University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Arizona_University"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.for.nau.edu/cms/content/view/512/706/"},{"link_name":"'Frontier'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulmus_%27Frontier%27"},{"link_name":"Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona"},{"link_name":"Darmstadt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darmstadt"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.resista-ulmen.com/en/en_121.htm"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.diplomlandespfleger.de/englisch/ulmusregal.html"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=de&u=http://www.resista-ulmen.com/static_website/de/de_6.htm&ei=iFhZTJ3zMKK80gTQktHmCA&sa=X&oi=translate&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CA8Q7gEwAg&prev=/search%3Fq%3Darshadi%2Bhillier%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DG"},{"link_name":"Conservation Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_Foundation,_UK"},{"link_name":"Royal Horticultural Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Horticultural_Society"},{"link_name":"Harlow Carr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RHS_Garden_Harlow_Carr"},{"link_name":"North Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Palmerston North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmerston_North"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ulmus_%27Regal%27._Craigleith_Road,_Edinburgh_(1).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ulmus_%27Regal%27_Germany.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cathedral_-_regal_-_pioneer_-_urban_-_laevis_-_den_haag.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Regal_elm_in_Hove.JPG"},{"link_name":"Hove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hove"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:7000_Eichen_-_Ulmenstra%C3%9Fe_2022-05-25.JPG"},{"link_name":"Kassel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kassel"}],"text":"The tree performed particularly well in the Northern Arizona University trials [4] where, along with 'Frontier', it proved very tolerant of the hot and arid conditions in the eastern part of Arizona, exhibiting minimal leaf scorch. In Europe, 'Regal' was introduced by the now-defunct Conrad-Appel nursery in Darmstadt and grown under licence by several Dutch and German nurseries as one of the Resista series [5]. It has enjoyed modest success in Germany as a street tree [6] [7], but remains uncommon in the UK, where it was introduced by the Conservation Foundation and marketed for a few years by Crowder's Nursery, near Lincoln. 'Regal' was planted in the Royal Horticultural Society's garden at Harlow Carr, North Yorkshire.[5] It was trialled by Edinburgh Council, and many healthy specimens survive in the city.[6] 'Regal' also featured in trials in New Zealand during the 1990s at the Hortresearch station, Palmerston North.'Regal', Craigleith Rd, Edinburgh\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'Regal' along a German highway\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tElm cultivars, Netherlands; 'Regal' 2nd from left\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'Regal' in Daleview Gardens, Hove (2008)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'Regal' by Königstor, Kassel, Hessen (2022)","title":"Cultivation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"TROBI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tree_Register"},{"link_name":"Abbey Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbey_Park,_Leicestershire"},{"link_name":"Leicester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicester"},{"link_name":"d.b.h.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D.b.h."}],"text":"The UK TROBI champion is at Abbey Park, Leicester, measuring 14 m high, 26 cm d.b.h. in 2004.","title":"Notable trees"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"'Repura'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulmus_%27Repura%27"},{"link_name":"'Revera'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulmus_%27Revera%27"}],"text":"'Repura', 'Revera'","title":"Hybrid cultivars"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Accessions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chicago Botanic Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Botanic_Garden"},{"link_name":"Holden Arboretum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holden_Arboretum"}],"sub_title":"North America","text":"Chicago Botanic Garden, US. 3 trees, no other details available.\nHolden Arboretum, US. Acc. no. 85–189","title":"Accessions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brighton & Hove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton_%26_Hove"},{"link_name":"NCCPG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCCPG"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brighton-7"},{"link_name":"Cambridge Botanic Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_Botanic_Garden"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.botanic.cam.ac.uk/"},{"link_name":"Grange Farm Arboretum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grange_Farm_Arboretum"},{"link_name":"Lincolnshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincolnshire"},{"link_name":"Rombergpark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rombergpark"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.bgbm.org/BGBM/"},{"link_name":"Dortmund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dortmund"},{"link_name":"Royal Horticultural Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Horticultural_Society"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.rhs.org.uk/Gardens/Harlow-Carr"},{"link_name":"Harrogate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrogate"}],"sub_title":"Europe","text":"Brighton & Hove City Council, UK. NCCPG Elm Collection.[7] Some very big trees in Hangleton, Hove.\nCambridge Botanic Garden [8], UK. No accession details available.\nGrange Farm Arboretum, Lincolnshire, UK.\nRombergpark [9], Dortmund, Germany. Details not known.\nRoyal Horticultural Society Harlow Carr Arboretum [10], Harrogate, UK. Planted 1988.\nWijdemeren City Council, Netherlands. Elm collection. Planted in 2015 in Nederhorst den Berg (Randweg, Vincent van Goghstraat, Pieter de Hooghweg).","title":"Accessions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.johnsonsnursery.com/"},{"link_name":"Menomonee Falls, Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menomonee_Falls,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.klynnurseries.com/history.htm"},{"link_name":"Perry, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perry,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.lakecountynursery.com/"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.qscaping.com/NetPS-Engine.asp?CCID=20000011&page=results&Keyword=ulmus&Category=&Type=&Spread=Any&SpreadDim=feet&Growth=&Hardiness=7&Height=Any&HeightDim=feet&Canopy=&Application=&Texture=&Wildlife=&Form=&Density=&FlowerColor=&FlowerColorJS=&FoliageColor=&FoliageColorJS=&FallColor=&FallColorJS=&FruitPeriod=&BarkColor=&BarkColorJS=&FlowerPeriod=&Variegation=&VariegationJS=&FruitColor=&FruitColorJS=&Edible=&BarkTexture=&SunShade=&Moisture=&Pollution=&SoilType=&pH=&Submit=Search"},{"link_name":"Eden Prairie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eden_Prairie"},{"link_name":"Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Darmstadt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darmstadt"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.noordplant.nl"},{"link_name":"Glimmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glimmen"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.panglobalplants.com/"},{"link_name":"Frampton-on-Severn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frampton-on-Severn"},{"link_name":"Gloucestershire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucestershire"}],"text":"North AmericaJohnson's Nursery [11], Menomonee Falls, Wisconsin, US.\nKlyn Nurseries [12], Perry, Ohio, US.\nLake County Nursery [13], Perry, Ohio, US.\nSun Valley Garden Centre [14], Eden Prairie, Minnesota, US.EuropeEisele GmbH & Co KG, Darmstadt, Germany.\nNoordplant [15], Glimmen, Netherlands.\nPan-Global Plants [16], Frampton-on-Severn, Gloucestershire, UK.","title":"Nurseries"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Burdekin, D.A.; Rushforth, K.D. (November 1996). \"Elms resistant to Dutch elm disease\" (PDF). Arboriculture Research Note. 2/96. Revised by J.F. Webber. Alice Holt Lodge, Farnham: Arboricultural Advisory & Information Service: 1–9. ISSN 1362-5128. Retrieved 26 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.trees.org.uk/kenticotrees/Trees.org.uk/files/90/90f2d2f6-3d77-459c-8288-d951b0bf9782.pdf","url_text":"\"Elms resistant to Dutch elm disease\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1362-5128","url_text":"1362-5128"}]},{"reference":"\"List of plants in the {elm} collection\". Brighton & Hove City Council. Retrieved 23 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.brighton-hove.gov.uk/content/leisure-and-libraries/parks-and-green-spaces/list-plants-collection","url_text":"\"List of plants in the {elm} collection\""}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.extension.iastate.edu/Publications/SUL4.pdf","external_links_name":"[2]"},{"Link":"http://soilplantlab.missouri.edu/plant/diseases/resistant.htm","external_links_name":"[3]"},{"Link":"http://www.for.nau.edu/cms/content/view/512/706/","external_links_name":"[4]"},{"Link":"http://www.resista-ulmen.com/en/en_121.htm","external_links_name":"[5]"},{"Link":"http://www.diplomlandespfleger.de/englisch/ulmusregal.html","external_links_name":"[6]"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=de&u=http://www.resista-ulmen.com/static_website/de/de_6.htm&ei=iFhZTJ3zMKK80gTQktHmCA&sa=X&oi=translate&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CA8Q7gEwAg&prev=/search%3Fq%3Darshadi%2Bhillier%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DG","external_links_name":"[7]"},{"Link":"http://www.botanic.cam.ac.uk/","external_links_name":"[8]"},{"Link":"http://www.bgbm.org/BGBM/","external_links_name":"[9]"},{"Link":"http://www.rhs.org.uk/Gardens/Harlow-Carr","external_links_name":"[10]"},{"Link":"http://www.johnsonsnursery.com/","external_links_name":"[11]"},{"Link":"http://www.klynnurseries.com/history.htm","external_links_name":"[12]"},{"Link":"http://www.lakecountynursery.com/","external_links_name":"[13]"},{"Link":"http://www.qscaping.com/NetPS-Engine.asp?CCID=20000011&page=results&Keyword=ulmus&Category=&Type=&Spread=Any&SpreadDim=feet&Growth=&Hardiness=7&Height=Any&HeightDim=feet&Canopy=&Application=&Texture=&Wildlife=&Form=&Density=&FlowerColor=&FlowerColorJS=&FoliageColor=&FoliageColorJS=&FallColor=&FallColorJS=&FruitPeriod=&BarkColor=&BarkColorJS=&FlowerPeriod=&Variegation=&VariegationJS=&FruitColor=&FruitColorJS=&Edible=&BarkTexture=&SunShade=&Moisture=&Pollution=&SoilType=&pH=&Submit=Search","external_links_name":"[14]"},{"Link":"http://www.noordplant.nl/","external_links_name":"[15]"},{"Link":"http://www.panglobalplants.com/","external_links_name":"[16]"},{"Link":"http://joa.isa-arbor.com/articles.asp?JournalID=1&VolumeID=21&IssueID=3","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://www.trees.org.uk/kenticotrees/Trees.org.uk/files/90/90f2d2f6-3d77-459c-8288-d951b0bf9782.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Elms resistant to Dutch elm disease\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1362-5128","external_links_name":"1362-5128"},{"Link":"http://www.brighton-hove.gov.uk/content/leisure-and-libraries/parks-and-green-spaces/list-plants-collection","external_links_name":"\"List of plants in the {elm} collection\""},{"Link":"http://www.extension.iastate.edu/Publications/SUL4.pdf","external_links_name":"http://www.extension.iastate.edu/Publications/SUL4.pdf"},{"Link":"http://fletcher.ces.state.nc.us/programs/nursery/metria/metria11/warren/elm.htm","external_links_name":"http://fletcher.ces.state.nc.us/programs/nursery/metria/metria11/warren/elm.htm"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TBC1D24
TBC1D24
["1 Function","2 References","3 Further reading"]
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens TBC1D24IdentifiersAliasesTBC1D24, DFNA65, DFNB86, DOORS, EIEE16, FIME, TLDC6, TBC1 domain family member 24, EPRPDC, DEE16External IDsOMIM: 613577; MGI: 2443456; HomoloGene: 27469; GeneCards: TBC1D24; OMA:TBC1D24 - orthologsGene location (Human)Chr.Chromosome 16 (human)Band16p13.3Start2,475,051 bpEnd2,509,560 bpGene location (Mouse)Chr.Chromosome 17 (mouse)Band17|17 A3.3Start24,394,405 bpEnd24,424,536 bpRNA expression patternBgeeHumanMouse (ortholog)Top expressed inparotid glandBrodmann area 23middle temporal gyruscorpus epididymiscerebellar vermisrenal medullasuperior frontal gyrusentorhinal cortexBrodmann area 46cerebellar hemisphereTop expressed inretinal pigment epitheliumbarrel cortexciliary bodysubstantia nigrairisprefrontal cortexneural layer of retinanucleus accumbenssuprachiasmatic nucleustemporal lobeMore reference expression dataBioGPSn/aGene ontologyMolecular function protein binding GTPase activator activity Cellular component cytoplasm terminal bouton neuromuscular junction plasma membrane cell junction membrane cytoplasmic vesicle membrane cytoplasmic vesicle Biological process regulation of cilium assembly positive regulation of GTPase activity neuron projection development Sources:Amigo / QuickGOOrthologsSpeciesHumanMouseEntrez57465224617EnsemblENSG00000162065ENSMUSG00000036473UniProtQ9ULP9Q3UUG6RefSeq (mRNA)NM_020705NM_001199107NM_001163847NM_001163848NM_001163849NM_001163850NM_001163851NM_001163852NM_001163853NM_173186RefSeq (protein)NP_001186036NP_065756NP_001157319NP_001157320NP_001157321NP_001157322NP_001157323NP_001157324NP_001157325NP_775278Location (UCSC)Chr 16: 2.48 – 2.51 MbChr 17: 24.39 – 24.42 MbPubMed searchWikidataView/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse TBC1 domain family, member 24 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TBC1D24 gene. Function This gene encodes a protein with a conserved domain, referred to as the TBC domain, characteristic of proteins which interact with GTPases. TBC domain proteins may serve as GTPase-activating proteins for a particular group of GTPases, the Rab (Ras-related proteins in brain) small GTPases which are involved in the regulation of membrane trafficking. Mutations in this gene are associated with familial infantile myoclonic epilepsy. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. Mutations in TBC1D24 cause Hereditary hearing loss. References ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000162065 – Ensembl, May 2017 ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000036473 – Ensembl, May 2017 ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. ^ "Entrez Gene: TBC1 domain family, member 24". ^ Azaiez H, Booth KT, Bu F, Huygen P, Shibata SB, Shearer AE, Kolbe D, Meyer N, Black-Ziegelbein EA, Smith RJ (July 2014). "TBC1D24 mutation causes autosomal-dominant nonsyndromic hearing loss". Human Mutation. 35 (7): 819–23. doi:10.1002/humu.22557. PMC 4267685. PMID 24729539. Further reading Hirosawa M, Nagase T, Ishikawa K, Kikuno R, Nomura N, Ohara O (October 1999). "Characterization of cDNA clones selected by the GeneMark analysis from size-fractionated cDNA libraries from human brain". DNA Research. 6 (5): 329–36. doi:10.1093/dnares/6.5.329. PMID 10574461. Fukuda M (June 2011). "TBC proteins: GAPs for mammalian small GTPase Rab?". Bioscience Reports. 31 (3): 159–68. doi:10.1042/BSR20100112. PMID 21250943. Corbett MA, Bahlo M, Jolly L, Afawi Z, Gardner AE, Oliver KL, Tan S, Coffey A, Mulley JC, Dibbens LM, Simri W, Shalata A, Kivity S, Jackson GD, Berkovic SF, Gecz J (September 2010). "A focal epilepsy and intellectual disability syndrome is due to a mutation in TBC1D24". American Journal of Human Genetics. 87 (3): 371–5. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2010.08.001. PMC 2933342. PMID 20797691. Ishibashi K, Kanno E, Itoh T, Fukuda M (January 2009). "Identification and characterization of a novel Tre-2/Bub2/Cdc16 (TBC) protein that possesses Rab3A-GAP activity". Genes to Cells. 14 (1): 41–52. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2443.2008.01251.x. PMID 19077034. S2CID 26454981. Falace A, Filipello F, La Padula V, Vanni N, Madia F, De Pietri Tonelli D, de Falco FA, Striano P, Dagna Bricarelli F, Minetti C, Benfenati F, Fassio A, Zara F (September 2010). "TBC1D24, an ARF6-interacting protein, is mutated in familial infantile myoclonic epilepsy". American Journal of Human Genetics. 87 (3): 365–70. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2010.07.020. PMC 2933335. PMID 20727515. This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain. This article on a gene on human chromosome 16 is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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TBC domain proteins may serve as GTPase-activating proteins for a particular group of GTPases, the Rab (Ras-related proteins in brain) small GTPases which are involved in the regulation of membrane trafficking. Mutations in this gene are associated with familial infantile myoclonic epilepsy. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants.Mutations in TBC1D24 cause Hereditary hearing loss.[6]","title":"Function"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Characterization of cDNA clones selected by the GeneMark analysis from size-fractionated cDNA libraries from human brain\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1093%2Fdnares%2F6.5.329"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1093/dnares/6.5.329","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1093%2Fdnares%2F6.5.329"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10574461","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10574461"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1042/BSR20100112","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1042%2FBSR20100112"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"21250943","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21250943"},{"link_name":"\"A focal epilepsy and intellectual disability syndrome is due to a mutation in TBC1D24\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2933342"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/j.ajhg.2010.08.001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ajhg.2010.08.001"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2933342","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2933342"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"20797691","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20797691"},{"link_name":"\"Identification and characterization of a novel Tre-2/Bub2/Cdc16 (TBC) protein that possesses Rab3A-GAP activity\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2443.2008.01251.x"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1111/j.1365-2443.2008.01251.x","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2443.2008.01251.x"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"19077034","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19077034"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"26454981","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:26454981"},{"link_name":"\"TBC1D24, an ARF6-interacting protein, is mutated in familial infantile myoclonic epilepsy\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2933335"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/j.ajhg.2010.07.020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ajhg.2010.07.020"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2933335","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2933335"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"20727515","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20727515"},{"link_name":"United States National Library of Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_National_Library_of_Medicine"},{"link_name":"public domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DNA_stub.png"},{"link_name":"gene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene"},{"link_name":"chromosome 16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_16"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TBC1D24&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Gene-16-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Gene-16-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gene-16-stub"}],"text":"Hirosawa M, Nagase T, Ishikawa K, Kikuno R, Nomura N, Ohara O (October 1999). \"Characterization of cDNA clones selected by the GeneMark analysis from size-fractionated cDNA libraries from human brain\". DNA Research. 6 (5): 329–36. doi:10.1093/dnares/6.5.329. PMID 10574461.\nFukuda M (June 2011). \"TBC proteins: GAPs for mammalian small GTPase Rab?\". Bioscience Reports. 31 (3): 159–68. doi:10.1042/BSR20100112. PMID 21250943.\nCorbett MA, Bahlo M, Jolly L, Afawi Z, Gardner AE, Oliver KL, Tan S, Coffey A, Mulley JC, Dibbens LM, Simri W, Shalata A, Kivity S, Jackson GD, Berkovic SF, Gecz J (September 2010). \"A focal epilepsy and intellectual disability syndrome is due to a mutation in TBC1D24\". American Journal of Human Genetics. 87 (3): 371–5. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2010.08.001. PMC 2933342. PMID 20797691.\nIshibashi K, Kanno E, Itoh T, Fukuda M (January 2009). \"Identification and characterization of a novel Tre-2/Bub2/Cdc16 (TBC) protein that possesses Rab3A-GAP activity\". Genes to Cells. 14 (1): 41–52. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2443.2008.01251.x. PMID 19077034. S2CID 26454981.\nFalace A, Filipello F, La Padula V, Vanni N, Madia F, De Pietri Tonelli D, de Falco FA, Striano P, Dagna Bricarelli F, Minetti C, Benfenati F, Fassio A, Zara F (September 2010). \"TBC1D24, an ARF6-interacting protein, is mutated in familial infantile myoclonic epilepsy\". American Journal of Human Genetics. 87 (3): 365–70. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2010.07.020. PMC 2933335. PMID 20727515.This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.This article on a gene on human chromosome 16 is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Further reading"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mai_Jones
Mai Jones
["1 Biography","2 References"]
British songwriter (1899–1960) Mai Jones (6 February 1899 – 7 May 1960), was a Welsh songwriter, entertainer and radio producer. Biography Jones was born in Newport, Monmouthshire, the daughter of the local railway stationmaster. Having won a scholarship to study music at the University of Wales, Cardiff, she went on to the Royal College of Music. Her early successes included being selected as one of the official accompanists for the National Eisteddfod of Wales at Pontypool in 1924. Singing and playing both piano and accordion, she began to make a name for herself as an entertainer in London, and broadcast on radio for the first time with Jack Payne's band. During the 1920–30s, she also contributed the contralto voice to a well-known and often broadcast singing duo called The Carroll Sisters, with Elsie Eaves (soprano). In 1941, she joined the BBC in Cardiff as a radio producer of light entertainment programmes. Programmes produced by her included Welsh Rarebit and Saturday Starlight. As part of the wartime Cardiff artistic and music community Mai had known Idloes Owen, also a composer, arranger and conductor, who performed with the pre-war Lyrian Singers. Idloes went on to found the Welsh National Opera in 1943. He was instrumental in providing Mai with a musical score written originally by a fellow Lyrian performer, Thomas Morgan. Mai then collaborated with lyricists Lyn Joshua and James Harper to create the now Welsh standard "We'll Keep a Welcome". It had its début on 29 February 1940; the BBC's resident 25-strong male voice choir, the Lyrian Singers, performed the new song. It was an overnight success. Successful songs written by Mai Jones included: "Blackbirds" (1924), "Wondering If You Remember" (1927), "We'll Keep a Welcome" (1940), "Nos Da/Good night" (1946) and "Rhondda Rhapsody" (1951). In 1947, she married a singer, David Davies. She retired from the BBC in 1958 and died not long afterwards as a result of a head injury. Her husband outlived her. A plaque commemorating her was unveiled in 2010 at the couple's former home in St Marks Crescent, Newport. References ^ "Jones, Gladys May, 'Mai'". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales. ^ A Welsh Uncle, memories of Tom Morgan 1898-1957, John Dann, FastPrint, Peterborough 2018 ISBN 978-178456-597-8 ^ "WalesOnAir: Welsh Rarebit". BBC. December 2004. Archived from the original on 12 November 2011. Retrieved 10 February 2016. ^ Davies, John (1994). Broadcasting and the BBC in Wales. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. p. 268. ISBN 9780708312735. ^ "Plaque honours Newport composer of Welsh classic". South Wales Argus. 10 May 2010. Retrieved 5 October 2021. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National United States Artists MusicBrainz
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea_national_cricket_team
South Korea national cricket team
["1 2011 East Asia-Pacific Division Two","2 2014 Asian Games, Incheon","2.1 South Korea's squad for the 2014 Asian Games","3 East Asia Cup[15][16]","4 2018–19 ICC World Twenty20 East Asia-Pacific Qualifier","5 Records","5.1 Twenty20 International","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]
Cricket team South KoreaFlag of South KoreaAssociationKorea Cricket AssociationPersonnelCaptainJun HyunwooInternational Cricket CouncilICC statusAssociate member (2017) Affiliate member (2001)ICC regionEast Asia-PacificICC Rankings Current Best-everT20I --- 64th (2 May 2019)International cricketFirst internationalv.  Japan at Perth; 25 February 2002Twenty20 InternationalsFirst T20Iv  Indonesia at Sano International Cricket Ground, Sano; 15 October 2022Last T20Iv  Indonesia at Sano International Cricket Ground, Sano; 18 October 2022T20Is Played Won/LostTotal 4 0/4(0 ties, 0 no results)This year 0 0/0(0 ties, 0 no results)As of 1 January 2024 The South Korea national cricket team is the team that represents South Korea in international cricket. It is governed by the Korea Cricket Association, which became an affiliate member of the International Cricket Council (ICC) in 2001 and an associate member in June 2017. Their first international appearance was in the ICC East Asia/Pacific 8s tournament in Perth in 2002, where they came fourth in a tournament that also involved Japan, Indonesia and an Australian Aborigines team. They also competed in 2011 east Asia Pacific tournament. In 2013 Arirang TV broadcast a documentary Bowling for Gold in their programme Arirang Prime on the Korean national cricket team as the 2014 Asian Games approached. The documentary highlighted their struggle to put together a national cricket team without any support from government agencies, their journeys to the 2011 ICC EAP Trophy Division 2 in Samoa making their international debut and winning their first match, rebuilding the national team two years later for the Asian Games and touring Chandigarh, Punjab, India as part of their preparations including playing against youth teams and training from Indian coaches. During their stay they also watched an IPL match at the Mohali Stadium and met some of the players such as Adam Gilchrist. The team competed in 2014 Asian Games in Incheon as the host nation team, in which the team reached the quarter-final where they were defeated by the Sri Lankan cricket team. Matches were played at the purpose-built Yeonhui Cricket Ground in Incheon. In 2016, the team competed in the inaugural East Asia Cup played among the four teams with Japan, China and Hong Kong Dragons being the other three teams. Thee tournament was hosted by Japan Cricket Association at Sano International Cricket Ground. In the group stage South Korea won all their matches except the one against Japan. The tournament was won by South Korea after beating Japan in the final. In April 2018, the ICC decided to grant full Twenty20 International (T20I) status to all its members. Therefore, all Twenty20 matches played between South Korea and other ICC members after 1 January 2019 are treated as full T20Is. South Korea participated in the 2018–19 ICC World Twenty20 East Asia-Pacific Qualifier group B. This was the first round of qualification for the 2020 ICC World Twenty20 tournament which will be held in Australia. They finished in 2nd place behind the Philippines who qualified for the next round. 2011 East Asia-Pacific Division Two South Korea took part in the 2011 ICC EAP Trophy Division 2 tournament from 4–7 April 2011 in Samoa. The tournament was part of a qualifying pyramid for the 2012 twenty-20 cricket world cup in Sri Lanka. The competing teams were as follows:  Samoa  Cook Islands  Indonesia  Philippines  South Korea  Tonga South Korea finished in 5th position (out of 6 teams) by winning their last match. 2014 Asian Games, Incheon In 2014 South Korea participated, as the host nation, at the Asian Games T20 cricket tournament in Incheon, South Korea. The competition was held at the newly built Yeonhui Cricket Ground in Incheon, Korea's first dedicated cricket facility. Teams in the men's competition were as follows:  China  South Korea  Malaysia  Maldives  Kuwait    Nepal  Afghanistan  Sri Lanka  Bangladesh  Hong Kong South Korea's squad for the 2014 Asian Games Kim Kyungsik (Captain) – Bowler (RAM) Hyobum An – Bowler (RAOS) Suin Bang – WK & RHB Inho Cha – Bowler (RAOS) Sunghoon Cho – Batsman (RH) Jiwon Choi – All-rounder (RAM/RHB) Youmin Jung – Batsman (RH) Hongki Kim – Bowler (RAOS) Namheon Kim – Bowler (LAOS) Sangwook Lee – Batsman (RH) Hwanhee Lee – Bowler (RAOS) Soochan Park – Batsman (LH) Park Tae Kwan- Bowler (LAFM) Ilhwan Seo – Batsman (RH) Sung Dae Sik – Batsman (RH) South Korea's results were as follows: Game 1, South Korea v Malaysia (Malaysia won by 8 wickets) Game 2, South Korea v China (South Korea won by 6 Runs) QF, South Korea v Sri Lanka (Sri Lanka won by 117 Runs) East Asia Cup 2015: 4th place 2016: Won 2018: 4th place 2024: Did not participate 2018–19 ICC World Twenty20 East Asia-Pacific Qualifier South Korea competed in the 2018–19 ICC World Twenty20 East Asia-Pacific Qualifier for the first time since 2011. They proved that they are an up-and-coming cricket nation by finishing second above Japan who were the 2018 EAP champions and Indonesia who won the bronze medal at the 2017 Southeast Asian Games. This was a huge stepping stone for Korea. Records International Match Summary — South Korea Last updated 18 October 2022 Playing Record Format M W L T NR Inaugural Match Twenty20 Internationals 4 0 4 0 0 9 October 2022 Twenty20 International T20I record versus other nations Records complete to T20I #1831. Last updated 18 October 2022. Opponent M W L T NR First match First win vs Associate Members  Indonesia 2 0 2 0 0 15 October 2022  Japan 2 0 2 0 0 15 October 2022 See also Korea Cricket Association South Korea national women's cricket team Yeonhui Cricket Ground East Asia-Pacific References ^ a b "Ireland and Afghanistan ICC newest full members amid wide-ranging governance reform". International Cricket Council. 22 June 2017. Retrieved 1 September 2018. ^ "ICC Rankings". International Cricket Council. ^ "T20I matches - Team records". ESPNcricinfo. ^ "T20I matches - 2024 Team records". ESPNcricinfo. ^ "Arirang Prime Ep214 Bowling for Gold". Arirang TV. 23 September 2013. Archived from the original on 13 July 2019. Retrieved 13 July 2019. ^ "East Asia Cup 2016/17 Fixtures & Results". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 5 July 2018. ^ a b "Korea's national cricket team taste first international success". Arirang News. 24 November 2016. Archived from the original on 18 December 2021. Retrieved 13 July 2019. ^ a b "Korea beats Japan to clinch East Asia Cup title". International Cricket Council. 7 November 2016. Retrieved 5 July 2018. ^ a b "Japan vs South Korea Final East Asia Cup 2016". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 5 July 2018. ^ a b "South Korea edge Japan to win East Asia Cup cricket tournament". Inside the games. 8 November 2016. Retrieved 4 September 2018. ^ "All T20I matches to get international status". International Cricket Council. 26 April 2018. Retrieved 26 April 2018. ^ "Full Scorecard of South Korea vs Malaysia 1st Match, Group A 2014/15 - Score Report | ESPNcricinfo.com". ESPNcricinfo.com. Retrieved 18 November 2021. ^ "Full Scorecard of South Korea vs China 6th Match, Group A 2014/15 - Score Report | ESPNcricinfo.com". ESPNcricinfo.com. Retrieved 18 November 2021. ^ "Full Scorecard of Sri Lanka vs South Korea 2nd Quarter-Final 2014/15 - Score Report | ESPNcricinfo.com". ESPNcricinfo.com. Retrieved 18 November 2021. ^ "East Asia Cup Tournament organised between China, Hong Kong, Japan and Korea". Japan Cricket Association. 19 February 2016. Retrieved 4 September 2018. ^ "History of the Games". Cricket Hong Kong. Retrieved 4 September 2018. ^ "EAST ASIA MEN'S T-20 CHAMPIONSHIPS, 2015/16". ESPNcricinfo.com. Retrieved 4 September 2018. ^ "East Asia Cup Table – 2018". ESPNcricinfo.com. Retrieved 15 September 2018. ^ a b "Records / Indonesia / Twenty20 Internationals / Result summary". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 15 October 2022. External links Official website vteNational cricket teamsFull members (12) Afghanistan Australia Bangladesh England2 India Ireland3 New Zealand Pakistan South Africa Sri Lanka West Indies1 Zimbabwe Associate members (94)ODI status Canada Namibia Nepal Netherlands Oman Scotland United Arab Emirates United States Other associate members Argentina Austria Bahamas Bahrain Belgium Belize Bermuda Bhutan Botswana Brazil Bulgaria Cambodia Cameroon Cayman Islands Chile China Cook Islands Costa Rica Cote D'Ivoire Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Eswatini Falkland Islands Fiji Finland France Gambia Germany Ghana Gibraltar Greece Guernsey Hong Kong Hungary Indonesia Iran Isle of Man Israel Italy Japan Jersey Kenya Kuwait Lesotho Luxembourg Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mali Malta Mexico Mongolia Mozambique Myanmar Nigeria Norway Panama Papua New Guinea Peru Philippines Portugal Qatar Romania Rwanda Samoa Saudi Arabia Serbia Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Slovenia South Korea Spain St Helena Suriname Sweden Switzerland Tajikistan Tanzania Thailand Turks and Caicos Islands Turkey Uganda Uzbekistan Vanuatu Former members (5) Brunei Cuba Morocco Russia Tonga Zambia Dissolved members (3) East Africa East and Central Africa West Africa Non-members Egypt Iceland New Caledonia Ukraine Uruguay Vietnam See also Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda Barbados British Virgin Islands Dominica Grenada Guyana Jamaica Montserrat Nevis Northern Ireland Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Saint Kitts Saint Lucia Sint Maarten Trinidad and Tobago United States Virgin Islands Wales 1 For Guyana, Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago, Barbados, Antigua and Barbuda, Anguilla, Dominica, Grenada, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Montserrat, Nevis, Saint Kitts, Saint Lucia, Sint Maarten, the British Virgin Islands and the United States Virgin Islands the national team is the West Indies. 2 For England and Wales, the national team is England. 3 For the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland, the national team is Ireland. vte National sports teams of South Korea A1GP American football Badminton Baseball M W Baseball5 Basketball M M U-19 M U-17 M 3x3 W W U-19 W U-17 Beach soccer Boxing Cricket M W Esports Field hockey M W Floorball Football M M U-23 M U-20 M U-17 CP W W U-20 W U-17 Futsal Goalball Handball M M-J M-Y W W-J Ice hockey M M U-20 M U-18 W W U-18 Kabaddi M W Korfball Rugby union M M7 W7 Short track M W Softball M W W U-19 Squash Tennis M W Volleyball M W W U-18 Water polo M W Wheelchair basketball Olympics Paralympics Asian Games
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It is governed by the Korea Cricket Association, which became an affiliate member of the International Cricket Council (ICC) in 2001 and an associate member in June 2017.[1] Their first international appearance was in the ICC East Asia/Pacific 8s tournament in Perth in 2002, where they came fourth in a tournament that also involved Japan, Indonesia and an Australian Aborigines team. They also competed in 2011 east Asia Pacific tournament.In 2013 Arirang TV broadcast a documentary Bowling for Gold in their programme Arirang Prime on the Korean national cricket team as the 2014 Asian Games approached. The documentary highlighted their struggle to put together a national cricket team without any support from government agencies, their journeys to the 2011 ICC EAP Trophy Division 2 in Samoa making their international debut and winning their first match, rebuilding the national team two years later for the Asian Games and touring Chandigarh, Punjab, India as part of their preparations including playing against youth teams and training from Indian coaches. During their stay they also watched an IPL match at the Mohali Stadium and met some of the players such as Adam Gilchrist.[5]The team competed in 2014 Asian Games in Incheon as the host nation team, in which the team reached the quarter-final where they were defeated by the Sri Lankan cricket team. Matches were played at the purpose-built Yeonhui Cricket Ground in Incheon.In 2016, the team competed in the inaugural East Asia Cup played among the four teams with Japan, China and Hong Kong Dragons being the other three teams. Thee tournament was hosted by Japan Cricket Association at Sano International Cricket Ground. In the group stage South Korea won all their matches except the one against Japan.[6] The tournament was won by South Korea after beating Japan in the final.[7][8][9][10]In April 2018, the ICC decided to grant full Twenty20 International (T20I) status to all its members. Therefore, all Twenty20 matches played between South Korea and other ICC members after 1 January 2019 are treated as full T20Is.[11]South Korea participated in the 2018–19 ICC World Twenty20 East Asia-Pacific Qualifier group B. This was the first round of qualification for the 2020 ICC World Twenty20 tournament which will be held in Australia. They finished in 2nd place behind the Philippines who qualified for the next round.","title":"South Korea national cricket team"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2011 ICC EAP Trophy Division 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_ICC_EAP_Trophy_Division_2"},{"link_name":"Samoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Cook Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cook_Islands_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Tonga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga_national_cricket_team"}],"text":"South Korea took part in the 2011 ICC EAP Trophy Division 2 tournament from 4–7 April 2011 in Samoa. The tournament was part of a qualifying pyramid for the 2012 twenty-20 cricket world cup in Sri Lanka. The competing teams were as follows:Samoa\n Cook Islands\n Indonesia\n Philippines\n South Korea\n TongaSouth Korea finished in 5th position (out of 6 teams) by winning their last match.","title":"2011 East Asia-Pacific Division Two"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yeonhui Cricket Ground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeonhui_Cricket_Ground"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Maldives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maldives_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Kuwait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Nepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Sri Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_national_cricket_team"}],"text":"In 2014 South Korea participated, as the host nation, at the Asian Games T20 cricket tournament in Incheon, South Korea.\nThe competition was held at the newly built Yeonhui Cricket Ground in Incheon, Korea's first dedicated cricket facility.\nTeams in the men's competition were as follows:China\n South Korea\n Malaysia\n Maldives\n Kuwait\n   Nepal\n Afghanistan\n Sri Lanka\n Bangladesh\n Hong Kong","title":"2014 Asian Games, Incheon"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kim Kyungsik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kim_Kyungsik&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"South Korea's squad for the 2014 Asian Games","text":"Kim Kyungsik (Captain) – Bowler (RAM)\nHyobum An – Bowler (RAOS)\nSuin Bang – WK & RHB\nInho Cha – Bowler (RAOS)\nSunghoon Cho – Batsman (RH)\nJiwon Choi – All-rounder (RAM/RHB)\nYoumin Jung – Batsman (RH)\nHongki Kim – Bowler (RAOS)\nNamheon Kim – Bowler (LAOS)\nSangwook Lee – Batsman (RH)\nHwanhee Lee – Bowler (RAOS)\nSoochan Park – Batsman (LH)\nPark Tae Kwan- Bowler (LAFM)\nIlhwan Seo – Batsman (RH)\nSung Dae Sik – Batsman (RH)South Korea's results were as follows:Game 1, South Korea v Malaysia (Malaysia won by 8 wickets)[12]Game 2, South Korea v China (South Korea won by 6 Runs)[13]QF, South Korea v Sri Lanka (Sri Lanka won by 117 Runs)[14]","title":"2014 Asian Games, Incheon"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Twenty20_East_Asia_Cup"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EACupArirangNews-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EACupICC-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EACupCricinfo-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EACupITG-10"},{"link_name":"2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Twenty20_East_Asia_Cup"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"2024","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Twenty20_East_Asia_Cup"}],"text":"2015: 4th place[17]\n2016: Won[7][8][9][10]\n2018: 4th place[18]\n2024: Did not participate","title":"East Asia Cup"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2018–19 ICC World Twenty20 East Asia-Pacific Qualifier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_ICC_World_Twenty20_East_Asia-Pacific_Qualifier"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"2017 Southeast Asian Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Southeast_Asian_Games"}],"text":"South Korea competed in the 2018–19 ICC World Twenty20 East Asia-Pacific Qualifier for the first time since 2011. They proved that they are an up-and-coming cricket nation by finishing second above Japan who were the 2018 EAP champions and Indonesia who won the bronze medal at the 2017 Southeast Asian Games. This was a huge stepping stone for Korea.","title":"2018–19 ICC World Twenty20 East Asia-Pacific Qualifier"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-T20I-19"}],"text":"International Match Summary — South Korea[19]Last updated 18 October 2022","title":"Records"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-T20I-19"}],"sub_title":"Twenty20 International","text":"T20I record versus other nations[19]Records complete to T20I #1831. Last updated 18 October 2022.","title":"Records"}]
[]
[{"title":"Korea Cricket Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_Cricket_Association"},{"title":"South Korea national women's cricket team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea_national_women%27s_cricket_team"},{"title":"Yeonhui Cricket Ground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeonhui_Cricket_Ground"},{"title":"East Asia-Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICC_East_Asia-Pacific"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TMI_Mudlib
LPMud
["1 Development","2 LPMud talkers","3 TMI Mudlib","4 Server software","5 References","6 Further reading","7 External links"]
MUD server software LPMud, abbreviated LP, is a family of multi-user dungeon (MUD) server software. Its first instance, the original LPMud game driver, was developed in 1989 by Lars Pensjö (the LP in LPMud). LPMud was innovative in its separation of the MUD infrastructure into a virtual machine (termed the driver) and a development framework written in the programming language LPC (termed the mudlib). Development The login screen from Genesis since May 2011 Lars Pensjö had been an avid player of TinyMUD and AberMUD. He had wanted to create a world with the flexibility of TinyMUD and the style of AberMUD but did not want to have sole responsibility for creating and maintaining the game world. He once said, "I didn't think I would be able to design a good adventure. By allowing wizards coding rights, I thought others could help me with this." The result was the creation of a new, C-based, object-oriented programming language, LPC, that made it simple for people with minimal programming skills to add elements like rooms, weapons, and monsters to a virtual world. To accomplish his goal, Lennart Augustsson convinced Pensjö to write what today would be called a virtual machine, the LPMud driver. The driver managed the interpretation of LPC code as well as providing basic operating system services to the LPC code. By virtue of this design, Pensjö made it more difficult for common programming errors like infinite loops and infinite recursion made by content builders to harm the overall stability of the server. His choice of an OO approach made it easy for new programmers to concentrate on the task of "building a room" rather than programming logic. Pensjö created Genesis in April 1989 as the first implementation of the LPC language, and therefore the first LPMud, in which the developer (commonly known as a wizard within the MUD) could code their own objects. Pensjö's work has been extended or reverse engineered in a number of projects: LPMud 3.2, better known as the Amylaar driver, after its lead developer, Jörn "Amylaar" Rennecke MudOS DGD, Dworkin's Game Driver, a conceptual rather than code derivative of LPMud developed by Felix "Dworkin" Croes SWLPC, Shattered World's fork of LPMud 2.4.5 Though an LPMud server can be used to implement nearly any style of game, LPMuds are often thought of as having certain common characteristics as a genre, such as a mixture of hack and slash with role-playing, quests as an element of advancement, and "guilds" as an alternative to character classes. LPMud talkers LPMud was used as the basis for the first Internet talker, Cat Chat, which opened in 1990. TMI Mudlib The TMI Mudlib from The Mud Institute was an attempt to create a framework driven mudlib for the MudOS LPMud driver. It consisted of many contributors to MudOS as well as people who became influential in the LPMud community. When TMI began work in 1992, a mudlib was generally packaged with both an LPMud driver and a complete world built on top of the mudlib. As a framework-driven mudlib, the goal of the TMI mudlib was to provide only examples for world objects and place the burden of building a working world on the game developers using TMI. TMI implemented the first InterMUD communications network, when MudOS added network socket support in 1992. In 1992, MIRE, a multi-user information system producing customised newspapers was built based on a modified TMI driver. In 1993, the TMI-2 mudlib was used to create PangaeaMud, an academic research project designed as an interactive geologic database tool. Notable MUDs based on TMI-derived mudlibs include The Two Towers set in Tolkien’s universe and Threshold. Server software MudOS is a major family of LPMud server software, implementing its own variant of the LPC (programming language). It first came into being on February 18, 1992. It pioneered important technical innovations in MUDs, including the network socket support that made InterMUD communications possible and LPC-to-C compilation. FluffOS started as a collection of patches of last unreleased version of MudOS, FluffOS has evolved into an independent and enhanced project, providing a powerful platform for crafting interactive and immersive virtual worlds, it is the best choice of running LPMUD lib now, as well as creating new ones. For more information, you can visit the main website at FluffOS Official Website at. Genocide was an important development testbed for MudOS from 1992 to 1994, but switched back to the main LPMud branch, citing speed concerns. References ^ Bartle, Richard (2003). Designing Virtual Worlds. New Riders. p. 10. ISBN 0-13-101816-7. LPMUD was named after its author, Lars Pensjö of the University of Gothenburg, Sweden. ^ Shah, Rawn; Romine, James (1995). Playing MUDs on the Internet. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 158. ISBN 0-471-11633-5. ... the original Mudlib distributed by LP, Lars Pensjö, and his team. ^ a b "The History of Pike". Pike. Archived from the original on 2010-02-04. Retrieved 2009-09-09. In the beginning, there was Adventure. Then a bunch of people decided to make multi-player adventure games. One of those people was Lars Pensjö at the Chalmers university in Gothenburg, Sweden. For his game he needed a simple, memory-efficient language, and thus LPC (Lars Pensjö C) was born. About a year later Fredrik Hübinette started playing one of these games and found that the language was the most easy-to-use language he had ever encountered. ^ Bartle, Richard (2003). Designing Virtual Worlds. New Riders. p. 43. ISBN 0-13-101816-7. Above this layer is what (for historical reasons) is known as the mudlib58. 58For "mud library". MUD1 had a mudlib, but it was an adaptation of the BCPL input/output library and therefore was at a lower level than today's mudlibs. The modern usage of the term was coined independently by LPMUD. ^ Bartle, Richard (2003). Designing Virtual Worlds. New Riders. p. 10. ISBN 0-13-101816-7. Having played both AberMUD and TinyMUD, he decided he wanted to write his own game with the adventure of the former and the user-extensibility of the latter. ^ a b c d Mulligan, Jessica; Patrovsky, Bridgette (2003). Developing Online Games: An Insider's Guide. New Riders. p. 451. ISBN 1-59273-000-0. 1989 Lars Penjske creates LPMud and opens Genesis. "Having fun playing TinyMUD and AberMUD, Lars Penjske decides to write a server to combine the extensibility of TinyMUD with the adventures of AberMUD. Out of this inspiration, he designed LPC as a special MUD language to make extending the game simple. Lars says, '...I didn't think I would be able to design a good adventure. By allowing wizards coding rights, I thought others could help me with this.' The first running code was developed in a week on Unix System V using IPC, not BSD sockets. Early object-oriented features only existed accidentally by way of the nature of MUDs manipulating objects. As Lars learned C++, he gradually extended those features. The result is that the whole LPMud was developed from a small prototype, gradually extended with features." —George Reese's LPMud Timeline ^ Giuliano, Luca (1997). I padroni della menzogna. Il gioco delle identità e dei mondi virtuali (in Italian). Meltemi Editore. pp. 101–102. ISBN 978-88-86479-35-6. È stato creato nel 1990 da Lars Pensjö presso la Chalmers Academic Computing Society in Svezia. Pensjö proveniva dall'esperienza dell'AberMUD e il suo sistema è sostanzialmente il frutto di un compromesso tra la rigidità di AberMUD e l'egualitarismo del TinyMUD. Il server LPMUD è diverso dagli altri perché non è un gioco prefabricato ma un linguaggio, chiamato LPC, che gli utenti possono utilizzare per interagire, modificare il loro ambiente e costruire un gioco. Un DikuMUD è molto più efficiente come programma ma non può essere modificato senza avere un alto livello di conoscenza nella programmatazione. Invece un LPMUD è molto più flessible ed è possibile costruire anche oggetti molto complessi con un livello di conoscenza inferiore. Grazie a questa flessibilita, che si adatta all'immaginazione dei giocatori, LPMUD si è diffuso rapidamente. Il livello di programmazione degli oggetti però non è esteso a tutti, ma è limitato ai giocatori che hanno raggiunto un livello elevato di competenza all'interno del MUD stesso e delle sue regole. Grazie a questo maggior controllo del mondo, un LPMUD tende ad essere più organico e coerente nella construzione del mondo, diversamente dal TinyMUD che tende invece a diventare un po' caotico. Translation: It was created in 1990 by Lars Pensjö of the Chalmers Academic Computing Society in Sweden. Pensjö's experience was with AberMUD, and its system is basically the result of a compromise between the rigidity of AberMUD and the egalitarianism of TinyMUD. The LPMUD server is different from others because it is not a game but a prefabricated language called LPC, which users can use to interact, change their environment and build a game. A DikuMUD is much more efficient as a program but cannot be changed without having a high level of programming knowledge. On the other hand, LPMUD is much more flexible, and you can build very complex objects with a lower level of knowledge. Thanks to this flexibility, which adapts to players' imagination, LPMUD has spread rapidly. The level of programming objects is not for everyone, but is limited to players who have reached a high level of competence within the MUD itself and with its rules. Thanks to this greater control of the world, a LPMUD tends toward more comprehensive and coherent construction of the world, unlike TinyMUD, which tends to get a little chaotic. ^ Maloni, Kelly; Baker, Derek; Wice, Nathaniel (1994). Net Games. Random House / Michael Wolff & Company, Inc. pp. 78. ISBN 0-679-75592-6. Genesis lays claim to being the first LPMUD. ^ Reese, George (1996-03-11). "LPMud Timeline". Archived from the original on 2012-02-26. Retrieved 2010-04-18. April 1989 ¶ Lars starts the first public LPMud, _Genesis_. ^ Bartle, Richard (2003). Designing Virtual Worlds. New Riders. p. 10. ISBN 0-13-101816-7. To this end, he developed an in-game programming language called LPC that allowed players of sufficient experience to add not only objects, but also powerful functionality to the game as it ran. ^ a b Towers, J. Tarin; Badertscher, Ken; Cunningham, Wayne; Buskirk, Laura (1996). Yahoo! Wild Web Rides. IDG Books Worldwide Inc. p. 141. ISBN 0-7645-7003-X. MudOS and Amylaar:: There are a couple versions of LPmuds that you might run into. More are being developed as coders and wizards improve their games. Both MudOS and Amylaar are descendants of LPmuds, and Amylaar is an especially popular version. ^ Reese, George (1998-09-15). "LPMud FAQ". Internet FAQ Archives. Retrieved 2009-06-25. Amylaar is a person, not an LPMud. He is the primary author and torch bearer of the LPMud name. Given the generic sound of the term "LPMud" these days, people often refer to LPMud 3.2 as the Amylaar driver. ^ Shah, Rawn; Romine, James (1995). Playing MUDs on the Internet. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 164. ISBN 0-471-11633-5. DGD, created by Dworkin aka Felix Croes, is a complete rewrite of the LPmud game. ^ Reese, George (1998-09-15). "LPMud FAQ". Internet FAQ Archives. Retrieved 2009-06-25. Shattered Worlds, on the otherhand, derives from LPMud 2.4.5. ^ Hahn, Harley (1996). The Internet Complete Reference (2nd ed.). Osborne McGraw-Hill. p. 557. ISBN 0-07-882138-X. The original LPC language was designed to create hack-n-slash muds. If you heard that a particular mud was an LPMud, you could guess what type of mud it was. In recent years, though, LPC has been redesigned into a general-purpose mud-creation language and, nowadays, virtually any type of mud might be an LPMud. ^ Ito, Mizuko (1997). "Virtually Embodied: The Reality of Fantasy in a Multi-User Dungeon". In Porter, David (ed.). Internet Culture (pbk. ed.). Routledge. p. 89. ISBN 0-415-91684-4. The MUDs that I study are LPMUDs, which are "traditional" and "mainstream" MUDs in the sense that they are combat and role-playing game oriented, and tend to use medieval images. ^ Towers, J. Tarin; Badertscher, Ken; Cunningham, Wayne; Buskirk, Laura (1996). Yahoo! Wild Web Rides. IDG Books Worldwide Inc. p. 141. ISBN 0-7645-7003-X. LPmuds: When you play LPmuds, you'll probably be faced with more of a bent toward socialization and an attempt to get characters to role-play more. Quests, where you have to complete a predetermined set of actions, tend to be used to try to move people away from relying simply on combat to gain experience. When you first enter the game, your character has no profession until you join a guild, which you usually need to search around for. It is normally against the rules for seasoned characters to help you with your quests or finding a guild, but some LPmuds do not enforce this. ^ "Talker History". NetLingo the Internet Dictionary. Retrieved 2010-04-13. Single-server talkers on the internet first appeared in 1990, with the talker Cat Chat. This was a hack of the LPMud source code, put together by Chris Thompson (aka 'Cat') at Warwick University, in England. ^ a b Takacs, Mark (August 17, 1993). "Prolix A Text-based Participant System for VR". Washington: 13. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.53.5993. 2.3.7 MIRE Kay has taken a TMI LPMud driver (a popular alternative driver developed by The Mud Institute) and used it as the basis for a multi-user news and information retrieval system {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) ^ Electronic Publishing Group at the MIT Media Lab. 25+ Years of the Electronic Publishing Group "MIRE--news in a MUD" ^ Boring, Erich (1993-12-03). PangaeaMud: An Online, Object-oriented Multiple User Interactive Geologic Database Tool (PDF) (Master's thesis). Miami University. Retrieved 2010-05-03. ^ a b English, Katharine, ed. (1996). Most Popular Web Sites: The Best of the Net from A 2 Z. Lycos Press / Macmillan Publishers. p. 315. ISBN 0-7897-0792-6. Two Towers Multi-User Dungeon http://www.angband.com/towers This page serves as an entrance to the Two Towers Multi-User Dungeon, allowing game players to step into the world of fantasy writer J.R.R. Tolkien. Intrepid visitors can learn about the game or link to Tolkien sites dotting the net. ^ Smith, Bud; Bebak, Arthur (1997). Creating Web Pages for Dummies (2nd ed.). IDG. pp. 40–41. ISBN 0-7645-0114-3. ^ Jones, Nimrod (April 1997). "nEt.SPeAk". Archived from the original on 2011-07-22. Retrieved 2010-07-20. The MUD referred to in this work is The Two Towers LpMUD based upon J. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings. It claims to be the most faithful MUD to his Middle-Earth and boasts players in their hundreds gathered from 50 countries world-wide. ^ "Tolkien Gaming - Gaming Havens - Game Reviews - Two Tower MUD". theonering.net. 2000-05-23. Retrieved 2010-10-15. The experience system was very simple, you kill things and complete missions, you get more attributes. ^ Ekman, Fredrik (1995-05-09). "LP mud's". rec.arts.books.tolkien. Retrieved 2010-07-05. ^ "The MUD Connector: The Two Towers". The MUD Connector. Archived from the original on 2012-07-17. Retrieved 2010-07-06. Highly customized TMI-2 1.1.1 mudlib on MudOS v22 (May 4, 2007) ^ Towers, J. Tarin; Badertscher, Ken; Cunningham, Wayne; Buskirk, Laura (1996). Yahoo! Wild Web Rides. IDG Books Worldwide Inc. p. 141. ISBN 0-7645-7003-X. MudOS and Amylaar:: There are a couple versions of LPmuds that you might run into. More are being developed as coders and wizards improve their games. Both MudOS and Amylaar are descendants of LPmuds, and Amylaar is an especially popular version. ^ Busey, Andrew (1995). Secrets of the MUD Wizards. SAMS Publishing. p. 216. ISBN 0-672-30723-5. For example, the MudOS server is based on the LPMUD server, but has been developed along different lines than the current LPMUD server. ^ Reese, George (1995-08-01). "LPMud Timeline". Archived from the original on February 26, 2012. February 18, 1992 The LPMud 3.1.2-A project is renamed MudOS. ^ Shah, Rawn; Romine, James (1995). Playing MUDs on the Internet. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 164. ISBN 0-471-11633-5. MudOS is a much enhanced version that was a major rewrite that is not compatible with the old 2.4.5 LPmud version. It is one of the most feature-rich Mud systems available, making the game seem almost like a high-level operating system of its own. You can create objects within the Mud that can directly access the Internet Protocols, such as Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and User Datagram Protocol (UDP); ^ Reese, George (1995-08-01). "LPMud Timeline". Archived from the original on 2012-02-26. BeekOS is basically a MudOS core with dynamic compilation of LPC->C, linking the compiled machine code to the running server dynamically. These enhancements are later merged into MudOS once Beeks takes over MudOS development. ^ "FluffOS website". ^ Reese, George (1996-03-11). "LPMud Timeline". Archived from the original on 2012-02-26. Retrieved 2010-04-14. June 1992 ¶ After having taken over as admin of Genocide in April, Blackthorn decides to move Genocide over to the new MudOS driver. At this time, the driver was filled with new features, but equally filled with bugs. Genocide spent most of the summer as a testbed for MudOS development, with MudOS developers Truilka, Jacques, and Wayfarer working along on the driver over on Portals. ^ Reese, George (1996-03-11). "LPMud Timeline". Archived from the original on 2012-02-26. Retrieved 2010-04-14. Early 1994 ¶ Genocides converts over to LPMud in order to get the unusual speed demands made of it by its theme and its old machine. As a result, Blackthorn stops with the trickle of bug-fixes which had been the whole of MudOS development at the time. Further reading Shah, Rawn (1995). "Part 2: LPmuds". In Shah, Rawn; Romine, James (eds.). Playing MUDs on the Internet. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp. 155–231. ISBN 0-471-11633-5. Busey, Andrew (1995). Secrets of the MUD Wizards. SAMS Publishing. ISBN 0-672-30723-5. External links LPMud FAQ LPMud Timeline LDMud Website LPMuds.net - A resource for MUDs that use LPC. MUDseek - A Google custom search engine for MUDs. The LPmuds.net downloads page has a driver-bundled version of TMI-2 that's "easy-ish" to install. LPMuds at Curlie The main website for FluffOS, the best place to start with running old LPMUD or creating new ones. vteMulti-user dungeons (MUDs)Major branches AberMUD DikuMUD LPMud MU* Minor branches,codebases, libraries DGD GodWars MOO MUSH Talker TinyMUCK Concepts,terminology Alternate character Avatar Bartle taxonomy of player types Cybersex God Griefer Grinding Hack and slash Healer Immortal Kill stealing Loot Mob, Monster Non-player character Online wedding Persistent world Player character Player versus environment Player versus player, Playerkilling Quest Spawning Tank Twinking Virtual goods Video game bot Wizard Zone, Area Publications Designing Virtual Worlds "A Rape in Cyberspace" Terra Nova Companies,organizations Areae Iron Realms Entertainment Jagex Lysator Kesmai The Mud Connector Mythic Entertainment Plaintext Players Simutronics List Category
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"multi-user dungeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-user_dungeon"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bartle-lars-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shahromine-mudlib-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pike-3"},{"link_name":"virtual machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_machine"},{"link_name":"programming language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_language"},{"link_name":"mudlib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudlib"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bartle-mudlib-4"}],"text":"LPMud, abbreviated LP, is a family of multi-user dungeon (MUD) server software. Its first instance, the original LPMud game driver, was developed in 1989 by Lars Pensjö (the LP in LPMud).[1][2][3] LPMud was innovative in its separation of the MUD infrastructure into a virtual machine (termed the driver) and a development framework written in the programming language LPC (termed the mudlib).[4]","title":"LPMud"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LoginScreen.jpg"},{"link_name":"TinyMUD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TinyMUD"},{"link_name":"AberMUD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AberMUD"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bartle-lpmud-5"},{"link_name":"wizards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wizard_(MUD)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dog-6"},{"link_name":"C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(programming_language)"},{"link_name":"object-oriented programming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object-oriented_programming"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-giuliano-7"},{"link_name":"Lennart Augustsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lennart_Augustsson"},{"link_name":"operating system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system"},{"link_name":"infinite loops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinite_loop"},{"link_name":"infinite recursion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinite_recursion"},{"link_name":"OO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object-oriented_programming"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pike-3"},{"link_name":"wizard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wizard_(MUD)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-netgames1-8"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dog-6"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reese-genesis-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bartle-genesis-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ywwr2-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reese-amylaar-12"},{"link_name":"MudOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MudOS"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ywwr2-11"},{"link_name":"DGD, Dworkin's Game Driver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dworkin%27s_Game_Driver"},{"link_name":"Felix \"Dworkin\" Croes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_Croes"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shahromine-dgd-13"},{"link_name":"SWLPC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SWLPC_(programming_language)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Shattered World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shattered_World&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fork_(software_development)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reese-sw-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hahn-15"},{"link_name":"hack and slash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hack_and_slash"},{"link_name":"role-playing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Role-playing_game"},{"link_name":"quests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quest_(gaming)"},{"link_name":"character classes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Character_class"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-internetculture-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ywwr1-17"}],"text":"The login screen from Genesis since May 2011Lars Pensjö had been an avid player of TinyMUD and AberMUD. He had wanted to create a world with the flexibility of TinyMUD and the style of AberMUD[5] but did not want to have sole responsibility for creating and maintaining the game world. He once said, \"I didn't think I would be able to design a good adventure. By allowing wizards coding rights, I thought others could help me with this.\"[6] The result was the creation of a new, C-based, object-oriented programming language, LPC, that made it simple for people with minimal programming skills to add elements like rooms, weapons, and monsters to a virtual world.[7]To accomplish his goal, Lennart Augustsson convinced Pensjö to write what today would be called a virtual machine, the LPMud driver. The driver managed the interpretation of LPC code as well as providing basic operating system services to the LPC code. By virtue of this design, Pensjö made it more difficult for common programming errors like infinite loops and infinite recursion made by content builders to harm the overall stability of the server. His choice of an OO approach made it easy for new programmers to concentrate on the task of \"building a room\" rather than programming logic.[3]Pensjö created Genesis in April 1989 as the first implementation of the LPC language, and therefore the first LPMud, in which the developer (commonly known as a wizard within the MUD) could code their own objects.[8][6][9][10]Pensjö's work has been extended or reverse engineered in a number of projects:LPMud 3.2, better known as the Amylaar driver, after its lead developer, Jörn \"Amylaar\" Rennecke[11][12]\nMudOS[11]\nDGD, Dworkin's Game Driver, a conceptual rather than code derivative of LPMud developed by Felix \"Dworkin\" Croes[13]\nSWLPC, Shattered World's fork of LPMud 2.4.5[14]Though an LPMud server can be used to implement nearly any style of game,[15] LPMuds are often thought of as having certain common characteristics as a genre, such as a mixture of hack and slash with role-playing, quests as an element of advancement, and \"guilds\" as an alternative to character classes.[16][17]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Internet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet"},{"link_name":"talker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talker"},{"link_name":"Cat Chat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat_Chat"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-netlingo-18"}],"text":"LPMud was used as the basis for the first Internet talker, Cat Chat, which opened in 1990[18].","title":"LPMud talkers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Mud Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Mud_Institute&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Takacs-19"},{"link_name":"mudlib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudlib"},{"link_name":"MudOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MudOS"},{"link_name":"InterMUD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InterMUD"},{"link_name":"MudOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MudOS"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dog-6"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Takacs-19"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"The Two Towers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Two_Towers_(MUD)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-english-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-smith-bebak-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jones-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ber-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ekman-ttt-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Tolkien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolkien"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-english-22"}],"text":"The TMI Mudlib from The Mud Institute[19] was an attempt to create a framework driven mudlib for the MudOS LPMud driver. It consisted of many contributors to MudOS as well as people who became influential in the LPMud community. When TMI began work in 1992, a mudlib was generally packaged with both an LPMud driver and a complete world built on top of the mudlib. As a framework-driven mudlib, the goal of the TMI mudlib was to provide only examples for world objects and place the burden of building a working world on the game developers using TMI.TMI implemented the first InterMUD communications network, when MudOS added network socket support in 1992.[6]In 1992, MIRE, a multi-user information system producing customised newspapers[20] was built based on a modified TMI driver.[19]In 1993, the TMI-2 mudlib was used to create PangaeaMud, an academic research project designed as an interactive geologic database tool.[21]Notable MUDs based on TMI-derived mudlibs include The Two Towers[22][23][24][25][26][27] set in Tolkien’s universe[22] and Threshold.","title":"TMI Mudlib"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ywwr-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-busey-mudos-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reese-mudos-30"},{"link_name":"InterMUD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InterMUD"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dog-6"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shahromine-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reese-beek-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fluffos-33"},{"link_name":"Genocide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocide_(MUD)"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reese-geno-mudos-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reese-geno-lpmud-35"}],"text":"MudOS is a major family of LPMud server software, implementing its own variant of the LPC (programming language).[28][29] It first came into being on February 18, 1992.[30] It pioneered important technical innovations in MUDs, including the network socket support that made InterMUD communications possible[6][31] and LPC-to-C compilation.[32]FluffOS started as a collection of patches of last unreleased version of MudOS, FluffOS has evolved into an independent and enhanced project, providing a powerful platform for crafting interactive and immersive virtual worlds, it is the best choice of running LPMUD lib now, as well as creating new ones. For more information, you can visit the main website at FluffOS Official Website at.[33]Genocide was an important development testbed for MudOS from 1992 to 1994, but switched back to the main LPMud branch, citing speed concerns.[34][35]","title":"Server software"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-471-11633-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-11633-5"},{"link_name":"SAMS Publishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAMS_Publishing"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-672-30723-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-672-30723-5"}],"text":"Shah, Rawn (1995). \"Part 2: LPmuds\". In Shah, Rawn; Romine, James (eds.). Playing MUDs on the Internet. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp. 155–231. ISBN 0-471-11633-5.\nBusey, Andrew (1995). Secrets of the MUD Wizards. SAMS Publishing. ISBN 0-672-30723-5.","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"The login screen from Genesis since May 2011","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/LoginScreen.jpg/220px-LoginScreen.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Bartle, Richard (2003). Designing Virtual Worlds. New Riders. p. 10. ISBN 0-13-101816-7. LPMUD was named after its author, Lars Pensjö of the University of Gothenburg, Sweden.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bartle","url_text":"Bartle, Richard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Designing_Virtual_Worlds","url_text":"Designing Virtual Worlds"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-101816-7","url_text":"0-13-101816-7"}]},{"reference":"Shah, Rawn; Romine, James (1995). Playing MUDs on the Internet. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 158. ISBN 0-471-11633-5. ... the original Mudlib distributed by LP, Lars Pensjö, and his team.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-11633-5","url_text":"0-471-11633-5"}]},{"reference":"\"The History of Pike\". Pike. Archived from the original on 2010-02-04. Retrieved 2009-09-09. In the beginning, there was Adventure. Then a bunch of people decided to make multi-player adventure games. One of those people was Lars Pensjö at the Chalmers university in Gothenburg, Sweden. For his game he needed a simple, memory-efficient language, and thus LPC (Lars Pensjö C) was born. About a year later Fredrik Hübinette started playing one of these games and found that the language was the most easy-to-use language he had ever encountered.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100204062426/http://pike.ida.liu.se/about/pike/history.xml","url_text":"\"The History of Pike\""},{"url":"http://pike.ida.liu.se/about/pike/history.xml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bartle, Richard (2003). Designing Virtual Worlds. New Riders. p. 43. ISBN 0-13-101816-7. Above this layer is what (for historical reasons) is known as the mudlib58. [...] 58For \"mud library\". MUD1 had a mudlib, but it was an adaptation of the BCPL input/output library and therefore was at a lower level than today's mudlibs. The modern usage of the term was coined independently by LPMUD.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bartle","url_text":"Bartle, Richard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Designing_Virtual_Worlds","url_text":"Designing Virtual Worlds"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-101816-7","url_text":"0-13-101816-7"}]},{"reference":"Bartle, Richard (2003). Designing Virtual Worlds. New Riders. p. 10. ISBN 0-13-101816-7. Having played both AberMUD and TinyMUD, he decided he wanted to write his own game with the adventure of the former and the user-extensibility of the latter.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bartle","url_text":"Bartle, Richard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Designing_Virtual_Worlds","url_text":"Designing Virtual Worlds"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-101816-7","url_text":"0-13-101816-7"}]},{"reference":"Mulligan, Jessica; Patrovsky, Bridgette (2003). Developing Online Games: An Insider's Guide. New Riders. p. 451. ISBN 1-59273-000-0. 1989 [...] Lars Penjske creates LPMud and opens Genesis. \"Having fun playing TinyMUD and AberMUD, Lars Penjske decides to write a server to combine the extensibility of TinyMUD with the adventures of AberMUD. Out of this inspiration, he designed LPC as a special MUD language to make extending the game simple. Lars says, '...I didn't think I would be able to design a good adventure. By allowing wizards coding rights, I thought others could help me with this.' The first running code was developed in a week on Unix System V using IPC, not BSD sockets. Early object-oriented features only existed accidentally by way of the nature of MUDs manipulating objects. As Lars learned C++, he gradually extended those features. The result is that the whole LPMud was developed from a small prototype, gradually extended with features.\" —George Reese's LPMud Timeline","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59273-000-0","url_text":"1-59273-000-0"}]},{"reference":"Giuliano, Luca [in Italian] (1997). I padroni della menzogna. Il gioco delle identità e dei mondi virtuali [The masters of the lie: the play of identity and virtual worlds] (in Italian). Meltemi Editore. pp. 101–102. ISBN 978-88-86479-35-6. È stato creato nel 1990 da Lars Pensjö presso la Chalmers Academic Computing Society in Svezia. Pensjö proveniva dall'esperienza dell'AberMUD e il suo sistema è sostanzialmente il frutto di un compromesso tra la rigidità di AberMUD e l'egualitarismo del TinyMUD. Il server LPMUD è diverso dagli altri perché non è un gioco prefabricato ma un linguaggio, chiamato LPC, che gli utenti possono utilizzare per interagire, modificare il loro ambiente e costruire un gioco. Un DikuMUD è molto più efficiente come programma ma non può essere modificato senza avere un alto livello di conoscenza nella programmatazione. Invece un LPMUD è molto più flessible ed è possibile costruire anche oggetti molto complessi con un livello di conoscenza inferiore. Grazie a questa flessibilita, che si adatta all'immaginazione dei giocatori, LPMUD si è diffuso rapidamente. Il livello di programmazione degli oggetti però non è esteso a tutti, ma è limitato ai giocatori che hanno raggiunto un livello elevato di competenza all'interno del MUD stesso e delle sue regole. Grazie a questo maggior controllo del mondo, un LPMUD tende ad essere più organico e coerente nella construzione del mondo, diversamente dal TinyMUD che tende invece a diventare un po' caotico. Translation: It was created in 1990 by Lars Pensjö of the Chalmers Academic Computing Society in Sweden. Pensjö's experience was with AberMUD, and its system is basically the result of a compromise between the rigidity of AberMUD and the egalitarianism of TinyMUD. The LPMUD server is different from others because it is not a game but a prefabricated language called LPC, which users can use to interact, change their environment and build a game. A DikuMUD is much more efficient as a program but cannot be changed without having a high level of programming knowledge. On the other hand, LPMUD is much more flexible, and you can build very complex objects with a lower level of knowledge. Thanks to this flexibility, which adapts to players' imagination, LPMUD has spread rapidly. The level of programming objects is not for everyone, but is limited to players who have reached a high level of competence within the MUD itself and with its rules. Thanks to this greater control of the world, a LPMUD tends toward more comprehensive and coherent construction of the world, unlike TinyMUD, which tends to get a little chaotic.","urls":[{"url":"https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luca_Giuliano","url_text":"Giuliano, Luca"},{"url":"https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meltemi_Editore","url_text":"Meltemi Editore"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-86479-35-6","url_text":"978-88-86479-35-6"}]},{"reference":"Maloni, Kelly; Baker, Derek; Wice, Nathaniel (1994). Net Games. Random House / Michael Wolff & Company, Inc. pp. 78. ISBN 0-679-75592-6. Genesis lays claim to being the first LPMUD.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/netgamesyourguid00malo/page/78","url_text":"Net Games"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/netgamesyourguid00malo/page/78","url_text":"78"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-75592-6","url_text":"0-679-75592-6"}]},{"reference":"Reese, George (1996-03-11). \"LPMud Timeline\". Archived from the original on 2012-02-26. Retrieved 2010-04-18. April 1989 ¶ Lars starts the first public LPMud, _Genesis_.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120226122409/http://www.rpgmud.com/lpmud_timeline.htm","url_text":"\"LPMud Timeline\""},{"url":"http://www.rpgmud.com/lpmud_timeline.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bartle, Richard (2003). Designing Virtual Worlds. New Riders. p. 10. ISBN 0-13-101816-7. To this end, he developed an in-game programming language called LPC that allowed players of sufficient experience to add not only objects, but also powerful functionality to the game as it ran.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bartle","url_text":"Bartle, Richard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Designing_Virtual_Worlds","url_text":"Designing Virtual Worlds"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-101816-7","url_text":"0-13-101816-7"}]},{"reference":"Towers, J. Tarin; Badertscher, Ken; Cunningham, Wayne; Buskirk, Laura (1996). Yahoo! Wild Web Rides. IDG Books Worldwide Inc. p. 141. ISBN 0-7645-7003-X. MudOS and Amylaar:: There are a couple versions of LPmuds that you might run into. More are being developed as coders and wizards improve their games. Both MudOS and Amylaar are descendants of LPmuds, and Amylaar is an especially popular version.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7645-7003-X","url_text":"0-7645-7003-X"}]},{"reference":"Reese, George (1998-09-15). \"LPMud FAQ\". Internet FAQ Archives. Retrieved 2009-06-25. Amylaar is a person, not an LPMud. He is the primary author and torch bearer of the LPMud name. Given the generic sound of the term \"LPMud\" these days, people often refer to LPMud 3.2 as the Amylaar driver.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.faqs.org/faqs/games/mud-faq/lp/","url_text":"\"LPMud FAQ\""}]},{"reference":"Shah, Rawn; Romine, James (1995). Playing MUDs on the Internet. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 164. ISBN 0-471-11633-5. DGD, created by Dworkin aka Felix Croes, is a complete rewrite of the LPmud game.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-11633-5","url_text":"0-471-11633-5"}]},{"reference":"Reese, George (1998-09-15). \"LPMud FAQ\". Internet FAQ Archives. Retrieved 2009-06-25. Shattered Worlds, on the otherhand, derives from LPMud 2.4.5.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.faqs.org/faqs/games/mud-faq/lp/","url_text":"\"LPMud FAQ\""}]},{"reference":"Hahn, Harley (1996). The Internet Complete Reference (2nd ed.). Osborne McGraw-Hill. p. 557. ISBN 0-07-882138-X. The original LPC language was designed to create hack-n-slash muds. If you heard that a particular mud was an LPMud, you could guess what type of mud it was. In recent years, though, LPC has been redesigned into a general-purpose mud-creation language and, nowadays, virtually any type of mud might be an LPMud.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/harleyhahnsinter00hahn/page/557","url_text":"The Internet Complete Reference"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/harleyhahnsinter00hahn/page/557","url_text":"557"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-882138-X","url_text":"0-07-882138-X"}]},{"reference":"Ito, Mizuko (1997). \"Virtually Embodied: The Reality of Fantasy in a Multi-User Dungeon\". In Porter, David (ed.). Internet Culture (pbk. ed.). Routledge. p. 89. ISBN 0-415-91684-4. The MUDs that I study are LPMUDs, which are \"traditional\" and \"mainstream\" MUDs in the sense that they are combat and role-playing game oriented, and tend to use medieval images.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mizuko_Ito","url_text":"Ito, Mizuko"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-91684-4","url_text":"0-415-91684-4"}]},{"reference":"Towers, J. Tarin; Badertscher, Ken; Cunningham, Wayne; Buskirk, Laura (1996). Yahoo! Wild Web Rides. IDG Books Worldwide Inc. p. 141. ISBN 0-7645-7003-X. LPmuds: When you play LPmuds, you'll probably be faced with more of a bent toward socialization and an attempt to get characters to role-play more. Quests, where you have to complete a predetermined set of actions, tend to be used to try to move people away from relying simply on combat to gain experience. When you first enter the game, your character has no profession until you join a guild, which you usually need to search around for. It is normally against the rules for seasoned characters to help you with your quests or finding a guild, but some LPmuds do not enforce this.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7645-7003-X","url_text":"0-7645-7003-X"}]},{"reference":"\"Talker History\". NetLingo the Internet Dictionary. Retrieved 2010-04-13. Single-server talkers on the internet first appeared in 1990, with the talker Cat Chat. This was a hack of the LPMud source code, put together by Chris Thompson (aka 'Cat') at Warwick University, in England.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.netlingo.com/more/talker.php","url_text":"\"Talker History\""}]},{"reference":"Takacs, Mark (August 17, 1993). \"Prolix A Text-based Participant System for VR\". Washington: 13. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.53.5993. 2.3.7 MIRE Kay has taken a TMI LPMud driver (a popular alternative driver developed by The Mud Institute) and used it as the basis for a multi-user news and information retrieval system","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)","url_text":"CiteSeerX"},{"url":"https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.53.5993","url_text":"10.1.1.53.5993"}]},{"reference":"Boring, Erich (1993-12-03). PangaeaMud: An Online, Object-oriented Multiple User Interactive Geologic Database Tool (PDF) (Master's thesis). Miami University. Retrieved 2010-05-03.","urls":[{"url":"http://sc.lib.muohio.edu/bitstream/handle/2374.MIA/248/fulltext.pdf?sequence=1","url_text":"PangaeaMud: An Online, Object-oriented Multiple User Interactive Geologic Database Tool"}]},{"reference":"English, Katharine, ed. (1996). Most Popular Web Sites: The Best of the Net from A 2 Z. Lycos Press / Macmillan Publishers. p. 315. ISBN 0-7897-0792-6. Two Towers Multi-User Dungeon http://www.angband.com/towers This page serves as an entrance to the Two Towers Multi-User Dungeon, allowing game players to step into the world of fantasy writer J.R.R. Tolkien. Intrepid visitors can learn about the game or link to Tolkien sites dotting the net.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers","url_text":"Macmillan Publishers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7897-0792-6","url_text":"0-7897-0792-6"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Bud; Bebak, Arthur (1997). Creating Web Pages for Dummies (2nd ed.). IDG. pp. 40–41. ISBN 0-7645-0114-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/creatingwebpages00smit_0/page/40","url_text":"Creating Web Pages for Dummies"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/creatingwebpages00smit_0/page/40","url_text":"40–41"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7645-0114-3","url_text":"0-7645-0114-3"}]},{"reference":"Jones, Nimrod (April 1997). \"nEt.SPeAk\". Archived from the original on 2011-07-22. Retrieved 2010-07-20. The MUD referred to in this work is The Two Towers LpMUD based upon J. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings. It claims to be the most faithful MUD to his Middle-Earth and boasts players in their hundreds gathered from 50 countries world-wide.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110722012643/http://zencadet.info/net.speak/chapter1.html","url_text":"\"nEt.SPeAk\""},{"url":"http://zencadet.info/net.speak/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Tolkien Gaming - Gaming Havens - Game Reviews - Two Tower MUD\". theonering.net. 2000-05-23. Retrieved 2010-10-15. The experience system was very simple, you kill things and complete missions, you get more attributes.","urls":[{"url":"http://haven.theonering.net/reviews/games/twotowersmud.html","url_text":"\"Tolkien Gaming - Gaming Havens - Game Reviews - Two Tower MUD\""}]},{"reference":"Ekman, Fredrik (1995-05-09). \"LP mud's\". rec.arts.books.tolkien. Retrieved 2010-07-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://groups.google.com/group/rec.arts.books.tolkien/msg/e73f9160aa34df11","url_text":"\"LP mud's\""}]},{"reference":"\"The MUD Connector: The Two Towers\". The MUD Connector. Archived from the original on 2012-07-17. Retrieved 2010-07-06. Highly customized TMI-2 1.1.1 mudlib on MudOS v22 (May 4, 2007)","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120717014932/http://www.mudconnect.com/mud-bin/adv_search.cgi?Mode=MUD&mud=The+Two+Towers","url_text":"\"The MUD Connector: The Two Towers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_MUD_Connector&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"The MUD Connector"},{"url":"http://www.mudconnect.com/mud-bin/adv_search.cgi?Mode=MUD&mud=The+Two+Towers","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Towers, J. Tarin; Badertscher, Ken; Cunningham, Wayne; Buskirk, Laura (1996). Yahoo! Wild Web Rides. IDG Books Worldwide Inc. p. 141. ISBN 0-7645-7003-X. MudOS and Amylaar:: There are a couple versions of LPmuds that you might run into. More are being developed as coders and wizards improve their games. Both MudOS and Amylaar are descendants of LPmuds, and Amylaar is an especially popular version.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7645-7003-X","url_text":"0-7645-7003-X"}]},{"reference":"Busey, Andrew (1995). Secrets of the MUD Wizards. SAMS Publishing. p. 216. ISBN 0-672-30723-5. For example, the MudOS server is based on the LPMUD server, but has been developed along different lines than the current LPMUD server.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAMS_Publishing","url_text":"SAMS Publishing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-672-30723-5","url_text":"0-672-30723-5"}]},{"reference":"Reese, George (1995-08-01). \"LPMud Timeline\". Archived from the original on February 26, 2012. February 18, 1992 The LPMud 3.1.2-A project is renamed MudOS.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120226122409/http://www.rpgmud.com/lpmud_timeline.htm","url_text":"\"LPMud Timeline\""},{"url":"http://www.rpgmud.com/lpmud_timeline.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Shah, Rawn; Romine, James (1995). Playing MUDs on the Internet. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 164. ISBN 0-471-11633-5. MudOS is a much enhanced version that was a major rewrite that is not compatible with the old 2.4.5 LPmud version. It is one of the most feature-rich Mud systems available, making the game seem almost like a high-level operating system of its own. You can create objects within the Mud that can directly access the Internet Protocols, such as Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and User Datagram Protocol (UDP); [...]","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-11633-5","url_text":"0-471-11633-5"}]},{"reference":"Reese, George (1995-08-01). \"LPMud Timeline\". Archived from the original on 2012-02-26. BeekOS is basically a MudOS core with dynamic compilation of LPC->C, linking the compiled machine code to the running server dynamically. These enhancements are later merged into MudOS once Beeks takes over MudOS development.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120226122409/http://www.rpgmud.com/lpmud_timeline.htm","url_text":"\"LPMud Timeline\""},{"url":"http://www.rpgmud.com/lpmud_timeline.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"FluffOS website\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fluffos.info/","url_text":"\"FluffOS website\""}]},{"reference":"Reese, George (1996-03-11). \"LPMud Timeline\". Archived from the original on 2012-02-26. Retrieved 2010-04-14. June 1992 ¶ After having taken over as admin of Genocide in April, Blackthorn decides to move Genocide over to the new MudOS driver. At this time, the driver was filled with new features, but equally filled with bugs. Genocide spent most of the summer as a testbed for MudOS development, with MudOS developers Truilka, Jacques, and Wayfarer working along on the driver over on Portals.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120226122409/http://www.rpgmud.com/lpmud_timeline.htm","url_text":"\"LPMud Timeline\""},{"url":"http://www.rpgmud.com/lpmud_timeline.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Reese, George (1996-03-11). \"LPMud Timeline\". Archived from the original on 2012-02-26. Retrieved 2010-04-14. Early 1994 ¶ Genocides [sic] converts over to LPMud in order to get the unusual speed demands made of it by its theme and its old machine. As a result, Blackthorn stops with the trickle of bug-fixes which had been the whole of MudOS development at the time.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120226122409/http://www.rpgmud.com/lpmud_timeline.htm","url_text":"\"LPMud Timeline\""},{"url":"http://www.rpgmud.com/lpmud_timeline.htm","url_text":"the original"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sic","url_text":"sic"}]},{"reference":"Shah, Rawn (1995). \"Part 2: LPmuds\". In Shah, Rawn; Romine, James (eds.). Playing MUDs on the Internet. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp. 155–231. ISBN 0-471-11633-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-11633-5","url_text":"0-471-11633-5"}]},{"reference":"Busey, Andrew (1995). Secrets of the MUD Wizards. SAMS Publishing. ISBN 0-672-30723-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAMS_Publishing","url_text":"SAMS Publishing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-672-30723-5","url_text":"0-672-30723-5"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100204062426/http://pike.ida.liu.se/about/pike/history.xml","external_links_name":"\"The History of Pike\""},{"Link":"http://pike.ida.liu.se/about/pike/history.xml","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/netgamesyourguid00malo/page/78","external_links_name":"Net Games"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/netgamesyourguid00malo/page/78","external_links_name":"78"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120226122409/http://www.rpgmud.com/lpmud_timeline.htm","external_links_name":"\"LPMud Timeline\""},{"Link":"http://www.rpgmud.com/lpmud_timeline.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.faqs.org/faqs/games/mud-faq/lp/","external_links_name":"\"LPMud FAQ\""},{"Link":"http://www.faqs.org/faqs/games/mud-faq/lp/","external_links_name":"\"LPMud FAQ\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/harleyhahnsinter00hahn/page/557","external_links_name":"The Internet Complete Reference"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/harleyhahnsinter00hahn/page/557","external_links_name":"557"},{"Link":"http://www.netlingo.com/more/talker.php","external_links_name":"\"Talker History\""},{"Link":"https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.53.5993","external_links_name":"10.1.1.53.5993"},{"Link":"http://web.media.mit.edu/~walter/ep.html","external_links_name":"25+ Years of the Electronic Publishing Group"},{"Link":"http://sc.lib.muohio.edu/bitstream/handle/2374.MIA/248/fulltext.pdf?sequence=1","external_links_name":"PangaeaMud: An Online, Object-oriented Multiple User Interactive Geologic Database Tool"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/creatingwebpages00smit_0/page/40","external_links_name":"Creating Web Pages for Dummies"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/creatingwebpages00smit_0/page/40","external_links_name":"40–41"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110722012643/http://zencadet.info/net.speak/chapter1.html","external_links_name":"\"nEt.SPeAk\""},{"Link":"http://zencadet.info/net.speak/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://haven.theonering.net/reviews/games/twotowersmud.html","external_links_name":"\"Tolkien Gaming - Gaming Havens - Game Reviews - Two Tower MUD\""},{"Link":"https://groups.google.com/group/rec.arts.books.tolkien/msg/e73f9160aa34df11","external_links_name":"\"LP mud's\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120717014932/http://www.mudconnect.com/mud-bin/adv_search.cgi?Mode=MUD&mud=The+Two+Towers","external_links_name":"\"The MUD Connector: The Two Towers\""},{"Link":"http://www.mudconnect.com/mud-bin/adv_search.cgi?Mode=MUD&mud=The+Two+Towers","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120226122409/http://www.rpgmud.com/lpmud_timeline.htm","external_links_name":"\"LPMud Timeline\""},{"Link":"http://www.rpgmud.com/lpmud_timeline.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120226122409/http://www.rpgmud.com/lpmud_timeline.htm","external_links_name":"\"LPMud Timeline\""},{"Link":"http://www.rpgmud.com/lpmud_timeline.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.fluffos.info/","external_links_name":"\"FluffOS website\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120226122409/http://www.rpgmud.com/lpmud_timeline.htm","external_links_name":"\"LPMud Timeline\""},{"Link":"http://www.rpgmud.com/lpmud_timeline.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120226122409/http://www.rpgmud.com/lpmud_timeline.htm","external_links_name":"\"LPMud Timeline\""},{"Link":"http://www.rpgmud.com/lpmud_timeline.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.faqs.org/faqs/games/mud-faq/lp/","external_links_name":"LPMud FAQ"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120226122409/http://www.rpgmud.com/lpmud_timeline.htm","external_links_name":"LPMud Timeline"},{"Link":"http://ldmud.eu/","external_links_name":"LDMud Website"},{"Link":"http://lpmuds.net/","external_links_name":"LPMuds.net"},{"Link":"http://mudseek.com/","external_links_name":"MUDseek"},{"Link":"http://lpmuds.net/downloads.html","external_links_name":"The LPmuds.net downloads page"},{"Link":"https://curlie.org/Games/Online/MUDs/By_Codebase/LP/","external_links_name":"LPMuds"},{"Link":"https://www.fluffos.info/","external_links_name":"The main website for FluffOS"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Pendle_Borough_Council_election
2002 Pendle Borough Council election
["1 Background","2 Campaign","3 Election result","4 Ward results","5 References"]
2002 UK local government election Main article: Pendle Borough Council elections Map of the results of the 2002 Pendle Borough Council election. Liberal Democrats in yellow, Labour in red and Conservatives in blue. The 2002 Pendle Borough Council election took place on 2 May 2002 to elect members of Pendle Borough Council in Lancashire, England. The whole council was up for election with boundary changes since the last election in 2000 reducing the number of seats by 2. The council stayed under no overall control. Background After the 2000 election Labour was the largest party with 23 of the 51 seats, compared to 19 for the Liberal Democrats and 9 Conservatives. In the early part of 2002 however the gap between Labour and the Liberal Democrats narrowed after Labour councillor Kathleen Shore defected to the Liberal Democrats. The whole council was being elected in 2002 for the first time since 1976 after boundary changes. These changes meant 49 seats were contested from 20 wards, with new wards of Blacko and Higherford, Higham and Pendleside and Old Laund Booth being created. Campaign In total 144 candidates stood in the election with the Labour, Liberal Democrat and Conservative parties standing in most wards, along with 2 candidates from the Socialist Alliance and some independents. Several councillors stood down at the election, including Conservative group leader Roy Clarkson, Liberal Democrat former mayors Ian Gilhespy and Gill Gilhespy and Labour's Tim Ormrod, while Liberal Democrat Lord Tony Greaves stood for the party in Walverden ward. Issues in the election included the handling of proposals for closing residential homes, the proposed demolition of houses in Nelson, the condition of private housing in the area, the selection of the area as part of the Neighbourhood Management Pathfinder Programme and policing. The election saw a trial of optional postal voting in an attempt to increase turnout, but there were allegations that the process was being abused. The Liberal Democrats claimed that about 900 postal votes in four marginal wards were being sent to common addresses, instead of the voters own address. Having the postal vote sent to another address was not illegal, but the Liberal Democrats feared fraud and that people had signed postal ballots without understanding what they were doing. The police made an investigation after one agent for the Liberal Democrats requested it, with the allegations also being looked into by the Electoral Commission. Election result The results saw the Labour and Liberal Democrat parties both finish on 19 seats, while the Conservatives won 11. With the number of seats having been reduced by 2, Labour lost 3 seats, the Liberal Democrats lost 1 seat and the Conservatives gained 2 seats. The closest result came in Walverden ward, where it took 8 recounts before the final result was declared, with Labour winning the second seat in the ward by 2 votes over the Liberal Democrats. Following the election Labour group leader Azhar Ali remained leader of the council, after winning a 19 to 18 vote over Liberal Democrat group leader Alan Davies at the full council meeting. Pendle local election result 2002 Party Seats Gains Losses Net gain/loss Seats % Votes % Votes +/−   Liberal Democrats 19 -1 38.8 38.6 27,067 +6.1%   Labour 19 -3 38.8 32.5 22,761 -3.9%   Conservative 11 +2 22.4 27.7 19,411 -2.5%   Independent 0 0 0 0.8 536 -0.1%   Socialist Alliance 0 0 0 0.5 316 +0.5% Ward results Barrowford (3) Party Candidate Votes % ±% Liberal Democrats Allan Vickerman 840 Conservative Anthony Beckett 761 Conservative Linda Crossley 742 Liberal Democrats Michael Simpson 667 Liberal Democrats Kay Coates 658 Conservative Jonathan Eyre 615 Labour Susan Nike 359 Labour Anthony Hargreaves 275 Labour Robert Oliver 262 Turnout 5,179 47.7 Blacko and Higherford Party Candidate Votes % ±% Conservative Shelagh Derwent 569 81.8 Labour Helen Ingham 67 9.6 Liberal Democrats Christel Abbiss 60 8.6 Majority 502 72.1 Turnout 696 52.0 Boulsworth (3) Party Candidate Votes % ±% Liberal Democrats Josephine Belbin 901 Liberal Democrats Alan Davies 831 Liberal Democrats David Robertson 828 Conservative Michael Calvert 392 Conservative James Farnell 305 Conservative Harold Ryder 299 Labour Deborah Gray 241 Labour Robert Parsons 241 Labour Martin Wilson 205 Turnout 4,243 41.2 Bradley (3) Party Candidate Votes % ±% Labour Mohammed Iqbal 1,052 Labour Frederick Hartley 1,047 Labour Mohammad Nasim 995 Liberal Democrats Mohammed Munir 885 Liberal Democrats Sonia Robinson 861 Liberal Democrats David Stopforth 800 Conservative Eric King 155 Conservative Frank Chadwick 153 Conservative Edward Myers 132 Turnout 6,080 52.1 Brierfield (3) Party Candidate Votes % ±% Labour Frank Clifford 845 Labour Pauline Allen 840 Labour Abdul Jabbar 838 Conservative Peter Jackson 818 Conservative Hussnain Ashraf 804 Conservative Francis Wren 796 Liberal Democrats William Lawrence 227 Liberal Democrats Khalid Mehmood 147 Liberal Democrats Iain Carlos 145 Turnout 5,460 56.2 Clover Hill (3) Party Candidate Votes % ±% Labour Colin Waite 675 Labour Neil Akrigg 640 Liberal Democrats Kathleen Shore 596 Labour Mohammed Ansar 577 Liberal Democrats David Foster 545 Liberal Democrats Nadeem Malik 444 Conservative Audrey Emmott 330 Conservative Marian Taylor 300 Conservative Ann Jackson 286 Turnout 4,393 43.4 Coates (3) Party Candidate Votes % ±% Liberal Democrats Margaret Bell 1,082 Liberal Democrats Marjorie Adams 1,020 Liberal Democrats Allan Buck 989 Labour Paul Hanson 383 Conservative David Poole 185 Conservative Joyce Myers 179 Turnout 3,838 39.8 Craven (3) Party Candidate Votes % ±% Liberal Democrats David Whipp 1,056 Liberal Democrats Mary Norcross 973 Liberal Democrats Marlene Hill-Crane 879 Labour Frank Neal 622 Conservative Keith Harrison 254 Conservative Barbara Davison 239 Conservative Beverley Harrison 235 Turnout 4,258 43.2 Earby (3) Party Candidate Votes % ±% Conservative Christopher Tennant 939 Conservative Rosemary Carroll 861 Conservative Morris Horsfield 861 Liberal Democrats Doris Haigh 795 Liberal Democrats Timothy Haigh 748 Liberal Democrats Claire Day 689 Labour William Skinner 278 Labour Ruth Wilkinson 236 Turnout 5,407 45.4 Foulridge Party Candidate Votes % ±% Conservative Carol Belshaw 352 54.7 Labour Jillian Smith 188 29.2 Liberal Democrats Michelle Birtwell 104 16.1 Majority 164 25.5 Turnout 644 47.5 Higham and Pendleside Party Candidate Votes % ±% Conservative John Nutter 567 76.7 Labour Sheila Wicks 172 23.3 Majority 395 53.5 Turnout 739 53.7 Horsfield (3) Party Candidate Votes % ±% Liberal Democrats Sharon Davies 618 Liberal Democrats Dorothy Lord 593 Liberal Democrats Ann Kerrigan 566 Labour Paul Broughton 423 Labour David Johns 406 Labour Keith Hutson 356 Independent Peter Nowland 301 Conservative Janet Riley 207 Conservative Alexandra Thompson 192 Conservative Donald Myers 162 Turnout 3,824 36.3 Marsden (2) Party Candidate Votes % ±% Labour Dorothy Ormrod 473 Labour Gary Rowland 455 Independent Leonard Atkinson 235 Conservative Michael Landriau 232 Conservative Victoria Landriau 201 Liberal Democrats David French 100 Liberal Democrats Doris Stanworth 80 Turnout 1,776 38.2 Old Laund Booth Party Candidate Votes % ±% Liberal Democrats John David 639 84.6 Conservative Clive Bevan 116 15.4 Majority 523 69.3 Turnout 755 62.7 Reedley (3) Party Candidate Votes % ±% Conservative Pauline McCormick 1,255 Conservative Willie Clegg 1,155 Conservative Tonia Barton 1,071 Labour Robert Allen 681 Labour Mohammed Hanif 599 Labour Anthony Martin 559 Liberal Democrats Victoria Greaves 258 Liberal Democrats Frances Myers 215 Liberal Democrats Alison Whipp 198 Turnout 5,991 56.2 Southfield (3) Party Candidate Votes % ±% Labour Sheena Dunn 787 Labour Mohammad Latif 681 Labour Azhar Ali 673 Conservative Peter Wildman 350 Conservative Jack Marshall 344 Liberal Democrats Martin Thornton 310 Liberal Democrats Rukhsar Ahmed 193 Liberal Democrats Mohammed Ashraf 159 Conservative Javed Nasim 158 Turnout 3,655 37.5 Vivary Bridge (3) Party Candidate Votes % ±% Liberal Democrats David Clegg 617 Labour David Whalley 608 Labour Frank Allanson 510 Labour David Foat 502 Liberal Democrats Robert Jackson 479 Conservative Smith Benson 290 Conservative Ian Porter 281 Conservative Geoffrey Riley 249 Socialist Alliance Kevin Bean 149 Turnout 3,685 35.6 Walverden (2) Party Candidate Votes % ±% Labour George Adam 566 Labour Judith Robinson 546 Liberal Democrats Qadeer Ahmed 544 Liberal Democrats Anthony Greaves 478 Conservative Barbara King 186 Conservative Ann Tattersall 165 Turnout 2,485 52.0 Waterside (3) Party Candidate Votes % ±% Liberal Democrats Edwina Sargeant 626 Labour Anne Doult 499 Liberal Democrats Ian Robinson 492 Labour Ian Tweedie 442 Liberal Democrats Adrian Statham 437 Labour Ann Moulton 431 Conservative Eric Jackson 168 Socialist Alliance Richard MacSween 167 Conservative Richard Wood 165 Conservative Adrian Mitchell 151 Turnout 3,578 36.7 Whitefield (2) Party Candidate Votes % ±% Liberal Democrats Mahboob Ahmed 900 Labour Asjad Mahmood 846 Liberal Democrats Abdul Malik 795 Labour Mohammad Arshad 680 Conservative Michelle Ainsworth 105 Conservative Ijaz Ahmed 79 Turnout 3,405 70.1 References ^ "Pendle". BBC News Online. Retrieved 4 February 2011. ^ "Full results". Financial Times. 4 May 2002. p. 7. ^ a b c d e "Pendle (Labour controlled, all seats available)". Lancashire Telegraph. 2 May 2002. Retrieved 5 February 2011. ^ a b c "How they will line up on May 2". Lancashire Telegraph. 10 April 2002. Retrieved 5 February 2011. ^ Hencke, David; Ward, Lucy (22 April 2002). "Countdown to May 2: Fraud alert in postal vote experiment: Efforts to counter apathy involve a risk, parties maintain". The Guardian. p. 10. ^ a b c "Postal voting pushes up turnout in local trials". Financial Times. 1 May 2002. p. 4. ^ Waugh, Paul (25 May 2002). "Politics: Police investigate postal vote complaints". The Independent. p. 8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w "Parties tie for council leadership". Lancashire Telegraph. 3 May 2002. Retrieved 5 February 2011. ^ "Leader holds on to post by single vote". Lancashire Telegraph. 18 May 2002. Retrieved 5 February 2011. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u "Election results". Pendle Borough Council. Archived from the original on 6 June 2014. Retrieved 4 February 2011. ^ "Election results; Local Election". The Times. 4 May 2002. p. 16. vte Council elections in LancashireLancashireCounty Council 1889 1892 1895 1898 1901 1904 1907 1910 1913 1919 1922 1925 1928 1931 1934 1937 1946 1949 1952 1955 1958 1961 1964 1967 1970 1973 1977 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013 2017 2021 Blackburnwith Darwen 1973 1976 1979 1980 1982 1983 1984 1986 1987 1988 1990 1991 1992 1994 1995 1996 1997 1999 2000 2002 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2010 2011 2012 2014 2015 2016 2018 2019 2021 2022 2023 2024 Blackpool 1973 1976 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1997 2000 2003 2007 2011 2015 2019 2023 Burnley 1973 1976 1979 1980 1982 1983 1984 1986 1987 1988 1990 1991 1992 1994 1995 1996 1998 1999 2000 2002 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2010 2011 2012 2014 2015 2016 2018 2019 2021 2022 2023 2024 Chorley 1973 1976 1979 1980 1982 1983 1984 1986 1987 1988 1990 1991 1992 1994 1995 1996 1998 1999 2000 2002 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2010 2011 2012 2014 2015 2016 2018 2019 2021 2022 2023 2024 Fylde 1973 1976 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 2019 2023 Hyndburn 1973 1976 1979 1980 1982 1983 1984 1986 1987 1988 1990 1991 1992 1994 1995 1996 1998 1999 2000 2002 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2010 2011 2012 2014 2015 2016 2018 2019 2021 2022 2023 2024 Lancaster 1973 1976 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 2019 2023 Pendle 1973 1976 1979 1980 1982 1983 1984 1986 1987 1988 1990 1991 1992 1994 1995 1996 1998 1999 2000 2002 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2010 2011 2012 2014 2015 2016 2018 2019 2021 2022 2023 2024 Preston 1945 1946 1947 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1973 1975 1976 1978 1979 1980 1982 1983 1984 1986 1987 1988 1990 1991 1992 1994 1995 1996 1998 1999 2000 2002 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2010 2011 2012 2014 2015 2016 2018 2019 2021 2022 2023 2024 Ribble Valley 1973 1976 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 2019 2023 Rossendale 1973 1976 1979 1980 1982 1983 1984 1986 1987 1988 1990 1991 1992 1994 1995 1996 1998 1999 2000 2002 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2010 2011 2012 2014 2015 2016 2018 2019 2021 2022 2023 2024 South Ribble 1973 1976 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 2019 2023 West Lancashire 1973 1976 1979 1980 1982 1983 1984 1986 1987 1988 1990 1991 1992 1994 1995 1996 1998 1999 2000 2002 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2010 2011 2012 2014 2015 2016 2018 2019 2021 2022 2023 2024 Wyre 1973 1976 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 2019 2023 See also: Wards Boundary changes vte(2001 ←)   2002 United Kingdom local elections   (→ 2003)London boroughs Barking and Dagenham Barnet Bexley Brent Bromley Camden Croydon Ealing Enfield Greenwich Hackney Hammersmith and Fulham Haringey Harrow Havering Hillingdon Hounslow Islington Kensington and Chelsea Kingston upon Thames Lambeth Lewisham Merton Newham Redbridge Richmond upon Thames Southwark Sutton Tower Hamlets Waltham Forest Wandsworth Westminster Metropolitan boroughs Barnsley Birmingham Bolton Bradford Bury Calderdale Coventry Doncaster Dudley Gateshead Kirklees Knowsley Leeds Liverpool Manchester Newcastle upon Tyne North Tyneside Oldham Rochdale Rotherham Salford Sandwell Sefton Sheffield Solihull South Tyneside St Helens Stockport Sunderland Tameside Trafford Wakefield Walsall Wigan Wirral Wolverhampton Unitary authorities Blackburn with Darwen Bristol Derby Halton Hartlepool Kingston upon Hull Milton Keynes Peterborough Portsmouth Reading Slough Southampton Southend-on-Sea Stoke-on-Trent Swindon Thurrock Warrington Wokingham District councils(England) Adur Amber Valley Barrow-in-Furness Basildon Basingstoke and Deane Bassetlaw Bedford Brentwood Broadland Broxbourne Burnley Cambridge Cannock Chase Carlisle Cheltenham Cherwell Chester Chorley Colchester Congleton Craven Crawley Crewe and Nantwich Daventry Eastbourne Eastleigh Ellesmere Port and Neston Elmbridge Epping Forest Exeter Fareham Gloucester Gosport Great Yarmouth Harlow Harrogate Hart Hastings Havant Hertsmere Huntingdonshire Hyndburn Ipswich Lincoln Macclesfield Maidstone Mole Valley Newcastle-under-Lyme North Hertfordshire Norwich Nuneaton and Bedworth Oxford Pendle Penwith Preston Purbeck Redditch Reigate and Banstead Rochford Rossendale Rugby Runnymede Rushmoor Shrewsbury and Atcham South Bedfordshire South Cambridgeshire South Lakeland St Albans Stevenage Stratford-on-Avon Stroud Swale Tamworth Tandridge Three Rivers Tunbridge Wells Watford Waveney Welwyn Hatfield West Lancashire West Lindsey West Oxfordshire Weymouth and Portland Winchester Woking Worcester Worthing Wyre Forest
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pendle_UK_local_election_2002_map.svg"},{"link_name":"Liberal Democrats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Labour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Conservatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Pendle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borough_of_Pendle"},{"link_name":"Borough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borough_status_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Lancashire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancashire"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"last election in 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_Pendle_Council_election"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-change-1"},{"link_name":"no overall control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_overall_control"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-full-2"}],"text":"Map of the results of the 2002 Pendle Borough Council election. Liberal Democrats in yellow, Labour in red and Conservatives in blue.The 2002 Pendle Borough Council election took place on 2 May 2002 to elect members of Pendle Borough Council in Lancashire, England. The whole council was up for election with boundary changes since the last election in 2000 reducing the number of seats by 2.[1] The council stayed under no overall control.[2]","title":"2002 Pendle Borough Council election"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Labour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Liberal Democrats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Conservatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-available-3"},{"link_name":"councillor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Councillor"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-available-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-line-4"},{"link_name":"Blacko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blacko"},{"link_name":"Higherford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higherford"},{"link_name":"Higham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higham,_Lancashire"},{"link_name":"Old Laund Booth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Laund_Booth_(ward)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-available-3"}],"text":"After the 2000 election Labour was the largest party with 23 of the 51 seats, compared to 19 for the Liberal Democrats and 9 Conservatives.[3] In the early part of 2002 however the gap between Labour and the Liberal Democrats narrowed after Labour councillor Kathleen Shore defected to the Liberal Democrats.[3]The whole council was being elected in 2002 for the first time since 1976 after boundary changes.[4] These changes meant 49 seats were contested from 20 wards, with new wards of Blacko and Higherford, Higham and Pendleside and Old Laund Booth being created.[3]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-available-3"},{"link_name":"wards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wards_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Socialist Alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Alliance_(England)"},{"link_name":"independents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_(politician)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-line-4"},{"link_name":"Lord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord"},{"link_name":"Tony Greaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Greaves,_Baron_Greaves"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-line-4"},{"link_name":"residential homes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retirement_home"},{"link_name":"Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson,_Lancashire"},{"link_name":"Neighbourhood Management Pathfinder Programme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neighbourhood_Management_Pathfinder_Programme"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-available-3"},{"link_name":"postal voting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postal_voting"},{"link_name":"turnout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voter_turnout"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-efforts-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pushes-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pushes-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pushes-6"},{"link_name":"Electoral Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_Commission_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-police-7"}],"text":"In total 144 candidates stood in the election[3] with the Labour, Liberal Democrat and Conservative parties standing in most wards, along with 2 candidates from the Socialist Alliance and some independents.[4] Several councillors stood down at the election, including Conservative group leader Roy Clarkson, Liberal Democrat former mayors Ian Gilhespy and Gill Gilhespy and Labour's Tim Ormrod, while Liberal Democrat Lord Tony Greaves stood for the party in Walverden ward.[4]Issues in the election included the handling of proposals for closing residential homes, the proposed demolition of houses in Nelson, the condition of private housing in the area, the selection of the area as part of the Neighbourhood Management Pathfinder Programme and policing.[3]The election saw a trial of optional postal voting in an attempt to increase turnout, but there were allegations that the process was being abused.[5] The Liberal Democrats claimed that about 900 postal votes in four marginal wards were being sent to common addresses, instead of the voters own address.[6] Having the postal vote sent to another address was not illegal, but the Liberal Democrats feared fraud and that people had signed postal ballots without understanding what they were doing.[6] The police made an investigation after one agent for the Liberal Democrats requested it,[6] with the allegations also being looked into by the Electoral Commission.[7]","title":"Campaign"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tie-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tie-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tie-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-leader-9"}],"text":"The results saw the Labour and Liberal Democrat parties both finish on 19 seats, while the Conservatives won 11.[8] With the number of seats having been reduced by 2, Labour lost 3 seats, the Liberal Democrats lost 1 seat and the Conservatives gained 2 seats.[8] The closest result came in Walverden ward, where it took 8 recounts before the final result was declared, with Labour winning the second seat in the ward by 2 votes over the Liberal Democrats.[8]Following the election Labour group leader Azhar Ali remained leader of the council, after winning a 19 to 18 vote over Liberal Democrat group leader Alan Davies at the full council meeting.[9]","title":"Election result"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Ward results"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogaland_Police_District
Rogaland Police District
["1 References"]
Law enforcement agency Rogaland Police DistrictAgency overviewFormed1 January 2003Employees738Jurisdictional structureOperations jurisdictionSirdal municipality in Vest-Agder county and the southern part, Rogaland, NorwayGeneral natureLocal civilian policeOperational structureOverseen byNational Police DirectorateHeadquartersStavangerAgency executiveHans Vik, Chief of PoliceFacilitiesStations16Websitehttps://www.politi.no/rogaland Rogaland Police District (Norwegian: Rogaland politidistrikt) is one of 27 police districts in Norway, covering Rogaland except Haugalandet. The district is headquartered in Stavanger and consists of three police stations, at Stavanger, Sandnes and Eigersund, and 13 sheriff's offices. The district is led by Chief of Police Hans Vik. As of 2011 the district had 738 employees. The chief of police is responsible for the Joint Rescue Coordination Centre of Southern Norway at Sola. The police district was created in 2003 as a merger between the former Rogaland Police District and Stavanger Police District. The easiest way to contact the police in Rogaland is by telephone, emergency ☎ 112, non-emergency calls at ☎ 02800 or ☎ (+47) 51 89 90 00. Stavanger Police Station References ^ "Om Rogaland politidistrikt" (in Norwegian). Norwegian Police Service. Retrieved 16 August 2012. ^ "Statsansatte (alle lønnskategorier) per etat" (in Norwegian). Norwegian Social Science Data Services. Archived from the original on 3 September 2014. Retrieved 26 August 2012. ^ "4 Politiets organisering, oppgaver og oppgaveløsning". Politiets rolle og oppgaver (in Norwegian). Ministry of Justice and the Police. 24 June 2005. Archived from the original on 26 May 2024. Retrieved 17 August 2012. ^ "Lokalisering av politi- og lensmannsdistrikter under Politi- og lensmannsdistrikter" (in Norwegian). Norwegian Social Science Data Services. Archived from the original on 3 September 2014. Retrieved 26 August 2012. vteNorwegian Police Service Ministry of Justice and Public Security National agencies Norwegian Bureau for the Investigation of Police Affairs (Spesialenheten) National Police Directorate (POD) Norwegian Police Security Service (PST) Norwegian Prosecuting Authority Sysselmesteren (Governor of Svalbard) Police districts (2017) Agder East Finnmark Innlandet Møre og Romsdal Nordland Oslo Southwest Southeast Troms Trøndelag West National units (særorgan) National Authority for Investigation and Prosecution of Economic and Environmental Crime in Norway (Økokrim) National Criminal Investigation Service (Kripos) National Mobile Police Service (UP) National Police Immigration Service (PU) Norwegian Police University College (PHS) Other national units Norwegian Border Commissioner (Grensekommissariatet) Norwegian ID Centre (Nasjonalt ID-senter) Norwegian Police Shared Services (Politiets fellestjenester) Police ICT Services (Politiets IKT-tjenester (PIT)) Other Bombegruppen Beredskapstroppen (Delta) History Joint Rescue Coordination Centre of Northern Norway Joint Rescue Coordination Centre of Southern Norway Namsfogden Norwegian Bureau for the Investigation of Police Affairs (Spesialenheten) Norwegian Police Cross of Honour Norwegian Public Safety Radio (nødnettet) Vandelskontroll og politiattester Politiets helikoptertjeneste (HT) Politireserven Ranks Royal Police Escort SRGP Utrykningsenhetene This law enforcement–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"image_text":"Stavanger Police Station","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Stavanger_politistasjon.jpg/220px-Stavanger_politistasjon.jpg"}]
null
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[{"Link":"https://www.politi.no/rogaland","external_links_name":"https://www.politi.no/rogaland"},{"Link":"https://www.politi.no/rogaland/om_oss/Tema_505.xhtml","external_links_name":"\"Om Rogaland politidistrikt\""},{"Link":"http://www.nsd.uib.no/polsys/data/forvaltning/ansatte/etat/4:7","external_links_name":"\"Statsansatte (alle lønnskategorier) per etat\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140903065100/http://www.nsd.uib.no/polsys/data/forvaltning/ansatte/etat/4:7","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.regjeringen.no/nb/dep/jd/dok/regpubl/stmeld/20042005/stmeld-nr-42-2004-2005-/4.html?id=199272","external_links_name":"\"4 Politiets organisering, oppgaver og oppgaveløsning\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20240526042159/https://www.webcitation.org/69zZZ9HJh?url=http://www.regjeringen.no/nb/dep/jd/dok/regpubl/stmeld/20042005/stmeld-nr-42-2004-2005-/4.html%3Fid=199272","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.nsd.uib.no/polsys/data/forvaltning/enhet/13621/desentralisert/7198","external_links_name":"\"Lokalisering av politi- og lensmannsdistrikter under Politi- og lensmannsdistrikter\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140903065106/http://www.nsd.uib.no/polsys/data/forvaltning/enhet/13621/desentralisert/7198","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rogaland_Police_District&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peribunyaviridae
Peribunyaviridae
["1 Unclassifed viruses","2 References","3 External links"]
Family of viruses Peribunyaviridae Peribunyavirus structure (left); transmission electron micrograph of California encephalitis virus (right) Virus classification (unranked): Virus Realm: Riboviria Kingdom: Orthornavirae Phylum: Negarnaviricota Class: Ellioviricetes Order: Bunyavirales Family: Peribunyaviridae Genera Herbevirus Orthobunyavirus Pacuvirus Shangavirus Peribunyaviridae is a family of viruses in the order Bunyavirales. Its name partially derives from Bunyamwera, Uganda, where the founding species was first isolated. Unclassifed viruses A number of viruses that belong to this family have yet to be classified. These include Akhtuba virus, Fulton virus, Khurdun virus, Lakamha virus, largemouth bass bunyavirus, and Eriocheir sinensis bunya-like virus. Genomes of orthobunyavirus, herbevirus, pacuvirus and shangavirus of the family Peribunyaviridae References ^ a b "Virus Taxonomy: 2018 Release". International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). October 2018. Retrieved 31 January 2019. ^ Hughes, HR; Adkins, S; Alkhovskiy, S; Beer, M; Blair, C; Calisher, CH; Drebot, M; Lambert, AJ; de Souza, WM; Marklewitz, M; Nunes, MRT; Shí 石晓宏, X; ICTV Report Consortium (January 2020). "ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Peribunyaviridae". The Journal of General Virology. 101 (1): 1–2. doi:10.1099/jgv.0.001365. PMC 7414433. PMID 31846417. ^ a b c d e f g "ICTV Report Peribunyaviridae". Orthobunyavirus: derived from Bunyamwera village (Uganda, Africa) where the type virus of the genus, Bunyamwera virus, was first isolated. External links ICTV Report: Peribunyaviridae Taxon identifiersPeribunyaviridae Wikidata: Q29001087 Wikispecies: Peribunyaviridae CoL: 6265D EoL: 46698552 GBIF: 9761190 IRMNG: 11907397 NCBI: 1980416
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_(biology)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ICTVProfile-2"},{"link_name":"Bunyavirales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunyavirales"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ICTV-1"},{"link_name":"Bunyamwera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunyamwera"},{"link_name":"Uganda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ICTVReport-3"}],"text":"Peribunyaviridae is a family of viruses[2] in the order Bunyavirales.[1] Its name partially derives from Bunyamwera, Uganda, where the founding species was first isolated.[3]","title":"Peribunyaviridae"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Akhtuba virus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Akhtuba_virus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ICTVReport-3"},{"link_name":"Fulton virus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fulton_virus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ICTVReport-3"},{"link_name":"Khurdun virus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khurdun_virus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ICTVReport-3"},{"link_name":"Lakamha virus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lakamha_virus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ICTVReport-3"},{"link_name":"largemouth bass bunyavirus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Largemouth_bass_bunyavirus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ICTVReport-3"},{"link_name":"Eriocheir sinensis bunya-like virus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eriocheir_sinensis_bunya-like_virus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ONSR.Peribunya.Fig2.v2.png"},{"link_name":"orthobunyavirus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthobunyavirus"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ICTVReport-3"}],"text":"A number of viruses that belong to this family have yet to be classified. These include Akhtuba virus,[3] Fulton virus,[3] Khurdun virus,[3] Lakamha virus,[3] largemouth bass bunyavirus,[3] and Eriocheir sinensis bunya-like virus.Genomes of orthobunyavirus, herbevirus, pacuvirus and shangavirus of the family Peribunyaviridae[3]","title":"Unclassifed viruses"}]
[{"image_text":"Genomes of orthobunyavirus, herbevirus, pacuvirus and shangavirus of the family Peribunyaviridae[3]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/ONSR.Peribunya.Fig2.v2.png/440px-ONSR.Peribunya.Fig2.v2.png"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Virus Taxonomy: 2018 Release\". International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). October 2018. Retrieved 31 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://ictv.global/taxonomy","url_text":"\"Virus Taxonomy: 2018 Release\""}]},{"reference":"Hughes, HR; Adkins, S; Alkhovskiy, S; Beer, M; Blair, C; Calisher, CH; Drebot, M; Lambert, AJ; de Souza, WM; Marklewitz, M; Nunes, MRT; Shí 石晓宏, X; ICTV Report Consortium (January 2020). \"ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Peribunyaviridae\". The Journal of General Virology. 101 (1): 1–2. doi:10.1099/jgv.0.001365. PMC 7414433. PMID 31846417.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Calisher","url_text":"Calisher, CH"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7414433","url_text":"\"ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Peribunyaviridae\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1099%2Fjgv.0.001365","url_text":"10.1099/jgv.0.001365"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7414433","url_text":"7414433"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31846417","url_text":"31846417"}]},{"reference":"\"ICTV Report Peribunyaviridae\". Orthobunyavirus: derived from Bunyamwera village (Uganda, Africa) where the type virus of the genus, Bunyamwera virus, was first isolated.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ictv.global/report/peribunyaviridae","url_text":"\"ICTV Report Peribunyaviridae\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://ictv.global/taxonomy","external_links_name":"\"Virus Taxonomy: 2018 Release\""},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7414433","external_links_name":"\"ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Peribunyaviridae\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1099%2Fjgv.0.001365","external_links_name":"10.1099/jgv.0.001365"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7414433","external_links_name":"7414433"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31846417","external_links_name":"31846417"},{"Link":"https://www.ictv.global/report/peribunyaviridae","external_links_name":"\"ICTV Report Peribunyaviridae\""},{"Link":"http://www.ictv.global/report/peribunyaviridae","external_links_name":"ICTV Report: Peribunyaviridae"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/6265D","external_links_name":"6265D"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/46698552","external_links_name":"46698552"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/9761190","external_links_name":"9761190"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=11907397","external_links_name":"11907397"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=1980416","external_links_name":"1980416"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaxis_macrostachya
Malaxis macrostachya
["1 References","2 External links"]
Species of orchid Malaxis macrostachya Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Tracheophytes Clade: Angiosperms Clade: Monocots Order: Asparagales Family: Orchidaceae Subfamily: Epidendroideae Genus: Malaxis Species: M. macrostachya Binomial name Malaxis macrostachya(La Llave & Lex.) Kuntze 1891 Synonyms List Ophrys macrostachya La Llave & Lex. 1825 Microstylis macrostachya (La Llave & Lex.) Lindl. Achroanthes montana (Engelm. ex Rothr.) Greene Malaxis densiflora A.Rich. & Galeotti ex Ridl. 1888, not validly published, not (A. Rich.) Kuntze 1891 Malaxis montana (Engelm. ex Rothr.) Kuntze 1891 not Blume 1826 Malaxis soulei L.O.Williams Microstylis montana Engelm. ex Rothr. Malaxis macrostachya is a species of orchid widespread across much Mexico, Central America, and the southwestern United States (Arizona, New Mexico, western Texas). It has only one leaf per plant, along with a tall flower stalk with as many as 160 tiny, green flowers. References ^ The Plant List, Malaxis macrostachya (Lex.) Kuntze ^ Biota of North America Program 2014 county distribution map ^ Flora of North America, Malaxis soulei L. O. Williams, 1934. Mountain malaxis ^ SEINet, Southwestern biodiversity, Arizona chapter includes photos External links photo of herbarium specimen at Missouri Botanical Garden, collected in Oaxaca in 1996 Taxon identifiersMalaxis macrostachya Wikidata: Q15470637 CoL: 3XM7R EoL: 1139723 GBIF: 2808047 iNaturalist: 68603 IPNI: 149815-2 IRMNG: 10207542 ITIS: 43642 Open Tree of Life: 148370 Plant List: kew-118387 POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:149815-2 Species+: 74202 Tropicos: 23503035 WFO: wfo-0000233994 Ophrys macrostachya Wikidata: Q39354363 CoL: 7XQ82 GBIF: 2808054 IPNI: 647984-1 POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:647984-1 Tropicos: 50033109 WFO: wfo-0000258109
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"orchid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchid"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Malaxis macrostachya is a species of orchid widespread across much Mexico, Central America, and the southwestern United States (Arizona, New Mexico, western Texas).[2] It has only one leaf per plant, along with a tall flower stalk with as many as 160 tiny, green flowers.[3][4]","title":"Malaxis macrostachya"}]
[]
null
[]
[{"Link":"http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-118387","external_links_name":"The Plant List, Malaxis macrostachya (Lex.) Kuntze"},{"Link":"http://bonap.net/MapGallery/County/Malaxis%20macrostachya.png","external_links_name":"Biota of North America Program 2014 county distribution map"},{"Link":"http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=242101766","external_links_name":"Flora of North America, Malaxis soulei L. O. Williams, 1934. Mountain malaxis"},{"Link":"http://swbiodiversity.org/seinet/taxa/index.php?taxon=6307&taxauthid=1","external_links_name":"SEINet, Southwestern biodiversity, Arizona chapter"},{"Link":"http://www.tropicos.org/Image/100020882","external_links_name":"photo of herbarium specimen at Missouri Botanical Garden, collected in Oaxaca in 1996"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/3XM7R","external_links_name":"3XM7R"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/1139723","external_links_name":"1139723"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/2808047","external_links_name":"2808047"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/68603","external_links_name":"68603"},{"Link":"https://www.ipni.org/n/149815-2","external_links_name":"149815-2"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10207542","external_links_name":"10207542"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=43642","external_links_name":"43642"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=148370","external_links_name":"148370"},{"Link":"http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-118387","external_links_name":"kew-118387"},{"Link":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A149815-2","external_links_name":"urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:149815-2"},{"Link":"https://speciesplus.net/#/taxon_concepts/74202","external_links_name":"74202"},{"Link":"http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/23503035","external_links_name":"23503035"},{"Link":"https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0000233994","external_links_name":"wfo-0000233994"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/7XQ82","external_links_name":"7XQ82"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/2808054","external_links_name":"2808054"},{"Link":"https://www.ipni.org/n/647984-1","external_links_name":"647984-1"},{"Link":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A647984-1","external_links_name":"urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:647984-1"},{"Link":"http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/50033109","external_links_name":"50033109"},{"Link":"https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0000258109","external_links_name":"wfo-0000258109"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progress_M-UM
Progress M-UM
["1 Development","2 Launch","3 Docking","4 Expansion of Russian Orbital Segment","5 Undocking","6 Atmospheric entry","7 Gallery","8 See also","9 Notes","10 References"]
2021 Russian resupply spaceflight to deliver Prichal to the ISS Progress M-UMProgress M-UM docking to ISSNamesПрогресс М-УМMission typeISS resupply andPrichal moduleOperatorRoscosmosCOSPAR ID2021-111A SATCAT no.49499Mission duration28 days and 15 hours Spacecraft propertiesSpacecraftProgress M-UM No.303Spacecraft typeProgress M (modified) (included hardwares from Progress MS)ManufacturerRKK EnergiaLaunch mass8,180 kg (18,030 lb) Start of missionLaunch date24 November 2021, 13:06:35 UTCRocketSoyuz-2.1bLaunch siteBaikonur, Site 31/6ContractorProgress Rocket Space Centre End of missionDisposalDeorbitedDecay date23 December 2021, 04:30:54 UTC Orbital parametersReference systemGeocentric orbitRegimeLow Earth orbitInclination51.65° Docking with ISSDocking portNauka nadir (Prichal)Docking date26 November 2021, 15:19 UTCUndocking date22 December 2021, 23:03 UTCTime docked26 days and 7 hours PayloadPrichalMass5,350 kg (11,790 lb)(Prichal: 4650 kg, cargo: 700 kg) Diagram of Progress M-UM spacecraft Progress ISS Resupply← Progress MS-18Progress MS-19 →  External image Prichal module / Progress M-UM launch mission logo Progress M-UM (Russian: Прогресс М-УМ), was a specially modified Progress M 11F615A55, Russian production No.303, developed by Roscosmos to deliver the Prichal module to the Russian Orbital Segment (ROS) of the International Space Station (ISS). It was launched on 24 November 2021 at 13:06:35 UTC, along with a Progress M propulsion compartment and has the pressurised cargo module removed to accommodate Prichal. This was the 171st flight of a Progress spacecraft. It was the final flight of a Progress M and the first launch of a Progress spacecraft on a Soyuz 2.1b. Development On 15 January 2011, RKK Energia announced that its Scientific and Technical Council (NTS) had reviewed and approved the preliminary design of the Node Module and associated hardware, including a special version of the Progress cargo ship designated the Progress M-UM spacecraft-module, intended for the delivery of the Node Module to the station. The space payload section for the Progress M-UM was dubbed KGCh. The Soyuz-2 launch vehicle was adapted for the launch of the Progress M-UM spacecraft-module, originally envisioned to take place in 2012, then 2019. It was eventually signed for as completed in 2014 and kept in storage until processing and attachment with Prichal was started for launch in 2021. It is attached to the Prichal module by means of a newly developed transition compartment. The Prichal module was the second addition to the ROS in 2021. Earlier modules were delivered and added in a similar manner. Progress M-UM is similar in design to Progress DC-1 that delivered Pirs in 2001 and Progress M-MIM2 that delivered Poisk in 2009, but with navigational systems and avionics hardware taken from the Progress MS variant. Launch A Soyuz-2.1b launched Progress M-UM to the International Space Station from Baikonur Site 31/6 on 24 November 2021, at 13:06:40 UTC for delivery of the Prichal module. Due to the larger diameter of the Prichal module, the Progress M-UM was launched in a 4.1 m (13 ft) wide ST-type fairing. Docking Two days after launch, Progress M-UM automatically docked Prichal to the re-configured nadir (or Earth-facing) port of the Nauka module after removal of the module's nadir docking adapter by Progress MS-17. Progress M-UM, was later undocked and deorbited after 28 days and 15 hours in space. Expansion of Russian Orbital Segment The ISS flight manifest drafted by Roscosmos at the end of summer 2020 set the launch of the Prichal module for 6 September 2021, with the docking to Nauka's nadir port two days later. However, on 1 December 2020, the launch of Prichal slipped to three and four months after the Nauka. The planned launch date was on 24 November 2021. One port on Prichal is equipped with an active hybrid docking port, which enables docking with the Nauka module. The remaining five ports are passive hybrids, enabling docking of Soyuz and Progress vehicles, as well as heavier modules and future spacecraft with modified docking systems. Eight spacewalks will follow in 2022 to complete the integration of the Nauka and Prichal modules into the Russian Orbital Segment. Undocking The Progress M-UM propulsion section is remained docked at the station for 26 days. The propulsion section then undocked, revealing Prichal's nadir docking port for future Russian spacecraft. Atmospheric entry The propulsion section re-entered the atmosphere of Earth for destruction over the South Pacific Ocean, on 23 December 2021, at 04:30:54. Gallery Progress M-UM Progress MS-17 removing Nauka's temporary docking adapter in preparation for the arrival of Progress M-UM Progress M-UM approaching the ISS Progress M-UM docked to the ISS Progress M-UM propulsion section separating from Prichal Prichal in its final location See also Prichal (ISS module) Uncrewed spaceflights to the International Space Station Orbital Piloted Assembly and Experiment Complex - proposed complex (scrapped in September 2017) Universal Docking Module - former name Uzlovoy Module (eventually Prichal) Notes References ^ a b c d Zak, Anatoly (15 January 2011). "Prichal Node Module, UM". RussianSpaceWeb.com. Retrieved 15 January 2021. ^ a b c d Zak, Anatoly (10 October 2020). "Planned Russian space missions in 2021". RussianSpaceWeb.com. Retrieved 17 November 2020. ^ "Launch Schedule". Spaceflight Now. 31 August 2020. Retrieved 17 November 2020. ^ a b "Status - Progress M-UM Prichal". NextSpaceflight. 1 September 2020. Retrieved 17 November 2020. ^ "Soyuz-2.1b - Progress M-UM Prichal - Baikonur - 24 November 2021 (13:06 UTC)". forum.nasaspaceflight.com. Retrieved 16 November 2021. ^ a b Krebs, Gunter (1 December 2015). "UM (Prichal, NM, Progress-M-UM)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 17 November 2020. ^ "Progress M-UM Pritchal". 9 November 2021. Retrieved 11 November 2021. Last flight of Progress-M. ^ "Prichal Node Module to launch in 2019". russianspaceweb.com. Retrieved 9 November 2021. Russian Launch Manifest dated 23 July 2014 Portal: Spaceflight vteProgress spacecraftVersions Progress 7K-TG Progress-M Progress-M1 Progress-MS Custom versions M-SO1 M-MIM2 M-UM Missions1970s 1978 Progress 1 2 3 4 1979 5 6 7 1980s 1980 Progress 8 9 10 11 1981 12 1982 13 14 15 16 1983 17 18 1984 19 20 21 22 23 1985 24 Kosmos 1669 1986 25 26 1987 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 1988 34 35 36 37 38 39 1989 40 41 M-1 M-2 1990s 1990 Progress M-3 42 M-4 M-5 1991 M-6 M-7 M-8 M-9 M-10 1992 M-11 M-12 M-13 M-14 M-15 1993 M-16 M-17 M-18 M-19 M-20 1994 M-21 M-22 M-23 M-24 M-25 1995 M-26 M-27 M-28 M-29 M-30 1996 M-31 M-32 M-33 1997 M-34 M-35 M-36 M-37 1998 M-38 M-39 M-40 1999 M-41 M-42 2000s 2000 Progress M1-1 M1-2 M1-3 M-43 M1-4 2001 M1-5 M-44 M1-6 M-45 M-SO1 M1-7 2002 M1-8 M-46 M1-9 2003 M-47 M1-10 M-48 2004 M1-11 M-49 M-50 M-51 2005 M-52 M-53 M-54 M-55 2006 M-56 M-57 M-58 2007 M-59 M-60 M-61 M-62 2008 M-63 M-64 M-65 M-01M 2009 M-66 M-02M M-67 M-03M M-MIM2 2010s 2010 Progress M-04M M-05M M-06M M-07M M-08M 2011 M-09M M-10M M-11M M-12M† M-13M 2012 M-14M M-15M M-16M M-17M 2013 M-18M M-19M M-20M M-21M 2014 M-22M M-23M M-24M M-25M 2015 M-26M M-27M† M-28M M-29M MS-01 2016 MS-02 MS-03 MS-04† 2017 MS-05 MS-06 MS-07 2018 MS-08 MS-09 MS-10 2019 MS-11 MS-12 MS-13 2020s 2020 MS-14 MS-15 2021 MS-16 MS-17 MS-18 M-UM 2022 MS-19 MS-20 MS-21 2023 MS-22 MS-23 MS-24 MS-25 2024 MS-26 MS-27 Future 2024 MS-28 See also List of Progress missions Uncrewed spaceflights to Mir Uncrewed spaceflights to the ISS Signs † indicate launch or spacecraft failures. vteUncrewed spaceflights to the International Space Station See also: {{Crewed ISS flights}} {{ISS expeditions}} 2000–2004 2000 2R / Zvezda 1P 2P 3P 2001 4P 5P SO1 / Pirs 6P 2002 7P 8P 9P 2003 10P 11P 12P 2004 13P 14P 15P 16P 2005–2009 2005 17P 18P 19P 20P 2006 21P 22P 23P 2007 24P 25P 26P 27P 2008 28P ATV-1 29P 30P 31P 2009 32P 33P 34P HTV-1 35P MIM2 / Poisk 2010–2014 2010 36P 37P 38P 39P 40P 2011 HTV-2 41P ATV-2 42P 43P 44P† 45P 2012 46P ATV-3 47P SpX-D HTV-3 48P SpX-1 49P 2013 50P SpX-2 51P ATV-4 52P HTV-4 Orb-D1 53P 2014 Orb-1 54P 55P SpX-3 Orb-2 56P ATV-5 SpX-4 Orb-3† 57P 2015–2019 2015 SpX-5 58P SpX-6 59P† SpX-7† 60P HTV-5 61P OA-4 62P 2016 OA-6 63P SpX-8 64P SpX-9 OA-5 65P† HTV-6 2017 SpX-10 66P OA-7 SpX-11 67P SpX-12 68P OA-8E SpX-13 2018 69P SpX-14 OA-9E SpX-15 70P HTV-7 71P NG-10 SpX-16 2019 SpX-DM1 72P NG-11 SpX-17 SpX-18 73P 60S HTV-8 NG-12 SpX-19 74P Boe-OFT† 2020–2024 2020 NG-13 SpX-20 75P HTV-9 76P NG-14 SpX-21 2021 77P NG-15 SpX-22 78P Nauka NG-16 SpX-23 79P M-UM / Prichal SpX-24 2022 80P NG-17 Boe-OFT 2 81P SpX-25 82P NG-18 SpX-26 2023 83P SpX-27 84P SpX-28 NG-19 85P SpX-29 86P 2024 NG-20 87P SpX-30 88P Future 2024 SNC Demo-1 NG-21 SpX-31 89P 2025 HTV-X1 SNC-1 Spacecraft Roscosmos Progress ESA ATV (past) JAXA HTV NASA CRS SpaceX Dragon 1 (past) SpaceX Dragon 2 Northrop Grumman Cygnus Sierra Nevada Dream Chaser (future) Ongoing spaceflights in underline Future spaceflights in italics † - mission failed to reach ISS vte← 2020Orbital launches in 20212022 →January Türksat 5A PICS 1, PICS 2, Q-PACE, TechEdSat-7 Tiantong-1 03 Starlink V1.0-L16 (60 satellites) Starlink v1.0 R1 (10 satellites), ION-SCV 002 (Flock-4s × 8, SpaceBEE × 12), Capella 3, Capella 4, ICEYE × 3, Hawk × 3, Astrocast × 5, Flock-4s × 40, HYPSO-1, Kepler × 8, Lemur-2 × 8, PTD-1, SpaceBEE × 24 Yaogan 31-02 (3 satellites) February Kosmos 2549 / Lotos-S1 №4 Starlink V1.0-L18 (60 satellites) TJS 6 Progress MS-16 Starlink V1.0-L19 (60 satellites) Cygnus NG-15 (MMSAT-1, GuaraniSat-1, Maya-2, OPUSAT-II, RSP-01, STARS-EC, WARP-01) Yaogan 31-03 (3 satellites) Amazônia-1, SpaceBEE × 12 March Starlink V1.0-L17 (60 satellites) Starlink V1.0-L20 (60 satellites) Shiyan 9 Yaogan 31-04 (3 satellites) Starlink V1.0-L21 (60 satellites) CAS500-1, Suisen / Fukui Prefectural Satellite, Kepler 6, Kepler 7 Photon Pathstone, BlackSky Global 9 Starlink V1.0-L22 (60 satellites) OneWeb L5 (36 satellites) Gaofen 12-02 April Starlink V1.0-L23 (60 satellites) Shiyan 6-03 Soyuz MS-18 SpaceX Crew-2 OneWeb L6 (36 satellites) USA-314 / KH-11 18 Pléiades-Neo 3, Lemur-2 AMANDA-SVANTE, Lemur-2 SPECIAL K Tianhe Starlink V1.0-L24 (60 satellites) Yaogan 34 May Starlink V1.0-L25 (60 satellites) Yaogan 30-08 (3 satellites) Starlink V1.0-L27 (60 satellites) Starlink V1.0-L26 (52 satellites), Capella 6 USA-315 / SBIRS-GEO 5 HaiYang-2D Starlink V1.0-L28 (60 satellites) Tianzhou 2 OneWeb L7 (36 satellites) June Fengyun 4B SpaceX CRS-22 SXM-8 USA-316, USA-317, USA-318 Shenzhou 12 USA-319 / GPS IIIA-05 Yaogan 30-09 (3 satellites) Kosmos 2550 / Pion-NKS №1 Progress MS-17 Brik-II, STORK-4, STORK-5 Starlink V1.0-R2 (3 satellites), ION-SCV 003 (SPARTAN), SHERPA FX2 (Lynk 05, Astrocast × 5, Lemur-2 × 3, SpaceBEE × 12), SHERPA LTE1 (KSF1 × 4), Capella 5, ICEYE × 4, Hawk × 3, ÑuSat × 4, Lemur-2 × 3, LINCS A, LINCS B, SpaceBEE × 12, SpaceBEE NZ × 4, Tiger-2, TROPICS Pathfinder July OneWeb L8 (36 satellites) Jilin-1 Kuanfu-01B, Jilin-1 Gaofen-03D x 3 Fengyun-3E Tianlian I-05 Yaogan 30-10 (3 satellites) Nauka (European Robotic Arm) Eutelsat Quantum, Star One D2 August Jilin-1 Mofang-01A† ChinaSat 2E Cygnus NG-16 EOS-03 / GISAT-1† Pléiades Neo 4 OneWeb L9 (34 satellites) TJS-7 SpaceX CRS-23 (Maya-3, Maya-4) September Gaofen 5-02 ChinaSat 9B Kosmos 2551 / EO MKA №1 Starlink G2-1 (51 satellites) OneWeb L10 (34 satellites) Inspiration4 Tianzhou 3 Jilin-1 Gaofen-02D Shiyan 10 Landsat 9, CUTE October Soyuz MS-19 OneWeb L11 (36 satellites) CHASE Shenzhou 13 Lucy Shijian 21 SES-17, Syracuse 4A QZS-1R Jilin-1 Gaofen-02F Progress MS-18 November RAISE-2, HIBARI, Z-Sat, DRUMS, TeikyoSat-4, ASTERISC, ARICA, NanoDragon, KOSEN-1 SpaceX Crew-3 CERES x 3 DART (LICIACube) Progress M-UM (Prichal) Yaogan 32-2 (2 satellites) Yaogan 35 (3 satellites) December Starlink 24 (48 satellites) Soyuz MS-20 IXPE Ekspress-AMU3 Ekspress-AMU7 Starlink 25 (52 satellites) Türksat 5B SpaceX CRS-24 Inmarsat-6 F1 James Webb Space Telescope Launches are separated by dots ( • ), payloads by commas ( , ), multiple names for the same satellite by slashes ( / ).Crewed flights are underlined. Launch failures are marked with the † sign. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are (enclosed in parentheses).
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"Progress M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progress-M"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Roscosmos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roscosmos"},{"link_name":"Prichal module","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prichal_(ISS_module)"},{"link_name":"Russian Orbital Segment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Orbital_Segment"},{"link_name":"International Space Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Space_Station"},{"link_name":"UTC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rsw-missions2021-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GunterProgress-M-UM-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Progress M-UM (Russian: Прогресс М-УМ), was a specially modified Progress M 11F615A55, Russian production No.303,[5] developed by Roscosmos to deliver the Prichal module to the Russian Orbital Segment (ROS) of the International Space Station (ISS). It was launched on 24 November 2021 at 13:06:35 UTC, along with a Progress M propulsion compartment and has the pressurised cargo module removed to accommodate Prichal. This was the 171st flight of a Progress spacecraft.[2][6] It was the final flight of a Progress M and the first launch of a Progress spacecraft on a Soyuz 2.1b.[7]","title":"Progress M-UM"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Soyuz-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soyuz-2"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Progress DC-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progress_DC-1"},{"link_name":"Pirs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirs_(ISS_module)"},{"link_name":"Progress M-MIM2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progress_M-MIM2"},{"link_name":"Poisk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poisk_(ISS_module)"},{"link_name":"Progress MS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progress_(spacecraft)"}],"text":"On 15 January 2011, RKK Energia announced that its Scientific and Technical Council (NTS) had reviewed and approved the preliminary design of the Node Module and associated hardware, including a special version of the Progress cargo ship designated the Progress M-UM spacecraft-module, intended for the delivery of the Node Module to the station. The space payload section for the Progress M-UM was dubbed KGCh. The Soyuz-2 launch vehicle was adapted for the launch of the Progress M-UM spacecraft-module, originally envisioned to take place in 2012, then 2019.[8] It was eventually signed for as completed in 2014 and kept in storage until processing and attachment with Prichal was started for launch in 2021. It is attached to the Prichal module by means of a newly developed transition compartment.The Prichal module was the second addition to the ROS in 2021. Earlier modules were delivered and added in a similar manner. Progress M-UM is similar in design to Progress DC-1 that delivered Pirs in 2001 and Progress M-MIM2 that delivered Poisk in 2009, but with navigational systems and avionics hardware taken from the Progress MS variant.","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Soyuz-2.1b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soyuz-2"},{"link_name":"Baikonur Site 31/6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_31"},{"link_name":"UTC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rsw-prichal-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rsw-missions2021-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NextSF-4"}],"text":"A Soyuz-2.1b launched Progress M-UM to the International Space Station from Baikonur Site 31/6 on 24 November 2021, at 13:06:40 UTC for delivery of the Prichal module.[1][2][4] Due to the larger diameter of the Prichal module, the Progress M-UM was launched in a 4.1 m (13 ft) wide ST-type fairing.","title":"Launch"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"nadir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadir"},{"link_name":"Nauka module","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nauka_(ISS_module)"},{"link_name":"Progress MS-17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progress_MS-17"}],"text":"Two days after launch, Progress M-UM automatically docked Prichal to the re-configured nadir (or Earth-facing) port of the Nauka module after removal of the module's nadir docking adapter by Progress MS-17. Progress M-UM, was later undocked and deorbited after 28 days and 15 hours in space.","title":"Docking"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roscosmos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roscosmos"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rsw-missions2021-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rsw-prichal-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rsw-prichal-1"}],"text":"The ISS flight manifest drafted by Roscosmos at the end of summer 2020 set the launch of the Prichal module for 6 September 2021, with the docking to Nauka's nadir port two days later.[2] However, on 1 December 2020, the launch of Prichal slipped to three and four months after the Nauka. The planned launch date was on 24 November 2021.[1]One port on Prichal is equipped with an active hybrid docking port, which enables docking with the Nauka module. The remaining five ports are passive hybrids, enabling docking of Soyuz and Progress vehicles, as well as heavier modules and future spacecraft with modified docking systems. Eight spacewalks will follow in 2022 to complete the integration of the Nauka and Prichal modules into the Russian Orbital Segment.[1]","title":"Expansion of Russian Orbital Segment"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The Progress M-UM propulsion section is remained docked at the station for 26 days. The propulsion section then undocked, revealing Prichal's nadir docking port for future Russian spacecraft.","title":"Undocking"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"re-entered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_entry"},{"link_name":"atmosphere of Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth"},{"link_name":"South Pacific Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ocean"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GunterProgress-M-UM-6"}],"text":"The propulsion section re-entered the atmosphere of Earth for destruction over the South Pacific Ocean, on 23 December 2021, at 04:30:54.[6]","title":"Atmospheric entry"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1637984492234_Progress_MS_17_undocking_and_Nauka_nadir_temporary_docking_adapter_Removal_02.jpg"},{"link_name":"Nauka's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nauka_(ISS_module)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Progress_M-UM_Approach.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Prichal_docking_module_above_Africa_(cropped).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Progress_M-UM_propulsion_section_undocking_from_ISS_after_delivering_the_Prichal_to_ISS_14.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Prichal_during_VKD-51_spacewalk.jpg"}],"text":"Progress M-UM\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tProgress MS-17 removing Nauka's temporary docking adapter in preparation for the arrival of Progress M-UM\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tProgress M-UM approaching the ISS\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tProgress M-UM docked to the ISS\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tProgress M-UM propulsion section separating from Prichal\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPrichal in its final location","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notes"}]
[]
[{"title":"Prichal (ISS module)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prichal_(ISS_module)"},{"title":"Uncrewed spaceflights to the International Space Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncrewed_spaceflights_to_the_International_Space_Station"},{"title":"Orbital Piloted Assembly and Experiment Complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_Piloted_Assembly_and_Experiment_Complex"},{"title":"Universal Docking Module","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Docking_Module"}]
[{"reference":"Zak, Anatoly (15 January 2011). \"Prichal Node Module, UM\". RussianSpaceWeb.com. Retrieved 15 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.russianspaceweb.com/iss_node.html","url_text":"\"Prichal Node Module, UM\""}]},{"reference":"Zak, Anatoly (10 October 2020). \"Planned Russian space missions in 2021\". RussianSpaceWeb.com. Retrieved 17 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.russianspaceweb.com/2021.html","url_text":"\"Planned Russian space missions in 2021\""}]},{"reference":"\"Launch Schedule\". Spaceflight Now. 31 August 2020. Retrieved 17 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://spaceflightnow.com/launch-schedule/","url_text":"\"Launch Schedule\""}]},{"reference":"\"Status - Progress M-UM Prichal\". NextSpaceflight. 1 September 2020. Retrieved 17 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://nextspaceflight.com/launches/details/959","url_text":"\"Status - Progress M-UM Prichal\""}]},{"reference":"\"Soyuz-2.1b - Progress M-UM Prichal - Baikonur - 24 November 2021 (13:06 UTC)\". forum.nasaspaceflight.com. Retrieved 16 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://forum.nasaspaceflight.com/index.php?topic=54433.new;topicseen#new","url_text":"\"Soyuz-2.1b - Progress M-UM Prichal - Baikonur - 24 November 2021 (13:06 UTC)\""}]},{"reference":"Krebs, Gunter (1 December 2015). \"UM (Prichal, NM, Progress-M-UM)\". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 17 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/um.htm","url_text":"\"UM (Prichal, NM, Progress-M-UM)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Progress M-UM Pritchal\". 9 November 2021. Retrieved 11 November 2021. Last flight of Progress-M.","urls":[{"url":"https://nextspaceflight.com/launches/details/959","url_text":"\"Progress M-UM Pritchal\""}]},{"reference":"\"Prichal Node Module to launch in 2019\". russianspaceweb.com. Retrieved 9 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.russianspaceweb.com/iss_node.html","url_text":"\"Prichal Node Module to launch in 2019\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2021-111A","external_links_name":"2021-111A"},{"Link":"https://www.roscosmos.ru/media/files/2021/OCT/pricalemblema.jpg","external_links_name":"Prichal module / Progress M-UM launch mission logo"},{"Link":"http://www.russianspaceweb.com/iss_node.html","external_links_name":"\"Prichal Node Module, UM\""},{"Link":"http://www.russianspaceweb.com/2021.html","external_links_name":"\"Planned Russian space missions in 2021\""},{"Link":"https://spaceflightnow.com/launch-schedule/","external_links_name":"\"Launch Schedule\""},{"Link":"https://nextspaceflight.com/launches/details/959","external_links_name":"\"Status - Progress M-UM Prichal\""},{"Link":"https://forum.nasaspaceflight.com/index.php?topic=54433.new;topicseen#new","external_links_name":"\"Soyuz-2.1b - Progress M-UM Prichal - Baikonur - 24 November 2021 (13:06 UTC)\""},{"Link":"https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/um.htm","external_links_name":"\"UM (Prichal, NM, Progress-M-UM)\""},{"Link":"https://nextspaceflight.com/launches/details/959","external_links_name":"\"Progress M-UM Pritchal\""},{"Link":"http://www.russianspaceweb.com/iss_node.html","external_links_name":"\"Prichal Node Module to launch in 2019\""},{"Link":"http://www.sworld.com.au/steven/space/russia-man.txt","external_links_name":"Russian Launch Manifest dated 23 July 2014"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_M._G._Cosgrove
John M. G. Cosgrove
["1 Incident at Mallow Road","2 See also","3 References"]
Irish police officer This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (June 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) John M.G. Cosgrove, Garda Síochána 17458H and recipient of the Scott Medal, born 1949. Cosgrove is a native of Clifden, County Galway. He became a member of the Gardaí on 25 June 1969. Incident at Mallow Road On attachment to Cork's Mallow Road Station on plainclothes duty, Cosgrove approached two youths acting suspiciously, who ran off. While in pursuit, Cosgrove seized one of the youths only to see the other come back pointing a revolver, demanding he set free his friend. "Cosgrove maintained his grip on his prisoner, but suddenly the boy dropped onto one knee exposing the Guard to the line of fire. The armed youth then fired at point blank range hitting Cosgrove in the right shoulder. The two then made good their escape but were later apprehended. Garda Cosgrove, left for dead by the youths, later had the bullet removed, the surgery necessitating some seventeen stiches." In a ceremony attended by several members of the government, he was awarded the Scott Medal at Templemore on 2 October 1975. See also Yvonne Burke (Garda) Brian Connaughton Michael J. Reynolds Joseph Scott Deaths of Henry Byrne and John Morley (1980) Death of Jerry McCabe (1996) References An Garda Síochána and the Scott Medal, p. 105, Gerard O'Brien, Four Courts Press, 2008. ISBN 978-1-84682-124-0
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[]
[{"title":"Yvonne Burke (Garda)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yvonne_Burke_(Garda)"},{"title":"Brian Connaughton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Connaughton_(Scott_Medal_recipient)"},{"title":"Michael J. Reynolds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_J._Reynolds_(police_officer)"},{"title":"Joseph Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Scott_(garda)"},{"title":"Deaths of Henry Byrne and John Morley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deaths_of_Henry_Byrne_and_John_Morley"},{"title":"Death of Jerry McCabe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Jerry_McCabe"}]
[]
[]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monimia
Monimia
["1 Species","2 References"]
Genus of flowering plants Monimia Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Tracheophytes Clade: Angiosperms Clade: Magnoliids Order: Laurales Family: Monimiaceae Genus: MonimiaThouars 1804 Monimia is a genus of trees of the family Monimiaceae the major group of Angiosperms (Flowering plants). It is endemic to the Mascarene Islands and comprises three species. Species Monimia amplexicaulis Lorence Réunion Monimia ovalifolia Thouars Mauritius, Réunion Monimia rotundifolia Thouars Réunion References ^ "Monimia Thouars". Plants of the World Online. Accessed 22 August 2021. Media related to Monimia at Wikimedia Commons Taxon identifiersMonimia Wikidata: Q6021778 Wikispecies: Monimia CoL: 63BF5 EPPO: 1MNWG GBIF: 7264556 GRIN: 7735 iNaturalist: 576681 IPNI: 27097-1 IRMNG: 1354575 NCBI: 81485 Open Tree of Life: 699317 POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:27097-1 Tropicos: 40021759 WFO: wfo-4000024654 This Laurales-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus"},{"link_name":"Monimiaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monimiaceae"},{"link_name":"Angiosperms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiosperms"},{"link_name":"Mascarene Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mascarene_Islands"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-potw-1"}],"text":"Monimia is a genus of trees of the family Monimiaceae the major group of Angiosperms (Flowering plants). It is endemic to the Mascarene Islands and comprises three species.[1]","title":"Monimia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Monimia amplexicaulis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monimia_amplexicaulis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Monimia ovalifolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monimia_ovalifolia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Monimia rotundifolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monimia_rotundifolia&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Monimia amplexicaulis Lorence Réunion\nMonimia ovalifolia Thouars Mauritius, Réunion\nMonimia rotundifolia Thouars Réunion","title":"Species"}]
[]
null
[]
[{"Link":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:27097-1","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/63BF5","external_links_name":"63BF5"},{"Link":"https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/1MNWG","external_links_name":"1MNWG"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/7264556","external_links_name":"7264556"},{"Link":"https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomygenus.aspx?id=7735","external_links_name":"7735"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/576681","external_links_name":"576681"},{"Link":"https://www.ipni.org/n/27097-1","external_links_name":"27097-1"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1354575","external_links_name":"1354575"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=81485","external_links_name":"81485"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=699317","external_links_name":"699317"},{"Link":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A27097-1","external_links_name":"urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:27097-1"},{"Link":"http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/40021759","external_links_name":"40021759"},{"Link":"https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-4000024654","external_links_name":"wfo-4000024654"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monimia&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1982_Central_American_and_Caribbean_Games
Athletics at the 1982 Central American and Caribbean Games
["1 Medal summary","1.1 Men's events","1.2 Women's events","2 Medal table","3 See also","4 References"]
The athletics competition in the 1982 Central American and Caribbean Games were held at the Estadio Pedro Marrero in Havana, Cuba. Medal summary Men's events Event Gold Silver Bronze 100 metres Leandro Peñalver  Cuba 10.16 Osvaldo Lara  Cuba 10.26 Juan Núñez  Dominican Republic 10.33 200 metres Leandro Peñalver  Cuba 20.42 Osvaldo Lara  Cuba 20.94 Juan Núñez  Dominican Republic 21.04 400 metres Bert Cameron  Jamaica 45.10 Agustín Pavó  Cuba 45.87 Carlos Reyté  Cuba 46.34 800 metres Alberto Juantorena  Cuba 1:45.15 William Wuycke  Venezuela 1:45.75 Bárbaro Serrano  Cuba 1:46.66 1500 metres Eduardo Castro  Mexico 3:41.84 Luis Medina  Cuba 3:41.92 Ignacio Melesio  Mexico 3:42.03 5000 metres Eduardo Castro  Mexico 14:11.05 Luis Medina  Cuba 14:24.81 Lucirio Garrido  Venezuela 14:24.94 10,000 metres Aldo Allen  Cuba 30:13.12 Enrique Aquino  Mexico 30:15.35 José Alcalá  Mexico 30:28.04 Marathon Jorge González  Puerto Rico 02:26:40 Radamés González  Cuba 02:28:12 Miguel Cruz  Mexico 02:30:37 110 metres hurdles Alejandro Casañas  Cuba 13.38 Juan Saborit  Cuba 13.91 Modesto Castillo  Dominican Republic 13.95 400 metres hurdles Frank Montiéh  Cuba 50.64 Jorge Batista  Cuba 50.98 Greg Rolle  Bahamas 51.18 3000 metre steeplechase José Cobo  Cuba 8:49.52 Lucirio Garrido  Venezuela 8:52.50 Pedro Guibert  Cuba 8:58.08 4 × 100 metres relay  CubaOsvaldo LaraAlejandro CasañasLeandro PeñalverJuan Saborit 39.15  JamaicaJoseph BoydEarle LaingMark SeniorFloyd Brown 39.94  Dominican RepublicJuan ContrerasWilfredo AlmonteJuan NúñezGerardo Suero 40.11 4 × 400 metres relay  CubaAgustín PavóCarlos ReytéRoberto RamosAlberto Juantorena 3:03.59  JamaicaFloyd BrownMark SeniorBert CameronKarl Smith 3:04.78  Trinidad and TobagoMichael PuckerinJoseph CoombsAli St. LouisAndrew Bruce 3:08.20 20 kilometre road walk Ernesto Canto  Mexico 1:29:22 Raúl González  Mexico 1:31:27 Alfredo Garrido  Cuba 1:39:00 50 kilometre road walk Félix Gómez  Mexico 4:05:03 Raúl González  Mexico 4:10:34 David Castro  Cuba 4:43:53 High jump Francisco Centelles  Cuba 2.25 Steve Wray  Bahamas 2.17 Clarence Saunders  Bermuda 2.17 Pole vault Rubén Camino  Cuba 5.00 José Echevarría  Cuba 5.00 Miguel Escoto  Mexico 4.90 Long jump Delroy Poyser  Jamaica 7.90 Wilfredo Almonte  Dominican Republic 7.82 Steve Hanna  Bahamas 7.80 Triple jump Steve Hanna  Bahamas 16.73 Lázaro Betancourt  Cuba 16.64 Jorge Reyna  Cuba 16.61 Shot put Luis Delís  Cuba 18.88 Radai Mendoza  Puerto Rico 16.21 Paul Ruiz  Cuba 16.14 Discus throw Luis Delís  Cuba 70.20 Brad Cooper  Bahamas 66.72 Juan Martínez  Cuba 62.82 Hammer throw Genovevo Morejón  Cuba 67.10 Alfredo Luis  Cuba 66.14 Andrés Polemil  Dominican Republic 56.14 Javelin throw Dionisio Quintana  Cuba 82.40 Amado Morales  Puerto Rico 79.36 Antonio González  Cuba 74.86 Decathlon Liston Bochette  Puerto Rico 7349 Guillermo Sánchez  Mexico 7345 Carlos Palacios  Cuba 7236 Women's events Event Gold Silver Bronze 100 metres Luisa Ferrer  Cuba 11.55 Janice Bernard  Trinidad and Tobago 11.57 Marie Lande Mathieu  Puerto Rico 11.63 200 metres Luisa Ferrer  Cuba 23.44 Angela Williams  Trinidad and Tobago 23.75 Marie Lande Mathieu  Puerto Rico 23.83 400 metres June Griffith  Guyana 51.89 Mercedes Álvarez  Cuba 52.32 Cathy Rattray  Jamaica 52.39 800 metres Nery McKeen  Cuba 2:04.22 Angelita Lind  Puerto Rico 2:04.24 María Ribeaux  Cuba 2:04.47 1500 metres Angelita Lind  Puerto Rico 4:25.94 Sergia Martínez  Cuba 4:26.69 Alicia Diffourt  Cuba 4:27.96 3000 metres Sergia Martínez  Cuba 9:37.32 Marisela Rivero  Venezuela 9:38.40 María Cuesta  Cuba 9:41.66 100 metres hurdles Grisel Machado  Cuba 13.18 Marisela Peralta  Dominican Republic 14.07 June Caddle  Barbados 14.08 400 metres hurdles Sandra Farmer  Jamaica 58.15 Mercedes Mesa  Cuba 58.65 Stephanie Vega  Puerto Rico 59.11 4 × 100 metres relay  Trinidad and TobagoGillian FordeMaxime McMillanAngela WilliamsJanice Bernard 44.86  JamaicaVerónica FindlayCathy RattrayAnthea JohnsonJacqueline Pusey 45.77  CubaLuisa FerrerIdania PinoEster PetitónGrisel Machado 45.85 4 × 400 metres relay  CubaMercedes AlvarezAna Fidelia QuirotMercedes MesaNery McKeen 3:35.22  Puerto RicoNilsa ParisStephanie VegaMargaret de JesúsMarie Lande Mathieu 3:36.52  JamaicaJacqueline PuseyCathy RattraySandra FarmerAnthea Johnson 3:37.86 High jump Silvia Costa  Cuba 1.90 Angela Carbonell  Cuba 1.81 Iraima Parra  Venezuela 1.78 Long jump Eloína Echevarría  Cuba 6.53 Shonel Ferguson  Bahamas 6.47 Madeline de Jesús  Puerto Rico 6.47 Shot put María Elena Sarría  Cuba 19.36 Rosa Fernández  Cuba 17.54 Luz Bohórquez  Venezuela 13.63 Discus throw María Cristina Betancourt  Cuba 63.76 Carmen Romero  Cuba 61.98 Yunaira Piña  Venezuela 46.86 Javelin throw María Caridad Colón  Cuba 62.80 Mayra Vila  Cuba 60.22 Marieta Riera  Venezuela 51.50 Heptathlon Elida Aveillé  Cuba 5579 Victoria Despaigne  Cuba 5210 Leyda Castro  Dominican Republic 5123 Medal table RankNationGoldSilverBronzeTotal1 Cuba (CUB)271914602 Mexico (MEX)444123 Puerto Rico (PUR)344114 Jamaica (JAM)33285 Bahamas (BAH)13266 Trinidad and Tobago (TTO)12147 Guyana (GUY)10018 Venezuela (VEN)03589 Dominican Republic (DOM)026810 Barbados (BAR)0011 Bermuda (BER)0011Totals (11 entries)404040120 See also 1982 in athletics (track and field) References Montesinos, Enrique (2013). "The Oldest Regional Games: Central American & Caribbean Sports Games" (PDF). CACSO. Retrieved 2015-09-27. "Central American and Caribbean Games (Men)". GBR Athletics. "Central American and Caribbean Games (Women)". GBR Athletics. vte1982 in the sport of athletics « 1981 1983 » World World Cross Country Championships Gymnasiade World Military Cross Country Championships RegionalChampionships African Arab Cross Country Balkan Athletics Cross Country European Outdoor Indoor Games Asian Games Central American and Caribbean Games Commonwealth Games Southern Cross Games Age group CARIFTA Games Central American and Caribbean U20 European O35 Pan American U20 NationalIndoor Czechoslovak Dutch English French German East West Italian Polish Soviet Spanish Swedish United States NCAA Outdoor Australian Belgian Canadian Chinese Czechoslovak Dutch English Finnish French German East West Hungarian Icelandic Italian Jamaican Japanese Norwegian Polish Portuguese Soviet Spanish Swedish United Kingdom United States NCAA XC NCAA Track vteAthletics at the Central American and Caribbean Games 1926 1930 1935 1938 1946 1950 1954 1959 1962 1966 1970 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 (details) 1993 (details) 1998 (details) 2002 (details) 2006 (details) 2010 (details) 2014 (details) 2018 (details) 2023 (details) See also: List of Central American and Caribbean Games records in athletics
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back-Stop_(G.I._Joe)
List of G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero characters
["1 Ace","2 Agent Faces","3 Agent Helix","4 Airborne","5 Airtight","6 Airwave","7 Alpine","8 Altitude","9 Ambush","10 Armadillo","11 Backblast","12 Back-Stop","13 Banzai","14 Barbecue","15 Barrel Roll","16 Barricade","17 Bazooka","18 Beach Head","19 Big Ben","20 Big Brawler","21 Big Lob","22 Blast-Off","23 Blizzard","24 Blowtorch","25 Breaker","26 Budo","27 Bullet-Proof","28 Bullhorn","29 Bushido","30 Captain Grid-Iron","31 Chameleon","32 Charbroil","33 Chuckles","34 Claymore","35 Clean-Sweep","36 Cloudburst","37 Clutch","38 Cold Front","39 Colonel Courage","40 Countdown","41 Cover Girl","42 Crankcase","43 Crazylegs","44 Cross-Country","45 Cutter","46 Daemon","47 Dart","48 Dee-Jay","49 Deep Six","50 Depth Charge","51 Dial Tone","52 Doc","53 Dogfight","54 Dojo","55 Double Blast","56 Downtown","57 Drop Zone","58 Duke","59 Dusty","60 Effects","61 Fast Draw","62 Firewall","63 Flash","64 Flint","65 Footloose","66 Freefall","67 Fridge","68 Frostbite","69 General Joseph Colton","70 General Flagg","71 General Philip Rey","72 Ghostrider","73 Grand Slam","74 Greenshirts","75 Grunt","76 Gung-Ho","77 Hardball","78 Hard Drive","79 Hardtop","80 Hawk","81 Heavy Duty","82 Heavy Metal","83 Hi-Tech","84 Hit and Run","85 Hollow Point","86 Hot Seat","87 Ice Cream Soldier","88 Iceberg","89 Jinx","90 Kamakura","91 Keel-Haul","92 Lady Jaye","93 Law and Order","94 Leatherneck","95 Lifeline","96 Lift-Ticket","97 Lightfoot","98 Long Range","99 Low-Light","100 Lt. Falcon","101 Mace","102 Mainframe","103 Major Altitude","104 Major Barrage","105 Major Storm","106 Mercer","107 Mirage","108 Muskrat","109 Mutt","110 Nunchuk","111 Outback","112 Ozone","113 Pathfinder","114 Payload","115 Psyche-Out","116 Quick Kick","117 Rampage","118 Rampart","119 Rapid Fire","120 Recoil","121 Recondo","122 Red Dog","123 Red Zone","124 Repeater","125 Rip Cord","126 Roadblock","127 Robo-J.O.E.","128 Rock 'n Roll","129 Rumbler","130 Salvo","131 Scanner","132 Scarlett","133 Sci-Fi","134 Scoop","135 Sgt. Hacker","136 Sgt. Slaughter","137 Sgt. Stone","138 Shipwreck","139 Shockwave","140 Short-Fuze","141 Sideswipe","142 Sidetrack","143 Skidmark","144 Skydive","145 Skymate","146 Skystriker","147 Slip Stream","148 Snake Eyes","149 Sneak Peek","150 Snow Job","151 Snow Storm","152 Space Shot","153 Sparks","154 Spearhead","155 Specialist Trakker","156 Spirit","157 Stalker","158 Starduster","159 Static Line","160 Steam-Roller","161 Steeler","162 Stretcher","163 Sub-Zero","164 Super Trooper","165 Switch Gears","166 Taurus","167 T'Gin-Zu","168 T'Jbang","169 Thunder","170 Tiger Claw","171 Tollbooth","172 Topside","173 Torpedo","174 Tracker","175 Tripwire","176 Tunnel Rat","177 Updraft","178 Wet Suit","179 Whiteout","180 Wild Bill","181 Wildcard","182 Windchill","183 Windmill","184 Zap","185 See also","186 References","187 External links"]
This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article may be written from a fan's point of view, rather than a neutral point of view. Please clean it up to conform to a higher standard of quality, and to make it neutral in tone. (July 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience. Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information, and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia's inclusion policy. (July 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "List of G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero characters" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This is an alphabetical list of G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero characters who are members of the G.I. Joe Team. For Cobra characters, see List of Cobra characters. Ace Main article: Ace (G.I. Joe) Agent Faces Agent Faces is the G.I. Joe Team's infiltrator. His real name is Michelino J. Paolino, and he was born in Parma, Ohio. Agent Faces was first released as an action figure in 2003, in a two-pack with Zartan. His primary military specialty is fighting. His secondary military specialty is intelligence. Agent Faces was born with an uncanny talent for mimicry. After doing a brutally accurate impression of his first sergeant during basic training, he was sent to a top-secret intelligence school. There, he learned the tricks of cloak and dagger, and the use of advanced makeup and disguise techniques. Agent Faces appeared in the direct-to-video CGI animated movie G.I. Joe: Spy Troops, voiced by Ward Perry. Agent Helix Agent Helix is a covert operations officer with advanced martial arts training and expert marksmanship. Her favorite weapons are dual 10mm Auto pistols. An Olympic-class gymnast, her distinctive "Whirlwind attack" is an overpowering combination of kicks and firepower. Agent Helix appears as a playable character in the G.I. Joe: The Rise of Cobra video game, voiced by Nancy Truman. She was designed by Mayan Escalante, a character artist at Double Helix Games, as an un-lockable character in the video game. She then became an action figure in the 2009 edition of the toyline. Airborne Main article: Airborne (G.I. Joe) Airtight Main article: Airtight (G.I. Joe) Airwave Airwave is the G.I. Joe Team's audible frequency specialist. His real name is Cliff V. Mewett, and he was born in Louisville, Kentucky. The same name Cliff V. Mewett was also used a few years later for Colonel Courage, even though the character is African-American and born in a different city. Airwave was first released as an action figure in 1990, as part of the "Sky Patrol" line. He is the Sky Patrol communications specialist, and is also the Signal Corps Adjutant to the Joint Chiefs of Staff. He is noted for being able to gain a signal where few others can. Airwave appears in the DiC G.I. Joe cartoon voiced by Michael Benyaer. Alpine Main article: Alpine (G.I. Joe) Altitude Altitude is the G.I. Joe Team's recon scout. His real name is John Edwards Jones, and he was born in Cambria, California. Altitude was first released as an action figure in 1990, as part of the "Sky Patrol" line. He is a full-blooded Apache. He joined the military after his budding artistic career was cut short by the collapse of the syndicated cartoon industry. Altitude uses his photographic memory and drawing skills to bring back intelligence as a recon scout. Altitude appeared in the Devil's Due G.I. Joe series. He is part of the assault team sent to Cobra Island to destroy the forces of the revived Serpentor. Altitude appears in the DiC G.I. Joe cartoon voiced by Terry Klassen. Ambush Ambush is the G.I. Joe Team's concealment specialist. His real name is Aaron McMahon, and he was born in Walnut, California. Ambush was first released as an action figure in 1990. There was a "Dinosaur Hunter" release in 1993. A new version of Aaron "Ambush" McMahon was released in 2004, as part of the Toys R Us exclusive "Desert Patrol Squad" set, which also included the figures Dusty, Gung Ho, Snake-Eyes, Stalker and Tunnel Rat. In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appeared in issue #111. There, he is part of an advance recon team that was sent to the Middle Eastern country of Benzheen. As the Battle of Benzheen rages on, Ambush, Recoil and Sneak-Peek are shot by Cobra soldiers who themselves are killed by other Joes. Sneak-Peek does not survive his injuries. Ambush later drove the "Battle Wagon" during a mission in Trans-Carpathia, in which the Joes defended Destro and the Baroness against Cobra forces. Later, Hawk and Lady Jaye were captured in Grodsnz, the capital of Borovia, by local security police. Ambush and the remaining Joes drove the Battle Wagon into the city to rescue their teammates. In the Devil's Due series, Ambush is seen as one of the many Joes interfering in the second Cobra civil war, again caused by Serpentor. This conflict takes place on Cobra Island. His infiltration skills are put to use when a Joe team investigates hostile corporate instances in the fictional country of Darklonia. Ambush appeared in the DiC G.I. Joe animated series, voiced by Andrew Koenig and Ian Corlett. In the episode "United We Stand", Ambush and Pathfinder have to work together or perish. In the episode "I Found you Evy", Ambush reveals a story from his past, about the only person who has ever been able to find him, a childhood friend who had become a female Range-Viper. Armadillo Armadillo is the G.I. Joe Team's driver of the Rolling Thunder vehicle. His real name is Philo R. Makepeace, and his rank is E-7 (Sergeant First Class). Armadillo was born in Fort Huachuca, Arizona, and was first released as an action figure in 1988 with the "Rolling Thunder" missile launcher. His primary military specialty is that of armored assault vehicle driver. His secondary military specialty is advanced reconnaissance. Prior to his military career, he used to drive semi trucks, before his aggressive driving style got him into trouble. In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, the character Armadillo was called Rumbler. His first appearance was in issue #80, when he helped the G.I. Joe team to keep Cobra Command from claiming a newly formed island near the original Cobra Island. However, just as the battle was over, the island sank back beneath the waves. He later participated in a secret mission to rescue captured Joes and members of the Oktober Guard from Sierra Gordo. He participates in the Battle of Benzheen. In Marvel UK's Action Force comic, Armadillo appeared in G.I. Joe Annual 1992, as part of a team sent the fictional country of Sao Cristobel. The mission is to keep Cobra from acquiring a nuclear warhead. Backblast Backblast is the G.I. Joe Team's Anti-aircraft soldier. His real name is Edward J. Menninger, and his rank is that of Sergeant E-5. Backblast was born in New York City, and was first released as an action figure in 1989. The figure was repainted and released as part of the Battle Corps line in 1993. Different versions of the character were released in 2004 and 2005. Backblast's primary military specialty is air defense, and his secondary military specialty is signal corps. He grew up in a house next to one of the most popular airports in the world. His bedroom was directly under the landing path of incoming jets. When asked his job preferences upon his enlistment, he answered, "Where can I go to shoot airplanes out of the sky?" In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appeared in issue #92. He was part of a covert team of Joes sent into the fictional country of Sierra Gordo. They successfully rescue Shockwave, Recondo and Lt. Falcon, as well as the surviving members of the Oktober Guard. Backblast personally shoots down a Cobra Condor plane, which was attempting to destroy the Joes' vehicle, before the team could get across the border into the friendly nation of Punta del Mucosa. Backblast was in the Joe's Utah HQ when Clutch and Rock 'n Roll nearly went berserk due to Cobra brainwashing. He is one of the many Joes sent to the fictional Middle Eastern nation of Benzheen during the conflict in that nation. He works with Rampart to shoot down a Cobra Rattler pursuing Joe pilots. In the Devil's Due series, Backblast is seen as one of the many Joes fighting against the new army created by Serpentor. This conflict takes place on Cobra Island. Backblast appeared in the DiC G.I. Joe animated series, in a non-speaking cameo role in the episode Operation Dragonfire part 5. He also appears as a playable character in the G.I. Joe: The Rise of Cobra video game voiced by Chopper Bernet. Back-Stop Back-Stop is the G.I. Joe Team's Persuader tank driver. His real name is Robert A. Levin. Back-Stop was born in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. He was first released as an action figure in 1987, packaged with the "Persuader" high-speed tank. A second version of Back-Stop was available as an authorized exclusive figure included in the 2009 Canadian G.I. Joe Convention box set. The set was limited to 100 with all figures being done in a 25th style design. Back-Stop's primary military specialty is armor, and his secondary military specialty is mechanized infantry. As a youth playing in junior league hockey in Canada, he injured so many opposing players that his family had to move to the United States to escape angry parents. He grew up in Detroit, where he boxed in the Golden Gloves until he was barred from competing; he also spent two years as his high school's undefeated wrestling champion when no one would challenge him. After a short demolition derby career, he found his true calling in the Army and eventually the G.I. Joe Team. In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appeared in issue #64 (October 1987). He joins the team when they are in their Utah Quonset hut base. His Persuader tank is used with an A.W.E. Striker for transport for some of the Joes who have joined at the same time. He is not informed of the top-secret aspects of the Joe team right away, such as the underground complex and the space shuttle, the USS Defiant. This is because while their new Joes had their transit orders, their top-secret clearances simply had not caught up to them yet. The shuttle itself, in its own transport, almost crushes the two vehicles. As Back-Stop was not allowed to see the Defiant, Leatherneck moves the vehicles. Back-Stop is seen driving the Persuader to greet a trio of Joe soldiers that had been illegally imprisoned for five months. He next appears as part of a security team, with Cover-Girl, Frostbite, Iceberg and Hawk, sent to the fictional country of Frusenland to help Battleforce 2000. Back-Stop ends up assisting in a firefight against Cobra forces, who had allied themselves with the country's government, as they attack as soon as the vehicles are literally dropped onto the runway. The 2009 Canadian G.I. Joe convention had a limited edition box set that included a 25th Anniversary-style figure of Back-Stop. The set also included a comic book, 110 copies, produced for attendees. Part of the story featured Back-Stop fighting Cobra allies in Canada. His Persuader tank is destroyed by his adversaries. The use of the trademarked character was approved by Hasbro. Back-Stop also appears in the British Action Force continuity. Banzai Banzai is the G.I. Joe Team's Rising Sun ninja and member of Ninja Force. His real name is Robert J. Travalino. His primary military specialty is first-strike commando. His secondary military specialty is nunchaku instructor. His birthplace is Hartsdale, New York. Banzai trained with a reclusive ninja master in the hostile mountains Tibet for some time. He is noted for training while blind-folded. Barbecue Main article: Barbecue (G.I. Joe) Barrel Roll Barrel Roll is the G.I. Joe Team's high-altitude sniper. His real name is Dwight E. Stall, and he was born in Cincinnati, Ohio. Barrel Roll was first released as an action figure in 2003, and is the brother of both G.I. Joe Bombstrike and Cobra Black Out. A version of Barrel Roll with no accessories came with the Built to Rule Rising Tide, which followed the G.I. Joe: Spy Troops story line. The forearms and the calves of the figure sported places where blocks could be attached. His primary military specialty is marksmanship instructor. His secondary military specialty is fixed-wing aircraft pilot. Barrel Roll pushes himself to practice daily on the sniper range. He is a crack shot, and a skilled HALO jumper and pilot. He can claim the high ground without being spotted, drifting in silently by glider or parachute, and then disappear into the underbrush, sitting absolutely still to align the perfect shot. Barrel Roll appeared in the direct-to-video CGI animated movie G.I. Joe: Spy Troops, voiced by Paul Dobson. Barricade Barricade is the G.I. Joe Team's bunker buster. His real name is Philip M. Holsinger. Barricade was born in Pittsburg, Kansas, and was first released as an action figure in 1992. His 1993 release was part of the Battle Corps line. In 2004, he was released as part of a Toys R Us exclusive "Anti-Venom Task Force" set. The story behind the Anti-Venom Task Force, is that they are G.I. Joe's response to Doctor Mindbender and Cobra Commander turning civilians into dangerous monsters. His primary military specialty is bunker busting, i.e. penetrating hard targets. His secondary military specialty is the driver of the "Badger" vehicle. Barricade is also explicitly trained to fight enemy agents in city and urban areas. Bazooka Main article: Bazooka (G.I. Joe) Beach Head Main article: Beach Head (G.I. Joe) Big Ben Big Ben is the G.I. Joe Team's SAS Fighter. His real name is David J. Bennett, and his rank is that of Staff Sergeant. Big Ben was born in Burford, England, and was first released as an action figure in 1991. The figure was repainted and released in 1993 as part of the "international Action Force" mail-in offer. Other repainted releases came in 2000 packaged in a two-pack with Whiteout, and two different versions in 2002, packaged in a double-pack with an Alley Viper figure. Big Ben received training at Bradbury Barracks in Hereford, before becoming a cadre member at the NATO Long Range Recon Patrol School in West Germany. He is a member of the 22nd Regiment of the British Special Air Service, on his second assignment with the G.I. Joe Team, as part of a temporary exchange program between American Special Forces and the British SAS. His primary military specialty is infantry, with a secondary of subversive operations. In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he assists the Joes in defending Destro, when the allied group is entrenched in Destro's Trans-Carpathian castle. He also appears in issue #137. In the Devil's Due G.I. Joe series, he assists the Joes when they invade Cobra Island to interfere in their second civil war. Big Ben appeared in the DiC G.I. Joe cartoon, voiced by Maurice LaMarche. Big Brawler Big Brawler is the code name of Brian K. Mulholland. He is the G.I. Joe Team's jungle mission specialist, and was first released as an action figure in 2001. A new version with red hair was released in 2003, in a Tiger Force five-pack exclusive to Toys R Us stores. His specialties are counter-intelligence and espionage, and he is a master of both psychological warfare and hand-to-hand combat. When it came to terrorist attacks orchestrated by the Cobra Organization, Big Brawler transferred from the Army Intelligence to the G.I. Joe Team. Big Lob Big Lob is a former basketball player who speaks in sports commentator jargon. His real name is Bradley J. Sanders, and he was born in Chicago, Illinois. Big Lob first appeared in G.I. Joe: The Movie, voiced by Brad Sanders. He is established as a member of the "Rawhides", a group of new Joe recruits (including Lt. Falcon, Chuckles, Jinx, Law & Order and Tunnel Rat) trained by Beach Head. Big Lob had no action figure or comic book counterpart until 2010, when his figure became available as a G.I. Joe Club exclusive. He was listed as a reserve member of G.I. Joe during the America's Elite comic series, and is seen on a map as having been deployed as part of the Joes' efforts to battle Cobra Commander's forces worldwide during the "World War III" storyline. His primary military specialty is Infantry / Grenadier, and his secondary military specialty is Public Affairs Specialist. Blast-Off Blast-Off is the G.I. Joe Team's flamethrower. His real name is Jeffrey D. Thompson, and he was born in Kirkwood, Missouri. Blast-Off was first released as an action figure in 1993, as part of the "Mega Marines" subset. The Mega-Marines are several Joes teaming up to battle Cobra-allied monsters. His figure came with "moldable bio-armor". His primary military specialty is flamethrower. His secondary military specialty is firefighter. He is recruited into the G.I. Joe Team from his firefighting job, after he single-handedly put out an entire forest fire. When it is discovered that the "Mega-Monsters", a recently emerging threat, are vulnerable to fire, Blast-Off is assigned to the "Mega-Marine" team under the command of Gung-Ho. His other squad-mates are Clutch and Mirage. Blizzard Blizzard is the G.I. Joe Team's arctic attack soldier. His real name is Gregory M. Natale, and his rank is that of Sergeant First Class E-7. Blizzard was born in Wolfeboro, New Hampshire (spelled "Wolfboro" on the action figure's file card), and was first released as an action figure in 1988. In 1991, he was one of six exclusive European releases under the "Tiger Force" line. In 1997, he was released as part of an "Arctic Mission" triple pack with Iceberg and Snow-Job. Blizzard's primary military specialty is Arctic warfare training instructor, and his secondary military specialty is infantry. Blizzard led an experimental security team based at Thule, Greenland for an entire winter, whose objective it was to determine what kind of training and conditioning worked best to prepare trainees for combat in Arctic conditions. Blizzard's team found that training and conditioning had little effect, as only the hardest and meanest men made it through the course – of which Blizzard was the hardest and meanest. He is noted by his teammates as being difficult to work with, though his success record makes up for it. Blizzard is featured as a playable character in the 1991 G.I. Joe video game created for the Nintendo Entertainment System. His special power is being able to fire weapon-shots through walls. Blowtorch Main article: Blowtorch (G.I. Joe) Breaker Main article: Breaker (G.I. Joe) Budo Budo is the G.I. Joe Team's samurai warrior. His real name is Kyle A. Jesso, and his rank is that of sergeant E-5. Budo was born in Sacramento, California, and was first released as an action figure in 1988. Budo's primary military specialty is infantry, and his secondary military specialty is hand-to-hand combat instructor. Budo's father was an orthodontist in Oakland, his grandfather a farmer in Fresno, his great-grandfather a track-worker on the Rocky Mountain Line, and his great-great-grandfather was a fencing master in one of Japan's last great samurai warrior families. Budo was given the family swords on his eighteenth birthday, as well as a haiku written by his ancestor. Budo has a fifth-degree black belt in Iaidō, and similar rank in Karate, Judo, and Jujutsu. He has an affinity for his chopped, pan-head Harley and for heavy metal music. In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appeared in issue #82. He has just joined the Joe with Repeater and Lightfoot. Their veteran instructor Grand Slam is injured leaving the three to defend a weapons depot from enemy forces. In the Devil's Due series, Budo has an interrupted romantic relationship with Jinx. He also spends some time undercover, infiltrating and partially converting a Japanese businessman's private army. Gung-Ho and Wild Bill assist in this mission. His efforts save Japan from a military takeover. Bullet-Proof Bullet-Proof is the G.I. Joe Team's Drug Elimination Force leader. His real name is Earl S. Morris. He was born in Chicago, Illinois, and was first released as an action figure in 1992, as part of the DEF (Drug Elimination Force) line. He was released in 1993 with the Battle Corps line. In addition to leading the G.I. Joe DEF (Drug Elimination Force), he is also an official U.S. Marshal. Before being assigned to the G.I. Joe team, he served with the Drug Enforcement Administration in the Caribbean, the "Golden Triangle" and Central America. His code name resulted from his enemies, as they observed how he remained unscathed while leading his men through firefights. In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appeared in issue #124. He also appeared in #125 and #127. As part of the DEF, he helps eliminate the drug trade from the town of Broca Beach without realizing the entire town was a Cobra front. The DEF also confront the enemy operatives Headman and his Headhunters. Bullet-Proof appeared in the DiC G.I. Joe animated series. Bullhorn Bullhorn is the G.I. Joe Team's hostage negotiator. His real name is Stephen A. Ferreira. He was born in Providence, Rhode Island, and was first released as an action figure in 1990. Version 2 was released in 2008 for the International G.I. Convention which was held in Dallas, Texas. It came with the transport called "S.W.A.T. R.T.V." This was produced in relation with the "Official G.I. Joe Collectors' Club". Bullhorn taught hand to hand combat at the F.B.I. Academy in Qauntico, Virginia. He is also a contender for the "national practical pistol title", another skill practiced at the academy. He is noted as being a reckless driver. Bullhorn appeared in the DiC G.I. Joe animated series, voiced by David Wills. Bushido Bushido is the G.I. Joe Team's snow ninja and member of Ninja Force. His real name is Lloyd S. Goldfine. His primary military specialty is cold weather specialist. His secondary military specialty is strategist. His birthplace is Hollis, Queens, New York. He has trained in Iceland and continues to prefer to train in cold weather environments. He wears a helmet similar to the one his father wore. He considers fellow Ninja Force member Banzai his "blood brother". Captain Grid-Iron Captain Grid-Iron is the G.I. Joe Team's hand-to-hand combat specialist. His real name is Terrence Lydon, and his rank is that of captain O-3. Captain Grid-Iron was born in Evergreen Park, Illinois, and was first released as an action figure in 1990. He was released as part of the tradition of Hasbro to release a sports figure each year, starting with Bazooka in 1985. A recolored version was also released in India. Grid-Iron was quarterback for the West Point football team. He graduated in the top ten of his class. He passed up an appointment to the U.S. Army War college, for a conventional infantry command at the company level. His determination to be "where the action is" brought him to the attention of G.I. Joe. According to his file card, his personality is grating, but tolerable. The other Joes think if he would stop trying so hard to be likable, "they might let him play quarterback at the annual G.I. Joe Fish Fry Football Game!" Grid-Iron makes a single panel appearance in issue No. 130 of the Marvel Comics series. He is seen defending G.I. Joe headquarters from Cobra attack. Years later he appears on the cover to the Devil's Due series America's Elite #25. He is listed as a reservist in Special Missions: Manhattan. In G.I. Joe: America's Elite #28, he is listed as fighting in the Sudan. Captain Grid-Iron's most significant appearances were in the first-season of the DiC G.I. Joe animated series, voiced by Dale Wilson. His speech was peppered with football terminology. He was in charge of the team in the absence of General Hawk and Sgt. Slaughter, and took orders from both of them when they appeared. Grid-Iron was absent for most of the second season, but was featured in the second-season episode "Metal-Head's Reunion," which revealed that Grid-Iron and the Cobra officer Metal-Head both attended the same school. Captain Grid-Iron is featured as a playable character in the 1991 G.I. Joe video game created for the Nintendo Entertainment System. Chameleon Chameleon is the illegitimate half-sister of the Baroness, who infiltrated the Cobra organization by assuming the Baroness' role. She serves as a secret agent and intelligence officer for G.I. Joe. She was introduced to the toyline when Hasbro lost the trademark to the Baroness' name. Charbroil Charbroil is the G.I. Joe Team's flamethrower. His real name is Carl G. Shannon, and his rank is that of corporal E-4. Charbroil was born in Blackduck, Minnesota, and was first released as an action figure in 1988. The figure was repainted and released as part of the "Night Force" line in 1989, packaged with Repeater. In 2004, he was part of a Toys R Us Exclusive "Anti-Venom Task Force", a G.I. Joe response team to enemy agents turning civilians into monsters. Charbroil had a new sculpt in 2009, as part of the line released for the G.I. Joe: The Rise of Cobra movie. Charbroil's primary military specialty is flame weapons specialist, and his secondary military specialty is small arms armorer. One of his childhood chores was to heat the water pipes in his family's basement with a blowtorch in the winter to keep them from freezing and bursting. As a teenager, his job was to feed coal into the blast furnaces in the mills on the Great Lakes. As such, when he was recruited into the Army he requested a job dealing with open flames. In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appeared in issue 80 (November 1988). He is part of a Joe effort to stop Cobra from claiming new territory forming near Cobra Island. The land mass eventually sinks on its own. In Special Missions #21, Charbroil is part of a G.I. Joe squad sent to investigate Cobra activity in the sewers of New York City along with Airtight, Spearhead & Max and Tunnel Rat. In the Devil's Due G.I. Joe series, Charbroil is one of the many Joes called back into service to fight The Coil, a new army formed by the former Cobra agent, Serpentor. This mission again focuses on Cobra Island. Chuckles Main article: Chuckles (G.I. Joe) Claymore Main article: Claymore (G.I. Joe) Clean-Sweep For other uses, see Clean sweep. Clean-Sweep is the G.I. Joe Team's Anti-tox trooper. His real name is Daniel W. Price, and he was first released as an action figure in 1991, as part of the Eco-Warriors line. He is a U.S. Army Sergeant, and he was born in Elizabeth, New Jersey. He is a chemicals operation specialist and combat engineer. He is often called in to use his remote control devices to clean up Cobra chemical spills; the problem is that Cobra soldiers are often still around. His primary offensive weapon is a laser pistol. In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appeared in issue #123. He becomes part of the "Eco-Warriors", assigned to stop environmental threats. With Flint, the team leader and Ozone, they confront the Cobra agent Cesspool, who was causing pollution from an abandoned oil platform. Clean-Sweep appeared in the DiC G.I. Joe animated series. Cloudburst Cloudburst is the G.I. Joe Team's glider trooper. His real name is Chuck Ram. He was born in San Diego, California, and was first released as an action figure in 1991, as part of the Air Commandos line. As a teenager, he designed and built his own working prototype gliders. After joining the Army, he helps develop stealth-gliders for troop-insertion and recon. He is now on special assignment to the G.I. Joe team as their in-house glider specialist. He's noted for constantly working on his equipment because he knows his services are a 'last resort' situation. In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he is mentioned by name in issue No. 118, but not seen. Cloudburst appeared in the DiC G.I. Joe animated series. Clutch Main article: Clutch (G.I. Joe) Cold Front Cold Front is the G.I. Joe Team's Avalanche driver. His real name is Charles Donahue. He was born in Fort Knox, Kentucky, and was first released as an action figure in 1990, packaged with the "Avalanche" arctic tank/hovercraft. This vehicle should not be confused with the G.I. Joe Battleforce 2000 character, also called Avalanche. Cold Front's primary military specialty is Avalanche driver, and his secondary military specialty is fire control technician. He grew up literally close to the weapons testing facilities at the military base called Fort Knox, hearing the sounds of the M-80 tanks. This inspired a lifelong love of tanks. Self-taught strategy and his affiliation with military vehicles got him an assignment to the 3rd Armored Division when he enlisted in the Army at the age of eighteen. From the Army, he was reassigned to the G.I. Joe "Arctic Patrol". From there, he was picked by General Hawk to drive the Avalanche. He is noted for his poor treatment of civilian vehicles. Colonel Courage Colonel Courage is the G.I. Joe Team's strategic commander. His real name is Cliff V. Mewett, and he was born in Boston, Massachusetts. Colonel Courage was first released as an action figure in 1993, as part of the Battle Corps line. The name Cliff V. Mewett had been used a few years earlier for the character Airwave, though the character is Caucasian and born in a different city. A Brazil variant of Colonel Courage has him as a Caucasian. His primary military specialty is administrative strategist. His secondary military specialty is Patriot driver. He is often assigned to intelligence tasks behind the lines and behind a desk, partly due to his attention to detail. This also translated into a noted tendency to dress well, something he tries to pass onto those he commands. Countdown Countdown is one of the G.I. Joe Team's astronauts. His real name is David D. Dubosky, and his rank is that of Captain, USAF O-3. Countdown was born in Plainfield, New Jersey, and was first released as an action figure in 1989. The figure was repainted and released as part of the Star Brigade line in 1993, and again in 1994. Countdown's primary military specialty is astronaut/fighter pilot, and his secondary military specialty is electronics engineer. He is a qualified F-16 fighter pilot, a NASA astronaut, an electronics engineer, and even a ranking chess master. In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appeared in issue No. 109 and again in No. 110. He takes part in a mission that launches a Joe vehicle into orbit and then into the fictional country of Trucial Absymia. The mission, which succeeds, is to rescue the survivors of a Joe squad that has suffered many fatalities. Cover Girl Main article: Cover Girl (G.I. Joe) Crankcase Crankcase is the G.I. Joe team's A.W.E. Striker driver. His real name is Elwood G. Indiana, and he was born in Lawrence, Kansas. Crankcase's primary military specialty is motor vehicle driver, and his secondary military specialty is armor. He was first released as an action figure in 1985, packaged with the A.W.E. Striker vehicle. Crankcase first appeared in G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero #44 (February 1986), but is among several Joes killed in action by a SAW Viper in issue #109. Crazylegs Main article: Crazylegs (G.I. Joe) Cross-Country Main article: Cross-Country (G.I. Joe) Cutter Main article: Cutter (G.I. Joe) Daemon Daemon is the code name of Jeff Lacefield. He was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, and developed an interest in computers at an early age. By the time he graduated from college at age 21, he had become quite a computer programmer and started to develop computer viruses in his spare time. When one of these viruses was inadvertently set loose in the FBI central computer system, he was tracked down and arrested. However, the Feds saw his abilities as a programmer, and instead of being sent to federal prison, Daemon was appointed to the reinstated G.I. Joe task force, to help them thwart the top-secret nano-mite technology that was stolen from the U.S. Army by Cobra. Daemon is killed in the Devil's Due G.I. Joe series, when his neck is snapped by Serpentor during a battle with The Coil. Dart Dart is the G.I. Joe Team's pathfinder, and he was first released as an action figure in 2002. His real name is Jimmy Tall Elk, and his rank is that of sergeant E-6. Dart was born in White Earth, Minnesota. Dart's primary military specialty is recon, and his secondary military specialty is infantry. He was a former hunting guide in Minnesota before joining the G.I. Joe team. Dee-Jay Dee-Jay is the code name of Thomas R. Rossi III. He was born in Providence, Rhode Island, and was the most popular DJ in Boston before he signed up for Battleforce 2000. His primary military specialty is radio telephone operator, and his secondary military specialty is infantry. Dee-Jay was first released as an action figure in 1989. Dee-Jay appeared in only issue #113 of the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, and was killed in that same issue. Deep Six Main article: Deep Six (G.I. Joe) Depth Charge Depth Charge is the G.I. Joe Team's underwater demolitions expert. His real name is Nick H. Langdon, and he was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. first released as an action figure in 2003. He specializes in clearing mines and other devices in the water. Despite having some of the best scores in the history of the UDT program and loving his job, he hates water. Dial Tone Main article: Dial Tone (G.I. Joe) Doc Main article: Doc (G.I. Joe) Dogfight Dogfight is the G.I. Joe Team's Mudfighter pilot, and he was first released as an action figure in 1989, packaged with the Mudfighter bomber. His real name is James R. King, and his rank is that of 1st Lieutenant, USAF O-2. Dogfight was born in Providence, Rhode Island. Dogfight's primary military specialty is Mudfighter pilot, and his secondary military specialty is electronics technician. The combination of his uncanny depth perception, precise hand/eye coordination, and powerful throwing arm got him permanently forbidden from every county fair and carnival in Alabama for winning too many stuffed bears. He now uses those same skills to destroy Cobra's vehicles. In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appeared in G.I. Joe Special Missions #28. In that issue, Dogfight assists in saving the USS Flagg. In the same issue, he also breaks the "fourth wall" as part of a group addressing the reader. Later, Dogfight is the co-pilot for Ace during a recon mission over the supposedly friendly skies of Benzheen. Their craft is shot up off-panel by a Cobra Rattler. They escape to the awaiting aircraft carrier, the USS Flagg. Dogfight urges Ace to punch out. He does not, because he knows Dogfight's ejection system is shot to pieces and Ace could not live with knowing he abandoned his co-pilot. In the same issue, the pilots Slip-Stream and Ghostrider take another flight over Benzheen in a Stealth Fighter. Ghostrider and later, Hawk both refer to Slip-Stream as Dogfight. Dogfight also appears in the America's Elite G.I. Joe series from Devil's Due. He is part of a small group of Joe pilots sent to assist European military forces. Despite expectations, they survive the mission. He also witnesses Iron Grenadier pilots suffering aircraft malfunctions. Dojo Dojo is the code name of Michael P. Russo. He was born in San Francisco, California. Impressed by his skills and integrity, Storm Shadow recruited Dojo for the G.I. Joe's new sub-team Ninja Force. He is noted for using "patter" to distract his opponents. He also prefers to drive the G.I. Joe vehicle "Brawler". Double Blast Double Blast is a heavy machine gunner for the G.I. Joe Team. He was named after Charles L. Griffith (a real-life G.I. Joe collector), and was released as an action figure in 2001. Double Blast was created to replace Roadblock when Hasbro temporarily lost the trademark to his name. He is characterized for his ability to assemble, disassemble, and reassemble a weapon in less than 60 seconds in the dark. Downtown Downtown is the G.I. Joe Team's mortar man, and he was first released as an action figure in 1989. His real name is Thomas P. Riley, and his rank is that of corporal E-4. Downtown was born in Cleveland, Ohio. Downtown's primary military specialty is infantry, and his secondary military specialty is special operations. Downtown can keep up with a highly mobile, rapid strike force like G.I. Joe with his high-powered mortar, whereas slow, ponderous artillery cannot. He can judge range and trajectory just by eyesight. In the America's Elite G.I. Joe series from Devil's Due, Downtown is one of the many Joes to take part in the second Cobra civil war, which again takes place on Cobra Island. Drop Zone Drop Zone is the G.I. Joe Team's Sky Patrol weapon specialist. His real name is Samuel C. Delisi, and he was born in Poteau, Oklahoma. Drop Zone was first released as an action figure in 1990, as part of the "Sky Patrol" line. He is also a Special Forces adviser. He is noted for volunteering for every dangerous assignment and deeply enjoying his job. Drop Zone appears in the DiC G.I. Joe cartoon, voiced by Don Brown. Duke Main article: Duke (G.I. Joe) Dusty Main article: Dusty (G.I. Joe) Effects Effects is the G.I. Joe Team's explosives expert, and he was first released as an action figure in 1994, as part of the Star Brigade line. His real name is Aron Beck. Effects was born in Fort Worth, Texas. His primary military specialty is explosives/munitions ordnance. His secondary military specialty is special effects coordinator. He uses visual distractions to draw attention away from targets he then destroys. Fast Draw Fast Draw is the G.I. Joe Team's mobile missile specialist, and he was first released as an action figure in 1987. His real name is Eliot Brown, and his rank is that of corporal E-4. Fast Draw was born in Collierville, Tennessee. Fast Draw's primary military specialty is ordnance, and his secondary military specialty is clerk typist. Fast Draw carries the FAFNIR (Fire and Forget Non-tube-launched Infantry Rocket) missile system, and wears a protective suit to shield him from hot exhaust gases. The FAFNIR target acquisition and homing devices are self-contained within the missile, which allows the operator to move and take cover immediately after launch. These missiles are extremely fast, and resistant to ECM jamming. In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appeared in issue #60. Along with Chuckles, Falcon, and Law and Order, he is part of a faux G.I. Joe team being used by others for political gain. After the "new" Joes assist Hawk in battling several Dreadnoks, they are made official members of the team. The conflict had been over a rogue US military faction trying to use a high-tech missile to destroy Cobra Island. He is spotlighted in a latter incident, destroying Cobra tanks threatening his fellow soldiers. Firewall Firewall is the code name of Michelle LaChance. She was born in Virginia Beach, Virginia, and learned early on that she had a knack for computers. In high school, she figured out how to access protected school records and alter grades. This eventually led to hacking government systems and classified military computers, which landed her in federal prison. But her handiwork impressed enough people, that she was sent to the G.I. Joe Team under supervision of Mainframe. There, she received basic military training, and has since been a loyal member, though she is not a field operative. Firewall was instrumental in developing a counter-program, to thwart the top-secret nano-mite technology that was stolen from the U.S. Army by Cobra. Flash Main article: Flash (G.I. Joe) Flint Main article: Flint (G.I. Joe) Footloose Main article: Footloose (G.I. Joe) Freefall Freefall is the G.I. Joe Team's paratrooper, and he was first released as an action figure in 1990. He had a 2009 re-release as "Spc. Altitude", but is the same character. This latter release was part of the "Assault On Cobra Island" box set, which included the figures Chuckles, Hit and Run, Outback, Recondo, Wet-Suit and Zap. Freefall's real name is Phillip W. Arndt, and he was born in Downers Grove, Illinois. To prepare for the Airborne Ranger school, he went through the Ranger Indoctrination Course designed to remove forty percent of the applicants. Freefall then had to conquer a three-week pre-training course, simply to qualify for the full eight-week training course. He is noted for having enjoyed it and come out the best of the Rangers. Freefall has a master's degree in Eastern Philosophy. He is known for having a large ego. Freefall appeared in the DiC G.I. Joe animated series voiced by Scott McNeil. Fridge The Fridge is the code name used by football player William Perry. He was born in Aiken, South Carolina. During his time as a member of the NFL's Chicago Bears football team, Perry worked with G.I. Joe as a physical training instructor. Though he was one of many Joes listed on the World War III member assignment map in G.I. Joe: America's Elite#28, The Fridge was unavailable during the conflict known as World War III. Frostbite Main article: Frostbite (G.I. Joe) General Joseph Colton Main article: General Joseph Colton General Flagg Main article: General Flagg General Philip Rey General Philip Rey was introduced in the Devil's Due G.I. Joe series. His real name is Philip A. Rey, and he emerged from seemingly nowhere, to become the field commander of the G.I. Joe Team. It was later revealed that Rey is one of the dozen original clones that were produced during Cobra's development of Serpentor. Dr. Mindbender altered Rey's growth patterns and features to hide his connection to the Cobra Emperor. Additionally, Crystal Ball helped construct Rey's personality, and Zandar helped insert him as a U.S. military general, to make him Cobra's most insidious sleeper agent. Unexpectedly, Rey's years of service and his time with G.I. Joe helped him shake off Cobra's control, and he refused to betray his countrymen, despite deeply implanted hypnotic triggers. Rey's past remains classified, known only to a handful of Joes. Ghostrider Ghostrider is the G.I. Joe Team's stealth fighter pilot, and he was first released as an action figure in 1988, packaged with the Phantom X-19 Stealth Fighter. His real name is Jonas S. Jeffries, and his rank is that of Major, USAF O-4. Ghostrider was born in Chicago, Illinois. Ghostrider's primary military specialty is stealth fighter pilot, and his secondary military specialty is aeronautical engineer. Ghostrider has been working on not being noticed since the second grade; teachers never noticed him because he conscientiously worked on not being noticed. In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appeared in issue #76. There he is one of the many Joes to participate in the first Cobra civil war on Cobra Island. He is featured in issue #16 of G.I. Joe Special Missions. He later spends a week with Scarlett, helping to establish a Stealth Fighter base in South America. It is destroyed in a raid orchestrated by Cobra Commander and Darklon. Ghostrider manages to lift off, and assists in saving the aircraft carrier the USS Flagg and the space shuttle the USS Defiant. Also in the battle on the side of the Joes, is the pilot Dogfight in his own craft. Later, Ghostrider and Slip-Stream, working off the USS Flagg, run a recon mission over the fictional country of Benzheen. Rampart and Backblast save the duo, by shooting down a Cobra Rattler. As with his other appearances, Ghostrider accepts that nobody can remember his code-name. While the mission succeeds, the Stealth Fighter is a complete loss. For most of the issue, Slip-Stream is referred to as "Dogfight", who survived an earlier wreck onto the Flagg in the same issue. A running gag throughout the Marvel G.I. Joe comic series was that Ghostrider's name was never actually said by any other Joes, or even used in narration. In reality, this was done to avoid any potential issues or problems with Marvel's own Ghost Rider, despite the G.I. Joe character's named being spelled differently as one word. Grand Slam Main article: Grand Slam (G.I. Joe) Greenshirts The Greenshirts are the generic-looking soldiers from the G.I. Joe toy line and animated series. The Greenshirts are the equivalent of "extras" in that they are in the story to serve merely as background characters and have little to no speaking parts, effectively making them the Joes' equivalent of Cobra Vipers. Due to the unique look of each G.I. Joe member, it became a problem for Sunbow animators to render the G.I. Joe Team, especially for all-out battle scenes. The solution was to create generic G.I. Joe soldiers. This also addressed a problem not brought up in the comics: Cobra would outnumber the Joes. Grunt Main article: Grunt (G.I. Joe) Gung-Ho Main article: Gung-Ho (G.I. Joe) Hardball Hardball is the G.I. Joe Team's multi-shot grenadier. His real name is Wilmer S. Duggleby, and his rank is that of corporal E-4. Hardball was born in Cooperstown, New York, and was first released as an action figure in 1988. Hardball's primary military specialty is infantry, and his secondary military specialty is special services. Hardball played centerfield in the minor leagues for five seasons before he realized that the big league scouts were looking for star quality over athletic prowess. The G.I. Joe Team was looking for team players however, and had a need for someone who could judge distances accurately and react quickly with deliberation. In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appeared in issue #80 (November 1988). Hardball is later selected as one of the many Joes to help protect the President of the United States. His skills are vital to rescuing the President after he is kidnapped by Cobra forces. He later mans a machine-gun turret in the Joe vehicle called "The Mean Dog" that had been headed out to a weapons testing range. Hardball, Repeater and Wildcard assist in a running battle against Dreadnoks, who are trying to capture two other Joes, Clutch and Rock 'n Roll. In the Devil's Due series, the Red Shadows, a Cobra splinter group, wages a campaign against the Joes. While on assignment in South America, Hardball (along with Rampart and Glenda) is killed by the Red Shadows. Hard Drive Hard Drive is the G.I. Joe Team's battlefield computer specialist. His real name is Martin A. Pidel, and he was first released as an action figure in 2004. Hardtop Hardtop is the designer and driver of the G.I. Joe Team's Crawler. His real name is Nicholas D. Klas, and his rank is that of sergeant E-5. Hardtop was born in Chicago, Illinois, and was first released as an action figure in 1987, packaged with the Defiant space vehicle launch complex. In 2004, he was released as part of the "40 Years of Adventure" Tiger Force Box Set, at the 2004 G.I. Joe Convention in Orlando, Florida. Hardtop's primary military specialty is heavy equipment operator, and his secondary military specialty is electronics. He is a man known for getting the job done without questions; for example, moving the Crawler to the top of a mountain. He is known for being quiet, as talking is not one of his priorities. Budget cuts later force the closing of the G.I. Joe space shuttle program. Hardtop continues to work with the team as a heavy equipment operator, and also becomes their liaison to the National Space Agency. Due to later developments with fuel cells, he is one of Cobra Commander's most wanted prisoners. In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appeared, with Payload in issue #64 (October 1987). In that issue, he almost crushes Crankcase's A.W.E. Striker vehicle and Back-Stop's Persuader tank. Hawk Main article: Hawk (G.I. Joe) Heavy Duty Main article: Heavy Duty (G.I. Joe) Heavy Metal Heavy Metal is the G.I. Joe Team's Mauler M.B.T. Tank driver. His action figure debuted in 1985 alongside the Mauler M.B.T. tank. His actual name is Sherman R. Guderian (which is a combination of the Sherman Tank and German general Heinz Guderian). Heavy Metal was born in Brooklyn, New York. Hi-Tech Hi-Tech is the G.I. Joe Team's operations support specialist. His real name is David P. Lewinski, and he was born in St. Paul, Minnesota. Hi-Tech was first released as an action figure in 2004, in a two-pack with Dr. Mindbender. A version of Hi-Tech with no accessories also came with the Built to Rule Patriot Grizzly in 2004. The figure featured additional articulation with a mid-thigh cut joint, and the forearms and the calves of the figure sported places where blocks could be attached. His primary military specialty is armament research and design. His secondary military specialty is telecommunications. Hi-Tech is a technological genius, and is more at home with a soldering gun than an automatic pistol. He can be counted on to repair any computer-controlled device, rewrite computer code on the fly, and enact emergency field repairs, to get the most out of the G.I. Joe Team's cutting-edge arsenal of equipment. Hi-Tech appeared in the direct-to-video CGI animated movies G.I. Joe: Spy Troops and G.I. Joe: Valor vs. Venom, voiced by Mark Hildreth. He also appeared in the animated series for G.I. Joe: Sigma 6 voiced by Eric Stuart. Hit and Run Hit & Run is the G.I. Joe Team's light infantryman. His real name is Brent Scott, and his rank is that of corporal E-4. Hit & Run was born in Sioux City, Iowa, and was first released as an action figure in 1988. In 1991, Hit & Run was released in Europe in Tiger Force colors, and he received a 25th anniversary style figure as part of the "Assault on Cobra Island" 7-pack. In the UK Action Force series, Hit and Run's real name is Bryan Scott and he is from Basildon in Essex, England. Hit & Run's primary military specialty is infantry, and his secondary military specialty is mountaineering. He was orphaned at age three by a drunken driver and grew up in a county institution. He escaped from the institution regularly, climbing down sheer walls and running for miles across the plains in the middle of the night. He claimed that he was not running away from anything and merely "practicing." He joined the Army immediately after leaving custody of the county. In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appeared in issue No. 80. He assists other Joes in stopping Cobra forces on Cobra Island from claiming a nearby land mass. He later takes part in an attempt to rescue hostages, which turns out to be a Cobra ruse: the terrorists and hostages were all Cobra agents. Later, he deals with a legitimate hostage situation, where an isolated farmhouse is taken over by two criminals, but problems arise when the criminals are initially misidentified. He also joins with Tunnel Rat, Stalker and the rookie Scoop soon after to battle Iron Grenadiers in the fictional country of Sierra Gordo. In the Devil's Due series, he is one of the Joes assigned to invade Cobra Island during their second civil war. Hollow Point Hollow Point is a U.S. Marine sniper and the Range Officer of the G.I. Joe Team. His real name is Max V. Corey, and he was born in Quitman, Arkansas. He was first released as an action figure in 2003 with the Built to Rule Locust, which followed the G.I. Joe: Spy Troops story line. The forearms and the calves of the figure sported places where blocks could be attached. Hot Seat Hot Seat is the G.I. Joe Team's Raider driver. His real name is Michael A. Provost, and his rank is that of Sergeant First Class E-7. Hot Seat was born in Pawtucket, Rhode Island, and was first released as an action figure in 1989, packaged with the "Raider" 4-track assault vehicle. Hot Seat's primary military specialty is Raider driver, and his secondary military specialty is drill instructor. He was a boxer and could have been a heavyweight contender; he had a left jab like a jack hammer, reflexes like liquid crystal, and the tactical mind of a 5-star general. When he considered the possibilities of permanent brain damage, he instead opted for the Army and asked for "Anything fast and furious!" In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appeared in issue No. 105. He works with other Joes, the Oktober Guard and the Indian soldiers Tucaros, long time Joe allies, in battle against Destro's Iron Grenadiers. Ice Cream Soldier Ice Cream Soldier is the G.I. Joe Team's flamethrower commando. His real name is Tom-Henry Ragan, and his rank is that of sergeant E-5. Ice Cream Soldier was born in Providence, Rhode Island, and was first released as an action figure in 1994, as part of the "Battle Corps" line. The entire mold was re-used in 2002 for the Shock-Viper figure. His primary military specialty is fire operations expert. His secondary military specialty is barbecue chef. His code name is designed to cause enemy troops to underestimate him. His equipment is capable of delivering streams of flame up to seventy-five feet. Iceberg Iceberg is the G.I. Joe Team's snow trooper. His real name is Clifton L. Nash, and his rank is that of sergeant E-5. Iceberg was born in Brownsville, Texas, and was first released as an action figure in 1986. A new version of Iceberg was released in 1993 as part of the Battle Corps line. His primary military specialty is infantry, and his secondary military specialty is cold weather survival instructor. Iceberg hates hot weather; when he signed up for the Army, he asked for duty in Alaska. He is a qualified expert in the M-16A2, M-79, M-60, and M-1911A1. In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appeared in issue #68, in which he is part of a team sent in to provide security for Battleforce 2000 in Frusenland. In the Sunbow G.I. Joe cartoon, Iceberg (voiced by Arthur Burghardt) is a supporting character in the 1986 second season. He is featured in the episode "Iceberg Goes South" in which he is captured by Doctor Mindbender and mutated into a killer whale, but is restored to being human. Jinx Main article: Jinx (G.I. Joe) Kamakura Main article: Kamakura (G.I. Joe) Keel-Haul Keel-Haul is the G.I. Joe Team's Admiral, and was first released as an action figure in 1985, as commander of the USS Flagg aircraft carrier. The figure was repainted and released as part of the "Battle Corps" line in 1993. His real name is Everett P. Colby, and he was born in Charlottesville, Virginia. Keel Haul's rank is that of O-9 (Vice Admiral, USN). He is the highest ranking G.I. Joe officer outside of General Joseph Colton (O-10), outranks General Hawk by two pay grades and serves as head of the Joe team when they operate out of the Flagg. Keel-Haul's primary military specialty is command, and his secondary military specialty is piloting. He graduated from Annapolis and Navy Flight School, and flew F-4 Phantoms off the Intrepid in the late 1960s. He attended the Naval War College in Newport, RI and the Armed Forces Staff College, and is a holder of the Navy Cross, DFC and Air Medal. He is a respected military historian, a nationally rated chess player, and a clarinet player of questionable talent. In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appeared in issue #36 (June 1985), a cameo appearance as rescue for seemingly stranded Joes. Keel-Haul and the USS Flagg serve as support in the first assault on Cobra Island. Later, Keel-Haul suggests using a captured Cobra "MAMBA" helicopter to insert a recon team onto Cobra island during the Cobra civil war. Keel-Haul also takes part in the conflict referred to as the "Battle of Benzheen". In the Devil's Due series, he serves as naval support in the second Cobra Island civil war. Later, he assists a Joe team in neutralizing a Cobra submarine armed with a nuclear device. Keel-Haul saves Wet-Suit from death after the sub-infiltration goes badly. Keel-Haul will be appearing in G.I. Joe: Ever Vigilant. Lady Jaye Main article: Lady Jaye Law and Order Main article: Law & Order (G.I. Joe) Leatherneck Main article: Leatherneck (G.I. Joe) Lifeline Main article: Lifeline (G.I. Joe) Lift-Ticket Lift-Ticket is the G.I. Joe Team's rotary wing aircraft pilot, and his secondary military specialty is fixed-wing aircraft pilot. His real name is Victor W. Sikorski, and his rank is that of chief warrant officer CW-2. Lift-Ticket was born in Lawton, Oklahoma. He joined the army to get out of his hometown, scoring high enough on the aptitude test to qualify for West Point Prep., O.C.S., and Flight Warrant Officer School. He opted for the latter, thinking that it was the only one which offered training applicable to civilian employment. Lift-Ticket was first released as an action figure in 1986, packaged exclusively with the Tomahawk. In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appeared in G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero No. 49 (July 1986). He is seen transporting several Joes to the American town of Springfield, which was a Cobra stronghold. In the Sunbow animated series, he was often partnered with Lifeline. He had brief appearances in G.I. Joe: The Movie and in the G.I. Joe: Renegades episode "Prodigal", where he was voiced by Charlie Schlatter. Lightfoot Lightfoot is the G.I. Joe Team's explosives expert. His real name is Cory R. Owens, and his rank is that of corporal E-4. Lightfoot was born in Wichita, Kansas, and was first released as an action figure in 1988. The figure was repainted and released as part of the Night Force line in 1989, packaged with Shockwave. Lightfoot's primary military specialty is demolitions, and his secondary military specialty is artillery coordinator. Lightfoot has memorized all the mathematical tables that he found in military manuals for explosives, for calculating amounts of explosives needed, safe firing distances, power requirements for firing circuits, and formulas for cutting structural steel, timber and breaching various forms of bunker material. He has also memorized all the conversion tables for foreign and non-military explosives, as he doesn't take any chances. In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appears in Special Missions No. 13. He is sent to the Trucial Absysmia desert with the Joes Outback, Dusty, and fellow trainee Mangler. They are captured by local military forces, who torture the Joes' objective out of Lightfoot; they were sent to Africa to destroy a buried weapons cache. Only Mangler is angry that Lightfoot broke. After escaping, the Joes manage to make their way to the cache. Lightfoot, despite his injuries, succeeds in destroying it. Mangler sacrifices himself to allow the others to escape. Lightfoot spends much time recovering from his injuries, and has to go through training again. Despite the real possibility of washing out, he makes it along with the fresh recruits Budo and Repeater. All three are drawn into a mission under the command of Grand Slam. They are defending a weapons cache, from Iron Grenadiers. Despite their leader being badly wounded, the Joes complete the mission, killing all they came across. Lightfoot saves the day with a time-delayed bomb destroying a retreating helicopter. He is one of the few Joes available to protect a space-based laser weapon from Cobra hands., and later assists in fighting "Darklonian" terrorists in New York City. In the Devil's Due continuity, he makes a cameo appearance in G.I. Joe Frontline #18, walking down a hallway in the current G.I. Joe headquarters. He also appears when Cobra Commander makes an attempt on General Hawk's life by bombing the television studio he had appeared in. Lightfoot and Zap are two of the Joes who safely rescue Hawk. In IDW continuity, Lightfoot is part of a mission meant to Sierra Gordo. The intent rescue several fellow Joes from imprisonment. Long Range Main article: Long Range (G.I. Joe) Low-Light Main article: Low-Light (G.I. Joe) Lt. Falcon Main article: Lt. Falcon Mace Mace is the G.I. Joe Team's undercover operative. His real name is Thomas S. Bowman, and he was first released as an action figure in 1993. Mace was born in Denver, Colorado. His primary military specialty is undercover surveillance. His secondary military specialty is intelligence. Mace has spent years undercover, working against Cobra and other criminal factions. He feeds information to fellow "Battle Corps" members, who then make the resulting raids and arrests. Mainframe Main article: Mainframe (G.I. Joe) Major Altitude Major Altitude is the G.I. Joe Team's Battle Copter pilot. His real name is Robert D. Owens, and he was born in Rumford, Rhode Island. Major Altitude was first released as an action figure in 1991, as part of the Battle Copters line. He came exclusively with the "Battle Copter" vehicle. He was released again in 1993, as part of a mail-in special called "Terrifying Lasers of Destruction". He was packaged with a Cobra agent, another helicopter pilot, called Interrogator. At the age of eleven he decides he will eventually join the G.I. Joe team; he decides to focus on its Flight School branch. Eight years later, he finishes Aviator School and Flight Warrant Officer School. He is recruited right into the Joe team. The "Major" does not reflect his rank, it is part of his code-name. He is noted as one of the most skilled pilots in the world. Major Altitude appeared in the DiC G.I. Joe animated series. Major Barrage Major Barrage is the G.I. Joe Team's artillery commander. His real name is David Vennemeyer, and he was first released as an action figure in 2005. He is able to take down a squadron in battle and keep fighting. Major Storm Major Storm is the G.I. Joe Team's "General" commander. His real name is Robert G. Swanson, and he was born in Providence, Rhode Island. Major Storm was first released as an action figure in 1990, packaged with the General mobile assault fort. His figure was re-released in 2003. This edition was a G.I. Joe Convention exclusive. His primary military specialty is command of the General, a large armored vehicle with multiple types of offensive weaponry. His secondary military specialty is long range artillery officer. He has extensive experience with most armored vehicles in many battlefield situations. It is noted that Major Storm is the only one who can decipher some of the General's systems. It is specified he leads a battlefield operation to discover the source of major sabotage against the General. Mercer Main article: Mercer (G.I. Joe) Mirage Mirage is the G.I. Joe Team's Bio-Artillery expert. His real name is Joseph R. Baikun, and his rank is that of U.S. Marine Staff Sergeant. Mirage was born in Molson, Washington, and was first released as an action figure in 1993, as part of the "Mega Marines" subset. The Mega Marines are a subgroup dedicated to fighting the "Mega Monsters". His figure came with "moldable bio-armor", a clay like substance. Mirage then had two releases in 2002, one in 2003 and another in 2005. The last release came with the remote-controlled toy called the "Hoverstrike". Mirage is an expert in various weapons, and trains other soldiers in their use. He was trained by Roadblock. Mirage appeared in the Devil's Due series. He assists the Joe team in fighting the second Cobra civil war, which like the first one, is against Serpentor's forces on Cobra Island. He also appears in issues #34–36. Muskrat Muskrat is the G.I. Joe Team's swamp fighter. His real name is Ross A. Williams, and his rank is that of corporal E-4. Muskrat was born in Thibodaux, Louisiana, and was first released as an action figure in 1988. The 1988 Target stores exclusive release of Muskrat, is a double-pack with Voltar. The packaging text specifies the two characters have a particular hatred of each other. The figure was repainted and released as part of the Night Force line in 1989, packaged with Spearhead. A new version of Muskrat was released in 1993 as part of the Battle Corps line. Muskrat's primary military specialty is infantry, and his secondary military specialty is social services. He spent his youth in the swamp, hunting raccoon, possum, and wild pig, holding his own against poachers, 'gator skinners, moonshiners, chain gang escapees, and smugglers. Ranger School and Jungle Warfare Training Center seemed easy to him after that. In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appeared in issue No. 80. Muskrat is also part of a rescue squad sent into a hot-spot in Southeast Asia to rescue fellow Joes. He is one of many sent in on a Tomahawk helicopter. He has to assist in dealing with Russian gunships, highly explosive extra fuel and the wounding of several crew members (himself included). Mutt Main article: Mutt (G.I. Joe) Nunchuk Nunchuk is the codename of Ralph Baducci. His code-name is a variation on the word nunchaku, the character's preferred weapon. He was born in Brooklyn, New York, and studied with a blind sensei in Denver. Nunchuk felt the need for improvement, and moved to San Francisco. He caught the attention of Storm Shadow, who trained him and supervised his acceptance into G.I. Joe's Ninja Force. Nunchuk later moves to training other Joe soldiers in various forms of hand-to-hand combat. He also develops a grudge against the Cobra operative Firefly, because he is angry that the man would use martial arts for evil purposes. Outback Main article: Outback (G.I. Joe) Ozone Ozone is G.I. Joe Team's ozone replenisher trooper. His real name is David Kunitz, and his rank is that of corporal E-4. Ozone was born in Three Mile Island, Pennsylvania, and was first released as an action figure in 1991, as part of the Eco-Warriors line. He had two releases in 1993 and another in 1994. The last three were releases under the Star Brigade subgroup, establishing that the character has traveled into space. Ozone is a specialist in environmental health and various forms of airborne sludge and other harmful chemicals. He carriers equipment designed to neutralize these harmful substances while at the same time replenishing the ozone layer. He can do this while wearing a cumbersome environmental suit and fighting Cobra forces. In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appeared in issue #123. There and in the next two issues, he teams with Flint and Clean-Sweep as the "Eco-Warriors" sub-team. They confront the Cobra operative Cesspool on a seemingly abandoned oil platform. Ozone stops the confrontation, by literally bringing in a lawyer. Ozone appeared in the DiC G.I. Joe animated series. Pathfinder Pathfinder is the G.I. Joe Team's jungle assault specialist. His real name is William V. Iannotti, and his rank is that of Staff Sergeant E-6. Pathfinder was born in Key West, Florida, and was first released as an action figure in 1990. He also had a release under the "Action Force" line. He had a 2001 release packaged with the A.W.E. Striker vehicle, and in the same year, he had a release with the V.A.M.P. vehicle. Pathfinder's father was a Korean War veteran who taught him the finer points of military reconnaissance. He was not considered too young to learn how to rough it out in the wild swamps of Florida, which enabled him to breeze through much of the Army's jungle training. It came to the point where he was teaching everyone including the instructors what jungle survival is all about. Soon thereafter, he received his certification as a jungle assault specialist, and became part of the G.I. Joe Team. Pathfinder is now responsible for leading all covert attacks on Cobra Island. Pathfinder appears in issue No. 24 of the Devil's Due G.I. Joe series. He is one of many Joes called up to fight against the personal army created by Serpentor. In the DiC G.I. Joe animated series, Pathfinder was voiced by Garry Chalk, and was friends with Capt. Grid-Iron and Ambush. Payload Payload is the G.I. Joe Team's Defiant pilot. His real name is Mark Morgan Jr., and his rank is that of Colonel, USAF O-6. Payload was born in Cape Canaveral, Florida, and was first released as an action figure in 1987, packaged with the Defiant space vehicle complex. He was re-colored and released again in 1989, packaged with the Crusader space shuttle. A new version of Payload was released in 1993 as part of the Star Brigade line. That version was re-colored and released again in 1994. In Europe, Payload was released as an interplanetary Cobra soldier. Payload's primary military specialty is astronaut, and his secondary military specialty is fixed wing pilot. He grew up watching the early space flights blasting off, staring at the flaming boosters through the hurricane fence. He joined the Air Force to make his dream a reality, flying F-4 Phantoms over southeast Asia for three tours. He signed up for the astronaut training program after returning to the United States. Payload frequently works closely with Hardtop, a specialist in the launching facility the Defiant moves in. In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appears in issue #64. He heads up a mission to stop Cobra forces from stealing U.S. spy satellites; the mission fails when Cobra destroys the satellites, after they are prevented from stealing them. Payload then leads a mission to rescue survivors from a G.I. Joe mission to the fictional land of Trucial-Abysmia. Payload is featured in the last issue of the "Special Missions" series, where he, Ace and Slipstream are sent to space to test out various surveillance techniques. When he learns G.I. Joe forces are in trouble on land, Payload goes against plan and pilots the Defiant back to Earth. He uses the Defiant's weaponry to neutralize the threat and lands on the USS Flagg aircraft carrier. He later becomes a member of Star Brigade, which also and includes Space Shot, Sci-Fi and Roadblock. The Joes team up with the current Oktober Guard to stop an asteroid endangering Earth; this team. The shuttles for both teams are damaged in the mission, and Payload cannibalizes the Defiant to fix the Russian spacecraft. Both teams safely leave in the latter one. The Defiant is destroyed when the asteroid safely explodes. Payload and Wild Bill rescue several of their fellow pilots from summary execution in an ill-fated mission to Sierra Gordo. Payload and the Defiant play a critical role in the climax of the G.I. Joe novel "Fool's Gold". He works with Sci-Fi and Hawk to destroy a Cobra weapon aimed at Earth. He also is featured in the Little Golden Books "Tower Of Power" G.I. Joe story. Psyche-Out Main article: Psyche-Out Quick Kick Main article: Quick Kick (G.I. Joe) Rampage Rampage is the code name of Walter A. McDaniel. He was first released as an action figure in 1989, as a replacement for Heavy Metal. He was re-released in 2003, as the G.I. Joe Team's "Split Fire" driver. Rampage once trained alongside Beach Head. Rampart Rampart is the G.I. Joe Team's shoreline defender. His real name is Dwayne A. Felix, and his rank is that of U.S. Navy Petty Officer (2nd class). Rampart grew up in New York City, and was first released as an action figure in 1990. Rampart spent his time mastering all video games he had access to, at home and the arcade. He put his hand-eye coordination to use in the Navy. In the air defense artillery, Rampart attained the highest combat success ratio in the 7th Fleet for "splashing" enemy aircraft. He joins the Joes directly from the Navy. In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appeared in issue #115. He served in the "Battle of Benzheen". He and Backblast maintain a sentry point deep in the Benzheen desert, and destroy a Rattler plane chasing the Joe pilot Ghostrider. In the Devil's Due series, he was killed by Red Shadow agents while on assignment in South America. Rampart appeared in the DiC G.I. Joe animated series, voiced by Ian James Corlett. Rapid Fire Rapid Fire is the G.I. Joe Team's fast attack expert. His real name is Robbie London, named after an executive at DIC Animation. Rapid Fire was born in Seattle, Washington, and was first released as an action figure in 1990. He came with a free VHS tape of the G.I. Joe DiC episode "Revenge Of The Pharaohs". He does not appear in that episode. He specializes in fast-attack maneuvers and sabotage tactics. He is fluent in three languages, has Airborne Ranger training and is the recipient of a Medal of Honor. He attended the United States Military Academy, commonly known as "West Point". He completed their ten-week Cadet Summer Orientation in only five weeks. Recoil Recoil is the G.I. Joe Team's L.R.R.P. (Long Range Recon Patrol, pronounced "Lurp"). His real name is Joseph Felton, and his rank is that of sergeant E-5. Recoil was born in Fashion Island, Washington, and was first released as an action figure in 1989. Recoil's primary military specialty is infantry, and his secondary military specialty is RTO (Radio Telephone Operator). He was a marathon runner and professional bodybuilder before joining G.I. Joe, and his excellent physical shape made him a good candidate to be a "Lurp". His job is to penetrate deep into enemy territory, gather intelligence and extricate himself without being detected, all the while carrying 100 pounds of gear, including rations, radio, weapons, ammo and climbing rope. In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appeared in issue #111. Recoil is one of many Joes sent to the fictional county of Benzheen, to battle Cobra influence. Recoil's patrol group, consisting of Sneak Peek, Dusty, Stalker and Ambush come under fire by a group of Cobra soldiers. Sneak Peek is killed, and Recoil and Ambush are injured. In the Devil's Due G.I. Joe series, Recoil is seen as one of the Joes fighting against 'Coil', the army created by Serpentor. This conflict takes place on Cobra Island. Recondo Main article: Recondo (G.I. Joe) Red Dog Red Dog is a member of the G.I. Joe Team as one of Sgt. Slaughter's Renegades. His real name is David Taputapu, and his rank is equivalent to that of sergeant E-5. Red Dog was born in Pago Pago, Samoa, and debuted as an action figure in 1987 as part of the Sgt. Slaughter's Renegades three-pack, along with Mercer and Taurus. Red Dog's primary military specialty is infantry. He had a promising career as a barefoot placekicker on an American football team, until a defensive lineman stomped on his big toe. Red Dog gave the lineman a broken helmet and a concussion in return, for which he was suspended for excessive roughness. After a brief career as a stuntman in "B" movies, he was recruited by the G.I. Joe Command for the Sgt. Slaughter's Renegades sub team. This team has no official status, and its movements and activities are virtually unrestricted. However, this means that they get no credit when they succeed, and everyone denies all knowledge of them when they fail. Red Dog appeared in the animated film G.I. Joe: The Movie voiced by Poncie Ponce. The Renegades, under Sgt. Slaughter, operate as drill sergeants. Red Zone Red Zone is the code name of Luke Ellison. He is the Steel Brigade's urban assault trooper, and was first released as an action figure in 2006. The G.I. Joe Team took an interest in him when he was "a little too enthusiastic for the FBI." Repeater Repeater is the G.I. Joe Team's steadi-cam machine gunner. His real name is Jeffrey R. Therien, and his rank is that of Staff Sergeant E-6. Repeater was born in Cumberland, Rhode Island, and was first released as an action figure in 1988. The figure was repainted and released as part of the Night Force line in 1989, packaged with Charbroil. Repeater's primary military specialty is infantry, and his secondary military specialty is heavy weapons. Repeater had twenty years of top-notch field performance in the Army, although he never did well in the garrison. However, out in the bush he is the one who brings the other grunts back home alive. In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appeared in issue No. 82 as part of a training class of potential G.I.Joe recruits. Only he, Lightfoot and Budo become official Joe members. They are taken into battle swiftly and defeat an Iron Grenadier plot to steal valuable weapons, mainly by killing every adversary involved. He is shot and wounded while defending a "Strategic Defense Initiative" installation. He recovers and soon after is involved in a fight with Cobra and Dreadnok forces on the Atlantic City Freeway. Several years later, he again appeared to be shot and wounded during the defense of The Pit in a surprise Cobra assault on the Joe base. Rip Cord Main article: Rip Cord (G.I. Joe) Roadblock Main article: Roadblock (G.I. Joe) Robo-J.O.E. Robo-J.O.E. is the G.I. Joe Team's jet-tech operations expert. He is a scientist who was injured by Destro during a raid to steal plans for Bio Armor. To save his life, he was rebuilt as an armored cyborg. His real name is listed as Greg D. Scott which is the same name used for the Lifeline v5 and v6 file cards. Robo-J.O.E. was born in Casper, Wyoming, and was first released as an action figure in 1993, as part of the Star Brigade line. Robo-J.O.E.'s only comic book appearance was in the large group shot on the cover of G.I. Joe: America's Elite #25. Rock 'n Roll Main article: Rock 'n Roll (G.I. Joe) Rumbler Rumbler is the code name of Earl-Bob Swilley. He was first released as an action figure in 1987, packaged as the driver of the "Crossfire" 4WD vehicle. Salvo Salvo is the G.I. Joe Team's Anti-Armor Trooper. His real name is David K. Hasle, and he was born in Arlington, Virginia. Salvo was first released as an action figure in 1990, and again in 2005. Both versions have the T-shirt slogan 'The Right of Might'. Salvo's primary military specialty is anti-armor trooper. He also specializes in repairing "TOW/Dragon" missiles. Salvo expresses a deep distrust of advanced electronic weaponry. He prefers to use mass quantities of conventional explosives to overwhelm enemy forces. In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appeared in issue No. 114. There, he fights as part of a large scale operation against Cobra forces in the fictional country of Benzheen. Steeler, Dusty, Salvo, Rock'N'Roll, and Hot Seat get into vehicular based combat against the missile expert Metal-Head He is later part of the Joe team on-site who defends G.I. Joe headquarters in Utah against a Cobra assault. Salvo appeared in the DiC G.I. Joe animated series, voiced by Brent Chapman. Scanner Scanner is the codename of Scott E. Sturgis. His primary military specialty is information technology. He first appears in the Devil's Due series. Snake Eyes and Scarlett hide out with Scanner in Iceland, before they are tracked down by Overlord. Scanner is killed in the process of defending the Iceland base, but instrumental in destroying the base (with Overlord inside) to save his teammates. Scarlett Main article: Scarlett (G.I. Joe) Sci-Fi Sci-Fi is a character from the G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero toyline, comic books and animated series. He is the G.I. Joe Team's laser trooper and debuted in 1986. His real name is Seymour P. Fine, and his rank is that of corporal E-4. Sci-Fi was born in Geraldine, Montana. His primary military specialty is infantry, and his secondary military specialty is electronics. Sci-Fi was released as an action figure in 1986, and repackaged by Hasbro in 1994 as part of the Star Brigade line. In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appears in issue #64 in a brief cameo and appeared fully in #65. He is a supporting character in a five-issue story arc from #145 to #149 as part of the G.I. Joe Star Brigade team. Sci-Fi is a supporting character in the 1986 second season of the Marvel/Sunbow animated series and the 1989 DiC G.I. Joe series, voiced both times by Jerry Houser. Scoop Scoop is the G.I. Joe Team's combat information specialist. His real name is Leonard Michaels, and his rank is that of corporal E-4. Scoop was born in Chicago, Illinois, and was first released as an action figure in 1989. In the animated series, his character was a Cobra spy; in the other continuities he is simply a journalist/soldier. His name, occupation and visage were based on real-life NBC News journalist Mike Leonard. Scoop's primary military specialty is journalist, and his secondary military specialty is microwave transmission specialist. He has an advanced degree in journalism, as well as a master's degree in electrical engineering. Scoop could have worked for a network news team, but instead opted for service on the G.I. Joe Team so he could be on the spot when news was being made. In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appeared in G.I. Joe Special Missions #23. He is one of a team sent to Sierra Gordo. Conflict arises because Scoop, while a trained soldier, barely meets G.I. Joe standards. It is shown how he interacts badly with his teammates Muskrat, Leatherneck, Hit and Run, Tunnel Rat and Stalker. Scoop defeats an Iron Grenadier in hand-to-hand combat, smashing the man in the head with the treasured video footage. This also saves the life of Tunnel Rat, who had been wounded. Scoop earns the respect of the other Joe soldiers. He later returns to Sierra Gordo to help rescue Joes and the Oktober Guard. Scoop eventually returns to the reformed G.I. Joe team. Scoop appeared in the DiC G.I. Joe animated series, voiced by Michael Benyaer. Scoop was recruited by Sgt. Slaughter for his "Marauders" sub-team. Scoop was suspected of being a Cobra spy. In the episode "Operation: Dragonfire", Scoop confesses that he is in fact a Cobra spy. He is placed under arrest by Low-Light. Stalker frees Scoop when convinced he's no longer working for Cobra after discovering Cobra lied about the Joes destroying his family home. Scoop then spies on Cobra for the Joes. Scoop appears as a non-playable character in the G.I. Joe arcade game. Sgt. Hacker Sgt. Hacker is the G.I. Joe Team's information retrieval specialist. His real name is Jesse E. Jordan, and he was first released as an action figure in 2003. He is a computer specialist from Fort Leonard Wood. Sgt. Slaughter Main article: Sgt. Slaughter (G.I. Joe) Sgt. Stone Main article: Stone (G.I. Joe) Shipwreck Main article: Shipwreck (G.I. Joe) Shockwave Main article: Shockwave (G.I. Joe) Short-Fuze Main article: Short-Fuze (G.I. Joe) Sideswipe Sideswipe is the code name of Andrew Frankel. He is the G.I. Joe Team's medical specialist, and was released as an action figure in 2002. Sidetrack Sidetrack was originally the code name of Sean C. McLaughlin. He was the G.I. Joe Team's wilderness survival specialist, and was released as an action figure in 2000. Sidetrack was then used as the code name of John Boyce in 2002. He was a ranger for the G.I. Joe Team, and a former professional wrestler. Boyce was killed by a trap laid out by Cobra hunter Shadow Tracker in a mini-comic published by the G. I. Joe Collectors Club. Skidmark Skidmark is the G.I. Joe Team's Desert Fox driver. His real name is Cyril Colombani, and his rank is that of corporal E-4. Skidmark was born in Los Angeles, California, and was first released as an action figure in 1988, packaged with the "Desert Fox" 6WD jeep. Skidmark's primary military specialty is fast attack vehicle driver, and his secondary military specialty is infantry. As a kid, he was polite, well groomed, and successful in his studies. However, when he received his first driver's lesson, he subsequently shattered all-known records for accumulating speeding violations. He is the G.I. Joe Team's fastest and most reliable recon driver. In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appeared in issue No. 72. He joins the team at the same time as Wildcard and Windmill. A Cobra agent, the Star Viper, sneaks onto the Joe's Utah base by holding onto the underside of Skidmark's Desert Fox vehicle. Skidmark and the new Joes pursue the Viper in the next issue. Skidmark returns in the Devil's Due G.I. Joe series in issue No. 24. He is one of the many Joes recalled up to duty for the second Cobra civil war, this one also taking place on Cobra Island. In issue No. 25, Skidmark is killed by a falling helicopter crash while aiding General Hawk in an attempt to arrest Overlord. Skidmark is featured in the 1989 'Golden' G.I. Joe coloring book. Skydive Skydive is the G.I. Joe Team's Sky Patrol leader. His real name is Lynton N. Felix, and he was born in Pensacola, Florida. Skydive was first released as an action figure in 1990, as part of the "Sky Patrol" line. Before he was recruited by G.I. Joe, he spent ten years as a non-commissioned officer teaching Ranger School at Fort Benning. He also specializes in personnel administration. Skydive is voiced by Dale Wilson in the DiC G.I. Joe cartoon. Skymate Skymate is the G.I. Joe Team's glider trooper. His real name is Daniel T. Toner, and he was born in Queenstown, Australia. Skymate was first released as an action figure in 1991, as part of the Air Commandos line. Skymate flies the "Air Commando" glider. He grew up in a remote station near the Haast's Bluff Aboriginal Reserve. He receives exotic weapons training in the 'Special Air Services', which only complemented his already extensive knowledge of the subject. He is considered very quiet. His preferred weapon is a bow and arrow. In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he is mentioned by name in issue No. 118, as being part of a mission involving Chuckles and the Air Commandos, but not seen. In the Devil's Due G.I. Joe series, Skymate is one of many Joes sent to Europe to assist in worldwide outbreaks of Cobra terrorist activity. Skymate appeared in the DiC G.I. Joe animated series. Skystriker Skystriker is a member of the special G.I. Joe group Tiger Force, and serves as the jet fighter pilot tasked with operating the "Tiger Rat" assault plane. His real name is Alexander P. Russo, and he was first released as an action figure in 1988. Skystriker was born in Providence, Rhode Island, and grew up around planes on a military base. He is noted for destroying more than fifteen Cobra planes during attacks on Cobra Island. Slip Stream Main article: Slip Stream (G.I. Joe) Snake Eyes Main article: Snake Eyes (G.I. Joe) Sneak Peek Sneak Peek is the G.I. Joe Team's advanced recon specialist. His real name is Owen King, and his rank is that of sergeant E-5. Sneak Peek was born in Bangor, Maine, where Stephen King is a longtime resident, and this is an apparent reference to Stephen King's son, Owen King. He was first released as an action figure in 1987. The figure was repainted and released as part of the Night Force line in 1988, packaged with Lt. Falcon. Sneak Peek's primary military specialty is infantry, and his secondary military specialty is radio-telecommunications. Sneak Peek is known for a mission while in a Ranger recon battalion, in which he was never recalled due to an error; he continued observing enemy activity, taking notes and sketching maps for two weeks, until someone remembered he was still out there and signaled for him to return. Sneak Peek is Ranger qualified and proficient with all NATO night vision devices. In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appeared in issue #73. He is part of a recon team that works its way through Cobra Island during the Cobra civil war. Later, he is shot and killed during the battle of Benzheen. He "dies" saving a little boy being placed in danger by a Frag Viper. The same issue reveals details of his friendship with fellow Joe Dusty. In IDW's continuation of this storyline, it is revealed that Sneak Peek survived these wounds and was sent deep undercover in Darklonia. His survival was a secret even to his own friends and family. In the Devil's Due G.I. Joe series, another agent takes his code name, and goes undercover with the Dreadnoks. He is severely injured by a Viper while checking out a Joe nuclear bomb shelter. Sneak Peek is a supporting character in the novel The Sultan's Secret by Peter Lerangis. He also has a role in Invisibility Island. Snow Job Main article: Snow Job (G.I. Joe) Snow Storm Snow Storm is the G.I. Joe Team's high-tech snow trooper. His real name is Guillermo "Willie" Suarez, and his rank is that of Staff Sergeant E-6. Snow Storm was born in Havana, Cuba, and was first released as an action figure in 1993, as part of the Battle Corps line. His primary military specialty is arctic warfare. His secondary military specialty is cold weather survival instructor. Space Shot Space Shot is the G.I. Joe Team's combat freighter pilot. His real name is George A. Roberts, and he was born in Everett, Massachusetts. Space Shot was first released as an action figure in 1994, as part of the Star Brigade line. His file card establishes that he flew cargo between planets in Earth's solar system, and for fun he would fly blindfolded through the rings of Saturn. This earned him the attention of Duke, who recruited him and found it was not easy teaching him military discipline. He has defended four space stations from Cobra attack, and makes Cobra 'Blackstar' pilots look like trainees. In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appeared in issue #145. His comics continuity does not match the file card, as he is simply one of many Joes with basic, "real-world" astronaut experience. Space Shot is part of Star Brigade and takes part in a mission to deal with an asteroid threatening all of Earth. With the assistance of the latest version of Oktober Guard, the Joes fight androids in the asteroid's interior, and ultimately the robot army is defeated and the teams makes it off the asteroid before it is safely destroyed. Sparks Sparks is the G.I. Joe Team's communication and computer expert. His real name is Alessandro "Alex" D. Verdi, and he was first released as an action figure in 2007. Sparks is the son of a former U.S. ambassador, and was born in Carcare, Italy. He spent his formative years in Europe, becoming fluent in 13 languages, as well as learning the finer points of diplomacy. After graduating from Harvard, he planned to become an interpreter for the military, but instead serves as a liaison to the Pentagon for the G.I. Joe Team. Sparks is an essential cog in G.I. Joe operations, thanklessly filing mountains of paperwork and records, according to the stringent protocols of military bureaucracy. His military specialties include telecommunications, cryptologic operations, and electronic warfare. In the Sunbow G.I. Joe cartoon, he appeared in the 1984 "The Revenge of Cobra" mini-series and later retired from the team, working at a television station, but helped G.I. Joe uncover a Cobra plot in the episode "Grey Hairs and Growing Pains". Spearhead Spearhead is the G.I. Joe Team's point man. His real name is Peter R. Millman, and his rank is that of corporal E-4. Spearhead was born in St. Louis, Missouri, and was first released as an action figure in 1988, with his pet bobcat Max. The figure was repainted and released as part of the Night Force line in 1989, packaged with Muskrat. Spearhead's primary military specialty is infantry, and his secondary military specialty is finance. He was once the youngest and most successful insurance salesman in the Pacific Northwest; everybody liked him and trusted him, and bought more insurance from him than they could afford. However, he joined the Army, feeling that somebody had to do it. Thanks to Spearhead's charisma, and with his bobcat Max as a source of inspiration, soldiers are willing to follow him when he takes the lead. In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appeared in G.I. Joe Special Missions #21. He works with Airtight, Charbroil and other Joes in an attempt to stop Dreadnoks activity in the sewers of New York. They fail to stop Cobra's plan to create a telemarketing scam center, and their new ally, a homeless veteran, dies while believing he saved the Joes' lives. Spearhead returns for active duty when the Joe team is reformed in the Devil's Due series. Spearhead is also one of the many Joes to combat Serpentor in the second Cobra civil war. Specialist Trakker Specialist Trakker is the M.A.S.K. character Matt Trakker. He was released in 2008 as an advanced vehicle specialist for the G.I. Joe Team. In the G.I. Joe universe according to Specialist Trakker's file card, M.A.S.K.'s enemies in V.E.N.O.M. were a splinter faction of Cobra Command. Spirit Main article: Spirit (G.I. Joe) Stalker Main article: Stalker (G.I. Joe) Starduster Starduster is the G.I. Joe Team's Jet Pack Trooper. His real name is Edward J. Skylar, and he was born in Burlingame, California. Starduster was first released as an action figure in 1987, as a mail-in exclusive from Action Stars cereal, and later as a mail-in offer from Hasbro Direct. In 2008, he was renamed Skyduster and released with the Toys R Us exclusive Air Command Set, which also included Capt. Ace and Wild Bill. Starduster's primary military specialty is Infantry Transportable Air Recon, and his secondary military specialty is Helicopter Assault. He was a trapeze artist before he enlisted in the Airborne Rangers. Starduster was recruited into the G.I. Joe team by Duke. In 1985, a television commercial for Action Stars cereal depicted a boy making his way to a bowl of cereal led by the character Duke. After eating the cereal, the boy flies into the air following Starduster. This was the only time that the action-figure Starduster appeared in animated form, as he was never part of the cartoon television series. Starduster was featured in three out-of-continuity mini-comics packaged in Action Stars cereal. Starduster also appeared in the comic tie-in to the Commandos Heroicas, which were released in both toy and comic book character form as part of the 2009 G.I. Joe convention. Starduster became commander of this Argentine branch of the G.I. Joe team. Static Line Static Line is the G.I. Joe Team's Sky Patrol demolitions expert. His real name is Wallace J. Badducci, and he was born in Chicago, Illinois. Static Line was first released as an action figure in 1990, as part of the "Sky Patrol" line. His primary military specialty is demolitions expert. He is also a trained aircraft mechanic. Static Line is noted for his eye for detail and for not destroying explosive devices, but rendering them inert. Steam-Roller Steam-Roller is the G.I. Joe Team's Mobile Command Center operator. His real name is Averill B. Whitcomb, and his rank is that of sergeant E-5. Steam-Roller was born in Duluth, Minnesota, and was first released as an action figure in 1987, packaged with the Mobile Command Center. Steam-Roller's primary military specialty is heavy equipment operator, and his secondary military specialty is armor. He worked on heavy cranes on the Great Lakes' docks, earth movers in the strip mines of Appalachia, and graders on the blacktop highways of several states. He was operating an M-15A2, 50 ton transporter when he was assigned to the G.I. Joe Team. Steam-Roller is a qualified expert with all NATO small-arms and explosives. In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appeared in issue #99. He also makes an appearance in the following issue. He battles Python Patrol members in the Utah desert. Steeler Main article: Steeler (G.I. Joe) Stretcher Stretcher is the G.I. Joe Team's Medical Specialist. His real name is Thomas J. Larivee, and he was born in Hartford, Connecticut. Stretcher was first released as an action figure in 1990. Before the G.I. Joe team, he served as a front-line medic in a NATO military unit. Though Stretcher is a qualified medical specialist, his primary purpose is removing wounded soldiers from the battlefield. As such, he is noted for his strength. In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appeared in issue No. 105. He is one of a team of Joes sent to Sierra Gordo to rescue fellow soldiers from Iron Grenadiers. Stretcher is one of the many Joes to take part in a confrontation against Cobra forces in Benzheen. Stretcher is one of many staffing an isolated military outpost. He confirms the death of Sneak Peek, who had died saving a child. Stretcher also appears in issue No. 125. Stretcher returns to the Joe team in the Devil's Due produced comic book series. He is one of the many soldiers to intervene in the second Cobra civil war, which again takes place on Cobra Island. Stretcher appeared in the DiC G.I. Joe animated series, voiced by Alvin Sanders. Sub-Zero Sub-Zero is the G.I. Joe Team's winter operations specialist. His real name is Mark Habershaw, and he was born in Smithfield, Rhode Island. Sub-Zero spent time as an instruction at the Army Northern Warfare Training Center in Fort Greely. He was also a consult to the Cold Regions Test center at the same base. He also trained military forces in Europe for cold weather combat. He is noted for hating cold weather. Sub-Zero was first released as an action figure in 1990. In 1993 he is part of the mail-order Arctic Commandos subset. This is part of the main-in campaign known as 'Terrifying Lasers Of Destruction'. Sub-Zero is included with Stalker, Dee-Jay and a Cobra Snow-Serpent. The fiction of this sub-set is that Sub-Zero's team must stop a Cobra weapon placed atop Mount Everest. Sub-Zero first appeared in G.I. Joe: America's Elite #32, providing security at a prison during the World War III event. Sub-Zero appeared in the DiC G.I. Joe animated series, voiced by Don Brown. Super Trooper "Super Trooper" redirects here. Not to be confused with Super Trouper or Super Troopers. Super Trooper is the code name of Paul Latimer. He was born in Dayton, Ohio, and was first released as a mail-in figure in 1988. His primary military specialty is infantry, and his secondary military specialty is public relations. Switch Gears Switch Gears is a tank driver for the G.I. Joe Team, and was released as an action figure in 2003. His real name is Jerome T. Jivoin, and he was born in Bogotá, Colombia. Switch Gears is said to have a high tolerance for pain, and described as very strong and never giving up. He also likes to show up at fortified Cobra positions disguised as a Cobra courier with fake retreat orders, and prefers his bare hands to weapons. Taurus Taurus is a member of the G.I. Joe Team as one of Sgt. Slaughter's Renegades. His real name is Varujan Ayvazyan, and his rank is equivalent to that of sergeant E-5. Taurus was born in Istanbul, Turkey and was first released as an action figure in 1987, as part of a three-pack with Mercer and Red Dog. Taurus's primary military specialty is demolitions. He was a circus acrobat in Europe, doing occasional undercover work for INTERPOL. When the G.I. Joe top brass witnessed him breaking two-by-fours on his own face as part of his circus act, they recruited him for the Sgt. Slaughter's Renegades sub team on the spot. Taurus is fluent in a dozen languages, and has been cross-trained in explosives and mountaineering. The Renegades have a freedom of operation unmatched by the other Joes: they are not carried on the existing rosters of any existing military unit, there is no computer access to their dossiers, and they are paid through a special fund earmarked for "Pentagon Pest Control". This team has no official status, and its movements and activities are virtually unrestricted. However, this means that they get no credit when they succeed, and that the government can deny the Renegades' existence if they are caught. Taurus is seen in issue No. 32 of G.I. Joe: America's Elite (Feb 2007). He is fighting Cobra soldiers in his home city of Istanbul. Assisting him are the Joe soldiers Heavy Duty and Bombstrike. Taurus appeared in the animated film G.I. Joe: The Movie voiced by Earl Boen. He appears as a member of Sgt. Slaughter's Renegades and operates as an assistant drill sergeant. T'Gin-Zu Main article: Ninja Force T'Gin-Zu is a ninja who is the G.I. Joe Team's "Pile Driver" operator and member of Ninja Force. His real name is Joseph R. Rainone. His primary military specialty is Pile Driver vehicle operator. His secondary military specialty is ninja swords master. His birthplace is Somers, New York. T'Gin-Zu has studied martial arts for more than two decades. He has learned some of the secrets of the Arashikage ninja clan and has spent time as a student of Storm Shadow who considers him his most talented pupil. T'Gin-Zu has a developed a deep desire to single-handedly capture Cobra's band of "Red Ninja-Vipers". T'Jbang T'Jbang is a ninja and member of Ninja Force the code name of Sam LaQuale. He was born in East Greenwich, Rhode Island. He is a former member of the Arashikage clan founded by Storm Shadow, a ninja who is also his second cousin. He has crafted his own personal sword, designed for his secretive 'Silent Backslash' technique. T'Jbang is also skilled in piloting helicopters. Thunder Thunder is a character from the G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero toyline, comic books and animated series. He is the G.I. Joe team's self-propelled gun artilleryman, and debuted in 1984. His real name is Matthew Harris Breckinridge, and his rank is that of sergeant E-5. He was born in Louisville, Kentucky. Thunder was first released as an action figure packaged with the Slugger artillery vehicle. He first appeared in G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero #51 (September 1986). He is among several Joes killed in action in issue #109. Thunder made his debut in the Sunbow/Marvel G.I. Joe animated series in "The Revenge of Cobra". Tiger Claw Tiger Claw is the code name of Chad M. Johnson. He was first released as an action figure in 2005 as the ninja apprentice of Snake Eyes. Tiger Claw appeared in the direct-to-video CGI animated movie G.I. Joe: Ninja Battles, voiced by Brian Drummond. Tollbooth Tollbooth is the G.I. Joe Team's bridge layer driver. His real name is Chuck X. (for nothing) Goren, and his rank is that of E-5 (Sergeant). Tollbooth was born in Boise, Idaho, and was first released as an action figure in 1984, packaged exclusively with the Bridgelayer (Toss N Cross) as a Sears Exclusive. Tollbooth and the Bridgelayer (Toss N Cross) were later released as part of the fourth series in 1985. Tollbooth's primary military specialty is combat engineer, and his secondary military specialty is demolitions. As a child, Tollbooth had a love for construction sets, which he made bigger and more complex until he outgrew them all. As an adult he started building in earnest, and got his master's degree in engineering from MIT. When he needed a bigger challenge, he joined the Army to sign up for the G.I. Joe Team. In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appeared in issue #51 (September 1986). He is manning the "Chaplain's Assistant Motor Pool" machinery, the figurative and literal cover for the Pit, the headquarters of the G.I. Joe team. He later appeared in issues #62, 76, and 77. In issue #76, Tollbooth is part of a Joe infiltration team attacking Cobra Island defenses through the swamps. Tollbooth appeared in the G.I. Joe animated series voiced by Michael Bell. His first appearance in the first-season episode "Three Cubes to Darkness." His appearance is slightly different from his figure as he is shown with a green hardhat in the series. Topside Topside is the G.I. Joe Team's Navy assault specialist. His real name is John Blanchet, and his rank is that of First Class Petty Officer in the United States Navy. Topside was born in Fort Wayne, Indiana, and was first released as an action figure in 1990. He grew up on a farm with his father; their pigs won many awards at the county fairs. Topside became known as the Fort Wayne 'Hog Master'. At age twenty, wanting a more exciting career, he joined the navy. Serving as a deckhand, he overheard tales of bragging from a G.I. Joe special ops team on their way to a mission. He challenged the entire team; this led to him being noticed and recruited. A quote on his file card indicates Topside takes physical punishment with ease. Topside appeared in the Devil's Due G.I. Joe series. In terms of the comics, he had worked with the Joe team a short time before they disbanded in 1994. Topside is part of the team to invade Cobra Island. He is also a featured character in part 1 of the "Fun Publishing" official "G.I. Joe Vs. Cobra" comic book released for the G.I. Joe conventions. Topside appeared in three episodes of the DiC G.I. Joe animated series: "An Officer and a Viperman" and "Ghost of Alcatraz" Part I and Part II. Torpedo Main article: Torpedo (G.I. Joe) Tracker Tracker was first released as an action figure in 1991. His real name is Christopher R. Groen, and he was born in Helena, Arkansas. Tracker is a Navy SEAL with a specialty in underwater arms development. In terms of tracking, escaping and evading, Tracker has outperformed the best the Joe team has to offer. Tracker appears in the DiC G.I. Joe animated series, voiced by Phil Hayes. Tripwire Main article: Tripwire (G.I. Joe) Tunnel Rat Main article: Tunnel Rat (G.I. Joe) Updraft Updraft is the G.I. Joe Team's Retaliator pilot. His real name is Matthew W. Smithers, and he was born in Bismarck, North Dakota. Updraft was first released as an action figure in 1990, packaged with the "Retaliator" hi-tech attack copter. Updraft was the team leader in the "World Helicopter Championships", leading the US team to victory twice. He joins the Flight Warrant Office School at Fort Rucker and became a special instructor. From there, he was selected for G.I. Joe duty. He personally improves much of the "Retaliator" helicopter, a vehicle he later flies into battle. In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appeared in issue #130. He assists the Joe team in defending their headquarters from a Cobra attack. He is also part of a mission in the Devil's Due G.I. Joe series, helping the Joe team battle Serpentor and his forces in the second Cobra civil war. As with the first one, this war takes place on Cobra Island. Wet Suit Main article: Wet Suit (G.I. Joe) Whiteout Whiteout is an arctic trooper for the G.I. Joe Team. His real name is Leonard J. Lee III, and he was first released as an action figure in 2000. He is a cold weather strategist for the G.I. Joe team and experienced in polar combat mobility. Wild Bill Main article: Wild Bill (G.I. Joe) Wildcard Wildcard is the G.I. Joe Team's Mean Dog vehicle Driver. His real name is Eric U. Scott, and his rank is that of corporal E-4. Wildcard was born in Northampton, Massachusetts, and was first released as an action figure in 1988, packaged with the "Mean Dog" 6WD heavy assault vehicle. Wildcard's primary military specialty is armored vehicle operator, and his secondary military specialty is chaplain's assistant. Wildcard possesses an unnatural talent for breaking things, from sturdy steel machines to simple tools, delicate toys, immovable objects of cast iron, and 8-piece dinner settings. When driving the Mean Dog, the vehicle becomes an extension of himself – a raging engine of destruction, pulverizing all in its path. In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appeared in issue #72 (June 1988). He joins the team with Skidmark and Windmill. The trio's actual entry to the current Joe base, with the Mean Dog and the vehicle Desert Fox, is marred by the discovery that a Cobra agent had snuck in with them. He appears in issue #89, on a trip to the Aberdeen Proving Grounds to test the Mean Dog. Assisted by Repeater and Hardball, he routes Cobra forces chasing other Joes. At the end of the battle, Wildcard personally tugs the fleeing Zanzibar out of his Pogo vehicle. Windchill Windchill is the G.I. Joe Team's Arctic Blast vehicle Driver. His real name is Jim Steel, and his rank is that of Staff Sergeant E-6. Windchill was born in Cedar Rapids, Iowa. Windchill was first released as an action figure in 1989, packaged with the "Arctic Blast" tundra assault sled. The figure was repainted and released as part of the Battle Corps line in 1994. His 1994 release has him packaged with the "Blockbuster" arctic vehicle; furthermore he is named Jim McDonald in that release. Windchill's primary military specialty is Arctic Blast driver, and his secondary military specialty is cold weather survival instructor. He was an avid skimobiler and hunter, and figured the biathlon would be the ultimate sport for him. He might have qualified for a spot on the American Olympic team if Blizzard hadn't met him at the National Elimination Tournament and given him the idea of getting paid to drive fast, heavily armed snow vehicles. Windmill Windmill is the G.I. Joe Team's Skystorm X-Wing Chopper pilot. His real name is Edward J. Roth, and his rank is that of Captain, USAF O-3. Windmill was born in Allentown, Pennsylvania, and was first released as an action figure in 1988, packaged with the Skystorm X-Wing Chopper. Windmill's primary military specialty is stopped-rotor aircraft operator, and his secondary military specialty is attack helicopter pilot. He was a flight instructor at the Army Flight Warrant Officers School at Fort Rucker, later flying experimental helicopter prototypes at that facility for the Army Aviation Department Test Activity. In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appeared in issue #72 (June 1988). He drives onto the current Joe base in the "Desert Fox", accompanied by Skidmark and Wildcard; the latter driving the "Mean Dog". The occasion is marred by the discovery of a hostile that had snuck in by hanging to the underside of the Fox. Zap Main article: Zap (G.I. Joe) See also List of Cobra characters List of G.I. Joe Extreme characters List of G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero action figures References ^ Hidalgo, Pablo (2009). G.I. Joe vs. Cobra: The Essential Guide 1982–2008. Random House. p. 40. ISBN 978-0-345-51642-8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Santelmo, Vincent (1994). The Official 30th Anniversary Salute To G.I. Joe 1964–1994. Krause Publications. p. 128. ISBN 0-87341-301-6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "The Voices of G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero (1989, Animated Series) – Voice Cast Listing at Voice Chasers". Voicechasers.com. September 2, 1989. Archived from the original on March 29, 2019. Retrieved March 30, 2014. ^ a b c d e G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero (vol. 2) #24–25 ^ Desert Patrol Squad at YOJOE.com ^ a b G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero #111 (1991) ^ a b c G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero #113 ^ G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero #122 ^ G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero #128–129 ^ G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero (vol. 2) #24 (November 2003) ^ G.I.Joe: A Real American Hero (vol. 2) #25 (November 2017) ^ "1990 Characters". Half the Battle. Archived from the original on September 14, 2012. Retrieved September 17, 2012. ^ a b c d e Santelmo, Vincent (1994). The Official 30th Anniversary Salute To G.I. Joe 1964–1994. Krause Publications. p. 119. ISBN 0-87341-301-6. ^ "Rumbler". JMM's G.I. Joe Comics Encyclopedia. Myuselessknowledge.com. Retrieved December 2, 2009. ^ G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero #111–112 ^ a b c d Santelmo, Vincent (1994). The Official 30th Anniversary Salute To G.I. Joe 1964–1994. Krause Publications. p. 123. ISBN 0-87341-301-6. ^ a b G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero #92 ^ a b G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero #100 ^ G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero #115 ^ a b G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero (vol. 2) #24 ^ "1989 Characters". Half the Battle. Archived from the original on August 28, 2012. Retrieved September 17, 2012. ^ Santelmo, Vincent (1994). The Official 30th Anniversary Salute To G.I. Joe 1964–1994. Krause Publications. p. 113. ISBN 0-87341-301-6. ^ G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero #64 (October 1987) ^ G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero #67 (January 1988) ^ G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero #68 (February 1988) ^ "Canadian Joe Con Website". Canadianjoecon.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012. ^ Rising Tide w/ Barrel Roll at YOJOE.com Retrieved April 24, 2012 ^ Hidalgo, Pablo (2009). G.I. Joe vs. Cobra: The Essential Guide 1982–2008. Random House. p. 42. ISBN 978-0-345-51642-8. ^ Santelmo, Vincent (1994). The Official 30th Anniversary Salute To G.I. Joe 1964–1994. Krause Publications. p. 139. ISBN 0-87341-301-6. ^ a b Anti-Venom Task Force at YOJOE.com ^ "Barricade's filecard". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012. ^ Bellomo, Mark (2005). The Ultimate Guide to G.I. Joe 1982–1994. Krause Publications. p. 175. ISBN 978-0-89689-922-3. ^ Bellomo, Mark (2005). The Ultimate Guide to G.I. Joe 1982-1994. Krause Publications. p. 231. ISBN 978-0-89689-922-3. ^ "Big Ben (v3) G.I. Joe Action Figure - YoJoe Archive". Yojoe.com. Retrieved March 30, 2014. ^ "Big Ben (v4) G.I. Joe Action Figure – YoJoe Archive". Yojoe.com. Retrieved March 30, 2014. ^ "Big Ben (v5) G.I. Joe Action Figure – YoJoe Archive". Yojoe.com. Retrieved March 30, 2014. ^ Hidalgo, Pablo (2009). G.I. Joe vs. Cobra: The Essential Guide 1982–2008. Random House. p. 43. ISBN 978-0-345-51642-8. ^ G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero #115-117 ^ G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero #137 ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Hidalgo, Pablo (2009). G.I. Joe vs. Cobra: The Essential Guide 1982–2008. Random House. pp. 62–65. ISBN 978-0-345-51642-8. ^ "Roll Call". G.I. Joe Roll Call. Joe Headquarters. Retrieved June 13, 2008. ^ a b c G.I. Joe: The Movie (Motion picture). De Laurentiis Entertainment Group. April 20, 1987. ^ Mega Marines at YOJOE.com ^ a b c d e f g h i Santelmo, Vincent (1994). The Official 30th Anniversary Salute To G.I. Joe 1964–1994. Krause Publications. p. 115. ISBN 0-87341-301-6. ^ "1997 release". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012. ^ "1997 Filecard". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012. ^ a b G.I. Joe game review Archived October 9, 2012, at the Wayback Machine Mania.com ^ a b c G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero #82 (January 1989) ^ G.I. Joe Special Missions: Tokyo (September 2006) ^ Santelmo, Vincent (1994). The Official 30th Anniversary Salute To G.I. Joe 1964–1994. Krause Publications. p. 140. ISBN 0-87341-301-6. ^ "Bullet-Proof information". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012. ^ "Bullet-Proof's filecard". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012. ^ G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero #125–127 ^ "Bullhorn's filecard". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012. ^ "Bullhorn's second filecard". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012. ^ a b G.I. Joe A Real American Hero #130 (November 1992) ^ G.I. Joe Special Missions: Manhattan (February 2006) ^ G.I. Joe: America's Elite #28 ^ a b c d e f g Santelmo, Vincent (1994). The Official 30th Anniversary Salute To G.I. Joe 1964–1994. Krause Publications. p. 116. ISBN 0-87341-301-6. ^ a b c G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero #80 (November 1988) ^ G.I. Joe: Special Missions #21 (May 1989) ^ G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero (vol. 2) #24 (2003) ^ a b c d e Santelmo, Vincent (1994). The Official 30th Anniversary Salute To G.I. Joe 1964–1994. Krause Publications. p. 134. ISBN 0-87341-301-6. ^ "Clean-Sweep filecard". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012. ^ G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero #123–125 ^ "Cloudburst filecard". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012. ^ a b G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero #118 (November 1991) ^ "Cold Front filecard". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012. ^ a b G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero #109–110 ^ Hama, Larry (1987). Howard Mackie (ed.). G.I. Joe Order Of Battle. Marvel Entertainment Group. p. 29. ISBN 0-87135-288-5. ^ Bellomo, Mark (2005). The Ultimate Guide to G.I. Joe 1982-1994. Krause Publications. p. 47. ISBN 978-0-89689-922-3. ^ a b c Santelmo, Vincent (1994). The Official 30th Anniversary Salute To G.I. Joe 1964-1994. Krause Publications. p. 105. ISBN 0-87341-301-6. ^ a b Wherle, Scott (2002). G.I. Joe: Battle Files #1. Devil's Due Publishing. p. 30. ^ G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero (vol. 2) #23 (2003) ^ a b c Santelmo, Vincent (1994). The Official 30th Anniversary Salute To G.I. Joe 1964–1994. Krause Publications. p. 125. ISBN 0-87341-301-6. ^ G.I. Joe Special Missions No. 28 (1989) ^ a b c d e G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero #115 (August 1991) ^ a b G.I. Joe: America's Elite #32 (2007) ^ G.I. Joe: America's Elite #35 (2007) ^ "Dojo's filecard". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012. ^ Hidalgo, Pablo (2009). G.I. Joe vs. Cobra: The Essential Guide 1982–2008. Random House. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-345-51642-8. ^ "Drop Zone". yojoe.com. Retrieved March 21, 2011. ^ "Star Brigade/Effects package details". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012. ^ "Effects Filecard". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012. ^ Santelmo, Vincent (1994). The Official 30th Anniversary Salute To G.I. Joe 1964–1994. Krause Publications. p. 111. ISBN 0-87341-301-6. ^ Hama, Larry (1987). Howard Mackie (ed.). G.I. Joe Order Of Battle. Marvel Entertainment Group. p. 49. ISBN 0-87135-288-5. ^ G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero #60 ^ G.I.Joe: A Real American Hero #74 (August 1988) ^ Hidalgo, Pablo (2009). G.I. Joe vs. Cobra: The Essential Guide 1982–2008. Random House. p. 46. ISBN 978-0-345-51642-8. ^ "Freefall toy information". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012. ^ "Freefall filecard". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012. ^ The Fridge at JMM's G.I. Joe Comics Home Page ^ G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero (vol. 2) #37 ^ G.I. Joe: America's Elite #23–24 ^ Hidalgo, Pablo (2009). G.I. Joe vs. Cobra: The Essential Guide 1982–2008. Random House. p. 55. ISBN 978-0-345-51642-8. ^ G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero #76 (September 1988) ^ G.I. Joe Special Missions #28 (Mid-November 1989) ^ G.I. Joe Special Missions #24 ^ G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero #89 (1989) ^ a b G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero (vol. 2) #38 ^ "Hardtop's 1987 filecard". Yojoe.com. Archived from the original on October 26, 2012. Retrieved September 17, 2012. ^ "Hardtop's 2004 filecard". Yojoe.com. Archived from the original on October 26, 2012. Retrieved September 17, 2012. ^ G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero #64 ^ "Hi-Tech toy information". Yojoe.com. Archived from the original on November 4, 2012. Retrieved September 17, 2012. ^ Patriot Grizzly w/ Hi-Tech Archived June 14, 2012, at the Wayback Machine at YOJOE.com Retrieved April 24, 2012 ^ Hidalgo, Pablo (2009). G.I. Joe vs. Cobra: The Essential Guide 1982–2008. Random House. p. 48. ISBN 978-0-345-51642-8. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on March 11, 2012. Retrieved April 7, 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ^ G.I. Joe Special Missions #17 ^ G.I. Joe Special Missions #22 ^ G.I. Joe Special Missions #23 ^ a b c d e G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero (vol. 2) #24–25 (2003) ^ Locust w/ Hollow Point Archived June 14, 2012, at the Wayback Machine at YOJOE.com Retrieved April 23, 2012 ^ "1989 filecard". Yojoe.com. Archived from the original on October 26, 2012. Retrieved September 17, 2012. ^ a b G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero #105 (October 1990) ^ "Shock-Viper information". Yojoe.com. Archived from the original on October 26, 2012. Retrieved September 17, 2012. ^ "Ice Cream Soldier filecard". Yojoe.com. Archived from the original on October 26, 2012. Retrieved September 17, 2012. ^ G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero #36 (June 1985) ^ G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero #40–41 (October 1985) ^ G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero #73–77 (1988) ^ G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero (vol. 2) #24–25 (October 2003) ^ G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero (vol. 2) #7–9 ^ Murphy, Charles (May 3, 2018). "EXCLUSIVE: Character Details About The G.I. Joe: Ever Vigilant". That Hashtag Show. Archived from the original on May 4, 2018. Retrieved May 4, 2018. ^ "Lightfoot filecard". Yojoe.com. Archived from the original on October 23, 2012. Retrieved September 17, 2012. ^ G.I. Joe Special Missions #13 ^ a b G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero #86 (May 1989) ^ G.I. Joe Special Missions #25 (September 1989) ^ G.I. Joe Frontline #18 (December 2003) ^ G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero (vol. 2) #29 (May 2004) ^ G.I.Joe: A Real American Hero #196 (November 2013) ^ "Mace filecard". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012. ^ "Battle Copter". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012. ^ "Major Altitude 1993 details". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012. ^ "Major Altitude 1991 filecard". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012. ^ "Major Altitude 1993 filecard". Yojoe.com. Archived from the original on October 26, 2012. Retrieved September 17, 2012. ^ "Major Storm 2003 toy information". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012. ^ "Major Storm 1990 filecard". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012. ^ "Major Storm 2003 filecard". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012. ^ "Mega Marines". YOJOE. ^ "Mirage toy information". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012. ^ "Hoverstrike information". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012. ^ G.I. Joe A Real American Hero (vol. 2) #23–25 ^ "Ultimate Enemies: Muskrat & Voltar". Yojoe.Com. Retrieved September 17, 2012. ^ a b G.I. Joe Special Missions #23 (November 1989) ^ "Nunchuk filecard". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012. ^ "Nunchuk's 2002 filecard". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012. ^ "Ozone toy information". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012. ^ "Ozone filecard". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012. ^ G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero #123–125 (April–June 1992) ^ "Action Force Pathfinder". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012. ^ "Pathfinder information". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012. ^ "Pathfinder filecard". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012. ^ "Payload 1993 filecard". Yojoe.com. Retrieved March 30, 2014. ^ "Payload Cobra filecard". Yojoe.com. Retrieved March 30, 2014. ^ "Payload filecard". Yojoe.com. Retrieved March 30, 2014. ^ G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero #64–65 (October–November 1987) ^ G.I. Joe Special Missions #28 ^ G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero #145–149 ^ G.I.Joe: A Real American Hero #198 (January 2014) ^ S.M. Ballard (Author) (March 1, 1988). 'Fool's Gold'. ISBN 0345350960. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help) ^ "information". Yojoe.com. Retrieved March 30, 2014. ^ Fleming, Robert Loren (February 1, 2014). link. ISBN 978-0307625649. ^ Erickson, Hal (2005). Television cartoon shows: an illustrated encyclopedia, 1949 through 2003, Volume 1. McFarland & Co. p. 376. ISBN 978-0-7864-2099-5. ^ "1991 Characters". Half the Battle. Archived from the original on August 3, 2010. Retrieved March 21, 2011. ^ a b Santelmo, Vincent (1994). The Official 30th Anniversary Salute To G.I. Joe 1964–1994. Krause Publications. p. 133. ISBN 0-87341-301-6. ^ "Rapid-Fire". yojoe.com. Retrieved March 21, 2011. ^ James McFadden. "Rapid-Fire". JMM's G.I. Joe Comics Home Page. Retrieved March 21, 2011. ^ G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero #112–113 (1991) ^ Santelmo, Vincent (1994). The Official 30th Anniversary Salute To G.I. Joe 1964–1994. Krause Publications. p. 110. ISBN 0-87341-301-6. ^ Hama, Larry (1987). Howard Mackie (ed.). G.I. Joe Order Of Battle. Marvel Entertainment Group. p. 81. ISBN 0-87135-288-5. ^ G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero #89 (August 1989) ^ "Salvo's filecard". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012. ^ G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero #114 (July 1991) ^ G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero #130 ^ G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero (vol. 2) #40–41 (2005) ^ Santelmo, Vincent (1994). The Official 30th Anniversary Salute To G.I. Joe 1964–1994. Krause Publications. p. 107. ISBN 0-87341-301-6. ^ G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero #64 (October 1, 1987) ^ G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero #65 (November 1, 1987) ^ G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero #145–149 (1994) ^ G.I. Joe Frontline #18 ^ "Arcade game". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012. ^ "Sideswipe toy information". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012. ^ a b G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero #72 (June 1988) ^ G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero #73 (July 1988) ^ G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero (vol. 2) #25 (October 2003) ^ "Coloring book". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012. ^ "Skydive". yojoe.com. Retrieved March 21, 2011. ^ "Skymate's filecard". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012. ^ Bellomo, Mark (2005). The Ultimate Guide to G.I. Joe 1982–1994. Krause Publications. p. 114. ISBN 978-0-89689-922-3. ^ Santelmo, Vincent (1994). The Official 30th Anniversary Salute To G.I. Joe 1964–1994. Krause Publications. p. 111. ISBN 0-87341-301-6. ^ G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero #73–77 ^ G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero #164,168–170 ^ G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero (vol. 2) #10 (2002) ^ The Sultan's Secret at Amazon.com ^ Beach, Lynn (1988). Invisibility Island. Ballantine Books. ISBN 978-0-345-35097-8. ^ "Snow Storm". YoJoe. Retrieved March 13, 2011. ^ "1993 Characters". Half the Battle. Archived from the original on August 3, 2010. Retrieved March 13, 2011. ^ "Space Shot". YoJoe. Retrieved March 13, 2011. ^ "Space Shot's file card". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012. ^ "1994 Characters". Half the Battle. Archived from the original on August 3, 2010. Retrieved March 13, 2011. ^ Jamar Miller. "Space Shot". JMM's G.I. Joe Comics Home Page. Retrieved March 13, 2011. ^ G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero #145 (February 1994) ^ G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero #149 (1994) ^ Hidalgo, Pablo (2009). G.I. Joe vs. Cobra: The Essential Guide 1982–2008. Random House. p. 57. ISBN 978-0-345-51642-8. ^ "1988 Characters". Half the Battle. Archived from the original on August 3, 2010. Retrieved March 13, 2011. ^ Jamar Miller. "Spearhead". JMM's G.I. Joe Comics Home Page. Retrieved March 13, 2011. ^ G.I. Joe Special Missions #21 ^ G.I. Joe: Frontline #18 (December 2003) ^ "Starduster toy information". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012. ^ "Starduster's File Card". ^ G.I. Joe Action Stars Cereal Mr Breakfast.com. Retrieved April 2, 2011 ^ HASBRO Comics at JMM's G.I. JOE Comics Home Page ^ Jamar Miller. "Static Line". JMM's G.I. Joe Comics Home Page. Retrieved March 13, 2011. ^ "Static Line". yojoe.com. Retrieved March 21, 2011. ^ "1987 Characters". Half the Battle. Archived from the original on June 8, 2012. Retrieved March 13, 2011. ^ "Filecard Gallery – Steam Roller". YoJoe. Retrieved March 13, 2011. ^ Jamar Miller. "Steam Roller". JMM's G.I. Joe Comics Home Page. Retrieved March 13, 2011. ^ "Filecard Gallery – Stretcher". YoJoe. Retrieved March 13, 2011. ^ Jamar Miller. "Stretcher". JMM's G.I. Joe Comics Home Page. Retrieved March 13, 2011. ^ "1990 Characters". Half the Battle. Archived from the original on August 3, 2010. Retrieved March 13, 2011. ^ "Filecard Gallery – Sub-Zero". YoJoe. Retrieved March 13, 2011. ^ "Mail-In information". Halfbattle.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012. ^ "Sub-Zero". YoJoe. Retrieved March 13, 2011. ^ Jamar Miller. "Sub-Zero". JMM's G.I. Joe Comics Home Page. Retrieved March 13, 2011. ^ "1990 Characters". Half the Battle. Archived from the original on August 3, 2010. Retrieved March 13, 2011. ^ Super Trooper at YOJOE.com ^ Santelmo, Vincent (1994). The Official 30th Anniversary Salute To G.I. Joe 1964–1994. Krause Publications. p. 110. ISBN 0-87341-301-6. ^ Hama, Larry (1987). Howard Mackie (ed.). G.I. Joe Order Of Battle. Marvel Entertainment Group. p. 107. ISBN 0-87135-288-5. ^ Jamar Miller. "Taurus". JMM's G.I. Joe Comics Home Page. Retrieved March 13, 2011. ^ G.I. Joe: America's Elite #32 (February 2007) ^ "1987 Characters". Half the Battle. Archived from the original on August 3, 2010. Retrieved March 13, 2011. ^ "T'Gin-Zu's filecard". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012. ^ "T'Jbang filecard". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012. ^ Santelmo, Vincent (1994). The Official 30th Anniversary Salute To G.I. Joe 1964–1994. Krause Publications. p. 100. ISBN 0-87341-301-6. ^ Jamar Miller. "Thunder". JMM's G.I. Joe Comics Home Page. Retrieved March 13, 2011. ^ "1984 Characters". Half the Battle. Archived from the original on August 3, 2010. Retrieved March 13, 2011. ^ "Half the Battle: 1985 Characters". Half the Battle. Archived from the original on August 3, 2010. Retrieved March 13, 2011. ^ Hama, Larry (1987). Howard Mackie (ed.). G.I. Joe Order Of Battle. Marvel Entertainment Group. p. 110. ISBN 0-87135-288-5. ^ Jamar Miller. "Tollbooth". JMM's G.I. Joe Comics Home Page. Retrieved March 13, 2011. ^ G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero #76 ^ "Three Cubes to Darkness". G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero. ^ "link". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012. ^ "Tracker's filecard". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012. ^ "Updraft's filecard". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012. ^ G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero #130 (1992) ^ "Wildcard filecard". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012. ^ G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero #72 ^ G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero #89 ^ "Windchill's second filecard". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012. ^ "Windmill filecard". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012. External links Character Guide at JMM's G.I. Joe Comics Home Page vteG.I. JoeCharactersG.I. Joe Team General Joseph Colton Ace Airborne Airtight Alpine Barbecue Bazooka Beach Head Blowtorch Breaker Chuckles Claymore Clutch Cover Girl Crazylegs Cross-Country Cutter Deep Six Dial-Tone Doc Duke Dusty Falcon Flash Flint Footloose Frostbite General Flagg Grand Slam Grunt Gung-Ho Hawk Heavy Duty Jinx Kamakura Billy Kessler Lady Jaye Law & Order Leatherneck Lifeline Long Range Low-Light Mainframe Mercer Mutt Outback Psyche-Out Quick Kick Recondo Rip Cord Roadblock Rock 'n Roll Scarlett Sgt. Slaughter Shipwreck Shockwave Short-Fuze Slip Stream Snake Eyes Snow Job Spirit Stalker Steeler Stone Torpedo Tripwire Tunnel Rat Wet Suit Wild Bill Zap Other members Cobra Command Cobra Commander Destro Serpentor Baroness Copperhead Doctor Mindbender Doctor Venom Firefly Gnawgahyde Major Bludd Overkill Scrap-Iron Storm Shadow Thrasher Tomax and Xamot Torch Zandar Zanzibar Zarana Zartan Other members Crimson Guard Night Creepers Oktober Guard Red Star Adventure Team General Joseph Colton MediaToyline America's Movable Fighting Man Adventure Team A Real American Hero Hall of Fame Sgt. Savage and his Screaming Eagles Classic Collection Masterpiece Edition Extreme Timeless Collection G.I. Joe vs. Cobra Sigma 6 25th Anniversary ComicsMarvel G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero G.I. Joe and the Transformers Devil's Due G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero G.I. Joe: America's Elite "World War III" IDW 2008 series (Hasbro Comic Book Universe) G.I. Joe: Cobra Infestation Infestation 2 Revolution First Strike Transformers: Unicron G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero 2019 series Snake Eyes: Deadgame Skybound G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero 2023 series (Energon Universe) Animated series Sunbow series episodes DiC series episodes Extreme Sigma 6 Resolute Renegades FilmsAnimated G.I. Joe: The Movie (1987) Spy Troops (2003) Valor vs. Venom (2004) Ninja Battles (2004) Live-action The Rise of Cobra (2009) Retaliation (2013) Snake Eyes (2021) Video games Cobra Strikes A Real American Hero Action Force G.I. Joe NES video game The Atlantis Factor G.I. Joe arcade game The Rise of Cobra Operation Blackout Wrath of Cobra Other games Fortnite Battle Royale Brawlhalla Factions G.I. Joe Team Cobra Command Lists G.I. Joe characters Cobra characters Toylines Playsets and Vehicles Related articles Action Man Action Force Built to Rule Larry Hama Synthoid The Ballad of G.I. Joe "G.I. Jeff" The Toys That Made Us
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._Joe:_A_Real_American_Hero"},{"link_name":"G.I. Joe Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._Joe_Team"},{"link_name":"Cobra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobra_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"List of Cobra characters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Cobra_characters"}],"text":"This is an alphabetical list of G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero characters who are members of the G.I. Joe Team. For Cobra characters, see List of Cobra characters.","title":"List of G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero characters"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Ace"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Parma, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parma,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Zartan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zartan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"G.I. Joe: Spy Troops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._Joe:_Spy_Troops"},{"link_name":"Ward Perry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ward_Perry"}],"text":"Agent Faces is the G.I. Joe Team's infiltrator. His real name is Michelino J. Paolino, and he was born in Parma, Ohio. Agent Faces was first released as an action figure in 2003, in a two-pack with Zartan.His primary military specialty is fighting. His secondary military specialty is intelligence. Agent Faces was born with an uncanny talent for mimicry. After doing a brutally accurate impression of his first sergeant during basic training, he was sent to a top-secret intelligence school. There, he learned the tricks of cloak and dagger, and the use of advanced makeup and disguise techniques.[1]Agent Faces appeared in the direct-to-video CGI animated movie G.I. Joe: Spy Troops, voiced by Ward Perry.","title":"Agent Faces"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"10mm Auto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10mm_Auto"},{"link_name":"G.I. Joe: The Rise of Cobra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._Joe:_The_Rise_of_Cobra_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"Double Helix Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_Helix_Games"}],"text":"Agent Helix is a covert operations officer with advanced martial arts training and expert marksmanship. Her favorite weapons are dual 10mm Auto pistols. An Olympic-class gymnast, her distinctive \"Whirlwind attack\" is an overpowering combination of kicks and firepower.Agent Helix appears as a playable character in the G.I. Joe: The Rise of Cobra video game, voiced by Nancy Truman. She was designed by Mayan Escalante, a character artist at Double Helix Games, as an un-lockable character in the video game. She then became an action figure in the 2009 edition of the toyline.","title":"Agent Helix"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Airborne"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Airtight"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Louisville, Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisville,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Colonel Courage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonel_Courage"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30thAnnPg128-2"},{"link_name":"G.I. Joe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._Joe:_A_Real_American_Hero_(1989_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Michael Benyaer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Benyaer"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VOICE_CREDITS-3"}],"text":"Airwave is the G.I. Joe Team's audible frequency specialist. His real name is Cliff V. Mewett, and he was born in Louisville, Kentucky. The same name Cliff V. Mewett was also used a few years later for Colonel Courage, even though the character is African-American and born in a different city. Airwave was first released as an action figure in 1990, as part of the \"Sky Patrol\" line.[2] He is the Sky Patrol communications specialist, and is also the Signal Corps Adjutant to the Joint Chiefs of Staff. He is noted for being able to gain a signal where few others can.Airwave appears in the DiC G.I. Joe cartoon voiced by Michael Benyaer.[3]","title":"Airwave"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Alpine"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cambria, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambria,_California"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30thAnnPg128-2"},{"link_name":"Apache","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache"},{"link_name":"Devil's Due","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil%27s_Due_Publishing"},{"link_name":"Cobra Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobra_Island"},{"link_name":"Serpentor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpentor"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-4"},{"link_name":"G.I. Joe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._Joe:_A_Real_American_Hero_(1989_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Terry Klassen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Klassen"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VOICE_CREDITS-3"}],"text":"Altitude is the G.I. Joe Team's recon scout. His real name is John Edwards Jones, and he was born in Cambria, California. Altitude was first released as an action figure in 1990, as part of the \"Sky Patrol\" line.[2] He is a full-blooded Apache. He joined the military after his budding artistic career was cut short by the collapse of the syndicated cartoon industry. Altitude uses his photographic memory and drawing skills to bring back intelligence as a recon scout.Altitude appeared in the Devil's Due G.I. Joe series. He is part of the assault team sent to Cobra Island to destroy the forces of the revived Serpentor.[4]Altitude appears in the DiC G.I. Joe cartoon voiced by Terry Klassen.[3]","title":"Altitude"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Walnut, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walnut,_California"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30thAnnPg128-2"},{"link_name":"Dusty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dusty_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Gung Ho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gung-Ho_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Snake-Eyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snake_Eyes_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Stalker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalker_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Tunnel Rat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunnel_Rat_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Marvel Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceC-6"},{"link_name":"Recoil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recoil_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Sneak-Peek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sneak-Peek_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"},{"link_name":"Destro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destro"},{"link_name":"Baroness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroness_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Hawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawk_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Lady Jaye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Jaye_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Devil's Due","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil%27s_Due_Publishing"},{"link_name":"Serpentor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpentor"},{"link_name":"Cobra Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobra_Island"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"G.I. Joe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._Joe:_A_Real_American_Hero_(1989_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Andrew Koenig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Andrew_Koenig"},{"link_name":"Ian Corlett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_James_Corlett"},{"link_name":"Range-Viper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Range-Viper"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Ambush is the G.I. Joe Team's concealment specialist. His real name is Aaron McMahon, and he was born in Walnut, California. Ambush was first released as an action figure in 1990.[2] There was a \"Dinosaur Hunter\" release in 1993. A new version of Aaron \"Ambush\" McMahon was released in 2004, as part of the Toys R Us exclusive \"Desert Patrol Squad\" set, which also included the figures Dusty, Gung Ho, Snake-Eyes, Stalker and Tunnel Rat.[5]In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appeared in issue #111. There, he is part of an advance recon team that was sent to the Middle Eastern country of Benzheen.[6] As the Battle of Benzheen rages on, Ambush, Recoil and Sneak-Peek are shot by Cobra soldiers who themselves are killed by other Joes. Sneak-Peek does not survive his injuries.[7] Ambush later drove the \"Battle Wagon\" during a mission in Trans-Carpathia, in which the Joes defended Destro and the Baroness against Cobra forces.[8] Later, Hawk and Lady Jaye were captured in Grodsnz, the capital of Borovia, by local security police. Ambush and the remaining Joes drove the Battle Wagon into the city to rescue their teammates.[9]In the Devil's Due series, Ambush is seen as one of the many Joes interfering in the second Cobra civil war, again caused by Serpentor. This conflict takes place on Cobra Island.[10] His infiltration skills are put to use when a Joe team investigates hostile corporate instances in the fictional country of Darklonia.[11]Ambush appeared in the DiC G.I. Joe animated series, voiced by Andrew Koenig and Ian Corlett. In the episode \"United We Stand\", Ambush and Pathfinder have to work together or perish. In the episode \"I Found you Evy\", Ambush reveals a story from his past, about the only person who has ever been able to find him, a childhood friend who had become a female Range-Viper.[12]","title":"Ambush"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sergeant First Class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergeant_First_Class"},{"link_name":"Fort Huachuca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Huachuca"},{"link_name":"Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30thAnnPg119-13"},{"link_name":"Marvel Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Cobra Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobra_Command"},{"link_name":"Cobra Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobra_Island"},{"link_name":"Oktober Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oktober_Guard"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Marvel UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_UK"},{"link_name":"Action Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_Force"}],"text":"Armadillo is the G.I. Joe Team's driver of the Rolling Thunder vehicle. His real name is Philo R. Makepeace, and his rank is E-7 (Sergeant First Class). Armadillo was born in Fort Huachuca, Arizona, and was first released as an action figure in 1988 with the \"Rolling Thunder\" missile launcher.[13]His primary military specialty is that of armored assault vehicle driver. His secondary military specialty is advanced reconnaissance. Prior to his military career, he used to drive semi trucks, before his aggressive driving style got him into trouble.In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, the character Armadillo was called Rumbler.[14] His first appearance was in issue #80, when he helped the G.I. Joe team to keep Cobra Command from claiming a newly formed island near the original Cobra Island. However, just as the battle was over, the island sank back beneath the waves. He later participated in a secret mission to rescue captured Joes and members of the Oktober Guard from Sierra Gordo. He participates in the Battle of Benzheen.[15]In Marvel UK's Action Force comic, Armadillo appeared in G.I. Joe Annual 1992, as part of a team sent the fictional country of Sao Cristobel. The mission is to keep Cobra from acquiring a nuclear warhead.","title":"Armadillo"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30thAnnPg123-16"},{"link_name":"Marvel Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"},{"link_name":"Shockwave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shockwave_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Recondo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recondo_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Lt. Falcon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lt._Falcon"},{"link_name":"Oktober Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oktober_Guard"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceD-17"},{"link_name":"Clutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clutch_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Rock 'n Roll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_%27n_Roll_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceE-18"},{"link_name":"Rampart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rampart_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Devil's Due","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil%27s_Due_Publishing"},{"link_name":"Serpentor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpentor"},{"link_name":"Cobra Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobra_Island"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA2-20"},{"link_name":"G.I. Joe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._Joe:_A_Real_American_Hero_(1989_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"G.I. Joe: The Rise of Cobra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._Joe:_The_Rise_of_Cobra_(video_game)"}],"text":"Backblast is the G.I. Joe Team's Anti-aircraft soldier. His real name is Edward J. Menninger, and his rank is that of Sergeant E-5. Backblast was born in New York City, and was first released as an action figure in 1989.[16] The figure was repainted and released as part of the Battle Corps line in 1993. Different versions of the character were released in 2004 and 2005.Backblast's primary military specialty is air defense, and his secondary military specialty is signal corps. He grew up in a house next to one of the most popular airports in the world. His bedroom was directly under the landing path of incoming jets. When asked his job preferences upon his enlistment, he answered, \"Where can I go to shoot airplanes out of the sky?\"In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appeared in issue #92. He was part of a covert team of Joes sent into the fictional country of Sierra Gordo. They successfully rescue Shockwave, Recondo and Lt. Falcon, as well as the surviving members of the Oktober Guard. Backblast personally shoots down a Cobra Condor plane, which was attempting to destroy the Joes' vehicle, before the team could get across the border into the friendly nation of Punta del Mucosa.[17]Backblast was in the Joe's Utah HQ when Clutch and Rock 'n Roll nearly went berserk due to Cobra brainwashing.[18] He is one of the many Joes sent to the fictional Middle Eastern nation of Benzheen during the conflict in that nation. He works with Rampart to shoot down a Cobra Rattler pursuing Joe pilots.[19]In the Devil's Due series, Backblast is seen as one of the many Joes fighting against the new army created by Serpentor. This conflict takes place on Cobra Island.[20]Backblast appeared in the DiC G.I. Joe animated series, in a non-speaking cameo role in the episode Operation Dragonfire part 5.[21] He also appears as a playable character in the G.I. Joe: The Rise of Cobra video game voiced by Chopper Bernet.","title":"Backblast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Montreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"armor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armoured_warfare"},{"link_name":"mechanized infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanized_infantry"},{"link_name":"Golden Gloves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Gloves"},{"link_name":"demolition derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demolition_derby"},{"link_name":"A.W.E. Striker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.W.E._Striker"},{"link_name":"USS Defiant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defiant_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Leatherneck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leatherneck_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Cover-Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cover_Girl_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Frostbite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frostbite_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Hawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawk_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Battleforce 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleforce_2000"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Action Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_Force"}],"text":"Back-Stop is the G.I. Joe Team's Persuader tank driver. His real name is Robert A. Levin. Back-Stop was born in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. He was first released as an action figure in 1987, packaged with the \"Persuader\" high-speed tank.[22] A second version of Back-Stop was available as an authorized exclusive figure included in the 2009 Canadian G.I. Joe Convention box set. The set was limited to 100 with all figures being done in a 25th style design.Back-Stop's primary military specialty is armor, and his secondary military specialty is mechanized infantry. As a youth playing in junior league hockey in Canada, he injured so many opposing players that his family had to move to the United States to escape angry parents. He grew up in Detroit, where he boxed in the Golden Gloves until he was barred from competing; he also spent two years as his high school's undefeated wrestling champion when no one would challenge him. After a short demolition derby career, he found his true calling in the Army and eventually the G.I. Joe Team.In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appeared in issue #64 (October 1987). He joins the team when they are in their Utah Quonset hut base. His Persuader tank is used with an A.W.E. Striker for transport for some of the Joes who have joined at the same time. He is not informed of the top-secret aspects of the Joe team right away, such as the underground complex and the space shuttle, the USS Defiant. This is because while their new Joes had their transit orders, their top-secret clearances simply had not caught up to them yet. The shuttle itself, in its own transport, almost crushes the two vehicles. As Back-Stop was not allowed to see the Defiant, Leatherneck moves the vehicles.[23]Back-Stop is seen driving the Persuader to greet a trio of Joe soldiers that had been illegally imprisoned for five months.[24] He next appears as part of a security team, with Cover-Girl, Frostbite, Iceberg and Hawk, sent to the fictional country of Frusenland to help Battleforce 2000. Back-Stop ends up assisting in a firefight against Cobra forces, who had allied themselves with the country's government, as they attack as soon as the vehicles are literally dropped onto the runway.[25]The 2009 Canadian G.I. Joe convention had a limited edition box set that included a 25th Anniversary-style figure of Back-Stop. The set also included a comic book, 110 copies, produced for attendees. Part of the story featured Back-Stop fighting Cobra allies in Canada. His Persuader tank is destroyed by his adversaries. The use of the trademarked character was approved by Hasbro.[26]Back-Stop also appears in the British Action Force continuity.","title":"Back-Stop"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ninja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninja"},{"link_name":"Ninja Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninja_Force"},{"link_name":"Hartsdale, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartsdale,_New_York"}],"text":"Banzai is the G.I. Joe Team's Rising Sun ninja and member of Ninja Force. His real name is Robert J. Travalino. His primary military specialty is first-strike commando. His secondary military specialty is nunchaku instructor. His birthplace is Hartsdale, New York. Banzai trained with a reclusive ninja master in the hostile mountains Tibet for some time. He is noted for training while blind-folded.","title":"Banzai"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Barbecue"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cincinnati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati"},{"link_name":"Black Out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Out_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Built to Rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Built_to_Rule"},{"link_name":"G.I. Joe: Spy Troops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._Joe:_Spy_Troops"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hidalgo_2009_42-28"},{"link_name":"G.I. Joe: Spy Troops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._Joe:_Spy_Troops"},{"link_name":"Paul Dobson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Dobson_(actor)"}],"text":"Barrel Roll is the G.I. Joe Team's high-altitude sniper. His real name is Dwight E. Stall, and he was born in Cincinnati, Ohio. Barrel Roll was first released as an action figure in 2003, and is the brother of both G.I. Joe Bombstrike and Cobra Black Out. A version of Barrel Roll with no accessories came with the Built to Rule Rising Tide, which followed the G.I. Joe: Spy Troops story line. The forearms and the calves of the figure sported places where blocks could be attached.[27]His primary military specialty is marksmanship instructor. His secondary military specialty is fixed-wing aircraft pilot. Barrel Roll pushes himself to practice daily on the sniper range. He is a crack shot, and a skilled HALO jumper and pilot. He can claim the high ground without being spotted, drifting in silently by glider or parachute, and then disappear into the underbrush, sitting absolutely still to align the perfect shot.[28]Barrel Roll appeared in the direct-to-video CGI animated movie G.I. Joe: Spy Troops, voiced by Paul Dobson.","title":"Barrel Roll"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pittsburg, Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburg,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30thAnnPg139-29"},{"link_name":"Doctor Mindbender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Mindbender"},{"link_name":"Cobra Commander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobra_Commander"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Anti-Venom_Task_Force-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"text":"Barricade is the G.I. Joe Team's bunker buster. His real name is Philip M. Holsinger. Barricade was born in Pittsburg, Kansas, and was first released as an action figure in 1992.[29] His 1993 release was part of the Battle Corps line. In 2004, he was released as part of a Toys R Us exclusive \"Anti-Venom Task Force\" set. The story behind the Anti-Venom Task Force, is that they are G.I. Joe's response to Doctor Mindbender and Cobra Commander turning civilians into dangerous monsters.[30]His primary military specialty is bunker busting, i.e. penetrating hard targets. His secondary military specialty is the driver of the \"Badger\" vehicle. Barricade is also explicitly trained to fight enemy agents in city and urban areas.[31]","title":"Barricade"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Bazooka"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Beach Head"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Staff Sergeant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staff_Sergeant"},{"link_name":"Burford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burford"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bellomo_2005_175-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bellomo_2005_231-33"},{"link_name":"Whiteout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whiteout_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Alley Viper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alley_Viper"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Hereford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereford"},{"link_name":"NATO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO"},{"link_name":"Long Range Recon Patrol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Range_Reconnaissance_Patrol"},{"link_name":"Special Air Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Air_Service"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hidalgo_2009_43-37"},{"link_name":"Marvel Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"},{"link_name":"Destro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destro"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Devil's Due","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil%27s_Due_Publishing"},{"link_name":"Cobra Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobra_Island"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-4"},{"link_name":"G.I. Joe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._Joe:_A_Real_American_Hero_(1989_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Maurice LaMarche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_LaMarche"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VOICE_CREDITS-3"}],"text":"Big Ben is the G.I. Joe Team's SAS Fighter. His real name is David J. Bennett, and his rank is that of Staff Sergeant. Big Ben was born in Burford, England, and was first released as an action figure in 1991.[32] The figure was repainted and released in 1993 as part of the \"international Action Force\" mail-in offer.[33] Other repainted releases came in 2000 packaged in a two-pack with Whiteout,[34] and two different versions in 2002, packaged in a double-pack with an Alley Viper figure.[35][36]Big Ben received training at Bradbury Barracks in Hereford, before becoming a cadre member at the NATO Long Range Recon Patrol School in West Germany. He is a member of the 22nd Regiment of the British Special Air Service, on his second assignment with the G.I. Joe Team, as part of a temporary exchange program between American Special Forces and the British SAS. His primary military specialty is infantry, with a secondary of subversive operations.[37]In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he assists the Joes in defending Destro, when the allied group is entrenched in Destro's Trans-Carpathian castle.[38] He also appears in issue #137.[39]In the Devil's Due G.I. Joe series, he assists the Joes when they invade Cobra Island to interfere in their second civil war.[4]Big Ben appeared in the DiC G.I. Joe cartoon, voiced by Maurice LaMarche.[3]","title":"Big Ben"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hidalgo_2009_62-40"}],"text":"Big Brawler is the code name of Brian K. Mulholland. He is the G.I. Joe Team's jungle mission specialist, and was first released as an action figure in 2001. A new version with red hair was released in 2003, in a Tiger Force five-pack exclusive to Toys R Us stores. His specialties are counter-intelligence and espionage, and he is a master of both psychological warfare and hand-to-hand combat.[40] When it came to terrorist attacks orchestrated by the Cobra Organization, Big Brawler transferred from the Army Intelligence to the G.I. Joe Team.","title":"Big Brawler"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball"},{"link_name":"G.I. Joe: The Movie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._Joe:_The_Movie"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Joe_Roll_Call-41"},{"link_name":"Lt. Falcon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lt._Falcon"},{"link_name":"Chuckles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuckles_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Jinx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinx_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Law & Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_%26_Order_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Tunnel Rat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunnel_Rat_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Beach Head","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beach_Head_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-G.I._Joe:_The_Movie-42"},{"link_name":"World War III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_III_(G.I._Joe)"}],"text":"Big Lob is a former basketball player who speaks in sports commentator jargon. His real name is Bradley J. Sanders, and he was born in Chicago, Illinois.Big Lob first appeared in G.I. Joe: The Movie, voiced by Brad Sanders.[41] He is established as a member of the \"Rawhides\", a group of new Joe recruits (including Lt. Falcon, Chuckles, Jinx, Law & Order and Tunnel Rat) trained by Beach Head.[42]Big Lob had no action figure or comic book counterpart until 2010, when his figure became available as a G.I. Joe Club exclusive. He was listed as a reserve member of G.I. Joe during the America's Elite comic series, and is seen on a map as having been deployed as part of the Joes' efforts to battle Cobra Commander's forces worldwide during the \"World War III\" storyline. His primary military specialty is Infantry / Grenadier, and his secondary military specialty is Public Affairs Specialist.","title":"Big Lob"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kirkwood, Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkwood,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Gung-Ho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gung-Ho_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Clutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clutch_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Mirage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirage_(G.I._Joe)"}],"text":"Blast-Off is the G.I. Joe Team's flamethrower. His real name is Jeffrey D. Thompson, and he was born in Kirkwood, Missouri. Blast-Off was first released as an action figure in 1993, as part of the \"Mega Marines\" subset. The Mega-Marines are several Joes teaming up to battle Cobra-allied monsters. His figure came with \"moldable bio-armor\".[43]His primary military specialty is flamethrower. His secondary military specialty is firefighter. He is recruited into the G.I. Joe Team from his firefighting job, after he single-handedly put out an entire forest fire. When it is discovered that the \"Mega-Monsters\", a recently emerging threat, are vulnerable to fire, Blast-Off is assigned to the \"Mega-Marine\" team under the command of Gung-Ho. His other squad-mates are Clutch and Mirage.","title":"Blast-Off"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wolfeboro, New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfeboro,_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30thAnnPg115-44"},{"link_name":"Snow-Job","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow_Job_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infantry"},{"link_name":"Thule, Greenland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qaanaaq"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"G.I. Joe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._Joe_(NES)"},{"link_name":"Nintendo Entertainment System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_Entertainment_System"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-G.I._Joe_game_review-47"}],"text":"Blizzard is the G.I. Joe Team's arctic attack soldier. His real name is Gregory M. Natale, and his rank is that of Sergeant First Class E-7. Blizzard was born in Wolfeboro, New Hampshire (spelled \"Wolfboro\" on the action figure's file card), and was first released as an action figure in 1988.[44] In 1991, he was one of six exclusive European releases under the \"Tiger Force\" line. In 1997, he was released as part of an \"Arctic Mission\" triple pack with Iceberg and Snow-Job.[45]Blizzard's primary military specialty is Arctic warfare training instructor, and his secondary military specialty is infantry. Blizzard led an experimental security team based at Thule, Greenland for an entire winter, whose objective it was to determine what kind of training and conditioning worked best to prepare trainees for combat in Arctic conditions. Blizzard's team found that training and conditioning had little effect, as only the hardest and meanest men made it through the course – of which Blizzard was the hardest and meanest. He is noted by his teammates as being difficult to work with, though his success record makes up for it.[46]Blizzard is featured as a playable character in the 1991 G.I. Joe video game created for the Nintendo Entertainment System.[47] His special power is being able to fire weapon-shots through walls.","title":"Blizzard"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Blowtorch"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Breaker"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"samurai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samurai"},{"link_name":"Sacramento, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacramento,_California"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30thAnnPg115-44"},{"link_name":"infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infantry"},{"link_name":"hand-to-hand combat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand_to_hand_combat"},{"link_name":"Iaidō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iaid%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Harley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harley-Davidson"},{"link_name":"Marvel Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"},{"link_name":"Repeater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repeater_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Lightfoot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightfoot_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Grand Slam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Slam_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-G.I._Joe_1989-48"},{"link_name":"Devil's Due","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil%27s_Due_Publishing"},{"link_name":"Jinx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinx_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Gung-Ho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gung-Ho_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Wild Bill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_Bill_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"}],"text":"Budo is the G.I. Joe Team's samurai warrior. His real name is Kyle A. Jesso, and his rank is that of sergeant E-5. Budo was born in Sacramento, California, and was first released as an action figure in 1988.[44]Budo's primary military specialty is infantry, and his secondary military specialty is hand-to-hand combat instructor. Budo's father was an orthodontist in Oakland, his grandfather a farmer in Fresno, his great-grandfather a track-worker on the Rocky Mountain Line, and his great-great-grandfather was a fencing master in one of Japan's last great samurai warrior families. Budo was given the family swords on his eighteenth birthday, as well as a haiku written by his ancestor. Budo has a fifth-degree black belt in Iaidō, and similar rank in Karate, Judo, and Jujutsu. He has an affinity for his chopped, pan-head Harley and for heavy metal music.In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appeared in issue #82. He has just joined the Joe with Repeater and Lightfoot. Their veteran instructor Grand Slam is injured leaving the three to defend a weapons depot from enemy forces.[48]In the Devil's Due series, Budo has an interrupted romantic relationship with Jinx. He also spends some time undercover, infiltrating and partially converting a Japanese businessman's private army. Gung-Ho and Wild Bill assist in this mission. His efforts save Japan from a military takeover.[49]","title":"Budo"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30thAnnPg140-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Drug Enforcement Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_Enforcement_Administration"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Marvel Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"},{"link_name":"Cobra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobra_Command"},{"link_name":"Headman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headman_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"G.I. Joe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._Joe:_A_Real_American_Hero_(1989_TV_series)"}],"text":"Bullet-Proof is the G.I. Joe Team's Drug Elimination Force leader. His real name is Earl S. Morris. He was born in Chicago, Illinois, and was first released as an action figure in 1992, as part of the DEF (Drug Elimination Force) line.[50] He was released in 1993 with the Battle Corps line.[51]In addition to leading the G.I. Joe DEF (Drug Elimination Force), he is also an official U.S. Marshal. Before being assigned to the G.I. Joe team, he served with the Drug Enforcement Administration in the Caribbean, the \"Golden Triangle\" and Central America. His code name resulted from his enemies, as they observed how he remained unscathed while leading his men through firefights.[52]In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appeared in issue #124. He also appeared in #125 and #127. As part of the DEF, he helps eliminate the drug trade from the town of Broca Beach without realizing the entire town was a Cobra front. The DEF also confront the enemy operatives Headman and his Headhunters.[53]Bullet-Proof appeared in the DiC G.I. Joe animated series.","title":"Bullet-Proof"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Providence, Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Providence,_Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30thAnnPg128-2"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"G.I. Joe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._Joe:_A_Real_American_Hero_(1989_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"David Wills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Wills_(voice_actor)"}],"text":"Bullhorn is the G.I. Joe Team's hostage negotiator. His real name is Stephen A. Ferreira. He was born in Providence, Rhode Island, and was first released as an action figure in 1990.[2] Version 2 was released in 2008 for the International G.I. Convention which was held in Dallas, Texas. It came with the transport called \"S.W.A.T. R.T.V.\" This was produced in relation with the \"Official G.I. Joe Collectors' Club\".Bullhorn taught hand to hand combat at the F.B.I. Academy in Qauntico, Virginia. He is also a contender for the \"national practical pistol title\", another skill practiced at the academy.[54] He is noted as being a reckless driver.[55]Bullhorn appeared in the DiC G.I. Joe animated series, voiced by David Wills.","title":"Bullhorn"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ninja Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninja_Force"},{"link_name":"Hollis, Queens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollis,_Queens"},{"link_name":"Iceland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland"},{"link_name":"Banzai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Banzai"}],"text":"Bushido is the G.I. Joe Team's snow ninja and member of Ninja Force. His real name is Lloyd S. Goldfine. His primary military specialty is cold weather specialist. His secondary military specialty is strategist. His birthplace is Hollis, Queens, New York. He has trained in Iceland and continues to prefer to train in cold weather environments. He wears a helmet similar to the one his father wore. He considers fellow Ninja Force member Banzai his \"blood brother\".","title":"Bushido"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Evergreen Park, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evergreen_Park,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30thAnnPg128-2"},{"link_name":"Hasbro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasbro"},{"link_name":"Bazooka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazooka_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"quarterback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarterback"},{"link_name":"West Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy"},{"link_name":"football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_Black_Knights_football"},{"link_name":"Marvel Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"},{"link_name":"Cobra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobra_Command"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-G.I._Joe_A_Real_American_Hero'_1992-56"},{"link_name":"Devil's Due","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil%27s_Due_Publishing"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"G.I. Joe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._Joe:_A_Real_American_Hero_(1989_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Dale Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dale_Wilson_(actor)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VOICE_CREDITS-3"},{"link_name":"General Hawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawk_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Sgt. Slaughter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sgt._Slaughter_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Metal-Head","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal-Head"},{"link_name":"G.I. Joe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._Joe_(NES)"},{"link_name":"Nintendo Entertainment System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_Entertainment_System"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-G.I._Joe_game_review-47"}],"text":"Captain Grid-Iron is the G.I. Joe Team's hand-to-hand combat specialist. His real name is Terrence Lydon, and his rank is that of captain O-3. Captain Grid-Iron was born in Evergreen Park, Illinois, and was first released as an action figure in 1990.[2] He was released as part of the tradition of Hasbro to release a sports figure each year, starting with Bazooka in 1985.[citation needed] A recolored version was also released in India.Grid-Iron was quarterback for the West Point football team. He graduated in the top ten of his class. He passed up an appointment to the U.S. Army War college, for a conventional infantry command at the company level. His determination to be \"where the action is\" brought him to the attention of G.I. Joe. According to his file card, his personality is grating, but tolerable. The other Joes think if he would stop trying so hard to be likable, \"they might let him play quarterback at the annual G.I. Joe Fish Fry Football Game!\"Grid-Iron makes a single panel appearance in issue No. 130 of the Marvel Comics series. He is seen defending G.I. Joe headquarters from Cobra attack.[56] Years later he appears on the cover to the Devil's Due series America's Elite #25. He is listed as a reservist in Special Missions: Manhattan.[57] In G.I. Joe: America's Elite #28, he is listed as fighting in the Sudan.[58]Captain Grid-Iron's most significant appearances were in the first-season of the DiC G.I. Joe animated series, voiced by Dale Wilson.[3] His speech was peppered with football terminology. He was in charge of the team in the absence of General Hawk and Sgt. Slaughter, and took orders from both of them when they appeared. Grid-Iron was absent for most of the second season, but was featured in the second-season episode \"Metal-Head's Reunion,\" which revealed that Grid-Iron and the Cobra officer Metal-Head both attended the same school.Captain Grid-Iron is featured as a playable character in the 1991 G.I. Joe video game created for the Nintendo Entertainment System.[47]","title":"Captain Grid-Iron"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hidalgo_2009_62-40"}],"text":"Chameleon is the illegitimate half-sister of the Baroness, who infiltrated the Cobra organization by assuming the Baroness' role. She serves as a secret agent and intelligence officer for G.I. Joe. She was introduced to the toyline when Hasbro lost the trademark to the Baroness' name.[40]","title":"Chameleon"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Blackduck, Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackduck,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30thAnnPg115-44"},{"link_name":"Repeater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repeater_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30thAnnPg116-59"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Anti-Venom_Task_Force-30"},{"link_name":"G.I. Joe: The Rise of Cobra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._Joe:_The_Rise_of_Cobra"},{"link_name":"Marvel Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"},{"link_name":"Cobra Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobra_Island"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceF-60"},{"link_name":"Airtight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airtight_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Spearhead & Max","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spearhead_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Tunnel Rat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunnel_Rat_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"Devil's Due","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil%27s_Due_Publishing"},{"link_name":"The Coil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Coil"},{"link_name":"Serpentor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpentor"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"}],"text":"Charbroil is the G.I. Joe Team's flamethrower. His real name is Carl G. Shannon, and his rank is that of corporal E-4. Charbroil was born in Blackduck, Minnesota, and was first released as an action figure in 1988.[44] The figure was repainted and released as part of the \"Night Force\" line in 1989, packaged with Repeater.[59] In 2004, he was part of a Toys R Us Exclusive \"Anti-Venom Task Force\", a G.I. Joe response team to enemy agents turning civilians into monsters.[30] Charbroil had a new sculpt in 2009, as part of the line released for the G.I. Joe: The Rise of Cobra movie.Charbroil's primary military specialty is flame weapons specialist, and his secondary military specialty is small arms armorer. One of his childhood chores was to heat the water pipes in his family's basement with a blowtorch in the winter to keep them from freezing and bursting. As a teenager, his job was to feed coal into the blast furnaces in the mills on the Great Lakes. As such, when he was recruited into the Army he requested a job dealing with open flames.In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appeared in issue 80 (November 1988). He is part of a Joe effort to stop Cobra from claiming new territory forming near Cobra Island. The land mass eventually sinks on its own.[60] In Special Missions #21, Charbroil is part of a G.I. Joe squad sent to investigate Cobra activity in the sewers of New York City along with Airtight, Spearhead & Max and Tunnel Rat.[61]In the Devil's Due G.I. Joe series, Charbroil is one of the many Joes called back into service to fight The Coil, a new army formed by the former Cobra agent, Serpentor. This mission again focuses on Cobra Island.[62]","title":"Charbroil"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Chuckles"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Claymore"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Clean sweep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_sweep_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30thAnnPg134-63"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"Marvel Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"},{"link_name":"Flint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flint_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Ozone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Cesspool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesspool_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"G.I. Joe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._Joe:_A_Real_American_Hero_(1989_TV_series)"}],"text":"For other uses, see Clean sweep.Clean-Sweep is the G.I. Joe Team's Anti-tox trooper. His real name is Daniel W. Price, and he was first released as an action figure in 1991, as part of the Eco-Warriors line.[63] He is a U.S. Army Sergeant, and he was born in Elizabeth, New Jersey. He is a chemicals operation specialist and combat engineer. He is often called in to use his remote control devices to clean up Cobra chemical spills; the problem is that Cobra soldiers are often still around. His primary offensive weapon is a laser pistol.[64]In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appeared in issue #123. He becomes part of the \"Eco-Warriors\", assigned to stop environmental threats. With Flint, the team leader and Ozone, they confront the Cobra agent Cesspool, who was causing pollution from an abandoned oil platform.[65]Clean-Sweep appeared in the DiC G.I. Joe animated series.","title":"Clean-Sweep"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30thAnnPg134-63"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"Marvel Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceG-67"},{"link_name":"G.I. Joe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._Joe:_A_Real_American_Hero_(1989_TV_series)"}],"text":"Cloudburst is the G.I. Joe Team's glider trooper. His real name is Chuck Ram. He was born in San Diego, California, and was first released as an action figure in 1991, as part of the Air Commandos line.[63] As a teenager, he designed and built his own working prototype gliders. After joining the Army, he helps develop stealth-gliders for troop-insertion and recon. He is now on special assignment to the G.I. Joe team as their in-house glider specialist. He's noted for constantly working on his equipment because he knows his services are a 'last resort' situation.[66]In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he is mentioned by name in issue No. 118, but not seen.[67]Cloudburst appeared in the DiC G.I. Joe animated series.","title":"Cloudburst"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Clutch"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fort Knox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Knox"},{"link_name":"Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30thAnnPg128-2"},{"link_name":"Battleforce 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleforce_2000"},{"link_name":"fire control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire-control_system"},{"link_name":"General Hawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawk_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"}],"text":"Cold Front is the G.I. Joe Team's Avalanche driver. His real name is Charles Donahue. He was born in Fort Knox, Kentucky, and was first released as an action figure in 1990, packaged with the \"Avalanche\" arctic tank/hovercraft.[2] This vehicle should not be confused with the G.I. Joe Battleforce 2000 character, also called Avalanche.Cold Front's primary military specialty is Avalanche driver, and his secondary military specialty is fire control technician. He grew up literally close to the weapons testing facilities at the military base called Fort Knox, hearing the sounds of the M-80 tanks. This inspired a lifelong love of tanks. Self-taught strategy and his affiliation with military vehicles got him an assignment to the 3rd Armored Division when he enlisted in the Army at the age of eighteen. From the Army, he was reassigned to the G.I. Joe \"Arctic Patrol\". From there, he was picked by General Hawk to drive the Avalanche. He is noted for his poor treatment of civilian vehicles.[68]","title":"Cold Front"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston"},{"link_name":"Airwave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airwave_(G.I._Joe)"}],"text":"Colonel Courage is the G.I. Joe Team's strategic commander. His real name is Cliff V. Mewett, and he was born in Boston, Massachusetts. Colonel Courage was first released as an action figure in 1993, as part of the Battle Corps line. The name Cliff V. Mewett had been used a few years earlier for the character Airwave, though the character is Caucasian and born in a different city. A Brazil variant of Colonel Courage has him as a Caucasian.His primary military specialty is administrative strategist. His secondary military specialty is Patriot driver. He is often assigned to intelligence tasks behind the lines and behind a desk, partly due to his attention to detail. This also translated into a noted tendency to dress well, something he tries to pass onto those he commands.","title":"Colonel Courage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"astronauts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronauts"},{"link_name":"Captain, USAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Plainfield, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plainfield,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30thAnnPg123-16"},{"link_name":"Star Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Brigade"},{"link_name":"astronaut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronaut"},{"link_name":"fighter pilot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fighter_pilot"},{"link_name":"electronics engineer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_engineering"},{"link_name":"chess master","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_master"},{"link_name":"Marvel Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceH-69"}],"text":"Countdown is one of the G.I. Joe Team's astronauts. His real name is David D. Dubosky, and his rank is that of Captain, USAF O-3. Countdown was born in Plainfield, New Jersey, and was first released as an action figure in 1989.[16] The figure was repainted and released as part of the Star Brigade line in 1993, and again in 1994.Countdown's primary military specialty is astronaut/fighter pilot, and his secondary military specialty is electronics engineer. He is a qualified F-16 fighter pilot, a NASA astronaut, an electronics engineer, and even a ranking chess master.In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appeared in issue No. 109 and again in No. 110. He takes part in a mission that launches a Joe vehicle into orbit and then into the fictional country of Trucial Absymia. The mission, which succeeds, is to rescue the survivors of a Joe squad that has suffered many fatalities.[69]","title":"Countdown"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Cover Girl"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A.W.E. Striker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.W.E._Striker"},{"link_name":"Lawrence, Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"armor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armoured_warfare"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bellomo_2005_47-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30thAnnPg105-72"},{"link_name":"G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._Joe:_A_Real_American_Hero_(Marvel_Comics)"}],"text":"Crankcase is the G.I. Joe team's A.W.E. Striker driver. His real name is Elwood G. Indiana, and he was born in Lawrence, Kansas. Crankcase's primary military specialty is motor vehicle driver, and his secondary military specialty is armor.[70] He was first released as an action figure in 1985, packaged with the A.W.E. Striker vehicle.[71][72]Crankcase first appeared in G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero #44 (February 1986), but is among several Joes killed in action by a SAW Viper in issue #109.","title":"Crankcase"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Crazylegs"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Cross-Country"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Cutter"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cincinnati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated30-73"},{"link_name":"Serpentor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpentor"},{"link_name":"The Coil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Coil"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"}],"text":"Daemon is the code name of Jeff Lacefield. He was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, and developed an interest in computers at an early age. By the time he graduated from college at age 21, he had become quite a computer programmer and started to develop computer viruses in his spare time. When one of these viruses was inadvertently set loose in the FBI central computer system, he was tracked down and arrested. However, the Feds saw his abilities as a programmer, and instead of being sent to federal prison, Daemon was appointed to the reinstated G.I. Joe task force, to help them thwart the top-secret nano-mite technology that was stolen from the U.S. Army by Cobra.[73]Daemon is killed in the Devil's Due G.I. Joe series, when his neck is snapped by Serpentor during a battle with The Coil.[74]","title":"Daemon"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hidalgo_2009_62-40"},{"link_name":"White Earth, Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Earth,_Minnesota"}],"text":"Dart is the G.I. Joe Team's pathfinder, and he was first released as an action figure in 2002. His real name is Jimmy Tall Elk, and his rank is that of sergeant E-6.[40] Dart was born in White Earth, Minnesota.Dart's primary military specialty is recon, and his secondary military specialty is infantry. He was a former hunting guide in Minnesota before joining the G.I. Joe team.","title":"Dart"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Providence, Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Providence,_Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"Battleforce 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleforce_2000"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"}],"text":"Dee-Jay is the code name of Thomas R. Rossi III. He was born in Providence, Rhode Island, and was the most popular DJ in Boston before he signed up for Battleforce 2000. His primary military specialty is radio telephone operator, and his secondary military specialty is infantry. Dee-Jay was first released as an action figure in 1989. Dee-Jay appeared in only issue #113 of the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, and was killed in that same issue.[7]","title":"Dee-Jay"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Deep Six"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pittsburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hidalgo_2009_62-40"}],"text":"Depth Charge is the G.I. Joe Team's underwater demolitions expert. His real name is Nick H. Langdon, and he was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. first released as an action figure in 2003.[40] He specializes in clearing mines and other devices in the water. Despite having some of the best scores in the history of the UDT program and loving his job, he hates water.","title":"Depth Charge"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Dial Tone"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Doc"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30thAnnPg125-75"},{"link_name":"1st Lieutenant, USAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Lieutenant"},{"link_name":"Providence, Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Providence,_Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"Marvel Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"Ace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ace_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Slip-Stream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slip-Stream_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Ghostrider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghostrider_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Hawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawk_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-G.I._Joe_1991-77"},{"link_name":"Devil's Due","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil%27s_Due_Publishing"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-G.I._Joe_2007-78"},{"link_name":"Iron Grenadier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Grenadiers"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"}],"text":"Dogfight is the G.I. Joe Team's Mudfighter pilot, and he was first released as an action figure in 1989, packaged with the Mudfighter bomber.[75] His real name is James R. King, and his rank is that of 1st Lieutenant, USAF O-2. Dogfight was born in Providence, Rhode Island.Dogfight's primary military specialty is Mudfighter pilot, and his secondary military specialty is electronics technician. The combination of his uncanny depth perception, precise hand/eye coordination, and powerful throwing arm got him permanently forbidden from every county fair and carnival in Alabama for winning too many stuffed bears. He now uses those same skills to destroy Cobra's vehicles.In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appeared in G.I. Joe Special Missions #28. In that issue, Dogfight assists in saving the USS Flagg. In the same issue, he also breaks the \"fourth wall\" as part of a group addressing the reader.[76] Later, Dogfight is the co-pilot for Ace during a recon mission over the supposedly friendly skies of Benzheen. Their craft is shot up off-panel by a Cobra Rattler. They escape to the awaiting aircraft carrier, the USS Flagg. Dogfight urges Ace to punch out. He does not, because he knows Dogfight's ejection system is shot to pieces and Ace could not live with knowing he abandoned his co-pilot. In the same issue, the pilots Slip-Stream and Ghostrider take another flight over Benzheen in a Stealth Fighter. Ghostrider and later, Hawk both refer to Slip-Stream as Dogfight.[77]Dogfight also appears in the America's Elite G.I. Joe series from Devil's Due. He is part of a small group of Joe pilots sent to assist European military forces. Despite expectations, they survive the mission.[78] He also witnesses Iron Grenadier pilots suffering aircraft malfunctions.[79]","title":"Dogfight"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Storm Shadow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storm_Shadow_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Ninja Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninja_Force"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"}],"text":"Dojo is the code name of Michael P. Russo. He was born in San Francisco, California. Impressed by his skills and integrity, Storm Shadow recruited Dojo for the G.I. Joe's new sub-team Ninja Force. He is noted for using \"patter\" to distract his opponents. He also prefers to drive the G.I. Joe vehicle \"Brawler\".[80]","title":"Dojo"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hidalgo_2009_62-40"},{"link_name":"Roadblock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roadblock_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"}],"text":"Double Blast is a heavy machine gunner for the G.I. Joe Team. He was named after Charles L. Griffith (a real-life G.I. Joe collector), and was released as an action figure in 2001.[40] Double Blast was created to replace Roadblock when Hasbro temporarily lost the trademark to his name.[81] He is characterized for his ability to assemble, disassemble, and reassemble a weapon in less than 60 seconds in the dark.","title":"Double Blast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mortar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortar_(weapon)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30thAnnPg123-16"},{"link_name":"Cleveland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland"},{"link_name":"infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infantry"},{"link_name":"special operations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_operations"},{"link_name":"Devil's Due","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil%27s_Due_Publishing"},{"link_name":"Cobra Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobra_Island"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-4"}],"text":"Downtown is the G.I. Joe Team's mortar man, and he was first released as an action figure in 1989.[16] His real name is Thomas P. Riley, and his rank is that of corporal E-4. Downtown was born in Cleveland, Ohio.Downtown's primary military specialty is infantry, and his secondary military specialty is special operations. Downtown can keep up with a highly mobile, rapid strike force like G.I. Joe with his high-powered mortar, whereas slow, ponderous artillery cannot. He can judge range and trajectory just by eyesight.In the America's Elite G.I. Joe series from Devil's Due, Downtown is one of the many Joes to take part in the second Cobra civil war, which again takes place on Cobra Island.[4]","title":"Downtown"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Poteau, Oklahoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poteau,_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30thAnnPg128-2"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"G.I. Joe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._Joe:_A_Real_American_Hero_(1989_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Don Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Brown_(voice_actor)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VOICE_CREDITS-3"}],"text":"Drop Zone is the G.I. Joe Team's Sky Patrol weapon specialist. His real name is Samuel C. Delisi, and he was born in Poteau, Oklahoma. Drop Zone was first released as an action figure in 1990, as part of the \"Sky Patrol\" line.[2] He is also a Special Forces adviser. He is noted for volunteering for every dangerous assignment and deeply enjoying his job.[82]Drop Zone appears in the DiC G.I. Joe cartoon, voiced by Don Brown.[3]","title":"Drop Zone"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Duke"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Dusty"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Star Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Brigade"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"Fort Worth, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Worth,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"}],"text":"Effects is the G.I. Joe Team's explosives expert, and he was first released as an action figure in 1994, as part of the Star Brigade line.[83] His real name is Aron Beck. Effects was born in Fort Worth, Texas.His primary military specialty is explosives/munitions ordnance. His secondary military specialty is special effects coordinator. He uses visual distractions to draw attention away from targets he then destroys.[84]","title":"Effects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"Collierville, Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collierville,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"ordnance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordnance_weapon"},{"link_name":"Fire and Forget","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire-and-forget"},{"link_name":"ECM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_countermeasures"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"Marvel Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"},{"link_name":"Chuckles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuckles_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Falcon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lt._Falcon"},{"link_name":"Law and Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_%26_Order_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Hawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawk_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Dreadnoks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreadnoks"},{"link_name":"Cobra Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobra_Island"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"}],"text":"Fast Draw is the G.I. Joe Team's mobile missile specialist, and he was first released as an action figure in 1987.[85] His real name is Eliot Brown, and his rank is that of corporal E-4. Fast Draw was born in Collierville, Tennessee.Fast Draw's primary military specialty is ordnance, and his secondary military specialty is clerk typist. Fast Draw carries the FAFNIR (Fire and Forget Non-tube-launched Infantry Rocket) missile system, and wears a protective suit to shield him from hot exhaust gases. The FAFNIR target acquisition and homing devices are self-contained within the missile, which allows the operator to move and take cover immediately after launch. These missiles are extremely fast, and resistant to ECM jamming.[86]In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appeared in issue #60. Along with Chuckles, Falcon, and Law and Order, he is part of a faux G.I. Joe team being used by others for political gain. After the \"new\" Joes assist Hawk in battling several Dreadnoks, they are made official members of the team. The conflict had been over a rogue US military faction trying to use a high-tech missile to destroy Cobra Island.[87] He is spotlighted in a latter incident, destroying Cobra tanks threatening his fellow soldiers.[88]","title":"Fast Draw"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Virginia Beach, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Beach,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Mainframe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainframe_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated30-73"}],"text":"Firewall is the code name of Michelle LaChance. She was born in Virginia Beach, Virginia, and learned early on that she had a knack for computers. In high school, she figured out how to access protected school records and alter grades. This eventually led to hacking government systems and classified military computers, which landed her in federal prison. But her handiwork impressed enough people, that she was sent to the G.I. Joe Team under supervision of Mainframe. There, she received basic military training, and has since been a loyal member, though she is not a field operative.[89] Firewall was instrumental in developing a counter-program, to thwart the top-secret nano-mite technology that was stolen from the U.S. Army by Cobra.[73]","title":"Firewall"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Flash"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Flint"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Footloose"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30thAnnPg128-2"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"Cobra Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobra_Island"},{"link_name":"Chuckles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuckles_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Hit and Run","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hit_%26_Run_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Outback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outback_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Recondo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recondo_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Wet-Suit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_Suit_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Zap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zap_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Downers Grove, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downers_Grove,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"G.I. Joe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._Joe:_A_Real_American_Hero_(1989_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Scott McNeil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_McNeil"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VOICE_CREDITS-3"}],"text":"Freefall is the G.I. Joe Team's paratrooper, and he was first released as an action figure in 1990.[2] He had a 2009 re-release as \"Spc. Altitude\", but is the same character.[90] This latter release was part of the \"Assault On Cobra Island\" box set, which included the figures Chuckles, Hit and Run, Outback, Recondo, Wet-Suit and Zap. Freefall's real name is Phillip W. Arndt, and he was born in Downers Grove, Illinois.To prepare for the Airborne Ranger school, he went through the Ranger Indoctrination Course designed to remove forty percent of the applicants. Freefall then had to conquer a three-week pre-training course, simply to qualify for the full eight-week training course. He is noted for having enjoyed it and come out the best of the Rangers. Freefall has a master's degree in Eastern Philosophy. He is known for having a large ego.[91]Freefall appeared in the DiC G.I. Joe animated series voiced by Scott McNeil.[3]","title":"Freefall"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Perry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Perry_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"Aiken, South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aiken,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Chicago Bears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Bears"},{"link_name":"World War III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_III_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"}],"text":"The Fridge is the code name used by football player William Perry. He was born in Aiken, South Carolina. During his time as a member of the NFL's Chicago Bears football team, Perry worked with G.I. Joe as a physical training instructor. Though he was one of many Joes listed on the World War III member assignment map in G.I. Joe: America's Elite#28, The Fridge was unavailable during the conflict known as World War III.[92]","title":"Fridge"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Frostbite"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"General Joseph Colton"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"General Flagg"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"Serpentor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpentor"},{"link_name":"Crystal Ball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_Ball_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Zandar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zandar"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hidalgo_2009_55-95"}],"text":"General Philip Rey was introduced in the Devil's Due G.I. Joe series.[93] His real name is Philip A. Rey, and he emerged from seemingly nowhere, to become the field commander of the G.I. Joe Team. It was later revealed that Rey is one of the dozen original clones that were produced during Cobra's development of Serpentor. Dr. Mindbender altered Rey's growth patterns and features to hide his connection to the Cobra Emperor. Additionally, Crystal Ball helped construct Rey's personality, and Zandar helped insert him as a U.S. military general, to make him Cobra's most insidious sleeper agent. Unexpectedly, Rey's years of service and his time with G.I. Joe helped him shake off Cobra's control, and he refused to betray his countrymen, despite deeply implanted hypnotic triggers. Rey's past remains classified, known only to a handful of Joes.[94][95]","title":"General Philip Rey"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30thAnnPg119-13"},{"link_name":"Major, USAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"stealth fighter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stealth_aircraft"},{"link_name":"aeronautical engineer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerospace_engineering"},{"link_name":"Marvel Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"},{"link_name":"Cobra Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobra_Island"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"Scarlett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarlett_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Cobra Commander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobra_Commander"},{"link_name":"Darklon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darklon_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"USS Defiant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defiant_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Dogfight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogfight_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"Slip-Stream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slip-Stream_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Rampart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rampart_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Backblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backblast_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Dogfight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogfight_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-G.I._Joe_1991-77"},{"link_name":"Ghost Rider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost_Rider"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Ghostrider is the G.I. Joe Team's stealth fighter pilot, and he was first released as an action figure in 1988, packaged with the Phantom X-19 Stealth Fighter.[13] His real name is Jonas S. Jeffries, and his rank is that of Major, USAF O-4. Ghostrider was born in Chicago, Illinois.Ghostrider's primary military specialty is stealth fighter pilot, and his secondary military specialty is aeronautical engineer. Ghostrider has been working on not being noticed since the second grade; teachers never noticed him because he conscientiously worked on not being noticed.In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appeared in issue #76. There he is one of the many Joes to participate in the first Cobra civil war on Cobra Island.[96] He is featured in issue #16 of G.I. Joe Special Missions. He later spends a week with Scarlett, helping to establish a Stealth Fighter base in South America. It is destroyed in a raid orchestrated by Cobra Commander and Darklon. Ghostrider manages to lift off, and assists in saving the aircraft carrier the USS Flagg and the space shuttle the USS Defiant. Also in the battle on the side of the Joes, is the pilot Dogfight in his own craft.[97]Later, Ghostrider and Slip-Stream, working off the USS Flagg, run a recon mission over the fictional country of Benzheen. Rampart and Backblast save the duo, by shooting down a Cobra Rattler. As with his other appearances, Ghostrider accepts that nobody can remember his code-name. While the mission succeeds, the Stealth Fighter is a complete loss. For most of the issue, Slip-Stream is referred to as \"Dogfight\", who survived an earlier wreck onto the Flagg in the same issue.[77]A running gag throughout the Marvel G.I. Joe comic series was that Ghostrider's name was never actually said by any other Joes, or even used in narration. In reality, this was done to avoid any potential issues or problems with Marvel's own Ghost Rider,[citation needed] despite the G.I. Joe character's named being spelled differently as one word.","title":"Ghostrider"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Grand Slam"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The Greenshirts are the generic-looking soldiers from the G.I. Joe toy line and animated series.The Greenshirts are the equivalent of \"extras\" in that they are in the story to serve merely as background characters and have little to no speaking parts, effectively making them the Joes' equivalent of Cobra Vipers. Due to the unique look of each G.I. Joe member, it became a problem for Sunbow animators to render the G.I. Joe Team, especially for all-out battle scenes. The solution was to create generic G.I. Joe soldiers. This also addressed a problem not brought up in the comics: Cobra would outnumber the Joes.","title":"Greenshirts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Grunt"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Gung-Ho"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cooperstown, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperstown,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30thAnnPg115-44"},{"link_name":"infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infantry"},{"link_name":"special services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_forces"},{"link_name":"minor leagues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_league_baseball"},{"link_name":"Marvel Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"Dreadnoks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreadnoks"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"Devil's Due","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil%27s_Due_Publishing"},{"link_name":"Rampart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rampart_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceI-100"}],"text":"Hardball is the G.I. Joe Team's multi-shot grenadier. His real name is Wilmer S. Duggleby, and his rank is that of corporal E-4. Hardball was born in Cooperstown, New York, and was first released as an action figure in 1988.[44]Hardball's primary military specialty is infantry, and his secondary military specialty is special services. Hardball played centerfield in the minor leagues for five seasons before he realized that the big league scouts were looking for star quality over athletic prowess. The G.I. Joe Team was looking for team players however, and had a need for someone who could judge distances accurately and react quickly with deliberation.In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appeared in issue #80 (November 1988). Hardball is later selected as one of the many Joes to help protect the President of the United States. His skills are vital to rescuing the President after he is kidnapped by Cobra forces.[98] He later mans a machine-gun turret in the Joe vehicle called \"The Mean Dog\" that had been headed out to a weapons testing range. Hardball, Repeater and Wildcard assist in a running battle against Dreadnoks, who are trying to capture two other Joes, Clutch and Rock 'n Roll.[99]In the Devil's Due series, the Red Shadows, a Cobra splinter group, wages a campaign against the Joes. While on assignment in South America, Hardball (along with Rampart and Glenda) is killed by the Red Shadows.[100]","title":"Hardball"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hidalgo_2009_62-40"}],"text":"Hard Drive is the G.I. Joe Team's battlefield computer specialist. His real name is Martin A. Pidel, and he was first released as an action figure in 2004.[40]","title":"Hard Drive"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Orlando, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando,_Florida"},{"link_name":"heavy equipment operator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_equipment_operator"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"Cobra Commander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobra_Commander"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"Marvel Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"},{"link_name":"Payload","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Payload_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Crankcase's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crankcase_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"A.W.E. Striker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.W.E._Striker"},{"link_name":"Back-Stop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back-Stop_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"}],"text":"Hardtop is the designer and driver of the G.I. Joe Team's Crawler. His real name is Nicholas D. Klas, and his rank is that of sergeant E-5. Hardtop was born in Chicago, Illinois, and was first released as an action figure in 1987, packaged with the Defiant space vehicle launch complex. In 2004, he was released as part of the \"40 Years of Adventure\" Tiger Force Box Set, at the 2004 G.I. Joe Convention in Orlando, Florida.Hardtop's primary military specialty is heavy equipment operator, and his secondary military specialty is electronics. He is a man known for getting the job done without questions; for example, moving the Crawler to the top of a mountain. He is known for being quiet, as talking is not one of his priorities.[101]Budget cuts later force the closing of the G.I. Joe space shuttle program. Hardtop continues to work with the team as a heavy equipment operator, and also becomes their liaison to the National Space Agency. Due to later developments with fuel cells, he is one of Cobra Commander's most wanted prisoners.[102]In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appeared, with Payload in issue #64 (October 1987). In that issue, he almost crushes Crankcase's A.W.E. Striker vehicle and Back-Stop's Persuader tank.[103]","title":"Hardtop"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Hawk"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Heavy Duty"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30thAnnPg105-72"},{"link_name":"Sherman Tank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M4_Sherman"},{"link_name":"Heinz Guderian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinz_Guderian"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn"}],"text":"Heavy Metal is the G.I. Joe Team's Mauler M.B.T. Tank driver. His action figure debuted in 1985 alongside the Mauler M.B.T. tank.[72] His actual name is Sherman R. Guderian (which is a combination of the Sherman Tank and German general Heinz Guderian). Heavy Metal was born in Brooklyn, New York.","title":"Heavy Metal"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St. Paul, Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Paul,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Dr. Mindbender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Mindbender"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"Built to Rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Built_to_Rule"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"G.I. Joe: Spy Troops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._Joe:_Spy_Troops"},{"link_name":"G.I. Joe: Valor vs. Venom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._Joe:_Valor_vs._Venom"},{"link_name":"Mark Hildreth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Hildreth_(actor)"},{"link_name":"G.I. Joe: Sigma 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._Joe:_Sigma_6"},{"link_name":"Eric Stuart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Stuart"}],"text":"Hi-Tech is the G.I. Joe Team's operations support specialist. His real name is David P. Lewinski, and he was born in St. Paul, Minnesota. Hi-Tech was first released as an action figure in 2004, in a two-pack with Dr. Mindbender.[104] A version of Hi-Tech with no accessories also came with the Built to Rule Patriot Grizzly in 2004. The figure featured additional articulation with a mid-thigh cut joint, and the forearms and the calves of the figure sported places where blocks could be attached.[105]His primary military specialty is armament research and design. His secondary military specialty is telecommunications. Hi-Tech is a technological genius, and is more at home with a soldering gun than an automatic pistol. He can be counted on to repair any computer-controlled device, rewrite computer code on the fly, and enact emergency field repairs, to get the most out of the G.I. Joe Team's cutting-edge arsenal of equipment.[106]Hi-Tech appeared in the direct-to-video CGI animated movies G.I. Joe: Spy Troops and G.I. Joe: Valor vs. Venom, voiced by Mark Hildreth. He also appeared in the animated series for G.I. Joe: Sigma 6 voiced by Eric Stuart.","title":"Hi-Tech"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"light infantryman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_infantry"},{"link_name":"Sioux City, Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sioux_City,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30thAnnPg115-44"},{"link_name":"Action Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_Force"},{"link_name":"Basildon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basildon"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infantry"},{"link_name":"mountaineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountaineering"},{"link_name":"Marvel Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"},{"link_name":"Cobra Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobra_Island"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceF-60"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"Tunnel Rat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunnel_Rat_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Stalker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalker_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Scoop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scoop_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Iron Grenadiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Grenadiers"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"Devil's Due","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil%27s_Due_Publishing"},{"link_name":"Cobra Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobra_Island"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceB-111"}],"text":"Hit & Run is the G.I. Joe Team's light infantryman. His real name is Brent Scott, and his rank is that of corporal E-4. Hit & Run was born in Sioux City, Iowa, and was first released as an action figure in 1988.[44] In 1991, Hit & Run was released in Europe in Tiger Force colors, and he received a 25th anniversary style figure as part of the \"Assault on Cobra Island\" 7-pack. In the UK Action Force series, Hit and Run's real name is Bryan Scott and he is from Basildon in Essex, England.[107]Hit & Run's primary military specialty is infantry, and his secondary military specialty is mountaineering. He was orphaned at age three by a drunken driver and grew up in a county institution. He escaped from the institution regularly, climbing down sheer walls and running for miles across the plains in the middle of the night. He claimed that he was not running away from anything and merely \"practicing.\" He joined the Army immediately after leaving custody of the county.In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appeared in issue No. 80. He assists other Joes in stopping Cobra forces on Cobra Island from claiming a nearby land mass.[60] He later takes part in an attempt to rescue hostages, which turns out to be a Cobra ruse: the terrorists and hostages were all Cobra agents.[108] Later, he deals with a legitimate hostage situation, where an isolated farmhouse is taken over by two criminals, but problems arise when the criminals are initially misidentified.[109] He also joins with Tunnel Rat, Stalker and the rookie Scoop soon after to battle Iron Grenadiers in the fictional country of Sierra Gordo.[110]In the Devil's Due series, he is one of the Joes assigned to invade Cobra Island during their second civil war.[111]","title":"Hit and Run"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Quitman, Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quitman,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hidalgo_2009_62-40"},{"link_name":"Built to Rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Built_to_Rule"},{"link_name":"G.I. Joe: Spy Troops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._Joe:_Spy_Troops"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"}],"text":"Hollow Point is a U.S. Marine sniper and the Range Officer of the G.I. Joe Team. His real name is Max V. Corey, and he was born in Quitman, Arkansas.[40] He was first released as an action figure in 2003 with the Built to Rule Locust, which followed the G.I. Joe: Spy Troops story line. The forearms and the calves of the figure sported places where blocks could be attached.[112]","title":"Hollow Point"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pawtucket, Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pawtucket,_Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30thAnnPg125-75"},{"link_name":"drill instructor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drill_instructor"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"link_name":"Marvel Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"},{"link_name":"Oktober Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oktober_Guard"},{"link_name":"Destro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destro"},{"link_name":"Iron Grenadiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Grenadiers"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-G.I._Joe_1990-114"}],"text":"Hot Seat is the G.I. Joe Team's Raider driver. His real name is Michael A. Provost, and his rank is that of Sergeant First Class E-7. Hot Seat was born in Pawtucket, Rhode Island, and was first released as an action figure in 1989, packaged with the \"Raider\" 4-track assault vehicle.[75]Hot Seat's primary military specialty is Raider driver, and his secondary military specialty is drill instructor. He was a boxer and could have been a heavyweight contender; he had a left jab like a jack hammer, reflexes like liquid crystal, and the tactical mind of a 5-star general. When he considered the possibilities of permanent brain damage, he instead opted for the Army and asked for \"Anything fast and furious!\"[113]In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appeared in issue No. 105. He works with other Joes, the Oktober Guard and the Indian soldiers Tucaros, long time Joe allies, in battle against Destro's Iron Grenadiers.[114]","title":"Hot Seat"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Providence, Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Providence,_Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"}],"text":"Ice Cream Soldier is the G.I. Joe Team's flamethrower commando. His real name is Tom-Henry Ragan, and his rank is that of sergeant E-5. Ice Cream Soldier was born in Providence, Rhode Island, and was first released as an action figure in 1994, as part of the \"Battle Corps\" line. The entire mold was re-used in 2002 for the Shock-Viper figure.[115]His primary military specialty is fire operations expert. His secondary military specialty is barbecue chef. His code name is designed to cause enemy troops to underestimate him. His equipment is capable of delivering streams of flame up to seventy-five feet.[116]","title":"Ice Cream Soldier"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brownsville, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brownsville,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Sunbow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunbow_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"G.I. Joe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._Joe:_A_Real_American_Hero_(1985_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Arthur Burghardt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Burghardt"},{"link_name":"killer whale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killer_whale"}],"text":"Iceberg is the G.I. Joe Team's snow trooper. His real name is Clifton L. Nash, and his rank is that of sergeant E-5. Iceberg was born in Brownsville, Texas, and was first released as an action figure in 1986. A new version of Iceberg was released in 1993 as part of the Battle Corps line.His primary military specialty is infantry, and his secondary military specialty is cold weather survival instructor. Iceberg hates hot weather; when he signed up for the Army, he asked for duty in Alaska. He is a qualified expert in the M-16A2, M-79, M-60, and M-1911A1.In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appeared in issue #68, in which he is part of a team sent in to provide security for Battleforce 2000 in Frusenland.In the Sunbow G.I. Joe cartoon, Iceberg (voiced by Arthur Burghardt) is a supporting character in the 1986 second season. He is featured in the episode \"Iceberg Goes South\" in which he is captured by Doctor Mindbender and mutated into a killer whale, but is restored to being human.","title":"Iceberg"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Jinx"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Kamakura"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Admiral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admiral"},{"link_name":"USS Flagg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_G.I._Joe:_A_Real_American_Hero_playsets_and_vehicles"},{"link_name":"Charlottesville, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlottesville,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Vice Admiral, USN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_admiral_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"General Joseph Colton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Joseph_Colton"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-G.I._Joe_1991-77"},{"link_name":"Annapolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Naval_Academy"},{"link_name":"F-4 Phantoms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-4_Phantom_II"},{"link_name":"Intrepid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Intrepid_(CV-11)"},{"link_name":"Naval War College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_War_College"},{"link_name":"Armed Forces Staff College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Forces_Staff_College"},{"link_name":"Navy Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navy_Cross"},{"link_name":"DFC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distinguished_Flying_Cross_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Air Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Medal"},{"link_name":"clarinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarinet"},{"link_name":"Marvel Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"},{"link_name":"Cobra Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobra_Island"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-G.I._Joe_1991-77"},{"link_name":"Devil's Due","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil%27s_Due_Publishing"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-120"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-121"},{"link_name":"G.I. Joe: Ever Vigilant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._Joe:_Ever_Vigilant"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-122"}],"text":"Keel-Haul is the G.I. Joe Team's Admiral, and was first released as an action figure in 1985, as commander of the USS Flagg aircraft carrier. The figure was repainted and released as part of the \"Battle Corps\" line in 1993. His real name is Everett P. Colby, and he was born in Charlottesville, Virginia. Keel Haul's rank is that of O-9 (Vice Admiral, USN). He is the highest ranking G.I. Joe officer outside of General Joseph Colton (O-10), outranks General Hawk by two pay grades and serves as head of the Joe team when they operate out of the Flagg.[77]Keel-Haul's primary military specialty is command, and his secondary military specialty is piloting. He graduated from Annapolis and Navy Flight School, and flew F-4 Phantoms off the Intrepid in the late 1960s. He attended the Naval War College in Newport, RI and the Armed Forces Staff College, and is a holder of the Navy Cross, DFC and Air Medal. He is a respected military historian, a nationally rated chess player, and a clarinet player of questionable talent.In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appeared in issue #36 (June 1985), a cameo appearance as rescue for seemingly stranded Joes.[117] Keel-Haul and the USS Flagg serve as support in the first assault on Cobra Island.[118] Later, Keel-Haul suggests using a captured Cobra \"MAMBA\" helicopter to insert a recon team onto Cobra island during the Cobra civil war.[119] Keel-Haul also takes part in the conflict referred to as the \"Battle of Benzheen\".[77]In the Devil's Due series, he serves as naval support in the second Cobra Island civil war.[120] Later, he assists a Joe team in neutralizing a Cobra submarine armed with a nuclear device. Keel-Haul saves Wet-Suit from death after the sub-infiltration goes badly.[121]Keel-Haul will be appearing in G.I. Joe: Ever Vigilant.[122]","title":"Keel-Haul"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Lady Jaye"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Law and Order"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Leatherneck"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Lifeline"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rotary wing aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotorcraft"},{"link_name":"fixed-wing aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixed-wing_aircraft"},{"link_name":"chief warrant officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warrant_Officer_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Lawton, Oklahoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawton,_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"Tomahawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomahawk_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Marvel Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"},{"link_name":"G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._Joe:_A_Real_American_Hero_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Lifeline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifeline_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"G.I. Joe: The Movie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._Joe:_The_Movie"},{"link_name":"G.I. Joe: Renegades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._Joe:_Renegades"},{"link_name":"Charlie Schlatter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Schlatter"}],"text":"Lift-Ticket is the G.I. Joe Team's rotary wing aircraft pilot, and his secondary military specialty is fixed-wing aircraft pilot. His real name is Victor W. Sikorski, and his rank is that of chief warrant officer CW-2. Lift-Ticket was born in Lawton, Oklahoma. He joined the army to get out of his hometown, scoring high enough on the aptitude test to qualify for West Point Prep., O.C.S., and Flight Warrant Officer School. He opted for the latter, thinking that it was the only one which offered training applicable to civilian employment. Lift-Ticket was first released as an action figure in 1986, packaged exclusively with the Tomahawk.In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appeared in G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero No. 49 (July 1986). He is seen transporting several Joes to the American town of Springfield, which was a Cobra stronghold. In the Sunbow animated series, he was often partnered with Lifeline.He had brief appearances in G.I. Joe: The Movie and in the G.I. Joe: Renegades episode \"Prodigal\", where he was voiced by Charlie Schlatter.","title":"Lift-Ticket"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wichita, Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wichita,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30thAnnPg115-44"},{"link_name":"Shockwave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shockwave_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30thAnnPg116-59"},{"link_name":"artillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artillery"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-123"},{"link_name":"Outback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outback_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Dusty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dusty_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-124"},{"link_name":"Budo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budo_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Repeater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repeater_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Grand Slam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Slam_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Iron Grenadiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Grenadiers"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-G.I._Joe_1989-48"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceJ-125"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-126"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-127"},{"link_name":"Cobra Commander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobra_Commander"},{"link_name":"General Hawk's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawk_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Zap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zap_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-128"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-129"}],"text":"Lightfoot is the G.I. Joe Team's explosives expert. His real name is Cory R. Owens, and his rank is that of corporal E-4. Lightfoot was born in Wichita, Kansas, and was first released as an action figure in 1988.[44] The figure was repainted and released as part of the Night Force line in 1989, packaged with Shockwave.[59]Lightfoot's primary military specialty is demolitions, and his secondary military specialty is artillery coordinator. Lightfoot has memorized all the mathematical tables that he found in military manuals for explosives, for calculating amounts of explosives needed, safe firing distances, power requirements for firing circuits, and formulas for cutting structural steel, timber and breaching various forms of bunker material. He has also memorized all the conversion tables for foreign and non-military explosives, as he doesn't take any chances.[123]In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appears in Special Missions No. 13. He is sent to the Trucial Absysmia desert with the Joes Outback, Dusty, and fellow trainee Mangler. They are captured by local military forces, who torture the Joes' objective out of Lightfoot; they were sent to Africa to destroy a buried weapons cache. Only Mangler is angry that Lightfoot broke. After escaping, the Joes manage to make their way to the cache. Lightfoot, despite his injuries, succeeds in destroying it. Mangler sacrifices himself to allow the others to escape.[124]Lightfoot spends much time recovering from his injuries, and has to go through training again. Despite the real possibility of washing out, he makes it along with the fresh recruits Budo and Repeater. All three are drawn into a mission under the command of Grand Slam. They are defending a weapons cache, from Iron Grenadiers. Despite their leader being badly wounded, the Joes complete the mission, killing all they came across. Lightfoot saves the day with a time-delayed bomb destroying a retreating helicopter.[48] He is one of the few Joes available to protect a space-based laser weapon from Cobra hands.,[125] and later assists in fighting \"Darklonian\" terrorists in New York City.[126]In the Devil's Due continuity, he makes a cameo appearance in G.I. Joe Frontline #18, walking down a hallway in the current G.I. Joe headquarters.[127] He also appears when Cobra Commander makes an attempt on General Hawk's life by bombing the television studio he had appeared in. Lightfoot and Zap are two of the Joes who safely rescue Hawk.[128]In IDW continuity, Lightfoot is part of a mission meant to Sierra Gordo. The intent rescue several fellow Joes from imprisonment.[129]","title":"Lightfoot"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Long Range"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Low-Light"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Lt. Falcon"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Denver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-130"}],"text":"Mace is the G.I. Joe Team's undercover operative. His real name is Thomas S. Bowman, and he was first released as an action figure in 1993. Mace was born in Denver, Colorado.His primary military specialty is undercover surveillance. His secondary military specialty is intelligence. Mace has spent years undercover, working against Cobra and other criminal factions. He feeds information to fellow \"Battle Corps\" members, who then make the resulting raids and arrests.[130]","title":"Mace"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Mainframe"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rumford, Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumford,_Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30thAnnPg134-63"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-131"},{"link_name":"Interrogator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interrogator_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-132"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-133"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-134"},{"link_name":"G.I. Joe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._Joe:_A_Real_American_Hero_(1989_TV_series)"}],"text":"Major Altitude is the G.I. Joe Team's Battle Copter pilot. His real name is Robert D. Owens, and he was born in Rumford, Rhode Island. Major Altitude was first released as an action figure in 1991, as part of the Battle Copters line.[63] He came exclusively with the \"Battle Copter\" vehicle.[131] He was released again in 1993, as part of a mail-in special called \"Terrifying Lasers of Destruction\". He was packaged with a Cobra agent, another helicopter pilot, called Interrogator.[132]At the age of eleven he decides he will eventually join the G.I. Joe team; he decides to focus on its Flight School branch. Eight years later, he finishes Aviator School and Flight Warrant Officer School. He is recruited right into the Joe team. The \"Major\" does not reflect his rank, it is part of his code-name.[133] He is noted as one of the most skilled pilots in the world.[134]Major Altitude appeared in the DiC G.I. Joe animated series.","title":"Major Altitude"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hidalgo_2009_62-40"}],"text":"Major Barrage is the G.I. Joe Team's artillery commander. His real name is David Vennemeyer, and he was first released as an action figure in 2005.[40] He is able to take down a squadron in battle and keep fighting.","title":"Major Barrage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Providence, Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Providence,_Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30thAnnPg128-2"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-135"},{"link_name":"General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"long range artillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_range_artillery"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-136"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-137"}],"text":"Major Storm is the G.I. Joe Team's \"General\" commander. His real name is Robert G. Swanson, and he was born in Providence, Rhode Island. Major Storm was first released as an action figure in 1990, packaged with the General mobile assault fort.[2] His figure was re-released in 2003. This edition was a G.I. Joe Convention exclusive.[135]His primary military specialty is command of the General, a large armored vehicle with multiple types of offensive weaponry. His secondary military specialty is long range artillery officer. He has extensive experience with most armored vehicles in many battlefield situations. It is noted that Major Storm is the only one who can decipher some of the General's systems.[136] It is specified he leads a battlefield operation to discover the source of major sabotage against the General.[137]","title":"Major Storm"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Mercer"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Molson, Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molson,_Washington"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-138"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-139"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-140"},{"link_name":"Roadblock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roadblock_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Devil's Due","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil%27s_Due_Publishing"},{"link_name":"Serpentor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpentor"},{"link_name":"Cobra Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobra_Island"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-141"}],"text":"Mirage is the G.I. Joe Team's Bio-Artillery expert. His real name is Joseph R. Baikun, and his rank is that of U.S. Marine Staff Sergeant. Mirage was born in Molson, Washington, and was first released as an action figure in 1993, as part of the \"Mega Marines\" subset. The Mega Marines are a subgroup dedicated to fighting the \"Mega Monsters\". His figure came with \"moldable bio-armor\", a clay like substance.[138]Mirage then had two releases in 2002, one in 2003 and another in 2005.[139] The last release came with the remote-controlled toy called the \"Hoverstrike\".[140] Mirage is an expert in various weapons, and trains other soldiers in their use. He was trained by Roadblock.Mirage appeared in the Devil's Due series. He assists the Joe team in fighting the second Cobra civil war, which like the first one, is against Serpentor's forces on Cobra Island.[141] He also appears in issues #34–36.","title":"Mirage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"swamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swamp"},{"link_name":"Thibodaux, Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thibodaux,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Voltar.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltar_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-142"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30thAnnPg116-59"},{"link_name":"Spearhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spearhead_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30thAnnPg116-59"},{"link_name":"infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infantry"},{"link_name":"social services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_work"},{"link_name":"Ranger School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranger_School"},{"link_name":"Jungle Warfare Training Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_Gonsalves"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceF-60"},{"link_name":"Tomahawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomahawk_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-G.I._Joe_Special_Missions'_1989-143"}],"text":"Muskrat is the G.I. Joe Team's swamp fighter. His real name is Ross A. Williams, and his rank is that of corporal E-4. Muskrat was born in Thibodaux, Louisiana, and was first released as an action figure in 1988.The 1988 Target stores exclusive release of Muskrat, is a double-pack with Voltar. The packaging text specifies the two characters have a particular hatred of each other.[142][59] The figure was repainted and released as part of the Night Force line in 1989, packaged with Spearhead.[59] A new version of Muskrat was released in 1993 as part of the Battle Corps line.Muskrat's primary military specialty is infantry, and his secondary military specialty is social services. He spent his youth in the swamp, hunting raccoon, possum, and wild pig, holding his own against poachers, 'gator skinners, moonshiners, chain gang escapees, and smugglers. Ranger School and Jungle Warfare Training Center seemed easy to him after that.In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appeared in issue No. 80.[60] Muskrat is also part of a rescue squad sent into a hot-spot in Southeast Asia to rescue fellow Joes. He is one of many sent in on a Tomahawk helicopter. He has to assist in dealing with Russian gunships, highly explosive extra fuel and the wounding of several crew members (himself included).[143]","title":"Muskrat"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Mutt"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"nunchaku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nunchaku"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn"},{"link_name":"Ninja Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninja_Force"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-144"},{"link_name":"Firefly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firefly_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-145"}],"text":"Nunchuk is the codename of Ralph Baducci. His code-name is a variation on the word nunchaku, the character's preferred weapon. He was born in Brooklyn, New York, and studied with a blind sensei in Denver. Nunchuk felt the need for improvement, and moved to San Francisco. He caught the attention of Storm Shadow, who trained him and supervised his acceptance into G.I. Joe's Ninja Force.[144] Nunchuk later moves to training other Joe soldiers in various forms of hand-to-hand combat. He also develops a grudge against the Cobra operative Firefly, because he is angry that the man would use martial arts for evil purposes.[145]","title":"Nunchuk"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Outback"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30thAnnPg134-63"},{"link_name":"Star Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Brigade"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-146"},{"link_name":"[147]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-147"},{"link_name":"Marvel Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"},{"link_name":"Flint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flint_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Clean-Sweep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean-Sweep"},{"link_name":"Cesspool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesspool_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-148"},{"link_name":"G.I. Joe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._Joe:_A_Real_American_Hero_(1989_TV_series)"}],"text":"Ozone is G.I. Joe Team's ozone replenisher trooper. His real name is David Kunitz, and his rank is that of corporal E-4. Ozone was born in Three Mile Island, Pennsylvania, and was first released as an action figure in 1991, as part of the Eco-Warriors line.[63] He had two releases in 1993 and another in 1994. The last three were releases under the Star Brigade subgroup, establishing that the character has traveled into space.[146]Ozone is a specialist in environmental health and various forms of airborne sludge and other harmful chemicals. He carriers equipment designed to neutralize these harmful substances while at the same time replenishing the ozone layer. He can do this while wearing a cumbersome environmental suit and fighting Cobra forces.[147]In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appeared in issue #123. There and in the next two issues, he teams with Flint and Clean-Sweep as the \"Eco-Warriors\" sub-team. They confront the Cobra operative Cesspool on a seemingly abandoned oil platform. Ozone stops the confrontation, by literally bringing in a lawyer.[148]Ozone appeared in the DiC G.I. Joe animated series.","title":"Ozone"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Staff Sergeant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staff_Sergeant#United_States"},{"link_name":"Key West, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_West,_Florida"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30thAnnPg128-2"},{"link_name":"Action Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_Force"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-149"},{"link_name":"A.W.E. Striker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.W.E._Striker"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-150"},{"link_name":"V.A.M.P.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V.A.M.P._(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Korean War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War"},{"link_name":"Cobra Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobra_Island"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-151"},{"link_name":"Devil's Due","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil%27s_Due_Publishing"},{"link_name":"Serpentor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpentor"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA2-20"},{"link_name":"G.I. Joe animated series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._Joe:_A_Real_American_Hero_(1989_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Garry Chalk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garry_Chalk_(actor)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VOICE_CREDITS-3"},{"link_name":"Capt. Grid-Iron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_Grid-Iron"},{"link_name":"Ambush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambush_(G.I._Joe)"}],"text":"Pathfinder is the G.I. Joe Team's jungle assault specialist. His real name is William V. Iannotti, and his rank is that of Staff Sergeant E-6. Pathfinder was born in Key West, Florida, and was first released as an action figure in 1990.[2] He also had a release under the \"Action Force\" line.[149] He had a 2001 release packaged with the A.W.E. Striker vehicle,[150] and in the same year, he had a release with the V.A.M.P. vehicle.Pathfinder's father was a Korean War veteran who taught him the finer points of military reconnaissance. He was not considered too young to learn how to rough it out in the wild swamps of Florida, which enabled him to breeze through much of the Army's jungle training. It came to the point where he was teaching everyone including the instructors what jungle survival is all about. Soon thereafter, he received his certification as a jungle assault specialist, and became part of the G.I. Joe Team. Pathfinder is now responsible for leading all covert attacks on Cobra Island.[151]Pathfinder appears in issue No. 24 of the Devil's Due G.I. Joe series. He is one of many Joes called up to fight against the personal army created by Serpentor.[20]In the DiC G.I. Joe animated series, Pathfinder was voiced by Garry Chalk,[3] and was friends with Capt. Grid-Iron and Ambush.","title":"Pathfinder"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Defiant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defiant_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Colonel, USAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonel_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Cape Canaveral, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Canaveral,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Star Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Brigade"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-152"},{"link_name":"[153]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-153"},{"link_name":"astronaut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronaut"},{"link_name":"fixed wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixed-wing_aircraft"},{"link_name":"F-4 Phantoms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-4_Phantom_II"},{"link_name":"[154]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-154"},{"link_name":"Hardtop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardtop_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Marvel Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"},{"link_name":"[155]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-155"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceH-69"},{"link_name":"Ace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ace_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Slipstream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slip_Stream_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"[156]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-156"},{"link_name":"Star Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Brigade"},{"link_name":"Space Shot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shot_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Sci-Fi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sci-Fi_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Roadblock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roadblock_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Oktober Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oktober_Guard"},{"link_name":"[157]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-157"},{"link_name":"[158]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-158"},{"link_name":"Hawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawk_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"[159]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-159"},{"link_name":"Little Golden Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Golden_Books"},{"link_name":"[160]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-160"},{"link_name":"[161]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-161"}],"text":"Payload is the G.I. Joe Team's Defiant pilot. His real name is Mark Morgan Jr., and his rank is that of Colonel, USAF O-6. Payload was born in Cape Canaveral, Florida, and was first released as an action figure in 1987, packaged with the Defiant space vehicle complex. He was re-colored and released again in 1989, packaged with the Crusader space shuttle. A new version of Payload was released in 1993 as part of the Star Brigade line.[152] That version was re-colored and released again in 1994. In Europe, Payload was released as an interplanetary Cobra soldier.[153]Payload's primary military specialty is astronaut, and his secondary military specialty is fixed wing pilot. He grew up watching the early space flights blasting off, staring at the flaming boosters through the hurricane fence. He joined the Air Force to make his dream a reality, flying F-4 Phantoms over southeast Asia for three tours. He signed up for the astronaut training program after returning to the United States.[154] Payload frequently works closely with Hardtop, a specialist in the launching facility the Defiant moves in.In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appears in issue #64. He heads up a mission to stop Cobra forces from stealing U.S. spy satellites; the mission fails when Cobra destroys the satellites, after they are prevented from stealing them.[155] Payload then leads a mission to rescue survivors from a G.I. Joe mission to the fictional land of Trucial-Abysmia.[69]Payload is featured in the last issue of the \"Special Missions\" series, where he, Ace and Slipstream are sent to space to test out various surveillance techniques. When he learns G.I. Joe forces are in trouble on land, Payload goes against plan and pilots the Defiant back to Earth. He uses the Defiant's weaponry to neutralize the threat and lands on the USS Flagg aircraft carrier.[156]He later becomes a member of Star Brigade, which also and includes Space Shot, Sci-Fi and Roadblock. The Joes team up with the current Oktober Guard to stop an asteroid endangering Earth; this team. The shuttles for both teams are damaged in the mission, and Payload cannibalizes the Defiant to fix the Russian spacecraft. Both teams safely leave in the latter one. The Defiant is destroyed when the asteroid safely explodes.[157]Payload and Wild Bill rescue several of their fellow pilots from summary execution in an ill-fated mission to Sierra Gordo.[158]Payload and the Defiant play a critical role in the climax of the G.I. Joe novel \"Fool's Gold\". He works with Sci-Fi and Hawk to destroy a Cobra weapon aimed at Earth.[159] He also is featured in the Little Golden Books \"Tower Of Power\" G.I. Joe story.[160][161]","title":"Payload"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Psyche-Out"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Quick Kick"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Heavy Metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_Metal_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hidalgo_2009_62-40"},{"link_name":"Beach Head","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beach_Head_(G.I._Joe)"}],"text":"Rampage is the code name of Walter A. McDaniel. He was first released as an action figure in 1989, as a replacement for Heavy Metal. He was re-released in 2003, as the G.I. Joe Team's \"Split Fire\" driver.[40] Rampage once trained alongside Beach Head.","title":"Rampage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30thAnnPg128-2"},{"link_name":"Backblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backblast_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Ghostrider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghostrider_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-G.I._Joe_1991-77"},{"link_name":"Devil's Due","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil%27s_Due_Publishing"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceI-100"},{"link_name":"G.I. Joe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._Joe:_A_Real_American_Hero_(1989_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Ian James Corlett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_James_Corlett"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VOICE_CREDITS-3"},{"link_name":"[162]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-162"}],"text":"Rampart is the G.I. Joe Team's shoreline defender. His real name is Dwayne A. Felix, and his rank is that of U.S. Navy Petty Officer (2nd class). Rampart grew up in New York City, and was first released as an action figure in 1990.[2]Rampart spent his time mastering all video games he had access to, at home and the arcade. He put his hand-eye coordination to use in the Navy. In the air defense artillery, Rampart attained the highest combat success ratio in the 7th Fleet for \"splashing\" enemy aircraft. He joins the Joes directly from the Navy.In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appeared in issue #115. He served in the \"Battle of Benzheen\". He and Backblast maintain a sentry point deep in the Benzheen desert, and destroy a Rattler plane chasing the Joe pilot Ghostrider.[77]In the Devil's Due series, he was killed by Red Shadow agents while on assignment in South America.[100]Rampart appeared in the DiC G.I. Joe animated series, voiced by Ian James Corlett.[3][162]","title":"Rampart"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DIC Animation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DIC_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"[163]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-163"},{"link_name":"Seattle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle"},{"link_name":"[164]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30thAnnPg133-164"},{"link_name":"VHS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VHS"},{"link_name":"[165]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-165"},{"link_name":"Airborne Ranger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airborne_Ranger"},{"link_name":"Medal of Honor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medal_of_Honor"},{"link_name":"United States Military Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy"},{"link_name":"[166]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-166"}],"text":"Rapid Fire is the G.I. Joe Team's fast attack expert. His real name is Robbie London, named after an executive at DIC Animation.[163] Rapid Fire was born in Seattle, Washington, and was first released as an action figure in 1990.[164] He came with a free VHS tape of the G.I. Joe DiC episode \"Revenge Of The Pharaohs\". He does not appear in that episode.[165]He specializes in fast-attack maneuvers and sabotage tactics. He is fluent in three languages, has Airborne Ranger training and is the recipient of a Medal of Honor. He attended the United States Military Academy, commonly known as \"West Point\". He completed their ten-week Cadet Summer Orientation in only five weeks.[166]","title":"Rapid Fire"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"L.R.R.P.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Range_Reconnaissance_Patrol"},{"link_name":"infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infantry"},{"link_name":"RTO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiotelephone"},{"link_name":"Radio Telephone Operator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Range_Surveillance"},{"link_name":"Marvel Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceC-6"},{"link_name":"Sneak Peek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sneak_Peek_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Dusty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dusty_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Stalker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalker_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Ambush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambush_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"[167]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-167"},{"link_name":"Devil's Due","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil%27s_Due_Publishing"},{"link_name":"Serpentor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpentor"},{"link_name":"Cobra Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobra_Island"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-4"}],"text":"Recoil is the G.I. Joe Team's L.R.R.P. (Long Range Recon Patrol, pronounced \"Lurp\"). His real name is Joseph Felton, and his rank is that of sergeant E-5. Recoil was born in Fashion Island, Washington, and was first released as an action figure in 1989.Recoil's primary military specialty is infantry, and his secondary military specialty is RTO (Radio Telephone Operator). He was a marathon runner and professional bodybuilder before joining G.I. Joe, and his excellent physical shape made him a good candidate to be a \"Lurp\". His job is to penetrate deep into enemy territory, gather intelligence and extricate himself without being detected, all the while carrying 100 pounds of gear, including rations, radio, weapons, ammo and climbing rope.In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appeared in issue #111. Recoil is one of many Joes sent to the fictional county of Benzheen, to battle Cobra influence.[6] Recoil's patrol group, consisting of Sneak Peek, Dusty, Stalker and Ambush come under fire by a group of Cobra soldiers. Sneak Peek is killed, and Recoil and Ambush are injured.[167]In the Devil's Due G.I. Joe series, Recoil is seen as one of the Joes fighting against 'Coil', the army created by Serpentor. This conflict takes place on Cobra Island.[4]","title":"Recoil"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Recondo"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sgt. Slaughter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sgt._Slaughter_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Pago Pago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pago_Pago"},{"link_name":"Samoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Samoa"},{"link_name":"Mercer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercer_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Taurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taurus_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"[168]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-168"},{"link_name":"infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infantry"},{"link_name":"American football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_football"},{"link_name":"Sgt. Slaughter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sgt._Slaughter_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"[169]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-169"},{"link_name":"G.I. Joe: The Movie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._Joe:_The_Movie"},{"link_name":"Poncie Ponce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poncie_Ponce"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-G.I._Joe:_The_Movie-42"}],"text":"Red Dog is a member of the G.I. Joe Team as one of Sgt. Slaughter's Renegades. His real name is David Taputapu, and his rank is equivalent to that of sergeant E-5. Red Dog was born in Pago Pago, Samoa, and debuted as an action figure in 1987 as part of the Sgt. Slaughter's Renegades three-pack, along with Mercer and Taurus.[168]Red Dog's primary military specialty is infantry. He had a promising career as a barefoot placekicker on an American football team, until a defensive lineman stomped on his big toe. Red Dog gave the lineman a broken helmet and a concussion in return, for which he was suspended for excessive roughness. After a brief career as a stuntman in \"B\" movies, he was recruited by the G.I. Joe Command for the Sgt. Slaughter's Renegades sub team. This team has no official status, and its movements and activities are virtually unrestricted. However, this means that they get no credit when they succeed, and everyone denies all knowledge of them when they fail.[169]Red Dog appeared in the animated film G.I. Joe: The Movie voiced by Poncie Ponce. The Renegades, under Sgt. Slaughter, operate as drill sergeants.[42]","title":"Red Dog"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Steel Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel_Brigade"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hidalgo_2009_62-40"}],"text":"Red Zone is the code name of Luke Ellison. He is the Steel Brigade's urban assault trooper, and was first released as an action figure in 2006.[40] The G.I. Joe Team took an interest in him when he was \"a little too enthusiastic for the FBI.\"","title":"Red Zone"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cumberland, Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumberland,_Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30thAnnPg115-44"},{"link_name":"Charbroil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charbroil_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30thAnnPg116-59"},{"link_name":"infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infantry"},{"link_name":"Iron Grenadier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Grenadier"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-G.I._Joe_1989-48"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceJ-125"},{"link_name":"Dreadnok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreadnoks"},{"link_name":"[170]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-170"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-G.I._Joe_A_Real_American_Hero'_1992-56"}],"text":"Repeater is the G.I. Joe Team's steadi-cam machine gunner. His real name is Jeffrey R. Therien, and his rank is that of Staff Sergeant E-6. Repeater was born in Cumberland, Rhode Island, and was first released as an action figure in 1988.[44] The figure was repainted and released as part of the Night Force line in 1989, packaged with Charbroil.[59]Repeater's primary military specialty is infantry, and his secondary military specialty is heavy weapons. Repeater had twenty years of top-notch field performance in the Army, although he never did well in the garrison. However, out in the bush he is the one who brings the other grunts back home alive.In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appeared in issue No. 82 as part of a training class of potential G.I.Joe recruits. Only he, Lightfoot and Budo become official Joe members. They are taken into battle swiftly and defeat an Iron Grenadier plot to steal valuable weapons, mainly by killing every adversary involved.[48] He is shot and wounded while defending a \"Strategic Defense Initiative\" installation.[125] He recovers and soon after is involved in a fight with Cobra and Dreadnok forces on the Atlantic City Freeway.[170] Several years later, he again appeared to be shot and wounded during the defense of The Pit in a surprise Cobra assault on the Joe base.[56]","title":"Repeater"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Rip Cord"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Roadblock"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cyborg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyborg"},{"link_name":"Lifeline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifeline_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Casper, Wyoming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casper,_Wyoming"},{"link_name":"Star Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Brigade"}],"text":"Robo-J.O.E. is the G.I. Joe Team's jet-tech operations expert. He is a scientist who was injured by Destro during a raid to steal plans for Bio Armor. To save his life, he was rebuilt as an armored cyborg. His real name is listed as Greg D. Scott which is the same name used for the Lifeline v5 and v6 file cards. Robo-J.O.E. was born in Casper, Wyoming, and was first released as an action figure in 1993, as part of the Star Brigade line.Robo-J.O.E.'s only comic book appearance was in the large group shot on the cover of G.I. Joe: America's Elite #25.","title":"Robo-J.O.E."},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Rock 'n Roll"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Crossfire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossfire_(G.I._Joe)"}],"text":"Rumbler is the code name of Earl-Bob Swilley. He was first released as an action figure in 1987, packaged as the driver of the \"Crossfire\" 4WD vehicle.","title":"Rumbler"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arlington, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlington,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30thAnnPg128-2"},{"link_name":"[171]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-171"},{"link_name":"Steeler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steeler_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Dusty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dusty_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Rock'N'Roll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_%27n_Roll_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Hot Seat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Seat_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Metal-Head","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal-Head"},{"link_name":"[172]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-172"},{"link_name":"[173]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-173"},{"link_name":"G.I. Joe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._Joe:_A_Real_American_Hero_(1989_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VOICE_CREDITS-3"}],"text":"Salvo is the G.I. Joe Team's Anti-Armor Trooper. His real name is David K. Hasle, and he was born in Arlington, Virginia. Salvo was first released as an action figure in 1990,[2] and again in 2005. Both versions have the T-shirt slogan 'The Right of Might'.Salvo's primary military specialty is anti-armor trooper. He also specializes in repairing \"TOW/Dragon\" missiles. Salvo expresses a deep distrust of advanced electronic weaponry. He prefers to use mass quantities of conventional explosives to overwhelm enemy forces.[171]In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appeared in issue No. 114. There, he fights as part of a large scale operation against Cobra forces in the fictional country of Benzheen. Steeler, Dusty, Salvo, Rock'N'Roll, and Hot Seat get into vehicular based combat against the missile expert Metal-Head[172] He is later part of the Joe team on-site who defends G.I. Joe headquarters in Utah against a Cobra assault.[173]Salvo appeared in the DiC G.I. Joe animated series, voiced by Brent Chapman.[3]","title":"Salvo"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Devil's Due","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil%27s_Due_Publishing"},{"link_name":"Overlord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overlord_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"[174]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-174"}],"text":"Scanner is the codename of Scott E. Sturgis. His primary military specialty is information technology. He first appears in the Devil's Due series. Snake Eyes and Scarlett hide out with Scanner in Iceland, before they are tracked down by Overlord. Scanner is killed in the process of defending the Iceland base, but instrumental in destroying the base (with Overlord inside) to save his teammates.[174]","title":"Scanner"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Scarlett"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._Joe:_A_Real_American_Hero"},{"link_name":"laser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser"},{"link_name":"Geraldine, Montana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geraldine,_Montana"},{"link_name":"infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infantry"},{"link_name":"[175]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-175"},{"link_name":"Star Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Brigade"},{"link_name":"Marvel Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"},{"link_name":"G.I. Joe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._Joe:_A_Real_American_Hero_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"[176]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-176"},{"link_name":"[177]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-177"},{"link_name":"[178]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-178"},{"link_name":"G.I. Joe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._Joe:_A_Real_American_Hero_(1989_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VOICE_CREDITS-3"}],"text":"Sci-Fi is a character from the G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero toyline, comic books and animated series. He is the G.I. Joe Team's laser trooper and debuted in 1986. His real name is Seymour P. Fine, and his rank is that of corporal E-4. Sci-Fi was born in Geraldine, Montana. His primary military specialty is infantry, and his secondary military specialty is electronics. Sci-Fi was released as an action figure in 1986,[175] and repackaged by Hasbro in 1994 as part of the Star Brigade line.In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appears in issue #64 in a brief cameo[176] and appeared fully in #65.[177] He is a supporting character in a five-issue story arc from #145 to #149 as part of the G.I. Joe Star Brigade team.[178]Sci-Fi is a supporting character in the 1986 second season of the Marvel/Sunbow animated series and the 1989 DiC G.I. Joe series, voiced both times by Jerry Houser.[3]","title":"Sci-Fi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30thAnnPg123-16"},{"link_name":"NBC News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC_News"},{"link_name":"Mike Leonard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Leonard_(journalist)"},{"link_name":"microwave transmission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microwave_transmission"},{"link_name":"electrical engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_engineering"},{"link_name":"Muskrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muskrat_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Leatherneck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leatherneck_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Hit and Run","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hit_%26_Run_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Tunnel Rat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunnel_Rat_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Stalker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalker_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Iron Grenadier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Grenadiers"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-G.I._Joe_Special_Missions'_1989-143"},{"link_name":"Oktober Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oktober_Guard"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceD-17"},{"link_name":"[179]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-179"},{"link_name":"DiC G.I. Joe animated series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._Joe:_A_Real_American_Hero_(1989_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Michael Benyaer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Benyaer"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VOICE_CREDITS-3"},{"link_name":"Sgt. Slaughter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sgt._Slaughter_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Low-Light","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-Light_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"G.I. Joe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._Joe_(arcade_game)"},{"link_name":"[180]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-180"}],"text":"Scoop is the G.I. Joe Team's combat information specialist. His real name is Leonard Michaels, and his rank is that of corporal E-4. Scoop was born in Chicago, Illinois, and was first released as an action figure in 1989.[16] In the animated series, his character was a Cobra spy; in the other continuities he is simply a journalist/soldier.His name, occupation and visage were based on real-life NBC News journalist Mike Leonard.Scoop's primary military specialty is journalist, and his secondary military specialty is microwave transmission specialist. He has an advanced degree in journalism, as well as a master's degree in electrical engineering. Scoop could have worked for a network news team, but instead opted for service on the G.I. Joe Team so he could be on the spot when news was being made.In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appeared in G.I. Joe Special Missions #23. He is one of a team sent to Sierra Gordo. Conflict arises because Scoop, while a trained soldier, barely meets G.I. Joe standards. It is shown how he interacts badly with his teammates Muskrat, Leatherneck, Hit and Run, Tunnel Rat and Stalker. Scoop defeats an Iron Grenadier in hand-to-hand combat, smashing the man in the head with the treasured video footage. This also saves the life of Tunnel Rat, who had been wounded. Scoop earns the respect of the other Joe soldiers.[143] He later returns to Sierra Gordo to help rescue Joes and the Oktober Guard.[17] Scoop eventually returns to the reformed G.I. Joe team.[179]Scoop appeared in the DiC G.I. Joe animated series, voiced by Michael Benyaer.[3] Scoop was recruited by Sgt. Slaughter for his \"Marauders\" sub-team. Scoop was suspected of being a Cobra spy. In the episode \"Operation: Dragonfire\", Scoop confesses that he is in fact a Cobra spy. He is placed under arrest by Low-Light. Stalker frees Scoop when convinced he's no longer working for Cobra after discovering Cobra lied about the Joes destroying his family home. Scoop then spies on Cobra for the Joes.Scoop appears as a non-playable character in the G.I. Joe arcade game.[180]","title":"Scoop"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hidalgo_2009_62-40"}],"text":"Sgt. Hacker is the G.I. Joe Team's information retrieval specialist. His real name is Jesse E. Jordan, and he was first released as an action figure in 2003.[40] He is a computer specialist from Fort Leonard Wood.","title":"Sgt. Hacker"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Sgt. Slaughter"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Sgt. Stone"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Shipwreck"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Shockwave"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Short-Fuze"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[181]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-181"}],"text":"Sideswipe is the code name of Andrew Frankel. He is the G.I. Joe Team's medical specialist, and was released as an action figure in 2002.[181]","title":"Sideswipe"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hidalgo_2009_62-40"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hidalgo_2009_62-40"}],"text":"Sidetrack was originally the code name of Sean C. McLaughlin. He was the G.I. Joe Team's wilderness survival specialist, and was released as an action figure in 2000.[40] Sidetrack was then used as the code name of John Boyce in 2002. He was a ranger for the G.I. Joe Team, and a former professional wrestler.[40] Boyce was killed by a trap laid out by Cobra hunter Shadow Tracker in a mini-comic published by the G. I. Joe Collectors Club.","title":"Sidetrack"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30thAnnPg119-13"},{"link_name":"infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infantry"},{"link_name":"Marvel Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"},{"link_name":"Wildcard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildcard_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Windmill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windmill_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"[182]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-G.I._Joe_1988-182"},{"link_name":"[183]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-183"},{"link_name":"Devil's Due","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil%27s_Due_Publishing"},{"link_name":"Cobra Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobra_Island"},{"link_name":"General Hawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawk_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Overlord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overlord_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"[184]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-184"},{"link_name":"[185]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-185"}],"text":"Skidmark is the G.I. Joe Team's Desert Fox driver. His real name is Cyril Colombani, and his rank is that of corporal E-4. Skidmark was born in Los Angeles, California, and was first released as an action figure in 1988, packaged with the \"Desert Fox\" 6WD jeep.[13]Skidmark's primary military specialty is fast attack vehicle driver, and his secondary military specialty is infantry. As a kid, he was polite, well groomed, and successful in his studies. However, when he received his first driver's lesson, he subsequently shattered all-known records for accumulating speeding violations. He is the G.I. Joe Team's fastest and most reliable recon driver.In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appeared in issue No. 72. He joins the team at the same time as Wildcard and Windmill. A Cobra agent, the Star Viper, sneaks onto the Joe's Utah base by holding onto the underside of Skidmark's Desert Fox vehicle.[182] Skidmark and the new Joes pursue the Viper in the next issue.[183]Skidmark returns in the Devil's Due G.I. Joe series in issue No. 24. He is one of the many Joes recalled up to duty for the second Cobra civil war, this one also taking place on Cobra Island. In issue No. 25, Skidmark is killed by a falling helicopter crash while aiding General Hawk in an attempt to arrest Overlord.[184]Skidmark is featured in the 1989 'Golden' G.I. Joe coloring book.[185]","title":"Skidmark"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pensacola, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pensacola,_Florida"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30thAnnPg128-2"},{"link_name":"Fort Benning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Benning"},{"link_name":"[186]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-186"},{"link_name":"Dale Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dale_Wilson_(actor)"},{"link_name":"G.I. Joe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._Joe:_A_Real_American_Hero_(1989_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VOICE_CREDITS-3"}],"text":"Skydive is the G.I. Joe Team's Sky Patrol leader. His real name is Lynton N. Felix, and he was born in Pensacola, Florida. Skydive was first released as an action figure in 1990, as part of the \"Sky Patrol\" line.[2] Before he was recruited by G.I. Joe, he spent ten years as a non-commissioned officer teaching Ranger School at Fort Benning. He also specializes in personnel administration.[186]Skydive is voiced by Dale Wilson in the DiC G.I. Joe cartoon.[3]","title":"Skydive"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Queenstown, Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queenstown,_Australia"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30thAnnPg134-63"},{"link_name":"Haast's Bluff Aboriginal Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haasts_Bluff,_Northern_Territory"},{"link_name":"[187]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-187"},{"link_name":"Chuckles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuckles_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceG-67"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-G.I._Joe_2007-78"},{"link_name":"G.I. Joe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._Joe:_A_Real_American_Hero_(1989_TV_series)"}],"text":"Skymate is the G.I. Joe Team's glider trooper. His real name is Daniel T. Toner, and he was born in Queenstown, Australia. Skymate was first released as an action figure in 1991, as part of the Air Commandos line.[63]Skymate flies the \"Air Commando\" glider. He grew up in a remote station near the Haast's Bluff Aboriginal Reserve. He receives exotic weapons training in the 'Special Air Services', which only complemented his already extensive knowledge of the subject. He is considered very quiet. His preferred weapon is a bow and arrow.[187]In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he is mentioned by name in issue No. 118, as being part of a mission involving Chuckles and the Air Commandos, but not seen.[67] In the Devil's Due G.I. Joe series, Skymate is one of many Joes sent to Europe to assist in worldwide outbreaks of Cobra terrorist activity.[78]Skymate appeared in the DiC G.I. Joe animated series.","title":"Skymate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Providence, Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Providence,_Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"Cobra Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobra_Island"},{"link_name":"[188]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bellomo_2005_114-188"}],"text":"Skystriker is a member of the special G.I. Joe group Tiger Force, and serves as the jet fighter pilot tasked with operating the \"Tiger Rat\" assault plane. His real name is Alexander P. Russo, and he was first released as an action figure in 1988. Skystriker was born in Providence, Rhode Island, and grew up around planes on a military base. He is noted for destroying more than fifteen Cobra planes during attacks on Cobra Island.[188]","title":"Skystriker"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Slip Stream"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Snake Eyes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"recon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconnaissance"},{"link_name":"Bangor, Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangor,_Maine"},{"link_name":"Stephen King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_King"},{"link_name":"Owen King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owen_King"},{"link_name":"[189]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-189"},{"link_name":"Lt. Falcon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lt._Falcon"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30thAnnPg116-59"},{"link_name":"infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infantry"},{"link_name":"Ranger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Rangers"},{"link_name":"night vision devices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_vision_device"},{"link_name":"Marvel Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"},{"link_name":"Cobra Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobra_Island"},{"link_name":"[190]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-190"},{"link_name":"Frag Viper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viper_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Dusty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dusty_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"},{"link_name":"[191]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-191"},{"link_name":"Devil's Due","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil%27s_Due_Publishing"},{"link_name":"Dreadnoks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreadnoks"},{"link_name":"[192]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-192"},{"link_name":"Peter Lerangis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Lerangis"},{"link_name":"[193]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-193"},{"link_name":"[194]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-194"}],"text":"Sneak Peek is the G.I. Joe Team's advanced recon specialist. His real name is Owen King, and his rank is that of sergeant E-5. Sneak Peek was born in Bangor, Maine, where Stephen King is a longtime resident, and this is an apparent reference to Stephen King's son, Owen King. He was first released as an action figure in 1987.[189] The figure was repainted and released as part of the Night Force line in 1988, packaged with Lt. Falcon.[59]Sneak Peek's primary military specialty is infantry, and his secondary military specialty is radio-telecommunications. Sneak Peek is known for a mission while in a Ranger recon battalion, in which he was never recalled due to an error; he continued observing enemy activity, taking notes and sketching maps for two weeks, until someone remembered he was still out there and signaled for him to return. Sneak Peek is Ranger qualified and proficient with all NATO night vision devices.In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appeared in issue #73. He is part of a recon team that works its way through Cobra Island during the Cobra civil war.[190] Later, he is shot and killed during the battle of Benzheen. He \"dies\" saving a little boy being placed in danger by a Frag Viper. The same issue reveals details of his friendship with fellow Joe Dusty.[7] In IDW's continuation of this storyline, it is revealed that Sneak Peek survived these wounds and was sent deep undercover in Darklonia. His survival was a secret even to his own friends and family.[191]In the Devil's Due G.I. Joe series, another agent takes his code name, and goes undercover with the Dreadnoks.[192] He is severely injured by a Viper while checking out a Joe nuclear bomb shelter.Sneak Peek is a supporting character in the novel The Sultan's Secret by Peter Lerangis.[193] He also has a role in Invisibility Island.[194]","title":"Sneak Peek"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Snow Job"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Havana, Cuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havana,_Cuba"},{"link_name":"[195]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-195"},{"link_name":"[196]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-196"}],"text":"Snow Storm is the G.I. Joe Team's high-tech snow trooper. His real name is Guillermo \"Willie\" Suarez, and his rank is that of Staff Sergeant E-6. Snow Storm was born in Havana, Cuba, and was first released as an action figure in 1993, as part of the Battle Corps line.[195]His primary military specialty is arctic warfare. His secondary military specialty is cold weather survival instructor.[196]","title":"Snow Storm"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Everett, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everett,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Star Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Brigade"},{"link_name":"[197]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-197"},{"link_name":"Saturn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn"},{"link_name":"Duke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"[198]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-198"},{"link_name":"Marvel Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"},{"link_name":"[199]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-199"},{"link_name":"[200]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-200"},{"link_name":"[201]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-201"},{"link_name":"Oktober Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oktober_Guard"},{"link_name":"[202]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-202"}],"text":"Space Shot is the G.I. Joe Team's combat freighter pilot. His real name is George A. Roberts, and he was born in Everett, Massachusetts. Space Shot was first released as an action figure in 1994, as part of the Star Brigade line.[197]His file card establishes that he flew cargo between planets in Earth's solar system, and for fun he would fly blindfolded through the rings of Saturn. This earned him the attention of Duke, who recruited him and found it was not easy teaching him military discipline. He has defended four space stations from Cobra attack, and makes Cobra 'Blackstar' pilots look like trainees.[198]In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appeared in issue #145.[199] His comics continuity does not match the file card, as he is simply one of many Joes with basic, \"real-world\" astronaut experience.[200] Space Shot is part of Star Brigade[201] and takes part in a mission to deal with an asteroid threatening all of Earth. With the assistance of the latest version of Oktober Guard, the Joes fight androids in the asteroid's interior, and ultimately the robot army is defeated and the teams makes it off the asteroid before it is safely destroyed.[202]","title":"Space Shot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hidalgo_2009_62-40"},{"link_name":"Carcare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcare"},{"link_name":"[203]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-203"}],"text":"Sparks is the G.I. Joe Team's communication and computer expert. His real name is Alessandro \"Alex\" D. Verdi, and he was first released as an action figure in 2007.[40] Sparks is the son of a former U.S. ambassador, and was born in Carcare, Italy. He spent his formative years in Europe, becoming fluent in 13 languages, as well as learning the finer points of diplomacy. After graduating from Harvard, he planned to become an interpreter for the military, but instead serves as a liaison to the Pentagon for the G.I. Joe Team. Sparks is an essential cog in G.I. Joe operations, thanklessly filing mountains of paperwork and records, according to the stringent protocols of military bureaucracy. His military specialties include telecommunications, cryptologic operations, and electronic warfare.[203] In the Sunbow G.I. Joe cartoon, he appeared in the 1984 \"The Revenge of Cobra\" mini-series and later retired from the team, working at a television station, but helped G.I. Joe uncover a Cobra plot in the episode \"Grey Hairs and Growing Pains\".","title":"Sparks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"point man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Take_point"},{"link_name":"St. Louis, Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"bobcat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobcat"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30thAnnPg115-44"},{"link_name":"Muskrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muskrat_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30thAnnPg116-59"},{"link_name":"infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infantry"},{"link_name":"[204]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-204"},{"link_name":"[205]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-205"},{"link_name":"Airtight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airtight_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Charbroil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charbroil_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Dreadnoks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreadnoks"},{"link_name":"[206]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-206"},{"link_name":"Devil's Due","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil%27s_Due_Publishing"},{"link_name":"[207]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-207"},{"link_name":"Serpentor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpentor"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceB-111"}],"text":"Spearhead is the G.I. Joe Team's point man. His real name is Peter R. Millman, and his rank is that of corporal E-4. Spearhead was born in St. Louis, Missouri, and was first released as an action figure in 1988, with his pet bobcat Max.[44] The figure was repainted and released as part of the Night Force line in 1989, packaged with Muskrat.[59]Spearhead's primary military specialty is infantry, and his secondary military specialty is finance. He was once the youngest and most successful insurance salesman in the Pacific Northwest; everybody liked him and trusted him, and bought more insurance from him than they could afford. However, he joined the Army, feeling that somebody had to do it. Thanks to Spearhead's charisma, and with his bobcat Max as a source of inspiration, soldiers are willing to follow him when he takes the lead.[204]In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appeared in G.I. Joe Special Missions #21.[205] He works with Airtight, Charbroil and other Joes in an attempt to stop Dreadnoks activity in the sewers of New York. They fail to stop Cobra's plan to create a telemarketing scam center, and their new ally, a homeless veteran, dies while believing he saved the Joes' lives.[206]Spearhead returns for active duty when the Joe team is reformed in the Devil's Due series.[207] Spearhead is also one of the many Joes to combat Serpentor in the second Cobra civil war.[111]","title":"Spearhead"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"M.A.S.K.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M.A.S.K._(franchise)"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hidalgo_2009_62-40"}],"text":"Specialist Trakker is the M.A.S.K. character Matt Trakker. He was released in 2008 as an advanced vehicle specialist for the G.I. Joe Team.[40] In the G.I. Joe universe according to Specialist Trakker's file card, M.A.S.K.'s enemies in V.E.N.O.M. were a splinter faction of Cobra Command.","title":"Specialist Trakker"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Spirit"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Stalker"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Burlingame, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burlingame,_California"},{"link_name":"Ace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ace_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Wild Bill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_Bill_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"[208]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-208"},{"link_name":"Duke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"[209]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-209"},{"link_name":"Duke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"[210]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-210"},{"link_name":"[211]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-211"}],"text":"Starduster is the G.I. Joe Team's Jet Pack Trooper. His real name is Edward J. Skylar, and he was born in Burlingame, California. Starduster was first released as an action figure in 1987, as a mail-in exclusive from Action Stars cereal, and later as a mail-in offer from Hasbro Direct. In 2008, he was renamed Skyduster and released with the Toys R Us exclusive Air Command Set, which also included Capt. Ace and Wild Bill.[208]Starduster's primary military specialty is Infantry Transportable Air Recon, and his secondary military specialty is Helicopter Assault. He was a trapeze artist before he enlisted in the Airborne Rangers. Starduster was recruited into the G.I. Joe team by Duke.[209]In 1985, a television commercial for Action Stars cereal depicted a boy making his way to a bowl of cereal led by the character Duke. After eating the cereal, the boy flies into the air following Starduster. This was the only time that the action-figure Starduster appeared in animated form, as he was never part of the cartoon television series.[210]Starduster was featured in three out-of-continuity mini-comics packaged in Action Stars cereal.[211] Starduster also appeared in the comic tie-in to the Commandos Heroicas, which were released in both toy and comic book character form as part of the 2009 G.I. Joe convention. Starduster became commander of this Argentine branch of the G.I. Joe team.","title":"Starduster"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30thAnnPg128-2"},{"link_name":"[212]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-212"},{"link_name":"[213]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-213"}],"text":"Static Line is the G.I. Joe Team's Sky Patrol demolitions expert. His real name is Wallace J. Badducci, and he was born in Chicago, Illinois. Static Line was first released as an action figure in 1990, as part of the \"Sky Patrol\" line.[2]His primary military specialty is demolitions expert. He is also a trained aircraft mechanic.[212] Static Line is noted for his eye for detail and for not destroying explosive devices, but rendering them inert.[213]","title":"Static Line"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Duluth, Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duluth,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30thAnnPg115-44"},{"link_name":"[214]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-214"},{"link_name":"heavy equipment operator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_equipment_operator"},{"link_name":"armor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armoured_warfare"},{"link_name":"Great Lakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Station_Great_Lakes"},{"link_name":"earth movers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_equipment_(construction)"},{"link_name":"Appalachia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appalachia"},{"link_name":"graders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grader"},{"link_name":"[215]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-215"},{"link_name":"Marvel Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"},{"link_name":"[216]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-216"},{"link_name":"Python Patrol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_Patrol"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceE-18"}],"text":"Steam-Roller is the G.I. Joe Team's Mobile Command Center operator. His real name is Averill B. Whitcomb, and his rank is that of sergeant E-5. Steam-Roller was born in Duluth, Minnesota, and was first released as an action figure in 1987, packaged with the Mobile Command Center.[44][214]Steam-Roller's primary military specialty is heavy equipment operator, and his secondary military specialty is armor. He worked on heavy cranes on the Great Lakes' docks, earth movers in the strip mines of Appalachia, and graders on the blacktop highways of several states. He was operating an M-15A2, 50 ton transporter when he was assigned to the G.I. Joe Team. Steam-Roller is a qualified expert with all NATO small-arms and explosives.[215]In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appeared in issue #99.[216] He also makes an appearance in the following issue. He battles Python Patrol members in the Utah desert.[18]","title":"Steam-Roller"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Steeler"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hartford, Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartford,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30thAnnPg128-2"},{"link_name":"NATO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO"},{"link_name":"[217]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-217"},{"link_name":"Marvel Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"},{"link_name":"[218]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-218"},{"link_name":"Iron Grenadiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Grenadiers"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-G.I._Joe_1990-114"},{"link_name":"Sneak Peek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sneak_Peek_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-4"},{"link_name":"Devil's Due","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil%27s_Due_Publishing"},{"link_name":"Cobra Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobra_Island"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceB-111"},{"link_name":"G.I. Joe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._Joe:_A_Real_American_Hero_(1989_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Alvin Sanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvin_Sanders"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VOICE_CREDITS-3"},{"link_name":"[219]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-219"}],"text":"Stretcher is the G.I. Joe Team's Medical Specialist. His real name is Thomas J. Larivee, and he was born in Hartford, Connecticut. Stretcher was first released as an action figure in 1990.[2]Before the G.I. Joe team, he served as a front-line medic in a NATO military unit. Though Stretcher is a qualified medical specialist, his primary purpose is removing wounded soldiers from the battlefield. As such, he is noted for his strength.[217]In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appeared in issue No. 105.[218] He is one of a team of Joes sent to Sierra Gordo to rescue fellow soldiers from Iron Grenadiers.[114] Stretcher is one of the many Joes to take part in a confrontation against Cobra forces in Benzheen. Stretcher is one of many staffing an isolated military outpost. He confirms the death of Sneak Peek, who had died saving a child.[4] Stretcher also appears in issue No. 125.Stretcher returns to the Joe team in the Devil's Due produced comic book series. He is one of the many soldiers to intervene in the second Cobra civil war, which again takes place on Cobra Island.[111]Stretcher appeared in the DiC G.I. Joe animated series, voiced by Alvin Sanders.[3][219]","title":"Stretcher"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"[220]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-220"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30thAnnPg128-2"},{"link_name":"[221]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-221"},{"link_name":"Stalker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalker_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Dee-Jay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleforce_2000"},{"link_name":"Mount Everest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest"},{"link_name":"[222]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-222"},{"link_name":"G.I. Joe: America's Elite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._Joe:_America%27s_Elite"},{"link_name":"World War III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_III_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"[223]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-223"},{"link_name":"G.I. Joe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._Joe:_A_Real_American_Hero_(1989_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Don Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Brown_(voice_actor)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VOICE_CREDITS-3"},{"link_name":"[224]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-224"}],"text":"Sub-Zero is the G.I. Joe Team's winter operations specialist. His real name is Mark Habershaw, and he was born in Smithfield, Rhode Island. Sub-Zero spent time as an instruction at the Army Northern Warfare Training Center in Fort Greely. He was also a consult to the Cold Regions Test center at the same base. He also trained military forces in Europe for cold weather combat. He is noted for hating cold weather.[220]Sub-Zero was first released as an action figure in 1990.[2] In 1993 he is part of the mail-order Arctic Commandos subset. This is part of the main-in campaign known as 'Terrifying Lasers Of Destruction'.[221] Sub-Zero is included with Stalker, Dee-Jay and a Cobra Snow-Serpent. The fiction of this sub-set is that Sub-Zero's team must stop a Cobra weapon placed atop Mount Everest.[222]Sub-Zero first appeared in G.I. Joe: America's Elite #32, providing security at a prison during the World War III event.[223]Sub-Zero appeared in the DiC G.I. Joe animated series, voiced by Don Brown.[3][224]","title":"Sub-Zero"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Super Trouper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Trouper_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Super Troopers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Troopers"},{"link_name":"Dayton, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dayton,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"[225]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-225"}],"text":"\"Super Trooper\" redirects here. Not to be confused with Super Trouper or Super Troopers.Super Trooper is the code name of Paul Latimer. He was born in Dayton, Ohio, and was first released as a mail-in figure in 1988. His primary military specialty is infantry, and his secondary military specialty is public relations.[225]","title":"Super Trooper"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bogotá, Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1,_Colombia"}],"text":"Switch Gears is a tank driver for the G.I. Joe Team, and was released as an action figure in 2003. His real name is Jerome T. Jivoin, and he was born in Bogotá, Colombia. Switch Gears is said to have a high tolerance for pain, and described as very strong and never giving up. He also likes to show up at fortified Cobra positions disguised as a Cobra courier with fake retreat orders, and prefers his bare hands to weapons.","title":"Switch Gears"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sgt. Slaughter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sgt._Slaughter_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Istanbul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Mercer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercer_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Red Dog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Dog_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"[226]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-226"},{"link_name":"demolitions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demolition"},{"link_name":"Sgt. Slaughter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sgt._Slaughter_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"[227]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-227"},{"link_name":"[228]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-228"},{"link_name":"Heavy Duty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_Duty_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Bombstrike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombstrike_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"[229]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-229"},{"link_name":"G.I. Joe: The Movie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._Joe:_The_Movie"},{"link_name":"Earl Boen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_Boen"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-G.I._Joe:_The_Movie-42"},{"link_name":"[230]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-230"}],"text":"Taurus is a member of the G.I. Joe Team as one of Sgt. Slaughter's Renegades. His real name is Varujan Ayvazyan, and his rank is equivalent to that of sergeant E-5. Taurus was born in Istanbul, Turkey and was first released as an action figure in 1987, as part of a three-pack with Mercer and Red Dog.[226]Taurus's primary military specialty is demolitions. He was a circus acrobat in Europe, doing occasional undercover work for INTERPOL. When the G.I. Joe top brass witnessed him breaking two-by-fours on his own face as part of his circus act, they recruited him for the Sgt. Slaughter's Renegades sub team on the spot. Taurus is fluent in a dozen languages, and has been cross-trained in explosives and mountaineering. The Renegades have a freedom of operation unmatched by the other Joes: they are not carried on the existing rosters of any existing military unit, there is no computer access to their dossiers, and they are paid through a special fund earmarked for \"Pentagon Pest Control\". This team has no official status, and its movements and activities are virtually unrestricted. However, this means that they get no credit when they succeed, and that the government can deny the Renegades' existence if they are caught.[227]Taurus is seen in issue No. 32 of G.I. Joe: America's Elite (Feb 2007).[228] He is fighting Cobra soldiers in his home city of Istanbul. Assisting him are the Joe soldiers Heavy Duty and Bombstrike.[229]Taurus appeared in the animated film G.I. Joe: The Movie voiced by Earl Boen. He appears as a member of Sgt. Slaughter's Renegades and operates as an assistant drill sergeant.[42][230]","title":"Taurus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ninja Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninja_Force"},{"link_name":"Somers, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somers,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Arashikage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arashikage"},{"link_name":"[231]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-231"}],"text":"T'Gin-Zu is a ninja who is the G.I. Joe Team's \"Pile Driver\" operator and member of Ninja Force. His real name is Joseph R. Rainone. His primary military specialty is Pile Driver vehicle operator. His secondary military specialty is ninja swords master. His birthplace is Somers, New York. T'Gin-Zu has studied martial arts for more than two decades. He has learned some of the secrets of the Arashikage ninja clan and has spent time as a student of Storm Shadow who considers him his most talented pupil. T'Gin-Zu has a developed a deep desire to single-handedly capture Cobra's band of \"Red Ninja-Vipers\".[231]","title":"T'Gin-Zu"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ninja Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninja_Force"},{"link_name":"East Greenwich, Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Greenwich,_Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"Arashikage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arashikage"},{"link_name":"[232]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-232"}],"text":"T'Jbang is a ninja and member of Ninja Force the code name of Sam LaQuale. He was born in East Greenwich, Rhode Island. He is a former member of the Arashikage clan founded by Storm Shadow, a ninja who is also his second cousin. He has crafted his own personal sword, designed for his secretive 'Silent Backslash' technique. T'Jbang is also skilled in piloting helicopters.[232]","title":"T'Jbang"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._Joe:_A_Real_American_Hero"},{"link_name":"artilleryman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artillery"},{"link_name":"Louisville, Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisville,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"[233]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30thAnnPg100-233"},{"link_name":"G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._Joe:_A_Real_American_Hero_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"[234]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-234"},{"link_name":"G.I. Joe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._Joe:_A_Real_American_Hero_(1985_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[235]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-235"}],"text":"Thunder is a character from the G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero toyline, comic books and animated series. He is the G.I. Joe team's self-propelled gun artilleryman, and debuted in 1984. His real name is Matthew Harris Breckinridge, and his rank is that of sergeant E-5. He was born in Louisville, Kentucky. Thunder was first released as an action figure packaged with the Slugger artillery vehicle.[233]He first appeared in G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero #51 (September 1986).[234] He is among several Joes killed in action in issue #109.Thunder made his debut in the Sunbow/Marvel G.I. Joe animated series in \"The Revenge of Cobra\".[235]","title":"Thunder"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hidalgo_2009_62-40"},{"link_name":"G.I. Joe: Ninja Battles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._Joe:_Ninja_Battles"},{"link_name":"Brian Drummond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Drummond"}],"text":"Tiger Claw is the code name of Chad M. Johnson. He was first released as an action figure in 2005 as the ninja apprentice of Snake Eyes.[40]Tiger Claw appeared in the direct-to-video CGI animated movie G.I. Joe: Ninja Battles, voiced by Brian Drummond.","title":"Tiger Claw"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boise, Idaho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boise,_Idaho"},{"link_name":"[236]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-236"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30thAnnPg105-72"},{"link_name":"MIT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"[237]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-237"},{"link_name":"[238]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-238"},{"link_name":"Cobra Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobra_Island"},{"link_name":"[239]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-239"},{"link_name":"G.I. Joe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._Joe:_A_Real_American_Hero_(1985_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Michael Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Bell_(actor)"},{"link_name":"[240]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-240"}],"text":"Tollbooth is the G.I. Joe Team's bridge layer driver. His real name is Chuck X. (for nothing) Goren, and his rank is that of E-5 (Sergeant). Tollbooth was born in Boise, Idaho, and was first released as an action figure in 1984, packaged exclusively with the Bridgelayer (Toss N Cross) as a Sears Exclusive. Tollbooth and the Bridgelayer (Toss N Cross) were later released as part of the fourth series in 1985.[236][72]Tollbooth's primary military specialty is combat engineer, and his secondary military specialty is demolitions. As a child, Tollbooth had a love for construction sets, which he made bigger and more complex until he outgrew them all. As an adult he started building in earnest, and got his master's degree in engineering from MIT. When he needed a bigger challenge, he joined the Army to sign up for the G.I. Joe Team.[237]In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appeared in issue #51 (September 1986). He is manning the \"Chaplain's Assistant Motor Pool\" machinery, the figurative and literal cover for the Pit, the headquarters of the G.I. Joe team. He later appeared in issues #62, 76, and 77.[238] In issue #76, Tollbooth is part of a Joe infiltration team attacking Cobra Island defenses through the swamps.[239]Tollbooth appeared in the G.I. Joe animated series voiced by Michael Bell. His first appearance in the first-season episode \"Three Cubes to Darkness.\"[240] His appearance is slightly different from his figure as he is shown with a green hardhat in the series.","title":"Tollbooth"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fort Wayne, Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Wayne,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30thAnnPg128-2"},{"link_name":"Devil's Due","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil%27s_Due_Publishing"},{"link_name":"Cobra Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobra_Island"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceB-111"},{"link_name":"[241]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-241"},{"link_name":"G.I. Joe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._Joe:_A_Real_American_Hero_(1989_TV_series)"}],"text":"Topside is the G.I. Joe Team's Navy assault specialist. His real name is John Blanchet, and his rank is that of First Class Petty Officer in the United States Navy. Topside was born in Fort Wayne, Indiana, and was first released as an action figure in 1990.[2]He grew up on a farm with his father; their pigs won many awards at the county fairs. Topside became known as the Fort Wayne 'Hog Master'. At age twenty, wanting a more exciting career, he joined the navy. Serving as a deckhand, he overheard tales of bragging from a G.I. Joe special ops team on their way to a mission. He challenged the entire team; this led to him being noticed and recruited. A quote on his file card indicates Topside takes physical punishment with ease.Topside appeared in the Devil's Due G.I. Joe series. In terms of the comics, he had worked with the Joe team a short time before they disbanded in 1994. Topside is part of the team to invade Cobra Island.[111] He is also a featured character in part 1 of the \"Fun Publishing\" official \"G.I. Joe Vs. Cobra\" comic book released for the G.I. Joe conventions.[241]Topside appeared in three episodes of the DiC G.I. Joe animated series: \"An Officer and a Viperman\" and \"Ghost of Alcatraz\" Part I and Part II.","title":"Topside"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Torpedo"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[164]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30thAnnPg133-164"},{"link_name":"Helena, Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helena,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Navy SEAL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy_SEALs"},{"link_name":"[242]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-242"},{"link_name":"G.I. Joe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._Joe:_A_Real_American_Hero_(1989_TV_series)"}],"text":"Tracker was first released as an action figure in 1991.[164] His real name is Christopher R. Groen, and he was born in Helena, Arkansas. Tracker is a Navy SEAL with a specialty in underwater arms development. In terms of tracking, escaping and evading, Tracker has outperformed the best the Joe team has to offer.[242]Tracker appears in the DiC G.I. Joe animated series, voiced by Phil Hayes.","title":"Tracker"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Tripwire"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Tunnel Rat"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bismarck, North Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismarck,_North_Dakota"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30thAnnPg128-2"},{"link_name":"[243]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-243"},{"link_name":"Marvel Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"},{"link_name":"[244]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-244"},{"link_name":"Devil's Due","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil%27s_Due_Publishing"},{"link_name":"Serpentor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpentor"},{"link_name":"Cobra Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobra_Island"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceB-111"}],"text":"Updraft is the G.I. Joe Team's Retaliator pilot. His real name is Matthew W. Smithers, and he was born in Bismarck, North Dakota. Updraft was first released as an action figure in 1990, packaged with the \"Retaliator\" hi-tech attack copter.[2]Updraft was the team leader in the \"World Helicopter Championships\", leading the US team to victory twice. He joins the Flight Warrant Office School at Fort Rucker and became a special instructor. From there, he was selected for G.I. Joe duty. He personally improves much of the \"Retaliator\" helicopter, a vehicle he later flies into battle.[243]In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appeared in issue #130. He assists the Joe team in defending their headquarters from a Cobra attack.[244]He is also part of a mission in the Devil's Due G.I. Joe series, helping the Joe team battle Serpentor and his forces in the second Cobra civil war. As with the first one, this war takes place on Cobra Island.[111]","title":"Updraft"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Wet Suit"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hidalgo_2009_62-40"}],"text":"Whiteout is an arctic trooper for the G.I. Joe Team. His real name is Leonard J. Lee III, and he was first released as an action figure in 2000.[40] He is a cold weather strategist for the G.I. Joe team and experienced in polar combat mobility.","title":"Whiteout"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Wild Bill"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Northampton, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northampton,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30thAnnPg119-13"},{"link_name":"[245]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-245"},{"link_name":"Skidmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skidmark_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Windmill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windmill_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"[246]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-246"},{"link_name":"Aberdeen Proving Grounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen_Proving_Grounds"},{"link_name":"Repeater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repeater_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Hardball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardball_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Zanzibar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zanzibar_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"[247]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-247"}],"text":"Wildcard is the G.I. Joe Team's Mean Dog vehicle Driver. His real name is Eric U. Scott, and his rank is that of corporal E-4. Wildcard was born in Northampton, Massachusetts, and was first released as an action figure in 1988, packaged with the \"Mean Dog\" 6WD heavy assault vehicle.[13]Wildcard's primary military specialty is armored vehicle operator, and his secondary military specialty is chaplain's assistant. Wildcard possesses an unnatural talent for breaking things, from sturdy steel machines to simple tools, delicate toys, immovable objects of cast iron, and 8-piece dinner settings. When driving the Mean Dog, the vehicle becomes an extension of himself – a raging engine of destruction, pulverizing all in its path.[245]In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appeared in issue #72 (June 1988). He joins the team with Skidmark and Windmill. The trio's actual entry to the current Joe base, with the Mean Dog and the vehicle Desert Fox, is marred by the discovery that a Cobra agent had snuck in with them.[246]He appears in issue #89, on a trip to the Aberdeen Proving Grounds to test the Mean Dog. Assisted by Repeater and Hardball, he routes Cobra forces chasing other Joes. At the end of the battle, Wildcard personally tugs the fleeing Zanzibar out of his Pogo vehicle.[247]","title":"Wildcard"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cedar Rapids, Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedar_Rapids,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30thAnnPg125-75"},{"link_name":"[248]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-248"},{"link_name":"biathlon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biathlon"},{"link_name":"Blizzard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blizzard_(G.I._Joe)"}],"text":"Windchill is the G.I. Joe Team's Arctic Blast vehicle Driver. His real name is Jim Steel, and his rank is that of Staff Sergeant E-6. Windchill was born in Cedar Rapids, Iowa.Windchill was first released as an action figure in 1989, packaged with the \"Arctic Blast\" tundra assault sled.[75] The figure was repainted and released as part of the Battle Corps line in 1994. His 1994 release has him packaged with the \"Blockbuster\" arctic vehicle; furthermore he is named Jim McDonald in that release.[248]Windchill's primary military specialty is Arctic Blast driver, and his secondary military specialty is cold weather survival instructor. He was an avid skimobiler and hunter, and figured the biathlon would be the ultimate sport for him. He might have qualified for a spot on the American Olympic team if Blizzard hadn't met him at the National Elimination Tournament and given him the idea of getting paid to drive fast, heavily armed snow vehicles.","title":"Windchill"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Captain, USAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Allentown, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allentown,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30thAnnPg119-13"},{"link_name":"Fort Rucker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Rucker"},{"link_name":"[249]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-249"},{"link_name":"Skidmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skidmark_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Wildcard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildcard_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"[182]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-G.I._Joe_1988-182"}],"text":"Windmill is the G.I. Joe Team's Skystorm X-Wing Chopper pilot. His real name is Edward J. Roth, and his rank is that of Captain, USAF O-3. Windmill was born in Allentown, Pennsylvania, and was first released as an action figure in 1988, packaged with the Skystorm X-Wing Chopper.[13]Windmill's primary military specialty is stopped-rotor aircraft operator, and his secondary military specialty is attack helicopter pilot. He was a flight instructor at the Army Flight Warrant Officers School at Fort Rucker, later flying experimental helicopter prototypes at that facility for the Army Aviation Department Test Activity.[249]In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appeared in issue #72 (June 1988). He drives onto the current Joe base in the \"Desert Fox\", accompanied by Skidmark and Wildcard; the latter driving the \"Mean Dog\". The occasion is marred by the discovery of a hostile that had snuck in by hanging to the underside of the Fox.[182]","title":"Windmill"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Zap"}]
[]
[{"title":"List of Cobra characters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Cobra_characters"},{"title":"List of G.I. Joe Extreme characters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_G.I._Joe_Extreme_characters"},{"title":"List of G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero action figures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_G.I._Joe:_A_Real_American_Hero_action_figures"}]
[{"reference":"Hidalgo, Pablo (2009). G.I. Joe vs. Cobra: The Essential Guide 1982–2008. Random House. p. 40. ISBN 978-0-345-51642-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pablo_Hidalgo","url_text":"Hidalgo, Pablo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-345-51642-8","url_text":"978-0-345-51642-8"}]},{"reference":"Santelmo, Vincent (1994). The Official 30th Anniversary Salute To G.I. Joe 1964–1994. Krause Publications. p. 128. ISBN 0-87341-301-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87341-301-6","url_text":"0-87341-301-6"}]},{"reference":"\"The Voices of G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero (1989, Animated Series) – Voice Cast Listing at Voice Chasers\". Voicechasers.com. September 2, 1989. Archived from the original on March 29, 2019. Retrieved March 30, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190329225210/http://voicechasers.com/database/showprod.php?prodid=4404","url_text":"\"The Voices of G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero (1989, Animated Series) – Voice Cast Listing at Voice Chasers\""},{"url":"http://voicechasers.com/database/showprod.php?prodid=4404","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"1990 Characters\". Half the Battle. Archived from the original on September 14, 2012. Retrieved September 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120914131335/http://www.halfbattle.com/90figs2.html","url_text":"\"1990 Characters\""},{"url":"http://www.halfbattle.com/90figs2.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Santelmo, Vincent (1994). The Official 30th Anniversary Salute To G.I. Joe 1964–1994. Krause Publications. p. 119. ISBN 0-87341-301-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87341-301-6","url_text":"0-87341-301-6"}]},{"reference":"\"Rumbler\". JMM's G.I. Joe Comics Encyclopedia. Myuselessknowledge.com. Retrieved December 2, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.myuselessknowledge.com/joe/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=253&Itemid=53","url_text":"\"Rumbler\""}]},{"reference":"Santelmo, Vincent (1994). The Official 30th Anniversary Salute To G.I. Joe 1964–1994. Krause Publications. p. 123. ISBN 0-87341-301-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87341-301-6","url_text":"0-87341-301-6"}]},{"reference":"\"1989 Characters\". Half the Battle. Archived from the original on August 28, 2012. Retrieved September 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120828151252/http://www.halfbattle.com/89figs2.html","url_text":"\"1989 Characters\""},{"url":"http://www.halfbattle.com/89figs2.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Santelmo, Vincent (1994). The Official 30th Anniversary Salute To G.I. Joe 1964–1994. Krause Publications. p. 113. ISBN 0-87341-301-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87341-301-6","url_text":"0-87341-301-6"}]},{"reference":"\"Canadian Joe Con Website\". Canadianjoecon.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.canadianjoecon.com/","url_text":"\"Canadian Joe Con Website\""}]},{"reference":"Hidalgo, Pablo (2009). G.I. Joe vs. Cobra: The Essential Guide 1982–2008. Random House. p. 42. ISBN 978-0-345-51642-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-345-51642-8","url_text":"978-0-345-51642-8"}]},{"reference":"Santelmo, Vincent (1994). The Official 30th Anniversary Salute To G.I. Joe 1964–1994. Krause Publications. p. 139. ISBN 0-87341-301-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87341-301-6","url_text":"0-87341-301-6"}]},{"reference":"\"Barricade's filecard\". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yojoe.com/filecard/92/barricade.shtml","url_text":"\"Barricade's filecard\""}]},{"reference":"Bellomo, Mark (2005). The Ultimate Guide to G.I. Joe 1982–1994. Krause Publications. p. 175. ISBN 978-0-89689-922-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89689-922-3","url_text":"978-0-89689-922-3"}]},{"reference":"Bellomo, Mark (2005). The Ultimate Guide to G.I. Joe 1982-1994. Krause Publications. p. 231. ISBN 978-0-89689-922-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89689-922-3","url_text":"978-0-89689-922-3"}]},{"reference":"\"Big Ben (v3) G.I. Joe Action Figure - YoJoe Archive\". Yojoe.com. Retrieved March 30, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yojoe.com/action/00/bigben3.shtml","url_text":"\"Big Ben (v3) G.I. Joe Action Figure - YoJoe Archive\""}]},{"reference":"\"Big Ben (v4) G.I. Joe Action Figure – YoJoe Archive\". Yojoe.com. Retrieved March 30, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yojoe.com/action/02/bigben4.shtml","url_text":"\"Big Ben (v4) G.I. Joe Action Figure – YoJoe Archive\""}]},{"reference":"\"Big Ben (v5) G.I. Joe Action Figure – YoJoe Archive\". Yojoe.com. Retrieved March 30, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yojoe.com/action/02/bigben5.shtml","url_text":"\"Big Ben (v5) G.I. Joe Action Figure – YoJoe Archive\""}]},{"reference":"Hidalgo, Pablo (2009). G.I. Joe vs. Cobra: The Essential Guide 1982–2008. Random House. p. 43. ISBN 978-0-345-51642-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-345-51642-8","url_text":"978-0-345-51642-8"}]},{"reference":"Hidalgo, Pablo (2009). G.I. Joe vs. Cobra: The Essential Guide 1982–2008. Random House. pp. 62–65. ISBN 978-0-345-51642-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-345-51642-8","url_text":"978-0-345-51642-8"}]},{"reference":"\"Roll Call\". G.I. Joe Roll Call. Joe Headquarters. Retrieved June 13, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.joeheadquarters.com/rollcall_joes.shtml","url_text":"\"Roll Call\""}]},{"reference":"G.I. Joe: The Movie (Motion picture). De Laurentiis Entertainment Group. April 20, 1987.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Santelmo, Vincent (1994). The Official 30th Anniversary Salute To G.I. Joe 1964–1994. Krause Publications. p. 115. ISBN 0-87341-301-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87341-301-6","url_text":"0-87341-301-6"}]},{"reference":"\"1997 release\". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yojoe.com/action/97/blizzard2.shtml","url_text":"\"1997 release\""}]},{"reference":"\"1997 Filecard\". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yojoe.com/filecard/97/blizzard2.shtml","url_text":"\"1997 Filecard\""}]},{"reference":"Santelmo, Vincent (1994). The Official 30th Anniversary Salute To G.I. Joe 1964–1994. Krause Publications. p. 140. ISBN 0-87341-301-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87341-301-6","url_text":"0-87341-301-6"}]},{"reference":"\"Bullet-Proof information\". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yojoe.com/action/92/bulletproof.shtml","url_text":"\"Bullet-Proof information\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bullet-Proof's filecard\". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yojoe.com/filecard/92/bulletproof.shtml","url_text":"\"Bullet-Proof's filecard\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bullhorn's filecard\". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yojoe.com/filecard/90/bullhorn.shtml","url_text":"\"Bullhorn's filecard\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bullhorn's second filecard\". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yojoe.com/filecard/08/bullhorn2.shtml","url_text":"\"Bullhorn's second filecard\""}]},{"reference":"Santelmo, Vincent (1994). The Official 30th Anniversary Salute To G.I. Joe 1964–1994. Krause Publications. p. 116. ISBN 0-87341-301-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87341-301-6","url_text":"0-87341-301-6"}]},{"reference":"Santelmo, Vincent (1994). The Official 30th Anniversary Salute To G.I. Joe 1964–1994. Krause Publications. p. 134. ISBN 0-87341-301-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87341-301-6","url_text":"0-87341-301-6"}]},{"reference":"\"Clean-Sweep filecard\". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yojoe.com/action/91/cleansweep.shtml","url_text":"\"Clean-Sweep filecard\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cloudburst filecard\". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yojoe.com/filecard/91/cloudburst.shtml","url_text":"\"Cloudburst filecard\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cold Front filecard\". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yojoe.com/filecard/90/coldfront.shtml","url_text":"\"Cold Front filecard\""}]},{"reference":"Hama, Larry (1987). Howard Mackie (ed.). G.I. Joe Order Of Battle. Marvel Entertainment Group. p. 29. ISBN 0-87135-288-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Entertainment_Group","url_text":"Marvel Entertainment Group"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87135-288-5","url_text":"0-87135-288-5"}]},{"reference":"Bellomo, Mark (2005). The Ultimate Guide to G.I. Joe 1982-1994. Krause Publications. p. 47. ISBN 978-0-89689-922-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89689-922-3","url_text":"978-0-89689-922-3"}]},{"reference":"Santelmo, Vincent (1994). The Official 30th Anniversary Salute To G.I. Joe 1964-1994. Krause Publications. p. 105. ISBN 0-87341-301-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87341-301-6","url_text":"0-87341-301-6"}]},{"reference":"Wherle, Scott (2002). G.I. Joe: Battle Files #1. Devil's Due Publishing. p. 30.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Santelmo, Vincent (1994). The Official 30th Anniversary Salute To G.I. Joe 1964–1994. Krause Publications. p. 125. ISBN 0-87341-301-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87341-301-6","url_text":"0-87341-301-6"}]},{"reference":"\"Dojo's filecard\". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yojoe.com/filecard/92/dojo.shtml","url_text":"\"Dojo's filecard\""}]},{"reference":"Hidalgo, Pablo (2009). G.I. Joe vs. Cobra: The Essential Guide 1982–2008. Random House. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-345-51642-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-345-51642-8","url_text":"978-0-345-51642-8"}]},{"reference":"\"Drop Zone\". yojoe.com. Retrieved March 21, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yojoe.com/filecard/90/dropzone.shtml","url_text":"\"Drop Zone\""}]},{"reference":"\"Star Brigade/Effects package details\". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yojoe.com/cardback/94/sbeffects2.shtml","url_text":"\"Star Brigade/Effects package details\""}]},{"reference":"\"Effects Filecard\". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yojoe.com/filecard/94/effects.shtml","url_text":"\"Effects Filecard\""}]},{"reference":"Santelmo, Vincent (1994). The Official 30th Anniversary Salute To G.I. Joe 1964–1994. Krause Publications. p. 111. ISBN 0-87341-301-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87341-301-6","url_text":"0-87341-301-6"}]},{"reference":"Hama, Larry (1987). Howard Mackie (ed.). G.I. Joe Order Of Battle. Marvel Entertainment Group. p. 49. 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Retrieved September 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yojoe.com/filecard/90/freefall.shtml","url_text":"\"Freefall filecard\""}]},{"reference":"Hidalgo, Pablo (2009). G.I. Joe vs. Cobra: The Essential Guide 1982–2008. Random House. p. 55. ISBN 978-0-345-51642-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-345-51642-8","url_text":"978-0-345-51642-8"}]},{"reference":"\"Hardtop's 1987 filecard\". Yojoe.com. Archived from the original on October 26, 2012. Retrieved September 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yojoe.com/filecard/87/hardtop.shtml","url_text":"\"Hardtop's 1987 filecard\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121026141228/http://www.yojoe.com/filecard/87/hardtop.shtml","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Hardtop's 2004 filecard\". Yojoe.com. Archived from the original on October 26, 2012. Retrieved September 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yojoe.com/filecard/04/hardtop2.shtml","url_text":"\"Hardtop's 2004 filecard\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121026141240/http://www.yojoe.com/filecard/04/hardtop2.shtml","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Hi-Tech toy information\". Yojoe.com. Archived from the original on November 4, 2012. Retrieved September 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yojoe.com/action/04/hitech.shtml","url_text":"\"Hi-Tech toy information\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121104131247/http://www.yojoe.com/action/04/hitech.shtml","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Hidalgo, Pablo (2009). G.I. Joe vs. Cobra: The Essential Guide 1982–2008. Random House. p. 48. ISBN 978-0-345-51642-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-345-51642-8","url_text":"978-0-345-51642-8"}]},{"reference":"\"Archived copy\". 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Retrieved September 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yojoe.com/action/02/shockviper.shtml","url_text":"\"Shock-Viper information\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121026081038/http://www.yojoe.com/action/02/shockviper.shtml","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Ice Cream Soldier filecard\". Yojoe.com. Archived from the original on October 26, 2012. Retrieved September 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yojoe.com/filecard/94/icecreamsoldier_big.shtml","url_text":"\"Ice Cream Soldier filecard\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121026081025/http://www.yojoe.com/filecard/94/icecreamsoldier_big.shtml","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Murphy, Charles (May 3, 2018). \"EXCLUSIVE: Character Details About The G.I. Joe: Ever Vigilant\". That Hashtag Show. Archived from the original on May 4, 2018. Retrieved May 4, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180504092555/http://thathashtagshow.com/2018/05/g-i-joe/","url_text":"\"EXCLUSIVE: Character Details About The G.I. Joe: Ever Vigilant\""},{"url":"http://thathashtagshow.com/2018/05/g-i-joe/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Lightfoot filecard\". Yojoe.com. Archived from the original on October 23, 2012. Retrieved September 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yojoe.com/filecard/88/lightfoot.shtml","url_text":"\"Lightfoot filecard\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121023124313/http://www.yojoe.com/filecard/88/lightfoot.shtml","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Mace filecard\". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yojoe.com/filecard/93/mace.shtml","url_text":"\"Mace filecard\""}]},{"reference":"\"Battle Copter\". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yojoe.com/vehicles/91/battlecopters_majoraltitude/","url_text":"\"Battle Copter\""}]},{"reference":"\"Major Altitude 1993 details\". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yojoe.com/action/93/majoraltitude2.shtml","url_text":"\"Major Altitude 1993 details\""}]},{"reference":"\"Major Altitude 1991 filecard\". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yojoe.com/filecard/91/majoraltitude.shtml","url_text":"\"Major Altitude 1991 filecard\""}]},{"reference":"\"Major Altitude 1993 filecard\". Yojoe.com. Archived from the original on October 26, 2012. Retrieved September 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121026055627/http://www.yojoe.com/filecard/93/majoraltitudeinterrogator.shtml","url_text":"\"Major Altitude 1993 filecard\""},{"url":"http://www.yojoe.com/filecard/93/majoraltitudeinterrogator.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Major Storm 2003 toy information\". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yojoe.com/action/03/majorstorm2.shtml","url_text":"\"Major Storm 2003 toy information\""}]},{"reference":"\"Major Storm 1990 filecard\". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yojoe.com/filecard/90/majorstorm.shtml","url_text":"\"Major Storm 1990 filecard\""}]},{"reference":"\"Major Storm 2003 filecard\". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yojoe.com/filecard/03/majorstorm2.shtml","url_text":"\"Major Storm 2003 filecard\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mega Marines\". YOJOE.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yojoe.com/action/subteams/megamarinesjoe.shtml","url_text":"\"Mega Marines\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mirage toy information\". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yojoe.com/action/93/mirage.shtml","url_text":"\"Mirage toy information\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hoverstrike information\". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yojoe.com/vehicles/03/hoverstrike/","url_text":"\"Hoverstrike information\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ultimate Enemies: Muskrat & Voltar\". Yojoe.Com. Retrieved September 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yojoe.com/action/88/88card/ultimateenemiesback.shtml","url_text":"\"Ultimate Enemies: Muskrat & Voltar\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nunchuk filecard\". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yojoe.com/filecard/92/nunchuk.shtml","url_text":"\"Nunchuk filecard\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nunchuk's 2002 filecard\". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yojoe.com/filecard/02/nunchuk3.shtml","url_text":"\"Nunchuk's 2002 filecard\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ozone toy information\". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yojoe.com/action/91/ozone.shtml","url_text":"\"Ozone toy information\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ozone filecard\". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yojoe.com/filecard/91/ozone.shtml","url_text":"\"Ozone filecard\""}]},{"reference":"\"Action Force Pathfinder\". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yojoe.com/archive/collectorbooks/intafapg47.shtml","url_text":"\"Action Force Pathfinder\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pathfinder information\". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yojoe.com/action/01/pathfinder2.shtml","url_text":"\"Pathfinder information\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pathfinder filecard\". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yojoe.com/filecard/90/pathfinder.shtml","url_text":"\"Pathfinder filecard\""}]},{"reference":"\"Payload 1993 filecard\". Yojoe.com. Retrieved March 30, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yojoe.com/filecard/93/payload3.shtml","url_text":"\"Payload 1993 filecard\""}]},{"reference":"\"Payload Cobra filecard\". Yojoe.com. Retrieved March 30, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yojoe.com/international/europe/fc_payload_invader.shtml","url_text":"\"Payload Cobra filecard\""}]},{"reference":"\"Payload filecard\". Yojoe.com. Retrieved March 30, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yojoe.com/filecard/94/payload5.shtml","url_text":"\"Payload filecard\""}]},{"reference":"S.M. Ballard (Author) (March 1, 1988). 'Fool's Gold'. ISBN 0345350960.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0345350960","url_text":"0345350960"}]},{"reference":"\"information\". Yojoe.com. Retrieved March 30, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yojoe.com/archive/books/book-tower.shtml","url_text":"\"information\""}]},{"reference":"Fleming, Robert Loren (February 1, 2014). link. ISBN 978-0307625649.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0307625649","url_text":"978-0307625649"}]},{"reference":"Erickson, Hal (2005). Television cartoon shows: an illustrated encyclopedia, 1949 through 2003, Volume 1. McFarland & Co. p. 376. ISBN 978-0-7864-2099-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-2099-5","url_text":"978-0-7864-2099-5"}]},{"reference":"\"1991 Characters\". Half the Battle. Archived from the original on August 3, 2010. Retrieved March 21, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100803043051/http://www.halfbattle.com/91figs1.html","url_text":"\"1991 Characters\""},{"url":"http://www.halfbattle.com/91figs1.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Santelmo, Vincent (1994). The Official 30th Anniversary Salute To G.I. Joe 1964–1994. Krause Publications. p. 133. ISBN 0-87341-301-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87341-301-6","url_text":"0-87341-301-6"}]},{"reference":"\"Rapid-Fire\". yojoe.com. Retrieved March 21, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yojoe.com/action/90/rapidfire.shtml","url_text":"\"Rapid-Fire\""}]},{"reference":"James McFadden. \"Rapid-Fire\". JMM's G.I. Joe Comics Home Page. Retrieved March 21, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.myuselessknowledge.com/joe/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=890","url_text":"\"Rapid-Fire\""}]},{"reference":"Santelmo, Vincent (1994). The Official 30th Anniversary Salute To G.I. Joe 1964–1994. Krause Publications. p. 110. ISBN 0-87341-301-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87341-301-6","url_text":"0-87341-301-6"}]},{"reference":"Hama, Larry (1987). Howard Mackie (ed.). G.I. Joe Order Of Battle. Marvel Entertainment Group. p. 81. ISBN 0-87135-288-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Entertainment_Group","url_text":"Marvel Entertainment Group"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87135-288-5","url_text":"0-87135-288-5"}]},{"reference":"\"Salvo's filecard\". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yojoe.com/filecard/90/salvo.shtml","url_text":"\"Salvo's filecard\""}]},{"reference":"Santelmo, Vincent (1994). The Official 30th Anniversary Salute To G.I. Joe 1964–1994. Krause Publications. p. 107. ISBN 0-87341-301-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87341-301-6","url_text":"0-87341-301-6"}]},{"reference":"\"Arcade game\". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yojoe.com/archive/games/arcade.shtml","url_text":"\"Arcade game\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sideswipe toy information\". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yojoe.com/action/02/sideswipe.shtml","url_text":"\"Sideswipe toy information\""}]},{"reference":"\"Coloring book\". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yojoe.com/archive/coloringbooks/coloringbook13.shtml","url_text":"\"Coloring book\""}]},{"reference":"\"Skydive\". yojoe.com. Retrieved March 21, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yojoe.com/filecard/90/skydive.shtml","url_text":"\"Skydive\""}]},{"reference":"\"Skymate's filecard\". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yojoe.com/filecard/91/skymate.shtml","url_text":"\"Skymate's filecard\""}]},{"reference":"Bellomo, Mark (2005). The Ultimate Guide to G.I. Joe 1982–1994. Krause Publications. p. 114. ISBN 978-0-89689-922-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89689-922-3","url_text":"978-0-89689-922-3"}]},{"reference":"Santelmo, Vincent (1994). The Official 30th Anniversary Salute To G.I. Joe 1964–1994. Krause Publications. p. 111. ISBN 0-87341-301-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87341-301-6","url_text":"0-87341-301-6"}]},{"reference":"Beach, Lynn (1988). Invisibility Island. Ballantine Books. ISBN 978-0-345-35097-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-345-35097-8","url_text":"978-0-345-35097-8"}]},{"reference":"\"Snow Storm\". YoJoe. Retrieved March 13, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yojoe.com/action/93/snowstorm.shtml","url_text":"\"Snow Storm\""}]},{"reference":"\"1993 Characters\". Half the Battle. Archived from the original on August 3, 2010. Retrieved March 13, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100803043436/http://www.halfbattle.com/93figs1.html","url_text":"\"1993 Characters\""},{"url":"http://www.halfbattle.com/93figs1.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Space Shot\". YoJoe. Retrieved March 13, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yojoe.com/action/94/spaceshot.shtml","url_text":"\"Space Shot\""}]},{"reference":"\"Space Shot's file card\". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yojoe.com/filecard/94/spaceshot.shtml","url_text":"\"Space Shot's file card\""}]},{"reference":"\"1994 Characters\". Half the Battle. Archived from the original on August 3, 2010. Retrieved March 13, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100803043451/http://www.halfbattle.com/94figs1.html","url_text":"\"1994 Characters\""},{"url":"http://www.halfbattle.com/94figs1.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Jamar Miller. \"Space Shot\". JMM's G.I. Joe Comics Home Page. Retrieved March 13, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.myuselessknowledge.com/joe/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=272&Itemid=53","url_text":"\"Space Shot\""}]},{"reference":"Hidalgo, Pablo (2009). G.I. Joe vs. Cobra: The Essential Guide 1982–2008. Random House. p. 57. ISBN 978-0-345-51642-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-345-51642-8","url_text":"978-0-345-51642-8"}]},{"reference":"\"1988 Characters\". Half the Battle. Archived from the original on August 3, 2010. Retrieved March 13, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100803043024/http://www.halfbattle.com/88figs2.html","url_text":"\"1988 Characters\""},{"url":"http://www.halfbattle.com/88figs2.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Jamar Miller. \"Spearhead\". JMM's G.I. Joe Comics Home Page. Retrieved March 13, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.myuselessknowledge.com/joe/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=273&Itemid=53","url_text":"\"Spearhead\""}]},{"reference":"\"Starduster toy information\". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yojoe.com/action/87/starduster.shtml","url_text":"\"Starduster toy information\""}]},{"reference":"\"Starduster's File Card\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yojoe.com/filecard/87/starduster.shtml","url_text":"\"Starduster's File Card\""}]},{"reference":"Jamar Miller. \"Static Line\". JMM's G.I. Joe Comics Home Page. Retrieved March 13, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.myuselessknowledge.com/joe/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=907&Itemid=53","url_text":"\"Static Line\""}]},{"reference":"\"Static Line\". yojoe.com. Retrieved March 21, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yojoe.com/filecard/90/staticline.shtml","url_text":"\"Static Line\""}]},{"reference":"\"1987 Characters\". Half the Battle. Archived from the original on June 8, 2012. Retrieved March 13, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120608170825/http://www.halfbattle.com/87figs5.html","url_text":"\"1987 Characters\""},{"url":"http://www.halfbattle.com/87figs5.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Filecard Gallery – Steam Roller\". YoJoe. Retrieved March 13, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yojoe.com/filecard/87/steamroller.shtml","url_text":"\"Filecard Gallery – Steam Roller\""}]},{"reference":"Jamar Miller. \"Steam Roller\". JMM's G.I. Joe Comics Home Page. Retrieved March 13, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.myuselessknowledge.com/joe/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=278&Itemid=53","url_text":"\"Steam Roller\""}]},{"reference":"\"Filecard Gallery – Stretcher\". YoJoe. Retrieved March 13, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yojoe.com/filecard/90/stretcher.shtml","url_text":"\"Filecard Gallery – Stretcher\""}]},{"reference":"Jamar Miller. \"Stretcher\". JMM's G.I. Joe Comics Home Page. Retrieved March 13, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.myuselessknowledge.com/joe/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=282&Itemid=53","url_text":"\"Stretcher\""}]},{"reference":"\"1990 Characters\". Half the Battle. Archived from the original on August 3, 2010. Retrieved March 13, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100803043426/http://www.halfbattle.com/90figs3.html","url_text":"\"1990 Characters\""},{"url":"http://www.halfbattle.com/90figs3.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Filecard Gallery – Sub-Zero\". YoJoe. Retrieved March 13, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yojoe.com/filecard/90/subzero.shtml","url_text":"\"Filecard Gallery – Sub-Zero\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mail-In information\". Halfbattle.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.halfbattle.com/rereleases.html","url_text":"\"Mail-In information\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sub-Zero\". YoJoe. Retrieved March 13, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yojoe.com/action/90/subzero.shtml","url_text":"\"Sub-Zero\""}]},{"reference":"Jamar Miller. \"Sub-Zero\". JMM's G.I. Joe Comics Home Page. Retrieved March 13, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.myuselessknowledge.com/joe/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=908&Itemid=53","url_text":"\"Sub-Zero\""}]},{"reference":"\"1990 Characters\". Half the Battle. Archived from the original on August 3, 2010. Retrieved March 13, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100803043034/http://www.halfbattle.com/90figs1.html","url_text":"\"1990 Characters\""},{"url":"http://www.halfbattle.com/90figs1.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Santelmo, Vincent (1994). The Official 30th Anniversary Salute To G.I. Joe 1964–1994. Krause Publications. p. 110. ISBN 0-87341-301-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87341-301-6","url_text":"0-87341-301-6"}]},{"reference":"Hama, Larry (1987). Howard Mackie (ed.). G.I. Joe Order Of Battle. Marvel Entertainment Group. p. 107. 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Retrieved September 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yojoe.com/action/93/tginzu.shtml","url_text":"\"T'Gin-Zu's filecard\""}]},{"reference":"\"T'Jbang filecard\". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yojoe.com/filecard/92/tjbang.shtml","url_text":"\"T'Jbang filecard\""}]},{"reference":"Santelmo, Vincent (1994). The Official 30th Anniversary Salute To G.I. Joe 1964–1994. Krause Publications. p. 100. ISBN 0-87341-301-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87341-301-6","url_text":"0-87341-301-6"}]},{"reference":"Jamar Miller. \"Thunder\". JMM's G.I. Joe Comics Home Page. Retrieved March 13, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.myuselessknowledge.com/joe/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=284&Itemid=53","url_text":"\"Thunder\""}]},{"reference":"\"1984 Characters\". Half the Battle. Archived from the original on August 3, 2010. Retrieved March 13, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100803042928/http://www.halfbattle.com/84figs3.html","url_text":"\"1984 Characters\""},{"url":"http://www.halfbattle.com/84figs3.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Half the Battle: 1985 Characters\". Half the Battle. Archived from the original on August 3, 2010. Retrieved March 13, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100803043330/http://www.halfbattle.com/85figs5.html","url_text":"\"Half the Battle: 1985 Characters\""},{"url":"http://www.halfbattle.com/85figs5.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hama, Larry (1987). Howard Mackie (ed.). G.I. Joe Order Of Battle. Marvel Entertainment Group. p. 110. ISBN 0-87135-288-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Entertainment_Group","url_text":"Marvel Entertainment Group"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87135-288-5","url_text":"0-87135-288-5"}]},{"reference":"Jamar Miller. \"Tollbooth\". JMM's G.I. Joe Comics Home Page. Retrieved March 13, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.myuselessknowledge.com/joe/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=287&Itemid=53G.I.","url_text":"\"Tollbooth\""}]},{"reference":"\"Three Cubes to Darkness\". G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._Joe:_A_Real_American_Hero_(1985_TV_series)","url_text":"G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero"}]},{"reference":"\"link\". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yojoe.com/comics/convention/gvc01.shtml","url_text":"\"link\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tracker's filecard\". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yojoe.com/filecard/91/tracker.shtml","url_text":"\"Tracker's filecard\""}]},{"reference":"\"Updraft's filecard\". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yojoe.com/filecard/90/updraft.shtml","url_text":"\"Updraft's filecard\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wildcard filecard\". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yojoe.com/action/88/wildcard.shtml","url_text":"\"Wildcard filecard\""}]},{"reference":"\"Windchill's second filecard\". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yojoe.com/filecard/94/windchill2.shtml","url_text":"\"Windchill's second filecard\""}]},{"reference":"\"Windmill filecard\". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yojoe.com/filecard/88/windmill.shtml","url_text":"\"Windmill filecard\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Aynsley-Green
Al Aynsley-Green
["1 Life","2 Career","3 NHS Taskforce for Children","4 Societies","5 Honours and awards","6 Bibliography","7 References","8 External links"]
English academic SirAlbert Aynsley-GreenChildren's Commissioner for EnglandIn office2005–2009Succeeded byMaggie AtkinsonPresident of the BMAIn office2015–2016Preceded byIlora FinlaySucceeded byPali Hungin  EducationGreen College, Oxford UniversityKnown forAdvancing the rights of children and adolescents, Professor Emeritus of Child Health at University College London, first Children's Commissioner for EnglandSpouseRosemary Anne Aynsley-GreenAwardsKt, James Spence MedalScientific careerFieldspaediatric endocrinologyInstitutionsGuy's Hospital Websitewww.aynsley-green.com Sir Albert Aynsley-Green FRCP FRCPE FRCPCH FMedSci FRSA (born 30 May 1943) is a paediatric endocrinologist and Professor Emeritus of Child Health at University College London. Aynsley-Green is most notable for advancing the idea of the rights of children. He was appointed to the first Children's Commissioner for England in March 2005, serving in this position until 2009. During this time he launched an initiative to publicize and combat bullying. Life Aynsley-Green married Rosemary Anne Aynsley-Green née Boucher in 1967 and has two children. Career Aynsley-Green started his clinical training at King's College London GKT School of Medical Education at the Guy's Hospital campus. Aynsley-Green then undertook research into Insulin secretion that led to a thesis, that earned him a promotion to D.Phil at the University of Oxford. Having decided to specialise in paediatrics, Aynsley-Green took his clinical training within the hospitals in Oxfordshire, and then moved to the University Children’s Hospital of Zürich to take specialised training as a paediatric endocrinologist. After returning to the UK, Aynsley-Green was appointed as a clinical lecturer at the University of Oxford, and was then promoted to Fellow of Green College Oxford, with a position as university lecturer. In 1984, Aynsley-Green was appointed to the position of James Spence Professor of Child Health at Newcastle University. In 1993, Aynsley-Green was invited to take the Nuffield Chair of Child Health at the Institute of Child Health. With the position was an appointment as an Executive Director of clinical research and development at Great Ormond Street Hospital. NHS Taskforce for Children On 22 July 2000, Aynsley-Green and other colleagues published a paper in which it was argued that children were being ignored in future health plans that the then United Kingdom government was preparing, and that a strategy was needed that would enable children and adolescents to be represented at all levels of health policy. The paper contrasted that while in Scotland, a children's minister had been appointed and in Wales, a children's commissioner was being appointed during the life of the National Assembly for Wales, but in England, a fundamental cultural reorganisation was needed to be realised to benefit children's and adolescents at all levels of healthcare and policy. On 22 July 2001, Aynsley-Green was appointed to the UK director of children's health-care services by Alan Milburn of the First Blair ministry a position he held until December 2005, when the appointment was taken by Sheila Shribman. Milburn stated that Aynsley-Green's priority will be to spearhead the faster development of the first ever national standards for children's health services. In August 2001, Aynsley-Green called for the UK Government to create a Children's Commissioner for England. The role was entirely independent from government, with a statutory responsibility to speak for health and well-being needs of the children in England, numbering approximately 11 million. On 4 October 2004, Aynsley-Green and his colleagues published the National Service Framework for children. In March 2005, Aynsley-Green became the Children’s Commissioner for England, a position he held until 2010. To achieve the position, children had to be consulted and indeed was the overarching principal. Due to the children, the original name of the office was changed, from Office of the Children's Commissioner to 11 Million a relatively obscure name, but representative of the wishes of the children. Aynsley-Green also had to sit an exam that was written by and marked by the children. The process also included two interrogations by secondary school children. Aynsley-Green role was considered a controversial choice for the position and after being appointed to the role, he received significant negative press coverage, and considered enemy number one by the press. Catherine Bennett at the time, of The Observer criticised the bleak picture of English childhood that Aynsley-Green offered. Tony McNulty complained about Aynsley-Green opposition to stop and search and that he was wrong in his approach. John Reid Baron Reid of Cardowan, wrote the foreword. In 2008, as part of their remit, Aynsley-Green along with the other children's commissioners of the other nations of the United Kingdom, produced a report for the United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Children. Although the working of the four commissioners together was evidence that they were working to improve the life of children. The reports conclusion stated that some things had got worse for children since the Committee’s Concluding Observations of 2002. At the end of Aynsley-Green term as Children's Commissioner, he was interviewed by The Daily Telegraph, in 2010. In the interview Aynsley-Green posited that Britain was suffering a deep malaise and could be considered one of the most child hostile countries in the world. Aynsley-Green commented on The Mosquito device, essentially an ultrasonic weapon, used to stop children gathering. Aynsley-Green once headed a campaign to ban it, describing it as the most visible aspect of hostility to the young. Aynsley-Green reported that when he abroad, he would often be asked by Britain was so hostile to children, and that as a people, the British only care about their own children, and not others. Aynsley-Green said in interview, that current healthcare services were still geared towards adults, and worst outcomes for children in the developed world In a foreword of a report published by the BMA, Aynsley-Green, wrote that the National Service Framework for children was being systematically betrayed by politicians through a lack of political will, and blaming the churn in ministerial appointments, political indifference and failedby the Parliament to hold the Department of Health. Aynsley-Green also said that the Department of Health publishing of a new policy statement, Achieving Equity and Excellence was meant to neutralise Sir Ian Kennedy's highly critical report, on the lack of progress in improving children’s services. In the report Aynsley-Green, expressed in writing a kind of déjà vu that all his previous work and his colleagues, on the National Framework was being repeated. Societies Aynsley-Green held the chair of Chair of the Salisbury Diocesan Board of Education from 1 October 2010 and resigned on 1 July 2013. Aynsley-Green served as president of the British Medical Association in 2015–16. Honours and awards In 1991, Aynsley-Green was awarded The Andrea Prader Prize for outstanding achievements in leadership, teaching and clinical practice in the field of pediatric endocrinology. The award was named in honour of Andrea Prader, the Swiss scientist, pediatric endocrinologist, who discovered Prader–Willi syndrome. Aynsley-Green was knighted in 2006. He is an honorary fellow of Oriel College, Oxford. In 2011, Aynsley-Green was awarded an honorary degree of Doctor of Education at Nottingham Trent University, in recognition of his outstanding contribution to the education and health of children. Aynsley-Green received the James Spence Medal in 2013. Bibliography The following are the most cited papers of Aynsley-Green: Anand, K.J.S.; Sippell, W.G.; Aynsley-Green, A. (January 1987). "Randomised Trial of Fentanyl Anaesthesia in Preterm Babies Undergoing Surgery: Effects on the Stress Response". The Lancet. 329 (8524): 62–66. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(87)91907-6. PMID 2879174. S2CID 21766926. Bitner-Glindzicz, Maria; Lindley, Keith J.; Rutland, Paul; et al. (September 2000). "A recessive contiguous gene deletion causing infantile hyperinsulinism, enteropathy and deafness identifies the Usher type 1C gene". Nature Genetics. 26 (1): 56–60. doi:10.1038/79178. PMID 10973248. S2CID 2237489. Cornblath, M.; Hawdon, J. M.; Williams, A. F.; Aynsley-Green, A.; Ward-Platt, M. P.; Schwartz, R.; Kalhan, S. C. (1 May 2000). "Controversies Regarding Definition of Neonatal Hypoglycemia: Suggested Operational Thresholds". Pediatrics. 105 (5): 1141–1145. doi:10.1542/peds.105.5.1141. PMID 10790476. Dunne, Mark J.; Cosgrove, Karen E.; Shepherd, Ruth M.; Aynsley-Green, Albert; Lindley, Keith J. (January 2004). "Hyperinsulinism in Infancy: From Basic Science to Clinical Disease". Physiological Reviews. 84 (1): 239–275. doi:10.1152/physrev.00022.2003. PMID 14715916. S2CID 2538093. Bitner-Glindzicz, Maria; Lindley, Keith J.; Rutland, Paul; Blaydon, Diana; Smith, Virpi V.; Milla, Peter J.; Hussain, Khalid; Furth-Lavi, Judith; Cosgrove, Karen E.; Shepherd, Ruth M.; Barnes, Philippa D.; O'Brien, Rachel E.; Farndon, Peter A.; Sowden, Jane; Liu, Xue-Zhong; Scanlan, Matthew J.; Malcolm, Sue; Dunne, Mark J.; Aynsley-Green, Albert; Glaser, Benjamin (September 2000). "A recessive contiguous gene deletion causing infantile hyperinsulinism, enteropathy and deafness identifies the Usher type 1C gene". Nature Genetics. 26 (1): 56–60. doi:10.1038/79178. PMID 10973248. S2CID 2237489. Clayton, Peter T.; Eaton, Simon; Aynsley-Green, Albert; Edginton, Mark; Hussain, Khalid; Krywawych, Steve; Datta, Vipan; Malingré, Helga E.M.; Berger, Ruud; van den Berg, Inge E.T. (1 August 2001). "Hyperinsulinism in short-chain L-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency reveals the importance of β-oxidation in insulin secretion". Journal of Clinical Investigation. 108 (3): 457–465. doi:10.1172/jci200111294. PMC 209352. PMID 11489939. Dunne, Mark J.; Kane, Charlotte; Shepherd, Ruth M.; Sanchez, Jorge A.; James, Roger F.L.; Johnson, Paul R.V.; Aynsley-Green, Albert; Lu, Shan; Clement, John P.; Lindley, Keith J.; Seino, Susumu; Aguilar-Bryan, Lydia; Gonzalez, Gabriela; Milla, Peter J. (6 March 1997). "Familial Persistent Hyperinsulinemic Hypoglycemia of Infancy and Mutations in the Sulfonylurea Receptor". New England Journal of Medicine. 336 (10): 703–706. doi:10.1056/NEJM199703063361005. hdl:2381/35991. PMID 9041101. Cornblath, Marvin; Schwartz, Robert; Aynsley-Green, Albert; Lloyd, June K. (May 1990). "Hypoglycemia in Infancy: The Need for a Rational Definition". Pediatrics. 85 (5): 834–837. doi:10.1542/peds.85.5.834. ISSN 0031-4005. S2CID 7172574. The following are books that Aynsley-Green wrote or co-wrote: Gregory, John W; Aynsley-Green, Albert (1993). Hypoglycaemia. Baillière's clinical endocrinology and metabolism, volume 7, number 3 (Illustrations ed.). London: Bailliere. pp. 551–783. Aynsley-Green, Albert (1995). Stress and pain in infancy and childhood. London: Baillère Tindall. ISBN 9780702020094. Aynsley-Green, Albert; Soltész, Gyula (1985). Hypoglycaemia in infancy and childhood. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. ISBN 9780443031847. Aynsley-Green, A (1997). Unintentional injury in childhood and adolescence. Baillière's clinical paediatrics : international practice and research volume 5 number 3. London: Baillière, Tindall. ISBN 9780702023194. Aynsley-Green, A (2003). Do ye hear the children weeping, o my brothers, ere the sorrow comes with years?. London: Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust. Aynsley-Green, Al (2003). The Harrison Research Centre at the Children's Trust : inaugural lecture : 'Do you hear the children weeping, o my brothers!'. Tadworth. OCLC 957168274. Kane, Charlotte; Shepherd, Ruth M.; Squires, Paul E.; Johnson, Paul R.V.; James, Roger F.L.; Milla, Peter J.; Aynsley-Green, Albert; Lindley, Keith J.; Dunne, Mark J. (1 December 1996). "Loss of functional KATP channels in pancreatic β–cells causes persistent hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia of infancy". Nature Medicine. 2 (12): 1344–1347. doi:10.1038/nm1296-1344. PMID 8946833. S2CID 24420395. Aynsley-Green, A (2019). The British Betrayal of Childhood Challenging Uncomfortable Truths and Bringing about Change (1 ed.). New York: Routledge. ISBN 9781138297920. Birch-Machin, Mark A; Aynsley-Green, Albert; Welch, Robert J; Milligan, David W A; Darley-Usmar, Victor M; Bartlett, Kim; Sherratt, H Stanley A; Watmough, Nicholas J; Turnbull, Douglass M (1989). "Fatal Lactic Acidosis in Infancy with a Defect of Complex III of the Respiratory Chain". Pediatric Research. 25 (5): 553–559. doi:10.1203/00006450-198905000-00025. PMID 2541396. The following are proceedings that Aynsley-Green wrote or co-wrote: Aynsley-Green, Albert (1984). Paediatric endocrinology in clinical practice : proceedings of the Royal College of Physicians' Paediatric Endocrinology Conference 20-21 October 1983 (Conference publication ed.). London: Lancaster, MTP Press. ISBN 9780852008645. Aynsley-Green, Albert; Kelnar, Christopher J H (1995). 34th Annual Meeting of the European Society for Paediatric Endocrinology (ESPE) : abstracts : Edinburgh, June 25-28, 1995 (European Society for Pediatric Endocrinology. Annual Meeting ed.). Basel: Karger. ISBN 9783805561747. References ^ a b "A champion for children: Sir Al Aynsley-Green". British Medical Association. 30 June 2016. Retrieved 26 October 2018. ^ a b c "Professor Sir Albert Aynsley Green". RCPCH. Retrieved 2 September 2018. ^ a b "Professor Sir Albert Aynsley Green Kt". www.aynsley-green.com. Archived from the original on 3 September 2018. Retrieved 2 September 2018. ^ Aynsley-Green, A. (2006). Bullying Today (PDF) (Report). London: Office of the Children's Commissioner. Retrieved 2 September 2018. ^ "Aynsley-Green, Sir Albert, (born 30 May 1943), Founder and Director, Aynsley-Green Consulting, since 2010; Children's Commissioner for England, 2005–10; Nuffield Professor of Child Health, Institute of Child Health, University College London, 1993–2005, now Emeritus; President, British Medical Association, 2015–16". Aynsley-Green, Sir Albert. A & C Black, an imprint of Bloomsbury. 2007. doi:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.U6070. ISBN 978-0-19-954088-4. Retrieved 3 November 2018. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help) ^ a b c d e f "Sir Al Aynsley-Green". The Conversation. Profile: The Conversation Trust. 22 October 2018. Retrieved 26 October 2018. ^ a b Aynsley-Green, Albert (2007). "Reflections on Children, Child Health and Society" (PDF). Nuffield Trust. Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother Fellowship Lecture. p. 6. Retrieved 26 October 2018. ^ a b Aynsley-Green, A.; Barker, Maggie; Morgan, John; Turner, Tom; Waterston, Tony (22 July 2000). "Who is speaking for children and adolescents and for their health at the policy level?". BMJ. 321 (7255): 229–232. doi:10.1136/bmj.321.7255.229. PMC 1118224. PMID 10903661. ^ The Lancet (August 2001). "Time to be serious about children's health care". The Lancet. 358 (9280): 431. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(01)05606-9. S2CID 2874279. ^ Health, Department of. "National Clinical Directors". National Archives. Email message: UK Government. Archived from the original on 5 January 2012. Retrieved 4 November 2018. ^ "Yesterday in Parliament". Telegraph Media Group. The Telegraph. 19 July 2001. Retrieved 10 November 2018. ^ Butler, Patrick (3 August 2001). "Call to establish children's commissioner". Guardian News and Media Limited. The Guardian. Retrieved 3 November 2018. ^ "National service framework: children, young people and maternity services" (pdf). United Kingdom Government. UK Gov. 4 October 2004. Retrieved 10 November 2018. ^ "England kids' champion appointed". CBBC. NewsRound. 2 March 2005. Retrieved 9 November 2018. ^ a b Wardrop, Murray (3 February 2010). "'Britain is one of world's most unfriendly countries towards children'". Telegraph Media Group. The Telegraph. Retrieved 9 November 2018. ^ a b Wilby, Peter. "Children's champion". Guardian News and Media Limited. The Guardian. Retrieved 10 November 2018. ^ "Sir Al Aynsley-Green". The Conversation. The Conversation Trust (UK) Limited. 22 October 2018. Retrieved 10 November 2018. ^ a b "A champion for children: Sir Al Aynsley-Green". British Medical Association. BMA. 26 February 2018. Retrieved 9 November 2018. ^ Vevers, Vevers (2 May 2007). "Impact of Al Aynsley-Green as children's commissioner questioned". Community Care group. MA Education. Retrieved 10 November 2018. ^ a b "UK Children's Commissioners' Report to the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child" (PDF). Children’s Commissioner for Wales. June 2008. Retrieved 9 November 2018. ^ Hollins, Sheila; Porter, Mark; Chand, Kailash; Hajioff, Steve; Dearden, Andrew; Mansfield, Averil; Dangerfield, Peter; Datta, Shreelata; Davis, Lucy-Jane; Harding, Louise; Maguire, Peter; Moorthy, Ram; Rees, Michael; Steadman, Philip; Thomson, Andrew; De Souza, Beryl (May 2013). Growing up in the UK - BMA (pdf). British Medical Association: BMA Board of Science. p. ix. ISBN 978-0-9575831-0-8. Retrieved 4 November 2018. ^ Kennedy, Ian (16 September 2010). "Getting it right for children and young people: Overcoming cultural barriers in the NHS so as to meet their needs" (pdf). UK Government. Department of Health. Retrieved 4 November 2018. ^ "Sir Al Aynsley-Green appointed". Church of England. Diocese of Salisbury. 17 November 2010. Archived from the original on 26 October 2018. Retrieved 26 October 2018. ^ "AYNSLEY-GREEN, Albert, Sir". Companies House. Retrieved 26 October 2018. ^ "Previous Winners". European Society for Paediatric Endocrinology. ESPE. 1991. Retrieved 2 November 2018. ^ Stewart, William (23 June 2006). "Head knighted for double act". Times Educational Supplement. Retrieved 2 September 2018. ^ "Honorary Fellows". Oriel College Oxford. University of Oxford. 6 January 2016. Retrieved 26 October 2018. ^ "Honorary graduates". Nottingham Trent University Alumni. Nottingham: Nottingham Trent University. 2011. Retrieved 2 November 2018. ^ Ferguson, Donna (23 October 2018). "Britain has created a crisis in childhood, says former children's commissioner". Guardian News and Media Limited. The Guardian. Retrieved 3 November 2018. External links The National Service Framework for Children, Young People and Maternity Services – Emerging findings Archived 11 November 2018 at the Wayback Machine Growing Up in the UK: Ensuring a healthy future for our children Report vteRecipients of the James Spence Medal1960s Alan Moncrieff (1960) Robert McCance (1961) Frank Macfarlane Burnet (1963) Lionel Sharples Penrose (1964) Cicely Williams (1965) Robert Royston Amos Coombs (1967) Mary Sheridan (1968) Donald W. Winnicott (1968) Geoffrey S. Dawes (1969) 1970s Douglas Vernon Hubble (1970) Wilfrid Payne (1971) Ronald Charles MacKeith (1972) Cyril Astley Clarke (1973) Edward John Bowlby (1974) Douglas Gairdner (1976) Ronald Stanley Illingworth (1977) Seymour Donald Mayneord Court (1978) Kenneth William Cross (1979) 1980s James Mourilyan Tanner (1980) Elsie Widdowson (1981) Dermod MacCarthy (1982) John Oldroyd Forfar (1983) James W. Bruce Douglas (1984) Neil Simson Gordon (1985) John Peter Mills Tizard (1986) John Lewis Emery (1987) Frederick John William Miller (1987) Otto Herbert Wolff (1988) David Cornelius Morley (1989) 1990s Leonard B. Strang (1990) John Allen Davis (1991) Richard Worthington Smithells (1992) June Lloyd (1993) Osmund Royle Reynolds (1994) Richard H. R. White (1995) David Hull (1996) Barbara Ansell (1997) Forrester Cockburn (1998) David Harvey (1999) Roy Meadow (1999) 2000s Hugh Jackson (2000) Peter M. Dunn (2001) Martin Barratt (2002) Catherine Peckham (2003) David Hall (2004) Lewis Spitz (2004) Cyril Chantler (2005) Alan Lucas (2006) Jonathan Richard Sibert (2006) Victor Dubowitz (2007) Alan Craft (2008) Neil McIntosh (2009) 2010s Malcolm Levene (2010) Andrew Wilkinson (2011) Anthony Costello (2011) Sheila Shribman (2012) Albert Aynsley-Green (2013) Ieuan Hughes (2014) David Dunger (2015) Terence Stephenson (2016) Anne Greenough (2017) Frances Cowan (2018) Alan Emond (2019) 2020s Catherine Law (2020) Henry Halliday (2021) Imti Choonara (2022) Andrew Pollard (2023) Authority control databases: Academics Scopus
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FRCP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_College_of_Physicians"},{"link_name":"FRCPE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_College_of_Physicians_of_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"FRCPCH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_College_of_Paediatrics_and_Child_Health"},{"link_name":"FMedSci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Academy_of_Medical_Sciences"},{"link_name":"FRSA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"paediatric endocrinologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pediatric_endocrinology"},{"link_name":"University College London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_College_London"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bma1-1"},{"link_name":"Children's Commissioner for England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children%27s_Commissioner_for_England"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RCPCH-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-profile-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Sir Albert Aynsley-Green FRCP FRCPE FRCPCH FMedSci FRSA (born 30 May 1943) is a paediatric endocrinologist and Professor Emeritus of Child Health at University College London. Aynsley-Green is most notable for advancing the idea of the rights of children.[1] He was appointed to the first Children's Commissioner for England in March 2005,[2] serving in this position until 2009.[3] During this time he launched an initiative to publicize and combat bullying.[4]","title":"Al Aynsley-Green"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"née","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9e"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Aynsley-Green married Rosemary Anne Aynsley-Green née Boucher in 1967 and has two children.[5]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"King's College London GKT School of Medical Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_College_London_GKT_School_of_Medical_Education"},{"link_name":"Guy's Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy%27s_Hospital"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ag-6"},{"link_name":"Insulin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulin"},{"link_name":"D.Phil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy"},{"link_name":"University of Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ag-6"},{"link_name":"Oxfordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxfordshire"},{"link_name":"University Children’s Hospital of Zürich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_Children%E2%80%99s_Hospital_of_Z%C3%BCrich&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ag-6"},{"link_name":"University of Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ag-6"},{"link_name":"Green College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Templeton_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ag-6"},{"link_name":"James Spence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Calvert_Spence"},{"link_name":"Newcastle University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_University"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ROC1-7"},{"link_name":"Institute of Child Health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Child_Health"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ROC1-7"},{"link_name":"Great Ormond Street Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Ormond_Street_Hospital"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ag-6"}],"text":"Aynsley-Green started his clinical training at King's College London GKT School of Medical Education at the Guy's Hospital campus.[6] Aynsley-Green then undertook research into Insulin secretion that led to a thesis, that earned him a promotion to D.Phil at the University of Oxford.[6] Having decided to specialise in paediatrics, Aynsley-Green took his clinical training within the hospitals in Oxfordshire, and then moved to the University Children’s Hospital of Zürich to take specialised training as a paediatric endocrinologist.[6]After returning to the UK, Aynsley-Green was appointed as a clinical lecturer at the University of Oxford,[6] and was then promoted to Fellow of Green College Oxford, with a position as university lecturer.[6]In 1984, Aynsley-Green was appointed to the position of James Spence Professor of Child Health at Newcastle University.[7]In 1993, Aynsley-Green was invited to take the Nuffield Chair of Child Health at the Institute of Child Health.[7] With the position was an appointment as an Executive Director of clinical research and development at Great Ormond Street Hospital.[6]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yr2-8"},{"link_name":"National Assembly for Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_for_Wales"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yr2-8"},{"link_name":"Alan Milburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Milburn"},{"link_name":"First Blair ministry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Blair_ministry"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Sheila Shribman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheila_Shribman"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"statutory responsibility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statute"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bma1-1"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Children’s Commissioner for England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children%E2%80%99s_Commissioner_for_England"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-host-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-child-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bba-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bba-18"},{"link_name":"Catherine Bennett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Bennett_(journalist)"},{"link_name":"The Observer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Observer"},{"link_name":"Tony McNulty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_McNulty"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-child-16"},{"link_name":"John Reid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Reid,_Baron_Reid_of_Cardowan"},{"link_name":"Baron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron"},{"link_name":"United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-comm-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-comm-20"},{"link_name":"The Daily Telegraph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph"},{"link_name":"The Mosquito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mosquito"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-host-15"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"National Service Framework for children","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Service_Framework_for_children&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"déjà vu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9j%C3%A0_vu"}],"text":"On 22 July 2000, Aynsley-Green and other colleagues published a paper[8] in which it was argued that children were being ignored in future health plans that the then United Kingdom government was preparing, and that a strategy was needed that would enable children and adolescents to be represented at all levels of health policy. The paper contrasted that while in Scotland, a children's minister had been appointed and in Wales, a children's commissioner was being appointed during the life of the National Assembly for Wales, but in England, a fundamental cultural reorganisation was needed to be realised to benefit children's and adolescents at all levels of healthcare and policy.[8]On 22 July 2001, Aynsley-Green was appointed to the UK director of children's health-care services by Alan Milburn of the First Blair ministry[9] a position he held until December 2005, when the appointment was taken by Sheila Shribman.[10] Milburn stated that Aynsley-Green's priority will be to spearhead the faster development of the first ever national standards for children's health services.[11]In August 2001, Aynsley-Green called for the UK Government to create a Children's Commissioner for England.[12] The role was entirely independent from government, with a statutory responsibility to speak for health and well-being needs of the children in England, numbering approximately 11 million.[1]On 4 October 2004, Aynsley-Green and his colleagues published the National Service Framework for children.[13]In March 2005, Aynsley-Green became the Children’s Commissioner for England,[14] a position he held until 2010.[15] To achieve the position, children had to be consulted and indeed was the overarching principal. Due to the children, the original name of the office was changed, from Office of the Children's Commissioner to 11 Million a relatively obscure name, but representative of the wishes of the children.[16] Aynsley-Green also had to sit an exam that was written by and marked by the children. The process also included two interrogations by secondary school children.[17][18]Aynsley-Green role was considered a controversial choice for the position and after being appointed to the role, he received significant negative press coverage,[19] and considered enemy number one by the press.[18] Catherine Bennett at the time, of The Observer criticised the bleak picture of English childhood that Aynsley-Green offered. Tony McNulty complained about Aynsley-Green opposition to stop and search and that he was wrong in his approach.[16] John Reid Baron Reid of Cardowan, wrote the foreword.In 2008, as part of their remit, Aynsley-Green along with the other children's commissioners of the other nations of the United Kingdom, produced a report for the United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Children.[20] Although the working of the four commissioners together was evidence that they were working to improve the life of children. The reports conclusion stated that some things had got worse for children since the Committee’s Concluding Observations of 2002.[20]At the end of Aynsley-Green term as Children's Commissioner, he was interviewed by The Daily Telegraph, in 2010. In the interview Aynsley-Green posited that Britain was suffering a deep malaise and could be considered one of the most child hostile countries in the world. Aynsley-Green commented on The Mosquito device, essentially an ultrasonic weapon, used to stop children gathering. Aynsley-Green once headed a campaign to ban it, describing it as the most visible aspect of hostility to the young. Aynsley-Green reported that when he abroad, he would often be asked by Britain was so hostile to children, and that as a people, the British only care about their own children, and not others. Aynsley-Green said in interview, that current healthcare services were still geared towards adults, and worst outcomes for children in the developed world[15]In a foreword of a report published by the BMA,[21] Aynsley-Green, wrote that the National Service Framework for children was being systematically betrayed by politicians through a lack of political will, and blaming the churn in ministerial appointments, political indifference and failedby the Parliament to hold the Department of Health. Aynsley-Green also said that the Department of Health publishing of a new policy statement, Achieving Equity and Excellence was meant to neutralise Sir Ian Kennedy's highly critical report,[22] on the lack of progress in improving children’s services. In the report Aynsley-Green, expressed in writing a kind of déjà vu that all his previous work and his colleagues, on the National Framework was being repeated.","title":"NHS Taskforce for Children"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"British Medical Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Medical_Association"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RCPCH-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-profile-3"}],"text":"Aynsley-Green held the chair of Chair of the Salisbury Diocesan Board of Education from 1 October 2010[23] and resigned on 1 July 2013.[24] Aynsley-Green served as president of the British Medical Association in 2015–16.[2][3]","title":"Societies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Andrea Prader Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Prader#The_Andrea_Prader_Prize"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Andrea Prader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Prader"},{"link_name":"Swiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"pediatric endocrinologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pediatric_endocrinology"},{"link_name":"Prader–Willi syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prader%E2%80%93Willi_syndrome"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stewart_2006-26"},{"link_name":"Oriel College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriel_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Nottingham Trent University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottingham_Trent_University"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"James Spence Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Spence_Medal"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RCPCH-2"}],"text":"In 1991, Aynsley-Green was awarded The Andrea Prader Prize for outstanding achievements in leadership, teaching and clinical practice in the field of pediatric endocrinology.[25] The award was named in honour of Andrea Prader, the Swiss scientist, pediatric endocrinologist, who discovered Prader–Willi syndrome.Aynsley-Green was knighted in 2006.[26] He is an honorary fellow of Oriel College, Oxford.[27] In 2011, Aynsley-Green was awarded an honorary degree of Doctor of Education at Nottingham Trent University,[28] in recognition of his outstanding contribution to the education and health of children. Aynsley-Green received the James Spence Medal in 2013.[2]","title":"Honours and awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/S0140-6736(87)91907-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2887%2991907-6"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2879174","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2879174"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"21766926","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21766926"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1038/79178","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1038%2F79178"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10973248","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10973248"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2237489","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2237489"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1542/peds.105.5.1141","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1542%2Fpeds.105.5.1141"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10790476","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10790476"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1152/physrev.00022.2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1152%2Fphysrev.00022.2003"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"14715916","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14715916"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2538093","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2538093"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1038/79178","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1038%2F79178"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10973248","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10973248"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2237489","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2237489"},{"link_name":"\"Hyperinsulinism in short-chain L-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency reveals the importance of β-oxidation in insulin secretion\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC209352"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1172/jci200111294","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1172%2Fjci200111294"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"209352","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC209352"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"11489939","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11489939"},{"link_name":"\"Familial Persistent Hyperinsulinemic Hypoglycemia of Infancy and Mutations in the Sulfonylurea Receptor\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/10164164"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1056/NEJM199703063361005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJM199703063361005"},{"link_name":"hdl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2381/35991","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hdl.handle.net/2381%2F35991"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9041101","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9041101"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1542/peds.85.5.834","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1542%2Fpeds.85.5.834"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0031-4005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0031-4005"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"7172574","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7172574"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780702020094","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780702020094"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780443031847","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780443031847"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780702023194","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780702023194"},{"link_name":"Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Ormond_Street_Hospital_for_Children"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"957168274","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/957168274"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1038/nm1296-1344","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1038%2Fnm1296-1344"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"8946833","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8946833"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"24420395","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24420395"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781138297920","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781138297920"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guard-29"},{"link_name":"\"Fatal Lactic Acidosis in Infancy with a Defect of Complex III of the Respiratory Chain\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1203%2F00006450-198905000-00025"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1203/00006450-198905000-00025","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1203%2F00006450-198905000-00025"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2541396","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2541396"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780852008645","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780852008645"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9783805561747","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783805561747"}],"text":"The following are the most cited papers of Aynsley-Green:Anand, K.J.S.; Sippell, W.G.; Aynsley-Green, A. (January 1987). \"Randomised Trial of Fentanyl Anaesthesia in Preterm Babies Undergoing Surgery: Effects on the Stress Response\". The Lancet. 329 (8524): 62–66. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(87)91907-6. PMID 2879174. S2CID 21766926.\nBitner-Glindzicz, Maria; Lindley, Keith J.; Rutland, Paul; et al. (September 2000). \"A recessive contiguous gene deletion causing infantile hyperinsulinism, enteropathy and deafness identifies the Usher type 1C gene\". Nature Genetics. 26 (1): 56–60. doi:10.1038/79178. PMID 10973248. S2CID 2237489.\nCornblath, M.; Hawdon, J. M.; Williams, A. F.; Aynsley-Green, A.; Ward-Platt, M. P.; Schwartz, R.; Kalhan, S. C. (1 May 2000). \"Controversies Regarding Definition of Neonatal Hypoglycemia: Suggested Operational Thresholds\". Pediatrics. 105 (5): 1141–1145. doi:10.1542/peds.105.5.1141. PMID 10790476.\nDunne, Mark J.; Cosgrove, Karen E.; Shepherd, Ruth M.; Aynsley-Green, Albert; Lindley, Keith J. (January 2004). \"Hyperinsulinism in Infancy: From Basic Science to Clinical Disease\". Physiological Reviews. 84 (1): 239–275. doi:10.1152/physrev.00022.2003. PMID 14715916. S2CID 2538093.\nBitner-Glindzicz, Maria; Lindley, Keith J.; Rutland, Paul; Blaydon, Diana; Smith, Virpi V.; Milla, Peter J.; Hussain, Khalid; Furth-Lavi, Judith; Cosgrove, Karen E.; Shepherd, Ruth M.; Barnes, Philippa D.; O'Brien, Rachel E.; Farndon, Peter A.; Sowden, Jane; Liu, Xue-Zhong; Scanlan, Matthew J.; Malcolm, Sue; Dunne, Mark J.; Aynsley-Green, Albert; Glaser, Benjamin (September 2000). \"A recessive contiguous gene deletion causing infantile hyperinsulinism, enteropathy and deafness identifies the Usher type 1C gene\". Nature Genetics. 26 (1): 56–60. doi:10.1038/79178. PMID 10973248. S2CID 2237489.\nClayton, Peter T.; Eaton, Simon; Aynsley-Green, Albert; Edginton, Mark; Hussain, Khalid; Krywawych, Steve; Datta, Vipan; Malingré, Helga E.M.; Berger, Ruud; van den Berg, Inge E.T. (1 August 2001). \"Hyperinsulinism in short-chain L-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency reveals the importance of β-oxidation in insulin secretion\". Journal of Clinical Investigation. 108 (3): 457–465. doi:10.1172/jci200111294. PMC 209352. PMID 11489939.\nDunne, Mark J.; Kane, Charlotte; Shepherd, Ruth M.; Sanchez, Jorge A.; James, Roger F.L.; Johnson, Paul R.V.; Aynsley-Green, Albert; Lu, Shan; Clement, John P.; Lindley, Keith J.; Seino, Susumu; Aguilar-Bryan, Lydia; Gonzalez, Gabriela; Milla, Peter J. (6 March 1997). \"Familial Persistent Hyperinsulinemic Hypoglycemia of Infancy and Mutations in the Sulfonylurea Receptor\". New England Journal of Medicine. 336 (10): 703–706. doi:10.1056/NEJM199703063361005. hdl:2381/35991. PMID 9041101.\nCornblath, Marvin; Schwartz, Robert; Aynsley-Green, Albert; Lloyd, June K. (May 1990). \"Hypoglycemia in Infancy: The Need for a Rational Definition\". Pediatrics. 85 (5): 834–837. doi:10.1542/peds.85.5.834. ISSN 0031-4005. S2CID 7172574.The following are books that Aynsley-Green wrote or co-wrote:Gregory, John W; Aynsley-Green, Albert (1993). Hypoglycaemia. Baillière's clinical endocrinology and metabolism, volume 7, number 3 (Illustrations ed.). London: Bailliere. pp. 551–783.\nAynsley-Green, Albert (1995). Stress and pain in infancy and childhood. London: Baillère Tindall. ISBN 9780702020094.\nAynsley-Green, Albert; Soltész, Gyula (1985). Hypoglycaemia in infancy and childhood. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. ISBN 9780443031847.\nAynsley-Green, A (1997). Unintentional injury in childhood and adolescence. Baillière's clinical paediatrics : international practice and research volume 5 number 3. London: Baillière, Tindall. ISBN 9780702023194.\nAynsley-Green, A (2003). Do ye hear the children weeping, o my brothers, ere the sorrow comes with years?. London: Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust.\nAynsley-Green, Al (2003). The Harrison Research Centre at the Children's Trust : inaugural lecture : 'Do you hear the children weeping, o my brothers!'. Tadworth. OCLC 957168274.\nKane, Charlotte; Shepherd, Ruth M.; Squires, Paul E.; Johnson, Paul R.V.; James, Roger F.L.; Milla, Peter J.; Aynsley-Green, Albert; Lindley, Keith J.; Dunne, Mark J. (1 December 1996). \"Loss of functional KATP channels in pancreatic β–cells causes persistent hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia of infancy\". Nature Medicine. 2 (12): 1344–1347. doi:10.1038/nm1296-1344. PMID 8946833. S2CID 24420395.\nAynsley-Green, A (2019). The British Betrayal of Childhood Challenging Uncomfortable Truths and Bringing about Change (1 ed.). New York: Routledge. ISBN 9781138297920.[29]\nBirch-Machin, Mark A; Aynsley-Green, Albert; Welch, Robert J; Milligan, David W A; Darley-Usmar, Victor M; Bartlett, Kim; Sherratt, H Stanley A; Watmough, Nicholas J; Turnbull, Douglass M (1989). \"Fatal Lactic Acidosis in Infancy with a Defect of Complex III of the Respiratory Chain\". Pediatric Research. 25 (5): 553–559. doi:10.1203/00006450-198905000-00025. PMID 2541396.The following are proceedings that Aynsley-Green wrote or co-wrote:Aynsley-Green, Albert (1984). Paediatric endocrinology in clinical practice : proceedings of the Royal College of Physicians' Paediatric Endocrinology Conference 20-21 October 1983 (Conference publication ed.). London: Lancaster, MTP Press. ISBN 9780852008645.\nAynsley-Green, Albert; Kelnar, Christopher J H (1995). 34th Annual Meeting of the European Society for Paediatric [i.e. Pediatric] Endocrinology (ESPE) : abstracts : Edinburgh, June 25-28, 1995 (European Society for Pediatric Endocrinology. Annual Meeting ed.). Basel: Karger. ISBN 9783805561747.","title":"Bibliography"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Anand, K.J.S.; Sippell, W.G.; Aynsley-Green, A. (January 1987). \"Randomised Trial of Fentanyl Anaesthesia in Preterm Babies Undergoing Surgery: Effects on the Stress Response\". The Lancet. 329 (8524): 62–66. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(87)91907-6. PMID 2879174. S2CID 21766926.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2887%2991907-6","url_text":"10.1016/S0140-6736(87)91907-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2879174","url_text":"2879174"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21766926","url_text":"21766926"}]},{"reference":"Bitner-Glindzicz, Maria; Lindley, Keith J.; Rutland, Paul; et al. (September 2000). \"A recessive contiguous gene deletion causing infantile hyperinsulinism, enteropathy and deafness identifies the Usher type 1C gene\". Nature Genetics. 26 (1): 56–60. doi:10.1038/79178. PMID 10973248. S2CID 2237489.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2F79178","url_text":"10.1038/79178"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10973248","url_text":"10973248"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2237489","url_text":"2237489"}]},{"reference":"Cornblath, M.; Hawdon, J. M.; Williams, A. F.; Aynsley-Green, A.; Ward-Platt, M. P.; Schwartz, R.; Kalhan, S. C. (1 May 2000). \"Controversies Regarding Definition of Neonatal Hypoglycemia: Suggested Operational Thresholds\". Pediatrics. 105 (5): 1141–1145. doi:10.1542/peds.105.5.1141. PMID 10790476.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1542%2Fpeds.105.5.1141","url_text":"10.1542/peds.105.5.1141"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10790476","url_text":"10790476"}]},{"reference":"Dunne, Mark J.; Cosgrove, Karen E.; Shepherd, Ruth M.; Aynsley-Green, Albert; Lindley, Keith J. (January 2004). \"Hyperinsulinism in Infancy: From Basic Science to Clinical Disease\". Physiological Reviews. 84 (1): 239–275. doi:10.1152/physrev.00022.2003. PMID 14715916. S2CID 2538093.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1152%2Fphysrev.00022.2003","url_text":"10.1152/physrev.00022.2003"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14715916","url_text":"14715916"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2538093","url_text":"2538093"}]},{"reference":"Bitner-Glindzicz, Maria; Lindley, Keith J.; Rutland, Paul; Blaydon, Diana; Smith, Virpi V.; Milla, Peter J.; Hussain, Khalid; Furth-Lavi, Judith; Cosgrove, Karen E.; Shepherd, Ruth M.; Barnes, Philippa D.; O'Brien, Rachel E.; Farndon, Peter A.; Sowden, Jane; Liu, Xue-Zhong; Scanlan, Matthew J.; Malcolm, Sue; Dunne, Mark J.; Aynsley-Green, Albert; Glaser, Benjamin (September 2000). \"A recessive contiguous gene deletion causing infantile hyperinsulinism, enteropathy and deafness identifies the Usher type 1C gene\". Nature Genetics. 26 (1): 56–60. doi:10.1038/79178. PMID 10973248. S2CID 2237489.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2F79178","url_text":"10.1038/79178"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10973248","url_text":"10973248"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2237489","url_text":"2237489"}]},{"reference":"Clayton, Peter T.; Eaton, Simon; Aynsley-Green, Albert; Edginton, Mark; Hussain, Khalid; Krywawych, Steve; Datta, Vipan; Malingré, Helga E.M.; Berger, Ruud; van den Berg, Inge E.T. (1 August 2001). \"Hyperinsulinism in short-chain L-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency reveals the importance of β-oxidation in insulin secretion\". Journal of Clinical Investigation. 108 (3): 457–465. doi:10.1172/jci200111294. PMC 209352. 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(6 March 1997). \"Familial Persistent Hyperinsulinemic Hypoglycemia of Infancy and Mutations in the Sulfonylurea Receptor\". New England Journal of Medicine. 336 (10): 703–706. doi:10.1056/NEJM199703063361005. hdl:2381/35991. PMID 9041101.","urls":[{"url":"https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/10164164","url_text":"\"Familial Persistent Hyperinsulinemic Hypoglycemia of Infancy and Mutations in the Sulfonylurea Receptor\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJM199703063361005","url_text":"10.1056/NEJM199703063361005"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2381%2F35991","url_text":"2381/35991"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9041101","url_text":"9041101"}]},{"reference":"Cornblath, Marvin; Schwartz, Robert; Aynsley-Green, Albert; Lloyd, June K. (May 1990). \"Hypoglycemia in Infancy: The Need for a Rational Definition\". Pediatrics. 85 (5): 834–837. doi:10.1542/peds.85.5.834. ISSN 0031-4005. S2CID 7172574.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1542%2Fpeds.85.5.834","url_text":"10.1542/peds.85.5.834"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0031-4005","url_text":"0031-4005"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7172574","url_text":"7172574"}]},{"reference":"Gregory, John W; Aynsley-Green, Albert (1993). Hypoglycaemia. Baillière's clinical endocrinology and metabolism, volume 7, number 3 (Illustrations ed.). London: Bailliere. pp. 551–783.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London","url_text":"London"}]},{"reference":"Aynsley-Green, Albert (1995). 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S2CID 24420395.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnm1296-1344","url_text":"10.1038/nm1296-1344"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8946833","url_text":"8946833"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24420395","url_text":"24420395"}]},{"reference":"Aynsley-Green, A (2019). The British Betrayal of Childhood Challenging Uncomfortable Truths and Bringing about Change (1 ed.). New York: Routledge. 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PMID 2541396.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1203%2F00006450-198905000-00025","url_text":"\"Fatal Lactic Acidosis in Infancy with a Defect of Complex III of the Respiratory Chain\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1203%2F00006450-198905000-00025","url_text":"10.1203/00006450-198905000-00025"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2541396","url_text":"2541396"}]},{"reference":"Aynsley-Green, Albert (1984). Paediatric endocrinology in clinical practice : proceedings of the Royal College of Physicians' Paediatric Endocrinology Conference 20-21 October 1983 (Conference publication ed.). London: Lancaster, MTP Press. 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Retrieved 26 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bma.org.uk/news/2015/june/a-champion-for-children-sir-al-aynsley-green","url_text":"\"A champion for children: Sir Al Aynsley-Green\""}]},{"reference":"\"Professor Sir Albert Aynsley Green\". RCPCH. Retrieved 2 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rcpch.ac.uk/about-us/our-team/professor-sir-albert-aynsley-green","url_text":"\"Professor Sir Albert Aynsley Green\""}]},{"reference":"\"Professor Sir Albert Aynsley Green Kt\". www.aynsley-green.com. Archived from the original on 3 September 2018. Retrieved 2 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180903013754/http://www.aynsley-green.com/profile/","url_text":"\"Professor Sir Albert Aynsley Green Kt\""},{"url":"http://www.aynsley-green.com/profile/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Aynsley-Green, A. (2006). Bullying Today (PDF) (Report). London: Office of the Children's Commissioner. Retrieved 2 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://dera.ioe.ac.uk/6653/1/Bullying%20Today%20%28November%202006%29.pdf","url_text":"Bullying Today"}]},{"reference":"\"Aynsley-Green, Sir Albert, (born 30 May 1943), Founder and Director, Aynsley-Green Consulting, since 2010; Children's Commissioner for England, 2005–10; Nuffield Professor of Child Health, Institute of Child Health, University College London, 1993–2005, now Emeritus; President, British Medical Association, 2015–16\". Aynsley-Green, Sir Albert. A & C Black, an imprint of Bloomsbury. 2007. doi:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.U6070. ISBN 978-0-19-954088-4. Retrieved 3 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/10.1093/ww/9780199540884.001.0001/ww-9780199540884-e-6070","url_text":"\"Aynsley-Green, Sir Albert, (born 30 May 1943), Founder and Director, Aynsley-Green Consulting, since 2010; Children's Commissioner for England, 2005–10; Nuffield Professor of Child Health, Institute of Child Health, University College London, 1993–2005, now Emeritus; President, British Medical Association, 2015–16\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fww%2F9780199540884.013.U6070","url_text":"10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.U6070"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954088-4","url_text":"978-0-19-954088-4"}]},{"reference":"\"Sir Al Aynsley-Green\". The Conversation. Profile: The Conversation Trust. 22 October 2018. Retrieved 26 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://theconversation.com/profiles/sir-al-aynsley-green-579423","url_text":"\"Sir Al Aynsley-Green\""}]},{"reference":"Aynsley-Green, Albert (2007). \"Reflections on Children, Child Health and Society\" (PDF). Nuffield Trust. Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother Fellowship Lecture. p. 6. Retrieved 26 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nuffieldtrust.org.uk/files/2017-01/reflections-children-health-society-web-final.pdf","url_text":"\"Reflections on Children, Child Health and Society\""}]},{"reference":"Aynsley-Green, A.; Barker, Maggie; Morgan, John; Turner, Tom; Waterston, Tony (22 July 2000). \"Who is speaking for children and adolescents and for their health at the policy level?\". BMJ. 321 (7255): 229–232. doi:10.1136/bmj.321.7255.229. PMC 1118224. PMID 10903661.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1118224","url_text":"\"Who is speaking for children and adolescents and for their health at the policy level?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.321.7255.229","url_text":"10.1136/bmj.321.7255.229"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1118224","url_text":"1118224"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10903661","url_text":"10903661"}]},{"reference":"The Lancet (August 2001). \"Time to be serious about children's health care\". The Lancet. 358 (9280): 431. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(01)05606-9. 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Telegraph Media Group. The Telegraph. 19 July 2001. Retrieved 10 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1334544/Yesterday-in-Parliament.html","url_text":"\"Yesterday in Parliament\""}]},{"reference":"Butler, Patrick (3 August 2001). \"Call to establish children's commissioner\". Guardian News and Media Limited. The Guardian. Retrieved 3 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/society/2001/aug/03/nhsstaff.childrensservices","url_text":"\"Call to establish children's commissioner\""}]},{"reference":"\"National service framework: children, young people and maternity services\" (pdf). United Kingdom Government. UK Gov. 4 October 2004. Retrieved 10 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/national-service-framework-children-young-people-and-maternity-services","url_text":"\"National service framework: children, young people and maternity services\""}]},{"reference":"\"England kids' champion appointed\". CBBC. NewsRound. 2 March 2005. Retrieved 9 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/cbbcnews/hi/newsid_4310000/newsid_4310600/4310685.stm","url_text":"\"England kids' champion appointed\""}]},{"reference":"Wardrop, Murray (3 February 2010). \"'Britain is one of world's most unfriendly countries towards children'\". Telegraph Media Group. The Telegraph. Retrieved 9 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/7144289/Britain-is-one-of-worlds-most-unfriendly-countries-towards-children.html","url_text":"\"'Britain is one of world's most unfriendly countries towards children'\""}]},{"reference":"Wilby, Peter. \"Children's champion\". Guardian News and Media Limited. The Guardian. Retrieved 10 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/education/2009/nov/03/childrens-commissioner-aynsley-green","url_text":"\"Children's champion\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sir Al Aynsley-Green\". The Conversation. The Conversation Trust (UK) Limited. 22 October 2018. Retrieved 10 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://theconversation.com/profiles/sir-al-aynsley-green-579423","url_text":"\"Sir Al Aynsley-Green\""}]},{"reference":"\"A champion for children: Sir Al Aynsley-Green\". British Medical Association. BMA. 26 February 2018. Retrieved 9 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bma.org.uk/news/2015/june/a-champion-for-children-sir-al-aynsley-green","url_text":"\"A champion for children: Sir Al Aynsley-Green\""}]},{"reference":"Vevers, Vevers (2 May 2007). \"Impact of Al Aynsley-Green as children's commissioner questioned\". Community Care group. MA Education. Retrieved 10 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.communitycare.co.uk/2007/05/02/impact-of-al-aynsley-green-as-childrens-commissioner-questioned/","url_text":"\"Impact of Al Aynsley-Green as children's commissioner questioned\""}]},{"reference":"\"UK Children's Commissioners' Report to the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child\" (PDF). Children’s Commissioner for Wales. June 2008. Retrieved 9 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.childcomwales.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/UK-Commissioners-UNCRC-Report.pdf","url_text":"\"UK Children's Commissioners' Report to the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child\""}]},{"reference":"Hollins, Sheila; Porter, Mark; Chand, Kailash; Hajioff, Steve; Dearden, Andrew; Mansfield, Averil; Dangerfield, Peter; Datta, Shreelata; Davis, Lucy-Jane; Harding, Louise; Maguire, Peter; Moorthy, Ram; Rees, Michael; Steadman, Philip; Thomson, Andrew; De Souza, Beryl (May 2013). Growing up in the UK - BMA (pdf). British Medical Association: BMA Board of Science. p. ix. ISBN 978-0-9575831-0-8. Retrieved 4 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bma.org.uk/collective-voice/policy-and-research/public-and-population-health/child-health/growing-up-in-the-uk","url_text":"Growing up in the UK - BMA"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9575831-0-8","url_text":"978-0-9575831-0-8"}]},{"reference":"Kennedy, Ian (16 September 2010). \"Getting it right for children and young people: Overcoming cultural barriers in the NHS so as to meet their needs\" (pdf). UK Government. Department of Health. 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Retrieved 26 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/company/00464306/officers?page=1","url_text":"\"AYNSLEY-GREEN, Albert, Sir\""}]},{"reference":"\"Previous Winners\". European Society for Paediatric Endocrinology. ESPE. 1991. Retrieved 2 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eurospe.org/grants-awards/awards/andrea-prader-prize/","url_text":"\"Previous Winners\""}]},{"reference":"Stewart, William (23 June 2006). \"Head knighted for double act\". Times Educational Supplement. Retrieved 2 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tes.com/news/head-knighted-double-act","url_text":"\"Head knighted for double act\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Times_Educational_Supplement","url_text":"Times Educational Supplement"}]},{"reference":"\"Honorary Fellows\". Oriel College Oxford. University of Oxford. 6 January 2016. Retrieved 26 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oriel.ox.ac.uk/people/fellows-academic-staff/honorary-fellows","url_text":"\"Honorary Fellows\""}]},{"reference":"\"Honorary graduates\". Nottingham Trent University Alumni. Nottingham: Nottingham Trent University. 2011. Retrieved 2 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ntualumni.org.uk/your_alumni_association/notable_alumni/honorary_graduates/Al_Aynsley-Green","url_text":"\"Honorary graduates\""}]},{"reference":"Ferguson, Donna (23 October 2018). \"Britain has created a crisis in childhood, says former children's commissioner\". Guardian News and Media Limited. The Guardian. Retrieved 3 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/education/2018/oct/23/britain-crisis-childhood-former-childrens-commissioner-al-aynsley-green-book","url_text":"\"Britain has created a crisis in childhood, says former children's commissioner\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]}]
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Today"},{"Link":"http://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/10.1093/ww/9780199540884.001.0001/ww-9780199540884-e-6070","external_links_name":"\"Aynsley-Green, Sir Albert, (born 30 May 1943), Founder and Director, Aynsley-Green Consulting, since 2010; Children's Commissioner for England, 2005–10; Nuffield Professor of Child Health, Institute of Child Health, University College London, 1993–2005, now Emeritus; President, British Medical Association, 2015–16\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fww%2F9780199540884.013.U6070","external_links_name":"10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.U6070"},{"Link":"https://theconversation.com/profiles/sir-al-aynsley-green-579423","external_links_name":"\"Sir Al Aynsley-Green\""},{"Link":"https://www.nuffieldtrust.org.uk/files/2017-01/reflections-children-health-society-web-final.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Reflections on Children, Child Health and Society\""},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1118224","external_links_name":"\"Who is speaking for children and adolescents and for their health at the policy level?\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.321.7255.229","external_links_name":"10.1136/bmj.321.7255.229"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1118224","external_links_name":"1118224"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10903661","external_links_name":"10903661"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2801%2905606-9","external_links_name":"10.1016/S0140-6736(01)05606-9"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2874279","external_links_name":"2874279"},{"Link":"http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20120105003242/http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/Aboutus/MinistersandDepartmentLeaders/Nationalclinicaldirectors/DH_4119188?PageOperation=email","external_links_name":"\"National Clinical Directors\""},{"Link":"http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/Aboutus/MinistersandDepartmentLeaders/Nationalclinicaldirectors/DH_4119188?PageOperation=email","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1334544/Yesterday-in-Parliament.html","external_links_name":"\"Yesterday in Parliament\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/society/2001/aug/03/nhsstaff.childrensservices","external_links_name":"\"Call to establish children's commissioner\""},{"Link":"https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/national-service-framework-children-young-people-and-maternity-services","external_links_name":"\"National service framework: children, young people and maternity services\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/cbbcnews/hi/newsid_4310000/newsid_4310600/4310685.stm","external_links_name":"\"England kids' champion appointed\""},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/7144289/Britain-is-one-of-worlds-most-unfriendly-countries-towards-children.html","external_links_name":"\"'Britain is one of world's most unfriendly countries towards children'\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/education/2009/nov/03/childrens-commissioner-aynsley-green","external_links_name":"\"Children's champion\""},{"Link":"https://theconversation.com/profiles/sir-al-aynsley-green-579423","external_links_name":"\"Sir Al Aynsley-Green\""},{"Link":"https://www.bma.org.uk/news/2015/june/a-champion-for-children-sir-al-aynsley-green","external_links_name":"\"A champion for children: Sir Al Aynsley-Green\""},{"Link":"http://www.communitycare.co.uk/2007/05/02/impact-of-al-aynsley-green-as-childrens-commissioner-questioned/","external_links_name":"\"Impact of Al Aynsley-Green as children's commissioner questioned\""},{"Link":"https://www.childcomwales.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/UK-Commissioners-UNCRC-Report.pdf","external_links_name":"\"UK Children's Commissioners' Report to the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child\""},{"Link":"https://www.bma.org.uk/collective-voice/policy-and-research/public-and-population-health/child-health/growing-up-in-the-uk","external_links_name":"Growing up in the UK - BMA"},{"Link":"https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/getting-it-right-for-children-and-young-people-overcoming-cultural-barriers-in-the-nhs-so-as-to-meet-their-needs","external_links_name":"\"Getting it right for children and young people: Overcoming cultural barriers in the NHS so as to meet their needs\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181026182616/https://www.salisbury.anglican.org/news/first-news-item","external_links_name":"\"Sir Al Aynsley-Green appointed\""},{"Link":"https://www.salisbury.anglican.org/news/first-news-item","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/company/00464306/officers?page=1","external_links_name":"\"AYNSLEY-GREEN, Albert, Sir\""},{"Link":"https://www.eurospe.org/grants-awards/awards/andrea-prader-prize/","external_links_name":"\"Previous Winners\""},{"Link":"https://www.tes.com/news/head-knighted-double-act","external_links_name":"\"Head knighted for double act\""},{"Link":"https://www.oriel.ox.ac.uk/people/fellows-academic-staff/honorary-fellows","external_links_name":"\"Honorary Fellows\""},{"Link":"http://www.ntualumni.org.uk/your_alumni_association/notable_alumni/honorary_graduates/Al_Aynsley-Green","external_links_name":"\"Honorary graduates\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/education/2018/oct/23/britain-crisis-childhood-former-childrens-commissioner-al-aynsley-green-book","external_links_name":"\"Britain has created a crisis in childhood, says former children's commissioner\""},{"Link":"http://www.cumbria.gov.uk/eLibrary/Content/Internet/327/946/3790494621.pdf","external_links_name":"The National Service Framework for Children, Young People and Maternity Services – Emerging findings"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181111000113/http://www.cumbria.gov.uk/eLibrary/Content/Internet/327/946/3790494621.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.bma.org.uk/collective-voice/policy-and-research/public-and-population-health/child-health/growing-up-in-the-uk","external_links_name":"Growing Up in the UK: Ensuring a healthy future for our children Report"},{"Link":"https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=24292754800","external_links_name":"Scopus"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Harper_(disambiguation)
Chris Harper
[]
Chris Harper or Christopher Harper may refer to: Christopher J. Harper (born 1951), American journalist Sir Chris Harper (RAF officer) (born 1957), British air marshal Christopher Harper (actor) (born 1977), British actor Chris Harper (wide receiver, born 1989), American football wide receiver Chris Harper (wide receiver, born 1993), American football wide receiver Chris Harper (cyclist) (born 1994), Australian cyclist Chris Harper (bishop), bishop of Saskatoon Chris Harper, creator of the fictional Landover Baptist Church Christopher Harper-Mercer, perpetrator of the 2015 Umpqua Community College shooting Topics referred to by the same termThis disambiguation page lists articles about people with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
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[]
null
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_Bench_Walk
King's Bench Walk, London
["1 History","2 Buildings in King's Bench Walk","3 Chambers in King's Bench Walk","4 In literature","5 References","6 External links"]
Coordinates: 51°30′48″N 0°06′33″W / 51.5132°N 0.1092°W / 51.5132; -0.1092 King's Bench Walk King's Bench Walk is a street in Temple, in the City of London. It is mainly made up of barristers' chambers. History King's Bench Walk is located in the Inner Temple, one of the four Inns of Court. The other three Inns of Court are Middle Temple, Lincoln's Inn and Gray's Inn. The area borrows its name from the Order of the Poor Knights of the Temple of Solomon, more commonly known as the Knights Templar which is a historical western Christian military order that was established in 1118 AD. In 1162 the Templars purchased the grounds now known as Temple to be used as their new, larger headquarters. One of the oldest structures still remaining is the Temple Church which was consecrated in 1185. The Temple Bar gateway which stands outside the Royal Courts of Justice and marks the point between Westminster and the City of London also takes its name from the historical Order. Following the downfall of the Knights Templar in 1307 and its dissolution by Pope Clement V in 1312, the grounds were given to the Knights Hospitaller, Order of St John. It was during the 14th century whilst the Temple was still in Hospitaller possession that two colleges of law were founded within its grounds. By 1388, two distinct societies had formed and they were known as Inner Temple and Middle Temple. Since then, the Temple has been associated with the legal profession and the Bar. Buildings in King's Bench Walk The Alienation Office King's Bench Walk takes its name from the Office of the King's Bench, which was first situated along the row in 1621. King's Bench Walk has held buildings since before 1548. These buildings were destroyed during the Great Fire of London in 1666. The buildings that replaced them were also destroyed in the subsequent London fire of 1677. Before the fires of 1666 and 1677, 4 King's Bench Walk, with what is now 5 and 6 King's Bench Walk was known as King's Bench Buildings. 4 King's Bench Walk is located opposite the Inner Temple Library. Like the other buildings on the row, it was rebuilt in 1678 following the London fire of 1677. The building bears an inscription that documents these events; "Conflagratam Ano 1677. Fabricatam Ano 1678. Richardo Powell Armiger Thesaurar" The inscription can be seen on four separate tiles divided by doric triglyphs placed above the arched doorway to number four which also mentions Richard Powell being treasurer of the Inner Temple when 4 King's Bench Walk was rebuilt in 1678. The archway is ascribed to Sir Christopher Wren, one of the most highly acclaimed English architects in history who is most recognised for designing St Paul's Cathedral on the top of Ludgate Hill. More of his architectural work can be seen on the eastern end of Fleet Street, namely St Brides Church which boasts the tallest steeple to be designed by Wren. 4 King's Bench Walk is one of the few fortunate buildings in the Inner Temple to have escaped destruction by enemy action during the second world war. In addition, the signature "Thos Dainand", dated "March 19, 1793", has been scratched into one of the window panes of the first-floor library. On 4 January 1950, 4 King's Bench Walk became a Grade I listed building. Numbers 12 and 13 King's Bench Walk are Grade II listed buildings. They were originally built in the early 19th century, in a plain Regency style faced with Bath stone, but were destroyed in the Blitz and rebuilt in replica after the war. Chambers in King's Bench Walk This section needs expansion with: information about the other chambers in the street. You can help by adding to it. (April 2019) 4 King's Bench Walk 4 King's Bench Walk has been home to various sets of barristers over the years. However there is now only one, 4 King's Bench Walk Chambers (known as 4KBW) headed by Gavin Holme. 4KBW is one of the last remaining true common law chambers, with barristers with expertise in every area of the law. In addition there is a firm of solicitors, Preiskel Solicitors, who specialise in media and telecommunications law, and a private residence on the top floor. Notable former residents of number four include Sir Harold George Nicolson KCVO CMG, diplomat, author, diarist and politician and Sir Ralph Norman Angell, lecturer, journalist, author, and Member of Parliament. 12 King's Bench Walk is home to the chambers of Paul Russell QC, commonly known as 12KBW. 12KBW was led in the early 20th Century by Montague Berryman QC. Gerald Gardiner, Baron Gardiner and Peter Rawlinson, Baron Rawlinson of Ewell previously practised from this set. 12KBW now occupies both number 12 and number 13 King's Bench Walk, and is a top-ranked set for personal injury, industrial disease, travel, and related areas of law. In literature King's Bench Walk is mentioned in numerous novels such as Charles Dickens' A Tale of Two Cities: "After a few dull efforts to get to sleep again, which the man dexterously combated by stirring the fire continuously for five minutes, he got up, tossed his hat on, and walked out. He turned into the Temple, and, having revived himself by twice pacing the pavements of King's Bench-walk and Paper-buildings, turned into the Stryver chambers."— Charles Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities (1859) King's Bench Walk has specific mention in chapter one of the novel The Red Thumb Mark by R. Austin Freeman. The novel forms part of a series of detective stories featuring the medico-legal forensic investigator Dr. Thorndyke; "Conflagratam Ano 1677. Fabricatam Ano 1698. Richardo Powell Armiger Thesaurar." The words, set in four panels, which formed a frieze beneath the pediment of a fine brick portico, summarised the history of one of the tall houses at the upper end of King's Bench Walk and as I, somewhat absent mindedly, read over the inscription, my attention was divided between admiration of the exquisitely finished carved brickwork and the quiet dignity of the building, and an effort to reconstitute the dead and gone Richard Powell, and the stirring times in which he played his part."— Richard Austin Freeman, The Red Thumb Mark (1907), Chapter I In The Squire of Alsatia, Thomas Shadwell refers to King's Bench Walk in its previous form, as King's Bench Buildings: "I have been at your brother's house, and they say he is come to some lawyer's chamber in the King's Bench Buildings"— Thomas Shadwell, The Squire of Alsatia (1688) References ^ Inner Temple website – http://www.innertemple.org.uk ^ Middle Temple website – https://www.middletemple.org.uk Archived 24 March 2015 at the Wayback Machine ^ Lincoln's Inn website – http://www.lincolnsinn.org.uk ^ Gray's Inn website – https://www.graysinn.org.uk ^ Temple Church website – http://www.templechurch.com ^ Lost Worlds: Knights Templar, 10 July 2006, History Channel documentary ^ Temple Bar website – www.thetemplebar.info ^ Bar Council website – http://www.barcouncil.org.uk ^ Hugh H. L. Bellot, The Inner and Middle Temple (1902), page 58 ^ Inner Temple Library Website – http://www.innertemplelibrary.org.uk ^ Royal Academy of Arts Collections website – http://www.racollection.org.uk ^ St Paul's Cathedral website – https://www.stpauls.co.uk ^ St Bride's Church website – http://www.stbrides.com ^ English Heritage website, list entry – 1193173 ^ "Historic England: 12 and 13 King's Bench Walk". Historic England. Retrieved 8 April 2021. ^ "Inner Temple Library: the Inner Temple estate". Inner Temple. Retrieved 8 April 2021. ^ "About Us". 4KBW Chambers. Retrieved 16 June 2020. ^ Sidney Aster (Royal Historical Society (Great Britain)), Appeasement and All Souls: A Portrait with Documents, 1937–1939 (2004), page 2 ^ "About Us". 12 King's Bench Walk. Retrieved 8 April 2021. ^ "12 King's Bench Walk: Chambers and Partners 2021". Chambers and Partners. Retrieved 8 April 2021. ^ "12 King's Bench Walk: Legal 500 2021". Legal 500 2021. Retrieved 8 April 2021. External links Media related to King's Bench Walk, Inner Temple, London at Wikimedia Commons 51°30′48″N 0°06′33″W / 51.5132°N 0.1092°W / 51.5132; -0.1092
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It is mainly made up of barristers' chambers.","title":"King's Bench Walk, London"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Inner Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner_Temple"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Inns of Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inns_of_Court"},{"link_name":"Middle Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Temple"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Lincoln's Inn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln%27s_Inn"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Gray's Inn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray%27s_Inn"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Knights Templar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knights_Templar"},{"link_name":"Temple Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_Church"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Temple Bar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_Bar,_London"},{"link_name":"Royal Courts of Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Courts_of_Justice"},{"link_name":"Westminster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"dissolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_(law)"},{"link_name":"Pope Clement V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Clement_V"},{"link_name":"the Bar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_to_the_bar"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"King's Bench Walk is located in the Inner Temple,[1] one of the four Inns of Court. The other three Inns of Court are Middle Temple,[2] Lincoln's Inn[3] and Gray's Inn.[4] The area borrows its name from the Order of the Poor Knights of the Temple of Solomon, more commonly known as the Knights Templar which is a historical western Christian military order that was established in 1118 AD.In 1162 the Templars purchased the grounds now known as Temple to be used as their new, larger headquarters. One of the oldest structures still remaining is the Temple Church which was consecrated in 1185.[5][6] The Temple Bar gateway which stands outside the Royal Courts of Justice and marks the point between Westminster and the City of London also takes its name from the historical Order.[7]Following the downfall of the Knights Templar in 1307 and its dissolution by Pope Clement V in 1312, the grounds were given to the Knights Hospitaller, Order of St John. It was during the 14th century whilst the Temple was still in Hospitaller possession that two colleges of law were founded within its grounds. By 1388, two distinct societies had formed and they were known as Inner Temple and Middle Temple. Since then, the Temple has been associated with the legal profession and the Bar.[8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Alienation_Office_1577-206725003.jpg"},{"link_name":"Great Fire of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Fire_of_London"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"doric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doric_Order"},{"link_name":"triglyphs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triglyphs"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Sir Christopher Wren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Christopher_Wren"},{"link_name":"St Paul's Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"Ludgate Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludgate_Hill"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"St Brides Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St_Brides_Church&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"second world war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Grade I listed building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grade_I_listed_building"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Grade II listed buildings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grade_II_listed_buildings"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"The Alienation OfficeKing's Bench Walk takes its name from the Office of the King's Bench, which was first situated along the row in 1621. King's Bench Walk has held buildings since before 1548. These buildings were destroyed during the Great Fire of London in 1666. The buildings that replaced them were also destroyed in the subsequent London fire of 1677.[9]Before the fires of 1666 and 1677, 4 King's Bench Walk, with what is now 5 and 6 King's Bench Walk was known as King's Bench Buildings.[10] 4 King's Bench Walk is located opposite the Inner Temple Library. Like the other buildings on the row, it was rebuilt in 1678 following the London fire of 1677. The building bears an inscription that documents these events;\"Conflagratam Ano 1677. Fabricatam Ano 1678. Richardo Powell Armiger Thesaurar\"The inscription can be seen on four separate tiles divided by doric triglyphs placed above the arched doorway to number four which also mentions Richard Powell being treasurer of the Inner Temple when 4 King's Bench Walk was rebuilt in 1678.[11]The archway is ascribed to Sir Christopher Wren, one of the most highly acclaimed English architects in history who is most recognised for designing St Paul's Cathedral on the top of Ludgate Hill.[12] More of his architectural work can be seen on the eastern end of Fleet Street, namely St Brides Church which boasts the tallest steeple to be designed by Wren.[13] 4 King's Bench Walk is one of the few fortunate buildings in the Inner Temple to have escaped destruction by enemy action during the second world war.In addition, the signature \"Thos Dainand\", dated \"March 19, 1793\", has been scratched into one of the window panes of the first-floor library.On 4 January 1950, 4 King's Bench Walk became a Grade I listed building.[14]Numbers 12 and 13 King's Bench Walk are Grade II listed buildings.[15] They were originally built in the early 19th century, in a plain Regency style faced with Bath stone, but were destroyed in the Blitz and rebuilt in replica after the war. [16]","title":"Buildings in King's Bench Walk"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:4_King%27s_Bench_Walk_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1650822.jpg"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Sir Harold George Nicolson KCVO CMG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Nicolson"},{"link_name":"Sir Ralph Norman Angell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Angell"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Gerald Gardiner, Baron Gardiner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Gardiner,_Baron_Gardiner"},{"link_name":"Peter Rawlinson, Baron Rawlinson of Ewell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Rawlinson,_Baron_Rawlinson_of_Ewell"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"4 King's Bench Walk4 King's Bench Walk has been home to various sets of barristers over the years. However there is now only one, 4 King's Bench Walk Chambers (known as 4KBW) headed by Gavin Holme.[17] 4KBW is one of the last remaining true common law chambers, with barristers with expertise in every area of the law. In addition there is a firm of solicitors, Preiskel Solicitors, who specialise in media and telecommunications law, and a private residence on the top floor. Notable former residents of number four include Sir Harold George Nicolson KCVO CMG, diplomat, author, diarist and politician and Sir Ralph Norman Angell, lecturer, journalist, author, and Member of Parliament.[18]12 King's Bench Walk is home to the chambers of Paul Russell QC, commonly known as 12KBW.[19] 12KBW was led in the early 20th Century by Montague Berryman QC. Gerald Gardiner, Baron Gardiner and Peter Rawlinson, Baron Rawlinson of Ewell previously practised from this set. 12KBW now occupies both number 12 and number 13 King's Bench Walk, and is a top-ranked set for personal injury, industrial disease, travel, and related areas of law.[20][21]","title":"Chambers in King's Bench Walk"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charles Dickens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Dickens"},{"link_name":"A Tale of Two Cities (1859)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Tale_of_Two_Cities"},{"link_name":"detective stories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Detective_Fiction&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"forensic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forensic_Science"},{"link_name":"Dr. Thorndyke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Thorndyke"},{"link_name":"Richard Austin Freeman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._Austin_Freeman"},{"link_name":"The Squire of Alsatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Squire_of_Alsatia"},{"link_name":"Thomas Shadwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Shadwell"},{"link_name":"Thomas Shadwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Shadwell"}],"text":"King's Bench Walk is mentioned in numerous novels such as Charles Dickens' A Tale of Two Cities:\"After a few dull efforts to get to sleep again, which the man dexterously combated by stirring the fire continuously for five minutes, he got up, tossed his hat on, and walked out. He turned into the Temple, and, having revived himself by twice pacing the pavements of King's Bench-walk and Paper-buildings, turned into the Stryver chambers.\"— Charles Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities (1859)King's Bench Walk has specific mention in chapter one of the novel The Red Thumb Mark by R. Austin Freeman. The novel forms part of a series of detective stories featuring the medico-legal forensic investigator Dr. Thorndyke;\"Conflagratam Ano 1677. Fabricatam Ano 1698. Richardo Powell Armiger Thesaurar.\" The words, set in four panels, which formed a frieze beneath the pediment of a fine brick portico, summarised the history of one of the tall houses at the upper end of King's Bench Walk and as I, somewhat absent mindedly, read over the inscription, my attention was divided between admiration of the exquisitely finished carved brickwork and the quiet dignity of the building, and an effort to reconstitute the dead and gone Richard Powell, and the stirring times in which he played his part.\"— Richard Austin Freeman, The Red Thumb Mark (1907), Chapter IIn The Squire of Alsatia, Thomas Shadwell refers to King's Bench Walk in its previous form, as King's Bench Buildings:\"I have been at your brother's house, and they say he is come to some lawyer's chamber in the King's Bench Buildings\"— Thomas Shadwell, The Squire of Alsatia (1688)","title":"In literature"}]
[{"image_text":"King's Bench Walk","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/King%27s_Bench_Walk%2C_Inner_Temple_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1650827.jpg/220px-King%27s_Bench_Walk%2C_Inner_Temple_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1650827.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Alienation Office","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/The_Alienation_Office_1577-206725003.jpg/220px-The_Alienation_Office_1577-206725003.jpg"},{"image_text":"4 King's Bench Walk","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/4_King%27s_Bench_Walk_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1650822.jpg/220px-4_King%27s_Bench_Walk_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1650822.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Historic England: 12 and 13 King's Bench Walk\". Historic England. Retrieved 8 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1064651","url_text":"\"Historic England: 12 and 13 King's Bench Walk\""}]},{"reference":"\"Inner Temple Library: the Inner Temple estate\". Inner Temple. Retrieved 8 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.innertemplelibrary.org.uk/buildings/","url_text":"\"Inner Temple Library: the Inner Temple estate\""}]},{"reference":"\"About Us\". 4KBW Chambers. Retrieved 16 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.4kbw.co.uk/about-us/","url_text":"\"About Us\""}]},{"reference":"\"About Us\". 12 King's Bench Walk. Retrieved 8 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.12kbw.co.uk/about/","url_text":"\"About Us\""}]},{"reference":"\"12 King's Bench Walk: Chambers and Partners 2021\". Chambers and Partners. Retrieved 8 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://chambers.com/law-firm/12-kings-bench-walk-uk-bar-14:10456","url_text":"\"12 King's Bench Walk: Chambers and Partners 2021\""}]},{"reference":"\"12 King's Bench Walk: Legal 500 2021\". Legal 500 2021. Retrieved 8 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.legal500.com/firms/9455-chambers-of-paul-russell-qc/9455-london-england/","url_text":"\"12 King's Bench Walk: Legal 500 2021\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Gilruth
Robert R. Gilruth
["1 Biography","1.1 Early life","1.2 Flight test career","1.3 NASA career","1.4 Death","2 Portrayals in dramas","3 References","4 External links"]
American aerospace engineer (1913–2000) Robert R. GilruthGilruth at NASA, 1965BornRobert Rowe Gilruth(1913-10-08)October 8, 1913Nashwauk, Minnesota, U.S.DiedAugust 17, 2000(2000-08-17) (aged 86)Charlottesville, Virginia, U.S.Alma materUniversity of Minnesota, B.S. 1935, M.S. 1936Occupation(s)Director of NASA Manned Spacecraft Center, now Lyndon B. Johnson Space CenterAwards President's Award for Distinguished Federal Civilian Service (1962)ASME Medal (1970) Robert Rowe Gilruth (October 8, 1913 – August 17, 2000) was an American aerospace engineer and an aviation/space pioneer who was the first director of NASA's Manned Spacecraft Center, later renamed the Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center. He worked for the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) from 1937 to 1958 and its successor NASA, until his retirement in 1973. He was involved with early research into supersonic flight and rocket-powered aircraft, and then with the United States human spaceflight program, including the Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo programs. Biography Early life Gilruth was born October 8, 1913, in Nashwauk, Minnesota, and moved to Duluth when he was nine years old. He graduated in 1931 from Duluth Central High School. As a teenager, Gilruth was fascinated by aeronautics and spent time building model airplanes. He was inspired to pursue a career in the field after reading about NASA's Langley Memorial Aeronautical Laboratory in Virginia. Gilruth received a Bachelor of Science degree in Aeronautical Engineering at the University of Minnesota in 1935, and received his Master of Science degree in 1936. While there he was a member of the Professional Engineering Fraternity Theta Tau, of which he was later inducted as a Hall of Fame Alumnus. Flight test career In January 1937 Gilruth was hired at NACA's Langley Memorial Aeronautical Laboratory, where he performed flight research. His research led to the NACA Report R755, Requirements for Satisfactory Flying Qualities of an Airplane, published in 1941, in which he defined a set of requirements for the handling characteristics of an aircraft. Until this point, no set of guidelines for pilots and aircraft designers existed. Gilruth also pioneered the recording of data from instruments during flight test, to be later correlated with the pilot's experience. This would go on to become the standard operating procedure. NASA career NASA flight director Chris Kraft (left) and Gilruth in Mission Control in 1965 at the conclusion of Gemini 5 Gilruth had been working on hypersonic missile rockets as the assistant director of the Pilotless Aircraft Research Division of NACA. He and his team pushed their superiors to pursue a program to launch satellites into space, but he was rebuffed by administrators. The dynamic quickly changed after the Soviets succeeded in launching Sputnik, and Gilruth became involved in the transition of NACA into NASA. When NASA was created, Gilruth became head of the Space Task Group, tasked with putting a man in space before the Soviet Union. In 1961, when President John F. Kennedy announced that America would put a man on the Moon before the end of the decade (the 1960s) and bring him back safely to Earth, Gilruth was "aghast" and unsure that such a goal could be accomplished. He was integral to the creation of the Gemini program, which he advocated as a means for NASA to learn more about operating in space before attempting a lunar landing. In 1962, he was awarded the President's Award for Distinguished Federal Civilian Service by President John F. Kennedy. Soon the Apollo program was born, and Gilruth was made head of the NASA center which ran it, the new Manned Spacecraft Center (MSC) (now the Johnson Space Center). Gilruth was inducted into the National Space Hall of Fame in 1969 and served as director of the MSC until his retirement in 1972. He was inducted as a member of the inaugural class to the International Space Hall of Fame in 1976. He oversaw a total of 25 crewed space flights, from Mercury-Redstone 3 to Apollo 15. In 1971, Gilruth, along with the Apollo 15 crew, was awarded the Collier Trophy. In 1992, Gilruth was inducted into the International Air & Space Hall of Fame at the San Diego Air & Space Museum, in 1994, he was inducted into the National Aviation Hall of Fame and in 2015, the Minnesota Aviation Hall of Fame as a posthumous induction. Death In 2000, Gilruth died in Charlottesville, Virginia, at the age of 86. Portrayals in dramas In the 1996 TV movie Apollo 11, Gilruth was played by William Mesnik. In the 1998 miniseries From the Earth to the Moon, he was played by John Carroll Lynch. In the 2016 film Hidden Figures, the character Al Harrison, played by Kevin Costner, is based largely on Gilruth. In the 2018 film, First Man, Gilruth is portrayed by Ciarán Hinds. In the 2020 TV series The Right Stuff, Gilruth is portrayed by Patrick Fischler. References ^ "Former Manned Spacecraft Center Director Dies". NASA. Archived from the original on October 29, 2000. Retrieved January 17, 2017. ^ "Robert Gilruth Inducted into the Minnesota Aviation Hall of Fame". Duluth Aviation Institute. Retrieved January 17, 2017. ^ a b c Chaikin, Andrew. "Bob Gilruth, the Quiet Force Behind Apollo". Air & Space/Smithsonian. ISSN 0886-2257. Retrieved 27 July 2016. ^ "Monographs in Aerospace History: Flying Qualities". NASA. Retrieved January 17, 2017. ^ "AR7400-E. President John F. Kennedy Presents President's Award for Distinguished Federal Civilian Service to Dr. Robert Gilruth". ^ Locke, Robert (October 6, 1976). "Space Pioneers Enshrined". Las Vegas Optic. Las Vegas, New Mexico. Associated Press. p. 6 – via Newspapers.com. ^ Haugland, Vern (March 22, 1972). "Apollo 15 astronauts, Gilruth to be honored". El Dorado Times. El Dorado, Arkansas. Associated Press. p. 13 – via Newspapers.com. ^ Sprekelmeyer, Linda, editor. These We Honor: The International Aerospace Hall of Fame. Donning Co. Publishers, 2006. ISBN 978-1-57864-397-4. ^ National Aviation Hall of Fame, Biography - Gilruth, Robert Rowe ^ Minnesota Aviation Hall of Fame, Inductees - Robert R. Gilruth ^ Wilford, John Noble (August 18, 2000). "Robert Gilruth, 86, Dies; Was Crucial Player at NASA". The New York Times. ^ James, Caryn (April 3, 1998). "Television Review; Boyish Eyes on the Moon". The New York Times. Retrieved August 5, 2018. ^ "Modern Figures: Frequently Asked Questions". NASA. 7 January 2017. Retrieved January 17, 2017. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Robert R. Gilruth. Biography portalSpaceflight portal Requirements for satisfactory flying qualities of airplanes, 1943 NACA report by Robert Gilruth Dr. Robert Gilruth, 1986 interview transcript from the National Air and Space Museum Dr. Robert R. Gilruth, 2000 tribute at NASA's Human Space Flight website Robert R. Gilruth 1913–2000, 2003 memoir at the National Academy of Sciences, written by NASA flight director Christopher Kraft From Minnesota to the moon, 2013 Star Tribune article by Cirrus Aircraft co-founder Dale Klapmeier honoring Gilruth's legacy vteRecipients of the ASME Medal1921–1950 1921: Hjalmar G. Carlson 1922: Frederick A. Halsey 1923: John R. Freeman 1926: Robert Andrews Millikan 1927: Wilfred Lewis 1928: Julian Kennedy 1930: W. L. R. Emmet 1931: Albert Kingsbury 1933: Ambrose Swasey 1934: Willis Carrier 1935: Charles T. Main 1936: Edward Bausch 1937: Edward P. Bullard Jr. 1938: Stephen J. Pigott 1939: James E. Gleason 1940: Charles F. Kettering 1941: Theodore von Kármán 1942: Ervin G. Bailey 1943: Lewis K. Sillcox 1944: Edward G. Budd 1945: William F. Durand 1946: Morris E. Leeds 1947: Paul W. Kiefer 1948: Frederick G. Keyes 1949: Fred L. Dornbrook 1950: Harvey C. Knowles 1951–1975 1951: Glenn B. Warren 1952: Nevin E. Funk 1953: Crosby Field 1954: E. Burnley Powell 1955: Granville M. Read 1956: Harry F. Vickers 1957: Llewellyn M. K. Boelter 1958: Wilbur H. Armacost 1959: Martin Frisch 1960: C. Richard Soderberg 1962: Philip Sporn 1963: Igor I. Sikorsky 1964: Alan Howard 1965: Jan Burgers 1967: Mayo D. Hersey 1968: Samuel C. Collins 1969: Lloyd H. Donnell 1970: Robert R. Gilruth 1971: Horace Smart Beattie 1972: Waloddi Weibull 1973: Christopher C. Kraft Jr. 1974: Nicholas J. Hoff 1975: Maxime A. Faget 1976–2000 1976: Raymond D. Mindlin 1977: Robert W. Mann 1979: Jacob P. Den Hartog 1980: Soichiro Honda 1981: Robert S. Hahn 1983: Jack N. Binns Sr. 1984: Aaron Cohen 1985: Milton C. Shaw 1986: Orlan W. Boston 1987: Philip G. Hodge 1988: Eric Reissner 1989: William R. Sears 1990: Harley A. Wilhelm 1992: Daniel C. Drucker 1993: Richard H. Gallagher 1996: Robert C. Dean Jr. 1997: Bernard Budiansky 1998: Frank Kreith 1999: H. Norman Abramson 2000–present 2000: Arthur E. Bergles 2001: Warren M. Rohsenow 2002: Leroy S. Fletcher 2003: Norman R. Augustine 2004: Bradford W. Parkinson 2005: Robert E. Uhrig 2006: Richard J. Goldstein 2007: Dean L. Kamen 2008: Frank E. Talke 2009: Nam-pyo Suh 2010: John Abele 2011: C. Daniel Mote, Jr. 2012: Jan D. Achenbach 2013: Siavouche Nemat-Nasser 2014: Van C. Mow 2015: James R. Rice 2016: J. N. Reddy 2017: Zděnek P. Bažant 2018: Thomas J.R. Hughes 2019: Reginald I. Vachon 2020: Subra Suresh 2021: Pol D. Spanos 2022: Katepalli R. Sreenivasan 2023: Huajian Gao Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States Other NARA SNAC 2 IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NASA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA"},{"link_name":"Manned Spacecraft Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnson_Space_Center"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Advisory_Committee_for_Aeronautics"},{"link_name":"Mercury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Mercury"},{"link_name":"Gemini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Gemini"},{"link_name":"Apollo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_program"}],"text":"Robert Rowe Gilruth (October 8, 1913 – August 17, 2000) was an American aerospace engineer and an aviation/space pioneer who was the first director of NASA's Manned Spacecraft Center, later renamed the Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center.[1]He worked for the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) from 1937 to 1958 and its successor NASA, until his retirement in 1973. He was involved with early research into supersonic flight and rocket-powered aircraft, and then with the United States human spaceflight program, including the Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo programs.","title":"Robert R. Gilruth"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nashwauk, Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashwauk,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Duluth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duluth"},{"link_name":"Duluth Central High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duluth_Central_High_School"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Langley Memorial Aeronautical Laboratory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langley_Memorial_Aeronautical_Laboratory"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chaikin-3"},{"link_name":"Bachelor of Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science"},{"link_name":"Aeronautical Engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeronautical_Engineering"},{"link_name":"University of Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Master of Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Science"},{"link_name":"Theta Tau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theta_Tau"}],"sub_title":"Early life","text":"Gilruth was born October 8, 1913, in Nashwauk, Minnesota, and moved to Duluth when he was nine years old. He graduated in 1931 from Duluth Central High School.[2] As a teenager, Gilruth was fascinated by aeronautics and spent time building model airplanes. He was inspired to pursue a career in the field after reading about NASA's Langley Memorial Aeronautical Laboratory in Virginia.[3] Gilruth received a Bachelor of Science degree in Aeronautical Engineering at the University of Minnesota in 1935, and received his Master of Science degree in 1936. While there he was a member of the Professional Engineering Fraternity Theta Tau, of which he was later inducted as a Hall of Fame Alumnus.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Langley Memorial Aeronautical Laboratory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langley_Memorial_Aeronautical_Laboratory"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chaikin-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Flight test career","text":"In January 1937 Gilruth was hired at NACA's Langley Memorial Aeronautical Laboratory, where he performed flight research. His research led to the NACA Report R755, Requirements for Satisfactory Flying Qualities of an Airplane, published in 1941, in which he defined a set of requirements for the handling characteristics of an aircraft. Until this point, no set of guidelines for pilots and aircraft designers existed.[3]Gilruth also pioneered the recording of data from instruments during flight test, to be later correlated with the pilot's experience.[4] This would go on to become the standard operating procedure.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:S-65-44212.jpg"},{"link_name":"Chris Kraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_C._Kraft_Jr."},{"link_name":"Gemini 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini_5"},{"link_name":"hypersonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypersonic"},{"link_name":"NACA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Advisory_Committee_for_Aeronautics"},{"link_name":"NASA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Space Task Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Task_Group"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"President John F. Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_John_F._Kennedy"},{"link_name":"Gemini program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini_program"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chaikin-3"},{"link_name":"President's Award for Distinguished Federal Civilian Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President%27s_Award_for_Distinguished_Federal_Civilian_Service"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Apollo program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_program"},{"link_name":"Johnson Space Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnson_Space_Center"},{"link_name":"International Space Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Space_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lv-6"},{"link_name":"Mercury-Redstone 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury-Redstone_3"},{"link_name":"Apollo 15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_15"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Collier Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collier_Trophy"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"International Air & Space Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Air_%26_Space_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"San Diego Air & Space Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_Air_%26_Space_Museum"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"National Aviation Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Aviation_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Minnesota Aviation Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_Aviation_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"NASA career","text":"NASA flight director Chris Kraft (left) and Gilruth in Mission Control in 1965 at the conclusion of Gemini 5Gilruth had been working on hypersonic missile rockets as the assistant director of the Pilotless Aircraft Research Division of NACA. He and his team pushed their superiors to pursue a program to launch satellites into space, but he was rebuffed by administrators. The dynamic quickly changed after the Soviets succeeded in launching Sputnik, and Gilruth became involved in the transition of NACA into NASA.[citation needed]When NASA was created, Gilruth became head of the Space Task Group, tasked with putting a man in space before the Soviet Union.[citation needed]In 1961, when President John F. Kennedy announced that America would put a man on the Moon before the end of the decade (the 1960s) and bring him back safely to Earth, Gilruth was \"aghast\" and unsure that such a goal could be accomplished. He was integral to the creation of the Gemini program, which he advocated as a means for NASA to learn more about operating in space before attempting a lunar landing.[3]In 1962, he was awarded the President's Award for Distinguished Federal Civilian Service by President John F. Kennedy.[5]Soon the Apollo program was born, and Gilruth was made head of the NASA center which ran it, the new Manned Spacecraft Center (MSC) (now the Johnson Space Center). Gilruth was inducted into the National Space Hall of Fame in 1969 and served as director of the MSC until his retirement in 1972. He was inducted as a member of the inaugural class to the International Space Hall of Fame in 1976.[6] He oversaw a total of 25 crewed space flights, from Mercury-Redstone 3 to Apollo 15.[citation needed]In 1971, Gilruth, along with the Apollo 15 crew, was awarded the Collier Trophy.[7]In 1992, Gilruth was inducted into the International Air & Space Hall of Fame at the San Diego Air & Space Museum,[8] in 1994, he was inducted into the National Aviation Hall of Fame[9] and in 2015, the Minnesota Aviation Hall of Fame as a posthumous induction.[10]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytobit-11"}],"sub_title":"Death","text":"In 2000, Gilruth died in Charlottesville, Virginia, at the age of 86.[11]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Mesnik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Mesnik"},{"link_name":"From the Earth to the Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/From_the_Earth_to_the_Moon_(miniseries)"},{"link_name":"John Carroll Lynch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Carroll_Lynch"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Hidden Figures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidden_Figures"},{"link_name":"Kevin Costner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Costner"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"First Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Man_(film)"},{"link_name":"Ciarán Hinds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciar%C3%A1n_Hinds"},{"link_name":"The Right Stuff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Right_Stuff_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Patrick Fischler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Fischler"}],"text":"In the 1996 TV movie Apollo 11, Gilruth was played by William Mesnik.\nIn the 1998 miniseries From the Earth to the Moon, he was played by John Carroll Lynch.[12]\nIn the 2016 film Hidden Figures, the character Al Harrison, played by Kevin Costner, is based largely on Gilruth.[13]\nIn the 2018 film, First Man, Gilruth is portrayed by Ciarán Hinds.\nIn the 2020 TV series The Right Stuff, Gilruth is portrayed by Patrick Fischler.","title":"Portrayals in dramas"}]
[{"image_text":"NASA flight director Chris Kraft (left) and Gilruth in Mission Control in 1965 at the conclusion of Gemini 5","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/S-65-44212.jpg/220px-S-65-44212.jpg"}]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky_River_Authority
Kentucky River Authority
["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"]
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Kentucky River Authority" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The Kentucky River Authority is an agency of the Commonwealth of Kentucky. Its major purpose is to operate and maintain a set of locks and dams along the course of the Kentucky River, which were originally built by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. As of May 2018, Locks 5 through 14 are operated by the Authority, while Locks 1 through 4 are in the process of being deeded over to it. The Authority was established in 1986. This system makes the Kentucky River navigable throughout its entire length. However, it is not available for efficient use by many of the modern barge tows, as the locks are relatively small and the channel is maintained to only a six-foot draft rather than the more typical nine-foot draft (the latter is the standard used on most major river systems in the U.S.). The Authority also works to prevent water pollution as much as is practicable along the Kentucky River Basin, in large measure because the stream is the source of the drinking water for approximately one-sixth of all Kentucky residents. The Authority's responsibility for water quality was added to its mission in 1988 after a serious and prolonged drought brought issues of water quality and availability to the fore. In fact, the system is now operated more for the purpose of maintaining a secure supply of drinkable water for Lexington and other communities than it is to maximize navigation. See also Tennessee Valley Authority References ^ "Kentucky River Authority". finance.ky.gov. Archived from the original on 2015-04-10. ^ "Kentucky River Authority". finance.ky.gov. Archived from the original on 2015-04-10. External links http://finance.ky.gov/offices/kra/Pages/default.aspx
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[]
[{"title":"Tennessee Valley Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_Valley_Authority"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afssaps
Agence nationale de sécurité du médicament et des produits de santé
["1 Agence française de sécurité sanitaire des produits de santé (AFSSAPS)","2 History","3 Health data, publications","4 References"]
Drug regulator in France Building of the ANSM in Paris Agence nationale de sécurité du médicament et des produits de santé (ANSM) is a drug regulator in France. ANSM is responsible for assessing the benefits and risks associated with the use of drugs and other medical products throughout their life-cycle: it assesses the safety, efficacy and quality of these products and must balance patient safety with access to novel therapies. Agence française de sécurité sanitaire des produits de santé (AFSSAPS) Logo of the Agence française de sécurité sanitaire des produits de santé ANSM superseded the tasks and duties of Agence française de sécurité sanitaire des produits de santé (French Agency for the Safety of Health Products) on 1 May 2012. AFSSAPS (or AFSSaPS) was a French government agency whose main mission was to assess health risks posed by health products intended for human consumption, particularly pharmaceutical drugs. It was responsible for issuing permits for marketing approval, and became the single French authority in the regulation of biomedical research. AFSSAPS was last headed by Dominique Maraninchi and had about 1,000 employees plus 2,000 associated experts. Its budget amounted to approximately 157 million euros, with the bulk of revenue came from taxes and charges levied on the activity of the pharmaceutical industry. History The Medicines Agency was created by law no. 93-5 of January 4, 1993 and decree no. 93-265 of March 8, 1993, notably following the contaminated blood affair. It became operational in April 1993, then the structure and organization of the agency were approved by the French government on September 2, 1993. Health data, publications A list of 77 monitored drugs was published in 2011. In mid-December 2014, Health Insurance posted on www.data.gouv.fr 112 sets of open data, certified health data relating to the supply and consumption of healthcare in France, in order to improve transparency. drug prescription, traceability of active ingredients and their date of marketing. In September 2018, the ANSM prevented the transmission of information on Levothyrox to an association of victims, on the grounds of business secrecy. References ^ Martine Lochouarn (2012-06-09). "France launches new drug regulatory agency". Lancet. 379 (9832). The Lancet: 2136. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(12)60927-1. PMID 22690393. S2CID 32011295. ^ "Décret n°93-295 du 8 mars 1993 relatif à l'Agence du médicament créée par l'article L. 567-1 du code de la santé publique". www.legifrance.gouv.fr. Retrieved 2022-06-29. ^ 77 médicaments surveillés : liste publiée, Le Figaro, 31 janvier 2011 lefigaro.fr ^ Page des données Open data apportées par la Caisse nationale de l'assurance maladie des travailleurs salariés sur le portail Data.gouv.fr ^ "Levothyrox : quand l'Agence du médicament se cache derrière le secret des affaires". Le Monde.fr. 2018-09-28. Retrieved 2018-11-28. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF Other IdRef This article about an organization in France is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enosh_(Nestorian_patriarch)
Enosh of Seleucia-Ctesiphon
["1 Sources","2 Enosh's election","3 Enosh's patriarchate","4 See also","5 Notes","6 References","7 External links"]
Enosh was Patriarch of the Church of the East between 877 and 884. Sources Brief accounts of Enosh's patriarchate are given in the Ecclesiastical Chronicle of the Jacobite writer Bar Hebraeus (floruit 1280) and in the ecclesiastical histories of the Nestorian writers Mari (twelfth-century), ʿAmr (fourteenth-century) and Sliba (fourteenth-century). An important incident during Enosh's reign is also mentioned in the Chronicle of Seert, an ecclesiastical history probably written towards the end of the ninth century. Modern assessments of Enosh's reign can be found in Jean-Maurice Fiey's Chrétiens syriaques sous les Abbassides and David Wilmshurst's The Martyred Church. Enosh's election The following account of Enosh's controversial election is given by Bar Hebraeus: At about the same time, in the third year of the caliph al-Muʿtamid, the Nestorian catholicus Sargis died, after fulfilling his office for twelve years. After their church remained widowed for four years, he was succeeded by Enosh, the metropolitan of Mosul. A great dissension arose among the people, with some calling for Enosh and others for Israel, bishop of Kashkar. When two men met, one would ask, 'Are you for Enosh or for Israel?' If the other man gave the wrong answer, the questioner punched him and kicked him as hard as he could. The scribes and the doctors of the caliph took the part of Enosh, and removed Israel. Enosh was thereupon consecrated at Seleucia after the feast of Epiphany in the year 263 of the Arabs . A slightly more substantial account of Enosh's election is given by Mari: Enosh was appointed metropolitan of Mosul by Sargis. After his death the bishop Israel of Kashkar arrived and summoned the fathers to the customary synod. Many of the faithful decided to vote for him and elect him patriarch, thinking that as a learned and honest man, who was widely admired by the Christians, he deserved that dignity. But Enosh, metropolitan of Mosul, a learned and bold man, came forward to claim the patriarchate for himself, and many of the faithful decided to vote for him. A party was formed to support him, the people were divided into two camps, and discords and evils arose. The people boldly inveighed against the nobles, and each candidate asked the friends of the sultan to support his own bid. Meanwhile, the public peace was also disturbed by al-ʿAlawi of Basra. Then the governor of Baghdad sent a man to bring Israel from Samarra to Baghdad, and told him not to say a word about the patriarchate if the Christians asked him about it. When Israel was descending from the bema during the singing of the responses of the liturgy, one of the supporters of Enosh lost all fear of God, and in the press of the large crowd seized and crushed his testicles. He was carried away in a faint, and after lying ill for forty days he eventually died, and was buried in the chapel of the martyrs in the old church of the monastery of Mar Pethion. Enosh's patriarchate Bar Hebraeus gave only the briefest of notices of Enosh's seven-year reign: The catholicus Enosh, having fulfilled his office, died at the beginning of hziran in the year 270 of the Arabs . Mari has little more to say about Enosh's reign, and mentions only that he adjudicated a dispute between the Nestorians of Hirta (al-Hira) and Kashkar: When the people of al-Hira and the people of Kashkar began to argue in the church of Asbagh in the Greek Palace over their prerogatives, Enosh considered the claims of both sides, arbitrated between them, gave a written decision which was accepted as having official force, and threatened transgressors with anathematisation. His decision was confirmed by several later synods, the last of which was held in the time of Ibn ʿAli al-Khazin. The most notable event of Enosh's reign was the 'discovery' in 878 at Birmantha, by a Nestorian monk named Habib, of a treaty nearly two hundred and fifty years old, written in Arabic on a yellowing oxhide, between Muhammad and the Christians of Najran. This treaty, which bore Muhammad's seal, promised the Christians freedom of worship, exemption from military service, and privileges for monks and women. Some modern scholars believe that this 'treaty' was forged by the Nestorians in an attempt to secure better treatment for Christians living under Muslim rule. See also List of patriarchs of the Church of the East Notes ^ Fiey, Chrétiens syriaques sous les Abbassides, 112–14; Wilmshurst, The Martyred Church, 150–1 ^ Bar Hebraeus, Ecclesiastical Chronicle (ed. Abeloos and Lamy), ii. 206–8 ^ Mari, 81 (Arabic); 72 (Latin) ^ Bar Hebraeus, Ecclesiastical Chronicle (ed. Abeloos and Lamy), ii. 210 ^ Mari, 81 (Arabic); 72 (Latin) ^ Chronicle of Seert, ii. 281–7 ^ Wilmshurst, The Martyred Church, 150–1 References Abbeloos, J. B., and Lamy, T. J., Bar Hebraeus, Chronicon Ecclesiasticum (3 vols, Paris, 1877) Assemani, J. A., De Catholicis seu Patriarchis Chaldaeorum et Nestorianorum (Rome, 1775) Brooks, E. W., Eliae Metropolitae Nisibeni Opus Chronologicum (Rome, 1910) Fiey, J. M., Chrétiens syriaques sous les Abbassides, surtout à Bagdad (749–1258) (Louvain, 1980) Gismondi, H., Maris, Amri, et Salibae: De Patriarchis Nestorianorum Commentaria I: Amri et Salibae Textus (Rome, 1896) Gismondi, H., Maris, Amri, et Salibae: De Patriarchis Nestorianorum Commentaria II: Maris textus arabicus et versio Latina (Rome, 1899) Scher, Addai (ed. and tr.). "Histoire nestorienne inédite: Chronique de Séert. Seconde partie." Patrologia Orientalis 7.2 (1911), 13.4 (1919). Wilmshurst, David, The Martyred Church: A History of the Church of the East (London, 2011). External links Church of the East titles Preceded bySargis (860–872)Vacant(872–877) Catholicos-Patriarch of the East 877–884 Succeeded byYohannan II (884–891) vtePatriarchs of the Church of the East Until the schism of 1552 Full list 1st–4th centuries Addai Aggai (66–87) Mari (ob.104) Abris (121–37) Abraham (159–71) Yaʿqob I (c. 190) Ahadabui (204–20) Shahlufa (220–4) Papa (c. 280–317) Shemʿon Bar Sabbaʿe (329–41) Shahdost (341–3) Barbaʿshmin (343–6) Tomarsa (363–71) Qayyoma (377–99) 5th–8th centuries Isaac (399–410) Ahha (410–14) Yahballaha I (415–20) Maʿna (420) Farbokht (421) Dadishoʿ (421–56) Babowai (457–84) Acacius (485–96) Babai (497–503) Shila (503–23) Elishaʿ (524–37) Narsai intrusus (524–37) Paul (539) Aba I (540–52) Joseph (552–67) Ezekiel (570–81) Ishoʿyahb I (582–95) Sabrishoʿ I (596–604) Gregory (605–9) Ishoʿyahb II (628–45) Maremmeh (646–9) Ishoʿyahb III (649–59) Giwargis I (661–80) Yohannan I (680–3) Hnanishoʿ I (686–98) Yohannan Garba intrusus (691–3) Sliba-zkha (714–28) Pethion (731–40) Aba II (741–51) Surin (753) Yaʿqob II (753–73) Hnanishoʿ II (773–80) Timothy I (780–823) 9th–12th centuries Ishoʿ bar Nun (823–8) Giwargis II (828–31) Sabrishoʿ II (831–5) Abraham II (837–50) Theodosius (853–8) Sargis (860–72) Israel of Kashkar intrusus (877) Enosh (877–84) Yohannan II (884–91) Yohannan III (893–9) Yohannan IV (900–05) Abraham III (906–37) Emmanuel I (937–60) Israel (961) ʿAbdishoʿ I (963–86) Mari (987–99) Yohannan V (1000–11) Yohannan VI (1012–20) Ishoʿyahb IV (1020–5) Eliya I (1028–49) Yohannan VII (1049–57) Sabrishoʿ III (1064–72) ʿAbdishoʿ II (1074–90) Makkikha I (1092–1110) Eliya II (1111–32) Bar Sawma (1134–6) ʿAbdishoʿ III (1139–48) Ishoʿyahb V (1149–75) Eliya III (1176–90) 13th–16th centuries Yahballaha II (1190–1222) Sabrishoʿ IV (1222–5) Sabrishoʿ V (1226–56) Makkikha II (1257–65) Denha I (1265–81) Yahballaha III (1281–1317) Timothy II (1318–c. 1332) Denha II (1336/7–1381/2) Shemʿon II (c. 1385–c. 1405) Eliya IV (c. 1405–c. 1425) Shemʿon III (c. 1425–c. 1450) Shemʿon IV Basidi (c. 1450–1497) Shemʿon V (1497–1502) Eliya V (1503–4) Shemʿon VI (1504–38) Shemʿon VII Ishoʿyahb (1539–58) Christianity portal
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Modern assessments of Enosh's reign can be found in Jean-Maurice Fiey's Chrétiens syriaques sous les Abbassides and David Wilmshurst's The Martyred Church.[1]","title":"Sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"al-Muʿtamid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mu%27tamid"},{"link_name":"Sargis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sargis_(Nestorian_Patriarch)"},{"link_name":"Mosul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adiabene_(East_Syrian_Ecclesiastical_Province)"},{"link_name":"Kashkar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashkar_(East_Syrian_Diocese)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Sargis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sargis_(Nestorian_Patriarch)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The following account of Enosh's controversial election is given by Bar Hebraeus:At about the same time, in the third year of the caliph al-Muʿtamid, the Nestorian catholicus Sargis died, after fulfilling his office for twelve years. After their church remained widowed for four years, he was succeeded by Enosh, the metropolitan of Mosul. A great dissension arose among the people, with some calling for Enosh and others for Israel, bishop of Kashkar. When two men met, one would ask, 'Are you for Enosh or for Israel?' If the other man gave the wrong answer, the questioner punched him and kicked him as hard as he could. The scribes and the doctors of the caliph took the part of Enosh, and removed Israel. Enosh was thereupon consecrated at Seleucia after the feast of Epiphany in the year 263 of the Arabs [AD 876].[2]A slightly more substantial account of Enosh's election is given by Mari:Enosh was appointed metropolitan of Mosul by Sargis. After his death the bishop Israel of Kashkar arrived and summoned the fathers to the customary synod. Many of the faithful decided to vote for him and elect him patriarch, thinking that as a learned and honest man, who was widely admired by the Christians, he deserved that dignity. But Enosh, metropolitan of Mosul, a learned and bold man, came forward to claim the patriarchate for himself, and many of the faithful decided to vote for him. A party was formed to support him, the people were divided into two camps, and discords and evils arose. The people boldly inveighed against the nobles, and each candidate asked the friends of the sultan to support his own bid. Meanwhile, the public peace was also disturbed by al-ʿAlawi of Basra. Then the governor of Baghdad sent a man to bring Israel from Samarra to Baghdad, and told him not to say a word about the patriarchate if the Christians asked him about it. When Israel was descending from the bema during the singing of the responses of the liturgy, one of the supporters of Enosh lost all fear of God, and in the press of the large crowd seized and crushed his testicles. He was carried away in a faint, and after lying ill for forty days he eventually died, and was buried in the chapel of the martyrs in the old church of the monastery of Mar Pethion.[3]","title":"Enosh's election"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Bar Hebraeus gave only the briefest of notices of Enosh's seven-year reign:The catholicus Enosh, having fulfilled his office, died at the beginning of hziran [June] in the year 270 of the Arabs [AD 884].[4]Mari has little more to say about Enosh's reign, and mentions only that he adjudicated a dispute between the Nestorians of Hirta (al-Hira) and Kashkar:When the people of al-Hira and the people of Kashkar began to argue in the church of Asbagh in the Greek Palace over their prerogatives, Enosh considered the claims of both sides, arbitrated between them, gave a written decision which was accepted as having official force, and threatened transgressors with anathematisation. His decision was confirmed by several later synods, the last of which was held in the time of Ibn ʿAli al-Khazin.[5]The most notable event of Enosh's reign was the 'discovery' in 878 at Birmantha, by a Nestorian monk named Habib, of a treaty nearly two hundred and fifty years old, written in Arabic on a yellowing oxhide, between Muhammad and the Christians of Najran. This treaty, which bore Muhammad's seal, promised the Christians freedom of worship, exemption from military service, and privileges for monks and women.[6] Some modern scholars believe that this 'treaty' was forged by the Nestorians in an attempt to secure better treatment for Christians living under Muslim rule.[7]","title":"Enosh's patriarchate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"}],"text":"^ Fiey, Chrétiens syriaques sous les Abbassides, 112–14; Wilmshurst, The Martyred Church, 150–1\n\n^ Bar Hebraeus, Ecclesiastical Chronicle (ed. Abeloos and Lamy), ii. 206–8\n\n^ Mari, 81 (Arabic); 72 (Latin)\n\n^ Bar Hebraeus, Ecclesiastical Chronicle (ed. Abeloos and Lamy), ii. 210\n\n^ Mari, 81 (Arabic); 72 (Latin)\n\n^ Chronicle of Seert, ii. 281–7\n\n^ Wilmshurst, The Martyred Church, 150–1","title":"Notes"}]
[]
[{"title":"List of patriarchs of the Church of the East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_patriarchs_of_the_Church_of_the_East"}]
[]
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