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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Alaric_Shafer	Leon Alaric Shafer	["1 Illustrations","2 Posters","3 References"]	American painter, etcher and illustrator Leon Alaric Shafer (1866, Geneseo, Illinois–1940) was an American painter, etcher and illustrator. Shafer was born in Illinois, but spent most of his life living in New Rochelle, New York. He exhibited his work at the Art Institute of Chicago in 1897 and 1905. Illustrations Harper's Weekly, 24 May 1902, featuring the destruction of Saint-Pierre, Martinique The Argosy, March 1910 Illustration for Tam o' the Scoots, 1919 Posters Spirit of 1917 Invest in the Victory Liberty Loan Sunday Herald Poster, 1896 Sunday Herald poster, 1897 References ^ a b Gary, Yves. "Shafer, Leon Alaric (1866 - 1940) USA (1+4)". www.america-scoop.com. Yves Gary. Retrieved 18 March 2020. ^ a b "L A Shafer - Artist, Fine Art Prices, Auction Records for L A Shafer". www.askart.com. askART. Retrieved 19 March 2020. Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National United States Portugal Artists Museum of Modern Art RKD Artists ULAN	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Geneseo, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneseo,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-America_Scoop-1"},{"link_name":"Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-askART-2"},{"link_name":"New Rochelle, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Rochelle,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-America_Scoop-1"},{"link_name":"Art Institute of Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Institute_of_Chicago"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-askART-2"}],"text":"Leon Alaric Shafer (1866, Geneseo, Illinois–1940) was an American painter, etcher and illustrator.[1]Shafer was born in Illinois,[2] but spent most of his life living in New Rochelle, New York.[1]He exhibited his work at the Art Institute of Chicago in 1897 and 1905.[2]","title":"Leon Alaric Shafer"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Day_of_death_at_St._Pierre_LCCN2002698225.tif"},{"link_name":"Harper's Weekly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harper%27s_Weekly"},{"link_name":"Saint-Pierre, Martinique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Pierre,_Martinique#Eruption_of_Mount_Pel%C3%A9e"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Argosy_191003.jpg"},{"link_name":"The Argosy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argosy_(magazine)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P_164--Tam_o%27_the_Scoots.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tam o' the Scoots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Tam_o%27_the_Scoots"}],"text":"Harper's Weekly, 24 May 1902, featuring the destruction of Saint-Pierre, Martinique\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Argosy, March 1910\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tIllustration for Tam o' the Scoots, 1919","title":"Illustrations"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1917_Join_the_US_Marines_at_22_Tremont_Row_Boston_3552165896.jpg"},{"link_name":"Spirit of 1917","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirit_of_1917"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Invest_in_the_Victory_Liberty_Loan.jpg"},{"link_name":"Victory Liberty Loan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_bond"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:New_York_Sunday_Herald,_Jan._31st_%2797_LCCN2015647852.tif"},{"link_name":"Sunday Herald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Herald"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:New_York_Sunday_Herald,_July_5th_1896..._LCCN2015647854.jpg"}],"text":"Spirit of 1917\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tInvest in the Victory Liberty Loan\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSunday Herald Poster, 1896\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSunday Herald poster, 1897","title":"Posters"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Gary, Yves. \"Shafer, Leon Alaric (1866 - 1940) USA (1+4)\". www.america-scoop.com. Yves Gary. Retrieved 18 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.america-scoop.com/index.php/en/reporters/painters/1058-shafer-leon-alaric-1866-194-usa","url_text":"\"Shafer, Leon Alaric (1866 - 1940) USA (1+4)\""}]},{"reference":"\"L A Shafer - Artist, Fine Art Prices, Auction Records for L A Shafer\". www.askart.com. askART. Retrieved 19 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.askart.com/artist/L_A_Leon_Alaric_Shafer/114392/L_A_Leon_Alaric_Shafer.aspx","url_text":"\"L A Shafer - Artist, Fine Art Prices, Auction Records for L A Shafer\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.america-scoop.com/index.php/en/reporters/painters/1058-shafer-leon-alaric-1866-194-usa","external_links_name":"\"Shafer, Leon Alaric (1866 - 1940) USA (1+4)\""},{"Link":"https://www.askart.com/artist/L_A_Leon_Alaric_Shafer/114392/L_A_Leon_Alaric_Shafer.aspx","external_links_name":"\"L A Shafer - Artist, Fine Art Prices, Auction Records for L A Shafer\""},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1960523/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000067033262","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/4702948","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJjhywJfHTgy943Gghdfbd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2007026267","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/1052183","external_links_name":"Portugal"},{"Link":"https://www.moma.org/artists/5365","external_links_name":"Museum of Modern Art"},{"Link":"https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/108765","external_links_name":"RKD Artists"},{"Link":"https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500097418","external_links_name":"ULAN"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prude_(disambiguation)	Prude (disambiguation)	["1 See also"]	A prude is a person who is described as (or would describe themselves as) being concerned with decorum or propriety, significantly in excess of normal prevailing standards. Prude may also refer to: Pirate Prude, the 1994 debut EP by American indie rock band Helium Ronnie Prude (born 1982), American football player The Prude (French: La Puritaine), a 1986 French-Belgian drama film directed by Jacques Doillon The Prude's Fall (AKA Dangerous Virtue), a 1925 British silent drama film directed by Graham Cutts See also All pages with titles containing prude Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Prude.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pirate Prude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirate_Prude"},{"link_name":"Ronnie Prude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronnie_Prude"},{"link_name":"The Prude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Prude"},{"link_name":"The Prude's Fall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Prude%27s_Fall"}],"text":"Prude may also refer to:Pirate Prude, the 1994 debut EP by American indie rock band Helium\nRonnie Prude (born 1982), American football player\nThe Prude (French: La Puritaine), a 1986 French-Belgian drama film directed by Jacques Doillon\nThe Prude's Fall (AKA Dangerous Virtue), a 1925 British silent drama film directed by Graham Cutts","title":"Prude (disambiguation)"}]	[]	[{"title":"All pages with titles containing prude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/intitle:%22prude%22"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Disambig_gray.svg"},{"title":"disambiguation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Disambiguation"},{"title":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Prude_(disambiguation)&namespace=0"}]	[]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Prude_(disambiguation)&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menen_Asfaw	Menen Asfaw	["1 Family","2 Empress","3 Descendants","4 Honours","4.1 National honours","4.2 Foreign honours","5 Ancestry","6 References","7 External links"]	Empress consort of Ethiopia from 1930 to 1962 Menen AsfawItegeEmpress consort of EthiopiaTenure2 November 1930 – 15 February 1962Coronation2 November 1930Born(1889-03-25)25 March 1889Ambassel, Bete Amhara, Ethiopian Empire (now South Wollo, Amhara Region, Ethiopia)Died15 February 1962(1962-02-15) (aged 72)Addis Ababa, Ethiopian EmpireBurialHoly Trinity Cathedral, Addis Ababa, EthiopiaSpouseDejazmach AliDejazmach Amede Ali Aba-DeyasRas Lul SegedHaile SelassieIssuePrincess TenagneworkAsfaw WossenPrincess ZenebeworkPrincess TsehaiPrince MakonnenPrince Sahle SelassieNamesWalatta Giyorgis Baptismal nameDynastyHouse of SolomonFatherAsfaw, Jantirar of AmbasselMotherWoizero Sehin MikaelReligionEthiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Menen Asfaw (baptismal name: Walatta Giyorgis; 25 March 1889 – 15 February 1962) was Empress of Ethiopia as the wife of Emperor Haile Selassie. Family Menen Asfaw was born in Ambassel, located in Wollo Province of Ethiopian Empire on 25 March 1889. She was the daughter of Asfaw, Jantirar of Ambassel and Woizero Sehin Michael. Her mother was the daughter of the King Mikael of Wollo and her half-uncle was Lij Iyasu. According to both published and unpublished reports, the then Woizero Menen Asfaw was first given in marriage by her family to the prominent Wollo nobleman, Dejazmach Ali Mohammed of Cherecha at a very young age, as was the prevailing custom. They had two children, a daughter, Woizero Belaynesh Ali, and a son, Jantirar Asfaw Ali. This first marriage ended in divorce, and her natal family then arranged for Woizero Menen to marry Dejazmach Amede Ali Aba-Deyas, another very prominent nobleman of Wollo. She bore her second husband two children as well, a daughter, Woizero Desta Amede, and a son, Jantirar Gebregziabiher Amede. Following the sudden death of her second husband, Woizero Menen's grandfather, Negus Mikael arranged her marriage to Ras Leulseged Atnaf Seged, a prominent Shewan nobleman, who was considerably older than Woizero Menen in late 1909 or early 1910. It is unclear whether Woizero Menen was married to the aged nobleman (and secured a divorce shortly afterwards to marry her royal groom) or whether there was only an engagement between them which was broken without ado. Woizero Menen probably met Dejazmach Tafari Makonnen (later the Emperor Haile Selassie) at the home of her half-uncle, Lij Iyasu. The rapport between the two may have inspired Lij Iyasu to attempt to bind Dejazmach Tafari to him more firmly through marriage ties. He therefore terminated the arrangement (whether marriage or engagement) between Woizero Menen and Ras Leulseged, and sent her to Harar to marry Dejazmach Tafari Makonnen. Ras Leulseged apparently did not hold a grudge against Dejazmach Tafari for this circumstance, blaming it entirely on Lij Iyasu who had ordered it. Indeed, he was among the leaders who fought on the side of Dejazmach Tafari Makonnen in the Battle of Segale, and died in that battle. Empress Empress Menen Asfaw on a private visit to Israel (6 May 1959) The account given in the Autobiography of the Emperor, My Life and Ethiopia's Progress, mentions no previous marriage or children of Empress Menen and no such order by Iyasu, but states only that at the age of 20, they were married by their own mutual consent, and describes her as "a woman without any malice whatsoever". When Tafari Makonnen became Emperor of Ethiopia as Haile Selassie I, Menen Asfaw was crowned as Empress at his side. Empress Menen had no children by Ras Leulseged. Empress Menen was active in promoting women's issues in Ethiopia, was Patroness of the Ethiopian Red Cross, and the Ethiopian Women's Charitable Organization. She was also patroness of the Jerusalem Society that arranged for pilgrimages to the Holy Land. She founded the Empress Menen School for Girls in Addis Ababa, the first all-girls school which had both boarding and day students. Girls from all over the Empire were brought to the school to receive a modern education, encouraged by the Empress who visited it often and presided over its graduation ceremonies. The Empress gave generously, as well as sponsored programs for poor, ill and disabled people. She was also a devoutly religious woman who did much to support the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church. She built, renovated and endowed numerous churches in Ethiopia and in the Holy Land. Prominent among these are the St. Raguel Church in Addis Ababa's Merkato district, the Kidane Mehret (Our Lady Covenant of Mercy) Church on Mount Entoto, and the Holy Trinity Monastery on the banks of the River Jordan in the Holy Land. She gave generously from her personal funds towards the building of the new Cathedral of St. Mary of Zion at Axum, but did not live to see it completed and dedicated. When the Empress was exiled from Ethiopia during the Italian occupation from 1936 to 1941, she made a pledge to the Virgin Mary at the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem, promising to give her crown to the church if Ethiopia were liberated from occupation. The Empress made numerous pilgrimages to Holy Sites in then British-ruled Palestine, in Syria and in Lebanon, during her exile to pray for her occupied homeland. Following the return of Emperor Haile Selassie I and his family to Ethiopia in 1941, a replica of the crown was made for future Empresses, but the original crown that Empress Menen was crowned with at her husband's side in 1930 was sent to the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem. Empress Menen, although often seen wearing a tiara at public events that called for it, would never again wear a full crown. Empress Menen performed perfectly in the role of empress consort. In her public role she combined religious piety, concern for social causes, and support for development schemes with the majesty of her Imperial status. Outwardly she was the dutiful wife, visiting schools, churches, exhibitions and model farms, attending public and state events at her husband's side or by herself. She took no public stand on political or policy issues. Behind the scenes however, she was the Emperor's most trusted advisor, quietly offering advice on a whole range of issues. She avoided the publicly political role that her predecessor as Empress-consort, Empress Taytu Betul, had taken, which had caused deep resentment in government circles during the reign of Menelik II. The Empress and some of her family were placed under house arrest briefly during the 1960 Imperial Guard coup attempt against her husband at her villa outside the Guenete Leul Palace grounds in northern Addis Ababa. Following the return of the Emperor and the crushing of the coup attempt, there was much speculation as to the conduct of the Crown Prince, who had been proclaimed monarch by the coup leaders. It was noted that the Crown Prince had accompanied his mother in a drive through the palace grounds, making stops at Imperial Guard posts to exchange pleasantries with the guards, on the night before the coup was launched. The ailing Empress had been urged to visit the posts by security officials, who were concerned about the soldiers' morale, and perhaps had an idea that something was brewing. The appearance of the Empress with the Crown Prince at her side may have been used by coup leaders as an indication to their followers that the Empress might sympathise with a movement that brought her favored son to the throne. It is extremely unlikely that either the Empress or the Prince had any idea of what was being plotted. However, a cloud of suspicion never left the Crown Prince, and the Empress was deeply saddened by this. Following her death in 1962, the Empress was buried in the crypt of Holy Trinity Cathedral in Addis Ababa among the tombs of her children. Prime Minister Aklilu Habte-Wold delivered her eulogy paying tribute to her charity, her piety, and her role as advisor and helpmate to the Emperor, as well as her personal kindness and goodness. On the third day memorial and commemoration after the funeral, the Emperor himself paid tribute to his wife by saying that although the Prime Minister had aptly described what kind of person his late wife had been, he wanted to say that during their five decades of marriage, not once had it been necessary to have a third party mediate between him and his wife, and that their marriage had been one of peace and mutual support. Later, the Emperor built a pair of grand sarcophagi in the north transept of Holy Trinity Cathedral's nave, in order to transfer his wife's remains there and eventually be buried at her side himself. But due to the revolution, the Emperor was not buried there after his death, and the Empress remained in her original tomb in the crypt. During the ceremonial burial of her husband's remains in November 2000, the remains of Empress Menen were also disinterred from the crypt tomb, and placed in the sarcophagus next to her husband in the nave of the cathedral, as he had originally intended. As the consort of Emperor Haile Selassie, Empress Menen is highly venerated by members of the Rastafari movement. One name Rastas bestow on the Empress is "Queen Omega" which complements one of the names they give to the Emperor "King Alpha" (as in "Alpha and Omega"). The later name is used to refer to the emperor in the original version of the reggae song Rivers of Babylon by The Melodians but all mention of him was removed from the more popular version by Boney M. Descendants Empress Menen Asfaw seated in the centre and standing women from left to right are Princess Tsehai, Princess Tenagnework, and Princess Zenebework, her daughters, and on the far right is Princess Wolete Israel Seyoum, her daughter-in-law. Empress Menen and Emperor Haile Selassie were the parents of six children: Princess Tenagnework, Crown Prince Asfaw Wossen, Princess Tsehai, Princess Zenebework, Prince Makonnen, and Prince Sahle Selassie. Empress Mene was step-mother to the Emperor's eldest child Princess Romanework. Princess Romanework was the daughter of a previous union of the emperor with Woizero Woinitu Amede (also known as Woizero Altayech). The emperor's own autobiography mentions that his joy in 1941 following Ethiopia's liberation from Fascist Occupation was tempered by the grief of learning that his eldest child, Princess Romanework, had died under detention in Italy. Princess Romanework had been imprisoned along with her four sons, two of whom also died in Italy. The remaining two, Dejazmatch Samson Beyene Merid, and Dejazmatch Merid Beyene Merid, were repatriated from Italy after the war and were raised by the Emperor and Empress. Prince Asfaw Wossen was first married to Princess Wolete Israel Seyoum and then following their divorce to Princess Medferiashwork Abebe. Prince Makonnen was married to Princess Sara Gizaw. Prince Sahle Selassie was married to Princess Mahisente Habte Mariam. Princess Romanework married Dejazmatch Beyene Merid. Princess Tenagnework first married Ras Desta Damtew, and after she was widowed later married Ras Andargachew Messai. Princess Zenebework married Dejazmatch Haile Selassie Gugsa. Princess Tsehai married Lt. General Abiye Abebe. Descendants of Menen Asfaw Name of Issue Birth Death Spouse Children Princess Tenagnework 12 January 1912 6 April 2003 1st Ras Desta Damtew2nd Ras Andargatchew Messai Princess Aida DestaPrince Amha DestaPrincess Seble DestaRear Admiral Prince Iskinder DestaPrincess Hirut DestaPrincess Sophia DestaEmebet Tsige Mariam Abebe RettaEmebet Mentewab Andargatchew (died in childhood) Crown Prince Asfaw Wossen 27 July 1916 17 February 1997 1st Princess Wolete Israel Seyoum2nd Princess Medferiashwork Abebe Princess IjigayehuPrincess Maryam SennaPrincess Sehin AzebeCrown Prince Zera YacobPrincess Sifrash Bizu Princess Zenebework 25 July 1917 25 March 1934 Dejazmatch Haile Selassie Guglsa Princess Tsehai 13 October 1919 17 August 1942 Lt. General Abiye Abebe Prince Makonnen, Duke of Harar 16 October 1924 13 May 1957 Princess Sara Gizaw, Duchess of Harar Prince Paul Wossen Seged Makonnen, Duke of HararPrince Mikael MakonnenPrince Taffari MakonnenPrince Dawit Makonnen (or Makonnen Makonnen)Prince Beede Mariam Makonnen Prince Sahle Selassie 27 February 1932 24 April 1962 Princess Mahisente Habte Mariam Prince Ermias Sahle Selassie Honours National honours Ethiopia: Knight Grand Collar of the Order of Solomon Ethiopia: Knight Grand Cordon of the Order of the Seal of Solomon Ethiopia: Knight Grand Cordon with Collar of the Order of the Queen of Sheba Imperial Coronation Medal (1930). Refugee Medal (1944). Jubilee Medal (1955). Foreign honours Member of the Royal Order of the Seraphim (Kingdom of Sweden, 19 December 1959). Ancestry Ancestors of Menen Asfaw 2. Dejazmach Asfaw Mikael, Jantirar of Ambassel 1. Itege Menen Asfaw 12. Imam Ali Abba Bula 6. Negus Mikael of Zion 13. Woizero Getie 3. Woizero Sehin Mikael 14. Gabru 7. Woizero Fantaye 15. Hirut References ^ Akyeampong, Emmanuel Kwaku; Gates (Jr.), Henry Louis (2 February 2012). Dictionary of African Biography. OUP USA. ISBN 978-0-19-538207-5. ^ Kasuka, Bridgette (8 February 2012). Prominent African Leaders Since Independence. Bankole Kamara Taylor. ISBN 978-1-4700-4358-2. ^ "ed. Anjahli Parnell \| Empress Menen Asfaw, The Mother of the Ethiopian Nation". Roots-publishing. 2011. p. 3. ^ Ethiopian Review, Volume 2, Issue 10. Ethiopian Review Magazine. 1992. p. 29. Retrieved 8 May 2015. ^ Ambassador Zewde Retta, Tafari Makonnen, Rejimu ye Siltan Guzo ("Tafari Makonnen, the Long Journey to Power") ^ a b Zewde Retta, Tafari Makonnen ^ Woizero Menen and the future Emperor were married in July 1911. At the time of this final marriage, Woizero Menen, the mother of four children, already once widowed and at least once divorced, was only twenty years old. The circumstances of the marriage, how it came about, and details of Woizero Menen's past marriages, are all detailed in two sources: the unpublished memoirs, preserved in the U.S. Library of Congress), of Ras Imru Haile Selassie, the cousin and childhood companion of Emperor Haile Selassie, who was party to the marriage arrangements and was intimately acquainted with these events; as well as in the Amharic biography Tafari Makonnen, Rejimu ye Siltan Guzo ("Taffari Makonnen, the Long Journey to Power") by Zewde Retta. ^ Haile Selassie, My Life and Ethiopia's Progress (Chicago: Frontline Distribution International, 1999), pp. 41f. ^ Murrell, Nathaniel Samuel (2000). "Tuning Hebrew Psalms to Reggae Rhythms: Rastas' Revolutionary Lamentations for Social Change". CrossCurrents. ^ Mockler, p. xxvii. ^ "Photo". voutsadakis.com. Retrieved 1 November 2020. ^ "Photo". acelebrationofwomen.org. Retrieved 1 November 2020. ^ "Photo". roots-publishing.com. Retrieved 1 November 2020. ^ "Photo". 3.bp.blogspot.com. Retrieved 1 November 2020. ^ "Photo". s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com. Retrieved 1 November 2020. ^ "Photo". s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com. Retrieved 1 November 2020. ^ "Photo". s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com. Retrieved 1 November 2020. ^ "Photo". 31.media.tumblr.com. Retrieved 1 November 2020. ^ "Photo". roots-publishing.com. Retrieved 1 November 2020. ^ External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Empress Menen Asfaw. Menen Asfaw House of SolomonBorn: 25 March 1889 Died: 15 February 1962 Royal titles VacantTitle last held byTaitu Bitul Empress consort of Ethiopia 2 November 1930 – 15 February 1962 Monarchy Regent Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Israel United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Empress of Ethiopia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_royal_consorts_of_Ethiopia"},{"link_name":"Haile Selassie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haile_Selassie"}],"text":"Menen Asfaw (baptismal name: Walatta Giyorgis; 25 March 1889 – 15 February 1962)[3] was Empress of Ethiopia as the wife of Emperor Haile Selassie.","title":"Menen Asfaw"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ambassel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambassel"},{"link_name":"Wollo Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wollo"},{"link_name":"Ethiopian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Jantirar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jantirar"},{"link_name":"Ambassel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambassel"},{"link_name":"Mikael of Wollo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikael_of_Wollo"},{"link_name":"Lij Iyasu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lij_Iyasu"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Dejazmach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_aristocratic_and_court_titles"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zewde_Retta,_Tafari_Makonnen-6"},{"link_name":"Ras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_aristocratic_and_court_titles"},{"link_name":"Leulseged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ras_Lul_Seged"},{"link_name":"Dejazmach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_aristocratic_and_court_titles"},{"link_name":"Haile Selassie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haile_Selassie"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zewde_Retta,_Tafari_Makonnen-6"},{"link_name":"Battle of Segale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Segale"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Menen Asfaw was born in Ambassel, located in Wollo Province of Ethiopian Empire on 25 March 1889. She was the daughter of Asfaw, Jantirar of Ambassel and Woizero Sehin Michael. Her mother was the daughter of the King Mikael of Wollo and her half-uncle was Lij Iyasu.[4]According to both published and unpublished reports, the then Woizero Menen Asfaw was first given in marriage by her family to the prominent Wollo nobleman, Dejazmach Ali Mohammed of Cherecha at a very young age, as was the prevailing custom. They had two children, a daughter, Woizero Belaynesh Ali, and a son, Jantirar Asfaw Ali.[5] This first marriage ended in divorce, and her natal family then arranged for Woizero Menen to marry Dejazmach Amede Ali Aba-Deyas, another very prominent nobleman of Wollo. She bore her second husband two children as well, a daughter, Woizero Desta Amede, and a son, Jantirar Gebregziabiher Amede.[6] Following the sudden death of her second husband, Woizero Menen's grandfather, Negus Mikael arranged her marriage to Ras Leulseged Atnaf Seged, a prominent Shewan nobleman, who was considerably older than Woizero Menen in late 1909 or early 1910. It is unclear whether Woizero Menen was married to the aged nobleman (and secured a divorce shortly afterwards to marry her royal groom) or whether there was only an engagement between them which was broken without ado.Woizero Menen probably met Dejazmach Tafari Makonnen (later the Emperor Haile Selassie) at the home of her half-uncle, Lij Iyasu. The rapport between the two may have inspired Lij Iyasu to attempt to bind Dejazmach Tafari to him more firmly through marriage ties. He therefore terminated the arrangement (whether marriage or engagement) between Woizero Menen and Ras Leulseged, and sent her to Harar to marry Dejazmach Tafari Makonnen.[6] Ras Leulseged apparently did not hold a grudge against Dejazmach Tafari for this circumstance, blaming it entirely on Lij Iyasu who had ordered it. Indeed, he was among the leaders who fought on the side of Dejazmach Tafari Makonnen in the Battle of Segale, and died in that battle.[7]","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Empress_Menen_Asfaw_-_Israel_1959.jpg"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"My Life and Ethiopia's Progress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Life_and_Ethiopia%27s_Progress"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Ethiopian Red Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_Red_Cross_Society"},{"link_name":"Holy Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Land"},{"link_name":"Addis Ababa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addis_Ababa"},{"link_name":"girls school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girls_school"},{"link_name":"Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church"},{"link_name":"Mount Entoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Entoto"},{"link_name":"River Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Jordan"},{"link_name":"Italian occupation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_East_Africa"},{"link_name":"Virgin Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Mary"},{"link_name":"Church of the Nativity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_Nativity"},{"link_name":"Bethlehem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem"},{"link_name":"Church of the Nativity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_Nativity"},{"link_name":"Bethlehem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem"},{"link_name":"Taytu Betul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taytu_Betul"},{"link_name":"Menelik II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menelik_II"},{"link_name":"1960 Imperial Guard coup attempt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_Ethiopian_coup_attempt"},{"link_name":"Addis Ababa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addis_Ababa"},{"link_name":"coup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coup"},{"link_name":"crypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crypt"},{"link_name":"Holy Trinity Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Trinity_Cathedral_(Addis_Ababa)"},{"link_name":"Aklilu Habte-Wold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aklilu_Habte-Wold"},{"link_name":"Rastafari movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rastafari_movement"},{"link_name":"Alpha and Omega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_and_Omega"},{"link_name":"reggae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggae"},{"link_name":"Rivers of Babylon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivers_of_Babylon"},{"link_name":"The Melodians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Melodians"},{"link_name":"Boney M.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boney_M."},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ras-9"}],"text":"Empress Menen Asfaw on a private visit to Israel (6 May 1959)The account given in the Autobiography of the Emperor, My Life and Ethiopia's Progress, mentions no previous marriage or children of Empress Menen and no such order by Iyasu, but states only that at the age of 20, they were married by their own mutual consent, and describes her as \"a woman without any malice whatsoever\".[8] When Tafari Makonnen became Emperor of Ethiopia as Haile Selassie I, Menen Asfaw was crowned as Empress at his side. Empress Menen had no children by Ras Leulseged.Empress Menen was active in promoting women's issues in Ethiopia, was Patroness of the Ethiopian Red Cross, and the Ethiopian Women's Charitable Organization. She was also patroness of the Jerusalem Society that arranged for pilgrimages to the Holy Land. She founded the Empress Menen School for Girls in Addis Ababa, the first all-girls school which had both boarding and day students. Girls from all over the Empire were brought to the school to receive a modern education, encouraged by the Empress who visited it often and presided over its graduation ceremonies. The Empress gave generously, as well as sponsored programs for poor, ill and disabled people. She was also a devoutly religious woman who did much to support the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church. She built, renovated and endowed numerous churches in Ethiopia and in the Holy Land. Prominent among these are the St. Raguel Church in Addis Ababa's Merkato district, the Kidane Mehret (Our Lady Covenant of Mercy) Church on Mount Entoto, and the Holy Trinity Monastery on the banks of the River Jordan in the Holy Land. She gave generously from her personal funds towards the building of the new Cathedral of St. Mary of Zion at Axum, but did not live to see it completed and dedicated.When the Empress was exiled from Ethiopia during the Italian occupation from 1936 to 1941, she made a pledge to the Virgin Mary at the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem, promising to give her crown to the church if Ethiopia were liberated from occupation. The Empress made numerous pilgrimages to Holy Sites in then British-ruled Palestine, in Syria and in Lebanon, during her exile to pray for her occupied homeland. Following the return of Emperor Haile Selassie I and his family to Ethiopia in 1941, a replica of the crown was made for future Empresses, but the original crown that Empress Menen was crowned with at her husband's side in 1930 was sent to the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem. Empress Menen, although often seen wearing a tiara at public events that called for it, would never again wear a full crown.Empress Menen performed perfectly in the role of empress consort. In her public role she combined religious piety, concern for social causes, and support for development schemes with the majesty of her Imperial status. Outwardly she was the dutiful wife, visiting schools, churches, exhibitions and model farms, attending public and state events at her husband's side or by herself. She took no public stand on political or policy issues. Behind the scenes however, she was the Emperor's most trusted advisor, quietly offering advice on a whole range of issues. She avoided the publicly political role that her predecessor as Empress-consort, Empress Taytu Betul, had taken, which had caused deep resentment in government circles during the reign of Menelik II.The Empress and some of her family were placed under house arrest briefly during the 1960 Imperial Guard coup attempt against her husband at her villa outside the Guenete Leul Palace grounds in northern Addis Ababa. Following the return of the Emperor and the crushing of the coup attempt, there was much speculation as to the conduct of the Crown Prince, who had been proclaimed monarch by the coup leaders. It was noted that the Crown Prince had accompanied his mother in a drive through the palace grounds, making stops at Imperial Guard posts to exchange pleasantries with the guards, on the night before the coup was launched. The ailing Empress had been urged to visit the posts by security officials, who were concerned about the soldiers' morale, and perhaps had an idea that something was brewing. The appearance of the Empress with the Crown Prince at her side may have been used by coup leaders as an indication to their followers that the Empress might sympathise with a movement that brought her favored son to the throne. It is extremely unlikely that either the Empress or the Prince had any idea of what was being plotted. However, a cloud of suspicion never left the Crown Prince, and the Empress was deeply saddened by this.Following her death in 1962, the Empress was buried in the crypt of Holy Trinity Cathedral in Addis Ababa among the tombs of her children. Prime Minister Aklilu Habte-Wold delivered her eulogy paying tribute to her charity, her piety, and her role as advisor and helpmate to the Emperor, as well as her personal kindness and goodness. On the third day memorial and commemoration after the funeral, the Emperor himself paid tribute to his wife by saying that although the Prime Minister had aptly described what kind of person his late wife had been, he wanted to say that during their five decades of marriage, not once had it been necessary to have a third party mediate between him and his wife, and that their marriage had been one of peace and mutual support.Later, the Emperor built a pair of grand sarcophagi in the north transept of Holy Trinity Cathedral's nave, in order to transfer his wife's remains there and eventually be buried at her side himself. But due to the revolution, the Emperor was not buried there after his death, and the Empress remained in her original tomb in the crypt. During the ceremonial burial of her husband's remains in November 2000, the remains of Empress Menen were also disinterred from the crypt tomb, and placed in the sarcophagus next to her husband in the nave of the cathedral, as he had originally intended.As the consort of Emperor Haile Selassie, Empress Menen is highly venerated by members of the Rastafari movement. One name Rastas bestow on the Empress is \"Queen Omega\" which complements one of the names they give to the Emperor \"King Alpha\" (as in \"Alpha and Omega\"). The later name is used to refer to the emperor in the original version of the reggae song Rivers of Babylon by The Melodians but all mention of him was removed from the more popular version by Boney M.[9]","title":"Empress"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Waizero_Manen.jpg"},{"link_name":"Princess Tsehai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Tsehai"},{"link_name":"Princess Tenagnework","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Tenagnework"},{"link_name":"Princess Zenebework","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Zenebework"},{"link_name":"Wolete Israel Seyoum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolete_Israel_Seyoum"},{"link_name":"Princess Tenagnework","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Tenagnework"},{"link_name":"Crown Prince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_Prince"},{"link_name":"Asfaw Wossen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amha_Selassie"},{"link_name":"Princess Tsehai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Tsehai"},{"link_name":"Princess Zenebework","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Zenebework"},{"link_name":"Prince Makonnen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Makonnen"},{"link_name":"Prince Sahle Selassie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Sahle_Selassie"},{"link_name":"Princess Romanework","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Romanework"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Wolete Israel Seyoum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolete_Israel_Seyoum"},{"link_name":"Medferiashwork Abebe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medferiashwork_Abebe"},{"link_name":"Sara Gizaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sara_Gizaw"},{"link_name":"Mahisente Habte Mariam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahisente_Habte_Mariam"},{"link_name":"Desta Damtew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desta_Damtew"},{"link_name":"Andargachew Messai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andargachew_Messai"},{"link_name":"Haile Selassie Gugsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haile_Selassie_Gugsa"},{"link_name":"Abiye Abebe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abiye_Abebe"}],"text":"Empress Menen Asfaw seated in the centre and standing women from left to right are Princess Tsehai, Princess Tenagnework, and Princess Zenebework, her daughters, and on the far right is Princess Wolete Israel Seyoum, her daughter-in-law.Empress Menen and Emperor Haile Selassie were the parents of six children: Princess Tenagnework, Crown Prince Asfaw Wossen, Princess Tsehai, Princess Zenebework, Prince Makonnen, and Prince Sahle Selassie.Empress Mene was step-mother to the Emperor's eldest child Princess Romanework. Princess Romanework was the daughter of a previous union of the emperor with Woizero Woinitu Amede (also known as Woizero Altayech).[10] The emperor's own autobiography mentions that his joy in 1941 following Ethiopia's liberation from Fascist Occupation was tempered by the grief of learning that his eldest child, Princess Romanework, had died under detention in Italy. Princess Romanework had been imprisoned along with her four sons, two of whom also died in Italy. The remaining two, Dejazmatch Samson Beyene Merid, and Dejazmatch Merid Beyene Merid, were repatriated from Italy after the war and were raised by the Emperor and Empress.Prince Asfaw Wossen was first married to Princess Wolete Israel Seyoum and then following their divorce to Princess Medferiashwork Abebe. Prince Makonnen was married to Princess Sara Gizaw. Prince Sahle Selassie was married to Princess Mahisente Habte Mariam. Princess Romanework married Dejazmatch Beyene Merid. Princess Tenagnework first married Ras Desta Damtew, and after she was widowed later married Ras Andargachew Messai. Princess Zenebework married Dejazmatch Haile Selassie Gugsa. Princess Tsehai married Lt. General Abiye Abebe.","title":"Descendants"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia"},{"link_name":"Ethiopia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Order of Solomon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Solomon"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia"},{"link_name":"Ethiopia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Order of the Seal of Solomon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Seal_of_Solomon"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia"},{"link_name":"Ethiopia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Order of the Queen of Sheba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Queen_of_Sheba"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"National honours","text":"Ethiopia: Knight Grand Collar of the Order of Solomon[11][12][13][14]\n Ethiopia: Knight Grand Cordon of the Order of the Seal of Solomon[15][16][17][18]\n Ethiopia: Knight Grand Cordon with Collar of the Order of the Queen of Sheba[19][20]\nImperial Coronation Medal (1930).\nRefugee Medal (1944).\nJubilee Medal (1955).","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal Order of the Seraphim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Order_of_the_Seraphim"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Foreign honours","text":"Member of the Royal Order of the Seraphim (Kingdom of Sweden, 19 December 1959).[citation needed]","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ambassel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambassel"},{"link_name":"Negus Mikael of Zion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikael_of_Wollo"}],"text":"Ancestors of Menen Asfaw 2. Dejazmach Asfaw Mikael, Jantirar of Ambassel 1. Itege Menen Asfaw 12. Imam Ali Abba Bula 6. Negus Mikael of Zion 13. Woizero Getie 3. Woizero Sehin Mikael 14. Gabru 7. Woizero Fantaye 15. Hirut","title":"Ancestry"}]	[{"image_text":"Empress Menen Asfaw on a private visit to Israel (6 May 1959)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Empress_Menen_Asfaw_-_Israel_1959.jpg/250px-Empress_Menen_Asfaw_-_Israel_1959.jpg"},{"image_text":"Empress Menen Asfaw seated in the centre and standing women from left to right are Princess Tsehai, Princess Tenagnework, and Princess Zenebework, her daughters, and on the far right is Princess Wolete Israel Seyoum, her daughter-in-law.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Waizero_Manen.jpg/250px-Waizero_Manen.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Akyeampong, Emmanuel Kwaku; Gates (Jr.), Henry Louis (2 February 2012). Dictionary of African Biography. OUP USA. ISBN 978-0-19-538207-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=39JMAgAAQBAJ&pg=RA3-PA189","url_text":"Dictionary of African Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-538207-5","url_text":"978-0-19-538207-5"}]},{"reference":"Kasuka, Bridgette (8 February 2012). Prominent African Leaders Since Independence. Bankole Kamara Taylor. ISBN 978-1-4700-4358-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Ragu4v8r--4C&pg=PA47","url_text":"Prominent African Leaders Since Independence"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4700-4358-2","url_text":"978-1-4700-4358-2"}]},{"reference":"\"ed. Anjahli Parnell \| Empress Menen Asfaw, The Mother of the Ethiopian Nation\". Roots-publishing. 2011. p. 3.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.roots-publishing.com/","url_text":"\"ed. Anjahli Parnell \| Empress Menen Asfaw, The Mother of the Ethiopian Nation\""}]},{"reference":"Ethiopian Review, Volume 2, Issue 10. Ethiopian Review Magazine. 1992. p. 29. Retrieved 8 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=sxVBAQAAIAAJ","url_text":"Ethiopian Review, Volume 2, Issue 10"}]},{"reference":"Murrell, Nathaniel Samuel (2000). \"Tuning Hebrew Psalms to Reggae Rhythms: Rastas' Revolutionary Lamentations for Social Change\". CrossCurrents.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.crosscurrents.org/murrell.htm","url_text":"\"Tuning Hebrew Psalms to Reggae Rhythms: Rastas' Revolutionary Lamentations for Social Change\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CrossCurrents","url_text":"CrossCurrents"}]},{"reference":"\"Photo\". voutsadakis.com. Retrieved 1 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.voutsadakis.com/GALLERY/ALMANAC/Year2010/Jul2010/07232010/800px-Hailejubilee.jpg","url_text":"\"Photo\""}]},{"reference":"\"Photo\". acelebrationofwomen.org. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ash_Wednesday_fires	Ash Wednesday bushfires	["1 Backgrounds","1.1 1980 South Australian bushfires","1.2 El Niño","1.3 Early fire season","1.4 Dust storm","2 Events of 16 February","2.1 Wind change","3 Aftermath","4 Legacy","5 Areas affected in Victoria","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]	This article is about the 1983 bushfires in Victoria and South Australia. For the 1980 bushfires in South Australia, see 1980 Ash Wednesday bushfires. 1983 brushfires in Australia Ash Wednesday bushfiresAftermath of the 1983 Ash Wednesday bushfires at Mount MacedonDate(s)16 February 1983LocationAustralia:Victoria and South AustraliaStatisticsBurned area2,080 km2 (513,979 acres) in South Australia and 9,954 square kilometres (2.46 million acres) in Victoria on one day; 5,200 square kilometres (1.28 million acres) burnt throughout the 1982/83 seasonLand useUrban/rural fringe areas, farmland and forest reserveImpactsDeaths75(47 – Victoria)(28 – South Australia)Non-fatal injuries2,676IgnitionCauseFaulty powerlines, arson, and negligence after years of extreme drought 3,700 homes and buildings lost The Ash Wednesday bushfires, known in South Australia as Ash Wednesday II, were a series of bushfires that occurred in south-eastern Australia in 1983 on 16 February, the Christian holy day Ash Wednesday. Within twelve hours, more than 180 fires fanned by hot winds of up to 110 km/h (68 mph) caused widespread destruction across the states of Victoria and South Australia. Years of severe drought and extreme weather combined to create one of Australia's worst fire days in a century. The fires were the deadliest bushfire in Australian history until the Black Saturday bushfires in 2009. 75 people died as a result of the fires; 47 in Victoria, and 28 in South Australia. This included 14 Country Fire Authority and three Country Fire Service volunteer firefighters. Many fatalities were as a result of firestorm conditions caused by a sudden and violent wind change in the evening which rapidly changed the direction and size of the fire front. The speed and ferocity of the flames, aided by abundant fuels and a landscape immersed in smoke, made fire suppression and containment impossible. In many cases, residents fended for themselves as fires broke communications, cut off escape routes and severed electricity and water supplies. Up to 8,000 people were evacuated in Victoria at the height of the crisis and a state of disaster was declared for the first time in South Australia's history. A 2001 report found Ash Wednesday to be one of Australia's worst fires. More than 3,700 buildings were destroyed or damaged and 2,545 individuals and families lost their homes. Livestock losses were very high, with more than 340,000 sheep, 18,000 cattle and numerous native animals either dead or later destroyed. A total of 4,540 insurance claims were paid totalling A$176 million with a total estimated cost of well over A$400 million (1983 values) for both states, equivalent to A$1.3 billion in 2007. The emergency saw the largest number of volunteers called to duty from across Australia at the same time—an estimated 130,000 firefighters, defence force personnel, relief workers and support crews. Backgrounds 1980 South Australian bushfires On Ash Wednesday in 1980 (20 February) during a virtually rainless summer after a very wet spring in 1979, bushfires swept through the Adelaide Hills in South Australia, destroying 51 houses. These fires were referred to as "Ash Wednesday" until the 1983 fires, which became notorious nationwide. El Niño As 1982 came to a close, large areas of eastern Australia lay devastated by a prolonged drought thought to be caused by the El Niño climatic cycle. In many places, rainfall over winter and spring had been as little as half the previous record low in a record dating back to the 1870s and severe water restrictions were imposed in Melbourne in November. On 24 November, the earliest Total Fire Ban in forty years was proclaimed in Victoria. By February 1983, summer rainfall for Victoria was up to 75% less than in previous years. The first week of February was punctuated by intense heat, with record-high temperatures experienced on 1 and 8 February. This combination further destabilised an already volatile fire situation in the forested upland areas surrounding the Victorian and South Australian capitals of Melbourne and Adelaide. Early fire season Victorian Government firefighting agencies employed extra staff and organised for extra equipment and aircraft to be ready for firefighting over the summer. The first big bushfire occurred on 25 November 1982 and was followed by large fires on 3 and 13 December 1982. Even before 16 February, fires were already causing destruction in Victoria. An ongoing fire near Cann River in the state's east had been burning uncontrolled for almost a month. Prior to that, a major bushfire on 8 January had taken hold north of Bacchus Marsh in the Wombat State Forest where two Forest Commission workers lost their lives defending Greendale. On 1 February 1983, a fire burnt the north face of Mount Macedon and areas of state forest. Fifty houses were destroyed. These fires were already creating a strain on firefighting resources. In the 1982/83 season, 3500 fires were reported to the Country Fire Authority in Victoria alone. Dust storm Main article: Melbourne dust storm On 8 February, Melbourne was enveloped by a giant dust storm. The dust cloud was over 300 metres high and 500 kilometres long and was composed of an estimated 50,000 tonnes of topsoil from the drought-ravaged Wimmera and Mallee areas of north-west Victoria. Leading a dry cool change and preceded by record temperatures, the dust storm cut visibility in Melbourne to 100 metres, creating near darkness for almost an hour. There was also a dust storm in Adelaide on the day of the bushfires. Events of 16 February Map of fire affected areas in South Australia Wednesday 16 February dawned as another unrelentingly hot, dry day. The weather early on Ash Wednesday was complex and did not signify how the day would develop. A front separated hot, dry air coming in from the interior to the north, from cooler air moving eastwards from the Southern Ocean. Ahead of the front were hot, turbulent, gale-force northerly winds. Temperatures around Melbourne and Adelaide quickly rose above 43 °C (109 °F), with winds gusting up to 100 km/h (62 mph) and relative humidity plunging to as low as 6 per cent. From mid-morning, McArthur's fire danger index was in excess of 100 in several places in Victoria and South Australia. It would be one of the worst fire weather days in south-east Australia since the disastrous Black Friday bushfires in 1939. The first fire was reported at 11:30 am at McLaren Flat, south of Adelaide. Within hours, multiple reports of breaking fires quickly began to deluge Victoria's and South Australia's emergency services. In Victoria alone, 180 fires were reported, eight of which became major fires. At one stage, the entire Melbourne metropolitan area was encircled by an arc of fire. Property loss began early in the afternoon, particularly in the Adelaide Hills, east of Adelaide and the Dandenong Ranges, east of Melbourne. Murray Nicoll, a journalist from radio station 5DN and resident of the Adelaide Hills, reported live from his local area where five people died: At the moment, I'm watching my house burn down. I'm sitting out on the road in front of my own house where I've lived for 13 or 14 years and it's going down in front of me. And the flames are in the roof and—Oh, God damn it. It's just beyond belief—my own house. And everything around it is black. There are fires burning all around me. All around me. And the front section of my house is blazing. The roof has fallen in. My water tanks are useless. There is absolutely nothing I can do about it. Mount Lofty Summit Road is lined by a number of historic mansions, like Eurilla, Carminow and Mount Lofty House. The flames roared up the tower of Carminow like a chimney, destroying everything, including the gardens. Next door at Eurilla, Kym and Julie Bonython lost all of their worldly possessions, including antiques, paintings and Kym Bonython's extensive jazz record collection. He saved only his favourite motorbike. At this time, this part of the Adelaide Hills was still not connected to the mains water supply, so all of the houses had only petrol-powered pumps and rainwater tanks. "The petrol in the emergency pump just vaporised with the heat" said Kym Bonython. "We could do nothing except watch the place burn". Across the road at Pine Lodge (formerly the Mt Lofty Tea Rooms), the resident rolled out the property's fire hose, connected it to the working diesel pump, only to find that embers were already burning numerous holes in the hose, rendering it useless. Down the road at Mount Lofty House, Mr and Mrs James Morgan lost $150,000 worth of furniture and artwork, which they had moved into the huge house only a fortnight before the fires, when they purchased the property. At 3:15 pm on Wednesday, Mr and Mrs Morgan went to pick up their children from the local school and kindergarten. "Three quarters of an hour later the roof was burning", said Mr Morgan. Flames across the road and road blocks prevented the family from returning to the house, until it was burnt to the ground. "It's worth nothing now", said Mr Morgan. All of these houses have since been restored and are privately owned. Mount Lofty House has since been turned into a boutique hotel. St Michael's House, a mansion converted to an Anglican theological college and priory in the 1940s, was also burnt in the fires, but not restored and the whole site has since been cleared, leaving only the ruins of the gate house. More than 60 per cent of the houses lost in South Australia were in the Mount Lofty Ranges. Of the 26 people who died in South Australia, 12 were in metropolitan areas, including four in the Adelaide suburb of Greenhill. Wind change The most disastrous factor in the Ash Wednesday fires occurred just before nightfall when a fierce and dry wind change swept across South Australia and Victoria. This abruptly changed the direction and dramatically increased the intensity of the fires. The long corridors of flame that had been driven all day by the strong northerly were suddenly hit by gale-force south-westerly winds and became enormous fire fronts, many kilometres wide, with wind reportedly moving faster than 110 km/h (68 mph). The near-cyclonic strength of the wind change created an unstoppable firestorm that produced tornado-like fire whirls and fireballs of eucalyptus gas measuring over three metres across. Survivors reported that the roar of the fire front was similar to that of a jet engine, though multiplied fifty, a hundred times. The change in temperature and air pressure was so savage that houses were seen exploding before fire could touch them. A resident of Aireys Inlet, on Victoria's western coast, was quoted: It was just this bloody great force. It wasn't fire by itself. It wasn't just the wind. It was something different to that ... a monster. Map of fire affected areas in Victoria Unusual phenomena arising from the extreme conditions were reported. One survivor was startled to see a burning mattress hurtling through the air. Others noted road surfaces that bubbled and caught fire. CSIROTooltip Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation experts later reported that, from evidence of melted metal, the heat of the fires after the change rose to 2,000 °C (3,630 °F), exceeding that recorded during the Allied bombing of Dresden in World War II. In fact, the Ash Wednesday fires were measured at around 60,000 kilowatts of heat energy per metre, leading to similarities with the atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima. Whole townships were obliterated in minutes. In the Dandenong Ranges, the villages of Cockatoo and Upper Beaconsfield were devastated, with twelve volunteer firefighters losing their lives after being trapped by a wall of flame when the wind change struck, while parts of Belgrave Heights (where this fire started) and Belgrave South suffered large areas of property loss. Most of Macedon and much of historic Mount Macedon to the north-west of Melbourne was razed, including many heritage-listed 19th-century mansions and famed gardens. A fire that started in Deans Marsh raced into the Otway Forest. When the wind change happen the fire formed a huge front and headed for the coast. Burning all night, the morning after Ash Wednesday, first light revealed the devastation of the popular coastal towns along the Great Ocean Road such as Aireys Inlet, Anglesea and Lorne resembled barren moonscapes. The fire on the coast had been so intense that firefighters were forced to abandon all control efforts and let it burn until it reached the ocean, destroying everything in its path. Residents were forced down to the water edge of beaches in the areas to escape the flames. In Victoria, over 16,000 firefighters combatted the blaze, including staff and works crews from the Forests Commission Victoria, National Park Service, and volunteers from the Country Fire Authority and State Emergency Service. Also involved were over 1,000 Victoria Police, 500 Australian Defence Force personnel and hundreds of local residents. A variety of equipment was used, including 400 vehicles (fire-trucks, water tankers and dozers), 11 helicopters and 14 fixed wing aircraft. The total land area burnt was approximately 2,100 km2 (520,000 acres; 210,000 hectares) in Victoria and 2,080 km2 (510,000 acres; 208,000 hectares) in South Australia. The summer bushfires of 1982/1983 razed approximately 5,200 km2 (1.3 million acres; 520,000 hectares). Aftermath Many of the Victorian fires were thought to have been caused by sparks between short-circuiting power lines, and tree branches connecting with power lines. A systematic review of fire safety was undertaken; areas under high-tension pylons were cleared and local domestic lines considered to be at risk were replaced with insulated three-phase supply lines. In South Australia, an inquest into the fires found that the communication systems used by the Country Fire Service were inadequate and, as a result, the government radio network was installed, although this did not happen until almost 20 years later. Improvements in weather forecasting, with particular reference to wind changes and fronts, was undertaken by the Bureau of Meteorology. An emergency disaster plan, known as Displan, was also legislated. Many of the lessons learned in building better homes for fire survival, bush management and emergency response efficiency in analysis of the fires conducted by the CSIRO were to prove vital in later crises, including the 1994 Eastern seaboard and 2003 Canberra fire outbreaks. A study was conducted into the 32 fatalities (excluding firefighters) that occurred in Victoria. It revealed that 25 were outside their homes, several of whom died in vehicles while attempting to escape the conflagration. It was found that delaying evacuation until the last minute was a common failing. Legacy Until the 2009 Black Saturday bushfires, Ash Wednesday had the highest-recorded death toll for a bushfire disaster, with 75 deaths. For the next quarter century, Ash Wednesday was used as the measure for all bushfire emergencies in Australia; though since 2009, that has supplemented by the lessons learned from Black Saturday. It remains well known as one of the worst natural disasters in Australia's history. Many psychological studies were undertaken in the months and years after the fire and found that the events left many in the affected communities with the effects of post-traumatic stress disorder, even 20 years after the disaster in 2003. The lasting impact of Ash Wednesday was highlighted in 2008, when its 25th anniversary received much public and media attention. Commemoration sites have been set up in areas that were hit worst by the fires, with museums hosting exhibits inviting survivors to tell their stories. Areas affected in Victoria Area/town Area (km2) Fatalities Buildings destroyed Cudgee & Ballangeich 500 9 872 Otway Ranges 410 3 782 Warburton 400 0 57 East Trentham & Mount Macedon 295 7 628 Belgrave Heights & Upper Beaconsfield 92 21 238 Monivae 31.81 0 3 Cockatoo 18 6 307 Branxholme 2 1 10 Source: Victorian Government Department of Sustainability and Environment See also List of disasters in Australia by death toll South Australian Country Fire Service Country Fire Authority (Victoria) Mount Lofty (South Australia, location of one of the SA fires) Black Friday bushfires 1967 Tasmanian fires Black Saturday bushfires 2015 Sampson Flat bushfires References ^ a b c "Southern Victoria and S.A: Bushfires". E.M.A Disasters Database. Emergency Management Australia, Australian Government. 13 September 2006. Archived from the original on 12 February 2009. Retrieved 25 May 2008. ^ a b "Ash Wednesday bushfire – 1983". Department of Sustainability and Environment. Archived from the original on 27 March 2012. Retrieved 16 February 2012. ^ CFS :: Bushfire History Archived 29 August 2010 at the Wayback Machine ^ "About Ash Wednesday". Country Fire Authority Victoria, Australia. Archived from the original on 23 March 2008. Retrieved 10 May 2008. ^ a b Bureau of Meteorology. "Climate Education: Ash Wednesday, February 1983". Australian Government. Archived from the original on 8 August 2013. Retrieved 10 May 2008. ^ a b Collins, Paul (2006). Burn: The Epic Story of Bushfire in Australia. Sydney: Allen and Unwin. ISBN 1-74175-053-9. ^ "Memorials to Firefighters: Remembering Our Fallen". South Australian CFA Promotions Unit. Country Fire Service. Archived from the original on 11 February 2009. Retrieved 16 May 2008. ^ a b Murray, Robert; Kate White (1995). State of Fire: A History of Volunteer Firefighting and the Country Fire Authority in Victoria. Melbourne, Australia: Hargreen Publishing Company. ISBN 0-949905-63-1. ^ a b Webster, Joan (2000). The Complete Bushfire Safety Book. Sydney, Australia: Random House Australia. ISBN 1-74051-034-8. ^ Miller, S.I (1984). Report of the Bushfire Review Committee: On Bushfire Disaster Preparedness and Response in Victoria, Australia Following The Ash Wednesday Fires 16 February 1983. Melbourne, Australia: State Government of Victoria. pp. 23–24. ^ Smith, Stewart (2002). "Bushfires. Briefing Paper No. 5/02" (PDF). NSW Parliamentary Research Library Research Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 May 2008. Retrieved 17 May 2008. ^ "Economic Costs of Natural Disasters in Australia. (Report 103)" (PDF). Bureau of Infrastructure Transport and Regional Economics, Australian Government. 2 January 2001. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 May 2008. ^ a b "Hazards, Disasters, and Your Community" (PDF). Emergency Management Australia. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 October 2007. Retrieved 22 February 2008. ^ "Insurance Council Catastrophe Information". Insurance Council of Australia. Archived from the original on 10 May 2008. Retrieved 17 May 2008. ^ "CFS Media Release: Ash Wednesday Memorial". CFS Public Affairs. 15 February 2006. Retrieved 19 May 2008. ^ Ash Wednesday, Security and Emergency Management Office, Government of South Australia; posted 25 August 2006; retrieved 2012-01-20 (via archive.org) ^ See Bureau of Meteorology; Monthly Weather Review: Victoria; December 1982, for details ^ Green, H.J.; "Results of rainfall observations made in Victoria: supplementary volume : including all available annual rainfall totals from 1326 stations for years 1911–1936 inclusive, and monthly and yearly totals from 239 representative stations for the entire periods for which records are available up to the end of 1935, with maps and diagrams". Published 1937 by Australian Bureau of Meteorology ^ "Ash Wednesday". Gisborne CFA. Archived from the original on 8 October 2007. Retrieved 24 February 2008. ^ "The Melbourne dust-storm of February 1983". Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Archived from the original on 17 March 2009. Retrieved 25 February 2008. ^ Natural Hazards Archived 11 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine, Atlas of South Australia 1986 ^ "McArthur's Fire Danger Index". CSIRO. Archived from the original on 6 March 2009. Retrieved 3 March 2009. ^ "High Risk Weather Patterns – South Australia". Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 17 July 2015. ^ McGarry, Andrew (16 February 2008). "Ash Wednesday can happen again". The Australian. Archived from the original on 13 February 2009. Retrieved 23 February 2008. ^ "Ash Wednesday". New Dimensions in Time. ABC. Archived from the original on 18 April 2008. Retrieved 23 February 2008. ^ Ash Wednesday bushfires Professional Historians Association (South Australia) ^ "16th February, 1983". Narre Warren Fire Brigade. Archived from the original on 20 February 2008. Retrieved 22 February 2008. ^ "Ash Wednesday: 'A glimpse inside hell'". ABC News. 14 February 2013. Retrieved 2 October 2021. ^ a b c d Baxter, John (1984). Who Burned Australia?: The Ash Wednesday Fires. Kent: New English Library. ISBN 0-450-05749-6. ^ Hamilton, John (18 February 1983). "A town counts its dead... and its blessings". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 14 February 2018.(subscription required) ^ "Ash Wednesday archive footage, Channel 7 News report 1983". MyTalk.com.au. Archived from the original on 30 March 2008. Retrieved 22 February 2008. ^ McHugh, Peter (2022). The 1982-83 Victorian Bushfire Season. : Including Ash Wednesday – 16 February 1983 A forester's perspective. McHugh. ISBN 978-0-6450631-3-4. ^ "General Network Information". South Australian Government Radio Network page. Archived from the original on 12 February 2009. Retrieved 22 February 2008. ^ "Understanding building infrastructure performance in bushfires". CSIRO. Archived from the original on 4 November 2007. Retrieved 9 March 2008. ^ Schauble, John (13 January 2005). "When making the right choice is a matter of life and death". The Age. Australia. Archived from the original on 5 September 2007. Retrieved 23 February 2008. ^ Press release (16 February 2003). "Lessons learned from Ash Wednesday". University of Adelaide. Archived from the original on 4 March 2008. Retrieved 23 February 2008. ^ Burgess, Matthew (16 February 2008). "Ash Wednesday scars remain 25 years on". The Age. Australia. Retrieved 22 February 2008. ^ Ashley Walsh (16 February 2008). "Ash Wednesday Exhibition at Prospect Hill". ABC Adelaide. Australia: ABC. Archived from the original on 20 February 2008. Retrieved 9 March 2008. External links Further information from the Victorian Government Department of Sustainability and Environment State Library of Victoria's Bushfires in Victoria Research Guide Guide to locating books, government reports, websites, statistics, newspaper reports and images about the Ash Wednesday fires. McHugh, Peter. (2022). The 1982-83 Victorian Bushfire Season : Including Ash Wednesday – 16 February 1983. A forester’s perspective. https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-3112961467/view 'Coming to grips with the price of flames' Newspaper article The Australian. Anglesea Online: Remembering Ash Wednesday Ash Wednesday in the Macedon Ranges The Volunteer, official journal of the Country Fire Services, South Australia: Autumn-Winter 1983 (March-June) issue. (PDF) vteBushfires in AustraliaAustralian Capital Territory Canberra (2003) New South Wales Seaham (1939) Chatsbury (1965) Eastern seaboard (1994) Black Christmas (2001) / Warragamba (2001) Junee (2006) Pulletop (2006) New South Wales (2013) Tathra (2018) South Australia Adelaide Hills (1939) Black Sunday (1955) Wandilo (1958) Ash Wednesday I (1980) Ash Wednesday II (1983) Black Tuesday (2005) Kangaroo Island (2007) Cherryville (2013) Sampson Flat (2015) Pinery (2015) Tasmania Black Tuesday (1967) Tasmania (2013) Tasmania (2016) Victoria Black Thursday (1851) Heytesbury (1886) Red Tuesday (1898) Black Sunday (1926) Black Friday (1939) WWII (1943–44) Lara (1969) Ash Wednesday (1983) Linton (1998) Eastern Victorian alpine (2003) Mount Lubra (2006) Eastern Victoria Great Divide (2006–07) Black Saturday (2009) Great Ocean Road (2015–16) Western Australia Western Australia (1961) Perth Hills (2014) Western Australia (2015) Esperance (2015) Waroona (2016) Wooroloo (2021) Beechina (2021) Wanneroo (2023) By national season 1925–26 1943–44 1954–55 1964–65 1974–75 1982–83 1993–94 1996–97 2002–03 2003–04 2004–05 2005–06 2006–07 2007–08 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 2021–22 2022–23 2023–24 List of Australian bushfire seasons Portals: South Australia 1980sAsh Wednesday bushfires at Wikipedia's sister projects:Media from Commons	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1980 Ash Wednesday bushfires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_Ash_Wednesday_bushfires"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"bushfires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bushfires_in_Australia"},{"link_name":"Ash Wednesday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ash_Wednesday"},{"link_name":"fires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bushfires"},{"link_name":"Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"drought","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979-1983_Eastern_Australian_drought"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bomashwednesday-5"},{"link_name":"Black Saturday bushfires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Saturday_bushfires"},{"link_name":"Country Fire Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_Fire_Authority"},{"link_name":"Country Fire Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_Fire_Service"},{"link_name":"firefighters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firefighter"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Burn-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"firestorm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firestorm"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-State_of_Fire-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BSB-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Burn-6"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-State_of_Fire-8"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EMA2-13"},{"link_name":"A$","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A$"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EMA1-1"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"This article is about the 1983 bushfires in Victoria and South Australia. For the 1980 bushfires in South Australia, see 1980 Ash Wednesday bushfires.1983 brushfires in AustraliaThe Ash Wednesday bushfires, known in South Australia as Ash Wednesday II,[3] were a series of bushfires that occurred in south-eastern Australia in 1983 on 16 February, the Christian holy day Ash Wednesday. Within twelve hours, more than 180 fires fanned by hot winds of up to 110 km/h (68 mph) caused widespread destruction across the states of Victoria and South Australia.[4] Years of severe drought and extreme weather combined to create one of Australia's worst fire days in a century.[5] The fires were the deadliest bushfire in Australian history until the Black Saturday bushfires in 2009.75 people died as a result of the fires; 47 in Victoria, and 28 in South Australia. This included 14 Country Fire Authority and three Country Fire Service volunteer firefighters.[6][7] Many fatalities were as a result of firestorm conditions caused by a sudden and violent wind change in the evening which rapidly changed the direction and size of the fire front.[8][9] The speed and ferocity of the flames, aided by abundant fuels and a landscape immersed in smoke, made fire suppression and containment impossible.[10] In many cases, residents fended for themselves as fires broke communications, cut off escape routes and severed electricity and water supplies.[11] Up to 8,000 people were evacuated in Victoria at the height of the crisis and a state of disaster was declared for the first time in South Australia's history.[6][8]A 2001 report found Ash Wednesday to be one of Australia's worst fires.[12] More than 3,700 buildings were destroyed or damaged and 2,545 individuals and families lost their homes. Livestock losses were very high, with more than 340,000 sheep, 18,000 cattle and numerous native animals either dead or later destroyed.[13] A total of 4,540 insurance claims were paid totalling A$176 million with a total estimated cost of well over A$400 million (1983 values) for both states, equivalent to A$1.3 billion in 2007.[1][14]\nThe emergency saw the largest number of volunteers called to duty from across Australia at the same time—an estimated 130,000 firefighters, defence force personnel, relief workers and support crews.[15]","title":"Ash Wednesday bushfires"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Backgrounds"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ash Wednesday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ash_Wednesday"},{"link_name":"Adelaide Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide_Hills"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"1980 South Australian bushfires","text":"On Ash Wednesday in 1980 (20 February) during a virtually rainless summer after a very wet spring in 1979, bushfires swept through the Adelaide Hills in South Australia, destroying 51 houses.[16] These fires were referred to as \"Ash Wednesday\" until the 1983 fires, which became notorious nationwide.","title":"Backgrounds"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"drought","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979%E2%80%931983_Eastern_Australian_drought"},{"link_name":"El Niño","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Ni%C3%B1o"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne"},{"link_name":"Adelaide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide"}],"sub_title":"El Niño","text":"As 1982 came to a close, large areas of eastern Australia lay devastated by a prolonged drought thought to be caused by the El Niño climatic cycle. In many places, rainfall over winter and spring had been as little as half the previous record low[17] in a record dating back to the 1870s[18] and severe water restrictions were imposed in Melbourne in November. On 24 November, the earliest Total Fire Ban in forty years was proclaimed in Victoria. By February 1983, summer rainfall for Victoria was up to 75% less than in previous years. The first week of February was punctuated by intense heat, with record-high temperatures experienced on 1 and 8 February. This combination further destabilised an already volatile fire situation in the forested upland areas surrounding the Victorian and South Australian capitals of Melbourne and Adelaide.","title":"Backgrounds"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cann River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cann_River,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Bacchus Marsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacchus_Marsh"},{"link_name":"Greendale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greendale,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Mount Macedon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Macedon"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BSB-9"}],"sub_title":"Early fire season","text":"Victorian Government firefighting agencies employed extra staff and organised for extra equipment and aircraft to be ready for firefighting over the summer. The first big bushfire occurred on 25 November 1982 and was followed by large fires on 3 and 13 December 1982. Even before 16 February, fires were already causing destruction in Victoria. An ongoing fire near Cann River in the state's east had been burning uncontrolled for almost a month. Prior to that, a major bushfire on 8 January had taken hold north of Bacchus Marsh in the Wombat State Forest where two Forest Commission workers lost their lives defending Greendale. On 1 February 1983, a fire burnt the north face of Mount Macedon and areas of state forest.[19] Fifty houses were destroyed. These fires were already creating a strain on firefighting resources. In the 1982/83 season, 3500 fires were reported to the Country Fire Authority in Victoria alone.[9]","title":"Backgrounds"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dust storm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_dust_storm"},{"link_name":"Wimmera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wimmera"},{"link_name":"Mallee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mallee"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"Dust storm","text":"On 8 February, Melbourne was enveloped by a giant dust storm. The dust cloud was over 300 metres high and 500 kilometres long and was composed of an estimated 50,000 tonnes of topsoil from the drought-ravaged Wimmera and Mallee areas of north-west Victoria. Leading a dry cool change and preceded by record temperatures, the dust storm cut visibility in Melbourne to 100 metres, creating near darkness for almost an hour.[20]There was also a dust storm in Adelaide on the day of the bushfires.[21]","title":"Backgrounds"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ash-Wed-fires-SA.png"},{"link_name":"gale-force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gale-force"},{"link_name":"relative humidity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_humidity"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Black Friday bushfires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_(1939)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"McLaren Flat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McLaren_Flat,_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"Adelaide Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide_Hills"},{"link_name":"Dandenong Ranges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dandenong_Ranges"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Murray Nicoll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_Nicoll"},{"link_name":"5DN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5DN"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Mount Lofty Summit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Lofty_Summit"},{"link_name":"Kym and Julie Bonython","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kym_Bonython"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"St Michael's House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Michael%27s_House"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Mount Lofty Ranges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Lofty_Ranges"},{"link_name":"Greenhill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhill,_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"text":"Map of fire affected areas in South AustraliaWednesday 16 February dawned as another unrelentingly hot, dry day. The weather early on Ash Wednesday was complex and did not signify how the day would develop. A front separated hot, dry air coming in from the interior to the north, from cooler air moving eastwards from the Southern Ocean. Ahead of the front were hot, turbulent, gale-force northerly winds. Temperatures around Melbourne and Adelaide quickly rose above 43 °C (109 °F), with winds gusting up to 100 km/h (62 mph) and relative humidity plunging to as low as 6 per cent. From mid-morning, McArthur's fire danger index was in excess of 100 in several places in Victoria and South Australia.[22] It would be one of the worst fire weather days in south-east Australia since the disastrous Black Friday bushfires in 1939.[23]The first fire was reported at 11:30 am at McLaren Flat, south of Adelaide. Within hours, multiple reports of breaking fires quickly began to deluge Victoria's and South Australia's emergency services. In Victoria alone, 180 fires were reported, eight of which became major fires. At one stage, the entire Melbourne metropolitan area was encircled by an arc of fire. Property loss began early in the afternoon, particularly in the Adelaide Hills, east of Adelaide and the Dandenong Ranges, east of Melbourne.[24]Murray Nicoll, a journalist from radio station 5DN and resident of the Adelaide Hills, reported live from his local area where five people died:At the moment, I'm watching my house burn down. I'm sitting out on the road in front of my own house where I've lived for 13 or 14 years and it's going down in front of me. And the flames are in the roof and—Oh, God damn it. It's just beyond belief—my own house. And everything around it is black. There are fires burning all around me. All around me. And the front section of my house is blazing. The roof has fallen in. My water tanks are useless. There is absolutely nothing I can do about it.[25]Mount Lofty Summit Road is lined by a number of historic mansions, like Eurilla, Carminow and Mount Lofty House. The flames roared up the tower of Carminow like a chimney, destroying everything, including the gardens. Next door at Eurilla, Kym and Julie Bonython lost all of their worldly possessions, including antiques, paintings and Kym Bonython's extensive jazz record collection. He saved only his favourite motorbike. At this time, this part of the Adelaide Hills was still not connected to the mains water supply, so all of the houses had only petrol-powered pumps and rainwater tanks. \"The petrol in the emergency pump just vaporised with the heat\" said Kym Bonython. \"We could do nothing except watch the place burn\". Across the road at Pine Lodge (formerly the Mt Lofty Tea Rooms), the resident rolled out the property's fire hose, connected it to the working diesel pump, only to find that embers were already burning numerous holes in the hose, rendering it useless. Down the road at Mount Lofty House, Mr and Mrs James Morgan lost $150,000 worth of furniture and artwork, which they had moved into the huge house only a fortnight before the fires, when they purchased the property.[citation needed]At 3:15 pm on Wednesday, Mr and Mrs Morgan went to pick up their children from the local school and kindergarten. \"Three quarters of an hour later the roof was burning\", said Mr Morgan. Flames across the road and road blocks prevented the family from returning to the house, until it was burnt to the ground. \"It's worth nothing now\", said Mr Morgan.[when?] All of these houses have since been restored and are privately owned. Mount Lofty House has since been turned into a boutique hotel. St Michael's House, a mansion converted to an Anglican theological college and priory in the 1940s, was also burnt in the fires, but not restored and the whole site has since been cleared, leaving only the ruins of the gate house.[citation needed]More than 60 per cent of the houses lost in South Australia were in the Mount Lofty Ranges. Of the 26 people who died in South Australia, 12 were in metropolitan areas, including four in the Adelaide suburb of Greenhill.[26]","title":"Events of 16 February"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"near-cyclonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_cyclone"},{"link_name":"firestorm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firestorm"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"fire whirls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_whirls"},{"link_name":"eucalyptus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucalyptus"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Who_Burned_Australia?-29"},{"link_name":"Aireys Inlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aireys_Inlet"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Who_Burned_Australia?-29"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:VIC-ASH-WEDNESDAY-MAP.png"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bomashwednesday-5"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Who_Burned_Australia?-29"},{"link_name":"CSIRO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_Scientific_and_Industrial_Research_Organisation"},{"link_name":"Allied","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"bombing of Dresden in World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Dresden_in_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"atomic bomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_bomb"},{"link_name":"Hiroshima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Who_Burned_Australia?-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Cockatoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cockatoo,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Upper Beaconsfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaconsfield_Upper,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"firefighters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firefighter"},{"link_name":"Belgrave Heights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgrave_Heights,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Belgrave South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgrave_South,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Macedon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedon,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Deans Marsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deans_Marsh,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Great Ocean Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Ocean_Road"},{"link_name":"Anglesea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglesea,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Lorne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorne,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Forests Commission Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forests_Commission_Victoria"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EMA2-13"}],"sub_title":"Wind change","text":"The most disastrous factor in the Ash Wednesday fires occurred just before nightfall when a fierce and dry wind change swept across South Australia and Victoria. This abruptly changed the direction and dramatically increased the intensity of the fires. The long corridors of flame that had been driven all day by the strong northerly were suddenly hit by gale-force south-westerly winds and became enormous fire fronts, many kilometres wide, with wind reportedly moving faster than 110 km/h (68 mph).[27]The near-cyclonic strength of the wind change created an unstoppable firestorm[28] that produced tornado-like fire whirls and fireballs of eucalyptus gas measuring over three metres across. Survivors reported that the roar of the fire front was similar to that of a jet engine, though multiplied fifty, a hundred times. The change in temperature and air pressure was so savage that houses were seen exploding before fire could touch them.[29] A resident of Aireys Inlet, on Victoria's western coast, was quoted:It was just this bloody great force. It wasn't fire by itself. It wasn't just the wind. It was something different to that ... a monster.[29]Map of fire affected areas in VictoriaUnusual phenomena arising from the extreme conditions were reported. One survivor was startled to see a burning mattress hurtling through the air.[5] Others noted road surfaces that bubbled and caught fire.[29] CSIROTooltip Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation experts later reported that, from evidence of melted metal, the heat of the fires after the change rose to 2,000 °C (3,630 °F), exceeding that recorded during the Allied bombing of Dresden in World War II. In fact, the Ash Wednesday fires were measured at around 60,000 kilowatts of heat energy per metre, leading to similarities with the atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima.[29][30]Whole townships were obliterated in minutes. In the Dandenong Ranges, the villages of Cockatoo and Upper Beaconsfield were devastated, with twelve volunteer firefighters losing their lives after being trapped by a wall of flame when the wind change struck, while parts of Belgrave Heights (where this fire started) and Belgrave South suffered large areas of property loss.Most of Macedon and much of historic Mount Macedon to the north-west of Melbourne was razed, including many heritage-listed 19th-century mansions and famed gardens.A fire that started in Deans Marsh raced into the Otway Forest. When the wind change happen the fire formed a huge front and headed for the coast.\nBurning all night, the morning after Ash Wednesday, first light revealed the devastation of the popular coastal towns along the Great Ocean Road such as Aireys Inlet, Anglesea and Lorne resembled barren moonscapes. The fire on the coast had been so intense that firefighters were forced to abandon all control efforts and let it burn until it reached the ocean, destroying everything in its path.[31] Residents were forced down to the water edge of beaches in the areas to escape the flames.In Victoria, over 16,000 firefighters combatted the blaze, including staff and works crews from the Forests Commission Victoria, National Park Service, and volunteers from the Country Fire Authority and State Emergency Service. Also involved were over 1,000 Victoria Police, 500 Australian Defence Force personnel and hundreds of local residents. A variety of equipment was used, including 400 vehicles (fire-trucks, water tankers and dozers), 11 helicopters and 14 fixed wing aircraft.[32]The total land area burnt was approximately 2,100 km2 (520,000 acres; 210,000 hectares) in Victoria and 2,080 km2 (510,000 acres; 208,000 hectares) in South Australia. The summer bushfires of 1982/1983 razed approximately 5,200 km2 (1.3 million acres; 520,000 hectares).[13]","title":"Events of 16 February"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"government radio network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_radio_networks_in_Australia"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Bureau of Meteorology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Meteorology"},{"link_name":"1994 Eastern seaboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_eastern_seaboard_fires"},{"link_name":"2003 Canberra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Canberra_bushfires"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"text":"Many of the Victorian fires were thought to have been caused by sparks between short-circuiting power lines, and tree branches connecting with power lines. A systematic review of fire safety was undertaken; areas under high-tension pylons were cleared and local domestic lines considered to be at risk were replaced with insulated three-phase supply lines.In South Australia, an inquest into the fires found that the communication systems used by the Country Fire Service were inadequate and, as a result, the government radio network was installed, although this did not happen until almost 20 years later.[33] Improvements in weather forecasting, with particular reference to wind changes and fronts, was undertaken by the Bureau of Meteorology. An emergency disaster plan, known as Displan, was also legislated. Many of the lessons learned in building better homes for fire survival, bush management and emergency response efficiency in analysis of the fires conducted by the CSIRO were to prove vital in later crises, including the 1994 Eastern seaboard and 2003 Canberra fire outbreaks.[34]A study was conducted into the 32 fatalities (excluding firefighters) that occurred in Victoria. It revealed that 25 were outside their homes, several of whom died in vehicles while attempting to escape the conflagration. It was found that delaying evacuation until the last minute was a common failing.[35]","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Black Saturday bushfires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Saturday_bushfires"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dse-2"},{"link_name":"post-traumatic stress disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_stress_disorder"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"text":"Until the 2009 Black Saturday bushfires, Ash Wednesday had the highest-recorded death toll for a bushfire disaster, with 75 deaths.[2] For the next quarter century, Ash Wednesday was used as the measure for all bushfire emergencies in Australia; though since 2009, that has supplemented by the lessons learned from Black Saturday. It remains well known as one of the worst natural disasters in Australia's history.Many psychological studies were undertaken in the months and years after the fire and found that the events left many in the affected communities with the effects of post-traumatic stress disorder, even 20 years after the disaster in 2003.[36]The lasting impact of Ash Wednesday was highlighted in 2008, when its 25th anniversary received much public and media attention.[37] Commemoration sites have been set up in areas that were hit worst by the fires, with museums hosting exhibits inviting survivors to tell their stories.[38]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Areas affected in Victoria"}]	[{"image_text":"Map of fire affected areas in South Australia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Ash-Wed-fires-SA.png/300px-Ash-Wed-fires-SA.png"},{"image_text":"Map of fire affected areas in Victoria","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/VIC-ASH-WEDNESDAY-MAP.png/400px-VIC-ASH-WEDNESDAY-MAP.png"}]	[{"title":"List of disasters in Australia by death toll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_disasters_in_Australia_by_death_toll"},{"title":"South Australian Country Fire Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Australian_Country_Fire_Service"},{"title":"Country Fire Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_Fire_Authority"},{"title":"Mount Lofty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Lofty"},{"title":"Black Friday bushfires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_bushfires"},{"title":"1967 Tasmanian fires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1967_Tasmanian_fires"},{"title":"Black Saturday bushfires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Saturday_bushfires"},{"title":"2015 Sampson Flat bushfires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Sampson_Flat_bushfires"}]	[{"reference":"\"Southern Victoria and S.A: Bushfires\". E.M.A Disasters Database. Emergency Management Australia, Australian Government. 13 September 2006. Archived from the original on 12 February 2009. Retrieved 25 May 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090212131153/http://www.ema.gov.au/ema/emadisasters.nsf/c85916e930b93d50ca256d050020cb1f/76b9d4d54b20e8ffca256d3300057bd4?OpenDocument","url_text":"\"Southern Victoria and S.A: Bushfires\""},{"url":"http://www.ema.gov.au/ema/emadisasters.nsf/c85916e930b93d50ca256d050020cb1f/76b9d4d54b20e8ffca256d3300057bd4?OpenDocument","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ash Wednesday bushfire – 1983\". Department of Sustainability and Environment. Archived from the original on 27 March 2012. Retrieved 16 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120327031136/http://www.dse.vic.gov.au/fire-and-other-emergencies/major-bushfires-in-victoria/ash-wednesday-1983","url_text":"\"Ash Wednesday bushfire – 1983\""},{"url":"http://www.dse.vic.gov.au/fire-and-other-emergencies/major-bushfires-in-victoria/ash-wednesday-1983","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"About Ash Wednesday\". Country Fire Authority Victoria, Australia. Archived from the original on 23 March 2008. Retrieved 10 May 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080323132901/http://www.cfa.vic.gov.au/about/history/about_ash_wednesday.htm","url_text":"\"About Ash Wednesday\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_Fire_Authority","url_text":"Country Fire Authority"},{"url":"http://www.cfa.vic.gov.au/about/history/about_ash_wednesday.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bureau of Meteorology. \"Climate Education: Ash Wednesday, February 1983\". Australian Government. Archived from the original on 8 August 2013. Retrieved 10 May 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Meteorology","url_text":"Bureau of Meteorology"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130808034417/http://www.bom.gov.au/lam/climate/levelthree/c20thc/fire5.htm","url_text":"\"Climate Education: Ash Wednesday, February 1983\""},{"url":"http://www.bom.gov.au/lam/climate/levelthree/c20thc/fire5.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Collins, Paul (2006). Burn: The Epic Story of Bushfire in Australia. Sydney: Allen and Unwin. ISBN 1-74175-053-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-74175-053-9","url_text":"1-74175-053-9"}]},{"reference":"\"Memorials to Firefighters: Remembering Our Fallen\". South Australian CFA Promotions Unit. Country Fire Service. Archived from the original on 11 February 2009. Retrieved 16 May 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090211203720/http://www.fire-brigade.asn.au/about-sacfs-history/memorial.asp","url_text":"\"Memorials to Firefighters: Remembering Our Fallen\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_Fire_Service","url_text":"Country Fire Service"},{"url":"http://www.fire-brigade.asn.au/about-sacfs-history/memorial.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Murray, Robert; Kate White (1995). State of Fire: A History of Volunteer Firefighting and the Country Fire Authority in Victoria. Melbourne, Australia: Hargreen Publishing Company. ISBN 0-949905-63-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-949905-63-1","url_text":"0-949905-63-1"}]},{"reference":"Webster, Joan (2000). The Complete Bushfire Safety Book. Sydney, Australia: Random House Australia. ISBN 1-74051-034-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-74051-034-8","url_text":"1-74051-034-8"}]},{"reference":"Miller, S.I (1984). Report of the Bushfire Review Committee: On Bushfire Disaster Preparedness and Response in Victoria, Australia Following The Ash Wednesday Fires 16 February 1983. Melbourne, Australia: State Government of Victoria. pp. 23–24.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Smith, Stewart (2002). \"Bushfires. Briefing Paper No. 5/02\" (PDF). NSW Parliamentary Research Library Research Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 May 2008. Retrieved 17 May 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080528060804/http://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/prod/parlment/publications.nsf/0/87cf62366063879dca256ecf00077084/%24FILE/05-02.pdf","url_text":"\"Bushfires. Briefing Paper No. 5/02\""},{"url":"http://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/prod/parlment/publications.nsf/0/87cf62366063879dca256ecf00077084/$FILE/05-02.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Economic Costs of Natural Disasters in Australia. (Report 103)\" (PDF). Bureau of Infrastructure Transport and Regional Economics, Australian Government. 2 January 2001. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 May 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bitre.gov.au/sites/default/files/report_103.pdf","url_text":"\"Economic Costs of Natural Disasters in Australia. (Report 103)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080528060804/http://www.bitre.gov.au/publications/99/Files/r103_lores.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Hazards, Disasters, and Your Community\" (PDF). Emergency Management Australia. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 October 2007. Retrieved 22 February 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071016204725/http://www.ema.gov.au/agd/EMA/rwpattach.nsf/viewasattachmentpersonal/%2830A3EE7646E852BEBD7F907D5B33CE5A%29~3877%2BWEMA%2Bhazards.pdf/%24file/3877%2BWEMA%2Bhazards.pdf","url_text":"\"Hazards, Disasters, and Your Community\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_Management_Australia","url_text":"Emergency Management Australia"},{"url":"http://www.ema.gov.au/agd/EMA/rwpattach.nsf/viewasattachmentpersonal/(30A3EE7646E852BEBD7F907D5B33CE5A)~3877+WEMA+hazards.pdf/$file/3877+WEMA+hazards.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Insurance Council Catastrophe Information\". Insurance Council of Australia. Archived from the original on 10 May 2008. Retrieved 17 May 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080510071907/http://www.insurancecouncil.com.au/Catastrophe-Information/default.aspx","url_text":"\"Insurance Council Catastrophe Information\""},{"url":"http://www.insurancecouncil.com.au/Catastrophe-Information/default.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"CFS Media Release: Ash Wednesday Memorial\". CFS Public Affairs. 15 February 2006. Retrieved 19 May 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cfs.org.au/default.asp?pgleft=leftFrame.htm&pgRightFrame=http://www.cfs.org.au/media/article.asp?pArticleID=799","url_text":"\"CFS Media Release: Ash Wednesday Memorial\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ash Wednesday\". Gisborne CFA. Archived from the original on 8 October 2007. Retrieved 24 February 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071008033225/http://users.ssc.net.au/gisbornecfa/History.htm","url_text":"\"Ash Wednesday\""},{"url":"http://users.ssc.net.au/gisbornecfa/History.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Melbourne dust-storm of February 1983\". Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Archived from the original on 17 March 2009. Retrieved 25 February 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20090317054300/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/96122/20090317-1643/www.bom.gov.au/lam/climate/levelthree/c20thc/storm7.html","url_text":"\"The Melbourne dust-storm of February 1983\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Bureau_of_Meteorology","url_text":"Australian Bureau of Meteorology"},{"url":"http://www.bom.gov.au/lam/climate/levelthree/c20thc/storm7.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"McArthur's Fire Danger Index\". CSIRO. Archived from the original on 6 March 2009. Retrieved 3 March 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.csiro.au/products/Mk5ForestfireDangerMeter.html#1","url_text":"\"McArthur's Fire Danger Index\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSIRO","url_text":"CSIRO"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090306193324/http://www.csiro.au/products/Mk5ForestfireDangerMeter.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"High Risk Weather Patterns – South Australia\". Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 17 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bom.gov.au/weather-services/bushfire/about-bushfire-weather.shtml#sea","url_text":"\"High Risk Weather Patterns – South Australia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Bureau_of_Meteorology","url_text":"Australian Bureau of Meteorology"}]},{"reference":"McGarry, Andrew (16 February 2008). \"Ash Wednesday can happen again\". The Australian. Archived from the original on 13 February 2009. Retrieved 23 February 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090213034747/http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,23222129-5006787,00.html","url_text":"\"Ash Wednesday can happen again\""},{"url":"http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,23222129-5006787,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ash Wednesday\". New Dimensions in Time. ABC. Archived from the original on 18 April 2008. Retrieved 23 February 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080418071748/http://www.abc.net.au/dimensions/dimensions_in_time/Transcripts/s729955.htm","url_text":"\"Ash Wednesday\""},{"url":"http://www.abc.net.au/dimensions/dimensions_in_time/Transcripts/s729955.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"16th February, 1983\". Narre Warren Fire Brigade. Archived from the original on 20 February 2008. 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The 1982-83 Victorian Bushfire Season. : Including Ash Wednesday – 16 February 1983 A forester's perspective. McHugh. ISBN 978-0-6450631-3-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-3112961467/view","url_text":"The 1982-83 Victorian Bushfire Season. : Including Ash Wednesday – 16 February 1983 A forester's perspective"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-6450631-3-4","url_text":"978-0-6450631-3-4"}]},{"reference":"\"General Network Information\". South Australian Government Radio Network page. Archived from the original on 12 February 2009. 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Retrieved 23 February 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070905200327/http://150.theage.com.au/view_bestofarticle.asp?straction=update&inttype=1&intid=1857","url_text":"\"When making the right choice is a matter of life and death\""},{"url":"http://150.theage.com.au/view_bestofarticle.asp?straction=update&inttype=1&intid=1857","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Press release (16 February 2003). \"Lessons learned from Ash Wednesday\". University of Adelaide. Archived from the original on 4 March 2008. Retrieved 23 February 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.adelaide.edu.au/news/news469.html","url_text":"\"Lessons learned from Ash Wednesday\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Adelaide","url_text":"University of Adelaide"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080304133737/http://www.adelaide.edu.au/news/news469.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Burgess, Matthew (16 February 2008). \"Ash Wednesday scars remain 25 years on\". The Age. Australia. Retrieved 22 February 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/ash-wednesday--25-years-on/2008/02/15/1202760598671.html","url_text":"\"Ash Wednesday scars remain 25 years on\""}]},{"reference":"Ashley Walsh (16 February 2008). \"Ash Wednesday Exhibition at Prospect Hill\". ABC Adelaide. Australia: ABC. Archived from the original on 20 February 2008. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_lord_mayors_of_York	List of lord mayors of York	["1 List of Mayors of York","1.1 Before 1300","1.2 14th century","2 List of Lord Mayors of York","2.1 15th century","2.2 16th century","2.3 17th century","2.4 18th century","2.5 19th century","2.6 20th century","2.7 21st century","3 See also","4 References","5 Bibliography","6 External links"]	Lord Mayor of YorkCoat of arms of the City of YorkIncumbentChris Cullwicksince 25 May 2023StyleThe Right Honourable ex officioResidenceMansion HouseAppointerCity of York CouncilTerm lengthOne yearInaugural holderHugh de Selby (as Mayor)William de Selby (as Lord Mayor)Formation1217 (as Mayor)1389 (as Lord Mayor)Websiteyork.gov.uk The Lord Mayor of York is the chairman of City of York Council, first citizen and civic head of York. The appointment is made by the council each year in May, at the same time appointing a sheriff, the city's other civic head. York's lord mayor is second only to the Lord Mayor of London in precedence. The office of mayor dates back to at least 1217 and was upgraded by Richard II to that of Lord Mayor in 1389. The Mansion House, York, is the Lord Mayor's home during his or her term of office. The use of the prefix "right honourable" appears to have been used since the creation of the lord mayoralty. It was confirmed by letters patent dated 1 April 1974, when York became a non-metropolitan district and reconfirmed by letters patent dated 1 April 1996, when it became a unitary authority. Wall plaque in Holy Trinity Church commemorating past lord mayors Thomas Mosley 1687, Robert Fairfax 1715, James Rowe 1749 & 1768 and Richard Garland 1767In 1212, King John granted York the right to collect its own taxes, hold courts and conduct its own affairs and thereby the right to elect a mayor. These rights were temporarily forfeited in 1280–1282 for altering a royal charter, in 1292–1297 for failing to pay taxes and in 1405–1406 for supporting Archbishop Richard Scrope. In 1389, King Richard II elevated the mayor to the status of lord mayor and supposedly gave his sword to be carried point upwards before him. List of Mayors of York Source: "Eboracum" Before 1300 Year Name Notes 1217 Hugh de Selby c.1219 Thomas Palmer 1222 Adam Flur c.1224 H. de Ebor c.1225 Hendy de Seizevaux or de Sexdecim Vallibus 1226 Hugh de Selby 1229–1230 Hugh de Selby 1235–1236 Hugh de Selby c.1246 Nicholas Orgar c.1248 ‘Domino J.’ (John de Selby?) 1249 Nicholas Orgar 1250 ‘Domino J.’ (John de Selby?) 1251–1253 John de Selby 1255–1256 Gacio de Calvo Monte or Chaumont 1258 Mark de Northfolke 1259–1260 Adam le Cerf 1260 Adam le Cerf 1264 John de Selby 1266 John de Selby 1267 - 1268 John de Selby 1271 Walter de Stokes or Adam le Cerf 1273 John le Specer Snr 1274 John le Specer 1274–1277 Robert de Bromholme 1278 Walter de Stokes (24 June) & Sir Gilbert de Luda 1279 Richard de Romundby 1280 John Sampson 1281 City governed by the King's men 1282 Sir Gilbert de Luda & John Sampson 1283 John Sampson 1284 Sir Gilbert de Luda 1285 John Sampson 1286–1289 Nicholas de Selby MP for York, 1294 1290 Roger Basy MP for York, 1294 1293–1294 City governed by the King's men 1295 Robert de Bromholme 1296 City governed by the King's men 1297 Nicholas De Langton Snr 1298 James le Flemyng 1299 John Sampson 14th century Year Name Notes 1300 John Sampson 1301–1304 John le Specer Jnr 1305 Andrew de Bolingbroke MP for York, 1299 1306 Nicholas de Langton Snr 1307–1308 John de Askham 1309 Robert le Meke 1310 Andrew de Bolingbrok 1311–1316 Nicholas le Flemyng son of James le Flemyng, killed at the Battle of Myton 1317 Robert le Meke 1318 Thomas de Redness 1319 Nicholas le Flemyng 1320–1321 Robert le Meke 1322–1333 Nicholas de Langton son of Nicholas de Langton Snr 1334–1337 Henry de Belton 1338 Nicholas de Langton 1339 Henry de Belton 1340–1342 Nicholas de Langton 1343 Nicholas Foukes 1344–1346 John de Shirburn 1347 Henry le Goldbeter 1348–1352 Henry de Scoreby 1353–1361 John de Langton 1364 John de Acastre 1365 Richard de Wateby 1366 Roger de Hovingham 1367 William Graa 1368 Robert de Howme 1369 William Savage 1370 Roger de Selby 1371–1372 John de Gisburn 1373 Roger de Moreton Jnr 1374 Thomas de Howme 1375 Thomas Graa MP for York, 1377–1397 1376 Ralphe de Hornby 1377 John de Sancton 1378 John de Barden 1379 John de Acastre 1380 John de Gisburn Forcibly deposed 1381–1383 Simon de Quixley 1384 Robert Savage MP for York, 1383,1386 1385 William de Selby MP for York, 1383–1397 1386 John de Howden MP for York, 1384–1391 1387 John de Selby 1388 William de Selby MP for York, 1383–1397 List of Lord Mayors of York Year Name Notes 1389 William de Selby First to use ceremonial sword. 1390–1391 Thomas Smyth 1392–1393 Robert Savage 1393 first to use ceremonial mace. MP for York, 1383, 1386 1394 Thomas de Stayveley 1395 William de Helmsley MP for York, 1393 1396 Thomas de Stayveley 1397 Sir William Frost MP for York, 1399 1398 Thomas Graa MP for York, 1377–1397 1399 Robert de Talkan MP for York, 1402,1407 15th century Year Name Notes 1400–1404 Sir Willam Frost MP for York, 1399 1405 Adam del Bank 1406 Sir William Frost MP for York, 1399 1407–1409 Henry Wyman 1410 John de Bolton MP for York, 1399,1407 1411 John de Craven 1412 Robert Howme Merchant. 1413 Nicholas Blackburn Snr Mercer. 1414 Thomas de Sancton MP for York, 1413,1417 1415 William de Alne Merchant. 1416 John de Northeby Merchant. 1417 William Bowes Snr Merchant, and MP for York, 1413,1417 1418 John de Moreton MP for York, 1415, 1421 1419 John de Bedale 1420 Thomas del Gare MP for York, 1419,1421 1421 Richard Russell Merchant, and MP for York, 1415,1422,1425 1422 Henry Preston MP for York, 1420 1423 Thomas Esingwald Merchant. 1424 Thomas Bracebridge Merchant. 1425 William Ormeshede Merchant, and MP for York, 1421,1426,1431 1426 Peter Buckey 1427 John Alstonmore Merchant. 1428 William Bowes Snr MP for York, 1413,1417 1429 Nicholas Blackburn Jnr 1430 Richard Russell MP for York, 1415,1422,1425 1431 John Bolton Merchant. 1432 Thomas Snawden Pewterer. 1433 William Ormeshede MP for York, 1421,1426,1431 1434 Thomas del Gare Jnr 1435 Thomas Kirkham 1436 Richard Wartre Merchant. 1437 William Bedale Merchant. 1438 William Useflete Merchant. 1439 Thomas Ridelay 1440 William Girlington Draper. 1441 Thomas Kirke Mercer. 1442 John Thriske Merchant, mayor of the staple. 1443 William Bowes Merchant. 1444 Richard Buckden Merchant. 1445 Thomas Crathorne 1446 William Stockton 1447 John Crosyer 1448 John Carre 1449 William Holbeek Merchant of the staple. 1450 Thomas Barton Grocer. 1451 Richard Wartre First year of the reign of Henry VI. 1452 Thomas Danby Merchant. 1453 John Catryk 1454 Thomas Neleson Merchant. 1455 Richard Lematon 1456 John Carre 1457 Robert Collinson Merchant. 1458 William Holbeck 1459 Nicholas Holgate 1460 Thomas Beverley Merchant of the Staple 1461 William Stockton First year of the reign of Edward IV. 1462 John Thrisk 1463 Thomas Scawsby 1464 John Gilliot Knight of the Bath. 1465 Thomas Neleson 1466 John Kent Merchant. 1467 John Marshall Merchant. 1468 William Snawsnell Goldsmith 1469 Sir Richard Yorke Merchant of the Staple. 1470 William Holbeck 1471 Thomas Beverley 1472 William Holbeck 1473 Christopher Marshall 1474 Sir John Gilliot 1475 William Lame 1476 Thomas Wrangwish 1477 John Tong 1478 John Ferriby Merchant. 1479 William Welles 1480 John Marshall 1481 Robert Amyas 1482 Richard Yorke Mayor of the Staple 1483 John Newton Dyer. First year of the reign of Richard III 1484 Thomas Wrangwith Merchant. 1485 Nicholas Lancaster LL. D. First year of the reign of Henry VII 1486 William Chimney Draper. 1487 Sir William Todd Merchant. 1488 Robert Hancock Grocer. 1489 John Harper Merchant. 1490 Sir John Gilliot Merchant. 1491 John Ferriby died and replaced by William White 1492 Thomas Scotton Merchant. 1493 Nicholas Lancaster Merchant. 1494 Michael White dyer 1495 George Kirke Merchant. 1496 Robert Johnson Grocer. 1497 Thomas Gray Goldsmith. 1498 John Metcalfe Merchant. 1499 John Elwald Merchant. 16th century Year Name Notes 1500–1501 William Nelson Merchant, and MP for York, 1504,1510,1512,1515 1501–1502 John Stockdale Merchant. 1502–1503 Richard Thornton Grocer. 1503–1504 Sir John Gilliot Merchant. 1504–1505 Thomas Jameson Merchant. 1505–1506 William White died and replaced by Michael White 1506–1507 Allan Stavely Merchant. 1507–1508 John Birkhead Merchant. 1508–1509 Sir John Petty died and replaced by John Dodgson 1509–1510 George Essex Apothecary. First year or the reign of Henry VIII. 1510–1511 John Shawe Merchant. 1511–1512 Bertram Dawson Merchant. 1512–1513 George Kirke 1513–1514 William Wilson Goldsmith. 1514–1515 John Thornton Merchant. 1515–1516 Thomas Drawsword MP for York, 1512 1516–1517 John Hall Tanner. 1517–1518 John Dodgson 1518–1519 William Wright MP for York, 1515 1519–1520 Alan Staveley 1520–1521 Thomas Parker 1521–1522 Thomas Bankhouse died and replaced by Simon Vicars 1522–1523 Paulyn Gillow died and replaced by Thomas Burton Gillow was a merchant. Burton was MP for York, 1523 1523–1524 Thomas Drawsword MP for York, 1512 1524–1525 John Norman MP for York, 1523 1525–1526 William Barker 1526–1527 Peter Jackson MP for York, 1529 1527–1528 Robert Wilde Merchant. 1528–1529 Thomas Mason 1529–1530 Robert Whitfield 1530–1531 Sir George Lawson MP for York, 1529, 1536 1531–1532 Henry Dawson 1532–1533 William Barker 1533–1534 John Hodgson MP for York, 1539, 1542 1534–1535 George Gale Goldsmith and MP for York, 1529, 1536, 1542 1535–1536 William Wright MP for York, 1515 1536–1537 William Harrington Merchant. Great-grandfather of Guy Fawkes 1537–1538 Ralph Pulleyn Goldsmith. 1538–1539 John Shawe died and replaced by John North North was MP for York, 1545,1553 1539–1540 Robert Elward Merchant. 1540–1541 William Dodgson Merchant. 1541–1542 Robert Hall Merchant and MP for York, 1545, 1553 1542–1543 John Shadlock 1543–1544 Robert Heckleton Fishmonger. 1544–1545 Peter Robinson Merchant. 1545–1546 John Bean MP for York, 1554 1546–1547 William Holme MP for York, 1547, 1553 1547–1548 William Watson Merchant. MP for York, 1553, 1559, 1563. First year or the reign of Edward VI 1548–1549 Robert Peacock Merchant, and MP for York, 1558 1549–1550 George Gale Goldsmith, and MP for York, 1529, 1536, 1542 1550–1551 John Lewis Draper. 1551–1552 Thomas Appleyard 1552–1553 Richard White Draper, and MP for York, 1554 1553–1554 William Coupland MP for York, 1554. First Year of the reign of Mary I 1554–1555 John North MP for York, 1545,1553 1555–1556 William Beckwith Merchant. 1556–1557 Richard Goldthorpe MP for York, 1559 1557–1558 Robert Hall Merchant. MP for York, 1545, 1553 1558–1559 Ralph Hall Merchant, and MP for York, 1553, 1571. First year of the reign of Elizabeth I 1559–1560 Thomas Standevyn 1560–1561 James Harrington 1561–1562 Percival Crawforth 1562–1563 Thomas Lawson 1563–1564 Thomas Appleyard 1564–1565 James Simson 1565–1566 John Bean MP for York, 1554 1566–1567 William Watson Merchant. MP for York, 1553, 1559, 1563 1567–1568 Robert Peacock Merchant, and MP for York, 1558 1568–1569 William Coupland MP for York, 1554 1569–1570 William Beckwith 1570–1571 Richard Calame Draper. 1571–1572 Gregory Peacock Merchant, and MP for York, 1572 1572–1573 William Alleyn Mercer. 1573–1574 Christopher Herbert Merchant. 1574–1575 Robert Maskewe Merchant. 1575–1576 Thomas Harrison Innholder. 1576–1577 Edmund Richardson died and replaced by Ralph Hall Richardson was a Pewterer. Hall was MP for York, 1553, 1571 1577–1578 John Dyneley Draper. 1578–1579 Hugh Graves Merchant, and MP for York, 1571,1572 1579–1580 Robert Cripling 1580–1581 Robert Askwith Draper, and MP for York, 1572, 1589 1581–1582 William Robinson Merchant, and MP for York, 1584, 1589 1582–1583 Robert Brooke Merchant, and MP for York, 1584, 1586 1583–1584 Christopher Maltby Draper. 1584–1585 Thomas Appleyard 1585–1586 Andrew Trene Merchant, and MP for York, 1593 1586–1587 Henry Maye Innholder. 1587–1588 Ralph Richardson Merchant. 1588–1589 James Birkbie Council attorney. 1589–1590 Thomas Jackson Council attorney. 1590–1591 Thomas Mosley Merchant, and MP for York, 1597 1591–1592 Robert Watter Haberdasher. 1592–1593 Thomas Harrison 1593–1594 Robert Askwith MP for York, 1572, 1589 1594–1595 William Robinson MP for York, 1584, 1589 1595–1596 Robert Brooke MP for York, 1584, 1586 1596–1597 James Birkbie 1597–1598 Christopher Beckwith 1598–1599 Edward Fawcett 1599–1600 Christopher Concett Apothecary. 17th century Stephen Watson was Lord Mayor of York twice, in 1646 and 1656. Year Name Notes 1600–1601 Henry Hall Merchant, and MP for York, 1601 1601–1602 Robert Peacock 1602–1603 Thomas Mosley MP for York, 1597. 1603–1604 Sir Robert Walter Haberdasher. First year of the reign of James I 1604–1605 Thomas Herbert Merchant. 1605–1606 William Greenbury Draper. 1606–1607 Robert Askwith Draper, and MP for York, 1604, 1614, 1621 1607–1608 Robert Harrison Merchant. 1608–1609 Robert Myers Mercer. 1609–1610 Christopher Concett Apothecary. 1610–1611 Henry Hall Merchant, and MP for York, 1601 1611–1612 William Brearey Merchant. 1612–1613 John Harrison Merchant. 1613–1614 Thomas Marshall Mercer. 1614–1615 Leonard Besson Saddler. 1615–1616 Elias Micklethwaite Merchant. 1616–1617 William Greenbury Draper 1617–1618 Sir Robert Askwith Draper, and MP for York, 1604, 1614, 1621 1618–1619 Thomas Agar Tanner. 1619–1620 William Morrison Merchant. 1620–1621 William Watter Saddler. 1621–1622 Christopher Dickenson Merchant. 1622–1623 William Brearey 1623–1624 Robert Myers 1624–1625 Matthew Topham Merchant 1625–1626 Thomas Lawne First year of the reign of Charles I 1626–1627 Leonard Besson Saddler 1627–1628 Elias Micklethwaite 1628–1629 Robert Belt Merchant. 1629–1630 Christopher Croft Mercer. 1630–1631 Edmund Cowper Merchant. 1631–1632 Robert Hemsworth Draper. 1632–1633 Thomas Hoyle Merchant. MP for York, 1628–29 and 1640–50. Committed suicide, 1650. 1633–1634 Sir William Allenson Draper, and MP for York, 1654 1634–1635 James Hutchenson Merchant. 1635–1636 Thomas Hodgson Mercer. 1636–1637 Henry Thompson Merchant. 1637–1638 John Vaux Prothonotary. 1638–1639 William Scott Merchant. 1639–1640 Sir Roger Jacques Merchant, and MP for York, 1640 1640–1641 Sir Robert Belt Merchant 1641–1642 Sir Christopher Croft Mercer 1642–1644 Sir Edmund Cooper Merchant. Start of the English Civil War. York was initially held by the Royalists (Cavaliers). 1644–1645 Sir Edmund Cooper displaced and replaced by Thomas Hoyle Hoyle was MP for York, 1654. Parliamentarians (Roundheads) take control from now to the restoration under Lord Mayors sympathetic to (or willing to accommodate), the Parliamentary cause. 1645–1646 John Geldart Merchant, and MP for York, 1656 1646–1647 Stephen Watson Grocer. 1647–1648 Thomas Dickenson Merchant, and MP for York, 1654, 1656, 1659 1648–1649 Robert Horner Merchant 1649–1650 Leonard Thompson Merchant 1650–1651 William Tayler Merchant 1651–1652 James Brooke Merchant 1652–1653 William Metcalfe Draper 1653–1654 Henry Thompson Merchant 1654–1655 John Geldart Merchant, and MP for York, 1656 1655–1656 Sir William Allenson Draper, and MP for York, 1640 1656–1957 Stephen Watson 1657–1658 Sir Thomas Dickenson Merchant, and MP for York, 1654, 1656, 1659 1658–1659 Robert Horner Merchant 1659–1660 Leonard Thompson Merchant 1660–1661 Christopher Topham Merchant, and MP for York, 1659 1661–1662 James Brooke By the Kings mandate. 1662–1663 George Lamplugh Merchant 1663–1664 Henry Thompson Merchant 1664–1665 Edward Elwicke Apothecary 1665–1666 Richard Hewitt Merchant 1666–1667 George Mancklins Skinner 1667–1668 Cressye Burnett Merchant 1668–1669 Henry Tireman Draper 1669–1670 Christopher Brearey Merchant 1670–1671 Thomas Bawtry Merchant 1671–1672 William Richardson Draper 1672–1673 Sir Henry Thompson Wine merchant, and MP for York, 1673 1673–1674 Thomas Williamson Merchant 1674–1675 Richard Metcalfe Merchant 1675–1676 William Ramsden Merchant 1676–1677 Yorke Horner Merchant 1677–1678 Francis Elcock Grocer 1678–1679 Philip Herbert Merchant 1679–1680 Richard Shaw Butcher 1680–1681 John Constable Grocer 1681–1682 Thomas Carter Merchant 1682–1683 John Wood 1683–1684 Edward Thompson MP for York, 1689, 1695, 1701 1684–1685 Robert Waller Attorney 1685–1686 John Thompson Goldsmith 1686–1687 Leonard Wilberfoss 1687–1688 Thomas Mosley Apothecary 1688–1689 Thomas Rayne displaced and replaced by Robert Waller Both attorneys 1689–1690 John Foster Haberdasher 1690–1691 Samuel Dawson Merchant 1691–1692 George Stockton Silk Weaver 1692–1693 Joshua Earnshaw Merchant 1693–1994 Andrew Perrott Merchant 1694–1695 Robert Davy Hosier 1695–1696 Sir Gilbert Metcalfe Merchant 1696-1696 John Constable Grocer 1697–1698 Mark Gill Goldsmith 1698–1699 Roger Shackleton 1699–1700 Henry Thompson MP for York, 1690 18th century Year Name Notes 1700–1701 Sir William Robinson MP for Northallerton,1689 and for York,1698 1701–1702 Tobias Jenkins MP for York, 1695,1701,1715 1702–1703 John Peckitt Merchant 1703–1704 Thomas Dawson Merchant 1704–1705 Elias Pawson Merchant 1705–1706 Charles Redman Toyman 1706–1707 Emanuel Justice Merchant 1707–1708 Robert Benson MP for York, 1705 1708–1709 Richard Thompson Merchant 1709–1710 William Pickering 1710–1711 Charles Perrott Merchant 1711–1712 Thomas Pickering Attorney 1712–1713 William Cornwell Brewer 1713–1714 Christopher Hutton Glover 1714-1715 William Redman Pinner 1715–1716 Robert Fairfax MP for York, 1713 1716–1717 Richard Towne Mercer 1717–1718 Henry Baines Toyman 1718–1719 Tancred Robinson Rear-admiral 1719–1720 John Read Toyman 1720–1721 Tobias Jenkins MP for York, 1695,1701,1715 1721–1722 Richard Thompson Merchant 1722–1723 Charles Redman Toyman 1723–1724 Charles Perrott Merchant 1724–1725 Thomas Agar Woollen-draper 1725–1726 William Cornwell Brewer 1726–1727 Samuel Clarke Haberdasher 1727–1728 Richard Baine Grocer 1728–1729 Peter Whitton Grocer 1729–1730 William Dobson Apothecary 1730–1731 John Stainforth Receiver of Land Tax 1731–1732 Jonas Thompson Attorney 1732–1733 Henry Baines Toyman 1733–1734 James Dodsworth Apothecary & Grocer 1734–1735 William Whytehead Attorney at Law 1735-1736 James Barnard Mercer 1736–1737 Samuel Clark Haberdasher 1737–1738 Sir John Lister Kaye MP for York, 1734 1738–1739 George Benson died and replaced by Sir Tancred Robinson, Bt Robinson was a Rear-admiral 1739–1740 George Escricke Hatter 1740–1741 George Skelton Merchant 1741–1742 Richard Lawson Wine Merchant 1742–1743 John Mayer Attorney 1743–1744 William Stephenson Merchant 1744–1745 Thomas Agar Merchant 1745–1746 John Raper Merchant 1746–1757 John Read Toyman 1747–1748 George Escricke Hatter 1748–1749 Francis Jefferson Merchant 1749–1750 James Rowe Druggist 1750–1751 Matthew Lister Timber-merchant 1751–1752 George Skelton Merchant 1752–1753 James Barnard Mercer 1753–1754 William Coates Glover 1754–1755 Richard Lawson Wine Merchant 1755–1756 Thomas Matthews Brewer 1756–1757 Richard Farrer Upholsterer 1757–1758 George Fox Lane MP for York, 1742–1761 1758–1759 John Allanson Merchant 1759–1760 Godfrey Wentworth MP for York, 1741 1760–1761 Francis Stephenson Merchant 1761–1762 Thomas Bowes Apothecary 1762–1763 John Mayer Attorney 1763–1764 Anby Taylor Apothecary 1764–1765 Francis Bacon Apothecary 1765–1766 Henry Raper Merchant 1766–1767 John Wakefield Merchant 1767–1768 Richard Garland Factor 1768–1769 James Rowe Druggist 1769–1770 Richard Farrer Upholsterer 1770–1771 John Carr Architect 1771–1772 Edward Wallis Apothecary 1772–1773 Charles Turner MP for York, 1768–1783 1773–1774 Henry Jubb Apothecary 1774–1775 Hugh Robinson Merchant 1775-1775 John Allanson Merchant 1776–1777 Francis Stephenson Merchant 1777–1778 Thomas Bowes died and replaced by Francis Bacon Both were apothecaries 1778–1779 Thomas Barstow Esquire 1779–1780 Edward Stabler Merchant 1780–1781 Thomas Cordley Wine-merchant 1781–1782 Henry Myers Merchant 1782–1783 Henry Raper Merchant 1783–1784 William Siddall Woollen-draper 1784–1785 Thomas Kilby Brewer 1785-1785 James Woodhouse died and replaced by John Carr Carr was an architect 1786–1787 Thomas Smith Merchant 1787–1788 Sir William Milner MP for York, 1790 1788–1789 William Bluitt Esquire 1789–1790 Thomas Hartley Brewer 1790–1791 Joshua Oldfield Wine-merchant 1791–1792 Thomas Wilson Bookseller 1792–1793 Ralph Dodsworth Merchant 1793–1794 William Siddall died and replaced by Thomas Smith Siddall was a woollen-merchant Smith was a merchant. 1794–1795 John Hay Woollen-draper 1795–1796 Richard Metcalfe Merchant-tailor 1796–1797 Theophilus de Garencières Apothecary 1797–1798 Richard Hobson Woollen-draper 1798–1799 Sir William Milner MP for York, 1790 1799–1800 William Ellis Merchant 19th century Year Name Notes 1800–1801 James Robson Linen-draper 1801–1802 John Wilkinson Druggist 1802–1803 William Hotham Barrister-at-Law 1803-1804 Thomas Hartley Esquire 1804–1805 John Kilby Brewer 1805–1806 Robert Stockton Druggist 1806–1807 Thomas Wilson Bookseller 1807–1808 William Ellis Merchant 1808–1809 Robert Rhodes Merchant tailor 1809–1810 Samuel Wormald Tanner 1810–1811 George Peacock Esquire 1811–1812 Hon. Lawrence Dundas MP for Richmond,1790,1808 MP for York, 1802,1811 1812–1813 Isaac Spencer Druggist 1813–1814 Thomas Smith Merchant 1814–1815 William Dunsley Brewer 1815–1816 William Hutchenson Hearon Tea Dealer 1816–1817 John Dales Druggist 1817–1818 Robert Chaloner FRS, MP for Richmond, 1810 and MP for York, 1820 1818–1819 James Saunders 1819–1820 William Hotham 1820–1821 George Peacock 1821–1822 Rt. Hon. Lord Dundas MP for Richmond,1790,1808 MP for York, 1802,1811 1822–1823 Isaac Spencer 1823–1824 Thomas Smith 1824–1825 William Dunsley 1825–1826 William Oldfield 1826–1827 William Cooper 1827–1828 William Hutchenson Hearon Tea Dealer 1828–1829 George Champney 1829–1830 John Dales 1830–1831 Hon. Edward Robert Petre 1831–1832 Rt. Hon. Lord Dundas MP for Richmond,1790,1808 MP for York, 1802,1811 1832–1833 William Oldfield 1833–1834 James Barber 1834–1835 William Cooper 1835–1836 Thomas Wood Wilson 1836-1836 Sir Sir John Simpson Corn merchant 1836–1837 James Meek Snr Glassmaker and banker 1837–1839 George Hudson "The Railway King" and MP for Sunderland, 1845–1859 1839–1840 William Stephenson Clark Medical doctor 1840–1841 Robert Cattle 1841–1842 William Matterson Surgeon 1842–1844 Joseph Buckle 1844–1845 William Gray Solicitor 1845–1846 William Richardson Solicitor 1846–1847 George Hudson "The Railway King" and MP for Sunderland, 1845–1859 1847–1848 James Richardson 1848–1849 Edward Richard Anderson 1849–1850 George Hicks Seymour Solicitor 1850–1851 James Meek Snr Glassmaker and banker 1851–1852 Henry Cooper Wine merchant 1852–1853 Richard Evers Tailor 1853–1854 George Leeman Solicitor, railway entrepreneur, and MP for York, 1865,1871 1854–1855 George Wilson 1855–1856 James Meek Jnr Banker 1856–1857 Edward Richard Anderson Solicitor 1857–1858 John Wood Solicitor and Yorkshire Coroner. 1858–1859 William Dalla Husband Surgeon, FRCS 1859–1860 Richard Evers Tailor 1860–1861 George Leeman Solicitor, railway entrepreneur, and MP for York, 1865,1871 1861–1863 William Fox Clark Solicitor 1863–1864 Richard Welch Hollon Druggist 1864–1865 Edwin Wade Dental surgeon 1865–1867 James Meek Jnr Banker 1867–1868 Ralph Weatherley Owner of building company. 1868–1869 Alfred Ely Hargrove 1869–1870 John Colburn Silversmith and jeweller 1870–1871 George Leeman Solicitor, railway entrepreneur, and MP for York, 1865,1871 1871–1872 William Walker Solicitor 1872–1873 Henry Steward 1873–1874 John March Brewer 1874–1875 Joseph Terry Chocolate maker. 1875–1876 Edward Rooke Wine and spirit merchant 1876–1877 James Melrose Land agent and brewer 1877–1878 William Varey Bacon factor 1878–1879 George Brown Solicitor 1879–1880 Thomas Samuel Watkinson died and replaced by William Wilkinson Wilberforce Watkinson owned iron- and steelworks. Wilberforce was a company director 1880–1881 John Stephenson Rowntree Chocolate maker. 1881–1882 Joseph Agar Tannery owner 1882–1883 Thomas Varey Bacon Factor. Son of Wm. Varey (Mayor,1877) 1883–1884 William Benson Richardson 1884–1885 John Close Businessman 1885–1887 Joseph Terry Chocolate maker. 1887–1888 Joseph Sykes Rymer Company director 1888–1890 Joseph Agar Tannery owner 1890–1891 Philip Matthews died and replaced by Sir Joseph Terry Matthews was an Innkeeper. Died of Typhoid. Terry was chocolate maker. 1891–1893 John Close Businessman 1893–1894 Thomas Clayton 1894–1895 William McKay 1895–1897 Christopher Annakin-Milward Hatter, hosier and shirtmaker. Knighted 1897 1897–1898 Edwin Gray Son of Wm Gray (Mayor, 1844). Solicitor. His married suffragist and social reformer Almyra Vickers in 1882. His brother was the composer Alan Gray. 1898–1899 Samuel Border Grocer 1899–1900 Joseph Sykes Rymer Company director 20th century Year Name Notes 1900–1901 Edward William Purnell Tobacconist 1901–1902 Lancelot Foster Agricultural merchant and Company Director 1902–1903 Edwin Gray Solicitor. Conservative party. Second term (see 1897-8). 1903–1906 Robert Horton Vernon Wragge Tour operator 1906–1907 William Bentley Bentley was a bookseller. He died in office and replaced by Samuel Border. 1907-1907 Samuel Border Border was a grocer. 1907–1908 Sir Joseph Sykes Rymer Coal, lime and sand merchant 1908–1910 James Birch Plumber and Glazier 1910–1911 Thomas Carter Butcher 1911–1912 Norman Green 1912–1913 Sir Joseph Sykes Rymer Coal, lime and sand merchant 1913–1914 Henry Rhodes Brown Founder of Browns department store 1914–1915 John Bowes Morrell Company director, publisher and writer 1915–1918 William Alexander Forster Todd 1918–1919 Sir William Alexander Forster Todd 1919–1921 Edward Walker 1921–1922 William Henry Birch Builder 1922–1923 James Brown Inglis Jeweller and silversmith 1923–1924 William Dobbie Railwayman and MP for Rotherham, 1933 1924–1925 Sir Robert Newbald Kay Solicitor and MP for Elland, 1903 1925–1926 William Wright 1926–1927 Oscar Frederick Rowntree 1927–1928 Arthur Richmond Fox 1928–1929 Edwin John Leetham Rymer Coal merchant. Son of Sir Joseph Sykes Rymer, Mayor 1907,1912 1929–1930 Charles William Shipley Railwayman 1930–1931 Sir William Alexander Forster-Todd 1931–1932 Robert Horton Vernon Wragge Tour operator 1932–1933 Henry Rhodes Brown 1933–1935 Herbert Edward Harrowell Solicitor 1935–1936 William Henry Shaw Railwayman 1936–1937 Thomas Morris Builder 1937–1938 Charles Thornburn Hutchinson Grocer 1938–1939 William Cooper 1939–1940 Robert James Pulleyn Builder 1940–1941 William Horsman Overseer at Rowntrees 1941–1942 Edna Annie Crichton First woman to be Lord Mayor 1942–1943 Edward Lacy Painter and Decorator 1943–1944 William Thompson 1944–1945 Harold de Bourg Chapman de Bourg Estate agent and Surveyor 1945–1847 Fred Gaines 1947–1948 William Dobbie Railwayman and MP for Rotherham, 1933 1949–1950 John Bowes Morrell Company Director, publisher and writer 1950–1951 Ernest Harwood 1951–1952 John Harold Kaye 1952–1953 Cecil Walter Wright 1953–1954 Charles Oliver Chairman, Furniture Company 1954–1955 Frank Wright 1955–1956 Fred Brown 1956–1957 Vincent Albert Bosworth 1957–1958 Eric Lawson Keld 1958–1959 Albert Leslie Philipson 1959–1960 Robert Stavers Oloman 1960–1961 Wilfred Ward 1961–1962 Ivy Gladys Wightman 1962–1963 Robert Alexander Cattle 1963–1964 Archibald Kirk 1964–1965 Stanley Palphramand Organbuilder 1965–1966 William Bridge 1966–1967 Walter Elliott Milburn 1967–1968 William Edwin Hargrave 1968–1969 Mona May Armitage 1969–1970 Ronald Scobey 1970–1971 Arthur Joseph Hardcastle 1971–1972 Richard Scruton 1972–1973 Harry Victor Boulton 1973–1974 Jack Milnes Wood 1974–1975 William Thomas Burke 1975–1976 Jack Penty Birch Builder 1976–1977 Jack Archer Railwayman 1977–1978 Thomas Hibbert 1978–1979 Samuel Edwin Brearley 1979–1980 William Richardson 1980–1981 Clive Bushell Kay Company Director 1981–1982 Charles William Fairclough 1982–1983 Philip Booth 1983–1984 Stephen Fred Galloway 1984–1985 Kenneth Cooper Also a Deputy Lord Lieutenant of North Yorkshire 1985–1986 Marjorie Seward Bwye 1986–1987 Cyril Arthur Waite 1987–1988 Malcolm James Heppell Railwayman 1988–1989 Reginald Pulleyn Railwayman 1989–1990 Jack Archer 1990–1991 Keith Simpson Wood 1991–1992 Albert Cowen 1992–1993 Bernard Alfred Bell Railwayman 1993–1994 Ann Reid 1994–1995 David Wilde Teacher 1995–1996 John Boardman Teacher, bus driver 1996–1997 Kenneth William King Postman 1997–1998 Michael John Bradley 1998–1999 Derek Wilbraham Smallwood Retired bus driver 1999–2000 Peter Vaughan 21st century Year Name Notes 2000–2001 Shân Edryd Braund 2001–2002 Irene Mary Waudby 2002–2003 David Anthony Horton Retired Railway Engineer, JP, MBE 2003–2004 Charles Hall 2004–2005 Janet Looker retired Solicitor 2005–2006 Janet Greenwood 2006–2007 Janet Hopton 2007–2008 Irene Mary Waudby 2008–2009 Brian Walter Joseph Edward Watson 2009–2010 John Galvin 2010–2011 Sue Galloway 2011–2012 David Anthony Horton 2012–2013 Keith Hyman 2013–2014 Julie Gunnell Charity worker 2014–2015 Ian Gillies Former police officer, sales manager, businessman 2015–2016 Sonja Crisp 2016–2017 Dave Taylor Former local government worker 2017–2018 Barbara Boyce Former local government worker and teacher 2018–2019 Keith Orrell 2019–2021 Janet Looker Served two years due to the coronavirus pandemic 2021–2022 Chris Cullwick Ordained in the Church of England 2022–2023 David Carr 2023–2024 Chris Cullwick Ordained in the Church of England 2024–2025 Margaret Wells See also List of lord mayoralties and lord provostships in the United Kingdom References ^ a b Lord Mayor, City of York Council ^ "York Mansion House". Retrieved 13 November 2013. ^ "No. 46255". The London Gazette. 4 April 1974. p. 4401. ^ "No. 54363". The London Gazette. 4 April 1996. p. 4925. ^ Drake 1736, pp. 359–367. ^ a b c d e f g h i Drake 1736, p. 359. ^ Drake 1736, p. 359 cites Stow's chron Leland, coll —. ^ Drake 1736, p. 359 cites Fairfax family records. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x Drake 1736, p. 360. ^ Drake 1736, pp. 360–361. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z Drake 1736, p. 361. ^ Drake 1736, pp. 361–362. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba Drake 1736, p. 362. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf Drake 1736, p. 363. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf Drake 1736, p. 364. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk Drake 1736, p. 365. ^ For masters a similar company in London see Worshipful Company of Innholders. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Drake 1736, p. 366. ^ Coster 1997, p. 106. ^ a b York History staff 2013. ^ Coster 1997, p. 109. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu "Lord Mayors of York 1601–1800". York Mansion House. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 29 November 2013. ^ Drake 1736, p. 367. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn "Lord Mayors of York 1801–2000". Mansion House. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 30 November 2013. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm "Lord Mayors of York 1801–2000". (York) Mansion House. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 2 December 2013. ^ "Election of Mayors". The Times. No. 36922. London. 11 November 1902. p. 12. ^ Evans, Antonia, ed. (2002). The York book : a history of York in a concise A to Z format. York: Blue Bridge. p. 60. ISBN 0954274903. ^ Lewis, Stephen (3 March 2018). "York's blue plaques: Edna Annie Crichton". York Press. Retrieved 3 March 2018. ^ Alexander, David (23 June 2003). "Obituary : Jack Birch". The Independent. Retrieved 31 October 2017. ^ a b Stead, Mark (13 March 2010). "Funeral tributes to Jack Archer". York Press. Retrieved 3 August 2020. ^ Lewis, Stephen (12 October 2021). "Tributes to former Lord Mayor who was a 'local champion'". York Press. Retrieved 12 October 2021. ^ "Former Lord Mayor dies". York Press. 19 July 2000. Retrieved 21 September 2017. ^ Willers, Daniel (16 January 2018). "Friends say a fond farewell to former Lord Mayor of York Marjorie Bwye". York Press. Retrieved 16 January 2018. ^ Stead, Mark (19 February 2013). "Tributes paid to former Lord Mayor, Cyril Waite". York Press. Retrieved 21 September 2017. ^ Ross, Alex (15 November 2017). "Former Lord Mayor Malcolm Heppell dies, aged 82". York Press. Retrieved 15 November 2017. ^ Ross, Alex (26 August 2015). ""He put his life into serving the city" – Tributes are paid as former Lord Mayor of York dies, aged 87". York Press. Retrieved 21 September 2017. ^ Laycock, Mike (2 January 2015). "Tributes paid to former Lord Mayor Alderman Bernard Bell". York Press. Retrieved 21 September 2017. ^ Lewis, Haydn (22 December 2021). "Tributes to popular former Lord Mayor of York, David Wilde". York Press. Retrieved 16 June 2024. ^ Stead, Mark (8 March 2010). "Tributes paid to former Lord Mayor John Boardman". York Press. Retrieved 21 September 2017. ^ "At home with new role". York Press. 22 May 1998. Retrieved 21 September 2017. ^ Horner, Ed (6 September 2023). "Tributes to former Lord Mayor of York Derek Smallwood, 82". York Press. Retrieved 6 September 2023. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "Lord Mayors of York 2001 +". (York) Mansion House. Archived from the original on 5 December 2013. Retrieved 2 December 2013. ^ "York to have a female Lord Mayor". York Press. 14 April 2000. Retrieved 27 March 2016. ^ "Femmes fit all roles". York Press. 24 May 2001. Retrieved 27 March 2016. ^ "Meet the Lord Mayor". York Press. 23 May 2002. Retrieved 27 March 2016. ^ "Lord Mayor is selected". York Press. 15 January 2003. Retrieved 27 March 2016. ^ "New Lord Mayor is sworn in". York Press. 20 May 2004. Retrieved 27 March 2016. ^ "Mother-of-two 'honoured' by selection to be Lord Mayor". York Press. 28 January 2005. Retrieved 27 March 2016. ^ "Hats off to Janet". York Press. 26 May 2006. Retrieved 27 March 2016. ^ Aitchison, Gavin (25 May 2007). "New Lord Mayor and Sheriff take up roles". York Press. Retrieved 27 March 2016. ^ Casci, Mark (23 May 2008). "Meet the new mayor". York Press. Retrieved 27 March 2016. ^ Lewis, Stephen (21 May 2009). "John Galvin steps up to become the new Lord Mayor of York". York Press. Retrieved 27 March 2016. ^ Catton, Richard (28 May 2010). "Sue Galloway sworn in as new Lord Mayor of York". York Press. Retrieved 27 March 2016. ^ Stead, Mark (26 May 2011). "York's new Lord Mayor appointed as Labour takes council control". York Press. Retrieved 27 March 2016. ^ Liptrot, Kate (25 May 2012). "Meet the new Lord Mayor of York". York Press. Retrieved 27 March 2016. ^ Lewis, Stephen (23 May 2013). "It's a family affair for York's new Lord Mayor, Julie Gunnell". York Press. Retrieved 27 March 2016. ^ Stead, Mark (13 December 2013). "Ian Gillies named as next Lord Mayor of York". York Press. Retrieved 15 November 2017. ^ Prest, Victoria (21 May 2014). "Councillor Ian Gillies installed at Guildhall Mayor Making ceremony". York Press. Retrieved 27 March 2016. ^ Laycock, Mike (21 May 2015). "New Lord Mayor tells of pride". York Press. Retrieved 27 March 2016. ^ "Meet the new Rt Hon Lord Mayor of York". Minster FM. 26 May 2016. Archived from the original on 27 May 2016. Retrieved 26 May 2016. ^ Prest, Victoria (26 May 2016). "York gets first Green Lord Mayor". York Press. Retrieved 26 May 2016. ^ Lewis, Stephen (26 May 2017). "Meet York's new Lord Mayor". York Press. Retrieved 27 May 2017. ^ Laycock, Mike (25 May 2017). "New era dawns at Guildhall with all-female civic party". York Press. Retrieved 27 May 2017. ^ Prest, Victoria (24 May 2018). "York welcomes 801st Lord Mayor". York Press. Retrieved 30 September 2018. ^ Laversuch, Chloe (22 May 2019). "New Lord Mayor of York Councillor Janet Looker is sworn in". York Press. Retrieved 22 May 2019. ^ Dunning, David (24 May 2021). "York's new Lord Mayor Cllr Chris Cullwick will take office this Thursday (27 May)". YorkMix. Retrieved 24 May 2021. ^ Cooper, Joe (26 May 2022). "New Lord Mayor of York David Carr pledges to help over cost of living". York Press. Retrieved 27 May 2022. ^ Laver, Adam (28 May 2023). "New mayor Chris Cullwick says York will welcome asylum seekers". York Press. Retrieved 4 May 2024. ^ Lewis, Stephen (21 May 2024). "'You can be what you want': York's stroke-surviving new Lord Mayor". York Press. Retrieved 29 May 2024. Bibliography Coster, Will (1997). "Communities during war". In Naphy, William G.; Roberts, Penny (eds.). Fear in Early Modern Society (illustrated ed.). Manchester University Press. pp. 106–109. ISBN 9780719052057. Drake, Francis (1736). "A Catalogue of the Mayors and Bailiffs, Lord Mayors, and Sheriffs of the city of Your from anno 1273, 1 Edward I, and upwards, to the present year (1735)". Eboracum: or, The history and antiquities of the city of York, from its original to the present times: Together with the history of the cathedral church, and the lives of the archbishops of that see ... Printed by W. Bowyer for the author. p. 359–367. York History staff (2013). York in the Civil War. Archived from the original on 10 October 2014. {{cite book}}: \|website= ignored (help) External links York Mansion House website, which contains a page on the history and lists past Lord Mayors vteLists of lord mayors in the United KingdomEnglandLord mayors Birmingham Bradford Bristol Canterbury Chester Coventry Exeter Kingston upon Hull Leeds Leicester Liverpool City of London Manchester Newcastle-upon-Tyne Norwich Nottingham Oxford Plymouth Portsmouth Southampton Sheffield Stoke-on-Trent Westminster York WalesLord mayors Cardiff Swansea ScotlandLord provosts Aberdeen Dundee Edinburgh Glasgow Northern IrelandLord mayors Armagh Belfast Ireland (pre-1922)Lord mayors Cork Dublin	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"City of York Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_York_Council"},{"link_name":"York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/York"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mayor-1"},{"link_name":"Richard II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_II_of_England"},{"link_name":"Lord Mayor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Mayor"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Mansion House, York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansion_House,_York"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mayor-1"},{"link_name":"non-metropolitan district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-metropolitan_district"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lg0474-3"},{"link_name":"unitary authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitary_authority"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-londongaz-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Former_Lord_Mayors_of_York_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1516000.jpg"},{"link_name":"Holy Trinity Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Trinity_Church,_Goodramgate,_York"},{"link_name":"Robert Fairfax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Fairfax_(Royal_Navy_officer)"},{"link_name":"King John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John,_King_of_England"},{"link_name":"Richard Scrope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Scrope_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"King Richard II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_II_of_England"}],"text":"The Lord Mayor of York is the chairman of City of York Council, first citizen and civic head of York. The appointment is made by the council each year in May, at the same time appointing a sheriff, the city's other civic head. York's lord mayor is second only to the Lord Mayor of London in precedence.[1] The office of mayor dates back to at least 1217 and was upgraded by Richard II to that of Lord Mayor in 1389.[2]The Mansion House, York, is the Lord Mayor's home during his or her term of office.[1]The use of the prefix \"right honourable\" appears to have been used since the creation of the lord mayoralty. It was confirmed by letters patent dated 1 April 1974, when York became a non-metropolitan district[3] and reconfirmed by letters patent dated 1 April 1996, when it became a unitary authority.[4]Wall plaque in Holy Trinity Church commemorating past lord mayors Thomas Mosley 1687, Robert Fairfax 1715, James Rowe 1749 & 1768 and Richard Garland 1767In 1212, King John granted York the right to collect its own taxes, hold courts and conduct its own affairs and thereby the right to elect a mayor. These rights were temporarily forfeited in 1280–1282 for altering a royal charter, in 1292–1297 for failing to pay taxes and in 1405–1406 for supporting Archbishop Richard Scrope. In 1389, King Richard II elevated the mayor to the status of lord mayor and supposedly gave his sword to be carried point upwards before him.","title":"List of lord mayors of York"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrake1736359%E2%80%93367-5"}],"text":"Source: \"Eboracum\"[5]","title":"List of Mayors of York"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Before 1300","title":"List of Mayors of York"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"14th century","title":"List of Mayors of York"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"List of Lord Mayors of York"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"15th century","title":"List of Lord Mayors of York"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"16th century","title":"List of Lord Mayors of York"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stephen_Watson.jpg"},{"link_name":"Stephen Watson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stephen_Watson_(Lord_Mayor_of_York)&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"17th century","text":"Stephen Watson was Lord Mayor of York twice, in 1646 and 1656.","title":"List of Lord Mayors of York"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"18th century","title":"List of Lord Mayors of York"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"19th century","title":"List of Lord Mayors of York"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"20th century","title":"List of Lord Mayors of York"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"21st century","title":"List of Lord Mayors of York"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"106","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=eum8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA106"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780719052057","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780719052057"},{"link_name":"359","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/gri_33125011569627/page/n463"},{"link_name":"York in the Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20141010164641/http://www.yorkhistory.org.uk/node/100"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.yorkhistory.org.uk/node/100"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored"}],"text":"Coster, Will (1997). \"Communities during war\". In Naphy, William G.; Roberts, Penny (eds.). Fear in Early Modern Society (illustrated ed.). Manchester University Press. pp. 106–109. ISBN 9780719052057.\nDrake, Francis (1736). \"A Catalogue of the Mayors and Bailiffs, Lord Mayors, and Sheriffs of the city of Your from anno 1273, 1 Edward I, and upwards, to the present year (1735)\". Eboracum: or, The history and antiquities of the city of York, from its original to the present times: Together with the history of the cathedral church, and the lives of the archbishops of that see ... Printed by W. Bowyer for the author. p. 359–367.\nYork History staff (2013). York in the Civil War. Archived from the original on 10 October 2014. {{cite book}}: \|website= ignored (help)","title":"Bibliography"}]	[{"image_text":"Wall plaque in Holy Trinity Church commemorating past lord mayors Thomas Mosley 1687, Robert Fairfax 1715, James Rowe 1749 & 1768 and Richard Garland 1767","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Former_Lord_Mayors_of_York_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1516000.jpg/220px-Former_Lord_Mayors_of_York_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1516000.jpg"},{"image_text":"Stephen Watson was Lord Mayor of York twice, in 1646 and 1656.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Stephen_Watson.jpg/220px-Stephen_Watson.jpg"}]	[{"title":"List of lord mayoralties and lord provostships in the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_lord_mayoralties_and_lord_provostships_in_the_United_Kingdom"}]	[{"reference":"\"York Mansion House\". Retrieved 13 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mansionhouseyork.com/","url_text":"\"York Mansion House\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 46255\". The London Gazette. 4 April 1974. p. 4401.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/46255/page/4401","url_text":"\"No. 46255\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 54363\". The London Gazette. 4 April 1996. p. 4925.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/54363/page/4925","url_text":"\"No. 54363\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"Lord Mayors of York 1601–1800\". York Mansion House. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 29 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131203030538/http://www.mansionhouseyork.hostyork.co.uk/DynamicPageT1.asp?PageID=6","url_text":"\"Lord Mayors of York 1601–1800\""},{"url":"http://www.mansionhouseyork.hostyork.co.uk/DynamicPageT1.asp?PageID=6","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Lord Mayors of York 1801–2000\". Mansion House. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 30 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131203030535/http://www.mansionhouseyork.hostyork.co.uk/DynamicPageT1.asp?PageID=7","url_text":"\"Lord Mayors of York 1801–2000\""},{"url":"http://www.mansionhouseyork.hostyork.co.uk/DynamicPageT1.asp?PageID=7","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Lord Mayors of York 1801–2000\". (York) Mansion House. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 2 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131203030535/http://www.mansionhouseyork.hostyork.co.uk/DynamicPageT1.asp?PageID=7","url_text":"\"Lord Mayors of York 1801–2000\""},{"url":"http://www.mansionhouseyork.hostyork.co.uk/DynamicPageT1.asp?PageID=7","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Election of Mayors\". The Times. No. 36922. London. 11 November 1902. p. 12.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Evans, Antonia, ed. (2002). The York book : a history of York in a concise A to Z format. York: Blue Bridge. p. 60. ISBN 0954274903.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0954274903","url_text":"0954274903"}]},{"reference":"Lewis, Stephen (3 March 2018). \"York's blue plaques: Edna Annie Crichton\". York Press. Retrieved 3 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/16056002.York_s_blue_plaques__Edna_Annie_Crichton/","url_text":"\"York's blue plaques: Edna Annie Crichton\""}]},{"reference":"Alexander, David (23 June 2003). \"Obituary : Jack Birch\". The Independent. Retrieved 31 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/jack-birch-36647.html","url_text":"\"Obituary : Jack Birch\""}]},{"reference":"Stead, Mark (13 March 2010). \"Funeral tributes to Jack Archer\". York Press. Retrieved 3 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/5060067.funeral-tributes-to-jack-archer/","url_text":"\"Funeral tributes to Jack Archer\""}]},{"reference":"Lewis, Stephen (12 October 2021). \"Tributes to former Lord Mayor who was a 'local champion'\". York Press. Retrieved 12 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/19633058.tributes-former-lord-mayor-local-champion/","url_text":"\"Tributes to former Lord Mayor who was a 'local champion'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Former Lord Mayor dies\". York Press. 19 July 2000. Retrieved 21 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/7954807.Former_Lord_Mayor_dies/","url_text":"\"Former Lord Mayor dies\""}]},{"reference":"Willers, Daniel (16 January 2018). \"Friends say a fond farewell to former Lord Mayor of York Marjorie Bwye\". York Press. Retrieved 16 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/15836892.Friends_say_a_fond_farewell_to_former_Lord_Mayor_of_York_Marjorie_Bwye/","url_text":"\"Friends say a fond farewell to former Lord Mayor of York Marjorie Bwye\""}]},{"reference":"Stead, Mark (19 February 2013). \"Tributes paid to former Lord Mayor, Cyril Waite\". York Press. Retrieved 21 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/10236552.Tributes_paid_to_former_Lord_Mayor/","url_text":"\"Tributes paid to former Lord Mayor, Cyril Waite\""}]},{"reference":"Ross, Alex (15 November 2017). \"Former Lord Mayor Malcolm Heppell dies, aged 82\". York Press. Retrieved 15 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/15663126.Former_Lord_Mayor_Malcolm_Heppell_dies__aged_82/","url_text":"\"Former Lord Mayor Malcolm Heppell dies, aged 82\""}]},{"reference":"Ross, Alex (26 August 2015). \"\"He put his life into serving the city\" – Tributes are paid as former Lord Mayor of York dies, aged 87\". York Press. Retrieved 21 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/13624864._He_put_his_life_into_serving_the_city____Tributes_are_paid_as_former_Lord_Mayor_of_York_dies__aged_87/","url_text":"\"\"He put his life into serving the city\" – Tributes are paid as former Lord Mayor of York dies, aged 87\""}]},{"reference":"Laycock, Mike (2 January 2015). \"Tributes paid to former Lord Mayor Alderman Bernard Bell\". York Press. Retrieved 21 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/11699085.Tributes_paid_to_former_Lord_Mayor_Alderman_Bernard_Bell/","url_text":"\"Tributes paid to former Lord Mayor Alderman Bernard Bell\""}]},{"reference":"Lewis, Haydn (22 December 2021). \"Tributes to popular former Lord Mayor of York, David Wilde\". York Press. Retrieved 16 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/19801176.tributes-popular-former-lord-mayor-york-david-wilde/","url_text":"\"Tributes to popular former Lord Mayor of York, David Wilde\""}]},{"reference":"Stead, Mark (8 March 2010). \"Tributes paid to former Lord Mayor John Boardman\". York Press. Retrieved 21 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/5046512.Tributes_paid_to_former_Lord_Mayor_John_Boardman/","url_text":"\"Tributes paid to former Lord Mayor John Boardman\""}]},{"reference":"\"At home with new role\". York Press. 22 May 1998. Retrieved 21 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/7969181.At_home_with_new_role/","url_text":"\"At home with new role\""}]},{"reference":"Horner, Ed (6 September 2023). \"Tributes to former Lord Mayor of York Derek Smallwood, 82\". York Press. Retrieved 6 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/23772586.tributes-former-lord-mayor-york-derek-smallwood-82/","url_text":"\"Tributes to former Lord Mayor of York Derek Smallwood, 82\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lord Mayors of York 2001 +\". (York) Mansion House. Archived from the original on 5 December 2013. Retrieved 2 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131205223319/http://www.mansionhouseyork.hostyork.co.uk/DynamicPageT1.asp?PageID=8","url_text":"\"Lord Mayors of York 2001 +\""},{"url":"http://www.mansionhouseyork.hostyork.co.uk/DynamicPageT1.asp?PageID=8","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"York to have a female Lord Mayor\". York Press. 14 April 2000. Retrieved 27 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/7957508.York_to_have_a_female___Lord_Mayor/","url_text":"\"York to have a female Lord Mayor\""}]},{"reference":"\"Femmes fit all roles\". York Press. 24 May 2001. Retrieved 27 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/7942714.Femmes_fit_all_roles/","url_text":"\"Femmes fit all roles\""}]},{"reference":"\"Meet the Lord Mayor\". York Press. 23 May 2002. Retrieved 27 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/7925831.Meet_the_Lord_Mayor/","url_text":"\"Meet the Lord Mayor\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lord Mayor is selected\". York Press. 15 January 2003. Retrieved 27 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/7914965.Lord_Mayor_is_selected/","url_text":"\"Lord Mayor is selected\""}]},{"reference":"\"New Lord Mayor is sworn in\". York Press. 20 May 2004. Retrieved 27 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/7886788.New_Lord_Mayor_is_sworn_in/","url_text":"\"New Lord Mayor is sworn in\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mother-of-two 'honoured' by selection to be Lord Mayor\". York Press. 28 January 2005. Retrieved 27 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/7870205.Mother_of_two__honoured__by__selection_to_be_Lord_Mayor/","url_text":"\"Mother-of-two 'honoured' by selection to be Lord Mayor\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hats off to Janet\". York Press. 26 May 2006. Retrieved 27 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/7983254.Hats_off_to_Janet/","url_text":"\"Hats off to Janet\""}]},{"reference":"Aitchison, Gavin (25 May 2007). \"New Lord Mayor and Sheriff take up roles\". York Press. Retrieved 27 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/1425304.New_Lord_Mayor_and_Sheriff_take_up_roles/","url_text":"\"New Lord Mayor and Sheriff take up roles\""}]},{"reference":"Casci, Mark (23 May 2008). \"Meet the new mayor\". York Press. Retrieved 27 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/2292189.Meet_the_new_mayor/","url_text":"\"Meet the new mayor\""}]},{"reference":"Lewis, Stephen (21 May 2009). \"John Galvin steps up to become the new Lord Mayor of York\". York Press. Retrieved 27 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/4385226.John_Galvin_steps_up_to_become_the_new_Lord_Mayor_of_York/","url_text":"\"John Galvin steps up to become the new Lord Mayor of York\""}]},{"reference":"Catton, Richard (28 May 2010). \"Sue Galloway sworn in as new Lord Mayor of York\". York Press. Retrieved 27 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/8190459.Sue_Galloway_sworn_in_as_new_Lord_Mayor_of_York/","url_text":"\"Sue Galloway sworn in as new Lord Mayor of York\""}]},{"reference":"Stead, Mark (26 May 2011). \"York's new Lord Mayor appointed as Labour takes council control\". York Press. Retrieved 27 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/9050772.York_s_new_Lord_Mayor_appointed_as_Labour_takes_council_control/","url_text":"\"York's new Lord Mayor appointed as Labour takes council control\""}]},{"reference":"Liptrot, Kate (25 May 2012). \"Meet the new Lord Mayor of York\". York Press. Retrieved 27 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/9726137.Meet_the_new_Lord_Mayor_of_York/","url_text":"\"Meet the new Lord Mayor of York\""}]},{"reference":"Lewis, Stephen (23 May 2013). \"It's a family affair for York's new Lord Mayor, Julie Gunnell\". York Press. Retrieved 27 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/10438215.It___s_a_family_affair_for_York___s_new_Lord_Mayor/","url_text":"\"It's a family affair for York's new Lord Mayor, Julie Gunnell\""}]},{"reference":"Stead, Mark (13 December 2013). \"Ian Gillies named as next Lord Mayor of York\". York Press. Retrieved 15 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/10877101.York_s_next_Lord_Mayor_named/","url_text":"\"Ian Gillies named as next Lord Mayor of York\""}]},{"reference":"Prest, Victoria (21 May 2014). \"Councillor Ian Gillies installed at Guildhall Mayor Making ceremony\". York Press. Retrieved 27 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/11226478.New_Lord_Mayor_of_York_installed_at_Guildhall/","url_text":"\"Councillor Ian Gillies installed at Guildhall Mayor Making ceremony\""}]},{"reference":"Laycock, Mike (21 May 2015). \"New Lord Mayor tells of pride\". York Press. Retrieved 27 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/12965927.New_Lord_Mayor_tells_of_pride/","url_text":"\"New Lord Mayor tells of pride\""}]},{"reference":"\"Meet the new Rt Hon Lord Mayor of York\". Minster FM. 26 May 2016. Archived from the original on 27 May 2016. Retrieved 26 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160527154545/http://www.minsterfm.com/news/local/1997072/meet-the-new-rt-hon-lord-mayor-of-york/","url_text":"\"Meet the new Rt Hon Lord Mayor of York\""},{"url":"http://www.minsterfm.com/news/local/1997072/meet-the-new-rt-hon-lord-mayor-of-york/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Prest, Victoria (26 May 2016). \"York gets first Green Lord Mayor\". York Press. Retrieved 26 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/14519246.York_gets_first_Green_Lord_Mayor/","url_text":"\"York gets first Green Lord Mayor\""}]},{"reference":"Lewis, Stephen (26 May 2017). \"Meet York's new Lord Mayor\". York Press. Retrieved 27 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/15311573.Meet_York_s_new_Lord_Mayor/","url_text":"\"Meet York's new Lord Mayor\""}]},{"reference":"Laycock, Mike (25 May 2017). \"New era dawns at Guildhall with all-female civic party\". York Press. Retrieved 27 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/15309402.New_era_dawns_at_Guildhall_with_all_female_civic_party/","url_text":"\"New era dawns at Guildhall with all-female civic party\""}]},{"reference":"Prest, Victoria (24 May 2018). \"York welcomes 801st Lord Mayor\". York Press. Retrieved 30 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/16248370.york-welcomes-801st-lord-mayor/","url_text":"\"York welcomes 801st Lord Mayor\""}]},{"reference":"Laversuch, Chloe (22 May 2019). \"New Lord Mayor of York Councillor Janet Looker is sworn in\". York Press. Retrieved 22 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/17657545.new-lord-mayor-of-york-councillor-janet-looker-is-sworn-in/","url_text":"\"New Lord Mayor of York Councillor Janet Looker is sworn in\""}]},{"reference":"Dunning, David (24 May 2021). \"York's new Lord Mayor Cllr Chris Cullwick will take office this Thursday (27 May)\". YorkMix. Retrieved 24 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://yorkmix.com/this-is-yorks-new-lord-mayor-and-these-are-his-charities/","url_text":"\"York's new Lord Mayor Cllr Chris Cullwick will take office this Thursday (27 May)\""}]},{"reference":"Cooper, Joe (26 May 2022). \"New Lord Mayor of York David Carr pledges to help over cost of living\". York Press. Retrieved 27 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/20169052.new-lord-mayor-york-david-carr-pledges-help-cost-living/","url_text":"\"New Lord Mayor of York David Carr pledges to help over cost of living\""}]},{"reference":"Laver, Adam (28 May 2023). \"New mayor Chris Cullwick says York will welcome asylum seekers\". York Press. Retrieved 4 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/23550751.new-mayor-chris-cullwick-says-york-will-welcome-asylum-seekers/","url_text":"\"New mayor Chris Cullwick says York will welcome asylum seekers\""}]},{"reference":"Lewis, Stephen (21 May 2024). \"'You can be what you want': York's stroke-surviving new Lord Mayor\". York Press. Retrieved 29 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/24335216.you-can-want-yorks-stroke-surviving-new-lord-mayor/","url_text":"\"'You can be what you want': York's stroke-surviving new Lord Mayor\""}]},{"reference":"Coster, Will (1997). \"Communities during war\". In Naphy, William G.; Roberts, Penny (eds.). Fear in Early Modern Society (illustrated ed.). Manchester University Press. pp. 106–109. ISBN 9780719052057.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=eum8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA106","url_text":"106"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780719052057","url_text":"9780719052057"}]},{"reference":"Drake, Francis (1736). \"A Catalogue of the Mayors and Bailiffs, Lord Mayors, and Sheriffs of the city of Your from anno 1273, 1 Edward I, and upwards, to the present year (1735)\". Eboracum: or, The history and antiquities of the city of York, from its original to the present times: Together with the history of the cathedral church, and the lives of the archbishops of that see ... Printed by W. Bowyer for the author. p. 359–367.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/gri_33125011569627/page/n463","url_text":"359"}]},{"reference":"York History staff (2013). York in the Civil War. Archived from the original on 10 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141010164641/http://www.yorkhistory.org.uk/node/100","url_text":"York in the Civil War"},{"url":"http://www.yorkhistory.org.uk/node/100","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.york.gov.uk/info/20039/lord_mayor/626/lord_mayor","external_links_name":"york.gov.uk"},{"Link":"https://www.york.gov.uk/LordMayor","external_links_name":"Lord Mayor"},{"Link":"http://www.mansionhouseyork.com/","external_links_name":"\"York Mansion House\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/46255/page/4401","external_links_name":"\"No. 46255\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/54363/page/4925","external_links_name":"\"No. 54363\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131203030538/http://www.mansionhouseyork.hostyork.co.uk/DynamicPageT1.asp?PageID=6","external_links_name":"\"Lord Mayors of York 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-portrait_(Leonardo_da_Vinci)	Portrait of a Man in Red Chalk	["1 Description and provenance","2 History and attribution","3 Other portraits","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]	Drawing by Leonardo da Vinci Portrait of an elderly manThe inscription at the bottom of the portrait,added by a later hand, reads: "Leonardo da Vinci, portrait of himself as an old man"ArtistLeonardo da VinciYearc. 1512TypeRed chalk on paperDimensions33.3 cm × 21.6 cm (13.1 in × 8.5 in)LocationRoyal Library, Turin The portrait of a man in red chalk (c. 1510) in the Royal Library of Turin is widely, though not universally, accepted as a self-portrait of Leonardo da Vinci. It is thought that Leonardo da Vinci drew this self-portrait at about the age of 60. The portrait has been extensively reproduced and has become an iconic representation of Leonardo as a polymath or "Renaissance Man". Despite this, some historians and scholars disagree as to the true identity of the sitter. Description and provenance The portrait is drawn in red chalk on paper. It depicts the head of an elderly man in three-quarter view, his face turned towards the viewer. The subject is distinguished by his long hair and long waving beard which flow over the shoulders and chest. The length of the hair and beard is uncommon in Renaissance portraits and suggests, as now, a person of sagacity. The face has a somewhat aquiline nose and is marked by deep lines on the brow and pouches below the eyes. It appears as if the man has lost his upper front teeth, causing deepening of the grooves from the nostrils. The eyes of the figure do not engage the viewer but gaze ahead, veiled by the long eyebrows. The drawing has been drawn in fine unique lines, shadowed by hatching and executed with the left hand, as was Leonardo's habit. The paper has brownish "fox marks" caused by the accumulation of iron salts due to moisture. In 1839, Giovanni Volpato, an antiques dealer who may have purchased the drawing in England or France, sold it to Prince Charles Albert of Sardinia with other drawings of great artists such as Raphael and Michelangelo. It is housed in Turin, at the Royal Library, and is not generally viewable by the public due to its fragility and poor condition. Researchers have developed a nondestructive way to gauge the condition of the drawing by describing and quantifying the chromophores affecting the paper. Their technique, described in Applied Physics Letters (2014), will be used to assess the rate at which the image is deteriorating and should help with planning appropriate conservation strategies. History and attribution The drawing is estimated to have been drawn c. 1510, possibly as a self-portrait by Leonardo da Vinci. In 1839, it was acquired by King Carlo Alberto of Savoy. The assumption that the drawing is a self-portrait of Leonardo was made in the 19th century, based on the similarity of the sitter to the possible portrait of Leonardo as Plato in Raphael's The School of Athens and on the high quality of the drawing, consistent with others by Leonardo. It was also decreed to be a self-portrait based on its likeness to the frontispiece portrait of Leonardo in Vasari's second edition of The Lives of the Artists (1568). During World War II, the presumed self-portrait was temporarily moved from Turin to Rome to avoid being taken by the Nazis, becoming somewhat damaged in the process. In 2000, Frank Zöllner reflected that "This red chalk drawing has largely determined our idea of Leonardo's appearance for it was long taken to be his only authentic self-portrait." Since the mid-to-late 20th century, the identification of the drawing as a self-portrait has been questioned. The claim that it represents Leonardo has been criticized by a number of Leonardo scholars and experts, such as Robert Payne, Martin Kemp, Pietro Marani, Carlo Pedretti, Larry J. Feinberg, and Martin Clayton. A frequent criticism made in the late 20th century is that the drawing depicts a man of a greater age than Leonardo himself achieved, as he died at the age of 67 and allegedly made the drawing between the age of 58 and 60. It has been suggested that the sitter represents Leonardo's father Piero da Vinci or his uncle Francesco, based on the fact they both had a long life and lived until the age of 80. In the early 21st century, the presumed self-portrait of Leonardo was used to help identify the subject of a drawing by Giovanni Ambrogio Figino, believed to depict an elderly Leonardo with his right arm assuaged by cloth. This may correspond with accounts of Leonardo's right hand being paralytic late in life and the burial position of his presumed remains, which scientists hope to DNA test to determine if they are Leonardo's. Other portraits Red chalk drawing attributed to Leonardo's pupil Francesco Melzi Plato in Raphael's The School of Athens Other portraits of Leonardo by himself and other hands exist, presenting a different image of Leonardo to the man as represented in the red chalk drawing. Another red chalk drawing, a profile portrait at Windsor, is attributed to his pupil Francesco Melzi. A sketch by an unknown assistant on the back of one of Leonardo's studies (c. 1517) has also been determined to be a portrait. A self-portrait from Leonardo's Codex on the Flight of Birds depicts the artist at age 53. Leonardo may have also included a self-portrait in Luca Pacioli's Divina proportione, which he illustrated. A 1471 painting of Gabriel bears an inscription indicating that it is a self-portrait of Leonardo; this would be the earliest depiction of the artist. Leonardo is thought to be portrayed as Plato in Raphael's The School of Athens (1511). He may have been the model for two works by his master Verrocchio: the bronze statue of David (c. 1476) in the Bargello, and the archangel Raphael in Tobias and the Angel (c. 1475). Donato Bramante's Heraclitus and Democritus (1477) is thought by some to portray Leonardo as Heraclitus. Some suspect that the lower-right attendant in Leonardo's Adoration of the Magi (1481) may be a self-portrait. A 1505 engraving by Marcantonio Raimondi may portray Leonardo playing a lira da braccio, but this has yet to be verified. There is no scholarly consensus on the attribution of the Lucan portrait to Leonardo, but it has at least on occasion been attributed to him. The engraving portrait by Raffaello Morghen and statue by Luigi Pampaloni were made after his lifetime. Romantic paintings by Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres, François-Guillaume Ménageot and other French artists, as well as Angelica Kauffman depict the legendary account of Leonardo's death in the hands of King Francis I of France. See also List of works by Leonardo da Vinci References Footnotes ^ By the same accounts, Bramante portrayed himself as Democritus. ^ Leonardo was known for playing another stringed instrument, the lyre. Citations ^ Wallace, Robert (1972) . The World of Leonardo: 1452–1519. New York: Time-Life Books. p. 172. ^ a b c d e f g Scaramella, A. D. (21 December 2012). "Artwork Analysis self Portrait in Red Chalk by Leonardo Da Vinci". Finearts.com. Helium Inc. Archived from the original on November 29, 2014. Retrieved 14 November 2014. ^ Conte, A. Mosca; Pulci, O.; Misiti, M. C.; Lojewska, J.; Teodonio, L.; Violante, C.; Missori, M. (2014). "Visual degradation in Leonardo da Vinci's iconic self-portrait: A nanoscale study". Applied Physics Letters. 104 (22): 224101. doi:10.1063/1.4879838. ^ Muñoz-Alonso, Lorena (3 November 2014). "Why Was Da Vinci's Self-portrait Hidden from Hitler?". artnet News. Retrieved 6 May 2019. ^ Frank Zöllner, Leonardo da Vinci, Taschen (2000) ^ "Emergency Treatment for Leonardo da Vinci's Self-Portrait". news.universityproducts.com. Archival Products. Retrieved 16 November 2014. ^ Payne, Robert (1978). Leonardo (1st ed.). Doubleday. p. 344. ISBN 0385041543. ^ Feinberg, Larry J. (29 Aug 2011). The Young Leonardo: Art and Life in Fifteenth-Century Florence. Cambridge University Press. p. 63. ISBN 978-1139502740. Retrieved 13 November 2014. ^ a b Brown, Mark (1 May 2019). "Newly identified sketch of Leonardo da Vinci to go on display in London". The Guardian. Retrieved 2 May 2019. ^ Ghose, Tia (3 June 2014). "Vanishing da Vinci Portrait Could Be Saved by Science". LiveScience. Purch. Retrieved 12 November 2014. ^ Strickland, Ashley (4 May 2019). "What caused Leonardo da Vinci's hand impairment?". CNN. Retrieved 4 May 2019. ^ McMahon, Barbara (1 May 2005). "Da Vinci 'paralysis left Mona Lisa unfinished'". The Guardian. Retrieved 2 May 2019. ^ Bodkin, Henry (4 May 2019). "Leonardo da Vinci never finished the Mona Lisa because he injured his arm while fainting, experts say". The Telegraph. Retrieved 6 May 2019. ^ Charlier, Philippe; Deo, Saudamini. "A physical sign of stroke sequel on the skeleton of Leonardo da Vinci?". Neurology. 4 April 2017; 88(14): 1381–82 ^ Knapton, Sarah (5 May 2016). "Leonardo da Vinci paintings analysed for DNA to solve grave mystery". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 5 May 2019. ^ "Leonardo da Vinci and the Idea of Beauty – Muscarelle Museum of Art". Muscarelle Museum of Art. 28 October 2014. Retrieved 6 May 2019. ^ a b Cascone, Sarah (2 June 2015). "New Leonardo da Vinci Portrait Discovered". artnet News. Retrieved 6 May 2019. ^ Shana Priwer, Cynthia Phillips (2005). 101 things you didn't know about Da Vinci: the secrets of the world's most eccentric and innovative genius revealed! Adams Media; pp. 167–168. ISBN 1-59337-346-5 ^ "Svelata maiolica che ritrae l'Arcangelo Gabriele. "è la prima opera di Leonardo"". Repubblica.it (in Italian). 21 June 2018. Retrieved 8 May 2019. ^ della Chiesa, Angela Ottino (1967). The Complete Paintings of Leonardo da Vinci. p. 83. ^ a b Nicholl, Charles (2005). Leonardo Da Vinci: The Flights of the Mind. Penguin Books. p. 425. ISBN 978-0-14-194424-1. ^ Bacci, Mina (1978) . The Great Artists: Da Vinci. Translated by Tanguy, J. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. ^ Wallace, Robert (1966). The World of Leonardo: 1452–1519. New York: Time-Life Books. p. 12. ^ "Self Portrait of Leonardo". Surrentum Online. Retrieved 8 May 2019. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to So-called self-portrait by Leonardo da Vinci in the Biblioteca Reale in Turin. The self-portrait on the Royal Library of Turin website. Leonardo da Vinci: anatomical drawings from the Royal Library, Windsor Castle, exhibition catalog fully online as PDF from The Metropolitan Museum of Art, which contains material on Self-Portrait (see index) vteLeonardo da Vinci List of works Science and inventions Personal life Major works The Annunciation The Baptism of Christ ✻ The Madonna of the Carnation Ginevra de' Benci Benois Madonna The Adoration of the Magi Saint Jerome in the Wilderness Madonna Litta ✻ Virgin of the Rocks Portrait of a Musician ✻✻ Lady with an Ermine La Belle Ferronnière The Last Supper Sala delle Asse Portrait of Isabella d'Este The Virgin and Child with Saint Anne and Saint John the Baptist Buccleuch Madonna ✻ Salvator Mundi ✻✻ Lansdowne Madonna ✻ The Virgin and Child with Saint Anne Mona Lisa La Scapigliata Saint John the Baptist Lost works Medusa The Virgin and Child with Saint Anne (cartoon) Madonna and Child with the Infant Saint John the Baptist The Holy Infants Embracing The Battle of Anghiari Leda and the Swan Sculptures Budapest Horse Horse and Rider Sforza Horse (unexecuted) Works on paper Study for the Madonna of the Cat Head of a Bear The Martyrdom of Saint Sebastian Vitruvian Man Studies of the Fetus in the Womb Portrait of a Man in Red Chalk Studies for the Virgin of the Rocks Designs for an Adoration of the Christ Child Head of the Angel Head of the Infant Saint John the Baptist Studies for the Last Supper Head of Christ Studies for the Louvre Saint Anne Christ Child Drapery of the Virgin's Right Arm Head of Saint Anne Head of the Virgin Manuscripts Codex Arundel Codex Atlanticus Codex on the Flight of Birds Codex Leicester Codex Madrid Codex Trivulzianus A Treatise on Painting Other projects Architonnerre Divina proportione (illustrations) Great Kite Harpsichord-viola Aerial screw Crossbow Fighting vehicle Robot Self-propelled cart Octant projection Rapid fire crossbow Sonar Viola organista World Map Leonardeschi Giovanni Antonio Boltraffio Cesare da Sesto Bernardino de' Conti Giampietrino Giovanni Agostino da Lodi Bernardino Luini Cesare Magni Marco d'Oggiono Francesco Melzi Giovanni Ambrogio de Predis Salaì Andrea Solari Museums Museo leonardiano di Vinci Museo Ideale Leonardo da Vinci Leonardo3 Museum Museo Nazionale Scienza e Tecnologia Leonardo da Vinci (Milan) Related Cultural references Namesakes Portraits of Leonardo Conservation-restoration of The Last Supper Mona Lisa replicas and reinterpretations High Renaissance Mathematics and art The Lost Leonardo Leda and the Swan (Galleria Borghese) ✻ Collaboration ✻✻ Possible collaboration Category	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Library_of_Turin"},{"link_name":"Turin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turin"},{"link_name":"Leonardo da Vinci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci"},{"link_name":"self-portrait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-portrait"},{"link_name":"polymath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymath"}],"text":"The portrait of a man in red chalk (c. 1510) in the Royal Library of Turin is widely, though not universally, accepted as a self-portrait of Leonardo da Vinci. It is thought that Leonardo da Vinci drew this self-portrait at about the age of 60. The portrait has been extensively reproduced and has become an iconic representation of Leonardo as a polymath or \"Renaissance Man\". Despite this, some historians and scholars disagree as to the true identity of the sitter.","title":"Portrait of a Man in Red Chalk"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charles Albert of Sardinia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Albert_of_Sardinia"},{"link_name":"Raphael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphael"},{"link_name":"Michelangelo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelangelo_Buonarroti"},{"link_name":"Turin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turin"},{"link_name":"Royal Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Library_of_Turin"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Finearts-2"},{"link_name":"chromophores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromophores"},{"link_name":"Applied Physics Letters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_Physics_Letters"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The portrait is drawn in red chalk on paper. It depicts the head of an elderly man in three-quarter view, his face turned towards the viewer. The subject is distinguished by his long hair and long waving beard which flow over the shoulders and chest. The length of the hair and beard is uncommon in Renaissance portraits and suggests, as now, a person of sagacity. The face has a somewhat aquiline nose and is marked by deep lines on the brow and pouches below the eyes. It appears as if the man has lost his upper front teeth, causing deepening of the grooves from the nostrils. The eyes of the figure do not engage the viewer but gaze ahead, veiled by the long eyebrows. The drawing has been drawn in fine unique lines, shadowed by hatching and executed with the left hand, as was Leonardo's habit. The paper has brownish \"fox marks\" caused by the accumulation of iron salts due to moisture.In 1839, Giovanni Volpato, an antiques dealer who may have purchased the drawing in England or France, sold it to Prince Charles Albert of Sardinia with other drawings of great artists such as Raphael and Michelangelo. It is housed in Turin, at the Royal Library, and is not generally viewable by the public due to its fragility and poor condition.[2]\nResearchers have developed a nondestructive way to gauge the condition of the drawing by describing and quantifying the chromophores affecting the paper. Their technique, described in Applied Physics Letters (2014), will be used to assess the rate at which the image is deteriorating and should help with planning appropriate conservation strategies.[3]","title":"Description and provenance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Leonardo da Vinci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci"},{"link_name":"Carlo Alberto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Alberto"},{"link_name":"Savoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savoy"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Finearts-2"},{"link_name":"Plato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato"},{"link_name":"Raphael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphael"},{"link_name":"The School of Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_School_of_Athens"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Finearts-2"},{"link_name":"Vasari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasari"},{"link_name":"The Lives of the Artists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lives_of_the_Artists"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"taken by","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_plunder"},{"link_name":"Nazis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazis"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Frank Zöllner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Z%C3%B6llner"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Finearts-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Univ-6"},{"link_name":"Robert Payne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Payne_(author)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Martin Kemp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Kemp_(art_historian)"},{"link_name":"Pietro Marani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietro_C._Marani"},{"link_name":"Carlo Pedretti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Pedretti"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Larry-8"},{"link_name":"Martin Clayton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Clayton"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newsketch-9"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Finearts-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Finearts-2"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Livescience-10"},{"link_name":"Giovanni Ambrogio Figino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Ambrogio_Figino"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"presumed remains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci#Location_of_remains"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"The drawing is estimated to have been drawn c. 1510, possibly as a self-portrait by Leonardo da Vinci. In 1839, it was acquired by King Carlo Alberto of Savoy.[2] The assumption that the drawing is a self-portrait of Leonardo was made in the 19th century, based on the similarity of the sitter to the possible portrait of Leonardo as Plato in Raphael's The School of Athens[2] and on the high quality of the drawing, consistent with others by Leonardo. It was also decreed to be a self-portrait based on its likeness to the frontispiece portrait of Leonardo in Vasari's second edition of The Lives of the Artists (1568). During World War II, the presumed self-portrait was temporarily moved from Turin to Rome to avoid being taken by the Nazis, becoming somewhat damaged in the process.[4] In 2000, Frank Zöllner reflected that \"This red chalk drawing has largely determined our idea of Leonardo's appearance for it was long taken to be his only authentic self-portrait.\"[5]Since the mid-to-late 20th century, the identification of the drawing as a self-portrait has been questioned.[2][6] The claim that it represents Leonardo has been criticized by a number of Leonardo scholars and experts, such as Robert Payne,[7] Martin Kemp, Pietro Marani, Carlo Pedretti, Larry J. Feinberg,[8] and Martin Clayton.[9]\nA frequent criticism made in the late 20th century is that the drawing depicts a man of a greater age than Leonardo himself achieved, as he died at the age of 67 and allegedly made the drawing between the age of 58 and 60.[2] It has been suggested that the sitter represents Leonardo's father Piero da Vinci or his uncle Francesco, based on the fact they both had a long life and lived until the age of 80.[2][10]In the early 21st century, the presumed self-portrait of Leonardo was used to help identify the subject of a drawing by Giovanni Ambrogio Figino, believed to depict an elderly Leonardo with his right arm assuaged by cloth.[11][12] This may correspond with accounts of Leonardo's right hand being paralytic late in life[13] and the burial position of his presumed remains,[14] which scientists hope to DNA test to determine if they are Leonardo's.[15]","title":"History and attribution"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Francesco_Melzi_-_Portrait_of_Leonardo_-_WGA14795.jpg"},{"link_name":"Francesco Melzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Melzi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sanzio_01_Plato_Aristotle.jpg"},{"link_name":"Plato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato"},{"link_name":"Raphael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphael"},{"link_name":"The School of Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_School_of_Athens"},{"link_name":"Francesco Melzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Melzi"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newsketch-9"},{"link_name":"Codex on the Flight of Birds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codex_on_the_Flight_of_Birds"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cascone-17"},{"link_name":"Luca Pacioli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luca_Pacioli"},{"link_name":"Divina proportione","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divina_proportione"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Gabriel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Plato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato"},{"link_name":"Raphael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphael"},{"link_name":"The School of Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_School_of_Athens"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Finearts-2"},{"link_name":"Verrocchio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verrocchio"},{"link_name":"David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_(Verrocchio)"},{"link_name":"Bargello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bargello"},{"link_name":"archangel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archangel"},{"link_name":"Raphael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphael_(archangel)"},{"link_name":"Tobias and the Angel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobias_and_the_Angel_(Verrocchio)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chiesa83-20"},{"link_name":"Donato Bramante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donato_Bramante"},{"link_name":"Heraclitus and Democritus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Donato_Bramante_-_Heraclitus_and_Democritus_-_WGA3054.jpg"},{"link_name":"Heraclitus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heraclitus"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-flights-21"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Adoration of the Magi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Magi_(Leonardo)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"1505 engraving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marcantonio_Raimondi_-_Orpheus_Charming_the_Animals_-_1930.579_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif"},{"link_name":"Marcantonio Raimondi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcantonio_Raimondi"},{"link_name":"lira da braccio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lira_da_braccio"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cascone-17"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Lucan portrait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucan_portrait"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"engraving portrait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leonardo_da_Vinci_LACMA_19.4.22.jpg"},{"link_name":"Raffaello Morghen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raffaello_Morghen"},{"link_name":"statue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Statue_of_Leonardo_DaVinci_in_Uffizi_Alley,_Florence,_Italy.jpg"},{"link_name":"Luigi Pampaloni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Pampaloni"},{"link_name":"Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Auguste-Dominique_Ingres"},{"link_name":"François-Guillaume Ménageot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Guillaume_M%C3%A9nageot"},{"link_name":"Angelica Kauffman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelica_Kauffman"},{"link_name":"Leonardo's death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci#Death"},{"link_name":"Francis I of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_I_of_France"}],"text":"Red chalk drawing attributed to Leonardo's pupil Francesco MelziPlato in Raphael's The School of AthensOther portraits of Leonardo by himself and other hands exist, presenting a different image of Leonardo to the man as represented in the red chalk drawing. Another red chalk drawing, a profile portrait at Windsor, is attributed to his pupil Francesco Melzi. A sketch by an unknown assistant on the back of one of Leonardo's studies (c. 1517) has also been determined to be a portrait.[9]\nA self-portrait from Leonardo's Codex on the Flight of Birds depicts the artist at age 53.[16][17] Leonardo may have also included a self-portrait in Luca Pacioli's Divina proportione, which he illustrated.[18] A 1471 painting of Gabriel bears an inscription indicating that it is a self-portrait of Leonardo; this would be the earliest depiction of the artist.[19]Leonardo is thought to be portrayed as Plato in Raphael's The School of Athens (1511).[2] He may have been the model for two works by his master Verrocchio: the bronze statue of David (c. 1476) in the Bargello, and the archangel Raphael in Tobias and the Angel (c. 1475).[20]\nDonato Bramante's Heraclitus and Democritus (1477) is thought by some to portray Leonardo as Heraclitus.[21][a] Some suspect that the lower-right attendant in Leonardo's Adoration of the Magi (1481) may be a self-portrait.[citation needed]\nA 1505 engraving by Marcantonio Raimondi may portray Leonardo playing a lira da braccio, but this has yet to be verified.[17][b]There is no scholarly consensus on the attribution of the Lucan portrait to Leonardo, but it has at least on occasion been attributed to him.[24] The engraving portrait by Raffaello Morghen and statue by Luigi Pampaloni were made after his lifetime. Romantic paintings by Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres, François-Guillaume Ménageot and other French artists, as well as Angelica Kauffman depict the legendary account of Leonardo's death in the hands of King Francis I of France.","title":"Other portraits"}]	[{"image_text":"Red chalk drawing attributed to Leonardo's pupil Francesco Melzi","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Francesco_Melzi_-_Portrait_of_Leonardo_-_WGA14795.jpg/170px-Francesco_Melzi_-_Portrait_of_Leonardo_-_WGA14795.jpg"},{"image_text":"Plato in Raphael's The School of Athens","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Sanzio_01_Plato_Aristotle.jpg/220px-Sanzio_01_Plato_Aristotle.jpg"}]	[{"title":"List of works by Leonardo da Vinci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_works_by_Leonardo_da_Vinci"}]	[{"reference":"Wallace, Robert (1972) [1966]. The World of Leonardo: 1452–1519. New York: Time-Life Books. p. 172.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Scaramella, A. D. (21 December 2012). \"Artwork Analysis self Portrait in Red Chalk by Leonardo Da Vinci\". Finearts.com. Helium Inc. Archived from the original on November 29, 2014. Retrieved 14 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141129023331/http://www.finearts360.com/index.php/artwork-analysis-self-portrait-in-red-chalk-by-leonardo-da-vinci-308/","url_text":"\"Artwork Analysis self Portrait in Red Chalk by Leonardo Da Vinci\""},{"url":"http://www.finearts360.com/index.php/artwork-analysis-self-portrait-in-red-chalk-by-leonardo-da-vinci-308/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Conte, A. Mosca; Pulci, O.; Misiti, M. C.; Lojewska, J.; Teodonio, L.; Violante, C.; Missori, M. (2014). \"Visual degradation in Leonardo da Vinci's iconic self-portrait: A nanoscale study\". Applied Physics Letters. 104 (22): 224101. doi:10.1063/1.4879838.","urls":[{"url":"http://scitation.aip.org/content/aip/journal/apl/104/22/10.1063/1.4879838","url_text":"\"Visual degradation in Leonardo da Vinci's iconic self-portrait: A nanoscale study\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.4879838","url_text":"10.1063/1.4879838"}]},{"reference":"Muñoz-Alonso, Lorena (3 November 2014). \"Why Was Da Vinci's Self-portrait Hidden from Hitler?\". artnet News. Retrieved 6 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.artnet.com/exhibitions/why-was-da-vincis-self-portrait-hidden-from-hitler-152680","url_text":"\"Why Was Da Vinci's Self-portrait Hidden from Hitler?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Emergency Treatment for Leonardo da Vinci's Self-Portrait\". news.universityproducts.com. Archival Products. Retrieved 16 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.universityproducts.com/?p=1693","url_text":"\"Emergency Treatment for Leonardo da Vinci's Self-Portrait\""}]},{"reference":"Payne, Robert (1978). Leonardo (1st ed.). Doubleday. p. 344. ISBN 0385041543.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0385041543","url_text":"0385041543"}]},{"reference":"Feinberg, Larry J. (29 Aug 2011). The Young Leonardo: Art and Life in Fifteenth-Century Florence. Cambridge University Press. p. 63. ISBN 978-1139502740. Retrieved 13 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=PlxPUHqGcIQC&dq=leonardo+self-portrait+doubt&pg=PA63","url_text":"The Young Leonardo: Art and Life in Fifteenth-Century Florence"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1139502740","url_text":"978-1139502740"}]},{"reference":"Brown, Mark (1 May 2019). \"Newly identified sketch of Leonardo da Vinci to go on display in London\". The Guardian. Retrieved 2 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2019/may/02/newly-identified-sketch-of-leonardo-da-vinci-to-go-on-display-in-london","url_text":"\"Newly identified sketch of Leonardo da Vinci to go on display in London\""}]},{"reference":"Ghose, Tia (3 June 2014). \"Vanishing da Vinci Portrait Could Be Saved by Science\". LiveScience. Purch. Retrieved 12 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.livescience.com/46062-da-vinci-self-portrait-analyzed.html","url_text":"\"Vanishing da Vinci Portrait Could Be Saved by Science\""}]},{"reference":"Strickland, Ashley (4 May 2019). \"What caused Leonardo da Vinci's hand impairment?\". CNN. Retrieved 4 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cnn.com/2019/05/03/health/da-vinci-hand-palsy-study/index.html","url_text":"\"What caused Leonardo da Vinci's hand impairment?\""}]},{"reference":"McMahon, Barbara (1 May 2005). \"Da Vinci 'paralysis left Mona Lisa unfinished'\". The Guardian. Retrieved 2 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/may/01/italy.arts","url_text":"\"Da Vinci 'paralysis left Mona Lisa unfinished'\""}]},{"reference":"Bodkin, Henry (4 May 2019). \"Leonardo da Vinci never finished the Mona Lisa because he injured his arm while fainting, experts say\". The Telegraph. Retrieved 6 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/2019/05/04/leonardo-da-vinci-never-finished-mona-lisa-injured-arm-fainting/","url_text":"\"Leonardo da Vinci never finished the Mona Lisa because he injured his arm while fainting, experts say\""}]},{"reference":"Knapton, Sarah (5 May 2016). \"Leonardo da Vinci paintings analysed for DNA to solve grave mystery\". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 5 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/2016/05/05/leonardo-da-vinci-paintings-analysed-for-dna-to-solve-grave-myst/","url_text":"\"Leonardo da Vinci paintings analysed for DNA to solve grave mystery\""}]},{"reference":"\"Leonardo da Vinci and the Idea of Beauty – Muscarelle Museum of Art\". Muscarelle Museum of Art. 28 October 2014. Retrieved 6 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://muscarelle.org/leonardo-da-vinci-idea-beauty/","url_text":"\"Leonardo da Vinci and the Idea of Beauty – Muscarelle Museum of Art\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscarelle_Museum_of_Art","url_text":"Muscarelle Museum of Art"}]},{"reference":"Cascone, Sarah (2 June 2015). \"New Leonardo da Vinci Portrait Discovered\". artnet News. Retrieved 6 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.artnet.com/art-world/new-leonardo-da-vinci-portrait-304153","url_text":"\"New Leonardo da Vinci Portrait Discovered\""}]},{"reference":"\"Svelata maiolica che ritrae l'Arcangelo Gabriele. \"è la prima opera di Leonardo\"\". Repubblica.it (in Italian). 21 June 2018. Retrieved 8 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.repubblica.it/cultura/2018/06/21/news/svelata_maiolica_che_ritrae_l_arcangelo_gabriele_e_la_prima_opera_di_leonardo_-199633087/?refresh_ce","url_text":"\"Svelata maiolica che ritrae l'Arcangelo Gabriele. \"è la prima opera di Leonardo\"\""}]},{"reference":"della Chiesa, Angela Ottino (1967). The Complete Paintings of Leonardo da Vinci. p. 83.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Nicholl, Charles (2005). Leonardo Da Vinci: The Flights of the Mind. Penguin Books. p. 425. ISBN 978-0-14-194424-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Nicholl","url_text":"Nicholl, Charles"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/leonardodavinci00char","url_text":"Leonardo Da Vinci: The Flights of the Mind"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Books","url_text":"Penguin Books"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/leonardodavinci00char/page/425","url_text":"425"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-194424-1","url_text":"978-0-14-194424-1"}]},{"reference":"Bacci, Mina (1978) [1963]. The Great Artists: Da Vinci. Translated by Tanguy, J. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Wallace, Robert (1966). The World of Leonardo: 1452–1519. New York: Time-Life Books. p. 12.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Self Portrait of Leonardo\". Surrentum Online. Retrieved 8 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://en.surrentum.com/2010/08/self-portrait-of-leonardo/","url_text":"\"Self Portrait of Leonardo\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141129023331/http://www.finearts360.com/index.php/artwork-analysis-self-portrait-in-red-chalk-by-leonardo-da-vinci-308/","external_links_name":"\"Artwork Analysis self Portrait in Red Chalk by Leonardo Da Vinci\""},{"Link":"http://www.finearts360.com/index.php/artwork-analysis-self-portrait-in-red-chalk-by-leonardo-da-vinci-308/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://scitation.aip.org/content/aip/journal/apl/104/22/10.1063/1.4879838","external_links_name":"\"Visual degradation in Leonardo da Vinci's iconic self-portrait: A nanoscale study\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.4879838","external_links_name":"10.1063/1.4879838"},{"Link":"https://news.artnet.com/exhibitions/why-was-da-vincis-self-portrait-hidden-from-hitler-152680","external_links_name":"\"Why Was Da Vinci's Self-portrait Hidden from Hitler?\""},{"Link":"http://news.universityproducts.com/?p=1693","external_links_name":"\"Emergency Treatment for Leonardo da Vinci's Self-Portrait\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=PlxPUHqGcIQC&dq=leonardo+self-portrait+doubt&pg=PA63","external_links_name":"The Young Leonardo: Art and Life in Fifteenth-Century Florence"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2019/may/02/newly-identified-sketch-of-leonardo-da-vinci-to-go-on-display-in-london","external_links_name":"\"Newly identified sketch of Leonardo da Vinci to go on display in London\""},{"Link":"http://www.livescience.com/46062-da-vinci-self-portrait-analyzed.html","external_links_name":"\"Vanishing da Vinci Portrait Could Be Saved by Science\""},{"Link":"https://www.cnn.com/2019/05/03/health/da-vinci-hand-palsy-study/index.html","external_links_name":"\"What caused Leonardo da Vinci's hand impairment?\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/may/01/italy.arts","external_links_name":"\"Da Vinci 'paralysis left Mona Lisa unfinished'\""},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/2019/05/04/leonardo-da-vinci-never-finished-mona-lisa-injured-arm-fainting/","external_links_name":"\"Leonardo da Vinci never finished the Mona Lisa because he injured his arm while fainting, experts say\""},{"Link":"http://www.neurology.org/content/88/14/1381.full","external_links_name":"\"A physical sign of stroke sequel on the skeleton of Leonardo da Vinci?\""},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/2016/05/05/leonardo-da-vinci-paintings-analysed-for-dna-to-solve-grave-myst/","external_links_name":"\"Leonardo da Vinci paintings analysed for DNA to solve grave mystery\""},{"Link":"https://muscarelle.org/leonardo-da-vinci-idea-beauty/","external_links_name":"\"Leonardo da Vinci and the Idea of Beauty – Muscarelle Museum of Art\""},{"Link":"https://news.artnet.com/art-world/new-leonardo-da-vinci-portrait-304153","external_links_name":"\"New Leonardo da Vinci Portrait Discovered\""},{"Link":"http://www.repubblica.it/cultura/2018/06/21/news/svelata_maiolica_che_ritrae_l_arcangelo_gabriele_e_la_prima_opera_di_leonardo_-199633087/?refresh_ce","external_links_name":"\"Svelata maiolica che ritrae l'Arcangelo Gabriele. \"è la prima opera di Leonardo\"\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/leonardodavinci00char","external_links_name":"Leonardo Da Vinci: The Flights of the Mind"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/leonardodavinci00char/page/425","external_links_name":"425"},{"Link":"http://en.surrentum.com/2010/08/self-portrait-of-leonardo/","external_links_name":"\"Self Portrait of Leonardo\""},{"Link":"https://museireali.beniculturali.it/le-collezioni-disegni-e-arti-grafiche/#/dettaglio/472193_Autoritratto","external_links_name":"self-portrait"},{"Link":"http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/84801/rec/2","external_links_name":"Leonardo da Vinci: anatomical drawings from the Royal Library, Windsor Castle"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merigi	Merigi	["1 Toponymy","2 History","3 Administrative division","4 Demography","5 Economy","6 References","7 Bibliography","7.1 Books","7.2 Jurnal"]	Merigi is a district (kecamatan) of Kepahiang Regency, Bengkulu, Indonesia. Toponymy Merigi is a Malay's term of original name in Rejang, Migai (or alternatively Migêi), which is taken from a farewell speech by Ki Geto (the founder of Merigi clan) to his brother Ki Karang Nio, "Uyo itê sa'ok, keme ami igai belek". These words are loosely translated into English "From now on we are detached (one another), we will not ever return". After the farewell, Ki Geto would led his people to established new villages outside Lebong, the heartland of Rejang people and stay there since then. History Merigi was established on 16 November 2005, after being split off from the northwestern part of Kepahiang district. Administrative division Merigi is divided into six villages (Indonesian: desa) and one urban village (Indonesian: kelurahan), shown below. Taba Mulan Batu Ampar Bukit Barisan Durian Depun (urban village) Lubuk Penyamun Pulo Geto Pulo Geto Baru Simpang Kota Bingin The headquarter of the district is located in Durian Depun. All villages are under 5 km from the headquarter. The head 9Indonesian: camat) of Merigi district is Mr. Aji Abdullah. Demography According to the Indonesian Census of 2020, Merigi has a population numbering 11.942 people, with 6.112 of them are males and the rest is females. Economy Merigi's economy is generally based on agriculture and plantations, with the main commodities being corn, sweet potatoes, peanuts, coffee, cocoa, coconut, sugar palm, vanilla, kapok, areca nut, and cinnamon. References ^ a b BPS Kabupaten Kepahiang 2021, pp. 4. ^ "Kecamatan, Kelurahan, dan Desa". Situs Web Resmi Kabupaten Kepahiang. Retrieved 28 March 2022. ^ LeBar 1976, pp. 191. ^ "Mengupas Sejarah Rejang di Kabupaten Lebong". Kupas Bengkulu. 4 July 2014. Retrieved 29 March 2022. ^ Siddik 1980, pp. 51. ^ Proyek Penelitian dan Pencatatan Kebudayaan Daerah 1989, pp. 89. ^ BPS Kabupaten Kepahiang 2021, pp. 3, 13. ^ BPS Kabupaten Kepahiang 2021, pp. 12. ^ Tomi, Bayu Azan (25 June 2021). "Pelatihan TPK di Aula Kantor Camat Merigi" . Official Website of Simpang Kota Bingin Village. Retrieved 30 March 2022. ^ BPS Kabupaten Kepahiang 2021, pp. 19. ^ BPS Kabupaten Kepahiang 2021, pp. 20. ^ Mutmaidah 2018, pp. 29. Bibliography Books BPS Kabupaten Kepahiang (24 September 2021). Kecamatan Merigi dalam Angka 2021 . Kepahiang: BPS Kabupaten Kepahiang. p. xvi + 84. LeBar, Frank M. (1976). Insular Southeast Asia: Sumatra. 2 v. New Haven: Human Relations Area Files, Yale University. p. 191. Proyek Penelitian dan Pencatatan Kebudayaan Daerah (1989). Adat dan Upacara Perkawinan Daerah Bengkulu . Jakarta: Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, Pusat Penelitian Sejarah dan Budaya, Proyek Penelitian dan Pencatatan Kebudayaan Daerah. p. 89. Siddik, Abdullah (1980). Hukum Adat Rejang . Jakarta: Balai Pustaka. p. 51. Jurnal Mutmaidah, Siti (November 2018). "Potensi Tanaman Pangan dan Perkebunan untuk Pengembangan Wilayah Kabupaten Kepahiang" . Jurnal Sosial Ekonomi Pertanian (J-SEP). 11 (3). Departemen Ekonomi, Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Jember: 29. vteDistricts of Kepahiang RegencyDistricts Tebat Karai Bermani Ilir Kepahiang Merigi Muara Kemumu Seberang Musi Ujan Mas Kabawetan This Bengkulu location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Merigi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Malay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_language"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeBar1976191-3"},{"link_name":"Rejang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rejang_language"},{"link_name":"Ki Geto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ki_Geto&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ki Karang Nio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ki_Karang_Nio&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiddik198051-5"},{"link_name":"Rejang people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rejang_people"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEProyek_Penelitian_dan_Pencatatan_Kebudayaan_Daerah198989-6"}],"text":"Merigi is a Malay's term[3] of original name in Rejang, Migai (or alternatively Migêi), which is taken from a farewell speech by Ki Geto (the founder of Merigi clan) to his brother Ki Karang Nio,[4] \"Uyo itê sa'ok, keme ami igai belek\".[5] These words are loosely translated into English \"From now on we are detached (one another), we will not ever return\". After the farewell, Ki Geto would led his people to established new villages outside Lebong, the heartland of Rejang people and stay there since then.[6]","title":"Toponymy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kepahiang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepahiang_(town)"}],"text":"Merigi was established on 16 November 2005, after being split off from the northwestern part of Kepahiang district.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Indonesian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language"},{"link_name":"Indonesian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBPS_Kabupaten_Kepahiang20213,_13-7"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBPS_Kabupaten_Kepahiang20214-1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBPS_Kabupaten_Kepahiang202112-8"},{"link_name":"Indonesian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Merigi is divided into six villages (Indonesian: desa) and one urban village (Indonesian: kelurahan), shown below.[7]Taba Mulan\nBatu Ampar\nBukit Barisan\nDurian Depun (urban village)\nLubuk Penyamun\nPulo Geto\nPulo Geto Baru\nSimpang Kota BinginThe headquarter of the district is located in Durian Depun.[1] All villages are under 5 km from the headquarter.[8] The head 9Indonesian: camat) of Merigi district is Mr. Aji Abdullah.[9]","title":"Administrative division"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBPS_Kabupaten_Kepahiang202119-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBPS_Kabupaten_Kepahiang202120-11"}],"text":"According to the Indonesian Census of 2020, Merigi has a population numbering 11.942 people,[10] with 6.112 of them are males and the rest is females.[11]","title":"Demography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMutmaidah201829-12"}],"text":"Merigi's economy is generally based on agriculture and plantations, with the main commodities being corn, sweet potatoes, peanuts, coffee, cocoa, coconut, sugar palm, vanilla, kapok, areca nut, and cinnamon.[12]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kecamatan Merigi dalam Angka 2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//kepahiangkab.bps.go.id/publication/2021/09/24/30bc1e2bccd9fcf34b8987d2/kecamatan-merigi-dalam-angka-2021.html"},{"link_name":"Insular Southeast Asia: Sumatra. 2 v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=3qeAAAAAMAAJ&q=merigi+migai"},{"link_name":"Yale University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University"},{"link_name":"Adat dan Upacara Perkawinan Daerah Bengkulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=2U8GAAAAMAAJ&q=merigi+migai"},{"link_name":"Hukum Adat Rejang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=sv9cAAAAIAAJ&q=merigi+migai"}],"sub_title":"Books","text":"BPS Kabupaten Kepahiang (24 September 2021). Kecamatan Merigi dalam Angka 2021 [Merigi District in Figures 2021]. Kepahiang: BPS Kabupaten Kepahiang. p. xvi + 84.\nLeBar, Frank M. (1976). Insular Southeast Asia: Sumatra. 2 v. New Haven: Human Relations Area Files, Yale University. p. 191.\nProyek Penelitian dan Pencatatan Kebudayaan Daerah (1989). Adat dan Upacara Perkawinan Daerah Bengkulu [Marriage Custom and Ceremony of Bengkulu Region]. Jakarta: Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, Pusat Penelitian Sejarah dan Budaya, Proyek Penelitian dan Pencatatan Kebudayaan Daerah. p. 89.\nSiddik, Abdullah (1980). Hukum Adat Rejang [Rejang's Customary Law]. Jakarta: Balai Pustaka. p. 51.","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Potensi Tanaman Pangan dan Perkebunan untuk Pengembangan Wilayah Kabupaten Kepahiang\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//jurnal.unej.ac.id/index.php/JSEP/article/download/8163/6322/"},{"link_name":"Universitas Jember","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitas_Jember"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Kepahiang_Regency"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Kepahiang_Regency"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kepahiang_Regency"},{"link_name":"Districts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Kepahiang Regency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepahiang_Regency"},{"link_name":"Districts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Tebat Karai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tebat_Karai"},{"link_name":"Bermani Ilir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermani_Ilir"},{"link_name":"Kepahiang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepahiang_District"},{"link_name":"Merigi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Muara Kemumu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muara_Kemumu"},{"link_name":"Seberang Musi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seberang_Musi"},{"link_name":"Ujan Mas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ujan_Mas"},{"link_name":"Kabawetan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabawetan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_map_of_Bengkulu_Province.png"},{"link_name":"Bengkulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengkulu"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Merigi&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Bengkulu-geo-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Bengkulu-geo-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bengkulu-geo-stub"}],"sub_title":"Jurnal","text":"Mutmaidah, Siti (November 2018). \"Potensi Tanaman Pangan dan Perkebunan untuk Pengembangan Wilayah Kabupaten Kepahiang\" [Identification of Food and Plantation Crops for Potential Regional Development in Kepahiang Regency]. Jurnal Sosial Ekonomi Pertanian (J-SEP). 11 (3). Departemen Ekonomi, Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Jember: 29.vteDistricts of Kepahiang RegencyDistricts\nTebat Karai\nBermani Ilir\nKepahiang\nMerigi\nMuara Kemumu\nSeberang Musi\nUjan Mas\nKabawetanThis Bengkulu location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Bibliography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Kecamatan, Kelurahan, dan Desa\". Situs Web Resmi Kabupaten Kepahiang. Retrieved 28 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://kepahiangkab.go.id/new/kecamatan-dan-kelurahan/","url_text":"\"Kecamatan, Kelurahan, dan Desa\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mengupas Sejarah Rejang di Kabupaten Lebong\". Kupas Bengkulu. 4 July 2014. Retrieved 29 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kupasbengkulu.com/mengupas-sejarah-rejang-di-kabupaten-lebong","url_text":"\"Mengupas Sejarah Rejang di Kabupaten Lebong\""}]},{"reference":"Tomi, Bayu Azan (25 June 2021). \"Pelatihan TPK di Aula Kantor Camat Merigi\" [TPK training in the Simpang Kota Bingin's official hall]. Official Website of Simpang Kota Bingin Village. Retrieved 30 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://simpangkotabingin.desa.id/index.php/artikel/2021/6/25/pelatihan-tpk-di-aula-kantor-camat-merigi","url_text":"\"Pelatihan TPK di Aula Kantor Camat Merigi\""}]},{"reference":"BPS Kabupaten Kepahiang (24 September 2021). Kecamatan Merigi dalam Angka 2021 [Merigi District in Figures 2021]. Kepahiang: BPS Kabupaten Kepahiang. p. xvi + 84.","urls":[{"url":"https://kepahiangkab.bps.go.id/publication/2021/09/24/30bc1e2bccd9fcf34b8987d2/kecamatan-merigi-dalam-angka-2021.html","url_text":"Kecamatan Merigi dalam Angka 2021"}]},{"reference":"LeBar, Frank M. (1976). Insular Southeast Asia: Sumatra. 2 v. New Haven: Human Relations Area Files, Yale University. p. 191.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3qeAAAAAMAAJ&q=merigi+migai","url_text":"Insular Southeast Asia: Sumatra. 2 v"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University","url_text":"Yale University"}]},{"reference":"Proyek Penelitian dan Pencatatan Kebudayaan Daerah (1989). Adat dan Upacara Perkawinan Daerah Bengkulu [Marriage Custom and Ceremony of Bengkulu Region]. Jakarta: Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, Pusat Penelitian Sejarah dan Budaya, Proyek Penelitian dan Pencatatan Kebudayaan Daerah. p. 89.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2U8GAAAAMAAJ&q=merigi+migai","url_text":"Adat dan Upacara Perkawinan Daerah Bengkulu"}]},{"reference":"Siddik, Abdullah (1980). Hukum Adat Rejang [Rejang's Customary Law]. Jakarta: Balai Pustaka. p. 51.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=sv9cAAAAIAAJ&q=merigi+migai","url_text":"Hukum Adat Rejang"}]},{"reference":"Mutmaidah, Siti (November 2018). \"Potensi Tanaman Pangan dan Perkebunan untuk Pengembangan Wilayah Kabupaten Kepahiang\" [Identification of Food and Plantation Crops for Potential Regional Development in Kepahiang Regency]. Jurnal Sosial Ekonomi Pertanian (J-SEP). 11 (3). Departemen Ekonomi, Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Jember: 29.","urls":[{"url":"https://jurnal.unej.ac.id/index.php/JSEP/article/download/8163/6322/","url_text":"\"Potensi Tanaman Pangan dan Perkebunan untuk Pengembangan Wilayah Kabupaten Kepahiang\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitas_Jember","url_text":"Universitas Jember"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://kepahiangkab.go.id/new/kecamatan-dan-kelurahan/","external_links_name":"\"Kecamatan, Kelurahan, dan Desa\""},{"Link":"https://www.kupasbengkulu.com/mengupas-sejarah-rejang-di-kabupaten-lebong","external_links_name":"\"Mengupas Sejarah Rejang di Kabupaten Lebong\""},{"Link":"https://simpangkotabingin.desa.id/index.php/artikel/2021/6/25/pelatihan-tpk-di-aula-kantor-camat-merigi","external_links_name":"\"Pelatihan TPK di Aula Kantor Camat Merigi\""},{"Link":"https://kepahiangkab.bps.go.id/publication/2021/09/24/30bc1e2bccd9fcf34b8987d2/kecamatan-merigi-dalam-angka-2021.html","external_links_name":"Kecamatan Merigi dalam Angka 2021"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3qeAAAAAMAAJ&q=merigi+migai","external_links_name":"Insular Southeast Asia: Sumatra. 2 v"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2U8GAAAAMAAJ&q=merigi+migai","external_links_name":"Adat dan Upacara Perkawinan Daerah Bengkulu"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=sv9cAAAAIAAJ&q=merigi+migai","external_links_name":"Hukum Adat Rejang"},{"Link":"https://jurnal.unej.ac.id/index.php/JSEP/article/download/8163/6322/","external_links_name":"\"Potensi Tanaman Pangan dan Perkebunan untuk Pengembangan Wilayah Kabupaten Kepahiang\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Merigi&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_II_Palaiologos	Manuel II Palaiologos	["1 Life","1.1 Siege of Constantinople and letters to European courts","1.2 Emperor's trip to the West","1.3 Renewed Ottoman sieges","2 Death","3 Writings","4 Family","5 Ancestry","6 Pope Benedict XVI controversy","7 Gallery","8 See also","9 Notes","10 References","11 Sources","12 Further reading","13 External links"]	Byzantine emperor from 1391 to 1425 Not to be confused with Manuel Palaiologos, his grandson by the same name. Manuel II PalaiologosEmperor and Autocrat of the RomansMiniature portrait of Manuel II, 1407–1409Byzantine emperorReign16 February 1391 – 21 July 1425Coronation25 September 1373PredecessorJohn V PalaiologosSuccessorJohn VIII PalaiologosCo-emperorJohn VII Palaiologos(1403–1408, in Thessalonica)Born27 June 1350Constantinople, Byzantine Empire (present day Istanbul, Turkey)Died21 July 1425(1425-07-21) (aged 75)Constantinople, Byzantine EmpireSpouseHelena DragašIssuemore...John VIII PalaiologosTheodore II PalaiologosAndronikos PalaiologosConstantine XI PalaiologosDemetrios PalaiologosThomas PalaiologosNamesManuel PalaiologosΜανουήλ ΠαλαιολόγοςHousePalaiologosFatherJohn V PalaiologosMotherHelena KantakouzeneReligionEastern Orthodox Manuel II Palaiologos or Palaeologus (Greek: Μανουὴλ Παλαιολόγος, romanized: Manouēl Palaiológos; 27 June 1350 – 21 July 1425) was Byzantine emperor from 1391 to 1425. Shortly before his death he was tonsured a monk and received the name Matthew. His wife Helena Dragaš saw to it that their sons, John VIII and Constantine XI, became emperors. He is commemorated by the Greek Orthodox Church on July 21. Life Byzantine double-headed eagle with the Palaiologos family cypher. Manuel II Palaiologos was the second son of Emperor John V Palaiologos and his wife Helena Kantakouzene. Granted the title of despotēs by his father, the future Manuel II traveled west to seek support for the Byzantine Empire in 1365 and in 1370, serving as governor in Thessalonica from 1369. The failed attempt at usurpation by his older brother Andronikos IV Palaiologos in 1373 led to Manuel's being proclaimed heir and co-emperor of his father. He was crowned on 25 September 1373. In 1376–1379 and again in 1390, Manuel and his father were supplanted by Andronikos IV and then his son John VII, but Manuel personally defeated his nephew with help from the Republic of Venice in 1390. Although John V had been restored, Manuel was forced to go as an honorary hostage to the court of the Ottoman Sultan Bayezid I at Prousa (Bursa). During his stay, Manuel was forced to participate in the Ottoman campaign that reduced Philadelpheia, the last Byzantine enclave in Anatolia. Siege of Constantinople and letters to European courts Having heard of his father's death in February 1391, Manuel II Palaiologos fled the Ottoman court and secured the capital against any potential claim by his nephew John VII. Following Manuel's coronation the Ottoman Sultan was initially content to leave Byzantium in comparative peace. However, in 1393 a large insurrection erupted in Bulgaria which, although successfully put down by the Ottomans, caused Bayezid to lapse into an episode of paranoia in which he believed his various Christian vassals were plotting against him. Bayezid called all his Christian vassals to a meeting at Serres, with the intention of massacring them, a decision he relented on only at the last moment. The episode is said to have left all of the Christian vassal rulers shaken and convinced Manuel that continued appeasement towards the Ottomans was not a guarantee of his own personal safety or the continued survival of the empire and that efforts must be made to obtain Western aid. Sultan Bayezid I blockaded Constantinople from 1394 to 1402. In the meantime, an anti-Ottoman crusade led by the Hungarian King Sigismund of Luxemburg failed at the Battle of Nicopolis on 25 September 1396. Manuel II had sent 10 ships to help in that Crusade. In October 1397, Theodore Kantakouzenos, Manuel's uncle, alongside John of Natala arrived at the court of Charles VI of France, bearing the Emperor's letters (dated 1 July 1397) requesting the French king's military aid. In addition, Charles also provided funds for the two nobles to treat with King Richard II of England in April 1398, with the aim of soliciting further aid. Though the latter was preoccupied by domestic troubles at this point to provide any support. However, the two nobles returned home with the Marshal of France Jean II Le Maingre who was sent from Aigues-Mortes with six ships carrying 1,200 men to assist Manuel II. The Marshal encouraged the latter to go personally to seek assistance against the Ottoman Empire from the courts of western Europe. After some five years of siege, Manuel II entrusted the city to his nephew, aided by a French garrison of 300 men led by Seigneur Jean de Châteaumorand and embarked (along with a suite of 40 people) on a long trip abroad along with the Marshal. Emperor's trip to the West On 10 December 1399, Manuel II sailed to the Morea, where he left his wife and children with his brother Theodore I Palaiologos to be protected from his nephew's intentions. He later landed in Venice in April 1400, then he went to Padua, Vicenza and Pavia, until he reached Milan, where he met Duke Gian Galeazzo Visconti, and his close friend Manuel Chrysoloras. Afterwards, he met Charles VI of France at Charenton on 3 June 1400. During his stay in France, Manuel II continued to contact European monarchs. According to Michel Pintoin who chronicled the visit to Paris: Then, the king raised his hat, and the emperor raised his imperial cap – he had no hat – and both greeted one another in the most honourable way. When he had welcomed , the king accompanied him into Paris, riding side by side. They were followed by the Princes of the Blood who, once the banquet in the royal palace finished, escorted to the lodgings which had been prepared for him in the Louvre castle].— Manuel II Palaiologos (left) with Henry IV of England in London, December 1400. In December 1400, he embarked to England to meet Henry IV of England who received him at Blackheath on the 21st of that month, making him the only Byzantine emperor ever to visit England, where he stayed at Eltham Palace until mid-February 1401, and a joust took place in his honour. In addition, he received £2,000, in which he acknowledged receipt of the funds in a Latin document and sealed it with his own golden bull. Thomas Walsingham wrote about Manuel II's visit to England: At the same time the Emperor of Constantinople visited England to ask for help against the Turks. The king with an imposing retinue, met him at Blackheath on the feast of St Thomas , gave so great a hero an appropriate welcome and escorted him to London. He entertained him there royally for many days, paying the expenses of the emperor's stay, and by grand presents showing respect for a person of such eminence.— Moreover, Adam of Usk reported: On the feast of St Thomas the apostle , the emperor of the Greeks visited the king of England in London to seek help against the Saracens, and was honourably received by him, staying with him for two whole months at enormous expense to the king, and being showered with gifts at his departure. This emperor and his men always went about dressed uniformly in long robes cut like tabards which were all of one colour, namely white, and disapproved greatly of the fashions and varieties of dress worn by the English, declaring that they signified inconstancy and fickleness of heart. No razor ever touched the heads or beards of his priests. These Greeks were extremely devout in their religious services, having them chanted variously by knights or by clerics, for they were sung in their native tongue. I thought to myself how sad it was that this great Christian leader from the remote east had been driven by the power of the infidels to visit distant islands in the west in order to seek help against them.— However, Manuel II sent a letter to his friend Manuel Chrysoloras, describing his visit to England: Now what is the reason for the present letter? A large number of letters have come to us from all over bearing excellent and wonderful promises, but most important is the ruler with whom we are now staying, the king of Britain the Great, of a second civilized world, you might say, who abounds in so many good qualities and is adorned with all sorts of virtues. His reputation earns him the admiration of people who have not met him, while for those who have once seen him, he proves brilliantly that Fame is not really a goddess, since she is unable to show the man to be as great as does actual experience. This ruler, then, is most illustrious because of his position, most illustrious too, because of his intelligence; his might amazes everyone, and his understanding wins him friends; he extends his hand to all and in every way he places himself at the service of those who need help. And now, in accord with his nature, he has made himself a virtual haven for us in the midst of a twofold tempest, that of the season and that of fortune, and we have found refuge in the man himself and his character. His conversation is quite charming; he pleases us in every way; he honours us to the greatest extent and loves us no less. Although he has gone to extremes in all he has done for us, he seems almost to blush in the belief—in this he is alone—that he might have fallen considerably short of what he should have done. This is how magnanimous the man is.— Manuel II later returned to France with high hopes of substantial help and funds for Constantinople. In the meantime, he sent delegations with relics including pieces of the tunic of Christ and a piece of the Holy Sponge to Pope Boniface IX and Antipope Benedict XIII, Queen Margaret I of Denmark, king Martin of Aragon and king Charles III of Navarre to seek further assistance. He eventually left France on 23 November 1402, and finally returned to Constantinople in June 1403. Renewed Ottoman sieges The Ottomans under Bayezid I were themselves crushingly defeated by Timur at the Battle of Ankara in 1402. As the sons of Bayezid I struggled with each other over the succession in the Ottoman Interregnum, John VII was able to secure the return of the European coast of the Sea of Marmara and of Thessalonica to the Byzantine Empire in the Treaty of Gallipoli. When Manuel II returned home in 1403, his nephew duly surrendered control of Constantinople and received as a reward the governorship of newly recovered Thessalonica. The treaty also regained from the Ottomans Mesembria (1403–1453), Varna (1403–1415), and the Marmara coast from Scutari to Nicomedia (between 1403–1421). Map of the southern Balkans and western Anatolia in 1410, following the Treaty of Gallipoli Half stavraton coin by Manuel. On the reverse, Manuel's bust. However, Manuel II kept contact with Venice, Genoa, Paris and Aragon, by sending envoy Manuel Chrysoloras in 1407–8, pursuing to form a coalition against the Ottomans. On 25 July 1414, with a fleet consisting of four galleys and two other vessels carrying contingents of infantry and cavalry, departed Constantinople for Thessalonica. The purpose of this force soon became clear when he made an unannounced stop at Thasos, a normally unimportant island which was then under threat from a son of the lord of Lesbos, Francesco Gattilusio. It took Manuel three months to reassert imperial authority on the island. Only then did he continue on to Thessalonica, where he was warmly met by his son Andronicus, who then governed the city. In the spring of 1415, he and his soldiers left for the Peloponnese, arriving at the little port of Kenchreai on Good Friday, 29 March. Manuel II Palaiologos used his time there to bolster the defences of the Despotate of Morea, where the Byzantine Empire was actually expanding at the expense of the remnants of the Latin Empire. Here Manuel supervised the building of the Hexamilion (six-mile wall) across the Isthmus of Corinth, intended to defend the Peloponnese from the Ottomans. Manuel II stood on friendly terms with the victor in the Ottoman civil war, Mehmed I (1402–1421), but his attempts to meddle in the next contested succession led to a new assault on Constantinople by Murad II (1421–1451) in 1422. During the last years of his life, Manuel II relinquished most official duties to his son and heir John VIII Palaiologos, and went back to the West searching for assistance against the Ottomans, this time to the King Sigismund of Hungary, staying for two months in his court of Buda. Sigismund (after suffering a defeat against the Turks in the Battle of Nicopolis in 1396) never rejected the possibility of fighting against the Ottoman Empire. However, with the Hussite wars in Bohemia, it was impossible to count on the Czech or German armies, and the Hungarian ones were needed to protect the Kingdom and control the religious conflicts. Unhappily Manuel returned home with empty hands from the Hungarian Kingdom, and in 1424 he and his son were forced to sign an unfavourable peace treaty with the Ottoman Turks, whereby the Byzantine Empire had to pay tribute to the sultan. Death Manuel II was paralyzed by a stroke on 1 October 1422, but his mind was unaffected and he continued to rule for three more years. He lived his last few days as a monk, taking the name of Matthew. He died on 21 July 1425, aged 75, and was buried at the Pantokrator Monastery in Constantinople. Writings Manuel II was the author of numerous works of varied character, including letters, poems, a Saint's Life, treatises on theology and rhetoric, and an epitaph for his brother Theodore I Palaiologos and a mirror of princes for his son and heir John. This mirror of princes has special value, because it is the last sample of this literary genre bequeathed to us by Byzantines. Family Miniature made c. 1404 depicting Manuel II, Helena and three of their sons, the co-emperor John VIII and the despots Theodore and Andronikos. By his wife Helena Dragas, the daughter of the Serbian prince Constantine Dragas, Manuel II Palaiologos had several children, including: A daughter. Mentioned as the eldest daughter but not named. Constantine Palaiologos. Born c. 1393/8, died before 1405 in Monemvasia. John VIII Palaiologos (18 December 1392 – 31 October 1448). Byzantine emperor, 1425–1448. Andronikos Palaiologos, Lord of Thessalonica (d. 1429). A second daughter. Also not named in the text. Theodore II Palaiologos, Lord of Morea (d. 1448). Michael Palaiologos. Born 1406/7, died 1409/10 of the plague. Constantine XI Dragases Palaiologos (8 February 1405 – 29 May 1453). Despotēs in the Morea and subsequently the last Byzantine emperor, 1448–1453. Demetrios Palaiologos (c. 1407–1470). Despotēs in the Morea. Thomas Palaiologos (c. 1409 – 12 May 1465). Despotēs in the Morea. Ancestry This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Ancestors of Manuel II Palaiologos 8. Michael IX Palaiologos 4. Andronikos III Palaiologos 9. Rita of Armenia 2. John V Palaiologos 10. Amadeus V, Count of Savoy 5. Anna of Savoy 11. Maria of Brabant 1. Manuel II Palaiologos 12. Michael Kantakouzenos 6. John VI Kantakouzenos 13. Theodora Palaiologina Angelina Kantakouzene 3. Helena Kantakouzene 14. Andronikos Asen 7. Irene Asanina Pope Benedict XVI controversy Main article: Regensburg lecture In a lecture delivered on 12 September 2006, Pope Benedict XVI quoted from a dialogue believed to have occurred in 1391 between Manuel II and a Persian scholar and recorded in a book by Manuel II (Dialogue 7 of Twenty-six Dialogues with a Persian) in which the Emperor stated: "Show me just what Muhammad brought that was new and there you will find things only evil and inhuman, such as his command to spread by the sword the faith he preached." Gallery Manuel II as depicted in the Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry Manuel II (lower right), Caspar and Balthazar Manuel II as Melchior kissing the feet of the baby Jesus See also Byzantine Empire portal List of Byzantine emperors Notes ^ In addition, Ilario Doria, Manuel's son-in-law, was also sent with a delegation to Italy, England, and probably France, early in 1399. ^ King Richard II had collected the same sum to be sent to Constantinople, yet it had never passed through the bank in Genoa, despite a later investigation by Henry IV. References ^ Evans, Helen C., ed. (2004). Byzantium: Faith and Power (1261-1557). Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 26. ISBN 978-1-58839-113-1. ^ Great Synaxaristes: (in Greek) Ὁ Ὅσιος Μανουὴλ Αὐτοκράτωρ Κωνσταντινουπόλεως. 21 Ιουλίου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ. ^ Barker 1969, p. xix. ^ Norwich 1995, p. 337. ^ Barker 1969, p. xxiv. ^ Norwich 1995, pp. 351–354. ^ a b Hinterberger & Schabel 2011, p. 397. ^ Hinterberger & Schabel 2011, p. 398. ^ Hinterberger & Schabel 2011, p. 398–399. ^ a b Hinterberger & Schabel 2011, p. 402. ^ Sobiesiak, Tomaszek & Tyszka 2018, pp. 74–75. ^ "St Alban's chronicle". p. 245. ^ Brian Cathcart An emperor in Eltham New Statesman 25 September 2006. The Latin Emperor of Constantinople, Baldwin II, visited the court of Henry III on two occasions, in 1238 and 1247, in search of assistance against the Byzantine successor state of Nicaea. Cf. Matthew Paris, Chronica Majora, ed. H.R. Luard, London: 1872–1883, 7 vols. (Rolls series, 57): vol. 3, 480–481; vol. 4, 625–626. ^ a b Nicol 1974, p. 198. ^ Walsingham 2005, p. 319. ^ Adam of Usk 1997, pp. 119–121. ^ Dennis 1977, p. 102. ^ Voordeckers 2006, p. 271. ^ Hinterberger & Schabel 2011, p. 403. ^ Hinterberger & Schabel 2011, p. 411. ^ Çelik 2021, p. 260. ^ Szalay, J. y Baróti, L. (1896). A Magyar Nemzet Története. Budapest, Hungría: Udvari Könyvkereskedés Kiadó. ^ Norwich 1995, p. 387. ^ Melvani, N., (2018) 'The tombs of the Palaiologan emperors', Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies, 42 (2) pp.237-260 ^ Spatharakis, Ioannis (1976), The Portrait in Byzantine Illuminated Manuscripts, Brill, p. 139, ISBN 9789633862971 ^ Trapp, Erich; Beyer, Hans-Veit; Kaplaneres, Sokrates; Leontiadis, Ioannis (1989). "21490. Παλαιολόγος Κωνσταντῖνος". Prosopographisches Lexikon der Palaiologenzeit (in German). Vol. 9. Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. ISBN 3-7001-3003-1. ^ Trapp, Erich; Beyer, Hans-Veit; Kaplaneres, Sokrates; Leontiadis, Ioannis (1989). "21520. <Παλαιολόγος> Μιχαήλ". Prosopographisches Lexikon der Palaiologenzeit (in German). Vol. 9. Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. ISBN 3-7001-3003-1. Sources Adam of Usk (1997). Chris Given-Wilson (ed.). The Chronicle of Adam Usk, 1377-1421. Clarendon Press. ISBN 9780198204831. Barker, John W. (1969). Manuel II Palaeologus (1391-1425): A Study in Late Byzantine Statesmanship. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 9780813505824. Çelik, Siren (2021). Manuel II Palaiologos (1350–1425). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781108836593. Dennis, George T. (1977). The letters of Manuel II Palaeologus. Dumbarton Oaks. ISBN 9780884020684. Hinterberger, Martin; Schabel, Chris (2011). Greeks, Latins, and Intellectual History 1204-1500 (PDF). Peeters. Nicol, Donald M. (1993). The Last Centuries of Byzantium, 1261-1453. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521439916. Norwich, John Julius (1995). Byzantium: The Decline and Fall. London: Viking. ISBN 978-0-670-82377-2. Nicol, Donald M. (1974). "Byzantium and England". Institute for Balkan Studies. Sobiesiak, Joanna Aleksandra; Tomaszek, Michał; Tyszka, Przemysław (2018). Andrzej Pleszczyński (ed.). Imagined Communities: Constructing Collective Identities in Medieval Europe. Brill. ISBN 9789004352476. Walsingham, Thomas (2005). James G. Clark; David Preest (eds.). The Chronica Maiora of Thomas Walsingham, 1376-1422. Boydell Press. ISBN 9781843831440. Voordeckers, Edmond (2006). Byzantion. University Foundation. Further reading Manuel II Palaeologus Funeral Oration on His Brother Theodore. J. Chrysostomides (editor & translator). Association for Byzantine Research: Thessalonike, 1985. Manuel II Palaeologus, The Letters of Manuel II Palaeologus George T. Dennis (translator), Dumbarton Oaks, 1977. ISBN 0-88402-068-1. Çelik, Siren (2021). Manuel II Palaiologos (1350-1425): A Byzantine Emperor in a Time of Tumult. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1108836593 Karl Förstel (ed.): Manuel II. Palaiologos: Dialoge mit einem Muslim (Corpus Islamo-Christianum. Series Graeca 4). 3 vol. Echter Verlag, Würzburg 1995; ISBN 3-89375-078-9, ISBN 3-89375-104-1, ISBN 3-89375-133-5 (Greek Text with German translation and commentary). Jonathan Harris, The End of Byzantium. Yale University Press, 2010. ISBN 978-0-300-11786-8 Florin Leonte, Rhetoric in Purple: The Renewal of Imperial Ideology in the Texts of Manuel II Palaiologos. PhD dissertation, Central European University, Budapest, 2012 Leonte, Florin (2012), Rhetoric in purple : the renewal of imperial ideology in the texts of emperor Manuel II Palaiologos, CEU ETD collection Mureşan, Dan Ioan (2010). "Une histoire de trois empereurs. Aspects des relations de Sigismond de Luxembourg avec Manuel II et Jean VIII Paléologue". In Ekaterini Mitsiou; et al. (eds.). Sigismund of Luxemburg and the Orthodox World (Veröffentlichungen zur Byzanzforschung, 24). Wien: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. pp. 41–101. ISBN 978-3-7001-6685-6 Necipoglu, Nevra (2009). Byzantium between the Ottomans and the Latins: Politics and Society in the Late Empire. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-511-51807-2. Nicol, Donald M. (1996). The Reluctant Emperor: A Biography of John Cantacuzene, Byzantine Emperor and Monk, c. 1295-1383. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521522014. George Sphrantzes. The Fall of the Byzantine Empire: A Chronicle by George Sphrantzes, 1401–1477. Marios Philippides (editor & translator). University of Massachusetts Press, 1980. ISBN 0-87023-290-8. Erich Trapp: Manuel II. Palaiologos: Dialoge mit einem „Perser“. Verlag Böhlau, Wien 1966, ISBN 3-7001-0965-2. (German) Athanasios D. Angelou, Manuel Palaiologos, Dialogue with the Empress - Mother on Marriage. Introduction, Text and Translation, Vienna, Academie der Wissenschaft, Vienna 1991. Shukurov, Rustam (2016). "The Byzantine Turks (1204-1461)". The Byzantine Turks, 1204-1461. Leiden: Brill: 421. doi:10.1163/9789004307759_013. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Manuel II Palaiologos. Encyclopedia of Roman Emperors entry Manuel Palaeologos Resources, including excerpts from his writings to his son John, on "the virtue of a king" Historical contemporary references to Manuel II (in Greek) by the Byzantine Greek historian George Sphrantzes Portraits of Manuel II Dialogue 7 with a learned Persian – chapters 1–18 only. Manuel II Palaiologos Palaiologos dynastyBorn: 27 July 1350 Died: 21 July 1425 Regnal titles Preceded byJohn V Palaiologos Byzantine emperor 1391–1425 Succeeded byJohn VIII Palaiologos vteRoman and Byzantine emperors and empresses regnantPrincipate27 BC – AD 235 Augustus Tiberius Caligula Claudius Nero Galba Otho Vitellius Vespasian Titus Domitian Nerva Trajan Hadrian Antoninus Pius Marcus Aurelius Lucius Verus Commodus Pertinax Didius Julianus Septimius Severus Caracalla Geta Macrinus (w. Diadumenian) Elagabalus Severus Alexander Crisis235–285 Maximinus I Gordian I Gordian II Pupienus Balbinus Gordian III Philip I (w. Philip II) Decius (w. Herennius Etruscus) Trebonianus Gallus (w. Hostilian & Volusianus) Aemilianus Silbannacus (?) Valerian Gallienus (w. Saloninus) Claudius II Quintillus Aurelian Tacitus Florianus Probus Carus Carinus Numerian Dominate284–610 Diocletian Maximian Galerius Constantius I Severus II Constantine I Maxentius Licinius Maximinus II Valerius Valens Martinian Constantine II Constantius II Constans I Magnentius Nepotianus Vetranio Julian Jovian Valentinian I Valens Procopius Gratian Theodosius I Valentinian II Magnus Maximus (w. Victor) Eugenius Western Empire395–480 Honorius Constantine III (w. Constans II) Priscus Attalus Constantius III Joannes Valentinian III Petronius Maximus Avitus Majorian Severus III Anthemius Olybrius Glycerius Julius Nepos Romulus Augustulus Eastern Empire395–610 Arcadius Theodosius II Marcian Leo I Leo II Zeno Basiliscus (w. Marcus) Anastasius I Justin I Justinian I Justin II Tiberius II Constantine Maurice (w. Theodosius) Phocas Eastern/Byzantine Empire610–1453 Heraclius Constantine III Heraclonas (w. Tiberius) Constans II Constantine IV (w. Heraclius & Tiberius) Justinian II Leontius Tiberius III Justinian II (w. Tiberius) Philippicus Anastasius II Theodosius III Leo III Constantine V Artabasdos (w. Nikephoros) Leo IV Constantine VI Irene Nikephoros I Staurakios Michael I Rangabe (w. Theophylact & Staurakios) Leo V (w. Constantine) Michael II Theophilos (w. Constantine) Theodora (II) (w. Thekla) Michael III Basil I (w. Constantine) Leo VI Alexander Constantine VII Romanos I Lekapenos (w. Christopher, Stephen & Constantine Lekapenos) Romanos II Nikephoros II Phokas John I Tzimiskes Basil II Constantine VIII Zoe Romanos III Argyros Michael IV Michael V Constantine IX Monomachos Theodora (III) Michael VI Bringas Isaac I Komnenos Constantine X Doukas Eudokia Makrembolitissa Romanos IV Diogenes (w. Leo & Nikephoros) Michael VII Doukas (w. Andronikos, Konstantios & Constantine Doukas) Nikephoros III Botaneiates Alexios I Komnenos (w. Constantine Doukas) John II Komnenos (w. Alexios) Manuel I Komnenos Alexios II Komnenos Andronikos I Komnenos (w. John) Isaac II Angelos Alexios III Angelos Alexios IV Angelos Alexios V Doukas Theodore I Laskaris (w. Nicholas) John III Vatatzes Theodore II Laskaris John IV Laskaris Michael VIII Palaiologos Andronikos II Palaiologos Michael IX Palaiologos Andronikos III Palaiologos John V Palaiologos John VI Kantakouzenos (w. Matthew) Andronikos IV Palaiologos John VII Palaiologos (w. Andronikos V) Manuel II Palaiologos John VIII Palaiologos Constantine XI Palaiologos See also Gallic emperors (260–274) Palmyrene emperors (267–273) Britannic emperors (286–296) Trapezuntine emperors (1204–1461) Thessalonian emperors (1224–1242) Empresses Augustae Usurpers Classical Eastern Italics indicates a junior co-emperor, underlining indicates an emperor variously regarded as either legitimate or a usurper vteThe Palaiologoi of the Byzantine Empire Michael VIII (1259–1282) Andronikos II (1282–1328) Michael IX (1295–1320) Andronikos III (1328–1341) John V (1341–1391) John VI (1347–1354) Matthew (1353–1357) Andronikos IV (1376–1379) John VII (1390; 1403–1408) Andronikos V (1403–1407) Manuel II (1391–1425) John VIII (1425–1448) Constantine XI (1449–1453) 1st generation Nikephoros Palaiologos 2nd generation George Palaiologos 3rd generation Andronikos Doukas Palaiologos 4th generation George Palaiologos 5th generation Alexios Palaiologos 6th generation Andronikos Palaiologos Theodora Angelina Palaiologina 7th generation Irene Komnene Palaiologina Michael VIII Palaiologos John Doukas Palaiologos 8th generation Irene Palaiologina, Empress of Bulgaria Andronikos II Palaiologos Constantine Palaiologos Theodore Palaiologos Eudokia Palaiologina Maria Palaiologina, Khatun of the Ilkhanate 9th generation Michael IX Palaiologos Constantine Palaiologos John Palaiologos Theodore Palaiologos (Palaeologus-Montferrat) Demetrios Palaiologos Simonis Palaiologina, Queen of Serbia John Palaiologos 10th generation Andronikos III Palaiologos Anna Palaiologina, Despotess of Epirus Theodora Palaiologina, Empress of Bulgaria Irene Palaiologina, Byzantine Empress Maria Palaiologina, Queen of Serbia 11th generation Irene Palaiologina, Empress of Trebizond John V Palaiologos Michael Palaiologos Irene Palaiologina, Empress of Bulgaria 12th generation Andronikos IV Palaiologos Manuel II Palaiologos Theodore I Palaiologos Michael Palaiologos Zampia Palaiologina 13th generation John VII Palaiologos John VIII Palaiologos Theodore II Palaiologos Andronikos Palaiologos Constantine XI Palaiologos Demetrios Palaiologos Thomas Palaiologos 14th generation Andronikos V Palaiologos Helena Palaiologina, Queen of Cyprus Helena Palaiologina Helena Palaiologina, Despotess of Serbia Sophia Palaiologina, Grand Princess of Moscow Andreas Palaiologos Manuel Palaiologos Hass Murad Pasha Mesih Pasha 15th generation Maria Palaiologina, Princess of Vereya (?) Constantine Palaiologos (?) Fernando Palaiologos (?) Andreas Palaiologos Cadet branches Palaeologus-Montferrat Asen Palaiologos Paleologus-Pesaro (?) Only male-line descendants who are independently notable are shown. Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway Spain France BnF data Catalonia Germany Italy Israel Finland United States Czech Republic Australia Greece Croatia Netherlands Poland Vatican 2 People Deutsche Biographie Trove Other SNAC IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Manuel Palaiologos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Palaiologos"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek"},{"link_name":"Byzantine emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_emperors"},{"link_name":"tonsured","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonsure"},{"link_name":"Helena Dragaš","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helena_Draga%C5%A1"},{"link_name":"John VIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_VIII_Palaiologos"},{"link_name":"Constantine XI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_XI_Palaiologos"},{"link_name":"Greek Orthodox Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church"},{"link_name":"July 21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_21_(Eastern_Orthodox_liturgics)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Manuel Palaiologos, his grandson by the same name.Manuel II Palaiologos or Palaeologus (Greek: Μανουὴλ Παλαιολόγος, romanized: Manouēl Palaiológos; 27 June 1350 – 21 July 1425) was Byzantine emperor from 1391 to 1425. Shortly before his death he was tonsured a monk and received the name Matthew. His wife Helena Dragaš saw to it that their sons, John VIII and Constantine XI, became emperors. He is commemorated by the Greek Orthodox Church on July 21.[2]","title":"Manuel II Palaiologos"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Palaeologoi_eagle_XV_c_Byzantine_miniature.jpg"},{"link_name":"double-headed eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-headed_eagle"},{"link_name":"John V Palaiologos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_V_Palaiologos"},{"link_name":"Helena Kantakouzene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helena_Kantakouzene"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarker1969xix-3"},{"link_name":"despotēs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Despotes"},{"link_name":"Byzantine Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire"},{"link_name":"Thessalonica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thessalonica"},{"link_name":"Andronikos IV Palaiologos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andronikos_IV_Palaiologos"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorwich1995337-4"},{"link_name":"supplanted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_civil_war_of_1373%E2%80%931379"},{"link_name":"John VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_VII_Palaiologos"},{"link_name":"Republic of Venice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Venice"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Sultan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Dynasty"},{"link_name":"Bayezid I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayezid_I"},{"link_name":"Bursa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bursa,_Turkey"},{"link_name":"reduced Philadelpheia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"Anatolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolia"}],"text":"Byzantine double-headed eagle with the Palaiologos family cypher.Manuel II Palaiologos was the second son of Emperor John V Palaiologos and his wife Helena Kantakouzene.[3] Granted the title of despotēs by his father, the future Manuel II traveled west to seek support for the Byzantine Empire in 1365 and in 1370, serving as governor in Thessalonica from 1369. The failed attempt at usurpation by his older brother Andronikos IV Palaiologos in 1373 led to Manuel's being proclaimed heir and co-emperor of his father. He was crowned on 25 September 1373.[4]In 1376–1379 and again in 1390, Manuel and his father were supplanted by Andronikos IV and then his son John VII, but Manuel personally defeated his nephew with help from the Republic of Venice in 1390. Although John V had been restored, Manuel was forced to go as an honorary hostage to the court of the Ottoman Sultan Bayezid I at Prousa (Bursa). During his stay, Manuel was forced to participate in the Ottoman campaign that reduced Philadelpheia, the last Byzantine enclave in Anatolia.","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarker1969xxiv-5"},{"link_name":"Serres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serres"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorwich1995351%E2%80%93354-6"},{"link_name":"blockaded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Constantinople_(1394%E2%80%931402)"},{"link_name":"Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Hungarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary"},{"link_name":"Sigismund of Luxemburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigismund,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Battle of Nicopolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Nicopolis"},{"link_name":"Theodore Kantakouzenos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Kantakouzenos"},{"link_name":"Charles VI of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_VI_of_France"},{"link_name":"Richard II of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_II_of_England"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHinterbergerSchabel2011397-7"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Marshal of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshal_of_France"},{"link_name":"Jean II Le Maingre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_II_Le_Maingre"},{"link_name":"Aigues-Mortes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aigues-Mortes"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Jean de Châteaumorand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_de_Ch%C3%A2teaumorand"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHinterbergerSchabel2011398-9"}],"sub_title":"Siege of Constantinople and letters to European courts","text":"Having heard of his father's death in February 1391, Manuel II Palaiologos fled the Ottoman court and secured the capital against any potential claim by his nephew John VII.[5] Following Manuel's coronation the Ottoman Sultan was initially content to leave Byzantium in comparative peace. However, in 1393 a large insurrection erupted in Bulgaria which, although successfully put down by the Ottomans, caused Bayezid to lapse into an episode of paranoia in which he believed his various Christian vassals were plotting against him. Bayezid called all his Christian vassals to a meeting at Serres, with the intention of massacring them, a decision he relented on only at the last moment. The episode is said to have left all of the Christian vassal rulers shaken and convinced Manuel that continued appeasement towards the Ottomans was not a guarantee of his own personal safety or the continued survival of the empire and that efforts must be made to obtain Western aid.[6]Sultan Bayezid I blockaded Constantinople from 1394 to 1402. In the meantime, an anti-Ottoman crusade led by the Hungarian King Sigismund of Luxemburg failed at the Battle of Nicopolis on 25 September 1396. Manuel II had sent 10 ships to help in that Crusade. In October 1397, Theodore Kantakouzenos, Manuel's uncle, alongside John of Natala arrived at the court of Charles VI of France, bearing the Emperor's letters (dated 1 July 1397) requesting the French king's military aid. In addition, Charles also provided funds for the two nobles to treat with King Richard II of England in April 1398, with the aim of soliciting further aid.[7] Though the latter was preoccupied by domestic troubles at this point to provide any support.[a]However, the two nobles returned home with the Marshal of France Jean II Le Maingre who was sent from Aigues-Mortes with six ships carrying 1,200 men to assist Manuel II. The Marshal encouraged the latter to go personally to seek assistance against the Ottoman Empire from the courts of western Europe. After some five years of siege, Manuel II entrusted the city to his nephew, aided by a French garrison of 300 men led by Seigneur Jean de Châteaumorand and embarked (along with a suite of 40 people) on a long trip abroad along with the Marshal.[8]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Morea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morea"},{"link_name":"Theodore I Palaiologos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_I_Palaiologos"},{"link_name":"Venice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice"},{"link_name":"Padua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padua"},{"link_name":"Vicenza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicenza"},{"link_name":"Pavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavia"},{"link_name":"Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan"},{"link_name":"Gian Galeazzo Visconti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gian_Galeazzo_Visconti"},{"link_name":"Manuel Chrysoloras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Chrysoloras"},{"link_name":"Charenton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charenton-le-Pont"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHinterbergerSchabel2011398%E2%80%93399-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHinterbergerSchabel2011402-11"},{"link_name":"Michel Pintoin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Pintoin"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESobiesiakTomaszekTyszka201874%E2%80%9375-12"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Manuel_II_Palaiologos_with_Henry_IV_of_England.png"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Henry IV of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_IV_of_England"},{"link_name":"Blackheath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackheath,_London"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHinterbergerSchabel2011402-11"},{"link_name":"Eltham Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eltham_Palace"},{"link_name":"joust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jousting"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"£","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pound_sterling"},{"link_name":"golden bull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_bull"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol1974198-15"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Thomas Walsingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Walsingham"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalsingham2005319-17"},{"link_name":"Adam of Usk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_of_Usk"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdam_of_Usk1997119%E2%80%93121-18"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDennis1977102-19"},{"link_name":"relics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relics"},{"link_name":"tunic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunic"},{"link_name":"Holy Sponge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Sponge"},{"link_name":"Pope Boniface IX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Boniface_IX"},{"link_name":"Antipope Benedict XIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipope_Benedict_XIII"},{"link_name":"Margaret I of Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_I_of_Denmark"},{"link_name":"Martin of Aragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_of_Aragon"},{"link_name":"Charles III of Navarre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_III_of_Navarre"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoordeckers2006271-20"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHinterbergerSchabel2011403-21"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHinterbergerSchabel2011411-22"}],"sub_title":"Emperor's trip to the West","text":"On 10 December 1399, Manuel II sailed to the Morea, where he left his wife and children with his brother Theodore I Palaiologos to be protected from his nephew's intentions. He later landed in Venice in April 1400, then he went to Padua, Vicenza and Pavia, until he reached Milan, where he met Duke Gian Galeazzo Visconti, and his close friend Manuel Chrysoloras. Afterwards, he met Charles VI of France at Charenton on 3 June 1400.[9] During his stay in France, Manuel II continued to contact European monarchs.[10]According to Michel Pintoin who chronicled the visit to Paris:Then, the king raised his hat, and the emperor raised his imperial cap – he had no\nhat – and both greeted one another in the most honourable way. When he had welcomed [the emperor], the king accompanied him into Paris, riding side by side. They were followed by the Princes of the Blood who, once the banquet in the royal palace finished, escorted [the emperor] to the lodgings which had been prepared for him in the Louvre castle].— [11]Manuel II Palaiologos (left) with Henry IV of England in London, December 1400.[12]In December 1400, he embarked to England to meet Henry IV of England who received him at Blackheath on the 21st of that month,[10] making him the only Byzantine emperor ever to visit England, where he stayed at Eltham Palace until mid-February 1401, and a joust took place in his honour.[13] In addition, he received £2,000, in which he acknowledged receipt of the funds in a Latin document and sealed it with his own golden bull.[14][b]Thomas Walsingham wrote about Manuel II's visit to England:At the same time the Emperor of Constantinople visited England to ask for help against the Turks. The king with an imposing retinue, met him at Blackheath on the feast of St Thomas [21 December], gave so great a hero an appropriate welcome and escorted him to London. He entertained him there royally for many days, paying the expenses of the emperor's stay, and by grand presents showing respect for a person of such eminence.— [15]Moreover, Adam of Usk reported:On the feast of St Thomas the apostle [21 December], the emperor of the Greeks visited the king of England in London to seek help against the Saracens, and was honourably received by him, staying with him for two whole months at enormous expense to the king, and being showered with gifts at his departure. This emperor and his men always went about dressed uniformly in long robes cut like tabards which were all of one colour, namely white, and disapproved greatly of the fashions and varieties of dress worn by the English, declaring that they signified inconstancy and fickleness of heart. No razor ever touched the heads or beards of his priests. These Greeks were extremely devout in their religious services, having them chanted variously by knights or by clerics, for they were sung in their native tongue. I thought to myself how sad it was that this great Christian leader from the remote east had been driven by the power of the infidels to visit distant islands in the west in order to seek help against them.— [16]However, Manuel II sent a letter to his friend Manuel Chrysoloras, describing his visit to England:Now what is the reason for the present letter? A large number of letters have come to us from all over bearing excellent and wonderful promises, but most important is the ruler with whom we are now staying, the king of Britain the Great, of a second civilized world, you might say, who abounds in so many good qualities and is adorned with all sorts of virtues. His reputation earns him the admiration of people who have not met him, while for those who have once seen him, he proves brilliantly that Fame is not really a goddess, since she is unable to show the man to be as great as does actual experience. This ruler, then, is most illustrious because of his position, most illustrious too, because of his intelligence; his might amazes everyone, and his understanding wins him friends; he extends his hand to all and in every way he places himself at the service of those who need help. And now, in accord with his nature, he has made himself a virtual haven for us in the midst of a twofold tempest, that of the season and that of fortune, and we have found refuge in the man himself and his character. His conversation is quite charming; he pleases us in every way; he honours us to the greatest extent and loves us no less. Although he has gone to extremes in all he has done for us, he seems almost to blush in the belief—in this he is alone—that he might have fallen considerably short of what he should have done. This is how magnanimous the man is.— [17]Manuel II later returned to France with high hopes of substantial help and funds for Constantinople. In the meantime, he sent delegations with relics including pieces of the tunic of Christ and a piece of the Holy Sponge to Pope Boniface IX and Antipope Benedict XIII, Queen Margaret I of Denmark, king Martin of Aragon and king Charles III of Navarre to seek further assistance.[18][19] He eventually left France on 23 November 1402,[20] and finally returned to Constantinople in June 1403.","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bayezid I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayezid_I"},{"link_name":"Timur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timur"},{"link_name":"Battle of Ankara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ankara"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Interregnum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Interregnum"},{"link_name":"Sea of Marmara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_of_Marmara"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Gallipoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Gallipoli"},{"link_name":"Varna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varna,_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Scutari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Csk%C3%BCdar"},{"link_name":"Nicomedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0zmit"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_the_southern_Balkans,_1410.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Manuel_II_-_half_stavraton_-_sb2551.jpg"},{"link_name":"stavraton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stavraton"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%C3%87elik2021260-23"},{"link_name":"Thasos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thasos"},{"link_name":"Andronicus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andronikos_Palaiologos_(son_of_Manuel_II)"},{"link_name":"Despotate of Morea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Despotate_of_Morea"},{"link_name":"Latin Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Empire"},{"link_name":"Hexamilion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexamilion"},{"link_name":"Isthmus of Corinth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isthmus_of_Corinth"},{"link_name":"Peloponnese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peloponnese"},{"link_name":"Mehmed I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehmed_I"},{"link_name":"assault on Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Constantinople_(1422)"},{"link_name":"Murad II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murad_II"},{"link_name":"John VIII Palaiologos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_VIII_Palaiologos"},{"link_name":"Buda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buda"},{"link_name":"Hussite wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hussite_wars"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"Renewed Ottoman sieges","text":"The Ottomans under Bayezid I were themselves crushingly defeated by Timur at the Battle of Ankara in 1402. As the sons of Bayezid I struggled with each other over the succession in the Ottoman Interregnum, John VII was able to secure the return of the European coast of the Sea of Marmara and of Thessalonica to the Byzantine Empire in the Treaty of Gallipoli. When Manuel II returned home in 1403, his nephew duly surrendered control of Constantinople and received as a reward the governorship of newly recovered Thessalonica. The treaty also regained from the Ottomans Mesembria (1403–1453), Varna (1403–1415), and the Marmara coast from Scutari to Nicomedia (between 1403–1421).Map of the southern Balkans and western Anatolia in 1410, following the Treaty of GallipoliHalf stavraton coin by Manuel. On the reverse, Manuel's bust.However, Manuel II kept contact with Venice, Genoa, Paris and Aragon, by sending envoy Manuel Chrysoloras in 1407–8, pursuing to form a coalition against the Ottomans.[21]On 25 July 1414, with a fleet consisting of four galleys and two other vessels carrying contingents of infantry and cavalry, departed Constantinople for Thessalonica. The purpose of this force soon became clear when he made an unannounced stop at Thasos, a normally unimportant island which was then under threat from a son of the lord of Lesbos, Francesco Gattilusio. It took Manuel three months to reassert imperial authority on the island. Only then did he continue on to Thessalonica, where he was warmly met by his son Andronicus, who then governed the city.In the spring of 1415, he and his soldiers left for the Peloponnese, arriving at the little port of Kenchreai on Good Friday, 29 March. Manuel II Palaiologos used his time there to bolster the defences of the Despotate of Morea, where the Byzantine Empire was actually expanding at the expense of the remnants of the Latin Empire. Here Manuel supervised the building of the Hexamilion (six-mile wall) across the Isthmus of Corinth, intended to defend the Peloponnese from the Ottomans.Manuel II stood on friendly terms with the victor in the Ottoman civil war, Mehmed I (1402–1421), but his attempts to meddle in the next contested succession led to a new assault on Constantinople by Murad II (1421–1451) in 1422. During the last years of his life, Manuel II relinquished most official duties to his son and heir John VIII Palaiologos, and went back to the West searching for assistance against the Ottomans, this time to the King Sigismund of Hungary, staying for two months in his court of Buda. Sigismund (after suffering a defeat against the Turks in the Battle of Nicopolis in 1396) never rejected the possibility of fighting against the Ottoman Empire. However, with the Hussite wars in Bohemia, it was impossible to count on the Czech or German armies, and the Hungarian ones were needed to protect the Kingdom and control the religious conflicts.[22] Unhappily Manuel returned home with empty hands from the Hungarian Kingdom, and in 1424 he and his son were forced to sign an unfavourable peace treaty with the Ottoman Turks, whereby the Byzantine Empire had to pay tribute to the sultan.","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"stroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroke"},{"link_name":"Pantokrator Monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantokrator_Monastery"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorwich1995387-25"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"text":"Manuel II was paralyzed by a stroke on 1 October 1422, but his mind was unaffected and he continued to rule for three more years. He lived his last few days as a monk, taking the name of Matthew. He died on 21 July 1425, aged 75, and was buried at the Pantokrator Monastery in Constantinople.[23][24]","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"theology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theology"},{"link_name":"rhetoric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhetoric"},{"link_name":"mirror of princes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirrors_for_princes"}],"text":"Manuel II was the author of numerous works of varied character, including letters, poems, a Saint's Life, treatises on theology and rhetoric, and an epitaph for his brother Theodore I Palaiologos and a mirror of princes for his son and heir John. This mirror of princes has special value, because it is the last sample of this literary genre bequeathed to us by Byzantines.","title":"Writings"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Manuel_II_Helena_sons.JPG"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Helena Dragas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helena_Dragas"},{"link_name":"Serbian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"Constantine Dragas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_Dragas"},{"link_name":"Monemvasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monemvasia"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"John VIII Palaiologos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_VIII_Palaiologos"},{"link_name":"Andronikos Palaiologos, Lord of Thessalonica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andronikos_Palaiologos,_Lord_of_Thessalonica"},{"link_name":"Theodore II Palaiologos, Lord of Morea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_II_Palaiologos,_Lord_of_Morea"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Constantine XI Dragases Palaiologos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_XI_Palaiologos"},{"link_name":"Demetrios Palaiologos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demetrios_Palaiologos"},{"link_name":"Thomas Palaiologos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Palaiologos"}],"text":"Miniature made c. 1404 depicting Manuel II, Helena and three of their sons, the co-emperor John VIII and the despots Theodore and Andronikos.[25]By his wife Helena Dragas, the daughter of the Serbian prince Constantine Dragas, Manuel II Palaiologos had several children, including:A daughter. Mentioned as the eldest daughter but not named.\nConstantine Palaiologos. Born c. 1393/8, died before 1405 in Monemvasia.[26]\nJohn VIII Palaiologos (18 December 1392 – 31 October 1448). Byzantine emperor, 1425–1448.\nAndronikos Palaiologos, Lord of Thessalonica (d. 1429).\nA second daughter. Also not named in the text.\nTheodore II Palaiologos, Lord of Morea (d. 1448).\nMichael Palaiologos. Born 1406/7, died 1409/10 of the plague.[27]\nConstantine XI Dragases Palaiologos (8 February 1405 – 29 May 1453). Despotēs in the Morea and subsequently the last Byzantine emperor, 1448–1453.\nDemetrios Palaiologos (c. 1407–1470). Despotēs in the Morea.\nThomas Palaiologos (c. 1409 – 12 May 1465). Despotēs in the Morea.","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Michael IX Palaiologos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_IX_Palaiologos"},{"link_name":"Andronikos III Palaiologos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andronikos_III_Palaiologos"},{"link_name":"Rita of Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rita_of_Armenia"},{"link_name":"John V Palaiologos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_V_Palaiologos"},{"link_name":"Amadeus V, Count of Savoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amadeus_V,_Count_of_Savoy"},{"link_name":"Anna of Savoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_of_Savoy"},{"link_name":"Maria of Brabant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_of_Brabant,_Countess_of_Savoy"},{"link_name":"Michael Kantakouzenos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Kantakouzenos_(died_1316)"},{"link_name":"John VI Kantakouzenos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_VI_Kantakouzenos"},{"link_name":"Helena Kantakouzene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helena_Kantakouzene"},{"link_name":"Andronikos Asen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andronikos_Asen"},{"link_name":"Irene Asanina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irene_Asanina"}],"text":"Ancestors of Manuel II Palaiologos 8. Michael IX Palaiologos 4. Andronikos III Palaiologos 9. Rita of Armenia 2. John V Palaiologos 10. Amadeus V, Count of Savoy 5. Anna of Savoy 11. Maria of Brabant 1. Manuel II Palaiologos 12. Michael Kantakouzenos 6. John VI Kantakouzenos 13. Theodora Palaiologina Angelina Kantakouzene 3. Helena Kantakouzene 14. Andronikos Asen 7. Irene Asanina","title":"Ancestry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pope Benedict XVI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI"},{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_people"}],"text":"In a lecture delivered on 12 September 2006, Pope Benedict XVI quoted from a dialogue believed to have occurred in 1391 between Manuel II and a Persian scholar and recorded in a book by Manuel II (Dialogue 7 of Twenty-six Dialogues with a Persian) in which the Emperor stated: \"Show me just what Muhammad brought that was new and there you will find things only evil and inhuman, such as his command to spread by the sword the faith he preached.\"","title":"Pope Benedict XVI controversy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%A8s_Riches_Heures_du_Duc_de_Berry"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Folio_51v_-_The_Meeting_of_the_Magi.jpg"},{"link_name":"Caspar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspar_(magus)"},{"link_name":"Balthazar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balthazar_(magus)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Folio_52r_-_The_Adoration_of_the_Magi.jpg"},{"link_name":"Melchior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melchior_(magus)"}],"text":"Manuel II as depicted in the Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tManuel II (lower right), Caspar and Balthazar\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tManuel II as Melchior kissing the feet of the baby Jesus","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHinterbergerSchabel2011397-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"Richard II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_II_of_England"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol1974198-15"}],"text":"^ In addition, Ilario Doria, Manuel's son-in-law, was also sent with a delegation to Italy, England, and probably France, early in 1399.[7]\n\n^ King Richard II had collected the same sum to be sent to Constantinople, yet it had never passed through the bank in Genoa, despite a later investigation by Henry IV.[14]","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Adam of Usk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_of_Usk"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780198204831","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198204831"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780813505824","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813505824"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781108836593","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781108836593"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780884020684","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780884020684"},{"link_name":"Greeks, Latins, and Intellectual History 1204-1500","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pure.royalholloway.ac.uk/portal/files/16794227/dendrinos_manuel_ii_in_paris.pdf"},{"link_name":"Nicol, Donald M.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_M._Nicol"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780521439916","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521439916"},{"link_name":"Norwich, John Julius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Julius_Norwich"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-670-82377-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-82377-2"},{"link_name":"\"Byzantium and England\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ojs.lib.uom.gr/index.php/BalkanStudies/article/viewFile/1145/1164"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9789004352476","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004352476"},{"link_name":"Walsingham, Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Walsingham"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781843831440","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781843831440"},{"link_name":"University Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_Foundation"}],"text":"Adam of Usk (1997). Chris Given-Wilson (ed.). The Chronicle of Adam Usk, 1377-1421. Clarendon Press. ISBN 9780198204831.\nBarker, John W. (1969). Manuel II Palaeologus (1391-1425): A Study in Late Byzantine Statesmanship. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 9780813505824.\nÇelik, Siren (2021). Manuel II Palaiologos (1350–1425). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781108836593.\nDennis, George T. (1977). The letters of Manuel II Palaeologus. Dumbarton Oaks. ISBN 9780884020684.\nHinterberger, Martin; Schabel, Chris (2011). Greeks, Latins, and Intellectual History 1204-1500 (PDF). Peeters.\nNicol, Donald M. (1993). The Last Centuries of Byzantium, 1261-1453. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521439916.\nNorwich, John Julius (1995). Byzantium: The Decline and Fall. London: Viking. ISBN 978-0-670-82377-2.\nNicol, Donald M. (1974). \"Byzantium and England\". Institute for Balkan Studies.\nSobiesiak, Joanna Aleksandra; Tomaszek, Michał; Tyszka, Przemysław (2018). Andrzej Pleszczyński (ed.). Imagined Communities: Constructing Collective Identities in Medieval Europe. Brill. ISBN 9789004352476.\nWalsingham, Thomas (2005). James G. Clark; David Preest (eds.). The Chronica Maiora of Thomas Walsingham, 1376-1422. Boydell Press. ISBN 9781843831440.\nVoordeckers, Edmond (2006). Byzantion. University Foundation.","title":"Sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-88402-068-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88402-068-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1108836593","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1108836593"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-89375-078-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-89375-078-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-89375-104-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-89375-104-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-89375-133-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-89375-133-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-300-11786-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-11786-8"},{"link_name":"Leonte, Florin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Florin_Leonte&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rhetoric in purple : the renewal of imperial ideology in the texts of emperor Manuel II Palaiologos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//goya.ceu.hu/search~S0?/X%22CEU+Medieval+Studies+Department+PhD+theses%22&b=&l=&Da=&Db=&p=&m=v&SORT=D/X%22CEU+Medieval+Studies+Department+PhD+theses%22&b=&l=&Da=&Db=&p=&m=v&SORT=D&SUBKEY=%22CEU+Medieval+Studies+Department+PhD+theses%22/1%2C29%2C29%2CB/frameset&FF=X%22CEU+Medieval+Studies+Department+PhD+theses%22&SORT=D&4%2C4%2C"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-7001-6685-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7001-6685-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-511-51807-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-511-51807-2"},{"link_name":"The Reluctant Emperor: A Biography of John Cantacuzene, Byzantine Emperor and Monk, c. 1295-1383","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=7bXGTfK_ogAC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780521522014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521522014"},{"link_name":"Marios Philippides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marios_Philippides"},{"link_name":"University of Massachusetts Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Massachusetts_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-87023-290-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87023-290-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-7001-0965-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7001-0965-2"},{"link_name":"\"The Byzantine Turks (1204-1461)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.academia.edu/25481924"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1163/9789004307759_013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004307759_013"}],"text":"Manuel II Palaeologus Funeral Oration on His Brother Theodore. J. Chrysostomides (editor & translator). Association for Byzantine Research: Thessalonike, 1985.\nManuel II Palaeologus, The Letters of Manuel II Palaeologus George T. Dennis (translator), Dumbarton Oaks, 1977. ISBN 0-88402-068-1.\nÇelik, Siren (2021). Manuel II Palaiologos (1350-1425): A Byzantine Emperor in a Time of Tumult. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1108836593\nKarl Förstel (ed.): Manuel II. Palaiologos: Dialoge mit einem Muslim (Corpus Islamo-Christianum. Series Graeca 4). 3 vol. Echter Verlag, Würzburg 1995; ISBN 3-89375-078-9, ISBN 3-89375-104-1, ISBN 3-89375-133-5 (Greek Text with German translation and commentary).\nJonathan Harris, The End of Byzantium. Yale University Press, 2010. ISBN 978-0-300-11786-8\nFlorin Leonte, Rhetoric in Purple: The Renewal of Imperial Ideology in the Texts of Manuel II Palaiologos. PhD dissertation, Central European University, Budapest, 2012\nLeonte, Florin (2012), Rhetoric in purple : the renewal of imperial ideology in the texts of emperor Manuel II Palaiologos, CEU ETD collection\nMureşan, Dan Ioan (2010). \"Une histoire de trois empereurs. Aspects des relations de Sigismond de Luxembourg avec Manuel II et Jean VIII Paléologue\". In Ekaterini Mitsiou; et al. (eds.). Sigismund of Luxemburg and the Orthodox World (Veröffentlichungen zur Byzanzforschung, 24). Wien: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. pp. 41–101. ISBN 978-3-7001-6685-6\nNecipoglu, Nevra (2009). Byzantium between the Ottomans and the Latins: Politics and Society in the Late Empire. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-511-51807-2.\nNicol, Donald M. (1996). The Reluctant Emperor: A Biography of John Cantacuzene, Byzantine Emperor and Monk, c. 1295-1383. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521522014.\nGeorge Sphrantzes. The Fall of the Byzantine Empire: A Chronicle by George Sphrantzes, 1401–1477. Marios Philippides (editor & translator). University of Massachusetts Press, 1980. ISBN 0-87023-290-8.\nErich Trapp: Manuel II. Palaiologos: Dialoge mit einem „Perser“. Verlag Böhlau, Wien 1966, ISBN 3-7001-0965-2. (German)\nAthanasios D. Angelou, Manuel Palaiologos, Dialogue with the Empress - Mother on Marriage. Introduction, Text and Translation, Vienna, Academie der Wissenschaft, Vienna 1991.\nShukurov, Rustam (2016). \"The Byzantine Turks (1204-1461)\". The Byzantine Turks, 1204-1461. Leiden: Brill: 421. doi:10.1163/9789004307759_013.","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"Byzantine double-headed eagle with the Palaiologos family cypher.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Palaeologoi_eagle_XV_c_Byzantine_miniature.jpg/200px-Palaeologoi_eagle_XV_c_Byzantine_miniature.jpg"},{"image_text":"Manuel II Palaiologos (left) with Henry IV of England in London, December 1400.[12]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Manuel_II_Palaiologos_with_Henry_IV_of_England.png/220px-Manuel_II_Palaiologos_with_Henry_IV_of_England.png"},{"image_text":"Map of the southern Balkans and western Anatolia in 1410, following the Treaty of Gallipoli","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Map_of_the_southern_Balkans%2C_1410.svg/220px-Map_of_the_southern_Balkans%2C_1410.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Half stavraton coin by Manuel. On the reverse, Manuel's bust.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Manuel_II_-_half_stavraton_-_sb2551.jpg/220px-Manuel_II_-_half_stavraton_-_sb2551.jpg"},{"image_text":"Miniature made c. 1404 depicting Manuel II, Helena and three of their sons, the co-emperor John VIII and the despots Theodore and Andronikos.[25]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Manuel_II_Helena_sons.JPG/245px-Manuel_II_Helena_sons.JPG"}]	[{"title":"Byzantine Empire portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Byzantine_Empire"},{"title":"List of Byzantine emperors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_emperors"}]	[{"reference":"Evans, Helen C., ed. (2004). Byzantium: Faith and Power (1261-1557). Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 26. ISBN 978-1-58839-113-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_C._Evans","url_text":"Evans, Helen C."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=OvCiDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA26","url_text":"Byzantium: Faith and Power (1261-1557)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58839-113-1","url_text":"978-1-58839-113-1"}]},{"reference":"\"St Alban's chronicle\". p. 245.","urls":[{"url":"https://images.lambethpalacelibrary.org.uk/luna/servlet/detail/LPLIBLPL~17~17~179003~125372?page=244&qvq=&mi=244&trs=266","url_text":"\"St Alban's chronicle\""}]},{"reference":"Spatharakis, Ioannis (1976), The Portrait in Byzantine Illuminated Manuscripts, Brill, p. 139, ISBN 9789633862971","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6BEVAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA144","url_text":"The Portrait in Byzantine Illuminated Manuscripts"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789633862971","url_text":"9789633862971"}]},{"reference":"Trapp, Erich; Beyer, Hans-Veit; Kaplaneres, Sokrates; Leontiadis, Ioannis (1989). \"21490. Παλαιολόγος Κωνσταντῖνος\". Prosopographisches Lexikon der Palaiologenzeit (in German). Vol. 9. Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. ISBN 3-7001-3003-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosopographisches_Lexikon_der_Palaiologenzeit","url_text":"Prosopographisches Lexikon der Palaiologenzeit"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7001-3003-1","url_text":"3-7001-3003-1"}]},{"reference":"Trapp, Erich; Beyer, Hans-Veit; Kaplaneres, Sokrates; Leontiadis, Ioannis (1989). \"21520. <Παλαιολόγος> Μιχαήλ\". Prosopographisches Lexikon der Palaiologenzeit (in German). Vol. 9. Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. ISBN 3-7001-3003-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosopographisches_Lexikon_der_Palaiologenzeit","url_text":"Prosopographisches Lexikon der Palaiologenzeit"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7001-3003-1","url_text":"3-7001-3003-1"}]},{"reference":"Adam of Usk (1997). Chris Given-Wilson (ed.). The Chronicle of Adam Usk, 1377-1421. Clarendon Press. ISBN 9780198204831.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_of_Usk","url_text":"Adam of Usk"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198204831","url_text":"9780198204831"}]},{"reference":"Barker, John W. (1969). Manuel II Palaeologus (1391-1425): A Study in Late Byzantine Statesmanship. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 9780813505824.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813505824","url_text":"9780813505824"}]},{"reference":"Çelik, Siren (2021). Manuel II Palaiologos (1350–1425). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781108836593.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781108836593","url_text":"9781108836593"}]},{"reference":"Dennis, George T. (1977). The letters of Manuel II Palaeologus. Dumbarton Oaks. ISBN 9780884020684.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780884020684","url_text":"9780884020684"}]},{"reference":"Hinterberger, Martin; Schabel, Chris (2011). Greeks, Latins, and Intellectual History 1204-1500 (PDF). Peeters.","urls":[{"url":"https://pure.royalholloway.ac.uk/portal/files/16794227/dendrinos_manuel_ii_in_paris.pdf","url_text":"Greeks, Latins, and Intellectual History 1204-1500"}]},{"reference":"Nicol, Donald M. (1993). The Last Centuries of Byzantium, 1261-1453. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521439916.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_M._Nicol","url_text":"Nicol, Donald M."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521439916","url_text":"9780521439916"}]},{"reference":"Norwich, John Julius (1995). Byzantium: The Decline and Fall. London: Viking. ISBN 978-0-670-82377-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Julius_Norwich","url_text":"Norwich, John Julius"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-82377-2","url_text":"978-0-670-82377-2"}]},{"reference":"Nicol, Donald M. (1974). \"Byzantium and England\". Institute for Balkan Studies.","urls":[{"url":"https://ojs.lib.uom.gr/index.php/BalkanStudies/article/viewFile/1145/1164","url_text":"\"Byzantium and England\""}]},{"reference":"Sobiesiak, Joanna Aleksandra; Tomaszek, Michał; Tyszka, Przemysław (2018). Andrzej Pleszczyński (ed.). Imagined Communities: Constructing Collective Identities in Medieval Europe. Brill. ISBN 9789004352476.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004352476","url_text":"9789004352476"}]},{"reference":"Walsingham, Thomas (2005). James G. Clark; David Preest (eds.). The Chronica Maiora of Thomas Walsingham, 1376-1422. Boydell Press. ISBN 9781843831440.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Walsingham","url_text":"Walsingham, Thomas"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781843831440","url_text":"9781843831440"}]},{"reference":"Voordeckers, Edmond (2006). Byzantion. University Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_Foundation","url_text":"University Foundation"}]},{"reference":"Leonte, Florin (2012), Rhetoric in purple : the renewal of imperial ideology in the texts of emperor Manuel II Palaiologos, CEU ETD collection","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Florin_Leonte&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Leonte, Florin"},{"url":"http://goya.ceu.hu/search~S0?/X%22CEU+Medieval+Studies+Department+PhD+theses%22&b=&l=&Da=&Db=&p=&m=v&SORT=D/X%22CEU+Medieval+Studies+Department+PhD+theses%22&b=&l=&Da=&Db=&p=&m=v&SORT=D&SUBKEY=%22CEU+Medieval+Studies+Department+PhD+theses%22/1%2C29%2C29%2CB/frameset&FF=X%22CEU+Medieval+Studies+Department+PhD+theses%22&SORT=D&4%2C4%2C","url_text":"Rhetoric in purple : the renewal of imperial ideology in the texts of emperor Manuel II Palaiologos"}]},{"reference":"Mureşan, Dan Ioan (2010). \"Une histoire de trois empereurs. Aspects des relations de Sigismond de Luxembourg avec Manuel II et Jean VIII Paléologue\". In Ekaterini Mitsiou; et al. (eds.). Sigismund of Luxemburg and the Orthodox World (Veröffentlichungen zur Byzanzforschung, 24). Wien: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. pp. 41–101.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Necipoglu, Nevra (2009). Byzantium between the Ottomans and the Latins: Politics and Society in the Late Empire. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-511-51807-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-511-51807-2","url_text":"978-0-511-51807-2"}]},{"reference":"Nicol, Donald M. (1996). The Reluctant Emperor: A Biography of John Cantacuzene, Byzantine Emperor and Monk, c. 1295-1383. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirconium_oxychloride	Zirconyl chloride	["1 Production and structure","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]	Zirconyl chloride Names IUPAC name Dichloro(oxo)zirconium Other names basic zirconium chloridedichlorooxozirconiumzirconium oxychloridezirconium dichloride oxideZirconium chloride oxideChlorozirconyl Identifiers CAS Number anhydrous: 7699-43-6 Yoctahydrate: 13520-92-8 Y 3D model (JSmol) Interactive image ChemSpider 10606302 N ECHA InfoCard 100.028.835 EC Number 603-909-6 PubChem CID 159678 UNII anhydrous: T4294601O7 Yoctahydrate: 2R4A27N98K Y CompTox Dashboard (EPA) DTXSID9049823 InChI InChI=1S/2ClH.8H2O.O.Zr/h21H;81H2;;Key: FUBACIUATZGHAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N SMILES O=(Cl)Cl Properties Chemical formula Cl2OZr Molar mass 178.12 g·mol−1 Appearance White crystals Hazards Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC): LD50 (median dose) 400 mg kg−1, rat (intraperitioneal) Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C , 100 kPa). N verify (what is YN ?) Infobox references Chemical compound Zirconyl chloride is the inorganic compound with the formula of Cl8(H2O)12, more commonly written ZrOCl2·8H2O, and referred to as zirconyl chloride octahydrate. It is a white solid and is the most common water-soluble derivative of zirconium. A compound with the formula ZrOCl2 has not been characterized. Production and structure Structure of the Zr6O8 core of zirconyl acetate] and zirconyl chloride. The salt is produced by hydrolysis of zirconium tetrachloride or treating zirconium oxide with hydrochloric acid. It adopts a tetrameric structure, consisting of the cation 8+. features four pairs of hydroxide bridging ligands linking four Zr4+ centers. The chloride anions are not ligands, consistent with the high oxophilicity of Zr(IV). The salt crystallizes as tetragonal crystals. See also Zirconyl acetate References ^ a b Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8. ^ Ralph Nielsen "Zirconium and Zirconium Compounds" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 2005, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. doi:10.1002/14356007.a28_543 ^ T. W. Mak "Refinement of the crystal structure of zirconyl chloride octahydrate" Canadian Journal of Chemistry, 46, 3491 (1968) doi:10.1139/v68-579 External links MSDS Data MSDS data Sigma-Aldrich vteZirconium compoundsZr(II) ZrB2 ZrH2 ZrSi2 Zr(III) ZrN ZrCl3 ZrBr3 ZrI3 ZrP Zr(IV) Zr(CH3COO)4 ZrBr4 ZrC ZrCl4 Zr(IO3)4 ZrI4 Zr(NO3)4 ZrOCl2 Zr(ClO4)4 Zr(OH)4 ZrP2 Zr(HPO4)2 ZrS2 Zr(SO4)2 Zr(SeO4)2 ZrSiO4 Zr(WO4)2 Acids and complexes ZrF4 Li2ZrF6 K2ZrF6 (NH4)2ZrF6 ZrO2 Cs2ZrO3 Organozirconium(IV) Zr(acac)4 (C5H5)ZrCl3 Cp2ZrCl2 C72H140ZrO8	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"inorganic compound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inorganic_compound"},{"link_name":"zirconium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirconium"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Greenwd-1"}],"text":"Chemical compoundZirconyl chloride is the inorganic compound with the formula of [Zr4(OH)8(H2O)16]Cl8(H2O)12, more commonly written ZrOCl2·8H2O, and referred to as zirconyl chloride octahydrate. It is a white solid and is the most common water-soluble derivative of zirconium. A compound with the formula ZrOCl2 has not been characterized.[1]","title":"Zirconyl chloride"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zr8O8core(KAVRUX).png"},{"link_name":"zirconyl acetate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirconyl_acetate"},{"link_name":"zirconium tetrachloride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirconium_tetrachloride"},{"link_name":"zirconium oxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirconium_oxide"},{"link_name":"hydrochloric acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ullmann-2"},{"link_name":"bridging ligands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridging_ligand"},{"link_name":"anions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anion"},{"link_name":"ligands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligand"},{"link_name":"oxophilicity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxophilicity"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Greenwd-1"},{"link_name":"tetragonal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetragonal"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Structure of the Zr6O8 core of zirconyl acetate] and zirconyl chloride.The salt is produced by hydrolysis of zirconium tetrachloride or treating zirconium oxide with hydrochloric acid.[2] It adopts a tetrameric structure, consisting of the cation [Zr4(OH)8]8+. features four pairs of hydroxide bridging ligands linking four Zr4+ centers. The chloride anions are not ligands, consistent with the high oxophilicity of Zr(IV).[1] The salt crystallizes as tetragonal crystals.[3]","title":"Production and structure"}]	[{"image_text":"Structure of the Zr6O8 core of zirconyl acetate] and zirconyl chloride.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Zr8O8core%28KAVRUX%29.png/220px-Zr8O8core%28KAVRUX%29.png"}]	[{"title":"Zirconyl acetate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirconyl_acetate"}]	[{"reference":"Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uto-Aztecan_language	Uto-Aztecan languages	["1 Geographic distribution","2 Classification","2.1 History of classification","2.2 Present scheme","2.3 Extinct languages","2.4 Proposed external relations","3 Proto-Uto-Aztecan","4 References","5 Sources","5.1 Individual languages","6 External links"]	North American language family Uto-AztecanGeographicdistributionWestern United States, MexicoLinguistic classificationOne of the world's primary language familiesProto-languageProto-Uto-AztecanSubdivisions Cahitan Corachol Cupan Hopi Nahuan Numic Opata † Piman Serran † Tarahumaran Tübatulabal ISO 639-5azcGlottologutoa1244Pre-contact distribution of Uto-Aztecan languagesCurrent extent of Uto-Aztecan languages in Mexico Uto-Aztecan, Uto-Aztekan (/ˈjuːtoʊ.æzˈtɛkən/ YOO-toh az-TEK-ən; or (rarely in English) Uto-Nahuatl) is a family of indigenous languages of the Americas, consisting of over thirty languages. Uto-Aztecan languages are found almost entirely in the Western United States and Mexico. The name of the language family was created to show that it includes both the Ute language of Utah and the Nahuan languages (also known as Aztecan) of Mexico. The Uto-Aztecan language family is one of the largest linguistic families in the Americas in terms of number of speakers, number of languages, and geographic extension. The northernmost Uto-Aztecan language is Shoshoni, which is spoken as far north as Salmon, Idaho, while the southernmost is the Pipil language of El Salvador and Nicaragua. Ethnologue gives the total number of languages in the family as 61, and the total number of speakers as 1,900,412. Speakers of Nahuatl languages account for over 85% of these. The internal classification of the family often divides it into two branches: a northern branch including all the languages of the US and a southern branch including all the languages of Mexico, although it is still being discussed whether this is best understood as a genetic classification or as a geographical one. Below this level of classification the main branches are well accepted: Numic (including languages such as Comanche and Shoshoni) and the Californian languages (formerly known as the Takic group, including Cahuilla and Luiseño) account for most of the Northern languages. Hopi and Tübatulabal are languages outside those groups. The Southern languages are divided into the Tepiman languages (including O'odham and Tepehuán), the Tarahumaran languages (including Raramuri and Guarijio), the Cahitan languages (including Yaqui and Mayo), the Coracholan languages (including Cora and Huichol), and the Nahuan languages. The homeland of the Uto-Aztecan languages is generally considered to have been in the Southwestern United States or possibly Northwestern Mexico. An alternative theory has proposed the possibility that the language family originated in southern Mexico, within the Mesoamerican language area, but this has not been generally considered convincing. Geographic distribution Uto-Aztecan-speaking communities in and around Mexico Uto-Aztecan languages are spoken in the North American mountain ranges and adjacent lowlands of the western United States in the states of Oregon, Idaho, Montana, Utah, California, Nevada, and Arizona. In Mexico, they are spoken in the states of Sonora, Sinaloa, Chihuahua, Nayarit, Durango, Zacatecas, Jalisco, Michoacán, Guerrero, San Luis Potosí, Hidalgo, Puebla, Veracruz, Morelos, Estado de México, and in Mexico City. Classical Nahuatl, the language of the Aztecs, and its modern relatives are part of the Uto-Aztecan family. The Pipil language, an offshoot of Nahuatl, spread to Central America by a wave of migration from Mexico, and formerly had many speakers there. Now it has gone extinct in Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua, and it is nearly extinct in western El Salvador, all areas dominated by use of Spanish. Classification History of classification Uto-Aztecan has been accepted by linguists as a language family since the early 1900s, and six subgroups are generally accepted as valid: Numic, Takic, Pimic, Taracahitic, Corachol, and Aztecan. That leaves two ungrouped languages: Tübatulabal and Hopi (sometimes termed "isolates within the family"). Some recent studies have begun to question the unity of Taracahitic and Takic and computer-assisted statistical studies have begun to question some of the long-held assumptions and consensuses. As to higher-level groupings, disagreement has persisted since the 19th century. Presently scholars also disagree as to where to draw language boundaries within the dialect continua. The similarities among the Uto-Aztecan languages were noted as early as 1859 by J. C. E. Buschmann, but he failed to recognize the genetic affiliation between the Aztecan branch and the rest. He ascribed the similarities between the two groups to diffusion. Daniel Garrison Brinton added the Aztecan languages to the family in 1891 and coined the term Uto-Aztecan. John Wesley Powell, however, rejected the claim in his own classification of North American indigenous languages (also published in 1891). Powell recognized two language families: "Shoshonean" (encompassing Takic, Numic, Hopi, and Tübatulabal) and "Sonoran" (encompassing Pimic, Taracahitan, and Corachol). In the early 1900s Alfred L. Kroeber filled in the picture of the Shoshonean group, while Edward Sapir proved the unity among Aztecan, "Sonoran", and "Shoshonean". Sapir's applications of the comparative method to unwritten Native American languages are regarded as groundbreaking. Voegelin, Voegelin & Hale (1962) argued for a three-way division of Shoshonean, Sonoran and Aztecan, following Powell. As of about 2011, there is still debate about whether to accept the proposed basic split between "Northern Uto-Aztecan" and "Southern Uto-Aztecan" languages. Northern Uto-Aztecan corresponds to Powell's "Shoshonean", and the latter is all the rest: Powell's "Sonoran" plus Aztecan. Northern Uto-Aztecan was proposed as a genetic grouping by Jeffrey Heath in Heath (1978) based on morphological evidence, and Alexis Manaster Ramer in Manaster Ramer (1992) adduced phonological evidence in the form of a sound law. Terrence Kaufman in Kaufman (1981) accepted the basic division into Northern and Southern branches as valid. Other scholars have rejected the genealogical unity of either both nodes or the Northern node alone. Wick R. Miller's argument was statistical, arguing that Northern Uto-Aztecan languages displayed too few cognates to be considered a unit. On the other hands he found the number of cognates among Southern Uto-Aztecan languages to suggest a genetic relation. This position was supported by subsequent lexicostatistic analyses by Cortina-Borja & Valiñas-Coalla (1989) and Cortina-Borja, Stuart-Smith & Valiñas-Coalla (2002). Reviewing the debate, Haugen (2008) considers the evidence in favor of the genetic unity of Northern Uto-Aztecan to be convincing, but remains agnostic on the validity of Southern Uto-Aztecan as a genetic grouping. Hill (2011) also considered the North/South split to be valid based on phonological evidence, confirming both groupings. Merrill (2013) adduced further evidence for the unity of Southern Uto-Aztecan as a valid grouping. Hill (2011) also rejected the validity of the Takic grouping decomposing it into a Californian areal grouping together with Tubatulabal. Some classifications have posited a genetic relation between Corachol and Nahuan (e.g. Merrill (2013)). Kaufman recognizes similarities between Corachol and Aztecan, but explains them by diffusion instead of genetic evolution. Most scholars view the breakup of Proto-Uto-Aztecan as a case of the gradual disintegration of a dialect continuum. Present scheme Below is a representation of the internal classification of the language family based on Shaul (2014). The classification reflects the decision to split up the previous Taracahitic and Takic groups, that are no longer considered to be valid genetic units. Whether the division between Northern and Southern languages is best understood as geographical or phylogenetic is under discussion. The table contains demographic information about number of speakers and their locations based on data from The Ethnologue. The table also contains links to a selected bibliography of grammars, dictionaries on many of the individual languages.(† = extinct) Genealogical classification of Uto-Aztecan languages Family Groups Languages Where spoken and approximate number of speakers Works Uto-Aztecan languages Northern Uto-Aztecan (possibly an areal grouping) Numic Western Numic Paviotso, Bannock, Northern Paiute 700 speakers in California, Oregon, Idaho and Nevada Nichols (1973) Mono About 40 speakers in California Lamb (1958) Central Numic Shoshoni, Goshiute 1000 fluent speakers and 1000 learners in Wyoming, Utah, Nevada, Idaho McLaughlin (2012) Comanche 100 speakers in Oklahoma Robinson & Armagost (1990) Timbisha (Panamint) 20 speakers in California and Nevada Dayley (1989) Southern Numic Colorado River dialect chain: Ute, Southern Paiute, Chemehuevi 920 speakers of all dialects, in Colorado, Nevada, California, Utah, Arizona Givón (2011), Press (1979), Sapir (1992) Kawaiisu 5 speakers in California Zigmond, Booth & Munro (1991) Californianlanguagearea Serran Serrano, Kitanemuk † No native speakers Hill (1967) Cupan Cahuilla, Cupeño 35 speakers of Cahuilla, no native speakers of Cupeño Seiler (1977), Hill (2005) Luiseño-Juaneño 5 speakers in Southern California Kroeber & Grace (1960) Tongva (Gabrielino-Fernandeño) Last native speakers died in early 1900s, in 21st century undergoing revival efforts, Southern California Munro & Gabrielino/Tongva Language Committee (2008) Hopi Hopi 6,800 speakers in northeastern Arizona Hopi Dictionary Project (1998), Jeanne (1978) Tübatulabal Tübatulabal Currently spoken by growing community of speakers Voegelin (1935), Voegelin (1958) Southern Uto-Aztecan(possibly an areal grouping) Tepiman Pimic O'odham (Pima-Papago) 14,000 speakers in southern Arizona, US and northern Sonora, Mexico Zepeda (1983) Pima Bajo (O'ob No'ok) 650 speakers in Chihuahua and Sonora, Mexico Estrada-Fernández (1998) Tepehuan Northern Tepehuan 6,200 speakers in Chihuahua, Mexico Bascom (1982) Southern Tepehuan 10,600 speakers in Southeastern Durango Willett (1991) Tepecano † Extinct since approx. 1985, spoken in Northern Jalisco Mason (1916) Tarahumaran Tarahumara (several varieties) 45,500 speakers of all varieties, all spoken in Chihuahua Caballero (2008) Upriver Guarijio, Downriver Guarijio 2,840 speakers in Chihuahua and Sonora Miller (1996) Tubar † Spoken in Sinaloa and Sonora Lionnet (1978) Cahita Yaqui (Hiaki) 11,800 in Sonora and Arizona Dedrick & Casad (1999) Mayo 33,000 in Sinaloa and Sonora Freeze (1989) Opatan Ópata † Extinct since approx. 1930. Spoken in Sonora. Shaul (2001) Eudeve † Spoken in Sonora, but extinct since 1940 Lionnet (1986) Corachol Cora 13,600 speakers in northern Nayarit Casad (1984) Huichol 17,800 speakers in Nayarit, Jalisco, and western Zacatecas. Iturrioz Leza & Ramírez de la Cruz (2001) Aztecan (Nahuan) Pochutec † Extinct since 1970s, spoken on the coast of Oaxaca Boas (1917) Core Nahuan Pipil 20-40 speakers in El Salvador Campbell (1985) Nahuatl 1,500,000 speakers in Central Mexico Launey (1986), Langacker (1979) In addition to the above languages for which linguistic evidence exists, it is suspected that among dozens of now extinct, undocumented or poorly known languages of northern Mexico, many were Uto-Aztecan. Extinct languages Main article: List of extinct Uto-Aztecan languages See also: List of extinct languages of North America A large number of languages known only from brief mentions are thought to have been Uto-Aztecan languages that became extinct before being documented. Proposed external relations Main article: Aztec–Tanoan languages An "Aztec–Tanoan" macrofamily that unites the Uto-Aztecan languages with the Tanoan languages of the southwestern United States was first proposed by Edward Sapir in the early 20th century, and later supported with potential lexical evidence by other scholars. This proposal has received much criticism about the validity of the proposed cognate sets and has been largely abandoned since the end of the last century as unproven. Proto-Uto-Aztecan Main article: Proto-Uto-Aztecan language References ^ "Nahuatl Family". SIL International. Retrieved 16 October 2020. ^ a b Caballero 2011. ^ Ethnologue (2014). "Summary by language family". SIL International. Retrieved July 2, 2014. ^ Kroeber 1907. ^ Sapir 1913. ^ Kroeber 1934. ^ Whorf 1935. ^ Steele 1979. ^ Goddard 1996, p. 7. ^ Miller 1983, p. 118. ^ a b Miller 1984. ^ Mithun 1999, p. 539-540. ^ Kaufman 2001, . ^ Mithun 1999. ^ Ahland, Michael. "The Pahka'anil Language". The Pahka'anil (Tübatulabal) Text Project. Retrieved May 21, 2023. ^ Campbell 1997. ^ Campbell 1997, pp. 133–135. ^ Campbell, Lyle. (1997). American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America. New York: Oxford University Press, p. 269–273. Sources Brown, Cecil H. (2010). "Lack of linguistic support for Proto-Uto-Aztecan at 8900 BP (letter)". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 107 (15): E34, author reply E35–6. doi:10.1073/pnas.0914859107. PMC 2841887. PMID 20231478. Caballero, G. (2011). "Behind the Mexican Mountains: Recent Developments and New Directions in Research on Uto-Aztecan Languages". Language and Linguistics Compass. 5 (7): 485–504. doi:10.1111/j.1749-818x.2011.00287.x. Campbell, Lyle (1997). American Indian Languages: The Historical Linguistics of Native America. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195094271. Campbell, Lyle (2003). "What drives linguistic diversification and language spread?". In Bellwood, Peter; Renfrew, Colin (eds.). Examining the farming/language dispersal hypothesis. Cambridge(U.K.): McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research. pp. 49–63. Campbell, Lyle; Poser, William J. (2008). Language classification, history and method. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521880053. OL 10438309M. Cortina-Borja, M; Valiñas-Coalla, L (1989). "Some remarks on Uto-Aztecan Classification". International Journal of American Linguistics. 55 (2): 214–239. doi:10.1086/466114. S2CID 145309871. Cortina-Borja, M.; Stuart-Smith, J.; Valiñas-Coalla, L. (2002). "Multivariate classification methods for lexical and phonological dissimilarities and their application to the Uto-Aztecan family". Journal of Quantitative Linguistics. 9 (2): 97–124. doi:10.1076/jqul.9.2.97.8485. S2CID 205390627. Dakin, Karen (1996). "Long vowels and morpheme boundaries in Nahuatl and Uto-Aztecan: comments on historical developments" (PDF). Amerindia. 21. Fowler, Catherine S. (1983). "Some lexical clues to Uto-Aztecan prehistory". 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University of California Press. Langacker, Ronald W. (1970). "The Vowels of Proto Uto-Aztecan". International Journal of American Linguistics. 36 (3): 169–180. doi:10.1086/465108. S2CID 144762214. Langacker, R. W. (1977). An overview of Uto-Aztecan grammar. Summer Institute of Linguistics. Langacker, R. W. (1976). Non-distinct arguments in Uto-Aztecan. Berkeley: University of California Press. Manaster Ramer, Alexis (1992). "A Northern Uto-Aztecan Sound Law: *-c- → -y-¹". International Journal of American Linguistics. 58 (3): 251–268. doi:10.1086/ijal.58.3.3519784. JSTOR 3519784. S2CID 148412173. Merrill, William L.; Hard, Robert J.; Mabry, Jonathan B.; Fritz; Adams; Roney; MacWilliams (2010). "Reply to Hill and Brown: Maize and Uto-Aztecan cultural history". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 107 (11): E35–E36. Bibcode:2010PNAS..107E..35M. doi:10.1073/pnas.1000923107. PMC 2841871. Merrill, W (2013). "The genetic unity of southern Uto-Aztecan". 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External links Wiktionary has a list of reconstructed forms at Appendix:Proto-Uto-Aztecan reconstructions Uto-Aztecan.org, a website devoted to the comparative study of the Uto-Aztecan language family Swadesh vocabulary lists for Uto-Aztecan languages (from Wiktionary's Swadesh-list appendix) vteUto-Aztecan languagesNorthernNumicWestern Northern Paiute (including Bannock) Mono Central Shoshoni (including Gosiute) Comanche Timbisha Southern Colorado River (Chemehuevi, Southern Paiute, Ute) Kawaiisu TakicSerran Serrano Kitanemuk Cupan Cahuilla Cupeño Luiseño-Juaneño Tongva Other Hopi Tübatulabal SouthernTepimanPimic Oʼodham Pima Bajo Tepehuan Northern Tepehuan Southern Tepehuan Tepecano Tarahumaran Downriver Guarijio Tarahumara Tubar Upriver Guarijio Opatan Eudeve Opata Cahita Yaqui Mayo Corachol Cora Huichol AztecanNahuatlCentral Classical Nahuatl Morelos Nahuatl Tetelcingo Nahuatl Tlaxcala–Puebla Nahuatl Central Puebla Nahuatl Guerrero Nahuatl Ometepec Náhuatl Huasteca Huasteca Nahuatl Western Michoacán Nahuatl Coatepec Nahuatl Pochutec Temascaltepec Nahuatl Eastern Sierra Puebla Nahuatl Tehuacan–Zongolica Nahuatl Orizaba Nahuatl Isthmus Nahuatl Tabasco Nahuatl Pipil Other Nahuatl language in the United States History Proto-Uto-Aztecan Proto-Nahuan Classical Nahuatl Italics indicate extinct languages vtePrimary language familiesAfrica Afroasiatic Austronesian Khoe–Kwadi Kx'a Niger–Congo Nilo-Saharan? Tuu Mande? Songhay? Ijaw? Ubangian? Kadu? Isolates Bangime Hadza Jalaa Sandawe Laal? Shabo? Eurasia(Europeand Asia) Afroasiatic Ainu Austroasiatic Austronesian Chukotko-Kamchatkan Dravidian Eskaleut Great Andamanese Hmong–Mien Hurro-Urartian Indo-European Japonic Kartvelian Koreanic Kra–Dai Mongolic Nivkh Northeast Caucasian Northwest Caucasian Ongan Sino-Tibetan Tungusic Turkic Tyrsenian Uralic Yeniseian Yukaghir Digaro? Hrusish? Kho-Bwa? Mijiic? Miju? Siangic? Isolates Basque Burushaski Elamite Hattic Kenaboi? Kusunda Minoan? Nihali Shompen? Sumerian Tambora? New Guineaand the Pacific Arai–Samaia Austronesian Binanderean–Goilalan Border Bulaka River Central Solomons Chimbu–Wahgi Demta–Sentani Doso–Turumsa East Geelvink Bay East New Britain East Strickland Eleman Engan Fas Foja Range Kaure–Kosare Kiwaian Kutubuan Lakes Plain Lower Mamberamo Lower Sepik Madang Mairasi North Bougainville Pauwasi Ramu Senagi Senu River Sepik Skou South Bougainville Teberan Torricelli Trans-Fly Trans–New Guinea Turama–Kikorian Upper Yuat West Papuan Yam Yawa Yuat Northwest Papuan? Papuan Gulf? Isolates Abinomn Abun Anêm? Ata? Kol Kuot Maybrat Mpur Pawaia Porome Sulka? Taiap? Tambora? Wiru Australia Arnhem/Macro-Gunwinyguan? Bunuban Darwin Region? Eastern Daly Eastern Tasmanian Garawan Iwaidjan Jarrakan Marrku–Wurrugu? Mirndi Northern Tasmanian Northeastern Tasmanian Nyulnyulan Pama–Nyungan Southern Daly? Tangkic Wagaydyic Western Daly Western Tasmanian Worrorran Yangmanic (incl. Wagiman)? Isolates Giimbiyu Malak-Malak (Northern Daly?) Tiwi NorthAmerica Algic Alsea Caddoan Chimakuan Chinookan Chumashan Comecrudan Coosan Eskaleut Iroquoian Kalapuyan Keres Maiduan Muskogean Na-Dene Palaihnihan Plateau Penutian Pomoan Salishan Shastan Siouan Tanoan Tsimshianic Utian Uto-Aztecan Wakashan Wintuan Yukian Yuman–Cochimí Isolates Chimariko Esselen Haida Karuk Kutenai Seri Siuslaw Takelma Timucua Tonkawa Waikuri Washo Yana Yokuts Yuchi Zuni Mesoamerica Chibchan Jicaquean Lencan Mayan Misumalpan Mixe–Zoque Oto-Manguean Tequistlatecan Totonacan Uto-Aztecan Xincan Isolates Cuitlatec Huave Tarascan/Purépecha SouthAmerica Andoque–Urequena Arauan Araucanian Arawakan Arutani–Sape Aymaran Barbacoan Boran Cahuapanan Cariban Catacaoan Chapacuran Charruan Chibchan Choco Chonan Guaicuruan Guajiboan Harákmbut–Katukinan Jirajaran Jivaroan Katembri–Taruma Mascoian Matacoan Nadahup Nambikwaran Otomákoan Pano-Tacanan Peba–Yaguan Quechuan Piaroa–Saliban Ticuna–Yuri Timotean Tiniguan Tucanoan Tupian Uru–Chipaya Witotoan Yanomaman Zamucoan Zaparoan Bora-Witoto? Chimuan? Esmeralda–Yaruro? Hibito–Cholón? Lule–Vilela? Macro-Jê? Tequiraca–Canichana? Isolates (extant in 2000) Aikanã? Alacalufan Camsá Candoshi Chimane Chiquitano Cofán? Fulniô Guató Hodï/Joti Irantxe? Itonama Kunza Leco Maku (Maku-Auari/Jukude) Movima Mura-Pirahã Nukak? Páez Puinave Huaorani/Waorani Trumai Urarina Warao Yamana Yuracaré Signlanguages Arab BANZSL Chinese Francosign Germanosign Indo-Pakistani Japanese Original Thai Swedish Tanzanian? Isolates See list of sign languages See also Constructed languages Creoles Language isolates Mixed languages Pidgins Unclassified languages Families with question marks (?) are disputed or controversial.Families in italics have no living members.Families with more than 30 languages are in bold. vteIndigenous language families and isolates of North AmericaLanguage families and isolates Haida Yuki–Wappo Chumashan Adai Beothuk Bidai Cayuse Kutenai Timucua Waikuri Pericú Eskaleut Aleut Eskimoan Na-Dene Tlingit Eyak Athabaskan Algic Wiyot Yurok Algonquian Mosan ? Salishan Wakashan Chimakuan Macro-Siouan ? Siouan Caddoan Iroquoian Yuchi Penutian ? Chinookan Wintuan Maiduan Yok-Utian Yokuts Utian Tsimshianic Plateau ? Klamath Molala Sahaptian Coast Oregon ? Alsean Coosan Siuslaw Takelma–Kalapuyan ? Takelma Kalapuyan Hokan ? Shastan Palaihnihan Pomoan Yuman Tequistlatecan Chimariko Esselen Jicaquean Karuk Salinan Seri Washo Yana Pueblo linguistic area Tanoan Keres Zuni Coahuiltecan linguistic area Aranama Karankawa Maratino Naolan Quinigua Solano Tonkawa Pakawan ? Coahuilteco Cotoname Comecrudo Garza Mamulique Gulf ? Muskogean Natchez Atakapa Chitimacha Calusa–Tunica ? Tunica Calusa Mesoamerican linguistic area Chibchan Jicaquean Lencan Mayan Misumalpan Oto-Manguean Tequistlatecan Totozoquean Totonacan Mixe–Zoque Uto-Aztecan Xincan Cuitlatec Huave Purépecha Alagüilac ? Caribbean linguistic area Arawakan Cariban Pre-Arawakan Guanahatabey Macorix Ciguayo Proposed groupings Amerind Algonquian–Wakashan Aztec–Tanoan Macro-Mayan Macro-Chibchan Tolatecan Waroid Lists Classification Extinct languages Unclassified languages Linguistic areas vteLanguage families of MesoamericaDemonstrated families Chibchan Jicaquean Lencan Mayan Misumalpan Mixe–Zoque Oto-Manguean Tequistlatecan Totonacan Uto-Aztecan Xincan Isolates Cuitlatec Huave Purépecha (Alagüilac?) Proposed macrofamilies Hokan Macro-Mayan Macro-Chibchan Penutian Tolatecan Totozoquean Linguistic areas Mesoamerican language area vteIndigenous peoples of the AmericasPre-history Paleo-Indians Pre-Columbian era Classification Archaeology Genetics Solutrean hypothesis Mythology/Religion Mythologies‎ List of deities Native American religions North America Arborglyph Great Spirit Fifth World Medicine man Medicine wheel The red road Totem pole Turtle Island MesoamericaCommon Religion Cosmovision Creation World tree Variations Aztec Maya Olmec South America Inca Mapuche Muisca Culture Andes Colombia Ecuador Peru Art Visual Painting Music Artists Writers Europeancolonization European colonization Population history Columbian exchange Modern groupsby countryNorth America Belize Canada Costa Rica Dominica El Salvador Greenland Guatemala Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Trinidad and Tobago United States South America (list) Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Guyana Paraguay Peru Suriname Uruguay Venezuela Related topics Ancestry Ethnobotany Cherokee Iroquois Navajo Zuni Languages Movements Philosophy Studies Trade Category Portal	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"/ˈjuːtoʊ.æzˈtɛkən/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"YOO-toh az-TEK-ən","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_family"},{"link_name":"indigenous languages of the Americas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas"},{"link_name":"Western United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_United_States"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Ute language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_River_Numic_language"},{"link_name":"Utah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah"},{"link_name":"Nahuan languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahuan_languages"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaballero2011-2"},{"link_name":"Shoshoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoshoni_language"},{"link_name":"Salmon, Idaho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmon,_Idaho"},{"link_name":"Pipil language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipil_language"},{"link_name":"El Salvador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Salvador"},{"link_name":"Nicaragua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua"},{"link_name":"Ethnologue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnologue"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Nahuatl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahuatl"},{"link_name":"Numic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numic_languages"},{"link_name":"Comanche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comanche_language"},{"link_name":"Shoshoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoshoni_language"},{"link_name":"Takic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takic_languages"},{"link_name":"Cahuilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cahuilla_language"},{"link_name":"Luiseño","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luise%C3%B1o_language"},{"link_name":"Hopi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopi_language"},{"link_name":"Tübatulabal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCbatulabal_language"},{"link_name":"Tepiman languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepiman_languages"},{"link_name":"O'odham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%27odham_language"},{"link_name":"Tepehuán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepehu%C3%A1n_language"},{"link_name":"Tarahumaran languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarahumaran_languages"},{"link_name":"Raramuri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarahumara_language"},{"link_name":"Guarijio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guarijio_language"},{"link_name":"Cahitan languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cahitan_languages"},{"link_name":"Yaqui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaqui_language"},{"link_name":"Mayo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayo_language"},{"link_name":"Coracholan languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coracholan_languages"},{"link_name":"Cora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cora_language"},{"link_name":"Huichol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huichol_language"},{"link_name":"Nahuan languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahuan_languages"},{"link_name":"Southwestern United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwestern_United_States"},{"link_name":"Mesoamerican language area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesoamerican_language_area"}],"text":"Uto-Aztecan, Uto-Aztekan (/ˈjuːtoʊ.æzˈtɛkən/ YOO-toh az-TEK-ən; or (rarely in English) Uto-Nahuatl[1]) is a family of indigenous languages of the Americas, consisting of over thirty languages. Uto-Aztecan languages are found almost entirely in the Western United States and Mexico. The name of the language family was created to show that it includes both the Ute language of Utah and the Nahuan languages (also known as Aztecan) of Mexico.The Uto-Aztecan language family is one of the largest linguistic families in the Americas in terms of number of speakers, number of languages, and geographic extension.[2] The northernmost Uto-Aztecan language is Shoshoni, which is spoken as far north as Salmon, Idaho, while the southernmost is the Pipil language of El Salvador and Nicaragua. Ethnologue gives the total number of languages in the family as 61, and the total number of speakers as 1,900,412.[3] Speakers of Nahuatl languages account for over 85% of these.The internal classification of the family often divides it into two branches: a northern branch including all the languages of the US and a southern branch including all the languages of Mexico, although it is still being discussed whether this is best understood as a genetic classification or as a geographical one. Below this level of classification the main branches are well accepted: Numic (including languages such as Comanche and Shoshoni) and the Californian languages (formerly known as the Takic group, including Cahuilla and Luiseño) account for most of the Northern languages. Hopi and Tübatulabal are languages outside those groups. The Southern languages are divided into the Tepiman languages (including O'odham and Tepehuán), the Tarahumaran languages (including Raramuri and Guarijio), the Cahitan languages (including Yaqui and Mayo), the Coracholan languages (including Cora and Huichol), and the Nahuan languages.The homeland of the Uto-Aztecan languages is generally considered to have been in the Southwestern United States or possibly Northwestern Mexico. An alternative theory has proposed the possibility that the language family originated in southern Mexico, within the Mesoamerican language area, but this has not been generally considered convincing.","title":"Uto-Aztecan languages"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:UtoAztecanlanguages.png"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon"},{"link_name":"Idaho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idaho"},{"link_name":"Montana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana"},{"link_name":"Utah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"Nevada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevada"},{"link_name":"Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Sonora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonora"},{"link_name":"Sinaloa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinaloa"},{"link_name":"Chihuahua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chihuahua_(state)"},{"link_name":"Nayarit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayarit"},{"link_name":"Durango","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durango"},{"link_name":"Zacatecas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zacatecas"},{"link_name":"Jalisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalisco"},{"link_name":"Michoacán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michoac%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Guerrero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerrero"},{"link_name":"San Luis Potosí","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Luis_Potos%C3%AD"},{"link_name":"Hidalgo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidalgo_(state)"},{"link_name":"Puebla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puebla"},{"link_name":"Veracruz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veracruz"},{"link_name":"Morelos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morelos"},{"link_name":"Estado de México","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estado_de_M%C3%A9xico"},{"link_name":"Mexico City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_City"},{"link_name":"Classical Nahuatl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Nahuatl_language"},{"link_name":"Aztecs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aztec"},{"link_name":"modern relatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahuatl_dialects"},{"link_name":"Pipil language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipil_language"},{"link_name":"Nahuatl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahuatl_language"},{"link_name":"Central America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_America"},{"link_name":"Guatemala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala"},{"link_name":"Honduras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honduras"},{"link_name":"Nicaragua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua"},{"link_name":"El Salvador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Salvador"}],"text":"Uto-Aztecan-speaking communities in and around MexicoUto-Aztecan languages are spoken in the North American mountain ranges and adjacent lowlands of the western United States in the states of Oregon, Idaho, Montana, Utah, California, Nevada, and Arizona. In Mexico, they are spoken in the states of Sonora, Sinaloa, Chihuahua, Nayarit, Durango, Zacatecas, Jalisco, Michoacán, Guerrero, San Luis Potosí, Hidalgo, Puebla, Veracruz, Morelos, Estado de México, and in Mexico City. Classical Nahuatl, the language of the Aztecs, and its modern relatives are part of the Uto-Aztecan family. The Pipil language, an offshoot of Nahuatl, spread to Central America by a wave of migration from Mexico, and formerly had many speakers there. Now it has gone extinct in Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua, and it is nearly extinct in western El Salvador, all areas dominated by use of Spanish.","title":"Geographic distribution"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Classification"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Numic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numic"},{"link_name":"Takic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takic_languages"},{"link_name":"Taracahitic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taracahitic_languages"},{"link_name":"Corachol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corachol_languages"},{"link_name":"Aztecan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahuan_languages"},{"link_name":"Tübatulabal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCbatulabal_language"},{"link_name":"Hopi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopi_language"},{"link_name":"isolates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_isolate"},{"link_name":"dialect continua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialect_continuum"},{"link_name":"J. C. E. Buschmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J._C._E._Buschmann&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"genetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_(linguistics)"},{"link_name":"Daniel Garrison Brinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Garrison_Brinton"},{"link_name":"John Wesley Powell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wesley_Powell"},{"link_name":"Alfred L. Kroeber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_L._Kroeber"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKroeber1907-4"},{"link_name":"Edward Sapir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Sapir"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESapir1913-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKroeber1934-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhorf1935-7"},{"link_name":"comparative method","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_linguistics"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Voegelin, Voegelin & Hale (1962)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFVoegelinVoegelinHale1962"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteele1979-8"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaballero2011-2"},{"link_name":"Jeffrey Heath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Heath"},{"link_name":"Heath (1978)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHeath1978"},{"link_name":"Alexis Manaster Ramer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_Manaster_Ramer"},{"link_name":"Manaster Ramer (1992)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFManaster_Ramer1992"},{"link_name":"Terrence Kaufman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrence_Kaufman"},{"link_name":"Kaufman (1981)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFKaufman1981"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoddard19967-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1983118-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1984-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMithun1999539-540-12"},{"link_name":"Wick R. Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wick_R._Miller"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1984-11"},{"link_name":"Cortina-Borja & Valiñas-Coalla (1989)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCortina-BorjaVali%C3%B1as-Coalla1989"},{"link_name":"Cortina-Borja, Stuart-Smith & Valiñas-Coalla (2002)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCortina-BorjaStuart-SmithVali%C3%B1as-Coalla2002"},{"link_name":"Haugen (2008)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHaugen2008"},{"link_name":"Hill (2011)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHill2011"},{"link_name":"Merrill (2013)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMerrill2013"},{"link_name":"Hill (2011)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHill2011"},{"link_name":"Merrill (2013)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMerrill2013"},{"link_name":"Kaufman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrence_Kaufman"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaufman2001[httpwwwalbanyeduanthromaldppapershtm-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMithun1999-14"}],"sub_title":"History of classification","text":"Uto-Aztecan has been accepted by linguists as a language family since the early 1900s, and six subgroups are generally accepted as valid: Numic, Takic, Pimic, Taracahitic, Corachol, and Aztecan. That leaves two ungrouped languages: Tübatulabal and Hopi (sometimes termed \"isolates within the family\"). Some recent studies have begun to question the unity of Taracahitic and Takic and computer-assisted statistical studies have begun to question some of the long-held assumptions and consensuses. As to higher-level groupings, disagreement has persisted since the 19th century. Presently scholars also disagree as to where to draw language boundaries within the dialect continua.The similarities among the Uto-Aztecan languages were noted as early as 1859 by J. C. E. Buschmann, but he failed to recognize the genetic affiliation between the Aztecan branch and the rest. He ascribed the similarities between the two groups to diffusion. Daniel Garrison Brinton added the Aztecan languages to the family in 1891 and coined the term Uto-Aztecan. John Wesley Powell, however, rejected the claim in his own classification of North American indigenous languages (also published in 1891). Powell recognized two language families: \"Shoshonean\" (encompassing Takic, Numic, Hopi, and Tübatulabal) and \"Sonoran\" (encompassing Pimic, Taracahitan, and Corachol). In the early 1900s Alfred L. Kroeber filled in the picture of the Shoshonean group,[4] while Edward Sapir proved the unity among Aztecan, \"Sonoran\", and \"Shoshonean\".[5][6][7] Sapir's applications of the comparative method to unwritten Native American languages are regarded as groundbreaking.[citation needed] Voegelin, Voegelin & Hale (1962) argued for a three-way division of Shoshonean, Sonoran and Aztecan, following Powell.[8]As of about 2011, there is still debate about whether to accept the proposed basic split between \"Northern Uto-Aztecan\" and \"Southern Uto-Aztecan\" languages.[2] Northern Uto-Aztecan corresponds to Powell's \"Shoshonean\", and the latter is all the rest: Powell's \"Sonoran\" plus Aztecan. Northern Uto-Aztecan was proposed as a genetic grouping by Jeffrey Heath in Heath (1978) based on morphological evidence, and Alexis Manaster Ramer in Manaster Ramer (1992) adduced phonological evidence in the form of a sound law. Terrence Kaufman in Kaufman (1981) accepted the basic division into Northern and Southern branches as valid. Other scholars have rejected the genealogical unity of either both nodes or the Northern node alone.[9][10][11][12] Wick R. Miller's argument was statistical, arguing that Northern Uto-Aztecan languages displayed too few cognates to be considered a unit. On the other hands he found the number of cognates among Southern Uto-Aztecan languages to suggest a genetic relation.[11] This position was supported by subsequent lexicostatistic analyses by Cortina-Borja & Valiñas-Coalla (1989) and Cortina-Borja, Stuart-Smith & Valiñas-Coalla (2002). Reviewing the debate, Haugen (2008) considers the evidence in favor of the genetic unity of Northern Uto-Aztecan to be convincing, but remains agnostic on the validity of Southern Uto-Aztecan as a genetic grouping. Hill (2011) also considered the North/South split to be valid based on phonological evidence, confirming both groupings. Merrill (2013) adduced further evidence for the unity of Southern Uto-Aztecan as a valid grouping.Hill (2011) also rejected the validity of the Takic grouping decomposing it into a Californian areal grouping together with Tubatulabal.Some classifications have posited a genetic relation between Corachol and Nahuan (e.g. Merrill (2013)). Kaufman recognizes similarities between Corachol and Aztecan, but explains them by diffusion instead of genetic evolution.[13] Most scholars view the breakup of Proto-Uto-Aztecan as a case of the gradual disintegration of a dialect continuum.[14]","title":"Classification"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shaul (2014)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFShaul2014"},{"link_name":"The Ethnologue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ethnologue"},{"link_name":"extinct","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinct_language"},{"link_name":"Numic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numic_languages"},{"link_name":"Paviotso, Bannock, Northern Paiute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Paiute_language"},{"link_name":"Nichols (1973)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFNichols1973"},{"link_name":"Mono","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mono_language_(California)"},{"link_name":"Lamb (1958)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLamb1958"},{"link_name":"Shoshoni, Goshiute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoshoni_language"},{"link_name":"McLaughlin (2012)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMcLaughlin2012"},{"link_name":"Comanche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comanche_language"},{"link_name":"Robinson & Armagost (1990)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFRobinsonArmagost1990"},{"link_name":"Timbisha (Panamint)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbisha_language"},{"link_name":"Dayley (1989)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFDayley1989"},{"link_name":"Colorado River dialect chain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_River_language"},{"link_name":"Ute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ute_dialect"},{"link_name":"Southern Paiute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Paiute_language"},{"link_name":"Chemehuevi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemehuevi_language"},{"link_name":"Givón (2011)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGiv%C3%B3n2011"},{"link_name":"Press (1979)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFPress1979"},{"link_name":"Sapir (1992)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSapir1992"},{"link_name":"Kawaiisu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawaiisu_language"},{"link_name":"Zigmond, Booth & Munro (1991)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFZigmondBoothMunro1991"},{"link_name":"Serrano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serrano_language"},{"link_name":"Kitanemuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitanemuk_language"},{"link_name":"Hill (1967)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHill1967"},{"link_name":"Cahuilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cahuilla_language"},{"link_name":"Cupeño","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cupe%C3%B1o_language"},{"link_name":"Seiler (1977)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSeiler1977"},{"link_name":"Hill (2005)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHill2005"},{"link_name":"Luiseño-Juaneño","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luise%C3%B1o_language"},{"link_name":"Kroeber & Grace (1960)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFKroeberGrace1960"},{"link_name":"Tongva (Gabrielino-Fernandeño)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tongva_language"},{"link_name":"Munro & Gabrielino/Tongva Language Committee (2008)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMunroGabrielino/Tongva_Language_Committee2008"},{"link_name":"Hopi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopi_language"},{"link_name":"Hopi Dictionary Project (1998)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHopi_Dictionary_Project1998"},{"link_name":"Jeanne (1978)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFJeanne1978"},{"link_name":"Tübatulabal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCbatulabal_language"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Voegelin (1935)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFVoegelin1935"},{"link_name":"Voegelin (1958)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFVoegelin1958"},{"link_name":"Tepiman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepiman"},{"link_name":"O'odham (Pima-Papago)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%27odham_language"},{"link_name":"Zepeda (1983)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFZepeda1983"},{"link_name":"Pima Bajo (O'ob No'ok)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pima_Bajo_language"},{"link_name":"Estrada-Fernández (1998)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFEstrada-Fern%C3%A1ndez1998"},{"link_name":"Northern Tepehuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Tepehuan_language"},{"link_name":"Bascom (1982)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBascom1982"},{"link_name":"Southern Tepehuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Tepehuan_language"},{"link_name":"Willett (1991)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFWillett1991"},{"link_name":"Tepecano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepecano_language"},{"link_name":"Mason (1916)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMason1916"},{"link_name":"Tarahumaran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarahumaran_languages"},{"link_name":"Tarahumara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarahumara_language"},{"link_name":"Caballero (2008)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCaballero2008"},{"link_name":"Upriver Guarijio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upriver_Guarijio_language"},{"link_name":"Downriver Guarijio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downriver_Guarijio_language"},{"link_name":"Miller (1996)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMiller1996"},{"link_name":"Tubar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubar_language"},{"link_name":"Lionnet (1978)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLionnet1978"},{"link_name":"Cahita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cahitan_languages"},{"link_name":"Yaqui (Hiaki)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaqui_language"},{"link_name":"Dedrick & Casad (1999)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFDedrickCasad1999"},{"link_name":"Mayo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayo_language"},{"link_name":"Freeze (1989)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFFreeze1989"},{"link_name":"Ópata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opata_language"},{"link_name":"Shaul (2001)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFShaul2001"},{"link_name":"Eudeve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eudeve_language"},{"link_name":"Lionnet (1986)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLionnet1986"},{"link_name":"Corachol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corachol_languages"},{"link_name":"Cora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cora_language"},{"link_name":"Casad (1984)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCasad1984"},{"link_name":"Huichol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huichol_language"},{"link_name":"Iturrioz Leza & Ramírez de la Cruz (2001)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFIturrioz_LezaRam%C3%ADrez_de_la_Cruz2001"},{"link_name":"Aztecan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahuan_languages"},{"link_name":"Pochutec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pochutec_language"},{"link_name":"Boas (1917)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBoas1917"},{"link_name":"Pipil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipil_language"},{"link_name":"Campbell (1985)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCampbell1985"},{"link_name":"Nahuatl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahuatl"},{"link_name":"Launey (1986)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLauney1986"},{"link_name":"Langacker (1979)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLangacker1979"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell1997-16"}],"sub_title":"Present scheme","text":"Below is a representation of the internal classification of the language family based on Shaul (2014). The classification reflects the decision to split up the previous Taracahitic and Takic groups, that are no longer considered to be valid genetic units. Whether the division between Northern and Southern languages is best understood as geographical or phylogenetic is under discussion. The table contains demographic information about number of speakers and their locations based on data from The Ethnologue. The table also contains links to a selected bibliography of grammars, dictionaries on many of the individual languages.(† = extinct)Genealogical classification of Uto-Aztecan languages\n\n\nFamily\n\nGroups\n\nLanguages\n\nWhere spoken and approximate number of speakers\n\nWorks\n\n\nUto-Aztecan languages\n\nNorthern Uto-Aztecan (possibly an areal grouping)\n\nNumic\n\nWestern Numic\n\nPaviotso, Bannock, Northern Paiute\n\n700 speakers in California, Oregon, Idaho and Nevada\n\nNichols (1973)\n\n\nMono\n\nAbout 40 speakers in California\n\nLamb (1958)\n\n\nCentral Numic\n\nShoshoni, Goshiute\n\n1000 fluent speakers and 1000 learners in Wyoming, Utah, Nevada, Idaho\n\nMcLaughlin (2012)\n\n\nComanche\n\n100 speakers in Oklahoma\n\nRobinson & Armagost (1990)\n\n\nTimbisha (Panamint)\n\n20 speakers in California and Nevada\n\nDayley (1989)\n\n\nSouthern Numic\n\nColorado River dialect chain: Ute, Southern Paiute, Chemehuevi\n\n920 speakers of all dialects, in Colorado, Nevada, California, Utah, Arizona\n\nGivón (2011), Press (1979), Sapir (1992)\n\n\nKawaiisu\n\n5 speakers in California\n\nZigmond, Booth & Munro (1991)\n\n\nCalifornianlanguagearea\n\nSerran\n\nSerrano, Kitanemuk †\n\nNo native speakers\n\nHill (1967)\n\n\nCupan\n\nCahuilla, Cupeño\n\n35 speakers of Cahuilla, no native speakers of Cupeño\n\nSeiler (1977), Hill (2005)\n\n\n\n\nLuiseño-Juaneño\n\n5 speakers in Southern California\n\nKroeber & Grace (1960)\n\n\n\n\nTongva (Gabrielino-Fernandeño)\n\nLast native speakers died in early 1900s, in 21st century undergoing revival efforts, Southern California\n\nMunro & Gabrielino/Tongva Language Committee (2008)\n\n\nHopi\n\n\n\nHopi\n\n6,800 speakers in northeastern Arizona\n\nHopi Dictionary Project (1998), Jeanne (1978)\n\n\nTübatulabal\n\n\n\nTübatulabal\n\nCurrently spoken by growing community of speakers [15]\n\nVoegelin (1935), Voegelin (1958)\n\n\nSouthern Uto-Aztecan(possibly an areal grouping)\n\nTepiman\n\nPimic\n\nO'odham (Pima-Papago)\n\n14,000 speakers in southern Arizona, US and northern Sonora, Mexico\n\nZepeda (1983)\n\n\nPima Bajo (O'ob No'ok)\n\n650 speakers in Chihuahua and Sonora, Mexico\n\nEstrada-Fernández (1998)\n\n\nTepehuan\n\nNorthern Tepehuan\n\n6,200 speakers in Chihuahua, Mexico\n\nBascom (1982)\n\n\nSouthern Tepehuan\n\n10,600 speakers in Southeastern Durango\n\nWillett (1991)\n\n\nTepecano †\n\nExtinct since approx. 1985, spoken in Northern Jalisco\n\nMason (1916)\n\n\nTarahumaran\n\n\n\nTarahumara (several varieties)\n\n45,500 speakers of all varieties, all spoken in Chihuahua\n\nCaballero (2008)\n\n\n\n\nUpriver Guarijio, Downriver Guarijio\n\n2,840 speakers in Chihuahua and Sonora\n\nMiller (1996)\n\n\n\n\nTubar †\n\nSpoken in Sinaloa and Sonora\n\nLionnet (1978)\n\n\nCahita\n\n\n\nYaqui (Hiaki)\n\n11,800 in Sonora and Arizona\n\nDedrick & Casad (1999)\n\n\n\n\nMayo\n\n33,000 in Sinaloa and Sonora\n\nFreeze (1989)\n\n\nOpatan\n\n\n\nÓpata †\n\nExtinct since approx. 1930. Spoken in Sonora.\n\nShaul (2001)\n\n\n\n\nEudeve †\n\nSpoken in Sonora, but extinct since 1940\n\nLionnet (1986)\n\n\nCorachol\n\n\n\nCora\n\n13,600 speakers in northern Nayarit\n\nCasad (1984)\n\n\n\n\nHuichol\n\n17,800 speakers in Nayarit, Jalisco, and western Zacatecas.\n\nIturrioz Leza & Ramírez de la Cruz (2001)\n\n\nAztecan (Nahuan)\n\n\n\nPochutec †\n\nExtinct since 1970s, spoken on the coast of Oaxaca\n\nBoas (1917)\n\n\nCore Nahuan\n\nPipil\n\n20-40 speakers in El Salvador\n\nCampbell (1985)\n\n\n\n\nNahuatl\n\n1,500,000 speakers in Central Mexico\n\nLauney (1986), Langacker (1979)In addition to the above languages for which linguistic evidence exists, it is suspected that among dozens of now extinct, undocumented or poorly known languages of northern Mexico, many were Uto-Aztecan.[16]","title":"Classification"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of extinct languages of North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_extinct_languages_of_North_America"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell1997133%E2%80%93135-17"}],"sub_title":"Extinct languages","text":"See also: List of extinct languages of North AmericaA large number of languages known only from brief mentions are thought to have been Uto-Aztecan languages that became extinct before being documented.[17]","title":"Classification"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tanoan languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanoan_languages"},{"link_name":"Edward Sapir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Sapir"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Proposed external relations","text":"An \"Aztec–Tanoan\" macrofamily that unites the Uto-Aztecan languages with the Tanoan languages of the southwestern United States was first proposed by Edward Sapir in the early 20th century, and later supported with potential lexical evidence by other scholars. This proposal has received much criticism about the validity of the proposed cognate sets and has been largely abandoned since the end of the last century as unproven.[18]","title":"Classification"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Proto-Uto-Aztecan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Lack of linguistic support for Proto-Uto-Aztecan at 8900 BP (letter)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2841887"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1073/pnas.0914859107","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0914859107"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2841887","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2841887"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"20231478","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20231478"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1111/j.1749-818x.2011.00287.x","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1749-818x.2011.00287.x"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0195094271","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195094271"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780521880053","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521880053"},{"link_name":"OL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OL_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10438309M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//openlibrary.org/books/OL10438309M"},{"link_name":"International Journal of American Linguistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Journal_of_American_Linguistics"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1086/466114","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1086%2F466114"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"145309871","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145309871"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1076/jqul.9.2.97.8485","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1076%2Fjqul.9.2.97.8485"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"205390627","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:205390627"},{"link_name":"\"Long vowels and morpheme boundaries in Nahuatl and Uto-Aztecan: comments on historical developments\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.vjf.cnrs.fr/sedyl/amerindia/articles/pdf/A_21_04.pdf"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1086/465789","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1086%2F465789"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"143511895","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143511895"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1086/465546","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1086%2F465546"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"16989534","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16989534"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1525/aa.2001.103.4.913","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1525%2Faa.2001.103.4.913"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"684121","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/684121"},{"link_name":"\"New evidence for a Mesoamerican homeland for Proto-Uto-Aztecan\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2841890"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2010PNAS..107E..33H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010PNAS..107E..33H"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1073/pnas.0914473107","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0914473107"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2841890","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2841890"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"20231477","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20231477"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1163/221058212x643978","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1163%2F221058212x643978"},{"link_name":"Nawa linguistic prehistory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.albany.edu/anthro/maldp/papers.htm"},{"link_name":"\"Evaluating the farming/language dispersal hypothesis with genetic variation exhibited by populations in the Southwest and Mesoamerica\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2872417"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2010PNAS..107.6759K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010PNAS..107.6759K"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1073/pnas.0905753107","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0905753107"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2872417","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2872417"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"20351276","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20351276"},{"link_name":"Kroeber, Alfred Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_L_Kroeber"},{"link_name":"Shoshonean dialects of California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/religionindians00kroegoog"},{"link_name":"Kroeber, Alfred Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_L_Kroeber"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1086/465108","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1086%2F465108"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"144762214","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144762214"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1086/ijal.58.3.3519784","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1086%2Fijal.58.3.3519784"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3519784","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/3519784"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"148412173","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:148412173"},{"link_name":"\"Reply to Hill and Brown: Maize and Uto-Aztecan cultural history\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2841871"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2010PNAS..107E..35M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010PNAS..107E..35M"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1073/pnas.1000923107","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1000923107"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2841871","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2841871"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1163/22105832-13030102","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1163%2F22105832-13030102"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1353/anl.2012.0017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1353%2Fanl.2012.0017"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"144089923","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144089923"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1086/465793","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1086%2F465793"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"144510097","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144510097"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1086/465813","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1086%2F465813"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"144398421","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144398421"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.3406/jsa.1913.2866","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.3406%2Fjsa.1913.2866"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2307/2694626","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2307%2F2694626"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2694626","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/2694626"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"162215129","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162215129"},{"link_name":"\"The Comparative Linguistics of Uto-Aztecan\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1525%2Faa.1935.37.4.02a00050"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1525/aa.1935.37.4.02a00050","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1525%2Faa.1935.37.4.02a00050"}],"text":"Brown, Cecil H. (2010). \"Lack of linguistic support for Proto-Uto-Aztecan at 8900 BP (letter)\". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 107 (15): E34, author reply E35–6. doi:10.1073/pnas.0914859107. PMC 2841887. PMID 20231478.\nCaballero, G. (2011). \"Behind the Mexican Mountains: Recent Developments and New Directions in Research on Uto-Aztecan Languages\". Language and Linguistics Compass. 5 (7): 485–504. doi:10.1111/j.1749-818x.2011.00287.x.\nCampbell, Lyle (1997). American Indian Languages: The Historical Linguistics of Native America. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195094271.\nCampbell, Lyle (2003). \"What drives linguistic diversification and language spread?\". In Bellwood, Peter; Renfrew, Colin (eds.). Examining the farming/language dispersal hypothesis. Cambridge(U.K.): McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research. pp. 49–63.\nCampbell, Lyle; Poser, William J. (2008). Language classification, history and method. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521880053. OL 10438309M.\nCortina-Borja, M; Valiñas-Coalla, L (1989). \"Some remarks on Uto-Aztecan Classification\". International Journal of American Linguistics. 55 (2): 214–239. doi:10.1086/466114. S2CID 145309871.\nCortina-Borja, M.; Stuart-Smith, J.; Valiñas-Coalla, L. (2002). \"Multivariate classification methods for lexical and phonological dissimilarities and their application to the Uto-Aztecan family\". Journal of Quantitative Linguistics. 9 (2): 97–124. doi:10.1076/jqul.9.2.97.8485. S2CID 205390627.\nDakin, Karen (1996). \"Long vowels and morpheme boundaries in Nahuatl and Uto-Aztecan: comments on historical developments\" (PDF). Amerindia. 21.\nFowler, Catherine S. (1983). \"Some lexical clues to Uto-Aztecan prehistory\". International Journal of American Linguistics. 49 (3): 224–257. doi:10.1086/465789. S2CID 143511895.\nGoddard, Ives (1996). \"Introduction\". In Goddard, Ives (ed.). Handbook of North American Indians. Vol. 17. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. pp. 1–16.\nHaugen, J. D. (2008). Morphology at the interfaces: reduplication and noun incorporation in Uto-Aztecan. Vol. 117. John Benjamins Publishing.\nHeath, J. (1978). \"Uto-Aztecan* na-class verbs\". International Journal of American Linguistics. 44 (3): 211–222. doi:10.1086/465546. S2CID 16989534.\nHill, Jane H. (December 2001). \"Proto-Uto-Aztecan\". American Anthropologist. New Series. 103 (4): 913–934. doi:10.1525/aa.2001.103.4.913. JSTOR 684121.\nHill, Jane H. (2010). \"New evidence for a Mesoamerican homeland for Proto-Uto-Aztecan\". PNAS. 107 (11): E33, author reply E35–6. Bibcode:2010PNAS..107E..33H. doi:10.1073/pnas.0914473107. PMC 2841890. PMID 20231477.\nHill, J. H. (2011). \"Subgrouping in Uto-Aztecan\". Language Dynamics and Change. 1 (2): 241–278. doi:10.1163/221058212x643978.\nIannucci, David (1972). Numic historical phonology. Cornell University PhD dissertation.\nKaufman, Terrence (2001). Nawa linguistic prehistory. Mesoamerican Language Documentation Project.\nKaufman, Terrence (1981). Lyle Campbell (ed.). Comparative Uto-Aztecan Phonology. Unpublished manuscript.\nKemp; González-Oliver; Malhi; Monroe; Schroeder; McDonough; Rhett; Resendéz; Peñalosa-Espinoza; Buentello-Malo; Gorodetsky; Smith (2010). \"Evaluating the farming/language dispersal hypothesis with genetic variation exhibited by populations in the Southwest and Mesoamerica\". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 107 (15): 6759–6764. Bibcode:2010PNAS..107.6759K. doi:10.1073/pnas.0905753107. PMC 2872417. PMID 20351276.\nKroeber, Alfred Louis (1907). Shoshonean dialects of California. The University Press. Retrieved 24 August 2012.\nKroeber, Alfred Louis (1934). Uto-Aztecan Languages of Mexico. Vol. 8. University of California Press.\nLangacker, Ronald W. (1970). \"The Vowels of Proto Uto-Aztecan\". International Journal of American Linguistics. 36 (3): 169–180. doi:10.1086/465108. S2CID 144762214.\nLangacker, R. W. (1977). An overview of Uto-Aztecan grammar. Summer Institute of Linguistics.\nLangacker, R. W. (1976). Non-distinct arguments in Uto-Aztecan. Berkeley: University of California Press.\nManaster Ramer, Alexis (1992). \"A Northern Uto-Aztecan Sound Law: *-c- → -y-¹\". International Journal of American Linguistics. 58 (3): 251–268. doi:10.1086/ijal.58.3.3519784. JSTOR 3519784. S2CID 148412173.\nMerrill, William L.; Hard, Robert J.; Mabry, Jonathan B.; Fritz; Adams; Roney; MacWilliams (2010). \"Reply to Hill and Brown: Maize and Uto-Aztecan cultural history\". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 107 (11): E35–E36. Bibcode:2010PNAS..107E..35M. doi:10.1073/pnas.1000923107. PMC 2841871.\nMerrill, W (2013). \"The genetic unity of southern Uto-Aztecan\". Language Dynamics and Change. 3: 68–104. doi:10.1163/22105832-13030102.\nMerrill, William L. (2012). \"The Historical Linguistics of Uto-Aztecan Agriculture\". Anthropological Linguistics. 54 (3): 203–260. doi:10.1353/anl.2012.0017. S2CID 144089923.\nMiller, Wick R. (1986). \"Numic Languages\". In Warren L. d’Azevedo (ed.). Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 11, Great Basin. Washington: Smithsonian Institution. pp. 98–106.\nMiller, Wick R. (1983a). \"A note on extinct languages of northwest Mexico of supposed Uto-Aztecan affiliation\". International Journal of American Linguistics. 49 (3): 328–333. doi:10.1086/465793. S2CID 144510097.\nMiller, Wick R. (1983). \"Uto-Aztecan languages\". In Ortiz, Alfonso (ed.). Handbook of North American Indians. Vol. 10. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. pp. 113–124.\nMiller, Wick R. (1984). \"The classification of the Uto-Aztecan languages based on lexical evidence\". International Journal of American Linguistics. 50 (1): 1–24. doi:10.1086/465813. S2CID 144398421.\nMithun, Marianne (1999). The languages of Native America. Cambridge University Press.\nSapir, E. (1913). \"Southern Paiute and Nahuatl, a study in Uto-Aztekan\". Journal de la Société des Américanistes. 10 (2): 379–425. doi:10.3406/jsa.1913.2866.\nShaul, David L. (2014). A Prehistory of Western North America: The Impact of Uto-Aztecan Languages. University of New Mexico Press.\nShaul, David L.; Hill, Jane H. (1998). \"Tepimans, Yumans, and other Hohokam\". American Antiquity. 63 (3): 375–396. doi:10.2307/2694626. JSTOR 2694626. S2CID 162215129.\nSteele, Susan (1979). \"Uto-Aztecan: An assessment for historical and comparative linguistics\". In Campbell, Lyle; Mithun, Marianne (eds.). The Languages of Native America: Historical and Comparative Assessment. Austin: University of Texas Press. pp. 444–544.\nVoegelin, C. F.; Voegelin, F.; Hale, K. (1962). Typological and Comparative Grammar of Uto-Aztecan: Phonology. Memoirs of the International Journal of American Linguistics. Vol. 17. Waverly Press.\nWhorf, B. L. (1935). \"The Comparative Linguistics of Uto-Aztecan\". American Anthropologist. 37 (4): 600–608. doi:10.1525/aa.1935.37.4.02a00050.","title":"Sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boas, Franz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Boas"},{"link_name":"\"El dialecto mexicano de Pochutla, Oaxaca\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//zenodo.org/record/1431423"},{"link_name":"International Journal of American 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languages","text":"Boas, Franz (1917). \"El dialecto mexicano de Pochutla, Oaxaca\". International Journal of American Linguistics (in Spanish). 1 (1): 9–44. doi:10.1086/463709. OCLC 56221629. S2CID 145443094.\nHopi Dictionary Project (1998). Hopi Dictionary: Hopìikwa Lavàytutuveni: A Hopi–English Dictionary of the Third Mesa Dialect With an English–Hopi Finder List and a Sketch of Hopi Grammar. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.\nCampbell, Lyle (1985). The Pipil Language of El Salvador. Mouton Grammar Library, no. 1. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-010344-1. OCLC 13433705. Archived from the original on 2014-06-06. Retrieved 2014-06-06.\nDayley, Jon P. (1989). \"Tümpisa (Panamint) Shoshone Grammar\". University of California Publications in Linguistics. 115.\nGivón, Talmy (2011). Ute Reference Grammar. Culture and Language Use Volume 3. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.\nJeanne, LaVerne Masayesva (1978). Aspects of Hopi grammar. MIT, dissertation.\nVoegelin, Charles F. (1935). \"Tübatulabal Grammar\". University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology. 34: 55–190.\nVoegelin, Charles F. (1958). \"Working Dictionary of Tübatulabal\". International Journal of American Linguistics. 24 (3): 221–228. doi:10.1086/464459. S2CID 145758965.\nRobinson, Lila Wistrand; Armagost, James (1990). Comanche dictionary and grammar. publications in linguistics (No. 92). Dallas, Texas: The Summer Institute of Linguistics and The University of Texas at Arlington.\nLamb, Sydney M (1958). A Grammar of Mono (PDF). PhD Dissertation, University of California, Berkeley. Retrieved July 8, 2012.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)\nZigmond, Maurice L.; Booth, Curtis G.; Munro, Pamela (1991). Pamela Munro (ed.). Kawaiisu, A Grammar and Dictionary with Texts. University of California Publications in Linguistics. Vol. 119. Berkeley, California: University of California Press.\nNichols, Michael (1973). Northern Paiute historical grammar. University of California, Berkeley PhD dissertation.\nMcLaughlin, John E. (2012). Shoshoni Grammar. Languages of the World/Meterials 488. Muenchen: LINCOM Europa.\nPress, Margaret L. (1979). Chemehuevi, A Grammar and Lexicon. University of California Publications in Linguistics. Vol. 92. Berkeley, California: University of California Press.\nSapir, Edward (1992) [1930]. \"Southern Paiute, a Shoshonean Language\". In William Bright (ed.). The Collected Works of Edward Sapir, X, Southern Paiute and Ute Linguistics and Ethnography. Berlin: Mouton deGruyter.\nSeiler, Hans-Jakob (1977). Cahuilla Grammar. Banning, California: Malki Museum Press.\nHill, Kenneth C. (1967). A Grammar of the Serrano Language. University of California, Los Angeles, PhD dissertation.\nHill, Jane H. (2005). A Grammar of Cupeño. University of California Publications in Linguistics. Berkeley: University of California Press.\nCaballero, Gabriela (2008). Choguita Rarámuri (Tarahumara) Phonology and Morphology (PDF) (PhD Dissertation). University of California at Berkeley.\nThornes, Tim (2003). A Northern Paiute Grammar with Texts. PhD Dissertation: University of Oregon at Eugene.\nKroeber, Alfred L.; Grace, George William (1960). The Sparkman Grammar of Luiseño. University of California Publications in Linguistics 16. Berkeley: The University of California Press.\nZepeda, Ofelia (1983). A Tohono O'odham Grammar. Tucson, Arizona: The University of Arizona Press.\nWillett, T. (1991). A reference grammar of southeastern Tepehuan (PDF). Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics and University of Texas at Arlington.\nMiller, Wick R. (1996). La lengua guarijio: gramatica, vocabulario y textos. Mexico City: Instituto de Investigaciones Antropologicas, UNAM.\nBascom, Burton W. (1982). \"Northern Tepehuan\". In Ronald W. Langacker (ed.). Studies in Uto-Aztecan Grammar, Volume 3, Uto-Aztecan Grammatical Sketches. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington. pp. 267–393.\nLionnet, Andrés (1978). El idioma tubar y los tubares. Segun documentos ineditos de C. S. Lumholtz y C. V. Hartman. Mexico, D. F: Universidad Iberoamericana.\nCasad, Eugene H. (1984). \"Cora\". In Ronald W. Langacker (ed.). Studies in Uto-Aztecan grammar 4: Southern Uto-Aztecan grammatical sketches. Summer Institute of Linguistics Publications in Linguistics 56. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington. pp. 153–149.\nDedrick, John; Casad, Eugene H. (1999). Sonora Yaqui Language Structures. Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona Press. ISBN 9780816519811.\nFreeze, Ray A. (1989). Mayo de Los Capomos, Sinaloa. Archivo de Lenguas Indígenas del Estado de Oaxaca, 14. 14. 166. México, D.F.: Instituto de Investigación e Integración Social del Estado de Oaxaca.\nLionnet, Andrés (1986). Un idioma extinto de sonora: El eudeve. México: UNAM. ISBN 978-968-837-915-8.\nEstrada-Fernández, Zarina (1998). Pima bajo de Yepachi, Chihuahua. Archivo de Lenguas Indigenas de Mexico. Colegio de México.\nMunro, Pamela; Gabrielino/Tongva Language Committee (2008). Yaara' Shiraaw'ax 'Eyooshiraaw'a. Now You're Speaking Our Language: Gabrielino/Tongva/Fernandeño. Lulu.com.[self-published source?]\nLauney, Michel (1986). Categories et operations dans la grammaire Nahuatl. Ph. D. dissertation, Paris IV.\nLangacker, Ronald W., ed. (1979). Studies in Uto-Aztecan Grammar 2: Modern Aztec Grammatical Sketches. Summer Institute of Linguistics Publications in Linguistics, 56. Dallas, TX: Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington. ISBN 978-0-88312-072-9.\nMason, J. Alden (1916). \"Tepecano, A Piman language of western Mexico\". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 25 (1): 309–416. Bibcode:1916NYASA..25..309M. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1916.tb55171.x. hdl:2027/uc1.c077921598. S2CID 86778121.\nShaul, D. L. (2001). The Opatan Languages, Plus Jova. Festschrift. INAH.\nIturrioz Leza, José Luis; Ramírez de la Cruz, Julio (2001). Gramática Didáctica del Huichol: Vol. I. Estructura Fonológica y Sistema de Escritura. Departamento de Estudios en Lenguas Indígenas–Universidad de Guadalajara – Secretaria de Educación Pública.","title":"Sources"}]	[{"image_text":"Uto-Aztecan-speaking communities in and around Mexico","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/UtoAztecanlanguages.png/220px-UtoAztecanlanguages.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Nahuatl Family\". SIL International. Retrieved 16 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://mexico.sil.org/language_culture/aztec","url_text":"\"Nahuatl Family\""}]},{"reference":"Ethnologue (2014). \"Summary by language family\". SIL International. Retrieved July 2, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ethnologue.com/statistics/family","url_text":"\"Summary by language family\""}]},{"reference":"Ahland, Michael. \"The Pahka'anil Language\". The Pahka'anil (Tübatulabal) Text Project. Retrieved May 21, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.csulb.edu/colleges/cla/projects/lingresearch/pahka%27anil/","url_text":"\"The Pahka'anil Language\""}]},{"reference":"Brown, Cecil H. (2010). \"Lack of linguistic support for Proto-Uto-Aztecan at 8900 BP (letter)\". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 107 (15): E34, author reply E35–6. doi:10.1073/pnas.0914859107. PMC 2841887. 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Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics and University of Texas at Arlington.","urls":[{"url":"http://www-01.sil.org/acpub/repository/29375.pdf","url_text":"A reference grammar of southeastern Tepehuan"}]},{"reference":"Miller, Wick R. (1996). La lengua guarijio: gramatica, vocabulario y textos. Mexico City: Instituto de Investigaciones Antropologicas, UNAM.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Bascom, Burton W. (1982). \"Northern Tepehuan\". In Ronald W. Langacker (ed.). Studies in Uto-Aztecan Grammar, Volume 3, Uto-Aztecan Grammatical Sketches. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington. pp. 267–393.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Lionnet, Andrés (1978). El idioma tubar y los tubares. Segun documentos ineditos de C. S. Lumholtz y C. V. Hartman. Mexico, D. F: Universidad Iberoamericana.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Casad, Eugene H. (1984). \"Cora\". In Ronald W. Langacker (ed.). Studies in Uto-Aztecan grammar 4: Southern Uto-Aztecan grammatical sketches. Summer Institute of Linguistics Publications in Linguistics 56. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington. pp. 153–149.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Dedrick, John; Casad, Eugene H. (1999). Sonora Yaqui Language Structures. Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona Press. ISBN 9780816519811.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uapress.arizona.edu/Books/bid1283.htm","url_text":"Sonora Yaqui Language Structures"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780816519811","url_text":"9780816519811"}]},{"reference":"Freeze, Ray A. (1989). Mayo de Los Capomos, Sinaloa. Archivo de Lenguas Indígenas del Estado de Oaxaca, 14. 14. 166. México, D.F.: Instituto de Investigación e Integración Social del Estado de Oaxaca.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Lionnet, Andrés (1986). Un idioma extinto de sonora: El eudeve. México: UNAM. ISBN 978-968-837-915-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=UGnh4SFplroC","url_text":"Un idioma extinto de sonora: El eudeve"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-968-837-915-8","url_text":"978-968-837-915-8"}]},{"reference":"Estrada-Fernández, Zarina (1998). Pima bajo de Yepachi, Chihuahua. Archivo de Lenguas Indigenas de Mexico. Colegio de México.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Munro, Pamela; Gabrielino/Tongva Language Committee (2008). Yaara' Shiraaw'ax 'Eyooshiraaw'a. Now You're Speaking Our Language: Gabrielino/Tongva/Fernandeño. Lulu.com.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Launey, Michel (1986). Categories et operations dans la grammaire Nahuatl. Ph. D. dissertation, Paris IV.","urls":[{"url":"http://celia.cnrs.fr/FichExt/Etudes/Launey/tm.htm","url_text":"Categories et operations dans la grammaire Nahuatl"}]},{"reference":"Langacker, Ronald W., ed. (1979). Studies in Uto-Aztecan Grammar 2: Modern Aztec Grammatical Sketches. Summer Institute of Linguistics Publications in Linguistics, 56. Dallas, TX: Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington. ISBN 978-0-88312-072-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88312-072-9","url_text":"978-0-88312-072-9"}]},{"reference":"Mason, J. Alden (1916). \"Tepecano, A Piman language of western Mexico\". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 25 (1): 309–416. Bibcode:1916NYASA..25..309M. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1916.tb55171.x. hdl:2027/uc1.c077921598. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzy_Parker	Suzy Parker	["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Relationships and children","4 Later years and death","5 Filmography","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]	American model and actress (1932–2003) This article is about the American model and actress. For the song by British band The Beatles with the same title, see Suzy Parker (Beatles song). Suzy ParkerSuzy Parker in 1963BornCecilia Ann Renee Parker(1932-10-28)October 28, 1932Long Island City, New York, U.S.DiedMay 3, 2003(2003-05-03) (aged 70)Montecito, California, U.S.Other namesSuzy Parker DillmanOccupation(s)Model, actressYears active1947–1970Spouses Charles Staton (m. 1950; div. 1953) Pierre de la Salle (m. 1958; div. 1961) Bradford Dillman (m. 1963) Children4RelativesDorian Leigh (sister) Suzy Parker (born Cecilia Ann Renee Parker; October 28, 1932 – May 3, 2003) was an American model and actress active from 1947 until 1970. Her modeling career reached its zenith during the 1950s, when she appeared on the covers of dozens of magazines and in advertisements and movie and television roles. She appeared in advertisements for Revlon and many other cosmetic companies, including Solo Products, the largest hair care product company in the country at the time. (Models did not have exclusive cosmetic company contracts until Lauren Hutton and Karen Graham in the early 1970s). In 1956, at the height of her modelling career, she became the first model to earn $100,000 per year (equivalent to $1,121,000 in 2023). A song that The Beatles wrote for her, though not released on record, appeared in their 1970 documentary film Let It Be, which won the Academy Award for Best Original Score. Early life Suzy Parker was born Cecilia Ann Renee Parker in Long Island City, New York, to George and Elizabeth Parker, who married in 1916. The family later moved to Highland Park, New Jersey, and then to Florida. She had three older sisters: Dorian, Florian, and Georgiabell. Elizabeth believed she was undergoing menopause, but then discovered she was several months pregnant with her youngest child, Cecilia ("Suzy"). Suzy's original names came from three of her mother's best friends. A then-teenaged Dorian advised her mother to arrange the names in the order, Cecilia Renee Ann Parker, so the initials of the names would spell the word "crap". Dorian claimed her mother had no idea what it meant. Parker's father George disliked the name Cecilia and called her Susie, a name which Parker would retain throughout her life. A French Vogue photographer later changed the spelling to "Suzy". Career Parker and two of her sisters were tall, all measuring between 5 ft 10 in (178 cm) and 6 ft 1 in (185 cm). Sister Dorian was the sole exception, standing 5 ft 5 in (165 cm). In 1944, Dorian worked as an advertising copy writer when a coworker encouraged her to go to the Conover Modeling Agency. Dorian became one of the top models in the world, among the first small group of supermodels, which included Lisa Fonssagrives, Dovima, Barbara Goalen and Bettina Graziani. When Suzy was about age 15, Dorian telephoned Ford Modeling Agency and told Eileen and Jerry Ford that she would sign on with them if they also took her younger sister, sight unseen. Eager to represent Dorian, they agreed. Expecting to meet a similarly petite, extremely thin, flawless, pale-faced, electric blue-eyed, raven-haired younger version of Dorian, they were shocked to meet Suzy for the first time. Parker was already 5'10", big-boned, and had carrot red hair, pale-green eyes, and freckles. She would become more famous than Dorian. Suzy's photo appeared in Life magazine when she was 15. That same year, one of her first magazine advertisements was for DeRosa Jewelry. Although she still lived with her parents in Florida, she stayed in New York City with Dorian when she had modeling assignments there. Dorian introduced Parker to her fashion-photographer friends, Irving Penn, Horst P. Horst, John Rawlings, and a young Richard Avedon. Parker became Avedon's muse, she said years later that "The only joy I ever got out of modeling was working with Dick Avedon." She became the so-called signature face of the Coco Chanel brand. Chanel herself became a close confidante, giving Parker advice on men and money as well as creating numerous Chanel outfits for her. Parker was a model with the Walter Thornton agency. She was the first model to earn $200 per hour and $100,000 per year. Vogue declared her one of the faces of the confident, post-war American woman. By 1955, she owed income taxes on her modeling income from previous years, amounting to more than $60,000 in back taxes and rapidly accumulating penalties, an enormous amount at the time. Jerry Ford paid her tax bill and found her assignments. She worked also non-stop for Vogue, Revlon, Hertz, Westinghouse, Max Factor, Bliss, DuPont, Simplicity, Smirnoff, and Ronson shavers, to name a few. She also was on the covers of about 70 magazines around the world, including Vogue, Elle, Life, Look, Redbook, Paris Match and McCall's. After being introduced to, and taught photography by, war photographer Robert Capa, Parker was briefly listed as a member of Magnum Photos. Her first film role was in Kiss Them for Me (1957), playing the main interest of Cary Grant's character. Soon after she accepted a cameo role in Funny Face (1957), on screen for two minutes in a musical number described as "Pink Number". Her other films include: Ten North Frederick (1958), The Best of Everything (1959), A Circle of Deception (1960 - during which she met future husband Bradford Dillman), Flight from Ashiya (1964) and Chamber of Horrors (1966). She also played dramatic roles in TV shows such as Burke's Law and The Twilight Zone plus appearances as herself on a number of quiz shows such as I've Got a Secret. Parker's last role was in a 1970 episode of Night Gallery. She did, in a way, make one other film "appearance" in The Beatles' 1970 documentary film Let It Be, in which the band performed their song "Suzy Parker". The song, one of the few credited as written by all four Beatles, was part of their Academy Award-winning score for the original songs they performed in the film. Relationships and children Parker was married three times. In 1950, she and her high-school sweetheart, Ronald Staton (some sources cite Charles), drove to Georgia to secretly marry. Parker said that she married him in a bikini with a raincoat on top, adding, "He was very good-looking, and it was just a sheer disaster." The young couple drove back to Florida where she was still living with her parents who were upset because of her age and because Ronald was part Cherokee. They moved to Pennsylvania and rented a house near where Dorian was living with her husband and children. Parker was already modeling in the United States and Europe while Ronald was attending the University of Pennsylvania as a freshman. Parker met journalist Pierre de la Salle (Pitou, born July 12, 1925) at a Jacques Fath party outside of Paris. She and Dorian were modeling together and separately on this trip. She returned to the United States and asked Ronald for a divorce, but he would only agree to a quick divorce if Parker gave him a large monetary settlement, paid for plastic surgery on his nose and paid for his acting lessons. She agreed, and their divorce was finalized in Mexico in 1953. Ronald was killed years later in an automobile accident. Parker and Pierre continued to date for years despite Pierre's numerous infidelities. She also was paying for his high cost-of-living expenses. They married about 1957 or 1958, but the couple kept it a secret. In 1958, Parker was a passenger in a car her father was driving when they were hit by an oncoming train. According to accident reports, neither of them heard or saw the train until it slammed into the car. Her father died of his injuries at the hospital. Parker was hospitalized, with broken bones and embedded glass (with her face untouched), under the name Mrs. Pierre de la Salle. The press jumped on this, but Pierre continued to deny that they were married. Soon thereafter, a photo spread of the couple appeared in the August 19, 1958, Look magazine cover story about her. Parker began psychotherapy to cope with her rocky second marriage and the death of her beloved father. After recovering from her injuries, Parker became pregnant and de la Salle left. She said, "He didn't want to be a father. I already hired a nanny... he was gone, history." She gave birth to their daughter Georgia Belle Florian Coco Chanel de la Salle in December 1959, whose godmother was close friend Coco Chanel. Parker named her daughter after her older sisters Georgiabell and Florian and purposely left Dorian’s name off. Dorian and Parker feuded for many years, as Parker was fed up with Dorian’s promiscuous lifestyle and her not taking care of her children. A March 14, 1977, People magazine article featured Parker trying to launch her then 17-year-old daughter Georgia as a model. However, Georgia modeled only a few times during and after college. In 1960, Parker met actor Bradford Dillman on the set of their 1960 movie, A Circle of Deception. She was still married to de la Salle but no longer living with him. Dillman was ending his first marriage and dating Juliette Gréco at the time. Parker obtained a divorce and married Bradford in 1963 on board a boat at sea. She changed her name to Suzy Parker Dillman following the marriage. After marrying Dillman in 1963, then receiving injuries in a car accident in 1964, Parker mostly retired from modeling and acted as a stepmother to Jeffrey and Pamela, Dillman's children from his first marriage. Parker enjoyed being a stay-at-home mother and, like her sister Dorian, who was a Cordon Bleu-level chef, Parker was an excellent cook. Parker had three children with Dillman: daughter Dinah and sons Charlie and Christopher. The family lived in Bel Air, Los Angeles, until Dinah was bitten by a rattlesnake in the yard and almost died. They then moved to Montecito in the Santa Barbara area, where Suzy remained until her death in 2003. Later years and death A self-described tomboy in her teens, Parker broke several bones as a result. Parker also broke bones in the 1958 car accident that killed her father. In 1964, she was nervously rehearsing for her famous appearance in the well-known The Twilight Zone episode "Number 12 Looks Just Like You" when she was in another car accident. Parker long suffered from allergies, and in the 1990s, developed ulcers. During surgery for an ulcer, her vital signs disappeared on the operating table, but she was resuscitated. She never fully recovered and developed more ulcers and diabetes. She had multiple hip surgeries, and then her kidneys began to fail. She spent the last five years of her life in and out of the hospital. Parker decided to end dialysis treatments. She returned home and died at age 70 surrounded by family at her orchard in Montecito, California, on May 3, 2003. Her husband Bradford Dillman died in 2018 at age 87. Filmography Year Title Role Notes 1957 Producers' Showcase Episode: "Mayerling" (uncredited) 1957 Funny Face Speciality Dancer ("The Pink Number") Film debut (uncredited) 1957 Playhouse 90 Tani Morena Episode: "The Death of Manolete" 1957 Kiss Them for Me Gwinneth Livingston 1958 Ten North Frederick Kate Drummond 1959 The Best of Everything Gregg Adams 1960 Circle of Deception Lucy Bowen 1962 The Interns Lisa Cardigan 1963 Burke's Law Angela PattisonBridget Jenkins Episode: "Who Killed Alex Debbs?"Episode: "Who Killed Holly Howard?" 1964 The Twilight Zone Lana Cuberle/Grace/Doe/Jane Episode: "Number 12 Looks Just Like You" 1964 Flight from Ashiya Lucille Caroll 1964 Dr. Kildare Serena Norcross Episode: "Maybe Love Will Save My Apartment House" 1964 The Rogues Carol Conover Episode: "Fringe Benefits" 1965 Vacation Playhouse Sybil Episode: "Sybil" 1966 Chamber of Horrors Barbara Dixon Final film appearance 1967 Tarzan Laura Keller Episode: "The Day of the Golden Lion" 1967 Bob Hope Presents the Chrysler Theatre Doctor Episode: "Free of Charge" 1968 It Takes a Thief Melinda Brooke Episode: "When Boy Meets Girl" 1970 Night Gallery Carlotta Acton / Miss Wattle Episode: "The Dead Man/The Housekeeper", (final appearance) See also Biography portal References ^ ""Round About Town",The Daily Home News, May 4, 1960. Accessed January 26, 2023, via Newspapers.com ^ www.parkerheritage.com . ^ a b "Model", by Michael Gross, 1995, page 114. ^ "Model", by Michael Gross, 1980, pg. 117. ^ a b "Model", by Michael Gross, 1980, p. 118 ^ Gross, Michael (1995). Model (1st ed.). W. Morrow. p. 105. ^ a b c Jacobs, Laura (2006-11-20). "Everyone Fell For: Suzy". Vanity Fair. Retrieved 2017-11-16. ^ "Photography (Art and design), Art and design, Henri Cartier-Bresson, John F Kennedy (News) JFK, Jackie Onassis". The Guardian. London. April 19, 2011. ^ Lewisohn, Mark (2000). The Complete Beatles Chronicle. London: Hamlyn. p. 309. ISBN 0-600-60033-5. ^ "Suzy Parker" (Lennon/McCartney/Harrison/Starkey) ^ Sulpy, Doug; Schweighardt, Ray (1999). Get Back: The Unauthorized Chronicle of the Beatles' Let it Be Disaster, p. 148. Macmillan. ISBN 0-312-19981-3 ^ "Model", by Michael Gross, 1995, p. 117 ^ "The Girl Who Had Everything" by Dorian Leigh Parker and Laura Hobe, 1980, p. 72 ^ "Model," by Michael Gross, 1995, p. 118 ^ "The Lives of Suzy Parker", by Richard Gehman, Cosmopolitan, November 1959, p. 91 ^ "Model," by Michael Gross, 1995, page 120. ^ "The Old Order Changeth: Suzy Parker Launches Her Daughter With a New Sassoon Look," People, March 14, 1977, pages 34-35. ^ a b Martin, Douglas (2003-05-06). "Suzy Parker, Willowy Model And Actress of 50's, Dies at 69". New York Times. Retrieved 2008-04-08. ^ "Chanel Girl Suzy Parker Dead at 69". CBS. February 11, 2009. External links Suzy Parker at IMDb Suzy Parker at AllMovie Suzy Parker at Find a Grave Suzy Parker at the TCM Movie Database Suzy Parker at The Fashion Insider Suzy Parker: Original Supermodel Archived 2010-10-28 at the Wayback Machine—slideshow by Life magazine Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Spain France BnF data Germany United States Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Suzy Parker (Beatles song)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzy_Parker_(Beatles_song)"},{"link_name":"Revlon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revlon"},{"link_name":"Lauren Hutton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauren_Hutton"},{"link_name":"Karen Graham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Graham"},{"link_name":"song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let_It_Be_(1970_film)#Soundtrack"},{"link_name":"The Beatles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beatles"},{"link_name":"Let It Be","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let_It_Be_(1970_film)#Soundtrack"},{"link_name":"Academy Award for Best Original Score","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Original_Score#1970s"}],"text":"This article is about the American model and actress. For the song by British band The Beatles with the same title, see Suzy Parker (Beatles song).Suzy Parker (born Cecilia Ann Renee Parker; October 28, 1932 – May 3, 2003) was an American model and actress active from 1947 until 1970. Her modeling career reached its zenith during the 1950s, when she appeared on the covers of dozens of magazines and in advertisements and movie and television roles.She appeared in advertisements for Revlon and many other cosmetic companies, including Solo Products, the largest hair care product company in the country at the time. (Models did not have exclusive cosmetic company contracts until Lauren Hutton and Karen Graham in the early 1970s). In 1956, at the height of her modelling career, she became the first model to earn $100,000 per year (equivalent to $1,121,000 in 2023). A song that The Beatles wrote for her, though not released on record, appeared in their 1970 documentary film Let It Be, which won the Academy Award for Best Original Score.","title":"Suzy Parker"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Long Island City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Island_City"},{"link_name":"Highland Park, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highland_Park,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Dorian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorian_Leigh"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Model_1995,_page_114-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Model_1995,_page_114-3"}],"text":"Suzy Parker was born Cecilia Ann Renee Parker in Long Island City, New York, to George and Elizabeth Parker, who married in 1916. The family later moved to Highland Park, New Jersey,[1] and then to Florida.She had three older sisters: Dorian, Florian, and Georgiabell.[2] Elizabeth believed she was undergoing menopause, but then discovered she was several months pregnant with her youngest child, Cecilia (\"Suzy\").[3] Suzy's original names came from three of her mother's best friends. A then-teenaged Dorian advised her mother to arrange the names in the order, Cecilia Renee Ann Parker, so the initials of the names would spell the word \"crap\". Dorian claimed her mother had no idea what it meant.[3] Parker's father George disliked the name Cecilia and called her Susie, a name which Parker would retain throughout her life. A French Vogue photographer later changed the spelling to \"Suzy\".","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"supermodels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermodel"},{"link_name":"Lisa Fonssagrives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Fonssagrives"},{"link_name":"Dovima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dovima"},{"link_name":"Barbara Goalen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Goalen"},{"link_name":"Bettina Graziani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bettina_Graziani"},{"link_name":"Ford Modeling Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Modeling_Agency"},{"link_name":"Eileen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eileen_Ford"},{"link_name":"Jerry Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerard_W._Ford"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Irving Penn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Penn"},{"link_name":"Horst P. Horst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horst_P._Horst"},{"link_name":"John Rawlings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Rawlings_(photographer)"},{"link_name":"Richard Avedon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Avedon"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Model_1980,_page_118-5"},{"link_name":"Coco Chanel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coco_Chanel"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VanityFair-7"},{"link_name":"Vogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Model_1980,_page_118-5"},{"link_name":"Vogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Revlon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revlon"},{"link_name":"Hertz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hertz_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Westinghouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westinghouse_Electric_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Max Factor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Factor"},{"link_name":"Bliss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bliss_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"DuPont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DuPont"},{"link_name":"Smirnoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smirnoff"},{"link_name":"Ronson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronson_(company)"},{"link_name":"Elle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elle_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Look","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Look_(American_magazine)"},{"link_name":"Redbook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redbook"},{"link_name":"Paris Match","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Match"},{"link_name":"McCall's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCall%27s"},{"link_name":"Robert Capa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Capa"},{"link_name":"Magnum Photos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnum_Photos"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Guardian,_April_19,_2011-8"},{"link_name":"Kiss Them for Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiss_Them_for_Me_(film)"},{"link_name":"Cary Grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cary_Grant"},{"link_name":"cameo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameo_appearance"},{"link_name":"Funny Face","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funny_Face"},{"link_name":"Ten North Frederick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ten_North_Frederick_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Best of Everything","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Best_of_Everything_(1959_film)"},{"link_name":"A Circle of Deception","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Circle_of_Deception"},{"link_name":"Bradford Dillman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradford_Dillman"},{"link_name":"Flight from Ashiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_from_Ashiya"},{"link_name":"Chamber of Horrors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamber_of_Horrors_(1966_film)"},{"link_name":"Burke's Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burke%27s_Law_(1963_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The Twilight Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Twilight_Zone_(1959_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"I've Got a Secret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27ve_Got_a_Secret"},{"link_name":"Night Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_Gallery"},{"link_name":"The Beatles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beatles"},{"link_name":"Let It Be","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let_It_Be_(1970_film)"},{"link_name":"Suzy Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let_It_Be_(1970_film)#Soundtrack"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Academy Award-winning score","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Original_Score#1970s"},{"link_name":"original songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let_It_Be_(1970_film)#Soundtrack"}],"text":"Parker and two of her sisters were tall, all measuring between 5 ft 10 in (178 cm) and 6 ft 1 in (185 cm). Sister Dorian was the sole exception, standing 5 ft 5 in (165 cm).In 1944, Dorian worked as an advertising copy writer when a coworker encouraged her to go to the Conover Modeling Agency. Dorian became one of the top models in the world,[citation needed] among the first small group of supermodels, which included Lisa Fonssagrives, Dovima, Barbara Goalen and Bettina Graziani. When Suzy was about age 15, Dorian telephoned Ford Modeling Agency and told Eileen and Jerry Ford that she would sign on with them if they also took her younger sister, sight unseen. Eager to represent Dorian, they agreed. Expecting to meet a similarly petite, extremely thin, flawless, pale-faced, electric blue-eyed, raven-haired younger version of Dorian, they were shocked to meet Suzy for the first time.[4] Parker was already 5'10\", big-boned, and had carrot red hair, pale-green eyes, and freckles. She would become more famous than Dorian.Suzy's photo appeared in Life magazine when she was 15. That same year, one of her first magazine advertisements was for DeRosa Jewelry. Although she still lived with her parents in Florida, she stayed in New York City with Dorian when she had modeling assignments there. Dorian introduced Parker to her fashion-photographer friends, Irving Penn, Horst P. Horst, John Rawlings, and a young Richard Avedon. Parker became Avedon's muse, she said years later that \"The only joy I ever got out of modeling was working with Dick Avedon.\"[5] She became the so-called signature face of the Coco Chanel brand. Chanel herself became a close confidante, giving Parker advice on men and money as well as creating numerous Chanel outfits for her. [citation needed]Parker was a model with the Walter Thornton agency.[6] She was the first model to earn $200 per hour and $100,000 per year.[7] Vogue declared her one of the faces of the confident, post-war American woman. By 1955, she owed income taxes on her modeling income from previous years, amounting to more than $60,000 in back taxes and rapidly accumulating penalties, an enormous amount at the time.[5] Jerry Ford paid her tax bill and found her assignments. She worked also non-stop for Vogue, Revlon, Hertz, Westinghouse, Max Factor, Bliss, DuPont, Simplicity, Smirnoff, and Ronson shavers, to name a few. She also was on the covers of about 70 magazines around the world, including Vogue, Elle, Life, Look, Redbook, Paris Match and McCall's. After being introduced to, and taught photography by, war photographer Robert Capa, Parker was briefly listed as a member of Magnum Photos.[8]Her first film role was in Kiss Them for Me (1957), playing the main interest of Cary Grant's character. Soon after she accepted a cameo role in Funny Face (1957), on screen for two minutes in a musical number described as \"Pink Number\". Her other films include: Ten North Frederick (1958), The Best of Everything (1959), A Circle of Deception (1960 - during which she met future husband Bradford Dillman), Flight from Ashiya (1964) and Chamber of Horrors (1966). She also played dramatic roles in TV shows such as Burke's Law and The Twilight Zone plus appearances as herself on a number of quiz shows such as I've Got a Secret.Parker's last role was in a 1970 episode of Night Gallery. She did, in a way, make one other film \"appearance\" in The Beatles' 1970 documentary film Let It Be, in which the band performed their song \"Suzy Parker\".[9][10][11] The song, one of the few credited as written by all four Beatles, was part of their Academy Award-winning score for the original songs they performed in the film.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"University of Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Jacques Fath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Fath"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Coco Chanel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coco_Chanel"},{"link_name":"People","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Bradford Dillman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradford_Dillman"},{"link_name":"A Circle of Deception","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Circle_of_Deception"},{"link_name":"Juliette Gréco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juliette_Gr%C3%A9co"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-18"},{"link_name":"Cordon Bleu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Cordon_Bleu"},{"link_name":"Bel Air, Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bel_Air,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VanityFair-7"},{"link_name":"Montecito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montecito,_California"},{"link_name":"Santa Barbara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Barbara,_California"}],"text":"Parker was married three times. In 1950, she and her high-school sweetheart, Ronald Staton (some sources cite Charles), drove to Georgia to secretly marry. Parker said that she married him in a bikini with a raincoat on top, adding, \"He was very good-looking, and it [the marriage] was just a sheer disaster.\"[12] The young couple drove back to Florida where she was still living with her parents who were upset because of her age and because Ronald was part Cherokee.[13] They moved to Pennsylvania and rented a house near where Dorian was living with her husband and children. Parker was already modeling in the United States and Europe while Ronald was attending the University of Pennsylvania as a freshman.Parker met journalist Pierre de la Salle (Pitou, born July 12, 1925) at a Jacques Fath party outside of Paris. She and Dorian were modeling together and separately on this trip. She returned to the United States and asked Ronald for a divorce, but he would only agree to a quick divorce if Parker gave him a large monetary settlement, paid for plastic surgery on his nose and paid for his acting lessons. She agreed, and their divorce was finalized in Mexico in 1953. Ronald was killed years later in an automobile accident. Parker and Pierre continued to date for years despite Pierre's numerous infidelities. She also was paying for his high cost-of-living expenses.[14] They married about 1957 or 1958, but the couple kept it a secret.In 1958, Parker was a passenger in a car her father was driving when they were hit by an oncoming train. According to accident reports, neither of them heard or saw the train until it slammed into the car. Her father died of his injuries at the hospital. Parker was hospitalized, with broken bones and embedded glass (with her face untouched), under the name Mrs. Pierre de la Salle. The press jumped on this, but Pierre continued to deny that they were married.[15] Soon thereafter, a photo spread of the couple appeared in the August 19, 1958, Look magazine cover story about her. Parker began psychotherapy to cope with her rocky second marriage and the death of her beloved father.After recovering from her injuries, Parker became pregnant and de la Salle left. She said, \"He didn't want to be a father. I already hired a nanny... he was gone, history.\"[16] She gave birth to their daughter Georgia Belle Florian Coco Chanel de la Salle in December 1959, whose godmother was close friend Coco Chanel. Parker named her daughter after her older sisters Georgiabell and Florian and purposely left Dorian’s name off. Dorian and Parker feuded for many years, as Parker was fed up with Dorian’s promiscuous lifestyle and her not taking care of her children. A March 14, 1977, People magazine article featured Parker trying to launch her then 17-year-old daughter Georgia as a model.[17] However, Georgia modeled only a few times during and after college.In 1960, Parker met actor Bradford Dillman on the set of their 1960 movie, A Circle of Deception. She was still married to de la Salle but no longer living with him. Dillman was ending his first marriage and dating Juliette Gréco at the time. Parker obtained a divorce and married Bradford in 1963 on board a boat at sea. She changed her name to Suzy Parker Dillman following the marriage.[18]After marrying Dillman in 1963, then receiving injuries in a car accident in 1964, Parker mostly retired from modeling and acted as a stepmother to Jeffrey and Pamela, Dillman's children from his first marriage. Parker enjoyed being a stay-at-home mother and, like her sister Dorian, who was a Cordon Bleu-level chef, Parker was an excellent cook.Parker had three children with Dillman: daughter Dinah and sons Charlie and Christopher. The family lived in Bel Air, Los Angeles, until Dinah was bitten by a rattlesnake in the yard and almost died.[7] They then moved to Montecito in the Santa Barbara area, where Suzy remained until her death in 2003.","title":"Relationships and children"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Twilight Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Twilight_Zone_(1959_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Number 12 Looks Just Like You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Number_12_Looks_Just_Like_You"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VanityFair-7"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"A self-described tomboy in her teens, Parker broke several bones as a result. Parker also broke bones in the 1958 car accident that killed her father. In 1964, she was nervously rehearsing for her famous appearance in the well-known The Twilight Zone episode \"Number 12 Looks Just Like You\" when she was in another car accident.Parker long suffered from allergies, and in the 1990s, developed ulcers. During surgery for an ulcer, her vital signs disappeared on the operating table, but she was resuscitated. She never fully recovered and developed more ulcers and diabetes. She had multiple hip surgeries, and then her kidneys began to fail. She spent the last five years of her life in and out of the hospital.[7]Parker decided to end dialysis treatments. She returned home and died at age 70 surrounded by family at her orchard in Montecito, California, on May 3, 2003. Her husband Bradford Dillman died in 2018 at age 87.[18][19]","title":"Later years and death"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"}]	[]	[{"title":"Biography portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Biography"}]	[{"reference":"Gross, Michael (1995). Model (1st ed.). W. Morrow. p. 105.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Jacobs, Laura (2006-11-20). \"Everyone Fell For: Suzy\". Vanity Fair. Retrieved 2017-11-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2006/05/suzy-parker-200605","url_text":"\"Everyone Fell For: Suzy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(magazine)","url_text":"Vanity Fair"}]},{"reference":"\"Photography (Art and design), Art and design, Henri Cartier-Bresson, John F Kennedy (News) JFK, Jackie Onassis\". The Guardian. London. April 19, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/gallery/2011/apr/19/photography-henricartierbresson#/?picture=373813578&index=9","url_text":"\"Photography (Art and design), Art and design, Henri Cartier-Bresson, John F Kennedy (News) JFK, Jackie Onassis\""}]},{"reference":"Lewisohn, Mark (2000). The Complete Beatles Chronicle. London: Hamlyn. p. 309. ISBN 0-600-60033-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Lewisohn","url_text":"Lewisohn, Mark"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-600-60033-5","url_text":"0-600-60033-5"}]},{"reference":"Martin, Douglas (2003-05-06). \"Suzy Parker, Willowy Model And Actress of 50's, Dies at 69\". New York Times. Retrieved 2008-04-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C03E2D9103CF935A35756C0A9659C8B63","url_text":"\"Suzy Parker, Willowy Model And Actress of 50's, Dies at 69\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/117313494/suzy-parker-of-highland-park/","external_links_name":"\"\"Round About Town\""},{"Link":"http://www.parkerheritage.com/photo/georgeloftonparker-1","external_links_name":"www.parkerheritage.com"},{"Link":"https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2006/05/suzy-parker-200605","external_links_name":"\"Everyone Fell For: Suzy\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/gallery/2011/apr/19/photography-henricartierbresson#/?picture=373813578&index=9","external_links_name":"\"Photography (Art and design), Art and design, Henri Cartier-Bresson, John F Kennedy (News) JFK, Jackie Onassis\""},{"Link":"https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C03E2D9103CF935A35756C0A9659C8B63","external_links_name":"\"Suzy Parker, Willowy Model And Actress of 50's, Dies at 69\""},{"Link":"http://www.cbsnews.com/2100-207_162-552447.html","external_links_name":"\"Chanel Girl Suzy Parker Dead at 69\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0662646/","external_links_name":"Suzy Parker"},{"Link":"https://www.allmovie.com/artist/p55137","external_links_name":"Suzy Parker"},{"Link":"https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/7415487","external_links_name":"Suzy Parker"},{"Link":"https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/person/147791%7C143671/wp","external_links_name":"Suzy Parker"},{"Link":"http://www.thefashioninsider.com/supermodels/33.html?lang=EN&meta=avedon-dorian-parker-first-model-supermodel-working-sister-richard-circle-deception-models-north-frederick-horst-introduced-funny-television-tarzan-marriage-artists-music-twilight-relationship-worked-eileen-period-world-later-leigh-including-replaced-famous-title-older-highest-richard-avedon-","external_links_name":"Suzy Parker"},{"Link":"http://www.life.com/image/first/in-gallery/51201/suzy-parker-original-supermodel","external_links_name":"Suzy Parker: Original Supermodel"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101028081730/http://www.life.com/image/first/in-gallery/51201/suzy-parker-original-supermodel","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000116625054","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/66704906","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJhH4vqQqqVktHCVF9byBP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX4962365","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14550121v","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14550121v","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1026260167","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr2001031340","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/237138689","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMG_85	EMG 85	["1 History and design","2 18V Mod","3 Guitars with EMG 85","4 References"]	The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's notability guidelines for products and services. Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted.Find sources: "EMG 85" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) EMG 85ManufacturerEMG, Inc.Period1979–presentTypeActive humbuckerMagnet typeAlnico 5Output specificationsVoltage (RMS), V3.10Voltage (peak), V4.50Noise, dBV-101Impedance, kΩ10Current, µA80Power requirementsPower source9 V batteryBattery life, hours3000Sonic qualitiesResonantfrequency, Hz1870 The EMG 85 is a popular active humbucker guitar pickup manufactured by EMG, Inc. It is paired with the 81 in the Zakk Wylde signature EMG set. It was originally designed to be used in the bridge position but is typically installed in the neck position by modern guitar producers. The EMG 85 can be recognized by a humbucker form-factor and gold embossed EMG logo. The EMG 85-7 is the seven string version of the 85. History and design The EMG 85 changed the previous EMG 58 pickup in the EMG product lineup as a popular rhythm pickup. Technologically, EMG 85 is an active humbucker with bar-shaped Alnico 5 magnet. The bar-shaped magnet affects strings uniformly, without irregularities known in more traditional design with separate pole pieces. Alnico 5 magnets also contribute to a warmer tone than that normally associated with ceramic magnets, which is why some players often use the 85 in the bridge, as opposed to the 81. As the EMG 85 is an active humbucker, its two coils are not just connected in series or parallel with single output. Instead, they have two separate outputs and are summed electronically in the preamp. However, such sealed solution makes it impossible to do coil taps or coil splits. The EMG 89 is a recommended pickup with a coil tap/split option. As is the case with most other modern EMG pickups, the EMG 85 has a 3-wire quik-connect output, which consists of a 3-pin male connector on the pickup body and a 3-wire cable to connect it. The easy wire color code scheme that is the same for all EMG products simplifies soldering and installation. 18V Mod The EMG 85 power source can be modified from 9V to 18V by adding a second 9V battery wired in series. This increases the headroom of the pickup and decreases distortion, particularly with regard to transients. Although the majority of EMG's pickups are rated for 27V operation, they recommend a maximum of 18V, citing the negligible performance increase. There are two main ways to perform this modification. One method involves using separate battery harnesses for each battery. There are several different ways to achieve this, and wiring diagrams can be found all over the internet. The other involves using a separate 9V snap leading to the control cavity to wire two batteries in series outside of the battery compartment. Guitars with EMG 85 Pensa-Suhr MK1 (EMG SA/SA/85) ESP LTD Viper Esp LTD H1001 Schecter C-1 Hellraiser Schecter Damien Elite and Elite FR Schecter Hellraiser Deluxe Schecter Omen Extreme Steinberger Synapse ST-2FPA Jackson Warrior WRXMG Jackson Dinky DKMG Jackson SLSMG (After July 2006) Maxes Harmony Les Paul copy Godin LG EMG Godin Freeway EMG Godin Redline 2 Godin Redline 3 Epiphone 1984 Explorer EX Epiphone Les Paul Custom Plus (Zakk Wylde Bullseye, 2011 edition) Epiphone Les Paul Custom EMG Epiphone SG prophecy EX Epiphone les paul prophecy EX Epiphone Limited Edition G-400 Electric Guitar with EMG Pickups Dean Guitars Razorback 255 Dean Guitars Razorback V 255 Dean Guitars Deceiver Dean Guitars Deceiver FG Dean Guitars Deceiver FMF B.C. Rich Kerry King Signature Wartribe B.C. Rich Kerry King Signature KKV Flying V Gibson Les Paul Gothic II kit Gibson Custom Zakk Wylde Signature Les Paul Gibson Double Cut Longhorn Suhr Reb Beach Signature Model Music Man Steve Lukather Signature Model Washburn X50Pro FE Washburn Wi-200 PRO E Washburn Wm24v PRO E Washburn Wm526 Agile AL-2500 EMG Black/Green/Blue Agile Reaper Custom Black/White Ibanez RGT6EX PRS SE Torero B.C Rich Asm Pro Cort EVL-X7 References EMG data sheet(an Adobe PDF file) ^ a b www.emgpickups.com https://web.archive.org/web/20110926152218/http://www.emgpickups.com/pdfs/faq/EMG-FAQ-Battery-Questions.pdf. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 26, 2011. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty \|title= (help) ^ "Upgrading EMGs to 18 volts". home.comcast.net. Archived from the original on March 6, 2012. ^ " HOW TO: The reversible 18v mod! - SevenString.org". Archived from the original on 2016-04-05. Retrieved 2012-03-06.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"humbucker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humbucker"},{"link_name":"guitar pickup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitar_pickup"},{"link_name":"EMG, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMG,_Inc."},{"link_name":"81","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMG_81"},{"link_name":"Zakk Wylde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zakk_Wylde"}],"text":"The EMG 85 is a popular active humbucker guitar pickup manufactured by EMG, Inc. It is paired with the 81 in the Zakk Wylde signature EMG set. It was originally designed to be used in the bridge position but is typically installed in the neck position by modern guitar producers.The EMG 85 can be recognized by a humbucker form-factor and gold embossed EMG logo.The EMG 85-7 is the seven string version of the 85.","title":"EMG 85"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alnico 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alnico_5"},{"link_name":"81","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMG_81"},{"link_name":"preamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preamp"},{"link_name":"coil taps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coil_tap"},{"link_name":"coil splits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coil_split"},{"link_name":"EMG 89","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMG_89"}],"text":"The EMG 85 changed the previous EMG 58 pickup in the EMG product lineup as a popular rhythm pickup. Technologically, EMG 85 is an active humbucker with bar-shaped Alnico 5 magnet. The bar-shaped magnet affects strings uniformly, without irregularities known in more traditional design with separate pole pieces. Alnico 5 magnets also contribute to a warmer tone than that normally associated with ceramic magnets, which is why some players often use the 85 in the bridge, as opposed to the 81.As the EMG 85 is an active humbucker, its two coils are not just connected in series or parallel with single output. Instead, they have two separate outputs and are summed electronically in the preamp. However, such sealed solution makes it impossible to do coil taps or coil splits. The EMG 89 is a recommended pickup with a coil tap/split option.As is the case with most other modern EMG pickups, the EMG 85 has a 3-wire quik-connect output, which consists of a 3-pin male connector on the pickup body and a 3-wire cable to connect it. The easy wire color code scheme that is the same for all EMG products simplifies soldering and installation.","title":"History and design"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FAQ-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FAQ-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"better source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"}],"text":"The EMG 85 power source can be modified from 9V to 18V by adding a second 9V battery wired in series. This increases the headroom of the pickup and decreases distortion, particularly with regard to transients.[1] Although the majority of EMG's pickups are rated for 27V operation, they recommend a maximum of 18V, citing the negligible performance increase.[1]There are two main ways to perform this modification. One method involves using separate battery harnesses for each battery. There are several different ways to achieve this, and wiring diagrams can be found all over the internet.[2] The other involves using a separate 9V snap leading to the control cavity to wire two batteries in series outside of the battery compartment.[3][better source needed]","title":"18V Mod"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ESP LTD Viper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ESP_LTD_Viper&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Esp LTD H1001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Esp_LTD_H1001&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Schecter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schecter_Guitar_Research"},{"link_name":"Jackson Dinky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson_Dinky"},{"link_name":"Dean Guitars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_Guitars"},{"link_name":"Dean Guitars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_Guitars"},{"link_name":"Razorback V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razorback_V"},{"link_name":"Dean Guitars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_Guitars"},{"link_name":"Dean Guitars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_Guitars"},{"link_name":"Dean Guitars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_Guitars"},{"link_name":"B.C. Rich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B.C._Rich"},{"link_name":"Kerry King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerry_King"},{"link_name":"B.C. Rich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B.C._Rich"},{"link_name":"Kerry King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerry_King"},{"link_name":"Gibson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibson_Guitar_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Gibson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibson_Guitar_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Zakk Wylde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zakk_Wylde"},{"link_name":"Gibson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibson_Guitar_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Suhr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suhr_Guitars"},{"link_name":"Reb Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reb_Beach"},{"link_name":"Music Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Man_(company)"},{"link_name":"Steve Lukather","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Lukather"},{"link_name":"Ibanez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibanez"}],"text":"Pensa-Suhr MK1 (EMG SA/SA/85)\nESP LTD Viper\nEsp LTD H1001\nSchecter C-1 Hellraiser\nSchecter Damien Elite and Elite FR\nSchecter Hellraiser Deluxe\nSchecter Omen Extreme\nSteinberger Synapse ST-2FPA\nJackson Warrior WRXMG [Neck pickup]\nJackson Dinky DKMG [Neck pickup]\nJackson SLSMG [Neck pickup] (After July 2006)\nMaxes Harmony Les Paul copy [Neck and Bridge]\nGodin LG EMG\nGodin Freeway EMG\nGodin Redline 2 [Neck Pickup]\nGodin Redline 3 [Neck Pickup]\nEpiphone 1984 Explorer EX [Neck pickup]\nEpiphone Les Paul Custom Plus (Zakk Wylde Bullseye, 2011 edition) [Neck Pickup]\nEpiphone Les Paul Custom EMG\nEpiphone SG prophecy EX\nEpiphone les paul prophecy EX\nEpiphone Limited Edition G-400 Electric Guitar with EMG Pickups\nDean Guitars Razorback 255\nDean Guitars Razorback V 255\nDean Guitars Deceiver\nDean Guitars Deceiver FG\nDean Guitars Deceiver FMF\nB.C. Rich Kerry King Signature Wartribe [Neck pickup]\nB.C. Rich Kerry King Signature KKV Flying V [Neck pickup]\nGibson Les Paul Gothic II kit [Neck Pickup]\nGibson Custom Zakk Wylde Signature Les Paul [Neck Pickup]\nGibson Double Cut Longhorn\nSuhr Reb Beach Signature Model [Bridge Pickup]\nMusic Man Steve Lukather Signature Model [Bridge Pickup]\nWashburn X50Pro FE [Bridge Pickup]\nWashburn Wi-200 PRO E\nWashburn Wm24v PRO E\nWashburn Wm526\nAgile AL-2500 EMG Black/Green/Blue [Neck Pickup]\nAgile Reaper Custom Black/White [Neck Pickup]\nIbanez RGT6EX [Neck Pickup]\nPRS SE Torero [Neck Pickup]\nB.C Rich Asm Pro [Neck Pickup]\nCort EVL-X7 [Neck Pickup]","title":"Guitars with EMG 85"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"www.emgpickups.com https://web.archive.org/web/20110926152218/http://www.emgpickups.com/pdfs/faq/EMG-FAQ-Battery-Questions.pdf. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 26, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110926152218/http://www.emgpickups.com/pdfs/faq/EMG-FAQ-Battery-Questions.pdf","url_text":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110926152218/http://www.emgpickups.com/pdfs/faq/EMG-FAQ-Battery-Questions.pdf"},{"url":"http://www.emgpickups.com/pdfs/faq/EMG-FAQ-Battery-Questions.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Upgrading EMGs to 18 volts\". home.comcast.net. Archived from the original on March 6, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120306001125/http://home.comcast.net/~mgollihur/emgmod.html","url_text":"\"Upgrading EMGs to 18 volts\""},{"url":"http://home.comcast.net/~mgollihur/emgmod.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"[Tech] HOW TO: The reversible 18v mod! - SevenString.org\". Archived from the original on 2016-04-05. Retrieved 2012-03-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160405195718/http://www.sevenstring.org/forum/sevenstring-org-workbench/66645-tech-how-reversible-18v-mod.html","url_text":"\"[Tech] HOW TO: The reversible 18v mod! - SevenString.org\""},{"url":"http://www.sevenstring.org/forum/sevenstring-org-workbench/66645-tech-how-reversible-18v-mod.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22EMG+85%22","external_links_name":"\"EMG 85\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22EMG+85%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22EMG+85%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22EMG+85%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22EMG+85%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22EMG+85%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101027205642/http://emginc.com/content/wiringdiagrams/H_0230-0106D.pdf","external_links_name":"EMG data sheet"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110926152218/http://www.emgpickups.com/pdfs/faq/EMG-FAQ-Battery-Questions.pdf","external_links_name":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110926152218/http://www.emgpickups.com/pdfs/faq/EMG-FAQ-Battery-Questions.pdf"},{"Link":"http://www.emgpickups.com/pdfs/faq/EMG-FAQ-Battery-Questions.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120306001125/http://home.comcast.net/~mgollihur/emgmod.html","external_links_name":"\"Upgrading EMGs to 18 volts\""},{"Link":"http://home.comcast.net/~mgollihur/emgmod.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160405195718/http://www.sevenstring.org/forum/sevenstring-org-workbench/66645-tech-how-reversible-18v-mod.html","external_links_name":"\"[Tech] HOW TO: The reversible 18v mod! - SevenString.org\""},{"Link":"http://www.sevenstring.org/forum/sevenstring-org-workbench/66645-tech-how-reversible-18v-mod.html","external_links_name":"the original"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benue%E2%80%93Congo_language_family	Benue–Congo languages	["1 Subdivisions","2 Branches and locations (Nigeria)","3 Comparative vocabulary","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]	Major subdivision of the Niger–Congo language family Benue–CongoEast Benue–CongoGeographicdistributionAfrica, from Nigeria eastwards and southwardsLinguistic classificationNiger–Congo?Atlantic–CongoVolta–CongoBenue–CongoSubdivisions Bantoid Cross River Defoid Jukunoid Kainji Plateau Ukaan Fali of Baissa Tita Glottologbenu1247The Benue–Congo languages shown within the Niger–Congo language family. Non-Benue–Congo languages are greyscale.Benue–Congo (sometimes called East Benue–Congo) is a major branch of the Volta-Congo languages which covers most of Sub-Saharan Africa. Subdivisions Central Nigerian (or Platoid) contains the Plateau, Jukunoid and Kainji families, and Bantoid–Cross combines the Bantoid and Cross River groups. Bantoid is only a collective term for every subfamily of Bantoid–Cross except Cross River, and this is no longer seen as forming a valid branch, however one of the subfamilies, Southern Bantoid, is still considered valid. It is Southern Bantoid which contains the Bantu languages, which are spoken across most of Sub-Saharan Africa. This makes Benue–Congo one of the largest subdivisions of the Niger–Congo language family, both in number of languages, of which Ethnologue counts 976 (2017), and in speakers, numbering perhaps 350 million. Benue–Congo also includes a few minor isolates in the Nigeria–Cameroon region, but their exact relationship is uncertain. The neighbouring Volta–Niger branch of Nigeria and Benin is sometimes called "West Benue–Congo", but it does not form a united branch with Benue–Congo. When Benue–Congo was first proposed by Joseph Greenberg (1963), it included Volta–Niger (as West Benue–Congo); the boundary between Volta–Niger and Kwa has been repeatedly debated. Blench (2012) states that if Benue–Congo is taken to be "the noun-class languages east and north of the Niger", it is likely to be a valid group, though no demonstration of this has been made in print.The Benue–Congo branches of Nigeria and CameroonThe branches of the Benue–Congo family are thought to be as follows: Bantoid–Cross languages Cross River Northern Bantoid Southern Bantoid Central Nigerian languages, also known as Platoid Jukunoid Kainji Plateau Ukaan is also related to Benue–Congo; Roger Blench suspects it might be either the most divergent (East) Benue–Congo language or the closest relative to Benue–Congo. Fali of Baissa and Tita are also Benue–Congo but are otherwise unclassified. The Benue-Congo homeland and dispersal of the sub-branches Branches and locations (Nigeria) Below is a list of major Benue–Congo branches and their primary locations (centres of diversity) within Nigeria based on Blench (2019). Distributions of Benue–Congo branches in Nigeria Branch Primary locations Cross River Cross River, Akwa Ibom, and Rivers States; Cameroon Bendi Obudu and Ogoja LGAs, Cross River State Mambiloid Sardauna LGA, Taraba State; Cameroon Dakoid Mayo Belwa LGA, Taraba State and adjacent areas Jukunoid Taraba, Benue, Nasarawa, Gombe, Adamawa, Bauchi, and Plateau States of Nigeria; Cameroon Yukubenic Takum LGA, Taraba State; Cameroon Kainji Kauru and Lere LGAs, Kaduna State; and Bassa LGA, Plateau State; Kano State; Kainji Lake area of Niger and Kebbi States Plateau Plateau, Kaduna, Nasarawa, Niger and Bauchi States and the FCT Tivoid Benue State; Obudu LGA, Cross River State and Sardauna LGA, Taraba State; Nasarawa State; Cameroon Beboid Takum LGA, Taraba State; Cameroon Ekoid Ikom and Ogoja LGAs, Cross River State; Cameroon Grassfields Sardauna LGA, Taraba State; Cameroon Jarawan Bauchi, Plateau, Adamawa, and Taraba States Comparative vocabulary Sample basic vocabulary for reconstructed proto-languages of different Benue-Congo branches: Branch Language eye ear nose tooth tongue mouth blood bone tree water eat name Benue-Congo Proto-Benue-Congo -lito -tuŋi -zua -nini, -nino; -sana; -gaŋgo -lemi; -lake -zi; -luŋ -kupe -titi; -kwon -izi; -ni -zina Kainji Proto-Northern Jos iji (lì-/à-) toŋ (ù-/tì-) nyimu (bì-/ì-) ʔini (lì-/à-) lelem (lì-/à-) nua (ù-/tì-) nyì(aw) (mà-) ti (with reduplication) (ù-/tì-) nyi (mà-) lia ji(a) (lì-/sì-) Plateau Proto-Jukunoid giP (ri-/a-) tóŋ (ku-/a-) wíǹ (ri-/a-) baŋ (ku-/a-); gyín (ri-/a-) déma (ri-/a-) ndut (u-/i-) yíŋ (ma-) kup (ku-/a-) kun (ku-/i-) mbyed dyi gyin (ri-/a-) Plateau Proto-Kagoro -gi -two nii -dyam -nu -suok -kup -kwan -sii Plateau Proto-Jaba gu-su gu-to -gi ga-lem ga-nyu ba-zi gu-kup Plateau Proto-Beromic -gis -toŋ -ɣiŋ -lyam -nu nì-ji -kup -kon -sii Plateau Proto-Ninzic ki-sị́ ku-tóŋ ki-Nyin / -Nyir ì-rem -nuŋ / -nuŋ ma-ɣì kù-kụp ù-kon a-ma-sit Cross Proto-Upper Cross dyèná -ttóŋ(ì) dyòná -ttân -dák -mà -dè; -yìŋ -kúpà -tté -nì dyá -dínà Cross Proto-Lower Cross ɛ́-ɲɛ̀n / a- ú-tɔ́ŋ / a- í-búkó é-dɛ̀t / a- ɛ́-lɛ́mɛ̀ / a- í-núà -ɟìːp ɔ́-kpɔ́ é-tíé ˊ-mɔ́ːŋ líá ɛ́-ɟɛ́n Cross Proto-Ogoni adɛ́ɛ̃ ɔ̀tɔ́̃ m̀ bĩɔ́̃ àdáNa àdídɛ́Nɛ́ m̀ miNi, m̀ muNu ákpogó èté m̀ mṹṹ dè àbée Grassfields Proto-Grassfields Ít` túŋ-li L(u)Í` sòŋ´ lím` cùl` lém`; cÌ´ gÚp; kúi(n)´ tí´ LÍb; kÌ´; mò´ lÍa lÍn`; kúm Grassfields Proto-Ring túɛ̀ túndé dúì, tɔ́ŋ túŋɔ̀, góìk dɔ́mì, dídè dúɔ̀ dúŋá, káŋù gúpɛ́ kák`, tíɛ́ múɔ̀ dúɛ̀ dítɔ́, gíd' Bantu Proto-Bantu i=jíco kʊ=tʊ́i i=jʊ́lʊ i=jíno; i=gego lʊ=lɪ́mi ka=nʊa; mʊ=lomo ma=gilá; =gil-a; ma=gadí; =gadí; mʊ=lopa; ma=ɲínga i=kúpa mʊ=tɪ́ ma=jíjɪ; i=diba (HH?) =lɪ́ -a *i=jína Bantu Swahili jicho sikio pua jino ulimi kinywa damu (Ar.) mfupa mti maji la jina See also List of Proto-Benue-Congo reconstructions (Wiktionary) Systematic graphic of the Niger–Congo languages with numbers of speakers References ^ Roger Blench, Niger-Congo: an alternative view Archived 2012-12-03 at the Wayback Machine ^ Watters JR (2018). Watters, John R (eds.). East Benue-Congo: Nouns, pronouns, and verbs (pdf). Berlin: Language Science Press. doi:10.5281/zenodo.1314306. ISBN 978-3-96110-100-9. Archived from the original on 2018-11-16. Retrieved 2018-11-15. ^ a b Blench, Roger (2019). An Atlas of Nigerian Languages (4th ed.). Cambridge: Kay Williamson Educational Foundation. ^ de wolf, Paul. 1971. The Noun-Class System of Proto-Benue-Congo Archived 2023-11-11 at the Wayback Machine. Janua Linguarum. Series Practica 167. The Hague: Mouton. ^ Shimizu, Kiyoshi (1982). "Die Nord-Jos-Grüppe der Plateau-Sprachen Nigerias". Afrika und Übersee (in German). 65 (2): 161–210. ISSN 0002-0427. ^ Shimizu, Kiyoshi. 1980. Comparative Jukunoid, 3 vols. (Veröffentlichungen der Institute für Afrikanistik und Ägyptologie der Universität Wien 7–9. Beiträge zur Afrikanistik 5–7). Vienna: Afro-Pub. ^ a b c d Gerhardt, Ludwig (1983). Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Sprachen des Nigerianischen Plateaus. Afrikanistische Forschungen (in German). Vol. 9. Glückstadt: J. J. Augustin. ISBN 3-87030-062-0. ^ Dimmendaal, Gerrit J. (1978). The Consonants of Proto-Upper Cross and their Implications for the Classification of the Upper Cross Languages (PhD). Leiden University. OCLC 37049861. ^ Connell, Bruce. n.d. Comparative Lower Cross wordlist Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine. Unpublished manuscript. ^ Blench, Roger and Kay Williamson. 2008. The Ogoni languages: comparative word list and historical reconstructions Archived 2020-08-05 at the Wayback Machine. ^ Hyman, L.M. 1979. Index of Proto-Grassfields Bantu roots Archived 2019-09-04 at the Wayback Machine. Ms. U.S.C.; CBOLD Archived 2011-09-15 at the Wayback Machine; accessed from Comparalex Archived 2020-08-15 at the Wayback Machine. ^ Paulin, Pascale. 1995. Etude comparative des langues du groupe Ring: langues Grassfields de l'ouest, Cameroun. MA thesis, Université Lumière Lyon 2. ^ Schadeberg, Thilo C. 2003. Historical linguistics. In Derek Nurse and Gérard Philippson (eds.), The Bantu languages. (Routledge language family series 4. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-700-71134-5 Wolf, Paul Polydoor de (1971) The Noun Class System of Proto-Benue–Congo (Thesis, Leiden University). The Hague/Paris: Mouton. Williamson, Kay (1989) 'Benue–Congo Overview', pp. 248–274 in Bendor-Samuel, John & Rhonda L. Hartell (eds.) The Niger–Congo Languages – A classification and description of Africa's largest language family. Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America. External links ComparaLex, database with Benue-Congo word lists Web resources for the Benue–Congo languages Journal of West African Languages: Benue-Congo Proto-Benue-Congo Swadesh list Archived 2021-07-09 at the Wayback Machine (de Wolf 1971) vtePlatoid languagesJukunoid Como Karim Etkywan Hõne Jan Awei Jiba Jibu Jiru Jukun Kpan Kuteb Lau Nyifon Shoo-Minda-Nye Tigon Mbembe Wannu Wapan Wãpha KainjiKambari Cipu Baangi Kimba Shingini Vadi Wenci Yumu Basa Basa-Benue Basa-Gumna Basa-Gurara Basa-Kontagora Basa-Kwali Basa-Makurdi Koromba Bassa Nge Kamuku Cinda-Regi Eastern Acipa Hungworo Kagare Rogo Rubaruba Shama Shiroro Baushi Fungwa Gurmana Pongu Northwest Damakawa Gwamhi-Wuri Hun-Saare Lela ut-Ma'in Lakes Laru (Shen) Lopa (Rerang) ? Reshe EastNorthern Gamo-Ningi Gyem Iguta Izora Janji Kudu-Camo Lemoro Lere Shau Ziriya Kauru Bina Dungu Gbiri-Niragu Kaivi Kinuku Kono Kurama Mala Ruma Shuwa-Zamani Vori (Surubu) Tumi Vono Shammo Zele Boze Panawa Sanga Gusu Moro Loro Bunu ? Tunzu Other Atsam Map Piti PlateauTarokoid Kusur–Myet Kwang Pe Shall-Zwall Tarok Yangkam South Ake Eggon Jijili Jili Alumic Alumu Toro Sambe Hasha Nigbo Ninzic Bu-Ninkada Ce Gbətsu Gwantu Kanufi Mada Ningye Ninka Ninkyop Ninzo Nkɔ Nungu Ayu East Barkul Fyam Horom Central Ashe (Koro) Ajuwa Cori Dangana Doka Fəràn Gwara Gyong Hyam Idon Idun Iku Izere Jju Kadara Kamanton Kulu Kuturmi Rigwe Shamang Tyap Yeskwa Zhire Beromic Berom Cara Iten Nincut Yukubenic Akum Beezen Bete Kapya Lufu Yukuben Ndunic Ahwai others Eloyi vteNiger–Congo branchesAtlantic–CongoSavannasAdamawa Bena–Mboi Bikwin–Jen Bua Day Fali Kim Kwah (Baa) Longuda Mbum (Kebi–Benue) Mumuye Nyingwom (Kam) Samba–Duru Tula–Waja Yendang (Maya) Gur Central Gur Kulango Miyobe Samo (Burkina) ? Senufo Tiefo Tusian Viemo Ubangian Banda Gbaya Mba Ngbaka (Mundu–Baka) Ngbandi Sere (Ndogo) Zande Volta–CongoBenue–CongoPlatoid Jukunoid Kainji Plateau Cross River Central Delta Lower Cross River Ogoni Upper Cross River Northern Bantoid Dakoid Mambiloid Tikar Southern Bantoid Bantu Beboid Bendi Ekoid Grassfields Tivoid Volta–Niger Akoko Akpes Ayere–Ahan Edoid Gbe Idomoid Igboid Nupoid Oko Ukaan Yoruboid West Atlantic Bak Bijago Gola Limba Mel Nalu Rio Nunez Senegambian Sua Others (Ghana and Ivory Coast) Dompo Ega Kru Kwa Mangree ? Mbre Mpra ? Siamou MandeSoutheastEastern Bissa Busa–Boko Samo (Burkina) ? Shanga–Tyenga Southern Dan–Goo–Tura Gban–Beng Guro–Yaure Mano Mwa–Wan WestCentral West(Manding–Kpelle) Jogo Manding Mokole Soso–Jalonke (Susu–Yalunka) Southwestern Mande Vai–Kono Northwest(Samogo–Soninke) Bobo Jowulu (Jɔ) Samogo (partial: Duun–Sembla) Soninke–Bozo Kordofanian Katla Lafofa Rashad Talodi–Heiban Others Defaka Dogon Ijoid Isolates Bangime Jalaa ? Komta ? Laal Unclassified Degere ? Dima-Bottego ? Omaio ? Rimba ? "Serengeti-Dorobo" ? Wawu ? Proto-languages Proto-Niger–Congo Proto-Bantu Proto-Yoruboid Authority control databases National Spain Germany Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Volta-Congo languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volta-Congo_languages"},{"link_name":"Sub-Saharan Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa"}],"text":"Benue–Congo (sometimes called East Benue–Congo) is a major branch of the Volta-Congo languages which covers most of Sub-Saharan Africa.","title":"Benue–Congo languages"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Plateau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plateau_languages"},{"link_name":"Jukunoid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jukunoid_languages"},{"link_name":"Kainji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kainji_languages"},{"link_name":"Bantoid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantoid_languages"},{"link_name":"Cross River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_River_languages"},{"link_name":"Ethnologue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnologue"},{"link_name":"isolates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_isolate"},{"link_name":"Volta–Niger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volta%E2%80%93Niger"},{"link_name":"Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria"},{"link_name":"Benin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin"},{"link_name":"Joseph Greenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Greenberg"},{"link_name":"Kwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwa_languages"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Benue%E2%80%93Congo_languages_of_Nigeria_and_Cameroon.svg"},{"link_name":"Bantoid–Cross languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantoid%E2%80%93Cross_languages"},{"link_name":"Cross River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_River_languages"},{"link_name":"Northern Bantoid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Bantoid_languages"},{"link_name":"Southern Bantoid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Bantoid_languages"},{"link_name":"Central Nigerian languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Nigerian_languages"},{"link_name":"Jukunoid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jukunoid_languages"},{"link_name":"Kainji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kainji_languages"},{"link_name":"Plateau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plateau_languages"},{"link_name":"Ukaan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukaan_language"},{"link_name":"Fali of Baissa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fali_of_Baissa"},{"link_name":"Tita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tita_language"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dispersal_of_the_Benue-Congo_languages.png"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-watters-2"}],"text":"Central Nigerian (or Platoid) contains the Plateau, Jukunoid and Kainji families, and Bantoid–Cross combines the Bantoid and Cross River groups.Bantoid is only a collective term for every subfamily of Bantoid–Cross except Cross River, and this is no longer seen as forming a valid branch, however one of the subfamilies, Southern Bantoid, is still considered valid. It is Southern Bantoid which contains the Bantu languages, which are spoken across most of Sub-Saharan Africa. This makes Benue–Congo one of the largest subdivisions of the Niger–Congo language family, both in number of languages, of which Ethnologue counts 976 (2017), and in speakers, numbering perhaps 350 million. Benue–Congo also includes a few minor isolates in the Nigeria–Cameroon region, but their exact relationship is uncertain.The neighbouring Volta–Niger branch of Nigeria and Benin is sometimes called \"West Benue–Congo\", but it does not form a united branch with Benue–Congo. When Benue–Congo was first proposed by Joseph Greenberg (1963), it included Volta–Niger (as West Benue–Congo); the boundary between Volta–Niger and Kwa has been repeatedly debated. Blench (2012) states that if Benue–Congo is taken to be \"the noun-class languages east and north of the Niger\", it is likely to be a valid group, though no demonstration of this has been made in print.[1]The Benue–Congo branches of Nigeria and CameroonThe branches of the Benue–Congo family are thought to be as follows:Bantoid–Cross languages\nCross River\nNorthern Bantoid\nSouthern Bantoid\nCentral Nigerian languages, also known as Platoid\nJukunoid\nKainji\nPlateauUkaan is also related to Benue–Congo; Roger Blench suspects it might be either the most divergent (East) Benue–Congo language or the closest relative to Benue–Congo.Fali of Baissa and Tita are also Benue–Congo but are otherwise unclassified.The Benue-Congo homeland and dispersal of the sub-branches[2]","title":"Subdivisions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BlenchAtlas4-3"}],"text":"Below is a list of major Benue–Congo branches and their primary locations (centres of diversity) within Nigeria based on Blench (2019).[3]","title":"Branches and locations (Nigeria)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"proto-languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-language"}],"text":"Sample basic vocabulary for reconstructed proto-languages of different Benue-Congo branches:","title":"Comparative vocabulary"}]	[{"image_text":"The Benue–Congo branches of Nigeria and Cameroon","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Map_of_the_Benue%E2%80%93Congo_languages_of_Nigeria_and_Cameroon.svg/300px-Map_of_the_Benue%E2%80%93Congo_languages_of_Nigeria_and_Cameroon.svg.png"},{"image_text":"The Benue-Congo homeland and dispersal of the sub-branches[2]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Dispersal_of_the_Benue-Congo_languages.png/220px-Dispersal_of_the_Benue-Congo_languages.png"}]	[{"title":"List of Proto-Benue-Congo reconstructions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:List_of_Proto-Benue-Congo_reconstructions"},{"title":"Systematic graphic of the Niger–Congo languages with numbers of speakers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Niger-Congo_speakers.png"}]	[{"reference":"Watters JR (2018). Watters, John R (eds.). East Benue-Congo: Nouns, pronouns, and verbs (pdf). Berlin: Language Science Press. doi:10.5281/zenodo.1314306. ISBN 978-3-96110-100-9. Archived from the original on 2018-11-16. Retrieved 2018-11-15.","urls":[{"url":"http://langsci-press.org/catalog/book/190","url_text":"East Benue-Congo: Nouns, pronouns, and verbs"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.5281%2Fzenodo.1314306","url_text":"10.5281/zenodo.1314306"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-96110-100-9","url_text":"978-3-96110-100-9"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181116000742/http://langsci-press.org/catalog/book/190","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Blench, Roger (2019). An Atlas of Nigerian Languages (4th ed.). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinton_O._White	Clinton Oliver White	["1 References"]	Canadian politician (1928–2020) Clinton Oliver White (December 28, 1928 – December 31, 2020) was an educator and former political figure in Saskatchewan, Canada. He represented Regina Wascana from 1978 to 1982 in the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan as a New Democratic Party (NDP) member. He was born in Endeavour, Saskatchewan, the son of Henry Donald White and Jennie Olivia Sofia Anderson, and was educated there, in Yorkton, at the University of Saskatchewan and at the University of Minnesota. In 1952, White married Matilda Schmeiser. He was a professor emeritus of history at the University of Regina. White was defeated by Gordon Currie when he ran for reelection to the provincial assembly in 1982. After leaving politics, White returned to teaching Canadian history at Campion College. White is the author of Power for a Province: A History of Saskatchewan Power published in 1976. He died in 2020, three days after his 92nd birthday. References ^ Normandin, Pierre G (1981). Canadian Parliamentary Guide. ^ "Department of History". University of Regina. Archived from the original on 2009-06-06. Retrieved 2012-08-31. ^ "Saskatchewan Election Results By Electoral Division" (PDF). Saskatchewan Archives Board. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-11-12. Retrieved 2012-03-27. ^ "Politicians turn to books, buns and crops". Leader-Post. August 17, 1982. p. 4. Retrieved 2012-09-01. ^ White, Clinton O (1976). Power for a Province: A History of Saskatchewan Power. Canadian Plains Research Center. ISBN 088977000X. Retrieved 2012-08-31. ^ "Clinton White". Regina Leader-Post. Retrieved 19 February 2021. This article about a Saskatchewan politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Saskatchewan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saskatchewan"},{"link_name":"Regina Wascana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regina_Wascana"},{"link_name":"Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Saskatchewan"},{"link_name":"New Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saskatchewan_New_Democratic_Party"},{"link_name":"Endeavour, Saskatchewan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endeavour,_Saskatchewan"},{"link_name":"Yorkton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkton,_Saskatchewan"},{"link_name":"University of Saskatchewan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Saskatchewan"},{"link_name":"University of Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-normandin-1"},{"link_name":"University of Regina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Regina"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Gordon Currie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Gray_Currie"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-results-3"},{"link_name":"Campion College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campion_College,_Regina"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Clinton Oliver White (December 28, 1928 – December 31, 2020) was an educator and former political figure in Saskatchewan, Canada. He represented Regina Wascana from 1978 to 1982 in the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan as a New Democratic Party (NDP) member.He was born in Endeavour, Saskatchewan, the son of Henry Donald White and Jennie Olivia Sofia Anderson, and was educated there, in Yorkton, at the University of Saskatchewan and at the University of Minnesota. In 1952, White married Matilda Schmeiser.[1] He was a professor emeritus of history at the University of Regina.[2] White was defeated by Gordon Currie when he ran for reelection to the provincial assembly in 1982.[3] After leaving politics, White returned to teaching Canadian history at Campion College.[4]White is the author of Power for a Province: A History of Saskatchewan Power published in 1976.[5] He died in 2020, three days after his 92nd birthday.[6]","title":"Clinton Oliver White"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Normandin, Pierre G (1981). Canadian Parliamentary Guide.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Department of History\". University of Regina. Archived from the original on 2009-06-06. Retrieved 2012-08-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090606072609/http://www.uregina.ca/gencal/ugcal/facultyofArts/ugcal_177.shtml","url_text":"\"Department of History\""},{"url":"https://www.uregina.ca/gencal/ugcal/facultyofArts/ugcal_177.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Saskatchewan Election Results By Electoral Division\" (PDF). Saskatchewan Archives Board. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-11-12. Retrieved 2012-03-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131112235500/http://www.saskarchives.com/sites/default/files/documents/Elections-Results-by-Electoral-Division.pdf","url_text":"\"Saskatchewan Election Results By Electoral Division\""},{"url":"http://www.saskarchives.com/sites/default/files/documents/Elections-Results-by-Electoral-Division.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Politicians turn to books, buns and crops\". Leader-Post. August 17, 1982. p. 4. Retrieved 2012-09-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=j5lVAAAAIBAJ&sjid=L0ANAAAAIBAJ&pg=1002,257963","url_text":"\"Politicians turn to books, buns and crops\""}]},{"reference":"White, Clinton O (1976). Power for a Province: A History of Saskatchewan Power. Canadian Plains Research Center. ISBN 088977000X. Retrieved 2012-08-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/powerforprovince0005whit","url_text":"Power for a Province: A History of Saskatchewan Power"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/088977000X","url_text":"088977000X"}]},{"reference":"\"Clinton White\". Regina Leader-Post. Retrieved 19 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://leaderpost.remembering.ca/obituary/clinton-white-1081352621","url_text":"\"Clinton White\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090606072609/http://www.uregina.ca/gencal/ugcal/facultyofArts/ugcal_177.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Department of History\""},{"Link":"https://www.uregina.ca/gencal/ugcal/facultyofArts/ugcal_177.shtml","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131112235500/http://www.saskarchives.com/sites/default/files/documents/Elections-Results-by-Electoral-Division.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Saskatchewan Election Results By Electoral Division\""},{"Link":"http://www.saskarchives.com/sites/default/files/documents/Elections-Results-by-Electoral-Division.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=j5lVAAAAIBAJ&sjid=L0ANAAAAIBAJ&pg=1002,257963","external_links_name":"\"Politicians turn to books, buns and crops\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/powerforprovince0005whit","external_links_name":"Power for a Province: A History of Saskatchewan Power"},{"Link":"https://leaderpost.remembering.ca/obituary/clinton-white-1081352621","external_links_name":"\"Clinton White\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clinton_Oliver_White&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davers_baronets	Davers baronets	["1 Davers baronets, of Rougham (1682)","2 References"]	Extinct baronetcy in the Baronetage of England Escutcheon of the Davers baronets of Rougham The Davers Baronetcy, of Rougham in the County of Suffolk, was a title in the Baronetage of England. It was created on 12 May 1682 for Robert Davers, who had made a great fortune in Barbados as a plantation owner before acquiring the Rougham estate in Suffolk. The second and fourth Baronets represented Bury St Edmunds and Suffolk in Parliament. The sixth Baronet sat as Member of Parliament for Weymouth and Bury St Edmunds. Despite having an alleged nine illegitimate children, the 6th Baronet left his estates to his nephew, Frederick Hervey, 1st Marquess of Bristol, and his baronetcy became extinct. Thomas Davers, third son of the second Baronet, was an admiral in the Royal Navy. The family seat was Rushbrooke Hall from 1703 to 1806, which entered the family through the marriage of the second baronet to a daughter of Thomas Jermyn, 2nd Baron Jermyn. Davers baronets, of Rougham (1682) Sir Robert Davers, 1st Baronet (c. 1620–1685) Sir Robert Davers, 2nd Baronet (c. 1653–1722) Sir Robert Davers, 3rd Baronet (c. 1684–1723) Sir Jermyn Davers, 4th Baronet (c. 1686–1743) Sir Robert Davers, 5th Baronet (c. 1730– 6 May 1763) (killed in Pontiac's Rebellion) Sir Charles Davers, 6th Baronet (1737–1806) References ^ Cokayne, George Edward, ed. (1904), Complete Baronetage volume 4 (1665–1707), vol. 4, Exeter: William Pollard and Co, retrieved 2 February 2019 ^ Henning, B D. (1983). "DAVERS, Sir Robert, 2nd Bt. (c.1653-1722), of Rougham, nr. Bury St. Edmunds, Suff". The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1660-1690. historyofparliamentonline.org. Retrieved 22 August 2023.	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It was created on 12 May 1682 for Robert Davers, who had made a great fortune in Barbados as a plantation owner before acquiring the Rougham estate in Suffolk.[1] The second and fourth Baronets represented Bury St Edmunds and Suffolk in Parliament.[2] The sixth Baronet sat as Member of Parliament for Weymouth and Bury St Edmunds. Despite having an alleged nine illegitimate children, the 6th Baronet left his estates to his nephew, Frederick Hervey, 1st Marquess of Bristol, and his baronetcy became extinct.Thomas Davers, third son of the second Baronet, was an admiral in the Royal Navy. The family seat was Rushbrooke Hall from 1703 to 1806, which entered the family through the marriage of the second baronet to a daughter of Thomas Jermyn, 2nd Baron Jermyn.","title":"Davers baronets"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sir Robert Davers, 2nd Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Robert_Davers,_2nd_Baronet"},{"link_name":"Sir Jermyn Davers, 4th Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Jermyn_Davers,_4th_Baronet"},{"link_name":"Sir Robert Davers, 5th Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Robert_Davers,_5th_Baronet"},{"link_name":"Pontiac's Rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontiac%27s_Rebellion"},{"link_name":"Sir Charles Davers, 6th Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Charles_Davers,_6th_Baronet"}],"text":"Sir Robert Davers, 1st Baronet (c. 1620–1685)\nSir Robert Davers, 2nd Baronet (c. 1653–1722)\nSir Robert Davers, 3rd Baronet (c. 1684–1723)\nSir Jermyn Davers, 4th Baronet (c. 1686–1743)\nSir Robert Davers, 5th Baronet (c. 1730– 6 May 1763) (killed in Pontiac's Rebellion)\nSir Charles Davers, 6th Baronet (1737–1806)","title":"Davers baronets, of Rougham (1682)"}]	[{"image_text":"Escutcheon of the Davers baronets of Rougham","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Blazon_of_Davers_Baronets_of_Rougham_%281682%29.svg/150px-Blazon_of_Davers_Baronets_of_Rougham_%281682%29.svg.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"Cokayne, George Edward, ed. (1904), Complete Baronetage volume 4 (1665–1707), vol. 4, Exeter: William Pollard and Co, retrieved 2 February 2019","urls":[{"url":"http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924092524408#page/n145/mode/2up","url_text":"Complete Baronetage volume 4 (1665–1707)"}]},{"reference":"Henning, B D. (1983). \"DAVERS, Sir Robert, 2nd Bt. (c.1653-1722), of Rougham, nr. Bury St. Edmunds, Suff\". The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1660-1690. historyofparliamentonline.org. Retrieved 22 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1660-1690/member/davers-sir-robert-1653-1722","url_text":"\"DAVERS, Sir Robert, 2nd Bt. (c.1653-1722), of Rougham, nr. Bury St. Edmunds, Suff\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924092524408#page/n145/mode/2up","external_links_name":"Complete Baronetage volume 4 (1665–1707)"},{"Link":"http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1660-1690/member/davers-sir-robert-1653-1722","external_links_name":"\"DAVERS, Sir Robert, 2nd Bt. (c.1653-1722), of Rougham, nr. Bury St. Edmunds, Suff\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Wilms_Tumor_Study_Group	National Wilms Tumor Study Group	["1 External links"]	This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "National Wilms Tumor Study Group" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The National Wilms Tumor Study Group (NWTS) is a cancer research cooperative group in the United States formed to study a type of kidney tumor that affects children called Wilms' tumor. In 2001, NWTS merged with several other pediatric oncology cooperative groups to create the Children's Oncology Group (COG). However, the NWTS is still active in name today completing follow-up of the late effects of treatment for patients previously enrolled in its trials. The acronym NWTS is pronounced like the word "nitwits". The NWTS was formed in 1969 by member institutions from Children's Cancer Study Group (CCG), Southwest Oncology Group (SWOG), and CALGB, the latter two which later merged to form the Pediatric Oncology Group (POG). The NWTS was created with the purpose of improving survival of children with Wilms' tumor. NWTS studies were conducted at over 250 pediatric oncology treatment centers in the United States, Canada, and other countries. Approximately 70-80% of patients with Wilms' tumor were enrolled on NWTS treatment protocols, totalling 440 patients per year. NWTS ran five clinical trials, designated NWTS-1 to NWTS-5. The first four were randomized trials, whereas NWTS-5 was a clinical trial designed to look primarily at biologic prognostic factors and was not randomized. NWTS-5 was completed in 2003. External links National Wilms Tumor Study Group - home page This oncology article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This pediatrics article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"kidney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidney"},{"link_name":"tumor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumor"},{"link_name":"Wilms' tumor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilms%27_tumor"},{"link_name":"Children's Oncology Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children%27s_Oncology_Group"},{"link_name":"Children's Cancer Study Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children%27s_Cancer_Study_Group"},{"link_name":"Southwest Oncology Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwest_Oncology_Group"},{"link_name":"CALGB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CALGB"},{"link_name":"Pediatric Oncology Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pediatric_Oncology_Group"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"randomized trials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randomized_trial"}],"text":"The National Wilms Tumor Study Group (NWTS) is a cancer research cooperative group in the United States formed to study a type of kidney tumor that affects children called Wilms' tumor. In 2001, NWTS merged with several other pediatric oncology cooperative groups to create the Children's Oncology Group (COG). However, the NWTS is still active in name today completing follow-up of the late effects of treatment for patients previously enrolled in its trials. The acronym NWTS is pronounced like the word \"nitwits\".The NWTS was formed in 1969 by member institutions from Children's Cancer Study Group (CCG), Southwest Oncology Group (SWOG), and CALGB, the latter two which later merged to form the Pediatric Oncology Group (POG). The NWTS was created with the purpose of improving survival of children with Wilms' tumor. NWTS studies were conducted at over 250 pediatric oncology treatment centers in the United States, Canada, and other countries. Approximately 70-80% of patients with Wilms' tumor were enrolled on NWTS treatment protocols, totalling 440 patients per year.NWTS ran five clinical trials, designated NWTS-1 to NWTS-5. The first four were randomized trials, whereas NWTS-5 was a clinical trial designed to look primarily at biologic prognostic factors and was not randomized. NWTS-5 was completed in 2003.","title":"National Wilms Tumor Study Group"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22National+Wilms+Tumor+Study+Group%22","external_links_name":"\"National Wilms Tumor Study Group\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22National+Wilms+Tumor+Study+Group%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22National+Wilms+Tumor+Study+Group%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22National+Wilms+Tumor+Study+Group%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22National+Wilms+Tumor+Study+Group%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22National+Wilms+Tumor+Study+Group%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.nwtsg.org/","external_links_name":"National Wilms Tumor Study Group"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Wilms_Tumor_Study_Group&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Wilms_Tumor_Study_Group&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/50%C2%B0_northern_latitude	50th parallel north	["1 Around the world","2 Sakhalin island","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]	Circle of latitude 50°class=notpageimage\| 50th parallel north Map all coordinates using OpenStreetMap Download coordinates as: KML GPX (all coordinates) GPX (primary coordinates) GPX (secondary coordinates) The 50th parallel north is a circle of latitude that is 50 degrees north of the Earth's equatorial plane. It crosses Europe, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, North America, and the Atlantic Ocean. At this latitude the sun is visible for 16 hours, 22 minutes during the summer solstice and 8 hours, 4 minutes during the winter solstice. The maximum altitude of the sun during the summer solstice is 63.44 degrees and during the winter solstice it is 16.56 degrees. During the summer solstice, nighttime does not get beyond astronomical twilight, a condition which lasts throughout the month of June. It is possible to view both astronomical dawn and dusk every day of the month of May. At this latitude, the average sea surface temperature between 1982 and 2011 was about 8.5 °C (47.3 °F). Around the world A sculpture at the Rhein-Main Regional Park (de) in Germany showing Mainz and other cities around the world that lie along the 50th parallel north (distances not to scale) 50th latitude mark in central Mainz, Germany A plaque marking the 50th parallel north in Kharkiv, Ukraine 50th parallel marker next to the Old Island Highway in Campbell River, British Columbia, Canada Starting at the Prime Meridian and heading eastwards, the parallel 50° north passes through: Co-ordinates Country, territory or sea Notes 50°0′N 0°0′E / 50.000°N 0.000°E / 50.000; 0.000 (Prime Meridian) English Channel 50°0′N 1°15′E / 50.000°N 1.250°E / 50.000; 1.250 (France) France Upper Normandy — for about 20 kmPicardy — passing just north of AmiensNord-Pas-de-Calais — for about 13 km 50°0′N 4°10′E / 50.000°N 4.167°E / 50.000; 4.167 (Belgium) Belgium Wallonia 50°0′N 4°40′E / 50.000°N 4.667°E / 50.000; 4.667 (France) France Champagne-Ardenne — for about 10 km 50°0′N 4°49′E / 50.000°N 4.817°E / 50.000; 4.817 (Belgium) Belgium Wallonia 50°0′N 5°49′E / 50.000°N 5.817°E / 50.000; 5.817 (Luxembourg) Luxembourg Diekirch District 50°0′N 6°9′E / 50.000°N 6.150°E / 50.000; 6.150 (Germany) Germany Rhineland-Palatinate Hesse Rhineland-Palatinate — passing through Mainz city centre Hesse — passing just south of Frankfurt, crossing a runway of FRA international airport and passing just south of DCF77 time signal transmitter Bavaria — passing just north of Bayreuth 50°0′N 12°26′E / 50.000°N 12.433°E / 50.000; 12.433 (Czech Republic) Czech Republic Passing through southern parts of Prague 50°0′N 17°49′E / 50.000°N 17.817°E / 50.000; 17.817 (Poland) Poland For about 11 km 50°0′N 17°58′E / 50.000°N 17.967°E / 50.000; 17.967 (Czech Republic) Czech Republic For about 10 km 50°0′N 18°7′E / 50.000°N 18.117°E / 50.000; 18.117 (Poland) Poland Passing through southern districts of Kraków (on the 20th meridian east)Passing through southern districts of Tarnów (on the 21st meridian east)Passing through southern districts of Rzeszów (on the 22nd meridian east) 50°0′N 23°10′E / 50.000°N 23.167°E / 50.000; 23.167 (Ukraine) Ukraine Lviv Oblast — passing just north of Lviv Ternopil Oblast — passing through Pochaiv Khmelnytskyi Oblast Zhytomyr Oblast — passing through Andrushivka Kyiv Oblast Cherkasy Oblast Poltava Oblast — passing through Lubny Kharkiv Oblast — passing through Kharkiv city centre 50°0′N 37°57′E / 50.000°N 37.950°E / 50.000; 37.950 (Russia) Russia Belgorod Oblast — for about 18 km 50°0′N 38°12′E / 50.000°N 38.200°E / 50.000; 38.200 (Ukraine) Ukraine Luhansk Oblast — for about 12 km 50°0′N 38°22′E / 50.000°N 38.367°E / 50.000; 38.367 (Russia) Russia Belgorod Oblast Voronezh Oblast — passing just north of Boguchar Rostov Oblast Volgograd Oblast — passing just south of Kamyshin 50°0′N 47°15′E / 50.000°N 47.250°E / 50.000; 47.250 (Kazakhstan) Kazakhstan West Kazakhstan Province 50°0′N 48°8′E / 50.000°N 48.133°E / 50.000; 48.133 (Russia) Russia Saratov Oblast 50°0′N 48°51′E / 50.000°N 48.850°E / 50.000; 48.850 (Kazakhstan) Kazakhstan West Kazakhstan Province Aktobe Province Kostanay Province Karagandy Province — passing just north of Karaganda East Kazakhstan Province — passing just north of Oskemen 50°0′N 85°2′E / 50.000°N 85.033°E / 50.000; 85.033 (Russia) Russia Altai Republic Tuva 50°0′N 89°58′E / 50.000°N 89.967°E / 50.000; 89.967 (Mongolia) Mongolia Passing through the southern tip of Uvs Lake 50°0′N 95°1′E / 50.000°N 95.017°E / 50.000; 95.017 (Russia) Russia Tuva 50°0′N 95°45′E / 50.000°N 95.750°E / 50.000; 95.750 (Mongolia) Mongolia For about 11 km 50°0′N 95°55′E / 50.000°N 95.917°E / 50.000; 95.917 (Russia) Russia Tuva — for about 7 km 50°0′N 96°2′E / 50.000°N 96.033°E / 50.000; 96.033 (Mongolia) Mongolia For about 11 km 50°0′N 96°10′E / 50.000°N 96.167°E / 50.000; 96.167 (Russia) Russia Tuva 50°0′N 97°55′E / 50.000°N 97.917°E / 50.000; 97.917 (Mongolia) Mongolia 50°0′N 107°13′E / 50.000°N 107.217°E / 50.000; 107.217 (Russia) Russia Buryatia — for about 5 km 50°0′N 107°18′E / 50.000°N 107.300°E / 50.000; 107.300 (Mongolia) Mongolia For about 3 km 50°0′N 107°20′E / 50.000°N 107.333°E / 50.000; 107.333 (Russia) Russia Buryatia Zabaykalsky Krai 50°0′N 113°34′E / 50.000°N 113.567°E / 50.000; 113.567 (Mongolia) Mongolia 50°0′N 115°12′E / 50.000°N 115.200°E / 50.000; 115.200 (Russia) Russia Zabaykalsky Krai 50°0′N 116°1′E / 50.000°N 116.017°E / 50.000; 116.017 (Mongolia) Mongolia 50°0′N 116°20′E / 50.000°N 116.333°E / 50.000; 116.333 (Russia) Russia Zabaykalsky Krai 50°0′N 119°6′E / 50.000°N 119.100°E / 50.000; 119.100 (China) People's Republic of China Inner Mongolia Heilongjiang 50°0′N 127°29′E / 50.000°N 127.483°E / 50.000; 127.483 (Russia) Russia Amur Oblast Khabarovsk Krai 50°0′N 140°30′E / 50.000°N 140.500°E / 50.000; 140.500 (Strait of Tartary) Strait of Tartary 50°0′N 142°9′E / 50.000°N 142.150°E / 50.000; 142.150 (Russia) Russia Sakhalin Oblast — island of Sakhalin 50°0′N 143°59′E / 50.000°N 143.983°E / 50.000; 143.983 (Sea of Okhotsk) Sea of Okhotsk 50°0′N 155°23′E / 50.000°N 155.383°E / 50.000; 155.383 (Russia) Russia Sakhalin Oblast — island of Paramushir 50°0′N 155°24′E / 50.000°N 155.400°E / 50.000; 155.400 (Pacific Ocean) Pacific Ocean 50°0′N 127°19′W / 50.000°N 127.317°W / 50.000; -127.317 (Canada) Canada British Columbia — Vancouver Island (passing through the town of Campbell River) and mainland, also through the Okanagan Valley immediately north of Kelowna. Alberta — passing through the city of Medicine Hat Saskatchewan it passes a few km south of the cities of Swift Current, Moose Jaw and the capital, Regina Manitoba — passing just north of Winnipeg Ontario — passing through Lake Nipigon Quebec - passing through the town of Port-Cartier 50°0′N 66°54′W / 50.000°N 66.900°W / 50.000; -66.900 (Gulf of Saint Lawrence) Gulf of Saint Lawrence Passing just north of Anticosti Island, Quebec, Canada 50°0′N 57°45′W / 50.000°N 57.750°W / 50.000; -57.750 (Canada) Canada Newfoundland and Labrador — island of Newfoundland 50°0′N 56°46′W / 50.000°N 56.767°W / 50.000; -56.767 (White Bay) White Bay 50°0′N 56°21′W / 50.000°N 56.350°W / 50.000; -56.350 (Canada) Canada Newfoundland and Labrador — island of Newfoundland 50°0′N 55°52′W / 50.000°N 55.867°W / 50.000; -55.867 (Atlantic Ocean) Atlantic Ocean Confusion Bay 50°0′N 55°33′W / 50.000°N 55.550°W / 50.000; -55.550 (Canada) Canada Newfoundland and Labrador — island of Newfoundland 50°0′N 55°31′W / 50.000°N 55.517°W / 50.000; -55.517 (Atlantic Ocean) Atlantic Ocean Passing just north of the Isles of Scilly, England, United Kingdom 50°0′N 5°16′W / 50.000°N 5.267°W / 50.000; -5.267 (United Kingdom) United Kingdom England — Lizard Peninsula, Cornwall, for about 7 km 50°0′N 5°10′W / 50.000°N 5.167°W / 50.000; -5.167 (English Channel) English Channel Sakhalin island Sakhalin island between 1905 and 1945. The area south of the 50th parallel line was under Japanese control From the signing of the 1875 Treaty of Saint Petersburg until the Russo-Japanese War which broke in 1904, the Russian Empire had full control of Sakhalin island. As a result of the 1905 Treaty of Portsmouth that brought an end to the Russo-Japanese War, the portion of the island south of the 50th parallel line became Japanese territory, part of Karafuto Prefecture. However, following the month long Soviet–Japanese War during the summer of 1945, the entire island was reunified under Soviet control. See also 49th parallel north 51st parallel north References ^ "Duration of Daylight/Darkness Table for One Year". U.S. Naval Observatory. 2019-09-24. Archived from the original on 2019-10-12. Retrieved 2021-03-10. ^ "Earth-Sun geometry - The Encyclopedia of Earth". www.eoearth.org. ^ "Zonal Mean Sea Surface Temperatures (5 deg Latitude Bands) Average of Jan 1982 to Dec 2011". Retrieved July 7, 2022. ^ Sevela, Mariya. "Sakhalin: the Japanese Under Soviet Rule". History Today. Retrieved 10 May 2014. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to 50th parallel north. vteCircles of latitude / meridians Equator Tropic of Cancer Tropic of Capricorn Arctic Circle Antarctic Circle Equator Tropic of Cancer Tropic of Capricorn Arctic Circle Antarctic Circle Equator Tropic of Cancer Tropic of Capricorn Arctic Circle Antarctic Circle W0°E 30° 60° 90° 120° 150° 180° 30° 60° 90° 120° 150° 180° 5° 15° 25° 35° 45° 55° 65° 75° 85° 95° 105° 115° 125° 135° 145° 155° 165° 175° 5° 15° 25° 35° 45° 55° 65° 75° 85° 95° 105° 115° 125° 135° 145° 155° 165° 175° 10° 20° 40° 50° 70° 80° 100° 110° 130° 140° 160° 170° 10° 20° 40° 50° 70° 80° 100° 110° 130° 140° 160° 170° 0° 10° 20° 30° 40° 50° 60° 70° 80° 90° 10° 20° 30° 40° 50° 60° 70° 80° 90° 5° N 15° 25° 35° 45° 55° 65° 75° 85° 5° S 15° 25° 35° 45° 55° 65° 75° 85° 45x90 45x90 45x90 45x90	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:World_location_map_(equirectangular_180).svg"},{"link_name":"class=notpageimage\|","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:World_location_map_(equirectangular_180).svg"},{"link_name":"OpenStreetMap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//tools.wmflabs.org/osm4wiki/cgi-bin/wiki/wiki-osm.pl?project=en&article=50th_parallel_north"},{"link_name":"KML","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//tools.wmflabs.org/kmlexport?article=50th_parallel_north"},{"link_name":"GPX (all coordinates)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=all&titles=50th_parallel_north"},{"link_name":"GPX (primary coordinates)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=primary&titles=50th_parallel_north"},{"link_name":"GPX (secondary coordinates)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=secondary&titles=50th_parallel_north"},{"link_name":"circle of latitude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circle_of_latitude"},{"link_name":"degrees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degree_(angle)"},{"link_name":"north","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True_north"},{"link_name":"Earth's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth"},{"link_name":"equatorial plane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equator"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia"},{"link_name":"Pacific Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ocean"},{"link_name":"North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean"},{"link_name":"sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun"},{"link_name":"summer solstice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_solstice"},{"link_name":"winter solstice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_solstice"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"astronomical twilight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_twilight"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"sea surface temperature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_surface_temperature"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"50°class=notpageimage\| 50th parallel northMap all coordinates using OpenStreetMap\n\nDownload coordinates as:\n\n\nKML\nGPX (all coordinates)\nGPX (primary coordinates)\nGPX (secondary coordinates)The 50th parallel north is a circle of latitude that is 50 degrees north of the Earth's equatorial plane. It crosses Europe, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, North America, and the Atlantic Ocean.At this latitude the sun is visible for 16 hours, 22 minutes during the summer solstice and 8 hours, 4 minutes during the winter solstice.[1]\nThe maximum altitude of the sun during the summer solstice is 63.44 degrees and during the winter solstice it is 16.56 degrees. During the summer solstice, nighttime does not get beyond astronomical twilight, a condition which lasts throughout the month of June. It is possible to view both astronomical dawn and dusk every day of the month of May.[2]At this latitude, the average sea surface temperature between 1982 and 2011 was about 8.5 °C (47.3 °F).[3]","title":"50th parallel north"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Geodesia_Stele.jpg"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regionalpark_Rhein-Main"},{"link_name":"Mainz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainz"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:50._Breitengrad_in_Mainz.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mainz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainz"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_50_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kharkiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kharkiv"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:50th_Parallel,_Campbell_River,_British_Columbia.jpg"},{"link_name":"Campbell River, British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campbell_River,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Prime Meridian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Meridian"},{"link_name":"50°0′N 0°0′E / 50.000°N 0.000°E / 50.000; 0.000 (Prime Meridian)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=50th_parallel_north&params=50_0_N_0_0_E_type:landmark&title=Prime+Meridian"},{"link_name":"English Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Channel"},{"link_name":"50°0′N 1°15′E / 50.000°N 1.250°E / 50.000; 1.250 (France)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=50th_parallel_north&params=50_0_N_1_15_E_type:country&title=France"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Upper Normandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Normandy"},{"link_name":"Picardy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picardy_(region)"},{"link_name":"Amiens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiens"},{"link_name":"Nord-Pas-de-Calais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord-Pas-de-Calais"},{"link_name":"50°0′N 4°10′E / 50.000°N 4.167°E / 50.000; 4.167 (Belgium)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=50th_parallel_north&params=50_0_N_4_10_E_type:country&title=Belgium"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Wallonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallonia"},{"link_name":"50°0′N 4°40′E / 50.000°N 4.667°E / 50.000; 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6.150 (Germany)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=50th_parallel_north&params=50_0_N_6_9_E_type:country&title=Germany"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Rhineland-Palatinate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhineland-Palatinate"},{"link_name":"Hesse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesse"},{"link_name":"Rhineland-Palatinate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhineland-Palatinate"},{"link_name":"Mainz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainz"},{"link_name":"city centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gutenbergplatz_(Mainz)"},{"link_name":"Hesse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesse"},{"link_name":"Frankfurt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt"},{"link_name":"DCF77","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DCF77"},{"link_name":"Bavaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavaria"},{"link_name":"Bayreuth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayreuth"},{"link_name":"50°0′N 12°26′E / 50.000°N 12.433°E / 50.000; 12.433 (Czech Republic)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=50th_parallel_north&params=50_0_N_12_26_E_type:country&title=Czech+Republic"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"Prague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prague"},{"link_name":"50°0′N 17°49′E / 50.000°N 17.817°E / 50.000; 17.817 (Poland)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=50th_parallel_north&params=50_0_N_17_49_E_type:country&title=Poland"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"50°0′N 17°58′E / 50.000°N 17.967°E / 50.000; 17.967 (Czech Republic)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=50th_parallel_north&params=50_0_N_17_58_E_type:country&title=Czech+Republic"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"50°0′N 18°7′E / 50.000°N 18.117°E / 50.000; 18.117 (Poland)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=50th_parallel_north&params=50_0_N_18_7_E_type:country&title=Poland"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Kraków","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"20th meridian east","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_meridian_east"},{"link_name":"Tarnów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarn%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"21st meridian east","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21st_meridian_east"},{"link_name":"Rzeszów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rzesz%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"22nd meridian east","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/22nd_meridian_east"},{"link_name":"50°0′N 23°10′E / 50.000°N 23.167°E / 50.000; 23.167 (Ukraine)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=50th_parallel_north&params=50_0_N_23_10_E_type:country&title=Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Lviv Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lviv_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Lviv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lviv"},{"link_name":"Ternopil Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ternopil_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Pochaiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pochaiv"},{"link_name":"Khmelnytskyi Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmelnytskyi_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Zhytomyr Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhytomyr_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Andrushivka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrushivka"},{"link_name":"Kyiv Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyiv_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Cherkasy Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherkasy_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Poltava Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poltava_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Lubny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubny"},{"link_name":"Kharkiv Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kharkiv_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Kharkiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kharkiv"},{"link_name":"50°0′N 37°57′E / 50.000°N 37.950°E / 50.000; 37.950 (Russia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=50th_parallel_north&params=50_0_N_37_57_E_type:country&title=Russia"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Belgorod Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgorod_Oblast"},{"link_name":"50°0′N 38°12′E / 50.000°N 38.200°E / 50.000; 38.200 (Ukraine)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=50th_parallel_north&params=50_0_N_38_12_E_type:country&title=Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Luhansk Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luhansk_Oblast"},{"link_name":"50°0′N 38°22′E / 50.000°N 38.367°E / 50.000; 38.367 (Russia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=50th_parallel_north&params=50_0_N_38_22_E_type:country&title=Russia"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Belgorod Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgorod_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Voronezh Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voronezh_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Boguchar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boguchar"},{"link_name":"Rostov Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rostov_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Volgograd Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volgograd_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Kamyshin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamyshin"},{"link_name":"50°0′N 47°15′E / 50.000°N 47.250°E / 50.000; 47.250 (Kazakhstan)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=50th_parallel_north&params=50_0_N_47_15_E_type:country&title=Kazakhstan"},{"link_name":"Kazakhstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan"},{"link_name":"West Kazakhstan Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Kazakhstan_Province"},{"link_name":"50°0′N 48°8′E / 50.000°N 48.133°E / 50.000; 48.133 (Russia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=50th_parallel_north&params=50_0_N_48_8_E_type:country&title=Russia"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Saratov Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saratov_Oblast"},{"link_name":"50°0′N 48°51′E / 50.000°N 48.850°E / 50.000; 48.850 (Kazakhstan)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=50th_parallel_north&params=50_0_N_48_51_E_type:country&title=Kazakhstan"},{"link_name":"Kazakhstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan"},{"link_name":"West Kazakhstan Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Kazakhstan_Province"},{"link_name":"Aktobe Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktobe_Province"},{"link_name":"Kostanay Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kostanay_Province"},{"link_name":"Karagandy Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karagandy_Province"},{"link_name":"Karaganda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karaganda"},{"link_name":"East Kazakhstan Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Kazakhstan_Province"},{"link_name":"Oskemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskemen"},{"link_name":"50°0′N 85°2′E / 50.000°N 85.033°E / 50.000; 85.033 (Russia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=50th_parallel_north&params=50_0_N_85_2_E_type:country&title=Russia"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Altai Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altai_Republic"},{"link_name":"Tuva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuva"},{"link_name":"50°0′N 89°58′E / 50.000°N 89.967°E / 50.000; 89.967 (Mongolia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=50th_parallel_north&params=50_0_N_89_58_E_type:country&title=Mongolia"},{"link_name":"Mongolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia"},{"link_name":"Uvs Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uvs_Lake"},{"link_name":"50°0′N 95°1′E / 50.000°N 95.017°E / 50.000; 95.017 (Russia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=50th_parallel_north&params=50_0_N_95_1_E_type:country&title=Russia"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Tuva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuva"},{"link_name":"50°0′N 95°45′E / 50.000°N 95.750°E / 50.000; 95.750 (Mongolia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=50th_parallel_north&params=50_0_N_95_45_E_type:country&title=Mongolia"},{"link_name":"Mongolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia"},{"link_name":"50°0′N 95°55′E / 50.000°N 95.917°E / 50.000; 95.917 (Russia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=50th_parallel_north&params=50_0_N_95_55_E_type:country&title=Russia"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Tuva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuva"},{"link_name":"50°0′N 96°2′E / 50.000°N 96.033°E / 50.000; 96.033 (Mongolia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=50th_parallel_north&params=50_0_N_96_2_E_type:country&title=Mongolia"},{"link_name":"Mongolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia"},{"link_name":"50°0′N 96°10′E / 50.000°N 96.167°E / 50.000; 96.167 (Russia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=50th_parallel_north&params=50_0_N_96_10_E_type:country&title=Russia"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Tuva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuva"},{"link_name":"50°0′N 97°55′E / 50.000°N 97.917°E / 50.000; 97.917 (Mongolia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=50th_parallel_north&params=50_0_N_97_55_E_type:country&title=Mongolia"},{"link_name":"Mongolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia"},{"link_name":"50°0′N 107°13′E / 50.000°N 107.217°E / 50.000; 107.217 (Russia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=50th_parallel_north&params=50_0_N_107_13_E_type:country&title=Russia"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Buryatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Buryatia"},{"link_name":"50°0′N 107°18′E / 50.000°N 107.300°E / 50.000; 107.300 (Mongolia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=50th_parallel_north&params=50_0_N_107_18_E_type:country&title=Mongolia"},{"link_name":"Mongolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia"},{"link_name":"50°0′N 107°20′E / 50.000°N 107.333°E / 50.000; 107.333 (Russia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=50th_parallel_north&params=50_0_N_107_20_E_type:country&title=Russia"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Buryatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Buryatia"},{"link_name":"Zabaykalsky Krai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zabaykalsky_Krai"},{"link_name":"50°0′N 113°34′E / 50.000°N 113.567°E / 50.000; 113.567 (Mongolia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=50th_parallel_north&params=50_0_N_113_34_E_type:country&title=Mongolia"},{"link_name":"Mongolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia"},{"link_name":"50°0′N 115°12′E / 50.000°N 115.200°E / 50.000; 115.200 (Russia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=50th_parallel_north&params=50_0_N_115_12_E_type:country&title=Russia"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Zabaykalsky Krai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zabaykalsky_Krai"},{"link_name":"50°0′N 116°1′E / 50.000°N 116.017°E / 50.000; 116.017 (Mongolia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=50th_parallel_north&params=50_0_N_116_1_E_type:country&title=Mongolia"},{"link_name":"Mongolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia"},{"link_name":"50°0′N 116°20′E / 50.000°N 116.333°E / 50.000; 116.333 (Russia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=50th_parallel_north&params=50_0_N_116_20_E_type:country&title=Russia"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Zabaykalsky Krai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zabaykalsky_Krai"},{"link_name":"50°0′N 119°6′E / 50.000°N 119.100°E / 50.000; 119.100 (China)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=50th_parallel_north&params=50_0_N_119_6_E_type:country&title=China"},{"link_name":"People's Republic of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Inner Mongolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner_Mongolia"},{"link_name":"Heilongjiang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heilongjiang"},{"link_name":"50°0′N 127°29′E / 50.000°N 127.483°E / 50.000; 127.483 (Russia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=50th_parallel_north&params=50_0_N_127_29_E_type:country&title=Russia"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Amur Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amur_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Khabarovsk Krai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khabarovsk_Krai"},{"link_name":"50°0′N 140°30′E / 50.000°N 140.500°E / 50.000; 140.500 (Strait of Tartary)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=50th_parallel_north&params=50_0_N_140_30_E_type:waterbody&title=Strait+of+Tartary"},{"link_name":"Strait of Tartary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strait_of_Tartary"},{"link_name":"50°0′N 142°9′E / 50.000°N 142.150°E / 50.000; 142.150 (Russia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=50th_parallel_north&params=50_0_N_142_9_E_type:country&title=Russia"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Sakhalin Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakhalin_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Sakhalin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakhalin"},{"link_name":"50°0′N 143°59′E / 50.000°N 143.983°E / 50.000; 143.983 (Sea of Okhotsk)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=50th_parallel_north&params=50_0_N_143_59_E_type:waterbody&title=Sea+of+Okhotsk"},{"link_name":"Sea of Okhotsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_of_Okhotsk"},{"link_name":"50°0′N 155°23′E / 50.000°N 155.383°E / 50.000; 155.383 (Russia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=50th_parallel_north&params=50_0_N_155_23_E_type:country&title=Russia"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Sakhalin Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakhalin_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Paramushir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramushir"},{"link_name":"50°0′N 155°24′E / 50.000°N 155.400°E / 50.000; 155.400 (Pacific Ocean)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=50th_parallel_north&params=50_0_N_155_24_E_type:waterbody&title=Pacific+Ocean"},{"link_name":"Pacific Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ocean"},{"link_name":"50°0′N 127°19′W / 50.000°N 127.317°W / 50.000; -127.317 (Canada)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=50th_parallel_north&params=50_0_N_127_19_W_type:country&title=Canada"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Vancouver Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver_Island"},{"link_name":"Campbell River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campbell_River,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Kelowna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelowna"},{"link_name":"Alberta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta"},{"link_name":"Medicine Hat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicine_Hat"},{"link_name":"Saskatchewan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saskatchewan"},{"link_name":"Swift Current","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swift_Current"},{"link_name":"Moose Jaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moose_Jaw"},{"link_name":"Regina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regina,_Saskatchewan"},{"link_name":"Manitoba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manitoba"},{"link_name":"Winnipeg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnipeg"},{"link_name":"Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario"},{"link_name":"Lake Nipigon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Nipigon"},{"link_name":"Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec"},{"link_name":"Port-Cartier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port-Cartier"},{"link_name":"50°0′N 66°54′W / 50.000°N 66.900°W / 50.000; -66.900 (Gulf of Saint Lawrence)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=50th_parallel_north&params=50_0_N_66_54_W_type:waterbody&title=Gulf+of+Saint+Lawrence"},{"link_name":"Gulf of Saint Lawrence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Saint_Lawrence"},{"link_name":"Anticosti Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticosti_Island"},{"link_name":"Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"50°0′N 57°45′W / 50.000°N 57.750°W / 50.000; -57.750 (Canada)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=50th_parallel_north&params=50_0_N_57_45_W_type:country&title=Canada"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Newfoundland and Labrador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador"},{"link_name":"Newfoundland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newfoundland_(island)"},{"link_name":"50°0′N 56°46′W / 50.000°N 56.767°W / 50.000; -56.767 (White Bay)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=50th_parallel_north&params=50_0_N_56_46_W_type:waterbody&title=White+Bay"},{"link_name":"White Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Bay_(Newfoundland_and_Labrador)"},{"link_name":"50°0′N 56°21′W / 50.000°N 56.350°W / 50.000; -56.350 (Canada)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=50th_parallel_north&params=50_0_N_56_21_W_type:country&title=Canada"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Newfoundland and Labrador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador"},{"link_name":"Newfoundland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newfoundland_(island)"},{"link_name":"50°0′N 55°52′W / 50.000°N 55.867°W / 50.000; -55.867 (Atlantic Ocean)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=50th_parallel_north&params=50_0_N_55_52_W_type:waterbody&title=Atlantic+Ocean"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Confusion Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confusion_Bay_(Newfoundland_and_Labrador)"},{"link_name":"50°0′N 55°33′W / 50.000°N 55.550°W / 50.000; -55.550 (Canada)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=50th_parallel_north&params=50_0_N_55_33_W_type:country&title=Canada"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Newfoundland and Labrador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador"},{"link_name":"Newfoundland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newfoundland_(island)"},{"link_name":"50°0′N 55°31′W / 50.000°N 55.517°W / 50.000; -55.517 (Atlantic Ocean)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=50th_parallel_north&params=50_0_N_55_31_W_type:waterbody&title=Atlantic+Ocean"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Isles of Scilly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isles_of_Scilly"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"50°0′N 5°16′W / 50.000°N 5.267°W / 50.000; -5.267 (United Kingdom)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=50th_parallel_north&params=50_0_N_5_16_W_type:country&title=United+Kingdom"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Lizard Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lizard"},{"link_name":"Cornwall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornwall"},{"link_name":"50°0′N 5°10′W / 50.000°N 5.167°W / 50.000; -5.167 (English Channel)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=50th_parallel_north&params=50_0_N_5_10_W_type:waterbody&title=English+Channel"},{"link_name":"English Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Channel"}],"text":"A sculpture at the Rhein-Main Regional Park (de) in Germany showing Mainz and other cities around the world that lie along the 50th parallel north (distances not to scale)50th latitude mark in central Mainz, GermanyA plaque marking the 50th parallel north in Kharkiv, Ukraine50th parallel marker next to the Old Island Highway in Campbell River, British Columbia, CanadaStarting at the Prime Meridian and heading eastwards, the parallel 50° north passes through:Co-ordinates\n\nCountry, territory or sea\n\nNotes\n\n\n50°0′N 0°0′E / 50.000°N 0.000°E / 50.000; 0.000 (Prime Meridian)\n\nEnglish Channel\n\n\n\n\n50°0′N 1°15′E / 50.000°N 1.250°E / 50.000; 1.250 (France)\n\n France\n\nUpper Normandy — for about 20 kmPicardy — passing just north of AmiensNord-Pas-de-Calais — for about 13 km\n\n\n50°0′N 4°10′E / 50.000°N 4.167°E / 50.000; 4.167 (Belgium)\n\n Belgium\n\nWallonia\n\n\n50°0′N 4°40′E / 50.000°N 4.667°E / 50.000; 4.667 (France)\n\n France\n\nChampagne-Ardenne — for about 10 km\n\n\n50°0′N 4°49′E / 50.000°N 4.817°E / 50.000; 4.817 (Belgium)\n\n Belgium\n\nWallonia\n\n\n50°0′N 5°49′E / 50.000°N 5.817°E / 50.000; 5.817 (Luxembourg)\n\n Luxembourg\n\nDiekirch District\n\n\n50°0′N 6°9′E / 50.000°N 6.150°E / 50.000; 6.150 (Germany)\n\n Germany\n\nRhineland-Palatinate Hesse Rhineland-Palatinate — passing through Mainz city centre Hesse — passing just south of Frankfurt, crossing a runway of FRA international airport and passing just south of DCF77 time signal transmitter Bavaria — passing just north of Bayreuth\n\n\n50°0′N 12°26′E / 50.000°N 12.433°E / 50.000; 12.433 (Czech Republic)\n\n Czech Republic\n\nPassing through southern parts of Prague\n\n\n50°0′N 17°49′E / 50.000°N 17.817°E / 50.000; 17.817 (Poland)\n\n Poland\n\nFor about 11 km\n\n\n50°0′N 17°58′E / 50.000°N 17.967°E / 50.000; 17.967 (Czech Republic)\n\n Czech Republic\n\nFor about 10 km\n\n\n50°0′N 18°7′E / 50.000°N 18.117°E / 50.000; 18.117 (Poland)\n\n Poland\n\nPassing through southern districts of Kraków (on the 20th meridian east)Passing through southern districts of Tarnów (on the 21st meridian east)Passing through southern districts of Rzeszów (on the 22nd meridian east)\n\n\n50°0′N 23°10′E / 50.000°N 23.167°E / 50.000; 23.167 (Ukraine)\n\n Ukraine\n\nLviv Oblast — passing just north of Lviv Ternopil Oblast — passing through Pochaiv Khmelnytskyi Oblast Zhytomyr Oblast — passing through Andrushivka Kyiv Oblast Cherkasy Oblast Poltava Oblast — passing through Lubny Kharkiv Oblast — passing through Kharkiv city centre\n\n\n50°0′N 37°57′E / 50.000°N 37.950°E / 50.000; 37.950 (Russia)\n\n Russia\n\nBelgorod Oblast — for about 18 km\n\n\n50°0′N 38°12′E / 50.000°N 38.200°E / 50.000; 38.200 (Ukraine)\n\n Ukraine\n\nLuhansk Oblast — for about 12 km\n\n\n50°0′N 38°22′E / 50.000°N 38.367°E / 50.000; 38.367 (Russia)\n\n Russia\n\nBelgorod Oblast Voronezh Oblast — passing just north of Boguchar Rostov Oblast Volgograd Oblast — passing just south of Kamyshin\n\n\n50°0′N 47°15′E / 50.000°N 47.250°E / 50.000; 47.250 (Kazakhstan)\n\n Kazakhstan\n\nWest Kazakhstan Province\n\n\n50°0′N 48°8′E / 50.000°N 48.133°E / 50.000; 48.133 (Russia)\n\n Russia\n\nSaratov Oblast\n\n\n50°0′N 48°51′E / 50.000°N 48.850°E / 50.000; 48.850 (Kazakhstan)\n\n Kazakhstan\n\nWest Kazakhstan Province Aktobe Province Kostanay Province Karagandy Province — passing just north of Karaganda East Kazakhstan Province — passing just north of Oskemen\n\n\n50°0′N 85°2′E / 50.000°N 85.033°E / 50.000; 85.033 (Russia)\n\n Russia\n\nAltai Republic Tuva\n\n\n50°0′N 89°58′E / 50.000°N 89.967°E / 50.000; 89.967 (Mongolia)\n\n Mongolia\n\nPassing through the southern tip of Uvs Lake\n\n\n50°0′N 95°1′E / 50.000°N 95.017°E / 50.000; 95.017 (Russia)\n\n Russia\n\nTuva\n\n\n50°0′N 95°45′E / 50.000°N 95.750°E / 50.000; 95.750 (Mongolia)\n\n Mongolia\n\nFor about 11 km\n\n\n50°0′N 95°55′E / 50.000°N 95.917°E / 50.000; 95.917 (Russia)\n\n Russia\n\nTuva — for about 7 km\n\n\n50°0′N 96°2′E / 50.000°N 96.033°E / 50.000; 96.033 (Mongolia)\n\n Mongolia\n\nFor about 11 km\n\n\n50°0′N 96°10′E / 50.000°N 96.167°E / 50.000; 96.167 (Russia)\n\n Russia\n\nTuva\n\n\n50°0′N 97°55′E / 50.000°N 97.917°E / 50.000; 97.917 (Mongolia)\n\n Mongolia\n\n\n\n\n50°0′N 107°13′E / 50.000°N 107.217°E / 50.000; 107.217 (Russia)\n\n Russia\n\nBuryatia — for about 5 km\n\n\n50°0′N 107°18′E / 50.000°N 107.300°E / 50.000; 107.300 (Mongolia)\n\n Mongolia\n\nFor about 3 km\n\n\n50°0′N 107°20′E / 50.000°N 107.333°E / 50.000; 107.333 (Russia)\n\n Russia\n\nBuryatia Zabaykalsky Krai\n\n\n50°0′N 113°34′E / 50.000°N 113.567°E / 50.000; 113.567 (Mongolia)\n\n Mongolia\n\n\n\n\n50°0′N 115°12′E / 50.000°N 115.200°E / 50.000; 115.200 (Russia)\n\n Russia\n\nZabaykalsky Krai\n\n\n50°0′N 116°1′E / 50.000°N 116.017°E / 50.000; 116.017 (Mongolia)\n\n Mongolia\n\n\n\n\n50°0′N 116°20′E / 50.000°N 116.333°E / 50.000; 116.333 (Russia)\n\n Russia\n\nZabaykalsky Krai\n\n\n50°0′N 119°6′E / 50.000°N 119.100°E / 50.000; 119.100 (China)\n\n People's Republic of China\n\nInner Mongolia Heilongjiang\n\n\n50°0′N 127°29′E / 50.000°N 127.483°E / 50.000; 127.483 (Russia)\n\n Russia\n\nAmur Oblast Khabarovsk Krai\n\n\n50°0′N 140°30′E / 50.000°N 140.500°E / 50.000; 140.500 (Strait of Tartary)\n\nStrait of Tartary\n\n\n\n\n50°0′N 142°9′E / 50.000°N 142.150°E / 50.000; 142.150 (Russia)\n\n Russia\n\nSakhalin Oblast — island of Sakhalin\n\n\n50°0′N 143°59′E / 50.000°N 143.983°E / 50.000; 143.983 (Sea of Okhotsk)\n\nSea of Okhotsk\n\n\n\n\n50°0′N 155°23′E / 50.000°N 155.383°E / 50.000; 155.383 (Russia)\n\n Russia\n\nSakhalin Oblast — island of Paramushir\n\n\n50°0′N 155°24′E / 50.000°N 155.400°E / 50.000; 155.400 (Pacific Ocean)\n\nPacific Ocean\n\n\n\n\n50°0′N 127°19′W / 50.000°N 127.317°W / 50.000; -127.317 (Canada)\n\n Canada\n\nBritish Columbia — Vancouver Island (passing through the town of Campbell River) and mainland, also through the Okanagan Valley immediately north of Kelowna. Alberta — passing through the city of Medicine Hat Saskatchewan it passes a few km south of the cities of Swift Current, Moose Jaw and the capital, Regina Manitoba — passing just north of Winnipeg Ontario — passing through Lake Nipigon Quebec - passing through the town of Port-Cartier\n\n\n50°0′N 66°54′W / 50.000°N 66.900°W / 50.000; -66.900 (Gulf of Saint Lawrence)\n\nGulf of Saint Lawrence\n\nPassing just north of Anticosti Island, Quebec, Canada\n\n\n50°0′N 57°45′W / 50.000°N 57.750°W / 50.000; -57.750 (Canada)\n\n Canada\n\nNewfoundland and Labrador — island of Newfoundland\n\n\n50°0′N 56°46′W / 50.000°N 56.767°W / 50.000; -56.767 (White Bay)\n\nWhite Bay\n\n\n\n\n50°0′N 56°21′W / 50.000°N 56.350°W / 50.000; -56.350 (Canada)\n\n Canada\n\nNewfoundland and Labrador — island of Newfoundland\n\n\n50°0′N 55°52′W / 50.000°N 55.867°W / 50.000; -55.867 (Atlantic Ocean)\n\nAtlantic Ocean\n\nConfusion Bay\n\n\n50°0′N 55°33′W / 50.000°N 55.550°W / 50.000; -55.550 (Canada)\n\n Canada\n\nNewfoundland and Labrador — island of Newfoundland\n\n\n50°0′N 55°31′W / 50.000°N 55.517°W / 50.000; -55.517 (Atlantic Ocean)\n\nAtlantic Ocean\n\nPassing just north of the Isles of Scilly, England, United Kingdom\n\n\n50°0′N 5°16′W / 50.000°N 5.267°W / 50.000; -5.267 (United Kingdom)\n\n United Kingdom\n\nEngland — Lizard Peninsula, Cornwall, for about 7 km\n\n\n50°0′N 5°10′W / 50.000°N 5.167°W / 50.000; -5.167 (English Channel)\n\nEnglish Channel","title":"Around the world"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Karafuto_map.png"},{"link_name":"Sakhalin island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakhalin_island"},{"link_name":"the 1875 Treaty of Saint Petersburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint_Petersburg_(1875)"},{"link_name":"Russo-Japanese War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War"},{"link_name":"Russian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Sakhalin island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakhalin_island"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Portsmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Portsmouth"},{"link_name":"Russo-Japanese War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War"},{"link_name":"Karafuto Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karafuto_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Soviet–Japanese War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_War"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Sakhalin island between 1905 and 1945. The area south of the 50th parallel line was under Japanese controlFrom the signing of the 1875 Treaty of Saint Petersburg until the Russo-Japanese War which broke in 1904, the Russian Empire had full control of Sakhalin island. As a result of the 1905 Treaty of Portsmouth that brought an end to the Russo-Japanese War, the portion of the island south of the 50th parallel line became Japanese territory, part of Karafuto Prefecture. However, following the month long Soviet–Japanese War during the summer of 1945, the entire island was reunified under Soviet control.[4]","title":"Sakhalin island"}]	[{"image_text":"A sculpture at the Rhein-Main Regional Park (de) in Germany showing Mainz and other cities around the world that lie along the 50th parallel north (distances not to scale)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Geodesia_Stele.jpg/220px-Geodesia_Stele.jpg"},{"image_text":"50th latitude mark in central Mainz, Germany","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/50._Breitengrad_in_Mainz.jpg/220px-50._Breitengrad_in_Mainz.jpg"},{"image_text":"A plaque marking the 50th parallel north in Kharkiv, Ukraine","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_50_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5.jpg/220px-%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_50_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5.jpg"},{"image_text":"50th parallel marker next to the Old Island Highway in Campbell River, British Columbia, Canada","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/50th_Parallel%2C_Campbell_River%2C_British_Columbia.jpg/220px-50th_Parallel%2C_Campbell_River%2C_British_Columbia.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sakhalin island between 1905 and 1945. The area south of the 50th parallel line was under Japanese control","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Karafuto_map.png/200px-Karafuto_map.png"}]	[{"title":"49th parallel north","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/49th_parallel_north"},{"title":"51st parallel north","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/51st_parallel_north"}]	[{"reference":"\"Duration of Daylight/Darkness Table for One Year\". U.S. Naval Observatory. 2019-09-24. Archived from the original on 2019-10-12. Retrieved 2021-03-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191012094319/http://aa.usno.navy.mil/data/docs/Dur_OneYear.php","url_text":"\"Duration of Daylight/Darkness Table for One Year\""},{"url":"http://aa.usno.navy.mil/data/docs/Dur_OneYear.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Earth-Sun geometry - The Encyclopedia of Earth\". www.eoearth.org.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.eoearth.org/view/article/151843/","url_text":"\"Earth-Sun geometry - The Encyclopedia of Earth\""}]},{"reference":"\"Zonal Mean Sea Surface Temperatures (5 deg Latitude Bands) Average of Jan 1982 to Dec 2011\". Retrieved July 7, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://pielkeclimatesci.files.wordpress.com/2012/07/zonal-mean-sst-1982-2011-average.png","url_text":"\"Zonal Mean Sea Surface Temperatures (5 deg Latitude Bands) Average of Jan 1982 to Dec 2011\""}]},{"reference":"Sevela, Mariya. \"Sakhalin: the Japanese Under Soviet Rule\". History Today. Retrieved 10 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.historytoday.com/mariya-sevela/sakhalin-japanese-under-soviet-rule","url_text":"\"Sakhalin: the Japanese Under Soviet Rule\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://tools.wmflabs.org/osm4wiki/cgi-bin/wiki/wiki-osm.pl?project=en&article=50th_parallel_north","external_links_name":"OpenStreetMap"},{"Link":"https://tools.wmflabs.org/kmlexport?article=50th_parallel_north","external_links_name":"KML"},{"Link":"https://geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=all&titles=50th_parallel_north","external_links_name":"GPX (all coordinates)"},{"Link":"https://geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=primary&titles=50th_parallel_north","external_links_name":"GPX (primary coordinates)"},{"Link":"https://geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=secondary&titles=50th_parallel_north","external_links_name":"GPX (secondary coordinates)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=50th_parallel_north&params=50_0_N_0_0_E_type:landmark&title=Prime+Meridian","external_links_name":"50°0′N 0°0′E / 50.000°N 0.000°E / 50.000; 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jones_Expedition_of_1873	Jones Expedition of 1873	["1 Overview","2 External links","3 References"]	Exploration of Yellowstone Northwestern Wyoming A map showing the route of the Jones Expedition published with the report in 1875. The Jones Expedition of 1873 was a survey completed during the summer of 1873 with the official purpose of finding a wagon route between the Union Pacific Railroad in the southern part of the Wyoming Territory and Yellowstone National Park. Captain William A. Jones led the expedition which included prominent scientists of the era, botanist Charles Parry and geologist Theodore Comstock as well chemists, topographers, astronomers, army infantry, eight wagons and 66 mules. The expedition was successful in discovering and documenting many features of western Wyoming including Togwotee Pass Overview The expedition began on June 12, 1873 at Fort Bridger. External links National Park Services Online References ^ a b c Jones, William A. (1875). THE RECONNAISSANCE Of NORTHWESTERN WYOMING INCLUDING YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 1. ISBN 0331948184. ^ "IV— TWO-OCEAN WATER AND TOGWOTEE PASS:The Jones Expedition of 1873". nps.gov. nps.gov. Retrieved October 14, 2019.	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wyoming_Jones_expedition.jpg"},{"link_name":"Union Pacific Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Pacific_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Wyoming Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyoming_Territory"},{"link_name":"Yellowstone National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellowstone_National_Park"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nwyo-1"},{"link_name":"Charles Parry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Christopher_Parry"},{"link_name":"Theodore Comstock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_B._Comstock"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nwyo-1"},{"link_name":"Wyoming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyoming"},{"link_name":"Togwotee Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togwotee_Pass"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nps_jones-2"}],"text":"A map showing the route of the Jones Expedition published with the report in 1875.The Jones Expedition of 1873 was a survey completed during the summer of 1873 with the official purpose of finding a wagon route between the Union Pacific Railroad in the southern part of the Wyoming Territory and Yellowstone National Park.[1]Captain William A. Jones led the expedition which included prominent scientists of the era, botanist Charles Parry and geologist Theodore Comstock as well chemists, topographers, astronomers, army infantry, eight wagons and 66 mules.[1] The expedition was successful in discovering and documenting many features of western Wyoming including Togwotee Pass[2]","title":"Jones Expedition of 1873"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fort Bridger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Bridger"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nwyo-1"}],"text":"The expedition began on June 12, 1873 at Fort Bridger.[1]","title":"Overview"}]	[{"image_text":"A map showing the route of the Jones Expedition published with the report in 1875.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Wyoming_Jones_expedition.jpg/220px-Wyoming_Jones_expedition.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Jones, William A. (1875). THE RECONNAISSANCE Of NORTHWESTERN WYOMING INCLUDING YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 1. ISBN 0331948184.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/reportuponreconn00jone","url_text":"THE RECONNAISSANCE Of NORTHWESTERN WYOMING INCLUDING YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/reportuponreconn00jone/page/n12","url_text":"1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0331948184","url_text":"0331948184"}]},{"reference":"\"IV— TWO-OCEAN WATER AND TOGWOTEE PASS:The Jones Expedition of 1873\". nps.gov. nps.gov. Retrieved October 14, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/baldwin/chap4.htm","url_text":"\"IV— TWO-OCEAN WATER AND TOGWOTEE PASS:The Jones Expedition of 1873\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/baldwin/chap4.htm","external_links_name":"National Park Services Online"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/reportuponreconn00jone","external_links_name":"THE RECONNAISSANCE Of NORTHWESTERN WYOMING INCLUDING YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/reportuponreconn00jone/page/n12","external_links_name":"1"},{"Link":"https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/baldwin/chap4.htm","external_links_name":"\"IV— TWO-OCEAN WATER AND TOGWOTEE PASS:The Jones Expedition of 1873\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Canadian_ambassadors_to_China	List of ambassadors of Canada to China	["1 History of diplomatic relations","2 List of Canadian ambassadors to China","3 Embassy","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]	Ambassador of Canada to the People's Republic of ChinaIncumbentJennifer Maysince September 23, 2022Global Affairs CanadaReports toMinister of Foreign AffairsSeatEmbassy of Canada, BeijingAppointerGovernor General of CanadaFormationNovember 5, 1942First holderThomas Clayton Davis The ambassador of Canada to China is the official representative of the Canadian government to the government of China. The official title for the ambassador is Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of Canada to the People's Republic of China. The current Ambassador of Canada is Jennifer May who was appointed on the advice of Prime Minister Justin Trudeau on September 22, 2022. The Embassy of Canada is located at 19 Dongzhimenwai Dajie, Chaoyang District, 100600 Beijing 100600, China. History of diplomatic relations Main article: China–Canada relations Canada was originally represented in China by the British ambassador, who looked after the interests of the entire British Empire and later the British Commonwealth. Canadian participation in World War II made it desirable to establish separate representation in China. Diplomatic relations between Canada and China were established on November 6, 1941, with the first ambassador, Victor Wentworth Odlum, appointed on the advice of Prime Minister W.L. Mackenzie King on November 5, 1942. A Canadian Embassy was opened in the temporary capital of Chongqing. The embassy was then moved to the permanent Nationalist capital of Nanjing in 1946. The Canadian ambassador remained in Nanjing after Communist troops took the city on April 23, 1949. Canada then maintained diplomatic relations with Communist China at the chargé level from July 1949 to February 1951, when the Korean War made it impossible for diplomatic relations to continue. Canada chose not to post an ambassador to the Nationalist capital of Taipei, maintaining relations through the Nationalist Chinese ambassador in Ottawa. Canada recognized the People's Republic of China as the sole legitimate government of China on October 13, 1970, and a Canadian Embassy was opened in Beijing on June 10, 1971. Ronning, Collins, Small and Menzies (born in Zhangde, Henan) were Chinese born diplomats who possessed significant Chinese cultural knowledge, and in the case of Ronning, near-native language skills. Paynter, Mulroney and Saint-Jacques had served as diplomats to China prior to being appointed ambassador. John Lawrence Paynter died in Vancouver 10 months into his posting while still serving as Canada's Ambassador to China. List of Canadian ambassadors to China No. Name Term of office Career Prime Minister nominated by Ref. Start Date PoC. End Date 1 Victor Wentworth Odlum November 5, 1942 May 11, 1943 October 4, 1946 Career W. L. Mackenzie King(1935-1948) - George Sutton Patterson(Chargé d'Affaires) October 4, 1946 March 1945 Career 2 Thomas Clayton Davis October 24, 1946 May 21, 1947 April 1, 1949 Non-Career - Chester Alvin Ronning(Chargé d'Affaires) April 1, 1949 February 26, 1951 Career Louis St. Laurent(1948-1957) - John MacLeod Fraser(Chargé d'Affaires) January 11, 1971 June 10, 1971 Career Pierre Elliott Trudeau(1968-1979) 3 Ralph Edgar Collins April 8, 1971 June 10, 1971 September 17, 1972 Career 4 Charles John Small June 8, 1972 October 27, 1972 October 8, 1976 Career 5 Arthur Redpath Menzies June 29, 1976 November 3, 1976 September 23, 1980 Career 6 Michel Gauvin September 12, 1980 November 14, 1980 Career 7 Richard Vessot Gorham May 31, 1984 September 5, 1984 1987 Career 8 Earl Gordon Drake September 10, 1987 October 16, 1987 October 5, 1990 Career Brian Mulroney(1984-1993) 9 M. Fred Bild September 12, 1990 October 11, 1990 December 4, 1994 Career 10 John Lawrence Paynter December 23, 1994 October 31, 1995 Career Jean Chrétien(1993-2003) 11 Howard Balloch February 13, 1996 Career 12 Colin Russell(Consul - General) July 10, 1997 Career 13 Stewart Beck(Consul - General) June 10, 1999 Career 14 Joseph Caron July 16, 2001 September 6, 2001 July 28, 2005 Career 15 Robert G. Wright August 19, 2005 August 29, 2005 June 2009 Career Paul Martin(2003-2006) 16 Doreen Steidle(Consul - General) July 4, 2008 Career Stephen Harper(2006-2015) 17 David Mulroney May 27, 2009 August 28, 2009 Summer 2012 Career 18 James Ian Burchett(Consul - General) March 20, 2012 Career 19 Guy Saint-Jacques September 24, 2012 December 17, 2012 October 2016 Career 20 John McCallum March 7, 2017 March 17, 2017 January 26, 2019 Non-Career Justin Trudeau(2015-Present) – Jim Nickel January 27, 2019 September 4, 2019 Career 21 Dominic Barton September 3, 2019 November 22, 2019 December 6, 2021 Non-Career 22 Jennifer May September 22, 2022 November 15, 2022 Career Embassy The current embassy is located at 19 Dongzhimenwai Dajie in the Chaoyang District. Official Address in English: 19 Dongzhimenwai Dajie,Chaoyang District,100600,People's Republic of China Official Address in Simplified Chinese: 中国北京市 100600 朝阳区东直门外大街19号 See also Canada–China relations Canadian Consulate-General, Hong Kong for list of high commissioners and consul general to Hong Kong and Macau Canadian Consulate-General, Guangzhou – located at TaiKoo Hui Canadian Consulate-General, Chongqing – located at Metropolitan Tower Canadian Consulate-General, Shanghai – located at ECO City Building References ^ "Jennifer May, Ambassador to the People's Republic of China". Global Affairs Canada. Sep 23, 2022. Retrieved May 4, 2023. ^ a b "Orders In Council PC 2022-1007". orders-in-council.canada.ca. Government of Canada. September 22, 2022. Retrieved June 7, 2023. ^ Canada, Global Affairs (2021-07-20). "Embassy of Canada to China, in Beijing". GAC. Retrieved 2023-10-25. ^ a b DeLong 2020, p. 26. ^ Shyu, Larry N. (2008). "Diplomatic relations through wartime alliance: the Republic of China's relations with Canada". Journal of Modern Chinese History. 2 (2): 185. doi:10.1080/17535650802489492. S2CID 145486410. However, formal diplomatic relations were not established until 1942, when Canada and the Republic of China (ROC) became wartime allies in their common fight against the Axis powers. ^ Hilliker, John; Barry, Donald (1995). Canada's Department of External Affairs. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 56. ISBN 9780773507388. The Nationalist Chinese embassy remained in Ottawa, but Canada did not send a representative to the government in Taiwan (Formosa). ^ a b Hilliker, John; Barry, Donald (1995). Canada's Department of External Affairs. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 55. ISBN 9780773507388. Hampered by communications problems, the ambassador, T. C. Davis, had to borrow US dollars from private sources, such as the Shell Petroleum Company, to keep the mission operating under the new regime. He was instructed to return to Ottawa in July 1949, leaving the first secretary, Chester Ronning, to take over as chargé d'affaires. ^ a b "Canada names Guy Saint-Jacques ambassador to China". CBC.ca. 2012-09-26. Retrieved 2012-09-26. ^ "Canada's ambassador to China steps down as Ottawa faces pressure from Biden administration - National \| Globalnews.ca". Global News. Retrieved 2023-05-04. ^ Canada, Global Affairs (2021-07-20). "Jennifer May, Ambassador to the People's Republic of China". GAC. Retrieved 2023-05-04. Bibliography DeLong, Linwood (2020). A Guide to Canadian Diplomatic Relations 1925-2019 (PDF). Calgary: Canadian Global Affairs Institute. ISBN 978-1-77397-115-5. External links "Heads of Post List – China". international.gc.ca. Global Affairs Canada. vteAmbassadors to ChinaAmbassadors to the People's Republic of ChinaCurrent countries Afghanistan Albania Algeria Angola Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan The Bahamas Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Benin Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Brazil Brunei Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Chile Colombia Comoros Republic of the Congo Democratic Republic of the Congo Costa Rica Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Djibouti Dominica Dominican Republic East Timor Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Estonia Ethiopia Fiji Finland France Gabon The Gambia Georgia Germany Ghana Greece Grenada Guinea Guinea-Bissau Guyana Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran Iraq Ireland Israel Italy Ivory Coast Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Kiribati Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Latvia Lebanon Lesotho Liberia Libya Lithuania Luxembourg Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mali Malta Mauritania Mauritius Mexico Federated States of Micronesia Moldova Monaco Mongolia Montenegro Morocco Mozambique Myanmar Namibia Nepal Netherlands New Zealand Nicaragua Niger Nigeria North Korea North Macedonia Norway Oman Pakistan Panama Papua New Guinea Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Qatar Romania Russia Rwanda Samoa San Marino São Tomé and Príncipe Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Slovakia Slovenia Solomon Islands Somalia South Africa South Korea South Sudan Spain Sri Lanka Sudan Suriname Sweden Switzerland Syria Tajikistan Tanzania Thailand Togo Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States Uruguay Uzbekistan Vanuatu Venezuela Vietnam Yemen Zambia Zimbabwe Other places Palestine International organizations Arab League European Union Ambassadors to the Republic of China Belize Eswatini Guatemala Haiti Holy See Honduras Marshall Islands Nauru Palau Paraguay Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Tuvalu vteAmbassadors of CanadaCurrent countries Afghanistan Albania Algeria Andorra Angola Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bahamas Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Belize Benin Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Brazil Brunei Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burma Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Chile China Colombia Comoros DR Congo Congo Costa Rica Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Djibouti Dominica Dominican Republic East Timor Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Estonia Eswatini Ethiopia Fiji Finland France Gabon The Gambia Georgia Germany Ghana Greece Grenada Guatemala Guinea Guinea-Bissau Guyana Haiti Holy See Honduras Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran Iraq Ireland Israel Italy Ivory Coast Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Kiribati South Korea Kosovo Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Latvia Lebanon Lesotho Liberia Libya Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mali Malta Marshall Islands Mauritania Mauritius Mexico Micronesia Moldova Monaco Mongolia Montenegro Morocco Mozambique Namibia Nauru Nepal Netherlands New Zealand Nicaragua Niger Nigeria North Macedonia Norway Oman Pakistan Palau Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Qatar Romania Russia Rwanda Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa San Marino São Tomé and Príncipe Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Slovakia Slovenia Solomon Islands Somalia South Africa South Sudan Spain Sri Lanka Sudan Suriname Sweden Switzerland Syria Tajikistan Tanzania Thailand Togo Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Tuvalu Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States Uruguay Uzbekistan Vanuatu Venezuela Vietnam Yemen Zambia Zimbabwe Defunct countriesNewfoundlandInternational organizations AU APEC ASEAN SAARC CD EU ICAO NATO OAS OECD OIC OPCW OSCE UN UNESCO UNEP UN Food and Agriculture UNVIE UN in Geneva UN Human Rights WTO	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canadian government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_government"},{"link_name":"government of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_China"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Justin Trudeau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Trudeau"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OIC_PC_2022-1007-2"},{"link_name":"Beijing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The ambassador of Canada to China is the official representative of the Canadian government to the government of China. The official title for the ambassador is Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of Canada to the People's Republic of China. The current Ambassador of Canada is Jennifer May who was appointed on the advice of Prime Minister Justin Trudeau on September 22, 2022.[2]The Embassy of Canada is located at 19 Dongzhimenwai Dajie, Chaoyang District, 100600 Beijing 100600, China.[3]","title":"List of ambassadors of Canada to China"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"British ambassador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ambassadors_of_the_United_Kingdom_to_China"},{"link_name":"British Commonwealth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations"},{"link_name":"Victor Wentworth Odlum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Wentworth_Odlum"},{"link_name":"W.L. Mackenzie King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W.L._Mackenzie_King"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeLong202026-4"},{"link_name":"Chongqing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chongqing"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Nanjing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanjing"},{"link_name":"Taipei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taipei"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"People's Republic of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeLong202026-4"},{"link_name":"Beijing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing"}],"text":"Canada was originally represented in China by the British ambassador, who looked after the interests of the entire British Empire and later the British Commonwealth. Canadian participation in World War II made it desirable to establish separate representation in China. Diplomatic relations between Canada and China were established on November 6, 1941, with the first ambassador, Victor Wentworth Odlum, appointed on the advice of Prime Minister W.L. Mackenzie King on November 5, 1942.[4] \nA Canadian Embassy was opened in the temporary capital of Chongqing.[5] The embassy was then moved to the permanent Nationalist capital of Nanjing in 1946.The Canadian ambassador remained in Nanjing after Communist troops took the city on April 23, 1949. Canada then maintained diplomatic relations with Communist China at the chargé level from July 1949 to February 1951, when the Korean War made it impossible for diplomatic relations to continue. Canada chose not to post an ambassador to the Nationalist capital of Taipei, maintaining relations through the Nationalist Chinese ambassador in Ottawa.[6]Canada recognized the People's Republic of China as the sole legitimate government of China on October 13, 1970,[4] and a Canadian Embassy was opened in Beijing on June 10, 1971.Ronning, Collins, Small and Menzies (born in Zhangde, Henan) were Chinese born diplomats who possessed significant Chinese cultural knowledge, and in the case of Ronning, near-native language skills. Paynter, Mulroney and Saint-Jacques had served as diplomats to China prior to being appointed ambassador.John Lawrence Paynter died in Vancouver 10 months into his posting while still serving as Canada's Ambassador to China.","title":"History of diplomatic relations"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"List of Canadian ambassadors to China"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chaoyang District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaoyang_District,_Beijing"},{"link_name":"Chaoyang District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaoyang_District,_Beijing"},{"link_name":"People's Republic of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"}],"text":"The current embassy is located at 19 Dongzhimenwai Dajie in the Chaoyang District.Official Address in English:\n19 Dongzhimenwai Dajie,Chaoyang District,100600,People's Republic of ChinaOfficial Address in Simplified Chinese:\n中国北京市 100600\n朝阳区\n东直门外大街19号","title":"Embassy"}]	[]	[{"title":"Canada–China relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93China_relations"},{"title":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong"},{"title":"Macau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macau"},{"title":"TaiKoo Hui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taikoo_Hui_Guangzhou"},{"title":"Metropolitan Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Metropolitan_Tower_(Chongqing)&action=edit&redlink=1"}]	[{"reference":"\"Jennifer May, Ambassador to the People's Republic of China\". 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Journal of Modern Chinese History. 2 (2): 185. doi:10.1080/17535650802489492. S2CID 145486410. However, formal diplomatic relations were not established until 1942, when Canada and the Republic of China (ROC) became wartime allies in their common fight against the Axis powers.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F17535650802489492","url_text":"10.1080/17535650802489492"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145486410","url_text":"145486410"}]},{"reference":"Hilliker, John; Barry, Donald (1995). Canada's Department of External Affairs. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 56. ISBN 9780773507388. The Nationalist Chinese embassy remained in Ottawa, but Canada did not send a representative to the government in Taiwan (Formosa).","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/canadasdepartmen0002hill/page/56","url_text":"Canada's Department of External Affairs"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/canadasdepartmen0002hill/page/56","url_text":"56"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780773507388","url_text":"9780773507388"}]},{"reference":"Hilliker, John; Barry, Donald (1995). Canada's Department of External Affairs. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 55. ISBN 9780773507388. Hampered by communications problems, the ambassador, T. C. Davis, had to borrow US dollars from private sources, such as the Shell Petroleum Company, to keep the mission operating under the new regime. He was instructed to return to Ottawa in July 1949, leaving the first secretary, Chester Ronning, to take over as chargé d'affaires.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/canadasdepartmen0002hill/page/55","url_text":"Canada's Department of External Affairs"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/canadasdepartmen0002hill/page/55","url_text":"55"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780773507388","url_text":"9780773507388"}]},{"reference":"\"Canada names Guy Saint-Jacques ambassador to China\". CBC.ca. 2012-09-26. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Calicut_(1790)	Battle of Tirurangadi	["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"]	Battle of CalicutPart of the Third Anglo-Mysore WarDate7–12 December 1790LocationMalabar coastResult British victoryBelligerents British East India CompanyKingdom of Travancore Kingdom of MysoreCommanders and leaders James Hartley Martab KhanHussain Ali Khan vteThird Anglo-Mysore War Nedumkotta Calicut Cannanore Darwar Koppal Sittimungulum Bangalore Arakere Coimbatore Goorumconda Nundydroog Tellicherry Hooly Honore Savendroog Shimoga Seringapatam The Battle of Tirurangadi (also called the Battle of Calicut) was a series of engagements that took place between 7 and 12 December 1790 at Tirurangadi near the port of Calicut on the Malabar Coast of India, during the Third Anglo-Mysore War. A British Bombay Army force landed at Tellicherry and with the aid of sepoys and horses provided by Travancore, defeated Tipu's commander, Hussain Ali Khan, at Calicut. Abercromby then went on to capture "all of Malabar." vteMysore Invasion of Malabar and Cochin Zamorin's Palakkad Attack Travancore Lines Calicut Cannanore Tellicherry Tellicherry Siege See also Kingdom of Mysore References ^ Naravane, M.S. (2014). Battles of the Honorourable East India Company. A.P.H. Publishing Corporation. p. 176. ISBN 9788131300343. Harbottle, Thomas Benfield. Dictionary of battles from the earliest date to the present time Mill, James. A history of British India, Volume 5 Miles, W (translator). The history of the Reign of Tipu Sultan Logan, William Malabar Manual, Volume 1 External links Dictionary of Indian Biography - James Hartley 1743-1799 archive.org Portrait and Biographical Information on James Hartley Christies.com auctioneers Heritage History - Mysore Wars Calicut - Gazetteer 1857 DNB Biography of James Hartley This article about a battle in British history is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about a battle in Indian history is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Third_Anglo-Mysore_War"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Third_Anglo-Mysore_War"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Third_Anglo-Mysore_War"},{"link_name":"Third Anglo-Mysore War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Anglo-Mysore_War"},{"link_name":"Nedumkotta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Nedumkotta"},{"link_name":"Calicut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Calicut"},{"link_name":"Cannanore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture_of_Cannanore"},{"link_name":"Darwar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Darwar"},{"link_name":"Koppal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Koppal"},{"link_name":"Sittimungulum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sittimungulum"},{"link_name":"Bangalore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Bangalore"},{"link_name":"Arakere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Arakere"},{"link_name":"Coimbatore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Coimbatore"},{"link_name":"Goorumconda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Goorumconda"},{"link_name":"Nundydroog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Nundydroog"},{"link_name":"Tellicherry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tellicherry"},{"link_name":"Hooly Honore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture_of_Hooly_Honore"},{"link_name":"Savendroog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Savendroog"},{"link_name":"Shimoga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture_of_Shimoga"},{"link_name":"Seringapatam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Seringapatam_(1792)"},{"link_name":"Tirurangadi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirurangadi"},{"link_name":"Calicut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kozhikode"},{"link_name":"Malabar Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malabar_Coast"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Third Anglo-Mysore War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Anglo-Mysore_War"},{"link_name":"Tellicherry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tellicherry"},{"link_name":"Travancore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travancore"},{"link_name":"Abercromby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Abercromby_of_Airthrey"},{"link_name":"capture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture_of_Cannanore"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Naravane-1"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Mysore_Invasion_of_Kerala"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Mysore_Invasion_of_Kerala"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Mysore_Invasion_of_Kerala"},{"link_name":"Mysore Invasion of Malabar and Cochin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysorean_invasion_of_Kerala"},{"link_name":"Zamorin's Palakkad Attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamorin%E2%80%93Palakkad_war_of_1756%E2%80%931757"},{"link_name":"Travancore Lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Nedumkotta_(1789)"},{"link_name":"Calicut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Calicut_(1790)"},{"link_name":"Cannanore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture_of_Cannanore"},{"link_name":"Tellicherry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tellicherry"},{"link_name":"Tellicherry Siege","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Tellicherry"}],"text":"vteThird Anglo-Mysore War\nNedumkotta\nCalicut\nCannanore\nDarwar\nKoppal\nSittimungulum\nBangalore\nArakere\nCoimbatore\nGoorumconda\nNundydroog\nTellicherry\nHooly Honore\nSavendroog\nShimoga\nSeringapatamThe Battle of Tirurangadi (also called the Battle of Calicut) was a series of engagements that took place between 7 and 12 December 1790 at Tirurangadi near the port of Calicut on the Malabar Coast of India, during the Third Anglo-Mysore War.A British Bombay Army force landed at Tellicherry and with the aid of sepoys and horses provided by Travancore, defeated Tipu's commander, Hussain Ali Khan, at Calicut. Abercromby then went on to capture \"all of Malabar.\"[1]vteMysore Invasion of Malabar and Cochin\nZamorin's Palakkad Attack\nTravancore Lines\nCalicut\nCannanore\nTellicherry\nTellicherry Siege","title":"Battle of Tirurangadi"}]	[]	[{"title":"Kingdom of Mysore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysore"}]	[{"reference":"Naravane, M.S. (2014). Battles of the Honorourable East India Company. A.P.H. Publishing Corporation. p. 176. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Demon_in_the_Freezer	The Demon in the Freezer	["1 Synopsis","2 References","3 External links"]	2002 nonfiction book by Richard Preston The Demon in the Freezer First editionAuthorRichard PrestonLanguageEnglishGenrenon-fictionPublisherRandom HousePublication date2002Publication placeUnited StatesMedia typePrint (paperback and hardback) eBook and audiobookPages304ISBN0-345-46663-2 The Demon in the Freezer is a 2002 nonfiction book on the biological weapon agents smallpox and anthrax and how the American government develops defensive measures against them. It was written by journalist Richard Preston, also author of the best-selling book The Hot Zone (1994), about ebolavirus outbreaks in Africa and Reston, Virginia and the U.S. government's response to them. The book is primarily an account of the Smallpox Eradication Program (1967–1980), the ongoing belief of the U.S. government that smallpox is still a potential bioterrorism agent, and the controversy over whether or not the remaining samples of smallpox virus in Atlanta and Moscow (the "demon" in the freezer) should be finally destroyed. However, the writer was overtaken by events—the 9/11 attacks and the anthrax letter incidents (called "Amerithrax"), both in 2001—and so much of the book interweaves the anthrax investigation with the smallpox material in a manner some critics have said is "awkward" and somewhat "disjointed". Synopsis Section 1, "Something in the Air", begins with a day-by-day account of the anthrax letter attacks in Florida and Washington, D.C., for the period 2 to 15 October 2001. Robert Stevens, a photo retoucher for the tabloid The Sun, was a victim and US Senator Tom Daschle was an intended victim. The facts of the FBI, the CDC and the U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID) are detailed. Section 2, "The Dreaming Demon", looks back to an outbreak of smallpox at St Walburga Hospital in Meschede, Germany. The successful efforts organized by local public health authorities and the WHO—including a textbook example of ring vaccination containment—are described. Section 3, "To Bhola Island", describes the varieties and evolution of poxviruses and the history of smallpox in particular. The story of the SEP (Smallpox Eradication Program, referred to throughout as "the Eradication"), led by DA Henderson and others is recounted. The more personal story of physician, counterculture figure, and future virtual community pioneer Lawrence Brilliant is told as his Indian guru, Neem Karoli Baba, exhorts him in 1970 to join the SEP and "go eradicate smallpox". (Brilliant ended up fighting the outbreak at the Tatanagar Railway Station in Bihar.) Finally, the Maximum Containment Facility (MCF) of the CDC in Atlanta is described. Section 4, "The Other Side of the Moon", begins with an account of the 1989 defection to the United Kingdom of Vladimir Pasechnik, the first Soviet bioweaponeer to flee to the West. Pasechnik described Biopreparat, the Soviet biological weapons program, to MI6, including their genetically modified, antibiotic resistant plague and their smallpox program at the site known as Vector. The fact that the Russians had ICBMs armed with both plague and smallpox is revealed. Various biological weapon facilities in Russia and Iraq are described. Finally, the history and work of the Ad Hoc Committee on Orthopox Infections is related. This group of the WHO has been hotly debated since 1980 over the fate of the remaining samples of smallpox in the last two official repositories. DA Henderson has been in favor of destruction, while US Army scientist Peter Jahrling has been against it on the basis that further research is needed since smallpox almost certainly exists (he believes) outside of the repositories. Section 5, "A Woman with a Peaceful Life", tells the story of USAMRIID microbiologist and epidemiologist Dr. Lisa E. Hensley, who was originally recruited to do Ebola work. A January 2000 accident in the AA4 "Hot Suite" that Hensley experienced, along with the protocols that followed it, is described. The efforts of USAMRIID scientists to get approval to do smallpox research on animals is described including the FDA's "animal efficacy rule" and the WHO General Assembly's provisional permission to do research for three years (1999–2002). A "Monkey Cabinet" is designed at USAMRIID and CDC for use in the possible investigation of the question of whether animals can be infected with smallpox. The development of a lethal, genetically engineered mousepox virus (the Jackson-Ramshaw virus) and its implications for bioterrorism are described. Finally, the "awakening" of the smallpox at the CDC's MCF West in 2001 by US Army investigators to induce smallpox disease in monkeys for the first time is dramatically recounted. Section 6, "The Demon's Eyes", continues the story of the induction of smallpox disease in monkeys at the CDC in 2001. It was determined that the Harper strain of smallpox kills monkeys slowly while the India strain kills them quickly. This was the first time that smallpox had ever been shown capable of infecting non-humans. Of eight monkeys infected, seven died—six of hemorrhagic smallpox and one of the classic pustular type. There follows a discussion of the need and justification for animal-use smallpox experiments. The emergency evacuation of the Army workers in the MCF West on 9/11 is described. Section 7, "The Anthrax Skulls", relates the atmosphere at the Department of Health and Human Services and their actions at the time of the 9/11 attacks. The story of the Amerithrax investigations is picked up again in day-by-day detail for the period 16 to 25 October 2001. The response by the FBI, HHS, DOJ, CIA and the White House are detailed. Actions at USAMRIID and USAMRMC are also described. (USAMRIID became the FBI's reference lab for forensic evidence related to the bioterror incident.) The events leading to Dr. Steven Hatfill becoming a DOJ "person of interest" are related. Finally, the indignation of Alfred Sommer, dean of the Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, at the news of the Army animal smallpox experiments is described as well as a reiteration of DA Henderson's opposition to the same. Section 8, "Superpox", begins with a description of an attempt at replication of the Jackson-Ramshaw virus at a lab at the Saint Louis University School of Medicine by Mark Buller working for USAMRIID. The potential for a similarly engineered "super-smallpox" virus for use by a terrorist is examined. The procedure for the transfection of an interleukin-4 gene into a mousepox virus is described. Finally, an unusual artifact—the preserved arm of a three- or four-year-old child with classic smallpox lesions, discovered in 1999 and now housed at USAMRIID—is described. This leads the author to muse that "the dream of the total eradication had failed", because although we could eradicate smallpox from nature, "we could not uproot the virus from the human heart". References ^ "Scary stuff, but here's where 'Demon' gets klutzy. Boxed in by the competition—which has already covered a lot of this ground—Preston is forced into massive temporal jumps. After the anthrax attacks on Sen. Tom Daschle's office in October 2001, he flashes back to a 1970s smallpox outbreak in Germany. Then to the prehistoric origins of the virus. Then back to the 1970s, with an engaging retelling of the smallpox eradication campaign, one of the greatest feats in the history of public health. Then it's off to an examination of the Soviet bio-weapons program in 1989." Fierman, Daniel, "Review: Gripping book about smallpox". Entertainment Weekly. October 7, 2002. ^ According to the book's author, there was a mistaken assumption in some reviews regarding why 9/11 and the subsequent anthrax events were in a book primarily devoted to smallpox. The author's website explains it: (see About Richard Preston a few paragraphs before the end of this long, but enlightening, webpage) ^ "At its worst, the book sometimes feels disjointed, as if Preston is trying to weave several excellent but separate short stories into the whole cloth of a novel." Walter, Chip, "The Demon in the Freezer by Richard Preston", Review in the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, Sunday, November 24, 2002. External links About Richard Preston Richard Preston's homepage vteBiological warfare and bioterrorismModern incidents Unit 731 1984 Rajneeshee bioterror attack 1989 California medfly attack 2001 anthrax attacks Wood Green ricin plot 2003 ricin letters 2013 ricin letters Preventionand response Australia Group Caribbean Public Health Agency Center for Health Security Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention Council of Europe Convention on the Prevention of Terrorism Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency Defense Threat Reduction Agency European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control Global Health Security Initiative Health Threat Unit Laboratory Response Network India's Ministry of Health and Family Welfare National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center National Science Advisory Board for Biosecurity United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases Biological agents Anthrax Avian influenza Botulinum toxin Brucellosis Burkholderia pseudomallei Chlamydophila psittaci Coxiella burnetii Ebola Equine encephalitis (Eastern Western Venezuelan) Foodborne illness Fungi Glanders Hantavirus Henipavirus Legionnaires' disease Marburg virus Mold Plague Ricin Salmonella enterica Salmonellosis Salmonella typhi Smallpox Staphylococcus Tularemia Typhus Viral hemorrhagic fever Related concepts Agro-terrorism Anthrax hoaxes Psychochemical weapons Bacteria Biocontainment Biological hazard Biological warfare in popular culture Ethnic bioweapon Decontamination Entomological warfare Infectious disease Virus Toxin Terrorism International law Geneva Protocol Biological Weapons Convention United Nations Security Council Resolution 1540 Wiktionary definition Wikimedia Commons Wikisource vteUnited States biological defense programOrganizationsFederaladministrativeDHS DHS Chemical and Biological Defense Division DHS Office of Health Affairs (National Biosurvelliance Integration Center, BioWatch) National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility National Bioforensic Analysis Center DNI National Counterproliferation Center (Advisory Committee on Bioterrorism) DHHS Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response Division of Select Agents and Toxins (CDC) National Science Advisory Board for Biosecurity DoD Assistant SECDEF for NCB Defense Programs Defense Threat Reduction Agency Global Emerging Infections Surveillance and Response System Joint Program Executive Office of Chemical and Biological Defense (JPEO-CBD) National Center for Medical Intelligence FederalresearchTrans-departmental National Interagency Confederation for Biological Research (National Interagency Biodefense Campus, Fort Detrick) Integrated National Biodefense Medical Countermeasures Portfolio (DHHS/DoD) Military U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency Edgewood Chemical Biological Center Dugway Proving Ground Civilian Galveston National Laboratory (UTMB/NIAID) Integrated Research Facility (HHS/NIAID) Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (HHS) Homeland Security Research Program (EPA/DHS) Plum Island Animal Disease Center (USDA) Foreign Disease Weed Science Research Unit (USDA) ResponseLocal Local Health Departments State State Health Departments Nebraska Biocontainment Patient Care Unit Federal National Medical Response Team/National Pharmacy Response Team (NDMS, HHS) Chemical Biological Incident Response Force (USMC) Epidemic Intelligence Service (CDC) Aeromedical Biological Containment System (CDC) Bioterror Rapid Response and Advanced Technology Laboratory (CDC) Non-governmentalAcademic centersand think tanks Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security (formerly Center for Biosecurity) Henry L. Stimson Center Center for Advancing Microbial Risk Assessment Center for Biodefense and Emerging Pathogens (Brown University) Middle-Atlantic Regional Center of Excellence for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases Research Center for Biodefense Immune Modeling (University of Rochester) Johns Hopkins Center for Civilian Biodefense Strategies National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases (NCBID; George Mason Univ.) Governmentcontractors Battelle Memorial Institute SRI International Idaho Technology Phoenix Air Programsand projectsThreat reduction Nunn–Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction Program, implemented the Defense Threat Reduction Agency and Biological Threat Reduction (DoD) plus Project Bacchus Project Clear Vision Project Jefferson Biosurveillance National Biosurveillance Strategy Laboratory Response Network (CDC) BioWatch (EPA, CDC) Global Bio-Surveillance Technology Initiative (GBTI), Bio-Surveillance Management Office (BMO) (part of JPEO-CBD) ESSENCE (DoD) RODS (Civilian) Biosecurity/Biosurety Select Agent Program (CDC) Personnel Reliability Program (DoD) Medical intelligence National Intelligence Assessments on Infectious Diseases Disaster response National Response Framework of the National Strategy for Homeland Security (DHS; including NIMS and ICS) National Disaster Medical System (DHHS) Strategic National Stockpile (CDC, DHS) Technologyand equipmentProtection MOPP NBC suit Respirators Detection Cell CANARY Biological Materials MASINT Autonomous Pathogen Detection System Joint Biological Agent Identification and Diagnostic System (JBAIDS) Biocontainment Biosafety level Biosafety cabinet Positive pressure personnel suit LawTreaties Geneva Protocol (1925, 1975) Statement on Chemical and Biological Defense Policies and Programs (1969) Biological Weapons Convention (1972) Legislation Biological Weapons Anti-Terrorism Act of 1989 Soviet Nuclear Threat Reduction Act of 1991 Executive Order 13139 (1999) Patriot Act (2001) Public Health Security and Bioterrorism Preparedness Response Act (2002) Agricultural Bioterrorism Protection Act of 2002 Project Bioshield Act (2004) Biodefense and Pandemic Vaccine and Drug Development Act of 2005 Public Readiness and Emergency Preparedness Act (2005) Pandemic and All-Hazards Preparedness Act (2006) Pandemic and All-Hazards Preparedness Reauthorization Act of 2013 Internationalrepresentation Global Health Security Initiative Global Partnership Against the Spread of Weapons and Materials of Mass Destruction United Nations Security Council Resolution 1540 (2004) HistoryPast biologicalincidents 1984 Rajneeshee bioterror attack 1989 California medfly attack 2001 anthrax attacks Wood Green ricin plot (2002) 2003 ricin letters 2013 ricin letters Defunct organizationsand programs United States Army Medical Unit United States biological weapons program Sunshine Project Aeromedical Isolation Team (DoD) Related topics Agro-terrorism Biodefense Biosecurity in the United States Biological agent Biological hazard Biological warfare (BW) Biosurveillance Bioterrorism CBRN defense Decontamination Entomological warfare Isolation (health care) Select agent Smallpox virus retention debate	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"nonfiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonfiction"},{"link_name":"biological weapon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_weapon"},{"link_name":"smallpox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallpox"},{"link_name":"anthrax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthrax"},{"link_name":"Richard Preston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Preston"},{"link_name":"The Hot Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hot_Zone"},{"link_name":"ebolavirus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebolavirus"},{"link_name":"Reston, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reston,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Smallpox Eradication Program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallpox#Eradication"},{"link_name":"bioterrorism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioterrorism"},{"link_name":"smallpox virus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallpox_virus"},{"link_name":"Atlanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta"},{"link_name":"Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow"},{"link_name":"9/11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9/11"},{"link_name":"anthrax letter incidents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_anthrax_attacks"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The Demon in the Freezer is a 2002 nonfiction book on the biological weapon agents smallpox and anthrax and how the American government develops defensive measures against them. It was written by journalist Richard Preston, also author of the best-selling book The Hot Zone (1994), about ebolavirus outbreaks in Africa and Reston, Virginia and the U.S. government's response to them.The book is primarily an account of the Smallpox Eradication Program (1967–1980), the ongoing belief of the U.S. government that smallpox is still a potential bioterrorism agent, and the controversy over whether or not the remaining samples of smallpox virus in Atlanta and Moscow (the \"demon\" in the freezer) should be finally destroyed. However, the writer was overtaken by events—the 9/11 attacks and the anthrax letter incidents (called \"Amerithrax\"), both in 2001—and so much of the book interweaves the anthrax investigation with the smallpox material in a manner some critics have said is \"awkward\"[1] and somewhat \"disjointed\".[2][3]","title":"The Demon in the Freezer"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"Robert Stevens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Stevens_(photo_editor)"},{"link_name":"tabloid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabloid_(newspaper_format)"},{"link_name":"The Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_(supermarket_tabloid)"},{"link_name":"US Senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Senator"},{"link_name":"Tom Daschle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Daschle"},{"link_name":"FBI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FBI"},{"link_name":"CDC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention"},{"link_name":"U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Army_Medical_Research_Institute_of_Infectious_Diseases"},{"link_name":"St Walburga Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St_Walburga_Hospital&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Meschede, Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meschede"},{"link_name":"WHO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WHO"},{"link_name":"ring vaccination containment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ring_vaccination_containment&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"poxviruses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poxviruses"},{"link_name":"DA Henderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DA_Henderson"},{"link_name":"counterculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterculture"},{"link_name":"virtual community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_community"},{"link_name":"Lawrence Brilliant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Brilliant"},{"link_name":"Neem Karoli Baba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neem_Karoli_Baba"},{"link_name":"Tatanagar Railway Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatanagar"},{"link_name":"Bihar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihar"},{"link_name":"Maximum Containment Facility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maximum_Containment_Facility&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Pasechnik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Pasechnik"},{"link_name":"Soviet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"bioweaponeer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_warfare"},{"link_name":"Biopreparat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biopreparat"},{"link_name":"MI6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MI6"},{"link_name":"genetically modified","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetically_modified"},{"link_name":"Vector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Research_Center_of_Virology_and_Biotechnology_VECTOR"},{"link_name":"ICBMs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICBM"},{"link_name":"plague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plague_(disease)"},{"link_name":"smallpox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallpox"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"},{"link_name":"Ad Hoc Committee on Orthopox Infections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ad_Hoc_Committee_on_Orthopox_Infections&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Peter Jahrling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Jahrling"},{"link_name":"Lisa E. Hensley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Hensley_(microbiologist)"},{"link_name":"animal efficacy rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_efficacy_rule"},{"link_name":"mousepox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mousepox"},{"link_name":"Jackson-Ramshaw virus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jackson-Ramshaw_virus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Harper strain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harper_strain&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"India strain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=India_strain&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Department of Health and Human Services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services"},{"link_name":"DOJ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice"},{"link_name":"CIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIA"},{"link_name":"White House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Office_of_the_President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"USAMRMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USAMRMC"},{"link_name":"Steven Hatfill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Hatfill"},{"link_name":"Alfred Sommer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Sommer"},{"link_name":"Johns Hopkins School of Public Health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_School_of_Public_Health"},{"link_name":"Saint Louis University School of Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Louis_University_School_of_Medicine"},{"link_name":"transfection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfection"},{"link_name":"interleukin-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interleukin-4"}],"text":"Section 1, \"Something in the Air\", begins with a day-by-day account of the anthrax letter attacks in Florida and Washington, D.C., for the period 2 to 15 October 2001. Robert Stevens, a photo retoucher for the tabloid The Sun, was a victim and US Senator Tom Daschle was an intended victim. The facts of the FBI, the CDC and the U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID) are detailed.\nSection 2, \"The Dreaming Demon\", looks back to an outbreak of smallpox at St Walburga Hospital in Meschede, Germany. The successful efforts organized by local public health authorities and the WHO—including a textbook example of ring vaccination containment—are described.\nSection 3, \"To Bhola Island\", describes the varieties and evolution of poxviruses and the history of smallpox in particular. The story of the SEP (Smallpox Eradication Program, referred to throughout as \"the Eradication\"), led by DA Henderson and others is recounted. The more personal story of physician, counterculture figure, and future virtual community pioneer Lawrence Brilliant is told as his Indian guru, Neem Karoli Baba, exhorts him in 1970 to join the SEP and \"go eradicate smallpox\". (Brilliant ended up fighting the outbreak at the Tatanagar Railway Station in Bihar.) Finally, the Maximum Containment Facility (MCF) of the CDC in Atlanta is described.\nSection 4, \"The Other Side of the Moon\", begins with an account of the 1989 defection to the United Kingdom of Vladimir Pasechnik, the first Soviet bioweaponeer to flee to the West. Pasechnik described Biopreparat, the Soviet biological weapons program, to MI6, including their genetically modified, antibiotic resistant plague and their smallpox program at the site known as Vector. The fact that the Russians had ICBMs armed with both plague and smallpox is revealed. Various biological weapon facilities in Russia and Iraq are described. Finally, the history and work of the Ad Hoc Committee on Orthopox Infections is related. This group of the WHO has been hotly debated since 1980 over the fate of the remaining samples of smallpox in the last two official repositories. DA Henderson has been in favor of destruction, while US Army scientist Peter Jahrling has been against it on the basis that further research is needed since smallpox almost certainly exists (he believes) outside of the repositories.\nSection 5, \"A Woman with a Peaceful Life\", tells the story of USAMRIID microbiologist and epidemiologist Dr. Lisa E. Hensley, who was originally recruited to do Ebola work. A January 2000 accident in the AA4 \"Hot Suite\" that Hensley experienced, along with the protocols that followed it, is described. The efforts of USAMRIID scientists to get approval to do smallpox research on animals is described including the FDA's \"animal efficacy rule\" and the WHO General Assembly's provisional permission to do research for three years (1999–2002). A \"Monkey Cabinet\" is designed at USAMRIID and CDC for use in the possible investigation of the question of whether animals can be infected with smallpox. The development of a lethal, genetically engineered mousepox virus (the Jackson-Ramshaw virus) and its implications for bioterrorism are described. Finally, the \"awakening\" of the smallpox at the CDC's MCF West in 2001 by US Army investigators to induce smallpox disease in monkeys for the first time is dramatically recounted.\nSection 6, \"The Demon's Eyes\", continues the story of the induction of smallpox disease in monkeys at the CDC in 2001. It was determined that the Harper strain of smallpox kills monkeys slowly while the India strain kills them quickly. This was the first time that smallpox had ever been shown capable of infecting non-humans. Of eight monkeys infected, seven died—six of hemorrhagic smallpox and one of the classic pustular type. There follows a discussion of the need and justification for animal-use smallpox experiments. The emergency evacuation of the Army workers in the MCF West on 9/11 is described.\nSection 7, \"The Anthrax Skulls\", relates the atmosphere at the Department of Health and Human Services and their actions at the time of the 9/11 attacks. The story of the Amerithrax investigations is picked up again in day-by-day detail for the period 16 to 25 October 2001. The response by the FBI, HHS, DOJ, CIA and the White House are detailed. Actions at USAMRIID and USAMRMC are also described. (USAMRIID became the FBI's reference lab for forensic evidence related to the bioterror incident.) The events leading to Dr. Steven Hatfill becoming a DOJ \"person of interest\" are related. Finally, the indignation of Alfred Sommer, dean of the Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, at the news of the Army animal smallpox experiments is described as well as a reiteration of DA Henderson's opposition to the same.\nSection 8, \"Superpox\", begins with a description of an attempt at replication of the Jackson-Ramshaw virus at a lab at the Saint Louis University School of Medicine by Mark Buller working for USAMRIID. The potential for a similarly engineered \"super-smallpox\" virus for use by a terrorist is examined. The procedure for the transfection of an interleukin-4 gene into a mousepox virus is described. Finally, an unusual artifact—the preserved arm of a three- or four-year-old child with classic smallpox lesions, discovered in 1999 and now housed at USAMRIID—is described. This leads the author to muse that \"the dream of the total eradication had failed\", because although we could eradicate smallpox from nature, \"we could not uproot the virus from the human heart\".","title":"Synopsis"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"http://archives.cnn.com/2002/SHOWBIZ/books/10/07/ew.review.book.demon.freezer/","external_links_name":"\"Review: Gripping book about smallpox\""},{"Link":"http://www.richard-preston.net/about/","external_links_name":"About Richard Preston"},{"Link":"http://www.post-gazette.com/books/reviews/20021124preston1124fnp1.asp","external_links_name":"\"The Demon in the Freezer by Richard Preston\""},{"Link":"http://www.richard-preston.net/about.html","external_links_name":"About Richard Preston"},{"Link":"http://www.richard-preston.net/","external_links_name":"Richard Preston's homepage"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brantford_Galaxy_SC	Brantford Galaxy	["1 History","2 Players","2.1 First Division roster","3 Head coaches","4 Honours","5 Seasons","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]	Canadian association football team Football clubFull nameBrantford Galaxy Soccer ClubNickname(s)GalaxyFoundedFebruary 24, 2010; 14 years ago (2010-02-24)Dissolved2021 (merged with Hamilton City)StadiumHeritage FieldHamilton, OntarioCapacity2,000+PresidentBoško BorjanHead coachSaša VidovićLeagueCanadian Soccer League2020Regular season: 5thPlayoffs: Did not qualifyWebsiteClub website Home colours Away colours Brantford Galaxy Soccer Club was a semi-professional Canadian soccer club based in Brantford, Ontario, Canada, with their home venue located in Hamilton, Ontario at the Heritage Field Turf. The club competes in the Canadian Soccer League, a league not sanctioned by a FIFA-recognized body. The Galaxy were formed in 2010 as an expansion franchise. In their first season Brantford recorded a milestone by becoming the first expansion franchise in CSL history to claim a CSL Championship in their debut season. After their championship season the club faced several problems ranging from change of ownership, to philosophical differences within team management, and to a lack of commitment from feeder clubs resulting in the team missing the postseason in two straight years. The ownership in 2013 decided to take a year of absence in order to regroup. In late 2014, former head coach Tomo Dančetović spearheaded the relaunching of the club by acquiring the name and franchise rights from the old ownership, and the Galaxy returned to the league to participate in the 2015 season. In 2021, they merged with Hamilton City to form BGH City. History Brantford Galaxy SC was announced as an expansion franchise in the Canadian Soccer League's 2010 season on February 24, 2010. Bosko Borjan, Gerry Crnic along with European investors were primarily responsible for returning professional soccer to the city since the 1930s/1940s where several Brantford clubs competed in the Canadian National Soccer League. Lions Park located at Steve Brown Sports Complex was announced as the Galaxy's home venue after receiving CSL approval. Lazo Džepina was appointed the club's first head coach and assembled a roster with a majority of imports from Europe with several local talent. The notable acquisitions for the 2010 season were Miodrag Anđelković, Ranko Golijanin, Patrick Gerhardt, Patryk Misik, Haris Fazlagić, Nenad Begović, Dražen Gović, Zoran Roglić, Drazen Vukovic, and Marco Giusti was named the club captain. Brantford made their debut on May 16, 2010 in a well-attended crowd against Portugal FC which resulted in a 3-3 draw with goals coming from Golijanin, Andelkovic, and Vukovic. Brantford clinched a postseason berth by finishing seventh in the overall standings and recording the third best offensive record. In the first round of the playoffs their opponents were the Serbian White Eagles, and advanced to the semi-finals by defeating the White Eagles by a score of 1-0 with the lone goal from Zvonko Bakula. In the second round the Galaxy faced Portugal FC and won the match by a score of 5-3 with Golijanin recording a hat trick, and the rest coming from Andelkovic, and Kyle Grootenboer. In the CSL Championship final at the Centennial Park Stadium in Toronto, the club faced Hamilton Croatia, and with goals coming from Fazlagic, and Golijanin the Galaxy claimed their first championship by a score of 3-0. At the conclusion of the season, Jesse Castillo received the CSL Reserve Division Goalkeeper of the Year award. Brantford Galaxy celebrating their 2010 CSL Championship. In preparations for the 2011 season, Brantford's feeder club the Brantford Inter-City Soccer club announced that it will change its name to the Brantford Galaxy Youth Soccer Club in an effort to further align it with the CSL club. After the departure of several key players, head coach Džepina brought in imports from the former Yugoslavian countries, and appointed Golijanin as the team captain. His notable signings included Chilean international Cristián Gómez, Rade Novković, Dalibor Mitrović, Saša Vidović, Vladimir Markotić, and Ferid Idrizovic. On July 9, 2011, after a string of poor performances, Džepina was sacked as head coach to be replaced by assistant coach Tomo Dančetović. Dančetović managed to achieve better results, but unfortunately the Galaxy failed to clinch the final postseason berth by finishing ninth in the overall standings. The following season, Brantford saw a change in the ownership with Borjan and Crnic becoming sole owners after losing their European backers resulting in a smaller budget, and further reliance on community support. The organization hired the services of Ron Davidson a CSL Coach of the Year with Hamilton Croatia in 2010. Davidson reduced the amount of European imports by signing several local and Greater Toronto Area players. The notable additions to the roster were Dave Simpson, Preston Corporal, Logan Alexander, Jeremy Shepherd, Melford James Jr, and Damion Scott. Midway through the season, Davidson managed an 8-3 record and a fourth-place position, but despite his impressive run he was sacked from his position due to ideological differences with the club's administration. In protest to the dismissal, the Galaxy lost eight players who were in solidarity with Davidson. Tomo Dančetović was once more appointed to the position on an interim basis with Golijanin returning to serve as assistant coach. Disaster struck Brantford as they lost seven of their remaining matches and tied one and failed for the second straight season in securing a postseason berth by finishing thirteenth in the standings. On April 1, 2013, Brantford announced a year of absence in order to regroup. On December 30, 2014, with Brantford's franchise rights about to expire Tomo Dančetović assisted with volunteers Andrew Pilkington and Jim Turnbull acquired the name and franchise rights from the old ownership and reinstated the club for the 2015 season. Dančetović brought in several imports from Europe and domestic players which included Luka Bešenić, Haris Redžepi, Stefan Vukovic, Zdenko Jurčević, Dejan Ristić, Aleksa Marković, and Boris Miličić. On October 4, 2015, the Galaxy faced Milton SC the final match of the season. The game was significant because the victor would secure the final postseason berth, unfortunately for Brantford they suffered a 4-3 defeat. At the CSL awards banquet, Brantford's reserve team won several awards like Nikola Miokovic winning the CSL Golden Boot, Arsenije Japalak the MVP, Namanjar Sudar the Defender of the Year, and Zach Kingma with the Rookie of the Year award. In preparations for the 2016 season, Dančetović retained the majority of the roster with Bojan Stepanović, Krum Bibishkov, and Nenad Nikolić as the notable additions to the roster. Throughout the regular season, Brantford clinched their first postseason berth since the 2010 season by finishing seventh in the standings. Their opponents in the playoffs were FC Ukraine United, but were eliminated by a score of 3–0. Ahead of the 2021 season, they merged with Hamilton City SC to form BGH City FC. Players First Division roster As of 5 October 2020 Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality. No. Pos. Nation Player 1 GK CAN Georgi Jovicic 3 MF MNE Uros Terzic 4 DF BIH Zeljko Dokic 5 DF CAN Miljan Milovic 6 DF CAN Donart Beqiri 8 DF SRB Boris Milicic 9 MF BIH Saša Vidović 10 MF SRB Dragan Milovic 11 MF SRB Zoran Cvijetic 14 MF BIH Radomir Lazarovic 16 MF MNE Adolfo Alvarado 17 DF BIH Marko Djukic 18 MF SRB Camilo Veloza 19 DF SRB Bojan Samardzija No. Pos. Nation Player 22 MF CAN Slavko Knezevic 24 MF CAN Adam Villela 35 MF CAN Marko Ilic - MF BIH Jeffrey Alves - MF CAN Miroslav Čabrilo - MF SRB Petar Dordevic - MF CAN Aleksa Marković - MF SRB Nikola Milošević - FW CAN Aleksandar Mitic - MF SRB Radomir Lazarevic - MF CAN Andrej Prpa - MF CAN Marko Tejin - MF SRB Uroš Vidović Head coaches Years Name Nation 2010–2011 Lazo Džepina Croatia 2011 Tomo Dančetović Serbia 2012 Ron Davidson Canada 2012-2016 Tomo Dančetović Serbia 2017 Saša Vuković Serbia 2017- Aleksandar Pešić Serbia 2018-2020 Milan Prpa Serbia 2020- Saša Vidović Bosnia and Herzegovina Honours Givova CSL Championship: 1 2010 Seasons Season League Teams Record Rank Playoffs Ref 2010 Canadian Soccer League (First Division) 13 9–5–10 7th Champions 2011 14 9–3–14 9th did not qualify 2012 16 8–1–13 13th did not qualify 2015 12 7–3–12 11th did not qualify 2016 8 3–9–9 7th Quarterfinals 2017 8 6–0–8 5th Quarterfinals 2018 9 3–2–11 8th Quarterfinals 2019 10 2–2–14 10th did not qualify 2020 5 1–0–7 5th did not qualify See also 2018 Brantford Galaxy season 2017 Brantford Galaxy season References ^ http://canadiansoccerleague.ca/news_archive.php?news_id=249509 ^ Smiley, Brian. "Professional team in town". Brantford Expositor. Archived from the original on 2016-10-11. Retrieved 2016-10-10. ^ "February 24, 2010 CSL launches teams in Hamilton, Brantford and Milton (from CSL news release)". www.rocketrobinsoccerintoronto.com. Retrieved 2016-10-10. ^ "Pro soccer coming to Brantford". The Hamilton Spectator. 2010-02-11. ISSN 1189-9417. Retrieved 2018-12-26. ^ "BICS U-21 side to bolster Galaxy". Brant News. Retrieved 16 March 2010. ^ News, Brant. "CSL okays Lions Park for league play". www.brantnews.com. Retrieved 2016-10-10. {{cite web}}: \|last= has generic name (help) ^ News, Brant. "Upgrades for Galaxy approved". www.brantnews.com. Retrieved 2016-10-10. {{cite web}}: \|last= has generic name (help) ^ Smiley, Brian. "Lazo is in charge". Brantford Expositor. Archived from the original on 2016-09-20. Retrieved 2016-10-10. ^ News, Brant. "Galaxy imports ready to go". www.brantnews.com. Retrieved 2016-10-10. {{cite web}}: \|last= has generic name (help) ^ News, Brant. "Giusti named Galaxy captain". www.brantnews.com. Retrieved 2016-10-10. {{cite web}}: \|last= has generic name (help) ^ "Canadian Soccer League". 2011-02-28. Archived from the original on 2011-02-28. Retrieved 2016-10-10.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) ^ "May 16, 2010 CSL details of Sunday's games (from CSL website)". www.rocketrobinsoccerintoronto.com. Retrieved 2016-10-10. ^ News, Brant. "Galaxy opener ends in tie". www.brantnews.com. Retrieved 2016-10-10. {{cite web}}: \|last= has generic name (help) ^ Smiley, Brian. "Galaxy opener is a night of firsts". Brantford Expositor. Archived from the original on 2016-10-11. Retrieved 2016-10-10. ^ Glover, Robin. "October 17, 2010 CSL--Serbian White Eagles vs Brantford Galaxy (by Rocket Robin)". www.rocketrobinsoccerintoronto.com. Retrieved 2016-10-10. ^ "October 17, 2010 CSL--details of Sunday games (from CSL website)". www.rocketrobinsoccerintoronto.com. Retrieved 2016-10-10. ^ Glover, Robin. "October 22, 2010 CSL--Portugal FC vs Brantford Galaxy (by Rocket Robin)". www.rocketrobinsoccerintoronto.com. Retrieved 2016-10-10. ^ "October 22, 2010 CSL--Portugal FC vs Brantford Galaxy (from CSL website)". www.rocketrobinsoccerintoronto.com. Retrieved 2016-10-10. ^ "Brantford Galaxy CSL Champs......Fazlagic hits two in decisive win at well-attended game in Toronto". 2010-10-31. Retrieved 1 November 2010. ^ Glover, Robin. "October 31, 2010 CSL--Hamilton Croatia vs Brantford Galaxy (by Rocket Robin)". www.rocketrobinsoccerintoronto.com. Retrieved 2016-10-10. ^ "Galaxy shines in CSL title victory". The Hamilton Spectator. 2010-11-01. Retrieved 2016-10-10. ^ O'Leary, Ed. "Galaxy title out of this world". Brantford Expositor. Archived from the original on 2016-09-20. Retrieved 2016-10-11. ^ Glover, Robin. "October 31, 2010 CSL Finals--Award Winners (by Rocket Robin)". www.rocketrobinsoccerintoronto.com. Retrieved 2016-10-10. ^ "October 31, 2010 CSL Final--Hamilton Croatia vs Brantford Galaxy (from CSL website)". www.rocketrobinsoccerintoronto.com. Retrieved 2016-10-10. ^ Kennedy, Tom (13 January 2011). "BICS votes in new name". Retrieved 31 January 2011. ^ Smiley, Brian. "Galaxy putting together pieces for new season". Brantford Expositor. Archived from the original on 2016-10-12. Retrieved 2016-10-11. ^ "Brantford Galaxy SC --- Brantford, Ontario". 2011-09-25. Archived from the original on 2011-09-25. Retrieved 2016-10-11.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) ^ Smiley, Brian. "Galaxy: Ready for kickoff!". Brantford Expositor. Archived from the original on 2016-10-12. Retrieved 2016-10-11. ^ Smiley, Brian. "Galaxy show coach red card". Brantford Expositor. Archived from the original on 2016-09-20. Retrieved 2016-10-11. ^ News, Brant. "Galaxy wrap up season". www.brantnews.com. Retrieved 2016-10-11. {{cite web}}: \|last= has generic name (help) ^ Allen, Sean. "Fresh start for Galaxy in 2012". www.brantnews.com. Archived from the original on April 30, 2019. Retrieved October 12, 2016. ^ Allen, Sean. "Brantford Galaxy unveil new coach, new philosophy". www.brantnews.com. Retrieved 2016-10-12. ^ "May 2, 2012 CSL Announcements at Press Conference held in Toronto. (from CSL website)". www.rocketrobinsoccerintoronto.com. Retrieved 2016-10-12. ^ "Canadian Soccer League". 2012-06-06. Archived from the original on 2012-06-06. Retrieved 2016-10-12.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) ^ Allen, Sean. "Despite success, Galaxy replace head coach". www.brantnews.com. Retrieved 2016-10-12. ^ Smart, Darryl G. "Former Galaxy coach 'shocked' and 'confused'". Brantford Expositor. Archived from the original on 2016-08-20. Retrieved 2016-10-12. ^ Glover, Robin. "August 5, 2012 CSL--Brampton City United vs Brantford Galaxy (by Rocket Robin)". www.rocketrobinsoccerintoronto.com. Retrieved 2016-10-12. ^ Smart, Darryl G. "Galaxy ends season with a loss". Brantford Expositor. Archived from the original on 2016-10-13. Retrieved 2016-10-12. ^ Allen, Sean. "Galaxy end tumultuous season". www.brantnews.com. Retrieved 2016-10-12. ^ Smart, Darryl G. "Brantford Galaxy leaves CSL to 'regroup'". Brantford Expositor. Retrieved 2016-10-12. ^ Allen, Sean. "Galaxy to go on hiatus". www.brantnews.com. Retrieved 2016-10-12. ^ nurun.com. "Brantford Galaxy return to CSL for 2015 season". Brantford Expositor. Archived from the original on 2016-10-14. Retrieved 2016-10-13. ^ Marion, Michael-Allan. "Galaxy set for return". Brantford Expositor. Archived from the original on 2016-10-14. Retrieved 2016-10-13. ^ Smiley, Brian. "Galaxy taking shape". Brantford Expositor. Archived from the original on 2016-10-14. Retrieved 2016-10-13. ^ Allen, Sean. "Building a future for soccer in Brant". www.brantnews.com. Retrieved 2016-10-13. ^ Allen, Sean. "Galaxy return from hiatus". www.brantnews.com. Retrieved 2016-10-13. ^ Peeling, Mike. "New Galaxy owners aim to build another semi-pro team, open academy". www.brantnews.com. Retrieved 2016-10-13. ^ "Brantford Galaxy SC \| Canadian Soccer League". 2015-10-06. Archived from the original on 2015-10-06. Retrieved 2016-10-13.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) ^ Shypula, Brian. "Galaxy miss playoffs with loss". www.brantnews.com. Retrieved 2016-10-13. ^ "2015 Second Division Awards \| Canadian Soccer League". canadiansoccerleague.ca. Archived from the original on 2016-10-14. Retrieved 2016-10-13. ^ "Brantford Galaxy SC \| Canadian Soccer League". canadiansoccerleague.ca. Retrieved 2017-01-31. ^ "2016 First Division Standing \| Canadian Soccer League". canadiansoccerleague.ca. Archived from the original on 2017-01-19. Retrieved 2017-01-31. ^ Adamson, Stan (16 October 2016). "UKRAINE UNITED, SERBIAN EAGLES ADVANCE……..CSL playoffs continue Sunday \| Canadian Soccer League". canadiansoccerleague.ca. Retrieved 2017-01-31. ^ Adamson, Stan (August 9, 2021). "A New Beginning to Kickoff a New Season - ProSound Cup starts Saturday". Canadian Soccer League. ^ "Brantford Galaxy SC – Canadian Soccer League". 17 July 2017. Retrieved 2020-09-22. ^ "Canada Soccer". canadasoccer.com. Retrieved 2018-09-17. ^ "Cardinals dominate HWCAA boys' soccer". www.hwcdsb.ca. Retrieved 2018-09-26. ^ "FK Sumadija 1903 Kragujevac". srbijafudbal.com. Retrieved 2019-08-04. ^ "Ontario Colleges Athletic Association". Ontario Colleges Athletic Association. Retrieved 2019-08-15. ^ "2010 CSL Season" (PDF). canadiansoccerleague.ca. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 23, 2021. Retrieved April 17, 2022. ^ a b c d e f g h "CSL First Division Standings". canadiansoccerleague.ca. Archived from the original on May 1, 2021. Retrieved November 21, 2021. 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NDC Ontario Tecumseh SC L1Q Ottawa South United CSL Brantford Galaxy FC Continentals Hamilton City SC Scarborough SC Serbian White Eagles Swimming ISL Toronto Titans Ultimate AUDL Toronto Rush U Sports Brock Badgers Carleton Ravens Guelph Gryphons Lakehead Thunderwolves Laurentian Voyageurs McMaster Marauders Nipissing Lakers Ontario Tech Ridgebacks Ottawa Gee-Gees Queen's Golden Gaels Royal Military College Paladins TMU Bold Trent Excalibur Toronto Varsity Blues Waterloo Warriors Western Mustangs Wilfrid Laurier Golden Hawks Windsor Lancers York Lions	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"soccer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Brantford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brantford"},{"link_name":"Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario"},{"link_name":"Hamilton, Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Canadian Soccer League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Soccer_League"},{"link_name":"FIFA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA"},{"link_name":"CSL Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSL_Championship"},{"link_name":"Hamilton City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_City_Soccer_Club"},{"link_name":"BGH City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BGH_City_FC"}],"text":"Football clubBrantford Galaxy Soccer Club was a semi-professional Canadian soccer club based in Brantford, Ontario, Canada, with their home venue located in Hamilton, Ontario at the Heritage Field Turf. The club competes in the Canadian Soccer League, a league not sanctioned by a FIFA-recognized body. The Galaxy were formed in 2010 as an expansion franchise. In their first season Brantford recorded a milestone by becoming the first expansion franchise in CSL history to claim a CSL Championship in their debut season. After their championship season the club faced several problems ranging from change of ownership, to philosophical differences within team management, and to a lack of commitment from feeder clubs resulting in the team missing the postseason in two straight years.The ownership in 2013 decided to take a year of absence in order to regroup. In late 2014, former head coach Tomo Dančetović spearheaded the relaunching of the club by acquiring the name and franchise rights from the old ownership, and the Galaxy returned to the league to participate in the 2015 season. In 2021, they merged with Hamilton City to form BGH City.","title":"Brantford Galaxy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2010 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Canadian_Soccer_League_season"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Canadian National Soccer League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_National_Soccer_League"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Lazo 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Roglić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoran_Rogli%C4%87"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Portugal FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal_FC"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Serbian White Eagles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_White_Eagles_FC"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"CSL Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSL_Championship"},{"link_name":"Centennial Park 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Novković","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rade_Novkovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Dalibor Mitrović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalibor_Mitrovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Saša Vidović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%C5%A1a_Vidovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Markotić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Markoti%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Ferid Idrizovic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferid_Idrizovic"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Greater Toronto Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Toronto_Area"},{"link_name":"Dave Simpson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Simpson_(soccer)"},{"link_name":"Preston Corporal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preston_Corporal"},{"link_name":"Logan Alexander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logan_Alexander"},{"link_name":"Jeremy Shepherd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Shepherd"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Luka Bešenić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luka_Be%C5%A1eni%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Haris Redžepi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haris_Red%C5%BEepi"},{"link_name":"Stefan Vukovic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_Vukovic"},{"link_name":"Zdenko Jurčević","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zdenko_Jur%C4%8Devi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Dejan Ristić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dejan_Risti%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Aleksa Marković","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksa_Markovi%C4%87_(Canadian_soccer)"},{"link_name":"Boris Miličić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Mili%C4%8Di%C4%87"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Milton SC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_SC"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Bojan Stepanović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bojan_Stepanovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Krum Bibishkov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krum_Bibishkov"},{"link_name":"Nenad Nikolić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nenad_Nikoli%C4%87_(footballer,_born_1984)"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"FC Ukraine United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Ukraine_United"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Hamilton City SC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_City_Soccer_Club"},{"link_name":"BGH City FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BGH_City_FC"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"}],"text":"Brantford Galaxy SC was announced as an expansion franchise in the Canadian Soccer League's 2010 season on February 24, 2010.[1][2][3][4] Bosko Borjan, Gerry Crnic along with European investors were primarily responsible for returning professional soccer to the city since the 1930s/1940s where several Brantford clubs competed in the Canadian National Soccer League. Lions Park located at Steve Brown Sports Complex was announced as the Galaxy's home venue after receiving CSL approval.[5][6][7] Lazo Džepina was appointed the club's first head coach and assembled a roster with a majority of imports from Europe with several local talent.[8][9] The notable acquisitions for the 2010 season were Miodrag Anđelković, Ranko Golijanin, Patrick Gerhardt, Patryk Misik, Haris Fazlagić, Nenad Begović, Dražen Gović, Zoran Roglić, Drazen Vukovic, and Marco Giusti was named the club captain.[10][11]Brantford made their debut on May 16, 2010 in a well-attended crowd against Portugal FC which resulted in a 3-3 draw with goals coming from Golijanin, Andelkovic, and Vukovic.[12][13][14] Brantford clinched a postseason berth by finishing seventh in the overall standings and recording the third best offensive record. In the first round of the playoffs their opponents were the Serbian White Eagles, and advanced to the semi-finals by defeating the White Eagles by a score of 1-0 with the lone goal from Zvonko Bakula.[15][16] In the second round the Galaxy faced Portugal FC and won the match by a score of 5-3 with Golijanin recording a hat trick, and the rest coming from Andelkovic, and Kyle Grootenboer.[17][18] In the CSL Championship final at the Centennial Park Stadium in Toronto, the club faced Hamilton Croatia, and with goals coming from Fazlagic, and Golijanin the Galaxy claimed their first championship by a score of 3-0.[19][20][21][22] At the conclusion of the season, Jesse Castillo received the CSL Reserve Division Goalkeeper of the Year award.[23][24]Brantford Galaxy celebrating their 2010 CSL Championship.In preparations for the 2011 season, Brantford's feeder club the Brantford Inter-City Soccer club announced that it will change its name to the Brantford Galaxy Youth Soccer Club in an effort to further align it with the CSL club.[25][26] After the departure of several key players, head coach Džepina brought in imports from the former Yugoslavian countries, and appointed Golijanin as the team captain. His notable signings included Chilean international Cristián Gómez, Rade Novković, Dalibor Mitrović, Saša Vidović, Vladimir Markotić, and Ferid Idrizovic.[27][28] On July 9, 2011, after a string of poor performances, Džepina was sacked as head coach to be replaced by assistant coach Tomo Dančetović.[29] Dančetović managed to achieve better results, but unfortunately the Galaxy failed to clinch the final postseason berth by finishing ninth in the overall standings.[30]The following season, Brantford saw a change in the ownership with Borjan and Crnic becoming sole owners after losing their European backers resulting in a smaller budget, and further reliance on community support.[31] The organization hired the services of Ron Davidson a CSL Coach of the Year with Hamilton Croatia in 2010.[32][33] Davidson reduced the amount of European imports by signing several local and Greater Toronto Area players. The notable additions to the roster were Dave Simpson, Preston Corporal, Logan Alexander, Jeremy Shepherd, Melford James Jr, and Damion Scott.[34] Midway through the season, Davidson managed an 8-3 record and a fourth-place position, but despite his impressive run he was sacked from his position due to ideological differences with the club's administration.[35] In protest to the dismissal, the Galaxy lost eight players who were in solidarity with Davidson.[36][37] Tomo Dančetović was once more appointed to the position on an interim basis with Golijanin returning to serve as assistant coach. Disaster struck Brantford as they lost seven of their remaining matches and tied one and failed for the second straight season in securing a postseason berth by finishing thirteenth in the standings.[38][39]On April 1, 2013, Brantford announced a year of absence in order to regroup.[40][41] On December 30, 2014, with Brantford's franchise rights about to expire Tomo Dančetović assisted with volunteers Andrew Pilkington and Jim Turnbull acquired the name and franchise rights from the old ownership and reinstated the club for the 2015 season.[42][43][44][45][46][47] Dančetović brought in several imports from Europe and domestic players which included Luka Bešenić, Haris Redžepi, Stefan Vukovic, Zdenko Jurčević, Dejan Ristić, Aleksa Marković, and Boris Miličić.[48] On October 4, 2015, the Galaxy faced Milton SC the final match of the season. The game was significant because the victor would secure the final postseason berth, unfortunately for Brantford they suffered a 4-3 defeat.[49] At the CSL awards banquet, Brantford's reserve team won several awards like Nikola Miokovic winning the CSL Golden Boot, Arsenije Japalak the MVP, Namanjar Sudar the Defender of the Year, and Zach Kingma with the Rookie of the Year award.[50]In preparations for the 2016 season, Dančetović retained the majority of the roster with Bojan Stepanović, Krum Bibishkov, and Nenad Nikolić as the notable additions to the roster.[51] Throughout the regular season, Brantford clinched their first postseason berth since the 2010 season by finishing seventh in the standings.[52] Their opponents in the playoffs were FC Ukraine United, but were eliminated by a score of 3–0.[53]Ahead of the 2021 season, they merged with Hamilton City SC to form BGH City FC.[54]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Players"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"FIFA eligibility rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_eligibility_rules"}],"sub_title":"First Division roster","text":"As of 5 October 2020[55]Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.","title":"Players"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Head coaches"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Givova CSL Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Givova_Cup"},{"link_name":"2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Canadian_Soccer_League_season"}],"text":"Givova CSL Championship: 1\n2010","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Seasons"}]	[{"image_text":"Brantford Galaxy celebrating their 2010 CSL Championship.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Brantford_Galaxy_2010.jpg/350px-Brantford_Galaxy_2010.jpg"}]	[{"title":"2018 Brantford Galaxy season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Brantford_Galaxy_season"},{"title":"2017 Brantford Galaxy season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Brantford_Galaxy_season"}]	[{"reference":"Smiley, Brian. \"Professional team in town\". Brantford Expositor. Archived from the original on 2016-10-11. Retrieved 2016-10-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161011055803/http://www.brantfordexpositor.ca/2010/02/20/professional-team-in-town","url_text":"\"Professional team in town\""},{"url":"http://www.brantfordexpositor.ca/2010/02/20/professional-team-in-town","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"February 24, 2010 CSL launches teams in Hamilton, Brantford and Milton (from CSL news release)\". www.rocketrobinsoccerintoronto.com. Retrieved 2016-10-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rocketrobinsoccerintoronto.com/reports/10csl004.htm","url_text":"\"February 24, 2010 CSL launches teams in Hamilton, Brantford and Milton (from CSL news release)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pro soccer coming to Brantford\". The Hamilton Spectator. 2010-02-11. ISSN 1189-9417. Retrieved 2018-12-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thespec.com/community-story/4098532-pro-soccer-coming-to-brantford/","url_text":"\"Pro soccer coming to Brantford\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1189-9417","url_text":"1189-9417"}]},{"reference":"\"BICS U-21 side to bolster Galaxy\". Brant News. Retrieved 16 March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.brantnews.com/sports.cfm?page=sports&section=read&articleId=7044","url_text":"\"BICS U-21 side to bolster Galaxy\""}]},{"reference":"News, Brant. \"CSL okays Lions Park for league play\". www.brantnews.com. Retrieved 2016-10-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.brantnews.com/sports-story/4105625-csl-okays-lions-park-for-league-play/","url_text":"\"CSL okays Lions Park for league play\""}]},{"reference":"News, Brant. \"Upgrades for Galaxy approved\". www.brantnews.com. Retrieved 2016-10-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.brantnews.com/sports-story/4105683-upgrades-for-galaxy-approved/","url_text":"\"Upgrades for Galaxy approved\""}]},{"reference":"Smiley, Brian. \"Lazo is in charge\". Brantford Expositor. Archived from the original on 2016-09-20. Retrieved 2016-10-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160920062045/http://www.brantfordexpositor.ca/2010/05/06/lazo-is-in-charge","url_text":"\"Lazo is in charge\""},{"url":"http://www.brantfordexpositor.ca/2010/05/06/lazo-is-in-charge","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"News, Brant. \"Galaxy imports ready to go\". www.brantnews.com. Retrieved 2016-10-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.brantnews.com/sports-story/4105907-galaxy-imports-ready-to-go/","url_text":"\"Galaxy imports ready to go\""}]},{"reference":"News, Brant. \"Giusti named Galaxy captain\". www.brantnews.com. Retrieved 2016-10-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.brantnews.com/sports-story/4105987-giusti-named-galaxy-captain/","url_text":"\"Giusti named Galaxy captain\""}]},{"reference":"\"Canadian Soccer League\". 2011-02-28. Archived from the original on 2011-02-28. Retrieved 2016-10-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110228074846/http://canadiansoccerleague.com/teams/team.asp?ID=2","url_text":"\"Canadian Soccer League\""}]},{"reference":"\"May 16, 2010 CSL details of Sunday's games (from CSL website)\". www.rocketrobinsoccerintoronto.com. Retrieved 2016-10-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rocketrobinsoccerintoronto.com/reports/10csl020.htm","url_text":"\"May 16, 2010 CSL details of Sunday's games (from CSL website)\""}]},{"reference":"News, Brant. \"Galaxy opener ends in tie\". www.brantnews.com. Retrieved 2016-10-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.brantnews.com/sports-story/4105991-galaxy-opener-ends-in-tie/","url_text":"\"Galaxy opener ends in tie\""}]},{"reference":"Smiley, Brian. \"Galaxy opener is a night of firsts\". Brantford Expositor. Archived from the original on 2016-10-11. Retrieved 2016-10-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161011140215/http://www.brantfordexpositor.ca/2010/05/17/galaxy-opener-is-a-night-of-firsts","url_text":"\"Galaxy opener is a night of firsts\""},{"url":"http://www.brantfordexpositor.ca/2010/05/17/galaxy-opener-is-a-night-of-firsts","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Glover, Robin. \"October 17, 2010 CSL--Serbian White Eagles vs Brantford Galaxy (by Rocket Robin)\". www.rocketrobinsoccerintoronto.com. Retrieved 2016-10-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rocketrobinsoccerintoronto.com/reports/10csl164.htm","url_text":"\"October 17, 2010 CSL--Serbian White Eagles vs Brantford Galaxy (by Rocket Robin)\""}]},{"reference":"\"October 17, 2010 CSL--details of Sunday games (from CSL website)\". www.rocketrobinsoccerintoronto.com. Retrieved 2016-10-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rocketrobinsoccerintoronto.com/reports/10csl160.htm","url_text":"\"October 17, 2010 CSL--details of Sunday games (from CSL website)\""}]},{"reference":"Glover, Robin. \"October 22, 2010 CSL--Portugal FC vs Brantford Galaxy (by Rocket Robin)\". www.rocketrobinsoccerintoronto.com. Retrieved 2016-10-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rocketrobinsoccerintoronto.com/reports/10csl169.htm","url_text":"\"October 22, 2010 CSL--Portugal FC vs Brantford Galaxy (by Rocket Robin)\""}]},{"reference":"\"October 22, 2010 CSL--Portugal FC vs Brantford Galaxy (from CSL website)\". www.rocketrobinsoccerintoronto.com. Retrieved 2016-10-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rocketrobinsoccerintoronto.com/reports/10csl166.htm","url_text":"\"October 22, 2010 CSL--Portugal FC vs Brantford Galaxy (from CSL website)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Brantford Galaxy CSL Champs......Fazlagic hits two in decisive win at well-attended game in Toronto\". 2010-10-31. Retrieved 1 November 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://canadiansoccerleague.ca/news_archive.php?news_id=324479","url_text":"\"Brantford Galaxy CSL Champs......Fazlagic hits two in decisive win at well-attended game in Toronto\""}]},{"reference":"Glover, Robin. \"October 31, 2010 CSL--Hamilton Croatia vs Brantford Galaxy (by Rocket Robin)\". www.rocketrobinsoccerintoronto.com. Retrieved 2016-10-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rocketrobinsoccerintoronto.com/reports/10csl175.htm","url_text":"\"October 31, 2010 CSL--Hamilton Croatia vs Brantford Galaxy (by Rocket Robin)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Galaxy shines in CSL title victory\". The Hamilton Spectator. 2010-11-01. Retrieved 2016-10-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thespec.com/sports-story/2178115-galaxy-shines-in-csl-title-victory/","url_text":"\"Galaxy shines in CSL title victory\""}]},{"reference":"O'Leary, Ed. \"Galaxy title out of this world\". Brantford Expositor. Archived from the original on 2016-09-20. Retrieved 2016-10-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160920062348/http://www.brantfordexpositor.ca/2010/11/01/galaxy-title-out-of-this-world","url_text":"\"Galaxy title out of this world\""},{"url":"http://www.brantfordexpositor.ca/2010/11/01/galaxy-title-out-of-this-world","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Glover, Robin. \"October 31, 2010 CSL Finals--Award Winners (by Rocket Robin)\". www.rocketrobinsoccerintoronto.com. Retrieved 2016-10-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rocketrobinsoccerintoronto.com/reports/10csl176.htm","url_text":"\"October 31, 2010 CSL Finals--Award Winners (by Rocket Robin)\""}]},{"reference":"\"October 31, 2010 CSL Final--Hamilton Croatia vs Brantford Galaxy (from CSL website)\". www.rocketrobinsoccerintoronto.com. Retrieved 2016-10-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rocketrobinsoccerintoronto.com/reports/10csl174.htm","url_text":"\"October 31, 2010 CSL Final--Hamilton Croatia vs Brantford Galaxy (from CSL website)\""}]},{"reference":"Kennedy, Tom (13 January 2011). \"BICS votes in new name\". Retrieved 31 January 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.brantnews.com/sports.cfm?page=sports&section=read&articleId=9640","url_text":"\"BICS votes in new name\""}]},{"reference":"Smiley, Brian. \"Galaxy putting together pieces for new season\". Brantford Expositor. Archived from the original on 2016-10-12. Retrieved 2016-10-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161012082726/http://www.brantfordexpositor.ca/2011/04/08/galaxy-putting-together-pieces-for-new-season","url_text":"\"Galaxy putting together pieces for new season\""},{"url":"http://www.brantfordexpositor.ca/2011/04/08/galaxy-putting-together-pieces-for-new-season","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Brantford Galaxy SC --- Brantford, Ontario\". 2011-09-25. Archived from the original on 2011-09-25. Retrieved 2016-10-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110925062020/http://brantfordgalaxy.com/index.cfm?page=roster","url_text":"\"Brantford Galaxy SC --- Brantford, Ontario\""}]},{"reference":"Smiley, Brian. \"Galaxy: Ready for kickoff!\". Brantford Expositor. Archived from the original on 2016-10-12. Retrieved 2016-10-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161012080256/http://www.brantfordexpositor.ca/2011/05/13/galaxy-ready-for-kickoff","url_text":"\"Galaxy: Ready for kickoff!\""},{"url":"http://www.brantfordexpositor.ca/2011/05/13/galaxy-ready-for-kickoff","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Smiley, Brian. \"Galaxy show coach red card\". Brantford Expositor. Archived from the original on 2016-09-20. Retrieved 2016-10-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160920062438/http://www.brantfordexpositor.ca/2011/07/09/galaxy-show-coach-red-card","url_text":"\"Galaxy show coach red card\""},{"url":"http://www.brantfordexpositor.ca/2011/07/09/galaxy-show-coach-red-card","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"News, Brant. \"Galaxy wrap up season\". www.brantnews.com. Retrieved 2016-10-11.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.brantnews.com/news-story/4107141-galaxy-wrap-up-season/","url_text":"\"Galaxy wrap up season\""}]},{"reference":"Allen, Sean. \"Fresh start for Galaxy in 2012\". www.brantnews.com. Archived from the original on April 30, 2019. Retrieved October 12, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thespec.com/community-story/4108487-fresh-start-for-galaxy-in-2012/","url_text":"\"Fresh start for Galaxy in 2012\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190430205411/https://www.thespec.com/community-story/4108487-fresh-start-for-galaxy-in-2012/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Allen, Sean. \"Brantford Galaxy unveil new coach, new philosophy\". www.brantnews.com. Retrieved 2016-10-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.brantnews.com/sports-story/4108264-brantford-galaxy-unveil-new-coach-new-philosophy/","url_text":"\"Brantford Galaxy unveil new coach, new philosophy\""}]},{"reference":"\"May 2, 2012 CSL Announcements at Press Conference held in Toronto. (from CSL website)\". www.rocketrobinsoccerintoronto.com. Retrieved 2016-10-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rocketrobinsoccerintoronto.com/reports12/12csl015.htm","url_text":"\"May 2, 2012 CSL Announcements at Press Conference held in Toronto. (from CSL website)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Canadian Soccer League\". 2012-06-06. Archived from the original on 2012-06-06. Retrieved 2016-10-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120606012633/http://canadiansoccerleague.com/teams/brantford.asp","url_text":"\"Canadian Soccer League\""}]},{"reference":"Allen, Sean. \"Despite success, Galaxy replace head coach\". www.brantnews.com. Retrieved 2016-10-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.brantnews.com/sports-story/4108985-despite-success-galaxy-replace-head-coach/","url_text":"\"Despite success, Galaxy replace head coach\""}]},{"reference":"Smart, Darryl G. \"Former Galaxy coach 'shocked' and 'confused'\". Brantford Expositor. Archived from the original on 2016-08-20. Retrieved 2016-10-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160820141721/http://www.brantfordexpositor.ca/2012/08/02/former-galaxy-coach-shocked-and-confused","url_text":"\"Former Galaxy coach 'shocked' and 'confused'\""},{"url":"http://www.brantfordexpositor.ca/2012/08/02/former-galaxy-coach-shocked-and-confused","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Glover, Robin. \"August 5, 2012 CSL--Brampton City United vs Brantford Galaxy (by Rocket Robin)\". www.rocketrobinsoccerintoronto.com. Retrieved 2016-10-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rocketrobinsoccerintoronto.com/reports12/12csl090.htm","url_text":"\"August 5, 2012 CSL--Brampton City United vs Brantford Galaxy (by Rocket Robin)\""}]},{"reference":"Smart, Darryl G. \"Galaxy ends season with a loss\". Brantford Expositor. Archived from the original on 2016-10-13. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EPpy_Awards	EPpy Awards	["1 Award categories","1.1 Website Categories","1.2 Content Categories","1.3 College Categories","2 Dates and locations","3 References"]	This article's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines. Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references. (April 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The EPPY AwardsAwarded forThe EPPY™ Awards honor the best in digital news publishing across more than 45 diverse categories, including excellence in college/university digital journalism.LocationInteractive Media Conference & Trade Show (1999–2010)Online (2011–present)CountryUnited States of AmericaPresented byEditor & PublisherFormerly calledBest Online Newspaper Services CompetitionFirst awarded1997Websitewww.eppyawards.com The EPPY Awards honor excellence in digital publishing, and are presented by Editor & Publisher magazine. Designed in 1996 to honor newspaper companies that did an "outstanding job in creating online services," the awards were originally given in partnership between Mediaweek and Editor & Publisher and named the Best Online Newspaper Services Competition, and presented at the end of the Interactive Newspaper Conference. In 1998, the awards were renamed the EPPY Awards. and in 2003 the awards were expanded to recognize websites associated with other media outlets, as well as newspapers. Today the EPPY Awards honor the best in digital news publishing across more than 45 diverse categories, including excellence in college/university digital journalism. From 2003 to 2009, Mediaweek co-sponsored the (renamed) Interactive Media Conference & Trade Show, and both the awards and conference were moved from February to May. Beginning in 2011, the EPPY Awards moved online and is now totally run and owned by Editor & Publisher Magazine. The latest 2022 EPPY Awards winners included Best Daily Newspaper Website (1 million or more unique visitors), The Boston Globe for BostonGlobe.com. Best Black Newspaper Website (fewer than 1 million unique visitors), Defender Network for DefenderNetwork.com. Best Sports News Website (1 million or more unique visitors), ESPN Digital Media. Best Business/Finance Website (1 million or more unique visitors), CNBC for CNBC.com and Best Collaborative Investigative/ Enterprise Reporting (1 million or more unique visitors), Bloomberg Businessweek and Bloomberg Green for “The Methane Menace.” Award categories As of 2022, the EPPY Awards are awarded across 47 diverse media-related categories, with two tiers based on readership size (over or under 1 million unique monthly visitors). Website Categories Best daily newspaper website Best weekly or non-daily newspaper website Best Black newspaper website Best Hispanic newspaper website Best Asian newspaper website Best magazine website Best sports news website Best sports news website Best online-only news website Best local TV news website Best local radio news website Best business/finance website Best entertainment / cultural news website Best mobile news app Content Categories Best investigative/enterprise feature Best collaborative investigative/enterprise reporting Best news or event feature Best business reporting Best business/finance blog Best news/political blog Best use of data/infographics Best use of social media/crowd sourcing Best innovation project on a website Best community service project/reporting Best news or event feature video Best investigative/enterprise video Best investigative/enterprise video Best sports video Best podcast Best photojournalism on a website Best editorial/political cartoon Best incorporation of sponsored/branded content Best overall website design Best home page design Best redesign/relaunch Best website navigation design Best cause marketing/corporate social responsibility campaign Best promotional/marketing campaign College Categories Best college/university campus website Best college/university-produced community or Niche Website Best collaborative college/university & professional website Best news story on a college/university website Best feature story on a college/university website Best video on a college/university website Best photojournalism on a college/university website Best college/university investigative/documentary Best college/university sports section/website Dates and locations Year Dates Conference Venue/Location Source 1997 winners Feb. 14, 1997 Interactive Newspapers Conference Houston Hyatt, Houston, Texas 1998 winners Feb. 6, 1998 Interactive Newspapers Conference Sheraton Hotel & Towers, Seattle, Washington 1999 winners Feb. 1999 Interactive Newspapers Conference Hyatt Regency Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia 2000 winners Feb. 11, 2000 Interactive Newspapers Conference & Trade Show New Orleans, Louisiana 2001winners Feb. 22, 2001 Interactive Newspapers Conference & Trade Show Dallas, Texas 2002 winners Feb. 8, 2002 Interactive Newspapers Conference & Trade Show San Jose Convention Center, San Jose, California 2003 winners May 9, 2003 Interactive Media Conference & Trade Show Paradise Point Resort, San Diego, California 2004 winners May 12, 2004 Interactive Media Conference & Trade Show Hyatt Regency Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia 2005 winners June 9, 2005 Interactive Media Conference & Trade Show New Orleans, Louisiana 2006 winners May 22, 2006 Interactive Media Conference & Trade Show New Orleans, Louisiana 2007 winners May 27, 2007 Interactive Media Conference & Trade Show Miami, Florida 2008 winners May 18, 2008 Interactive Media Conference & Trade Show Rio All-Suite Hotel and Casino, Las Vegas, Nevada 2009 winners May 7, 2009 Interactive Media Conference & Trade Show Las Vegas, Nevada 2010 winners June 17, 2010 Interactive Media Conference & Trade Show Las Vegas, Nevada 2011 winners Nov. 30, 2011 Editorandpublisher.com N.A. 2012 winners Oct. 30, 2012 Editorandpublisher.com N.A. 2013 winners Oct. 30, 2013 Editorandpublisher.com N.A. 2014 winners Oct. 29, 2014 Editorandpublisher.com N.A. 2015 winners Oct. 29, 2015 Editorandpublisher.com N.A. 2016 winners Oct. 27, 2016 Editorandpublisher.com N.A. 2017 winners Oct. 25, 2017 Editorandpublisher.com N.A. 2018 winners Oct. 24, 2018 Editorandpublisher.com N.A. 2019 winners Oct. 23, 2019 Editorandpublisher.com N.A. 2020 winners Oct 22, 2020 EditorandPublisher.com N.A. 2021 winners Dec. 13, 2021 Editorandpublisher.com N.A. 2022 winners Dec. 21, 2022 Editorandpublisher.com N.A. References ^ "EPPY Awards". Retrieved December 9, 2014. ^ "Editor & Publisher and The Kelsey Group Present 1996's Best Online Newspaper Services". Editor & Publisher. February 1996. Retrieved August 13, 2009. ^ a b "Washingtonpost.com Leads All Newspapers With Seven Entries Among 1999 EPpy Finalists". Editor & Publisher. January 18, 1999. Archived from the original on August 21, 2009. Retrieved August 13, 2009. ^ Levins, Hoag (February 6, 1998). "Chicago Tribune Wins 3 Top Honors in World's Best Online Newspaper Awards: 14 Winners Announced at Seattle Ceremony". Editor & Publisher. Retrieved August 13, 2009. ^ "EPPY Awards". Editor & Publisher. Archived from the original on October 7, 2009. Retrieved August 13, 2009. ^ Editor, Staff \|; Publisher. "2022 EPPY Award Winners: Honoring the best in digital media". Editor and Publisher. Retrieved 2023-02-10. {{cite web}}: \|last= has generic name (help) ^ a b dkelsen. "Editor & Publisher 2019 EPPY Awards," Editor & Publisher website. Retrieved May 5, 2020. ^ "EPpys: 1997 winners,"Editor & Publisher (1997). Archived 2008-12-26 at the Wayback Machine ^ "EPpys: 1998 winners,"Editor & Publisher (1998). Archived 2008-12-26 at the Wayback Machine ^ Brown, Chip. "State of The American Newspaper: FEAR.COM," American Journalism Review (June 1999). ^ E&P Staff. "CHICAGO TRIB, WASH POST WIN BIG IN EPpy AWARDS," Editor & Publisher (Feb. 12, 2000). ^ E&P Staff. "WASHINGTONPOST.com WINS 5 EPPY AWARDS," Editor & Publisher (Feb. 23, 2001). ^ E&P Staff. "2002 EPpy Award Winners Announced," Editor & Publisher (Feb. 9, 2002). ^ E&P Staff. "EPpy Winners Announced." Editor & Publisher (May 9, 2003). ^ E&P Staff. "EPpy awards," Editor & Publisher (June 1, 2004). ^ E&P Staff. "EPpy Award Winners Announced," Editor & Publisher (July 1, 2005). ^ E&P Staff. "UPDATE: ‘E&P’ Announces 2006 EPpy Awards Winners," Editor & Publisher (May 22, 2006) ^ E&P Staff."UPDATED: 2007 EPpy Winners — With Links," Editor & Publisher (May 27, 2007). ^ E&P Staff."2008 EPpy Award Winners Announced in Las Vegas," Editor & Publisher (May 18, 2008). ^ "Nielsen Conference and Events". Nielsen Company. Archived from the original on July 24, 2009. Retrieved August 13, 2009. ^ E&P Staff. "UPDATE: ‘E&P’ Announces 2006 EPpy Awards Winners," Editor & Publisher (May 7, 2009). ^ E&P Staff (June 17, 2010). "2010 EPpy Winners Announced at Interactive Conference". Editor & Publisher. Retrieved May 5, 2020. ^ "2011 EPPY™ Award Winners Announced". Editor & Publisher. November 30, 2011. Archived from the original on June 22, 2020. Retrieved May 5, 2020. ^ "2012 EPPY™ Award Winners Announced". Editor & Publisher. October 30, 2012. Archived from the original on September 11, 2015. Retrieved May 5, 2020. ^ E&P Staff. "2013 EPPY Winners Announced," Editor & Publisher (Oct. 30, 2013). ^ E&P Staff. "2014 EPPY Award Winners (Photo Gallery)," Editor & Publisher (December 8, 2014). ^ E&P Staff. "2015 EPPY Winners Announced," Editor & Publisher (Oct. 29, 2015). ^ Staff. "2016 EPPY Award Winners Announced," Editor & Publisher (October 27, 2016). ^ E&P Staff. "2017 EPPY Award Winners Announced," Editor & Publisher (Oct. 26, 2017). ^ dkelsen. "EPPY Winners 2018," Editor & Publisher (Oct. 24, 2018). ^ E, Press Release \|; P; LMC. "E&P and Local Media Consortium to Announce 2020 EPPY Award Winners and Finalists During 'EPPYS Live': Free Live Broadcast: Tuesday, October 27 at Noon ET". Editor and Publisher. Retrieved 2023-02-10. ^ Editor, Staff \|; Publisher. "2021 EPPY Award winners: Honoring the best in digital media". Editor and Publisher. Retrieved 2023-02-10. {{cite web}}: \|last= has generic name (help) ^ Editor, Staff \|; Publisher. "2022 EPPY Award Winners: Honoring the best in digital media". Editor and Publisher. Retrieved 2023-02-10. {{cite web}}: \|last= has generic name (help)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Editor & Publisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Editor_%26_Publisher"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Mediaweek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediaweek_(American_magazine)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EPpy_99-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EPpy_99-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.eppyawards.com"},{"link_name":"Editor & Publisher Magazine.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Editor_%26_Publisher"},{"link_name":"EPPY Awards winners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.editorandpublisher.com/stories/2022-eppy-award-winners,241039"},{"link_name":"The Boston Globe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boston_Globe"},{"link_name":"Defender Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Defender"},{"link_name":"ESPN Digital Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN"},{"link_name":"CNBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNBC"},{"link_name":"Bloomberg Businessweek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg_Businessweek"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.eppyawards.com/categories/"}],"text":"The EPPY Awards honor excellence in digital publishing, and are presented by Editor & Publisher magazine.[1] Designed in 1996 to honor newspaper companies that did an \"outstanding job in creating online services,\" the awards were originally given in partnership between Mediaweek and Editor & Publisher and named the Best Online Newspaper Services Competition,[2] and presented at the end of the Interactive Newspaper Conference.[3]In 1998, the awards were renamed the EPPY Awards.[3][4] and in 2003 the awards were expanded to recognize websites associated with other media outlets, as well as newspapers.[5] Today the EPPY Awards honor the best in digital news publishing across more than 45 diverse categories, including excellence in college/university digital journalism.[1]From 2003 to 2009, Mediaweek co-sponsored the (renamed) Interactive Media Conference & Trade Show, and both the awards and conference were moved from February to May. Beginning in 2011, the EPPY Awards moved online and is now totally run and owned by Editor & Publisher Magazine.The latest 2022 EPPY Awards winners included Best Daily Newspaper Website (1 million or more unique visitors), The Boston Globe for BostonGlobe.com. Best Black Newspaper Website (fewer than 1 million unique visitors), Defender Network for DefenderNetwork.com. Best Sports News Website (1 million or more unique visitors), ESPN Digital Media. Best Business/Finance Website (1 million or more unique visitors), CNBC for CNBC.com and Best Collaborative Investigative/ Enterprise Reporting (1 million or more unique visitors), Bloomberg Businessweek and Bloomberg Green for “The Methane Menace.”[6][2]","title":"EPpy Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2019Eppys-7"}],"text":"As of 2022, the EPPY Awards are awarded across 47 diverse media-related categories, with two tiers based on readership size (over or under 1 million unique monthly visitors).[7]","title":"Award categories"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Website Categories","text":"Best daily newspaper website\nBest weekly or non-daily newspaper website\nBest Black newspaper website\nBest Hispanic newspaper website\nBest Asian newspaper website\nBest magazine website\nBest sports news website\nBest sports news website\nBest online-only news website\nBest local TV news website\nBest local radio news website\nBest business/finance website\nBest entertainment / cultural news website\nBest mobile news app","title":"Award categories"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Content Categories","text":"Best investigative/enterprise feature\nBest collaborative investigative/enterprise reporting\nBest news or event feature\nBest business reporting\nBest business/finance blog\nBest news/political blog\nBest use of data/infographics\nBest use of social media/crowd sourcing\nBest innovation project on a website\nBest community service project/reporting\nBest news or event feature video\nBest investigative/enterprise video\nBest investigative/enterprise video\nBest sports video\nBest podcast\nBest photojournalism on a website\nBest editorial/political cartoon\nBest incorporation of sponsored/branded content\nBest overall website design\nBest home page design\nBest redesign/relaunch\nBest website navigation design\nBest cause marketing/corporate social responsibility campaign\nBest promotional/marketing campaign","title":"Award categories"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"College Categories","text":"Best college/university campus website\nBest college/university-produced community or Niche Website\nBest collaborative college/university & professional website\nBest news story on a college/university website\nBest feature story on a college/university website\nBest video on a college/university website\nBest photojournalism on a college/university website\nBest college/university investigative/documentary\nBest college/university sports section/website","title":"Award categories"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Dates and locations"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"EPPY Awards\". 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Retrieved 2023-02-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.editorandpublisher.com/stories/2022-eppy-award-winners,241039","url_text":"\"2022 EPPY Award Winners: Honoring the best in digital media\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nielsen Conference and Events\". Nielsen Company. Archived from the original on July 24, 2009. Retrieved August 13, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090724152824/http://www.nielsenevents.com/conferencesandevents/index.jsp","url_text":"\"Nielsen Conference and Events\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nielsen_Company","url_text":"Nielsen Company"},{"url":"http://www.nielsenevents.com/conferencesandevents/index.jsp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"E&P Staff (June 17, 2010). \"2010 EPpy Winners Announced at Interactive Conference\". Editor & Publisher. 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2018,\""},{"Link":"https://www.editorandpublisher.com/stories/ep-and-local-media-consortium-to-announce-2020-eppy-award-winners-and-finalists-during-eppys,178122","external_links_name":"\"E&P and Local Media Consortium to Announce 2020 EPPY Award Winners and Finalists During 'EPPYS Live': Free Live Broadcast: Tuesday, October 27 at Noon ET\""},{"Link":"https://www.editorandpublisher.com/stories/2021-eppy-award-winners,210633","external_links_name":"\"2021 EPPY Award winners: Honoring the best in digital media\""},{"Link":"https://www.editorandpublisher.com/stories/2022-eppy-award-winners,241039","external_links_name":"\"2022 EPPY Award Winners: Honoring the best in digital media\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Reformed_Mission	American Reformed Mission	["1 See also","2 External links"]	American Reformed Mission was an American Protestant Christian missionary society of the Dutch Reformed Church (now the Reformed Church in America), that was involved in sending workers to countries such as China during the late Qing Dynasty. See also Protestant missionary societies in China during the 19th Century Timeline of Chinese history 19th-century Protestant missions in China List of Protestant missionaries in China Christianity in China External links History of Amoy Mission (China's First Protestant Church) This article about a Christian organization is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about Reformed Christianity is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"American Reformed Mission"}]	[]	[{"title":"Protestant missionary societies in China during the 19th Century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_missionary_societies_in_China_during_the_19th_Century"},{"title":"Timeline of Chinese history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Chinese_history"},{"title":"19th-century Protestant missions in China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19th-century_Protestant_missions_in_China"},{"title":"List of Protestant missionaries in China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Protestant_missionaries_in_China"},{"title":"Christianity in China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_China"}]	[]	[{"Link":"http://www.amoymagic.com/Amoymission1.htm","external_links_name":"History of Amoy Mission (China's First Protestant Church)"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_Reformed_Mission&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_Reformed_Mission&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mattakallappu_Manmiyam	Mattakallappu Manmiyam	["1 References","2 External links"]	Mattakkalappu Maanmiyam Mattakallappu Manmiyam cover pageAuthorF. X. NadarajahOriginal titleமட்டக்களப்பு மான்மியம்LanguageTamilGenreHistoryPublisherBatticaloa District Cultural BoardPublication date1962Publication placeSri LankaPagesXII + 128 + 9 Mattakkalappu Maanmiyam (Tamil: மட்டக்களப்பு மான்மியம்; The Glory of Batticaloa) is a Tamil language historical book concerning the history of Batticaloa. It was compiled by F. X. Nadarajah from the collections of palm-leaf manuscripts, copper plate inscriptions and inscriptions and it was published in August 1962. The authors of the original manuscripts and other forms of documentation are unknown. The book records the history from ancient Batticaloa to the Dutch colonial era. It gives information about such matters as the kings who ruled the Batticaloa, the caste system, and the temple system. Historians say that the book has perplexity and mythical story as it written by various authors in various durations. However, it is considered a rare and important book for understanding the history of Batticaloa. Palm-leaf manuscript of Mattakkalappu Maanmiyam at Batticaloa Museum According to anthropologist Dennis B. McGilvray, the book records the only known ethnohistorical document that presents the lineage of the early rulers of the Batticaloa region. He notes that this 18th-century palm leaf record, called the Mattakkallappu Purva Carittiram, is "a bewildering list of royal names, events and social groups which has yet to be systematically corroborated and placed in the larger Sri Lankan historical context." References ^ "Eastern Tamils - History". Lankanewspapers. Archived from the original on 26 February 2014. Retrieved 19 February 2014. ^ "மட்டக்களப்பு வரலாறு எழுதப்பட்ட முறையும் சிக்கல்களும்". Retrieved 19 February 2014. ^ "Mattakkalappu Maanmiyam". Archived from the original on 21 August 2013. Retrieved 24 July 2013. ^ "மட்டக்களப்பு வரலாறு எழுதப்பட்ட முறையும் சிக்கல்களும்". ^ McGilvray, Dennis B. (2008). Crucible of Conflict: Tamil and Muslim Society on the East Coast of Sri Lanka. Duke University Press. p. 59. ISBN 978-0822341611. External links Ebook of Mattakkalappu Maanmiyam (in Tamil)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tamil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language"},{"link_name":"Tamil language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language"},{"link_name":"Batticaloa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batticaloa"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"palm-leaf manuscripts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm-leaf_manuscript"},{"link_name":"copper plate inscriptions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_copper-plate_inscriptions"},{"link_name":"inscriptions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_inscriptions_in_Sri_Lanka"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Dutch colonial era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_period_in_Ceylon"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mattakkalappu_manmiam.jpg"},{"link_name":"Batticaloa Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batticaloa_Museum"},{"link_name":"Dennis B. McGilvray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_B._McGilvray"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Mattakkalappu Maanmiyam (Tamil: மட்டக்களப்பு மான்மியம்; The Glory of Batticaloa) is a Tamil language historical book concerning the history of Batticaloa.[1] It was compiled by F. X. Nadarajah from the collections of palm-leaf manuscripts, copper plate inscriptions and inscriptions and it was published in August 1962. The authors of the original manuscripts and other forms of documentation are unknown.[2]The book records the history from ancient Batticaloa to the Dutch colonial era.[3] It gives information about such matters as the kings who ruled the Batticaloa, the caste system, and the temple system. Historians say that the book has perplexity and mythical story as it written by various authors in various durations. However, it is considered a rare and important book for understanding the history of Batticaloa.[4]Palm-leaf manuscript of Mattakkalappu Maanmiyam at Batticaloa MuseumAccording to anthropologist Dennis B. McGilvray, the book records the only known ethnohistorical document that presents the lineage of the early rulers of the Batticaloa region. He notes that this 18th-century palm leaf record, called the Mattakkallappu Purva Carittiram, is \"a bewildering list of royal names, events and social groups which has yet to be systematically corroborated and placed in the larger Sri Lankan historical context.\"[5]","title":"Mattakallappu Manmiyam"}]	[{"image_text":"Palm-leaf manuscript of Mattakkalappu Maanmiyam at Batticaloa Museum","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Mattakkalappu_manmiam.jpg/220px-Mattakkalappu_manmiam.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Eastern Tamils - History\". Lankanewspapers. Archived from the original on 26 February 2014. Retrieved 19 February 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140226020852/http://www.lankanewspapers.com/news/2007/11/21424_space.html","url_text":"\"Eastern Tamils - History\""},{"url":"http://www.lankanewspapers.com/news/2007/11/21424_space.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"மட்டக்களப்பு வரலாறு எழுதப்பட்ட முறையும் சிக்கல்களும்\". Retrieved 19 February 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://inioru.com/?p=25406","url_text":"\"மட்டக்களப்பு வரலாறு எழுதப்பட்ட முறையும் சிக்கல்களும்\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mattakkalappu Maanmiyam\". Archived from the original on 21 August 2013. Retrieved 24 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130821004650/http://batticaloaonline.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&id=25&Itemid=2","url_text":"\"Mattakkalappu Maanmiyam\""},{"url":"http://www.batticaloaonline.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&id=25&Itemid=2","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"மட்டக்களப்பு வரலாறு எழுதப்பட்ட முறையும் சிக்கல்களும்\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.arayampathy.lk/research/38-203092016","url_text":"\"மட்டக்களப்பு வரலாறு எழுதப்பட்ட முறையும் சிக்கல்களும்\""}]},{"reference":"McGilvray, Dennis B. (2008). Crucible of Conflict: Tamil and Muslim Society on the East Coast of Sri Lanka. Duke University Press. p. 59. ISBN 978-0822341611.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_B._McGilvray","url_text":"McGilvray, Dennis B."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=MTh4pixlifYC&pg=59","url_text":"Crucible of Conflict: Tamil and Muslim Society on the East Coast of Sri Lanka"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0822341611","url_text":"978-0822341611"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140226020852/http://www.lankanewspapers.com/news/2007/11/21424_space.html","external_links_name":"\"Eastern Tamils - History\""},{"Link":"http://www.lankanewspapers.com/news/2007/11/21424_space.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://inioru.com/?p=25406","external_links_name":"\"மட்டக்களப்பு வரலாறு எழுதப்பட்ட முறையும் சிக்கல்களும்\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130821004650/http://batticaloaonline.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&id=25&Itemid=2","external_links_name":"\"Mattakkalappu Maanmiyam\""},{"Link":"http://www.batticaloaonline.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&id=25&Itemid=2","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.arayampathy.lk/research/38-203092016","external_links_name":"\"மட்டக்களப்பு வரலாறு எழுதப்பட்ட முறையும் சிக்கல்களும்\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=MTh4pixlifYC&pg=59","external_links_name":"Crucible of Conflict: Tamil and Muslim Society on the East Coast of Sri Lanka"},{"Link":"http://www.noolaham.org/wiki/index.php?title=%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D","external_links_name":"Ebook of Mattakkalappu Maanmiyam"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrammo	Austrammo	["1 Species","2 References"]	Genus of spiders Austrammo Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Subphylum: Chelicerata Class: Arachnida Order: Araneae Infraorder: Araneomorphae Family: Gnaphosidae Genus: AustrammoPlatnick, 2002 Type species A. monteithiPlatnick, 2002 Species 4, see text Austrammo is a genus of Australian ground spiders first described by Norman I. Platnick in 2002. Species As of April 2019 it contains four species: Austrammo harveyi Platnick, 2002 – Australia (Western Australia, South Australia) Austrammo hirsti Platnick, 2002 – Australia (South Australia, Tasmania) Austrammo monteithi Platnick, 2002 – Eastern Australia Austrammo rossi Platnick, 2002 – Australia (Western Australia, Northern Territory) References ^ a b c "Gen. Austrammo Platnick, 2002". World Spider Catalog. Natural History Museum Bern. Retrieved 2019-05-08. ^ Platnick, N. I. (2002). "A revision of the Australasian ground spiders of the families Ammoxenidae, Cithaeronidae, Gallieniellidae, and Trochanteriidae (Araneae: Gnaphosoidea)". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 271: 1–243. doi:10.1206/0003-0090(2002)271<0001:AROTAG>2.0.CO;2. S2CID 86321070. Taxon identifiersAustrammo Wikidata: Q2561666 Wikispecies: Austrammo ADW: Austrammo AFD: Austrammo BioLib: 466744 EoL: 114617 GBIF: 2142728 iNaturalist: 419829 IRMNG: 1093594 ITIS: 871718 Open Tree of Life: 4696092 uBio: 4624863 WSC: urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidergen:03499 This Ammoxenidae-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus"},{"link_name":"Australian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"ground spiders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_spider"},{"link_name":"Norman I. Platnick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_I._Platnick"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NMBE-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Plat2002-2"}],"text":"Austrammo is a genus of Australian ground spiders first described by Norman I. Platnick in 2002.[1][2]","title":"Austrammo"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Austrammo&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NMBE-1"},{"link_name":"Austrammo harveyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Austrammo_harveyi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Austrammo hirsti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Austrammo_hirsti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Austrammo monteithi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Austrammo_monteithi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Austrammo rossi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Austrammo_rossi&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"As of April 2019[update] it contains four species:[1]Austrammo harveyi Platnick, 2002 – Australia (Western Australia, South Australia)\nAustrammo hirsti Platnick, 2002 – Australia (South Australia, Tasmania)\nAustrammo monteithi Platnick, 2002 – Eastern Australia\nAustrammo rossi Platnick, 2002 – Australia (Western Australia, Northern Territory)","title":"Species"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Gen. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Price_Boyce	George Price Boyce	["1 Life","2 References","3 Sources","4 External links"]	English painter (1826–1897) Charles Price Boyce George Price Boyce RWS (24 September 1826 – 9 February 1897) was a British watercolour painter of landscapes and vernacular architecture in the Pre-Raphaelite style. He was a patron and friend of Dante Gabriel Rossetti. Life At Binsey, near Oxford (1862) Boyce was born in Gray's Inn Terrace in London, and was the son of George Boyce, a wine merchant turned pawnbroker. His sister was the painter Joanna Mary Boyce. He went to school in Chipping Ongar in Essex, and then studied in Paris. In October 1843 he was articled to an architect named Little, with whom he remained for four years, until joining the architectural firm of Wyatt and Brandon. Already disillusioned with architecture a meeting with the artist David Cox in August 1849 persuaded him to give up the profession and take up watercolour painting instead. His early work shows the influence of Cox who he met again in Bettws-y-Coed in 1851, but he went on to develop his own detailed style under the influence of the Pre-Raphaelite painters, having met Thomas Seddon and Rossetti in about 1849 and William Holman Hunt and John Everett Millais in 1853, in which year he painted in Dinan, Brittany, with Seddon. In 1854 he went to Venice, where he sketched subjects recommended to him by the critic John Ruskin. who corresponded with him during his four months in the city. Much of his work from the late 1850s concentrated on English landscapes, often incorporating views of vernacular architecture, especially around the Thames Valley villages of Pangbourne, Mapledurham, Whitchurch and Streatley, swell as in Sussex and Surrey. In the 1870s he painted many views of Ludlow, and was increasingly drawn to more remote landscapes in Britain. In 1861, following the death of his sister, he went to Egypt, where he shared a house in Giza with Frank Dillon and Egron Lundgren until the February of the following year. Rossetti, who disliked working out of doors borrowed Boyce's sketches to provide the background for his watercolour Writing on the Sand (1858; British Museum, London). Boyce exhibited both oils and watercolours at the Royal Academy between 1853 and 1861. He was a founding member of the Hogarth Club. and of the Medieval Society, an organisation, formed mostly of architects, dedicated to promoting interest in the art and architecture of the Middle Ages. He was also a leading member of the Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings. He exhibited frequently at the Royal Watercolour Society and was elected Associate in 1864 and Member in 1878. From 1871 he lived at West House, Chelsea, designed for him by his friend Philip Webb. He retired from painting in 1893 through ill health. and died at West House on 9 February 1897. Boyce's diary has become a major source of information on Rossetti and the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood. References ^ Newall and Egerton (1987), p.4 ^ Newall and Egerton (1987), p.5 ^ Newall and Egerton (1987), p.6 ^ Newall and Egerton (1987), p.12 ^ a b c d e George Price Boyce RWS (1826–1897): An Overview at Victorianweb.org (Accessed 2 April 2007) ^ Newall and Egerton (1987), p.14 ^ Newall and Egerton (1987), p.16 ^ Newall and Egerton (1987), p.22 ^ Newall and Egerton (1987), p.24 ^ Staley and Newall (2004), p.121 ^ Newall and Egerton (1987), p.13 ^ Newall and Egerton (1987), p.19 ^ Newall and Egerton (1987), p.30 ^ "Settlement and building: Artists and Chelsea Pages 102-106 A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 12, Chelsea". British History Online. Victoria County History, 2004. Retrieved 21 December 2022. Sources Newall, Christopher; Egerton, Judy (1987). George Price Boyce. Exhibition Catalogue. London: The Tate Gallery. ISBN 978-0-946590-77-3. Staley, Alison; Newall, Christopher (2004). Pre-Raphaelite Vision: Truth to Nature. London: Tate Publishing. ISBN 978-1-85437-499-8. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to George Price Boyce. Lot details for artworks The Pre-Raph Pack Discover more about the artists, the techniques they used and a timeline spanning 100 years. vtePre-Raphaelite Brotherhood (paintings) William Holman Hunt John Everett Millais Dante Gabriel Rossetti James Collinson William Michael Rossetti Frederic George Stephens Thomas Woolner Associated artists and figures Lawrence Alma-Tadema George Price Boyce John Brett Ford Madox Brown Lucy Madox Brown Richard Burchett Edward Burne-Jones Georgiana Burne-Jones James Campbell John Collier Charles Allston Collins Frank Cadogan Cowper Evelyn De Morgan Walter Deverell Henry Treffry Dunn William Dyce Henry Holiday Arthur Hughes Edward Robert Hughes Frederic Leighton Robert Braithwaite Martineau Louisa Beresford, Marchioness of Waterford William Morris Alexander Munro Joseph Noel Paton Valentine Cameron Prinsep Christina Rossetti John Ruskin Emma Sandys Frederick Sandys Thomas Seddon Elizabeth Siddal James Smetham Rebecca Solomon Simeon Solomon John Roddam Spencer Stanhope Marie Spartali Stillman John Melhuish Strudwick Algernon Charles Swinburne Henry Wallis John William Waterhouse William James Webbe William Lindsay Windus Some well-known works(period and post-period) Ophelia Christ in the House of His Parents A Converted British Family Sheltering a Christian Missionary from the Persecution of the Druids Ecce Ancilla Domini Mariana The Light of the World Our English Coasts ('Strayed Sheep') The Scapegoat Paolo and Francesca da Rimini The Last of England Work The Awakening Conscience The Hireling Shepherd April Love Found Autumn Leaves Bocca Baciata Oxford Union murals Lady Lilith Roman Widow Mary Magdalene The Finding of the Saviour in the Temple Morgan le Fay Beata Beatrix The Shadow of Death Proserpine A Vision of Fiammetta Pygmalion and the Image series The Beloved Cymon and Iphigenia King Cophetua and the Beggar Maid The Day Dream The Golden Stairs Dante and Beatrice Love's Messenger The Magic Circle The Legend of Briar Rose The Lady of Shalott (Waterhouse) The Roses of Heliogabalus Lilith Eos Flaming June Hope Hylas and the Nymphs Lady Godiva The Love Potion The Lady of Shalott (Hunt) I Am Half-Sick of Shadows, Said the Lady of Shalott Models Elizabeth Siddal Fanny Cornforth Effie Gray Sophie Gray Annie Miller Jane Morris Marie Spartali Stillman Alexa Wilding Maria Zambaco Dorothy Dene Fanny Eaton Ruth Herbert Related The Germ Hogarth Club Morris & Co. Rossetti and His Circle (1922 book) Dante's Inferno (1967 film) The Love School (1975 series) Desperate Romantics (2009 series) Effie Gray (2014 film) Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany United States Australia Vatican Artists Musée d'Orsay National Gallery of Canada RKD Artists ULAN People Trove Other SNAC IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:George-Price-Boyce.jpg"},{"link_name":"RWS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Watercolour_Society"},{"link_name":"watercolour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watercolour"},{"link_name":"landscapes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscape_art"},{"link_name":"vernacular architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernacular_architecture"},{"link_name":"Pre-Raphaelite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Raphaelite"},{"link_name":"Dante Gabriel Rossetti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dante_Gabriel_Rossetti"}],"text":"Charles Price BoyceGeorge Price Boyce RWS (24 September 1826 – 9 February 1897) was a British watercolour painter of landscapes and vernacular architecture in the Pre-Raphaelite style. He was a patron and friend of Dante Gabriel Rossetti.","title":"George Price Boyce"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BoyceBinsey1862.jpg"},{"link_name":"At Binsey, near Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At_Binsey,_near_Oxford"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Joanna Mary Boyce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joanna_Mary_Boyce"},{"link_name":"Chipping Ongar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chipping_Ongar"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"David Cox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Cox_(artist)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Thomas Seddon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Seddon"},{"link_name":"William Holman Hunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Holman_Hunt"},{"link_name":"John Everett Millais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Everett_Millais"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vic-5"},{"link_name":"Dinan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinan"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vic-5"},{"link_name":"John Ruskin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ruskin"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Pangbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangbourne"},{"link_name":"Mapledurham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapledurham"},{"link_name":"Whitchurch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitchurch-on-Thames"},{"link_name":"Streatley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streatley,_Berkshire"},{"link_name":"Ludlow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludlow"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"Giza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giza"},{"link_name":"Frank Dillon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Dillon"},{"link_name":"Egron Lundgren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egron_Lundgren"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Royal Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Academy"},{"link_name":"Hogarth Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hogarth_Club"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vic-5"},{"link_name":"Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_the_Protection_of_Ancient_Buildings"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Royal Watercolour Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Watercolour_Society"},{"link_name":"West House, Chelsea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_House,_Chelsea"},{"link_name":"Philip Webb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Webb"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vch-14"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vic-5"},{"link_name":"Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Raphaelite_Brotherhood"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vic-5"}],"text":"At Binsey, near Oxford (1862)Boyce was born in Gray's Inn Terrace in London, and was the son of George Boyce, a wine merchant turned pawnbroker.[1] His sister was the painter Joanna Mary Boyce. He went to school in Chipping Ongar in Essex, and then studied in Paris. In October 1843 he was articled to an architect named Little, with whom he remained for four years, until joining the architectural firm of Wyatt and Brandon. Already disillusioned with architecture[2] a meeting with the artist David Cox in August 1849 persuaded him to give up the profession and take up watercolour painting instead.[3]His early work shows the influence of Cox who he met again in Bettws-y-Coed in 1851,[4] but he went on to develop his own detailed style under the influence of the Pre-Raphaelite painters, having met Thomas Seddon and Rossetti in about 1849 and William Holman Hunt and John Everett Millais in 1853,[5] in which year he painted in Dinan, Brittany, with Seddon.[5] In 1854 he went to Venice, where he sketched subjects recommended to him by the critic John Ruskin.[6] who corresponded with him during his four months in the city.[7]Much of his work from the late 1850s concentrated on English landscapes, often incorporating views of vernacular architecture,[8] especially around the Thames Valley villages of Pangbourne, Mapledurham, Whitchurch and Streatley, swell as in Sussex and Surrey. In the 1870s he painted many views of Ludlow, and was increasingly drawn to more remote landscapes in Britain.[9]In 1861, following the death of his sister, he went to Egypt, where he shared a house in Giza with Frank Dillon and Egron Lundgren until the February of the following year.[10]Rossetti, who disliked working out of doors borrowed Boyce's sketches to provide the background for his watercolour Writing on the Sand (1858; British Museum, London).[11]Boyce exhibited both oils and watercolours at the Royal Academy between 1853 and 1861. He was a founding member of the Hogarth Club.[5] and of the Medieval Society, an organisation, formed mostly of architects, dedicated to promoting interest in the art and architecture of the Middle Ages. He was also a leading member of the Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings.[12] He exhibited frequently at the Royal Watercolour Society and was elected Associate in 1864 and Member in 1878.From 1871 he lived at West House, Chelsea, designed for him by his friend Philip Webb.[13][14] He retired from painting in 1893 through ill health.[5] and died at West House on 9 February 1897.Boyce's diary has become a major source of information on Rossetti and the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood.[5]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-946590-77-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-946590-77-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-85437-499-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85437-499-8"}],"text":"Newall, Christopher; Egerton, Judy (1987). George Price Boyce. Exhibition Catalogue. London: The Tate Gallery. ISBN 978-0-946590-77-3.\nStaley, Alison; Newall, Christopher (2004). Pre-Raphaelite Vision: Truth to Nature. London: Tate Publishing. ISBN 978-1-85437-499-8.","title":"Sources"}]	[{"image_text":"Charles Price Boyce","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/George-Price-Boyce.jpg/220px-George-Price-Boyce.jpg"},{"image_text":"At Binsey, near Oxford (1862)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/BoyceBinsey1862.jpg/250px-BoyceBinsey1862.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Settlement and building: Artists and Chelsea Pages 102-106 A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 12, Chelsea\". British History Online. Victoria County History, 2004. Retrieved 21 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/middx/vol12/pp102-106","url_text":"\"Settlement and building: Artists and Chelsea Pages 102-106 A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 12, Chelsea\""}]},{"reference":"Newall, Christopher; Egerton, Judy (1987). George Price Boyce. Exhibition Catalogue. London: The Tate Gallery. ISBN 978-0-946590-77-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-946590-77-3","url_text":"978-0-946590-77-3"}]},{"reference":"Staley, Alison; Newall, Christopher (2004). Pre-Raphaelite Vision: Truth to Nature. London: Tate Publishing. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_A._Newton	Michael A. Newton	["1 References","2 External links"]	Canadian statistician (born 1964) Michael Abbott Newton (born July 19, 1964, Baddeck, Nova Scotia) is a Canadian statistician. He is a Professor in the Department of Statistics and the Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, and he received the COPSS Presidents' Award in 2004. He has written many research papers about the statistical analysis of cancer biology, including linkage analysis and signal identification. Newton received his B.Sc. in mathematics and statistics from Dalhousie University in 1986, and his PhD in statistics from the University of Washington, Seattle in 1991 (under the supervision of Adrian E. Raftery). In 2003 Newton won the Spiegelman Award (presented annually by the American Public Health Association to an outstanding public health statistician under age 40). He was elected a fellow of the American Statistical Association in 2007. Newton gave a Presidential Invited Address at the International Biometric Society WNAR (Western North American Region) conference in 2002 and was an IMS Medallion Lecturer in 2011. References ^ "Committee of Presidents of Statistical Societies: Presidents' Award: Past Award Recipients," National Institute of Statistical Sciences, accessed August 14, 2011, http://nisla05.niss.org/copss/PastAwardsPresidents.pdf Archived 2015-07-01 at the Wayback Machine. ^ "Michael A. Newton," Computer Sciences Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, accessed August 14, 2011, http://pages.cs.wisc.edu/~newton/cv/cv.pdf. ^ "Spiegelman Award," American Public Health Association, accessed August 14, 2011, http://www.apha.org/membergroups/sections/aphasections/stats/about/spiegelman.htm Archived 2011-09-29 at the Wayback Machine. ^ "ASA Fellows," American Statistical Association, accessed August 14, 2011, http://www.amstat.org/careers/fellowslist.cfm. External links Michael A. Newton's home page vteArticles related to Baddeck, Nova ScotiaPlaces and buildings Alexander Graham Bell National Historic Site Baddeck Academy Baddeck (Guneden) Airport Baddeck River Beinn Bhreagh, Nova Scotia Bell Bay Golf Club Bras d'Or House Bras d'Or Yacht Club Gilbert H. Grosvenor Hall Kidston Island Kidston Island Lighthouse St. Mark's Masonic Lodge Saint Peter's and Saint John's Anglican Church Spectacle Island Game Sanctuary Telegraph House Uisge Ban Falls Uisge Ban Falls Provincial Park Victoria County Court House Articles of interest Aerial Experiment Association Baddeck, Nova Scotia Baddeck, History of Baddeck, Historic Buildings in Baddeck, And That Sort of Thing Celtic Colours Cabot Trail Relay Race Canadian Aerodrome Company Tourist Attractions in Baddeck, Nova Scotia Ships and aircraftrelated to Baddeck AEA Cygnet AEA Silver Dart Bell Oionus I Canadian Aerodrome Baddeck No. 1 and No. 2 HD-4 Hubbard Monoplane HMCS Baddeck (K147) HMCS Baddeck (R-103) Bell Boatyard Notable residents Frederick Walker Baldwin Alexander Graham Bell H. Percy Blanchard Charles James Campbell Rachel Davis Simon Gibbons, Reverend Gilbert Hovey Grosvenor Mabel H. Grosvenor Mabel Gardiner Hubbard George Kennan William Kidston Moses E. Kiley Carleton L. MacMillan Arthur Williams McCurdy David McCurdy John Alexander Douglas McCurdy William F. McCurdy John Archibald McDonald James Charles McKeagney Aulay MacAulay Morrison Kendall Myers Michael A. Newton George W. Rice Barclay Edmund Tremaine Jessica Wong Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat Academics MathSciNet Mathematics Genealogy Project	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Baddeck, Nova Scotia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baddeck,_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"Canadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadians"},{"link_name":"statistician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistician"},{"link_name":"University of Wisconsin–Madison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison"},{"link_name":"COPSS Presidents' Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COPSS_Presidents%27_Award"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Dalhousie University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalhousie_University"},{"link_name":"University of Washington, Seattle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Washington"},{"link_name":"Adrian E. Raftery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrian_Raftery"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"American Public Health Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Public_Health_Association"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"American Statistical Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Statistical_Association"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"International Biometric Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Biometric_Society"},{"link_name":"IMS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Mathematical_Statistics"}],"text":"Michael Abbott Newton (born July 19, 1964, Baddeck, Nova Scotia) is a Canadian statistician. He is a Professor in the Department of Statistics and the Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, and he received the COPSS Presidents' Award in 2004.[1] He has written many research papers about the statistical analysis of cancer biology, including linkage analysis and signal identification.Newton received his B.Sc. in mathematics and statistics from Dalhousie University in 1986, and his PhD in statistics from the University of Washington, Seattle in 1991 (under the supervision of Adrian E. Raftery).[2]In 2003 Newton won the Spiegelman Award (presented annually by the American Public Health Association to an outstanding public health statistician under age 40).[3] He was elected a fellow of the American Statistical Association in 2007.[4] Newton gave a Presidential Invited Address at the International Biometric Society WNAR (Western North American Region) conference in 2002 and was an IMS Medallion Lecturer in 2011.","title":"Michael A. Newton"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"http://nisla05.niss.org/copss/PastAwardsPresidents.pdf","external_links_name":"http://nisla05.niss.org/copss/PastAwardsPresidents.pdf"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150701092901/http://nisla05.niss.org/copss/PastAwardsPresidents.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://pages.cs.wisc.edu/~newton/cv/cv.pdf/","external_links_name":"http://pages.cs.wisc.edu/~newton/cv/cv.pdf"},{"Link":"http://www.apha.org/membergroups/sections/aphasections/stats/about/spiegelman.htm","external_links_name":"http://www.apha.org/membergroups/sections/aphasections/stats/about/spiegelman.htm"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110929054646/http://www.apha.org/membergroups/sections/aphasections/stats/about/spiegelman.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.amstat.org/careers/fellowslist.cfm","external_links_name":"http://www.amstat.org/careers/fellowslist.cfm"},{"Link":"http://www.biostat.wisc.edu/People/faculty/newton.htm","external_links_name":"Michael A. Newton's home page"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000075241918","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/105499307","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJgxq87FGpVj4k7Dj9Xjmd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet/MRAuthorID/322067","external_links_name":"MathSciNet"},{"Link":"https://www.mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=22343","external_links_name":"Mathematics Genealogy Project"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_County_Council_elections	Kent County Council elections	["1 Council elections","2 County result maps","3 By-election results","3.1 1997-2001","3.2 2001-2005","3.3 2005-2009","3.4 2009-2013","3.5 2013-2017","3.6 2017-2021","3.7 2021-2025","4 References","5 External links"]	Local government elections in Kent, England Kent County Council elections are held every four years to elect Kent County Council in England. Since the last boundary changes in 2019 the council has comprised 81 councillors representing 72 electoral divisions, with each division electing one or two councillors. Council elections 1973 Kent County Council election 1977 Kent County Council election 1981 Kent County Council election 1985 Kent County Council election 1989 Kent County Council election 1993 Kent County Council election 1997 Kent County Council election 2001 Kent County Council election 2005 Kent County Council election 2009 Kent County Council election 2013 Kent County Council election 2017 Kent County Council election 2021 Kent County Council election County result maps 2005 results map 2009 results map 2013 results map 2017 results map 2021 results map By-election results 1997-2001 Medway North Central By-Election 24 July 1997 Party Candidate Votes % ±% Labour 979 72.0 +15.3 Conservative 381 28.0 -3.3 Majority 598 44.0 Turnout 1,360 Labour hold Swing Ashford South By-Election 9 July 1998 Party Candidate Votes % ±% Labour 792 54.5 -0.5 Liberal Democrats 370 25.5 +5.1 Conservative 240 16.5 -8.1 BNP 50 3.4 +3.4 Majority 422 29.0 Turnout 1,452 13.2 Labour hold Swing Malling Rural NE By-Election 6 May 1999 Party Candidate Votes % ±% Liberal Democrats 1,894 44.2 +7.7 Conservative 1,614 37.7 -1.0 Labour 778 18.2 -6.5 Majority 280 6.5 Turnout 4,286 32.3 Liberal Democrats gain from Conservative Swing Swanscombe & Stone By-Election 14 September 2000 Party Candidate Votes % ±% Conservative 862 37.3 +9.0 Labour 760 32.9 -5.3 Independent 446 19.3 -1.4 Liberal Democrats 245 10.6 -2.2 Majority 102 4.4 Turnout 2,313 15.1 Conservative gain from Labour Swing 2001-2005 Cranbrook By-Election 19 September 2002 Party Candidate Votes % ±% Conservative 1,708 65.0 +7.7 Liberal Democrats 497 18.9 -6.0 Labour 216 8.2 -9.6 UKIP 207 7.9 +7.9 Majority 1,211 46.1 Turnout 2,628 23.1 Conservative hold Swing Ashford South East By-Election 29 April 2004 Party Candidate Votes % ±% Liberal Democrats George Koowaree 1,089 34.1 -2.4 Conservative Noel Greaves 986 30.9 -1.8 Labour Leslie Lawrie 459 14.4 -20.0 Independent Melvyn Elliff 386 12.1 +12.1 Green Stephen Dawe 140 4.4 +4.4 National Front John Kellam 135 4.2 +4.2 Majority 103 3.2 Turnout 3,195 26.9 Liberal Democrats hold Swing 2005-2009 Maidstone North East By-Election 12 July 2007 Party Candidate Votes % ±% Liberal Democrats Ian Chittenden 1,620 56.2 +12.5 Conservative Vanessa Jones 831 28.8 -1.3 Green Stuart Jeffery 187 6.5 +2.5 Labour Patrick Coates 164 5.7 -12.5 UKIP Mark Croucher 81 2.8 -1.3 Majority 789 27.4 Turnout 2,883 24.3 Liberal Democrats hold Swing Dover Town By-Election 27 September 2007 Party Candidate Votes % ±% Labour Gordon Cowan 1,860 44.5 -5.8 Conservative Nigel Collor 1,348 32.2 +4.1 Liberal Democrats Dean Stiles 420 10.0 -11.6 Independent Victor Matcham 300 7.2 +7.2 UKIP Peter Campbell-Marshall 256 6.1 +6.1 Majority 512 12.3 Turnout 4,184 19.5 Labour hold Swing Herne Bay By-Election 9 October 2008 Party Candidate Votes % ±% Conservative Jean Law 2,474 47.7 +9.0 Liberal Democrats Margaret Flaherty 1,524 29.4 -2.2 Labour Michael Kenneth Britton 537 10.4 -12.4 BNP Dennis Whiting 399 7.7 +7.7 UKIP Brian Eric MacDowall 252 4.9 -2.1 Majority 950 18.1 +11.0 Turnout 5,196 23.2 Conservative hold Swing 2009-2013 Dover Town By-Election 16 December 2010 Party Candidate Votes % ±% Labour Gordon Cowan 1,491 43.7 +14.3 Conservative Patrick Sherratt 1,348 39.5 -4.3 UKIP Victor Matcham 404 11.8 +11.8 Liberal Democrats John Trickey 170 5.0 -21.8 Majority 143 4.2 Turnout 3,413 Labour gain from Conservative Swing Tonbridge By-Election 20 January 2011 Party Candidate Votes % ±% Conservative Alice Hohler 3,229 56.6 +9.3 Labour Emily Williams 1,216 21.3 +11.9 Liberal Democrats Garry Bridge 561 9.8 -5.9 Green Hazel Dawe 366 6.4 -3.8 UKIP David Waller 337 5.9 -6.8 Majority 2,013 35.3 Turnout 5,709 Conservative hold Swing Romney Marsh By-Election 1 February 2011 Party Candidate Votes % ±% Conservative Carole Waters 2,222 54.1 +7.6 Labour Doug Suckling 748 18.2 +11.5 Liberal Democrats Val Loseby 479 11.7 -1.3 UKIP David Cammegh 420 10.2 -13.3 Independent Rochelle Saunders 238 5.8 +5.8 Majority 1,474 35.9 Turnout 4,107 Conservative hold Swing Tunbridge Wells East By-Election 14 June 2012 Party Candidate Votes % ±% Conservative James Tansley 1,171 32.3 -17.0 Liberal Democrats David Neve 1,022 28.2 -3.6 UKIP Christopher Hoare 1,000 27.6 +15.4 Labour Ian Carvell 321 8.9 +2.2 Green Hazel Dawe 109 3.0 +3.0 Majority 149 4.1 Turnout 3,623 Conservative hold Swing Maidstone Central By-Election 18 October 2012 Party Candidate Votes % ±% Liberal Democrats Robert Bird 2,169 40.1 -5.7 Conservative Paul Butcher 1,301 24.1 -1.6 Labour Paul Harper 943 17.4 +11.2 UKIP John Stanford 510 9.4 -3.7 Green Stuart Jeffery 393 7.3 -2.0 English Democrat Michael Walters 83 1.6 +1.6 Majority 868 16.1 Turnout 5,405 Liberal Democrats hold Swing Gravesham Rural By-Election 20 December 2012 Party Candidate Votes % ±% Conservative Bryan Sweetland 1,780 61.3 +1.3 UKIP Geoffrey Clark 634 21.8 +21.8 Labour Douglas Christie 397 13.7 +4.2 Liberal Democrats Gill McGill 91 3.1 -6.0 Majority 1,146 39.5 Turnout 2,902 Conservative hold Swing 2013-2017 Romney Marsh By-Election 7 May 2015 Party Candidate Votes % ±% Conservative Carole Waters 4,913 43.8 +5.2 UKIP Susanna Govett 3,903 34.8 -4.2 Labour Arran Harvey 1,342 12.0 -0.7 Liberal Democrats Valerie Loseby 626 5.6 +1.5 Green Andrew South 435 3.9 -1.7 Majority 1,010 9.0 Turnout 11,219 Conservative gain from UKIP Swing Gravesham East By-Election 18 August 2016 Party Candidate Votes % ±% Conservative Diane Marsh 1,758 36.0 +8.4 Labour Lyn Milner 1,538 31.5 -4.7 UKIP Tina Brooker 1,272 26.0 +2.8 Green Martin Wilson 209 4.3 +4.3 Liberal Democrats Mark Marsh 110 2.3 -1.5 Majority 220 4.5 Turnout 4,887 Conservative gain from Labour Swing Swanley By-Election 13 October 2016 Party Candidate Votes % ±% Conservative Michael Horwood 717 32.4 -8.7 UKIP James Halford 615 27.8 +7.9 Labour Angela George 518 23.4 -8.9 Liberal Democrats Robert Woodbridge 362 16.4 +16.4 Majority 102 4.6 Turnout 2,212 Conservative hold Swing 2017-2021 Birchington and Rural By-Election 11 January 2018 Party Candidate Votes % ±% Conservative Liz Hurst 2,534 56.6 +6.1 Labour Pauline Farrance 856 19.1 +2.9 Liberal Democrats Angie Curwen 561 12.5 +0.5 UKIP Zita Wiltshire 357 8.0 -7.8 Green Natasha Ransom 169 3.8 -1.8 Majority 1,678 37.5 Turnout 4,477 Conservative hold Swing Canterbury North By-Election 15 November 2018 Party Candidate Votes % ±% Conservative Robert Thomas 1,355 42.3 -12.4 Liberal Democrats Alex Lister 756 23.6 +7.1 Labour Ben Hickman 660 20.6 +4.1 Green Henry Stanton 157 4.9 -1.9 Independent Joe Egerton 155 4.8 +4.8 UKIP Joe Simons 120 3.7 -2.0 Majority 599 18.7 Turnout 3,203 Conservative hold Swing Northfleet and Gravesend West By-Election 2 May 2019 Party Candidate Votes % ±% Labour John Burden 3,713 43.5 +0.6 Conservative Jordan Meade 2,404 28.1 -10.3 UKIP Emmanuel Feyisetan 1,469 17.2 +7.2 Green Marna Gilligan 624 7.3 +3.1 Liberal Democrats Ukonu Obasi 333 3.9 -0.5 Majority 1,309 15.3 Turnout 8,543 Labour hold Swing Sittingbourne North By-Election 2 May 2019 Party Candidate Votes % ±% Swale Independents Jason Clinch 1,496 35.7 +35.7 Labour Tony Winckless 1,341 32.0 +0.2 Conservative Sarah Aldridge 1,064 25.4 -15.2 Liberal Democrats Alexander Stennings 284 6.8 -2.0 Majority 155 3.7 Turnout 4,185 Swale Ind. gain from Conservative 2021-2025 Wilmington By-Election 27 January 2022 Party Candidate Votes % ±% Conservative Av Sandhu 1,787 57.9 -14.5 Labour Darren Povey 613 19.9 -0.1 Liberal Democrats Amanda Capell 487 15.8 +15.8 Green Julian Hood 200 6.5 -1.1 Majority 1,174 38.0 Turnout 3,087 Conservative hold Swing Hythe West By-Election 2 March 2023 Party Candidate Votes % ±% Green Jenni Hawkins 1,568 43.8 +6.0 Conservative John Gabris 1,081 30.2 -18.9 Labour Tony Cooper 384 10.7 +1.3 Independent Ian Meyers 306 8.6 Independent Andy Weatherhead 237 6.6 Majority 487 13.6 Turnout 3,576 Green gain from Conservative Swing Sheppey By-Election 2 March 2023 Party Candidate Votes % ±% Conservative Mike Whiting 2,318 33.3 -17.7 Swale Ind. Elliott Jayes 2,258 32.5 +14.2 Labour Peter Apps 1,896 27.3 +10.7 Liberal Democrats Linda Brinklow 481 6.9 +3.2 Majority 60 0.9 Turnout 6,953 Conservative hold Swing Maidstone Central By-Election 6 July 2023 Party Candidate Votes % ±% Liberal Democrats Chris Passmore 1,860 28.5 -1.6 Green Stuart Jeffery 1,849 28.4 +13.9 Conservative Stanley Forecast 1,564 24.0 -12.4 Labour David Collier 914 14.0 -5.0 Reform UK Graham Jarvis 278 4.3 +4.3 Independent Yolande Kenward 56 0.9 +0.9 Majority 11 0.2 Turnout 6,521 Liberal Democrats hold Swing References ^ "The Kent (Electoral Changes) Order 2016", legislation.gov.uk, The National Archives, SI 2016/658 ^ "Local Elections Archive Project — Dover Town Division". www.andrewteale.me.uk. Retrieved 26 December 2022. ^ "Local Elections Archive Project — Tonbridge Division". www.andrewteale.me.uk. Retrieved 26 December 2022. ^ "Local Elections Archive Project — Romney Marsh Division". www.andrewteale.me.uk. Retrieved 26 December 2022. ^ "Local Elections Archive Project — Tunbridge Wells East Division". www.andrewteale.me.uk. Retrieved 26 December 2022. ^ "Local Elections Archive Project — Maidstone Central Division". www.andrewteale.me.uk. Retrieved 26 December 2022. ^ "Local Elections Archive Project — Gravesham Rural Division". www.andrewteale.me.uk. Retrieved 26 December 2022. ^ "Local Elections Archive Project — Romney Marsh Division". www.andrewteale.me.uk. Retrieved 26 December 2022. ^ "Local Elections Archive Project — Gravesham East Division". www.andrewteale.me.uk. Retrieved 26 December 2022. ^ "Local Elections Archive Project — Swanley Division". www.andrewteale.me.uk. Retrieved 26 December 2022. ^ "Local Elections Archive Project — Birchington and Rural Division". www.andrewteale.me.uk. Retrieved 26 December 2022. ^ "Local Elections Archive Project — Canterbury North Division". www.andrewteale.me.uk. Retrieved 26 December 2022. ^ "Local Elections Archive Project — Northfleet and Gravesend West Division". www.andrewteale.me.uk. Retrieved 26 December 2022. ^ "Local Elections Archive Project — Sittingbourne North Division". www.andrewteale.me.uk. Retrieved 26 December 2022. ^ "Local Elections Archive Project — Wilmington Division". www.andrewteale.me.uk. Retrieved 26 December 2022. ^ "Local Elections Archive Project — Hythe West Division". www.andrewteale.me.uk. Retrieved 2 March 2023. ^ "Local Elections Archive Project — Sheppey Division". www.andrewteale.me.uk. Retrieved 2 March 2023. ^ "Local Elections Archive Project — Maidstone Central Division". www.andrewteale.me.uk. Retrieved 2 March 2023. External links Kent County Council vte Council elections in KentKent County Council 1889 1892 1895 1898 1901 1904 1907 1910 1913 1919 1922 1925 1928 1931 1934 1937 1946 1949 1952 1955 1958 1961 1965 1967 1970 1973 1977 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013 2017 2021 Ashford Borough Council 1973 1976 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 2019 2023 Canterbury City Council 1973 1976 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 2019 2023 Dartford Borough Council 1973 1976 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 2019 2023 Dover District Council 1973 1976 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 2019 2023 Folkestone & Hythe District Council 1973 1976 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 2019 2023 Gravesham Borough Council 1973 1976 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 2019 2023 Maidstone Borough Council 1973 1976 1979 1980 1982 1983 1984 1986 1987 1988 1990 1991 1992 1994 1995 1996 1998 1999 2000 2002 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2010 2011 2012 2014 2015 2016 2018 2019 2021 2022 2023 2024 Medway Council 1997 2000 2003 2007 2011 2015 2019 2023 Sevenoaks District Council 1973 1976 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 2019 2023 Swale Borough Council 1973 1976 1979 1980 1982 1983 1984 1986 1987 1988 1990 1991 1992 1994 1995 1996 1998 1999 2000 2002 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2010 2011 2015 2019 2023 Thanet District Council 1973 1976 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 2019 2023 Tonbridge & Malling Borough Council 1973 1976 1979 1980 1982 1983 1984 1986 1987 1988 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 2019 2023 Tunbridge Wells Borough Council 1973 1976 1979 1980 1982 1983 1984 1986 1987 1988 1990 1991 1992 1994 1995 1996 1998 1999 2000 2002 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2010 2011 2012 2014 2015 2016 2018 2019 2021 2022 2023 Rochester-upon-Medway City Council 1973 1976 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 Abolished Gillingham Borough Council 1973 1976 1979 1980 1982 1983 1984 1986 1987 1988 1990 1991 1992 1994 1995 1996 Abolished See also: Wards Boundary changes vte English County Council Elections Buckinghamshire Cambridgeshire Cumbria Derbyshire Devon Dorset East Sussex Essex Gloucestershire Hampshire Hertfordshire Kent Lancashire Leicestershire Lincolnshire Norfolk North Yorkshire Northamptonshire Nottinghamshire Oxfordshire Somerset Staffordshire Suffolk Surrey Warwickshire West Sussex Worcestershire	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kent County Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_County_Council"},{"link_name":"councillors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Councillor"},{"link_name":"electoral divisions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wards_and_electoral_divisions_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Kent County Council elections are held every four years to elect Kent County Council in England. Since the last boundary changes in 2019 the council has comprised 81 councillors representing 72 electoral divisions, with each division electing one or two councillors.[1]","title":"Kent County Council elections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1973 Kent County Council election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1973_Kent_County_Council_election&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1977 Kent County Council election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1977_Kent_County_Council_election&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1981 Kent County Council election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1981_Kent_County_Council_election&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1985 Kent County Council election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1985_Kent_County_Council_election&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1989 Kent County Council election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1989_Kent_County_Council_election&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1993 Kent County Council election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1993_Kent_County_Council_election&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1997 Kent County Council election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1997_Kent_County_Council_election&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"2001 Kent County Council election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_Kent_County_Council_election"},{"link_name":"2005 Kent County Council election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Kent_County_Council_election"},{"link_name":"2009 Kent County Council election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Kent_County_Council_election"},{"link_name":"2013 Kent County Council election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Kent_County_Council_election"},{"link_name":"2017 Kent County Council election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Kent_County_Council_election"},{"link_name":"2021 Kent County Council election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Kent_County_Council_election"}],"text":"1973 Kent County Council election\n1977 Kent County Council election\n1981 Kent County Council election\n1985 Kent County Council election\n1989 Kent County Council election\n1993 Kent County Council election\n1997 Kent County Council election\n2001 Kent County Council election\n2005 Kent County Council election\n2009 Kent County Council election\n2013 Kent County Council election\n2017 Kent County Council election\n2021 Kent County Council election","title":"Council elections"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kent_UK_local_election_2005_map.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kent_UK_local_election_2009_map.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kent_UK_local_election_2013_map.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kent_UK_local_election_2017_map.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kent_UK_division_map_2021.svg"}],"text":"2005 results map\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t2009 results map\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t2013 results map\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t2017 results map\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t2021 results map","title":"County result maps"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"By-election results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1997-2001","title":"By-election results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2001-2005","title":"By-election results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2005-2009","title":"By-election results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2009-2013","title":"By-election results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2013-2017","title":"By-election results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2017-2021","title":"By-election results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2021-2025","title":"By-election results"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"The Kent (Electoral Changes) Order 2016\", legislation.gov.uk, The National Archives, SI 2016/658","urls":[{"url":"https://legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2016/658/made","url_text":"\"The Kent (Electoral Changes) Order 2016\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislation.gov.uk","url_text":"legislation.gov.uk"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)","url_text":"The National Archives"}]},{"reference":"\"Local Elections Archive Project — Dover Town Division\". www.andrewteale.me.uk. Retrieved 26 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.andrewteale.me.uk/leap/ward/5004/#2010-12-16","url_text":"\"Local Elections Archive Project — Dover Town Division\""}]},{"reference":"\"Local Elections Archive Project — Tonbridge Division\". www.andrewteale.me.uk. Retrieved 26 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.andrewteale.me.uk/leap/ward/5047/#2011-01-20","url_text":"\"Local Elections Archive Project — Tonbridge Division\""}]},{"reference":"\"Local Elections Archive Project — Romney Marsh Division\". www.andrewteale.me.uk. Retrieved 26 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.andrewteale.me.uk/leap/ward/5030/#2011-02-01","url_text":"\"Local Elections Archive Project — Romney Marsh Division\""}]},{"reference":"\"Local Elections Archive Project — Tunbridge Wells East Division\". www.andrewteale.me.uk. Retrieved 26 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.andrewteale.me.uk/leap/ward/5049/#2012-06-14","url_text":"\"Local Elections Archive Project — Tunbridge Wells East Division\""}]},{"reference":"\"Local Elections Archive Project — Maidstone Central Division\". www.andrewteale.me.uk. Retrieved 26 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.andrewteale.me.uk/leap/ward/5010/#2012-10-18","url_text":"\"Local Elections Archive Project — Maidstone Central Division\""}]},{"reference":"\"Local Elections Archive Project — Gravesham Rural Division\". www.andrewteale.me.uk. Retrieved 26 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.andrewteale.me.uk/leap/ward/5008/#2012-12-20","url_text":"\"Local Elections Archive Project — Gravesham Rural Division\""}]},{"reference":"\"Local Elections Archive Project — Romney Marsh Division\". www.andrewteale.me.uk. Retrieved 26 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.andrewteale.me.uk/leap/ward/5030/#2015-05-07","url_text":"\"Local Elections Archive Project — Romney Marsh Division\""}]},{"reference":"\"Local Elections Archive Project — Gravesham East Division\". www.andrewteale.me.uk. Retrieved 26 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.andrewteale.me.uk/leap/ward/5007/#2016-08-18","url_text":"\"Local Elections Archive Project — Gravesham East Division\""}]},{"reference":"\"Local Elections Archive Project — Swanley Division\". www.andrewteale.me.uk. Retrieved 26 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.andrewteale.me.uk/leap/ward/5024/#2016-10-13","url_text":"\"Local Elections Archive Project — Swanley Division\""}]},{"reference":"\"Local Elections Archive Project — Birchington and Rural Division\". www.andrewteale.me.uk. Retrieved 26 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.andrewteale.me.uk/leap/ward/18197/#2018-01-11","url_text":"\"Local Elections Archive Project — Birchington and Rural Division\""}]},{"reference":"\"Local Elections Archive Project — Canterbury North Division\". www.andrewteale.me.uk. Retrieved 26 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.andrewteale.me.uk/leap/ward/18201/#2018-11-15","url_text":"\"Local Elections Archive Project — Canterbury North Division\""}]},{"reference":"\"Local Elections Archive Project — Northfleet and Gravesend West Division\". www.andrewteale.me.uk. Retrieved 26 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.andrewteale.me.uk/leap/ward/18237/#2019-05-02","url_text":"\"Local Elections Archive Project — Northfleet and Gravesend West Division\""}]},{"reference":"\"Local Elections Archive Project — Sittingbourne North Division\". www.andrewteale.me.uk. Retrieved 26 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.andrewteale.me.uk/leap/ward/18247/#2019-05-02","url_text":"\"Local Elections Archive Project — Sittingbourne North Division\""}]},{"reference":"\"Local Elections Archive Project — Wilmington Division\". www.andrewteale.me.uk. Retrieved 26 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.andrewteale.me.uk/leap/ward/18262/#2022-01-27","url_text":"\"Local Elections Archive Project — Wilmington Division\""}]},{"reference":"\"Local Elections Archive Project — Hythe West Division\". www.andrewteale.me.uk. Retrieved 2 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.andrewteale.me.uk/leap/ward/18222/#2023-03-02","url_text":"\"Local Elections Archive Project — Hythe West Division\""}]},{"reference":"\"Local Elections Archive Project — Sheppey Division\". www.andrewteale.me.uk. Retrieved 2 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.andrewteale.me.uk/leap/ward/18246/#2023-05-04","url_text":"\"Local Elections Archive Project — Sheppey Division\""}]},{"reference":"\"Local Elections Archive Project — Maidstone Central Division\". www.andrewteale.me.uk. Retrieved 2 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.andrewteale.me.uk/leap/ward/18223/#2023-07-06","url_text":"\"Local Elections Archive Project — Maidstone Central Division\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2016/658/made","external_links_name":"\"The Kent (Electoral Changes) Order 2016\""},{"Link":"https://www.andrewteale.me.uk/leap/ward/5004/#2010-12-16","external_links_name":"\"Local Elections Archive Project — Dover Town Division\""},{"Link":"https://www.andrewteale.me.uk/leap/ward/5047/#2011-01-20","external_links_name":"\"Local Elections Archive Project — Tonbridge Division\""},{"Link":"https://www.andrewteale.me.uk/leap/ward/5030/#2011-02-01","external_links_name":"\"Local Elections Archive Project — Romney Marsh Division\""},{"Link":"https://www.andrewteale.me.uk/leap/ward/5049/#2012-06-14","external_links_name":"\"Local Elections Archive Project — Tunbridge Wells East Division\""},{"Link":"https://www.andrewteale.me.uk/leap/ward/5010/#2012-10-18","external_links_name":"\"Local Elections Archive Project — Maidstone Central Division\""},{"Link":"https://www.andrewteale.me.uk/leap/ward/5008/#2012-12-20","external_links_name":"\"Local Elections Archive Project — Gravesham Rural Division\""},{"Link":"https://www.andrewteale.me.uk/leap/ward/5030/#2015-05-07","external_links_name":"\"Local Elections Archive Project — Romney Marsh Division\""},{"Link":"https://www.andrewteale.me.uk/leap/ward/5007/#2016-08-18","external_links_name":"\"Local Elections Archive Project — Gravesham East Division\""},{"Link":"https://www.andrewteale.me.uk/leap/ward/5024/#2016-10-13","external_links_name":"\"Local Elections Archive Project — Swanley Division\""},{"Link":"https://www.andrewteale.me.uk/leap/ward/18197/#2018-01-11","external_links_name":"\"Local Elections Archive Project — Birchington and Rural Division\""},{"Link":"https://www.andrewteale.me.uk/leap/ward/18201/#2018-11-15","external_links_name":"\"Local Elections Archive Project — Canterbury North Division\""},{"Link":"https://www.andrewteale.me.uk/leap/ward/18237/#2019-05-02","external_links_name":"\"Local Elections Archive Project — Northfleet and Gravesend West Division\""},{"Link":"https://www.andrewteale.me.uk/leap/ward/18247/#2019-05-02","external_links_name":"\"Local Elections Archive Project — Sittingbourne North Division\""},{"Link":"https://www.andrewteale.me.uk/leap/ward/18262/#2022-01-27","external_links_name":"\"Local Elections Archive Project — Wilmington Division\""},{"Link":"https://www.andrewteale.me.uk/leap/ward/18222/#2023-03-02","external_links_name":"\"Local Elections Archive Project — Hythe West Division\""},{"Link":"https://www.andrewteale.me.uk/leap/ward/18246/#2023-05-04","external_links_name":"\"Local Elections Archive Project — Sheppey Division\""},{"Link":"https://www.andrewteale.me.uk/leap/ward/18223/#2023-07-06","external_links_name":"\"Local Elections Archive Project — Maidstone Central Division\""},{"Link":"http://www.kent.gov.uk/","external_links_name":"Kent County Council"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihai_Iacob	Mihai Iacob	["1 Filmography","2 References","3 External links"]	Romanian film director Mihai IacobBorn(1933-05-11)11 May 1933Orăştie, RomaniaDied5 July 2009(2009-07-05) (aged 76)Los Angeles, California, U.S.Occupation(s)Film directorScreenwriterYears active1955–1972 Mihai Iacob (11 May 1933 – 5 July 2009) was a Romanian film director and screenwriter. He directed twelve films between 1955 and 1972. His 1961 film Thirst was entered into the 2nd Moscow International Film Festival. Filmography Blanca (co-director Constantin Neagu, 1955) Dincolo de brazi (co-director Mircea Drăgan, 1957) Thirst (1960) Darclee (1961) Celebrul 702 (1962) Străinul (1964) Pe drumurile Thaliei (1964) Politețe (1966, documentary) De trei ori București (co-directors Ion Popescu-Gopo and Horea Popescu, 1967, anthology film) Tom Sawyers und Huckleberry Finns Abenteuer (dir. Wolfgang Liebeneiner, 1968, TV miniseries) Castelul condamnaților (1969) Pentru că se iubesc (1972) References ^ "A murit regizorul Mihai Iacob, la varsta de 76 de ani". hotnews.ro. Retrieved 30 October 2009. ^ "2nd Moscow International Film Festival (1961)". MIFF. Archived from the original on 16 January 2013. Retrieved 10 November 2012. External links Mihai Iacob at IMDb Authority control databases International VIAF National Poland This article about a Romanian film director is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hotnews.ro-1"},{"link_name":"film director","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_director"},{"link_name":"screenwriter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screenwriter"},{"link_name":"Thirst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirst_(1961_film)"},{"link_name":"2nd Moscow International Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Moscow_International_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Moscow1961-2"}],"text":"Mihai Iacob (11 May 1933 – 5 July 2009)[1] was a Romanian film director and screenwriter. He directed twelve films between 1955 and 1972. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Austin_Taylor	Barbara Austin Taylor	["1 References","2 External links"]	British artist Barbara Penson Austin Taylor (1891–1951) was a British sculptor. Taylor was born in West Derby, a suburb of Liverpool, and studied in London at the Westminster School of Art, at the Grosvenor School of Modern Art and then at the British School in Rome. After studying stone carving techniques in the workshop of a monumental mason, Taylor established a studio in London, being based in Chelsea for a long period. She produced portrait heads, busts and figures in bronze, stone and plaster. Until a few years before her death, Taylor was a regular exhibitor with the Royal Academy in London and also with the London Group and the Society of Women Artists. Manchester City Art Gallery holds examples of her work. References ^ a b James Mackay (1977). The Dictionary of Western Sculptors in Bronze. Antique Collectors' Club. ISBN 0902028553. ^ a b David Buckman (2006). Artists in Britain Since 1945 Vol 2, M to Z. Art Dictionaries Ltd. ISBN 0-953260-95-X. ^ a b c Sara Gray (2019). British Women Artists. A Biographical Dictionary of 1000 Women Artists in the British Decorative Arts. Dark River. ISBN 978-1-911121-63-3. ^ University of Glasgow History of Art / HATII (2011). "Barbara A Taylor". Mapping the Practice and Profession of Sculpture in Britain & Ireland 1851–1951. Retrieved 27 October 2021. External links 2 artworks by or after Barbara Austin Taylor at the Art UK site	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"West Derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Derby"},{"link_name":"Liverpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool"},{"link_name":"Westminster School of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_School_of_Art"},{"link_name":"Grosvenor School of Modern Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grosvenor_School_of_Modern_Art"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mackay-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BuckmanV2-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SG2019-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SG2019-3"},{"link_name":"Royal Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Academy"},{"link_name":"London Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Group"},{"link_name":"Society of Women Artists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Women_Artists"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mackay-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SG2019-3"},{"link_name":"Manchester City Art Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_City_Art_Gallery"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BuckmanV2-2"}],"text":"Barbara Penson Austin Taylor (1891–1951) was a British sculptor.Taylor was born in West Derby, a suburb of Liverpool, and studied in London at the Westminster School of Art, at the Grosvenor School of Modern Art and then at the British School in Rome.[1][2] After studying stone carving techniques in the workshop of a monumental mason, Taylor established a studio in London, being based in Chelsea for a long period.[3][4] She produced portrait heads, busts and figures in bronze, stone and plaster.[3] Until a few years before her death, Taylor was a regular exhibitor with the Royal Academy in London and also with the London Group and the Society of Women Artists.[1][3] Manchester City Art Gallery holds examples of her work.[2]","title":"Barbara Austin Taylor"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"James Mackay (1977). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgi_Vladimov	Georgi Vladimov	["1 Biography","2 Works","3 References","4 External links"]	Soviet writer (1931–2003) Georgi Nikolayevich VladimovNative nameГеоргий Николаевич ВладимовBornGeorgi Nikolayevich Volosevich(1931-02-19)February 19, 1931Kharkiv, Ukrainian SSRDiedOctober 19, 2003(2003-10-19) (aged 72)Frankfurt, GermanyAlma materSaint Petersburg State UniversityNotable worksFaithful RuslanNotable awardsRussian Booker Prize, Andrei Sakharov Prize for Writer's Civic Courage Georgi Nikolayevich Vladimov (Russian: Гео́ргий Никола́евич Влади́мов; real family name Volosevich, Russian: Волосевич; 19 February 1931, Kharkiv – 19 October 2003, Frankfurt) was a Russian dissident writer. Biography In 1977 he became the leader of the Moscow section of Amnesty International, forbidden in the USSR. In 1983, he emigrated to West Germany. Vladimov's most famous novel is Faithful Ruslan, the tale of a guard dog in a Soviet Gulag, told from the dog's perspective. It circulated in the Soviet Union as a samizdat publication, before being published in West Germany in 1975. His novel The General and His Army, on General Chibisov (Kobrissov) and General Vlasov, was awarded the Russian Booker Prize in 1995 and the Sakharov Prize in 2000. Works The Great Ore (Большая руда, 1961) Three Minutes of Silence (Три минуты молчания, 1969) Faithful Ruslan (Верный Руслан, 1975) The Sixth Soldier, 1981 Pay No Attention, Maestro (Не обращайте внимания, маэстро, 1983) The General and His Army (Генерал и его армия, 1994) References ^ McMillin, Arnold (November 11, 2003). "Obituary: Georgi Vladimov". The Guardian. Retrieved August 6, 2015. External links Encyclopædia Britannica article Georgi Vladimov at IMDb vteSoviet dissidents Human rights movement in the Soviet Union: Initiative Group for the Defense of Human Rights in the USSR Committee on Human Rights in the USSR Solzhenitsyn Aid Fund Moscow Helsinki Group Ukrainian Helsinki Group Lithuanian Helsinki Group‎ Working Commission to Investigate the Use of Psychiatry for Political Purposes Helsinki-86 Memorial Mikhail Agursky Vasily Aksyonov Lyudmila Alexeyeva Andrei Amalrik Chabua Amirejibi Anton Antonov-Ovseyenko Gunārs Astra Mykola Bakay Anna Barkova Vasile Bătrânac Arkadiy Belinkov Nikolai Berdyaev Yuri Bezmenov Larisa Bogoraz Alexander Bolonkin Yelena Bonner Leonid Borodin Vladimir Bougrine Joseph Brodsky Vladimir Bukovsky Valery Chalidze Lev Chernyi Boris Chichibabin Viacheslav Chornovil Lydia Chukovskaya Yuli Daniel Vadim Delaunay Andrey Derevyankin David Devdariani Ivan Drach Yuri Druzhnikov Mustafa Dzhemilev Ivan Dziuba Abulfaz Elchibey Alexander Esenin-Volpin Eliyahu Essas Efim Etkind Benjamin Fain Viktor Fainberg Moysey Fishbein Ilya Gabay Balys Gajauskas Yuri Galanskov Alexander Galich Mirsaid Sultan-Galiev Zviad Gamsakhurdia Vladimir Gershuni Alexander Ginzburg Yevgenia Ginzburg Anatoly Gladilin Semyon Gluzman Natalya Gorbanevskaya Pyotr Grigorenko Sergei Grigoryants Vasily Grossman Igor Guberman Tengiz Gudava Paruyr Hayrikyan Ivan Hel Oleksa Hirnyk Mykola Horbal Bohdan Horyn Mykhailo Horyn Grigory Isayev Boris Kagarlitsky Romas Kalanta Sofiya Kalistratova Ihor Kalynets Iryna Kalynets Vitaliy Kalynychenko Dina Kaminskaya Ivan Kandyba Ephraim Kholmyansky Yuliy Kim Nikolai Klyuev Lev Kopelev Boris Korczak Anatoly Koryagin Nahum Korzhavin Merab Kostava Lina Kostenko Sergei Kovalev Zoya Krakhmalnikova Victor Krasin Yuri Kublanovsky Jüri Kukk Anatoly Kuznetsov Eduard Kuznetsov Malva Landa Alexander Lavut Mikhail Leontovich Alexander Lerner Yaroslav Lesiv Eugene Levich Veniamin Levich Eduard Limonov Jüri Lina Pavel Litvinov Levko Lukyanenko Nikolay Lossky Kronid Lyubarsky Michail J. Makarenko Vasyl Makukh Guram Mamulia Nadezhda Mandelstam Anatoly Marchenko Valeriy Marchenko Myroslav Marynovych Grigorii Maksimov Roy Medvedev Zhores Medvedev Naum Meiman Mykhailo Melnyk Alexander Men Yosef Mendelevitch Vazif Meylanov Andrei Mironov Ion Moraru Viktor Nekipelov Viktor Nekrasov Alexander Nekrich Valeriya Novodvorskaya Vasile Odobescu Alexander Ogorodnikov Yuri Orlov Raisa Orlova Yulian Panich Lagle Parek Boris Pasternak Konstantin Paustovsky Gleb Pavlovsky Zianon Pazniak Yekaterina Peshkova Viktoras Petkus Alexander Piatigorsky Leonid Plyushch Alexandr Podrabinek Grigory Pomerants Vladimir Pribylovsky Dmitri Prigov Anatoly Pristavkin Boris Pustyntsev Irina Ratushinskaya Eliyahu Rips Arseny Roginsky Maria Rozanova Mykola Rudenko Yuly Rybakov Ain Saar Valery Sablin Andrei Sakharov Dmitri Savitski Shmuel Schneurson Iryna Senyk Victor Serge Efraim Sevela Igor Shafarevich Varlam Shalamov Avital Sharansky Natan Sharansky Alexander Shatravka Vladimir Shelkov Yurii Shukhevych Danylo Shumuk Andrei Sinyavsky Vladimir Slepak Victor Sokolov Sergei Soldatov Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn Pitirim Sorokin Galina Starovoytova Vladimir Strelnikov Aleksandras Štromas Vasyl Stus Nadiya Svitlychna Ivan Svitlichny Vasyl Symonenko Les Tanyuk Alexander Tarasov Valery Tarsis Enn Tarto Lev Timofeev Valentin Turchin Andrei Tverdokhlebov Tatyana Velikanova Tomas Venclova Georgi Vins Georgi Vladimov Vladimir Voinovich Michael Voslenski Anatoly Yakobson Gleb Yakunin Venedikt Yerofeyev Yevgeny Zamyatin Alexander Zinoviev Yosyf Zisels vteRecipients of the Russian Booker Prize Mark Kharitonov (1992) Vladimir Makanin (1993) Bulat Okudzhava (1994) Georgi Vladimov (1995) Andrey Sergeev (1996) Anatoly Azolsky (1997) Aleksandr Morozov (1998) Mikhail Butov (1999) Mikhail Shishkin (2000) Lyudmila Ulitskaya (2001) Oleg Pavlov (2002) Rubén Gallego (2003) Vasily Aksyonov (2004) Denis Gutsko (2005) Olga Slavnikova (2006) Aleksandr Ilichevsky (2007) Mikhail Yelizarov (2008) Yelena Chizhova (2009) Elena Kolyadina (2010) Alexander Chudakov (2011) Andrei Dmitriev (2012) Andrei Volos (2013) Vladimir Sharov (2014) Alexander Snegirev (2015) Peter Aleshkovsky (2016) Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway Spain France BnF data Germany Israel Belgium United States Sweden Latvia Czech Republic Netherlands Poland People Deutsche Biographie Other IdRef This article about a Russian writer or poet is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"Kharkiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kharkiv"},{"link_name":"Frankfurt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt"},{"link_name":"dissident","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissident"}],"text":"Georgi Nikolayevich Vladimov (Russian: Гео́ргий Никола́евич Влади́мов; real family name Volosevich, Russian: Волосевич; 19 February 1931, Kharkiv – 19 October 2003, Frankfurt) was a Russian dissident writer.","title":"Georgi Vladimov"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow"},{"link_name":"Amnesty International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_International"},{"link_name":"USSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USSR"},{"link_name":"West Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germany"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Obituary-1"},{"link_name":"guard dog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guard_dog"},{"link_name":"Gulag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulag"},{"link_name":"dog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog"},{"link_name":"samizdat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samizdat"},{"link_name":"General Chibisov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikandr_Chibisov"},{"link_name":"General Vlasov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Vlasov"},{"link_name":"Russian Booker Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Booker_Prize"},{"link_name":"Sakharov Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakharov_Prize_(literary)"}],"text":"In 1977 he became the leader of the Moscow section of Amnesty International, forbidden in the USSR. In 1983, he emigrated to West Germany.[1]Vladimov's most famous novel is Faithful Ruslan, the tale of a guard dog in a Soviet Gulag, told from the dog's perspective. It circulated in the Soviet Union as a samizdat publication, before being published in West Germany in 1975.His novel The General and His Army, on General Chibisov (Kobrissov) and General Vlasov, was awarded the Russian Booker Prize in 1995 and the Sakharov Prize in 2000.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Faithful Ruslan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faithful_Ruslan"}],"text":"The Great Ore (Большая руда, 1961)\nThree Minutes of Silence (Три минуты молчания, 1969)\nFaithful Ruslan (Верный Руслан, 1975)\nThe Sixth Soldier, 1981\nPay No Attention, Maestro (Не обращайте внимания, маэстро, 1983)\nThe General and His Army (Генерал и его армия, 1994)","title":"Works"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"McMillin, Arnold (November 11, 2003). \"Obituary: Georgi Vladimov\". The Guardian. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Dudley_Ryder	Henry Ryder	["1 Life","2 Family","3 Gallery","4 References","5 Sources","5.1 Attribution"]	English evangelical Anglican bishop For other people named Henry Ryder, see Henry Ryder (disambiguation). This article is about the Bishop of Lichfield. For the Bishop of Killaloe, see Henry Rider. The Right Reverend and HonourableHenry RyderBishop of LichfieldDioceseLichfieldIn office1824–1836PredecessorJames CornwallisSuccessorSamuel ButlerOther post(s)Bishop of Gloucester (1815–1824)Personal detailsBorn(1777-07-21)21 July 1777Streatham, SurreyDied31 March 1836(1836-03-31) (aged 58)Hastings, SussexNationalityBritishDenominationAnglicanSpouse Sophia Phillips (m. 1802)Alma materSt John's College, Cambridge Henry Dudley Ryder (21 July 1777 – 31 March 1836) was a prominent English evangelical Anglican bishop in the early years of the nineteenth century, most notably as Bishop of Lichfield. He was the first evangelical to be raised to the Anglican episcopate. Life Ryder was the fifth son of Nathaniel Ryder, 1st Baron Harrowby, by his wife Elizabeth Terrick, daughter of Richard Terrick, Bishop of London. Dudley Ryder, 1st Earl of Harrowby and the Honourable Richard Ryder were his elder brothers. He studied at St John's College, Cambridge, and became vicar of Lutterworth and of Claybrook. He was canon of Windsor in 1808. He was successively Bishop of Gloucester, from 1815, and Bishop of Lichfield and Coventry, from 1824. His kneeling statue by Francis Legatt Chantrey is in Lichfield Cathedral. John Henry Newman, in his Apologia Pro Vita Sua, speaks of the veneration in which he held Ryder. Family Ryder married Sophia, daughter of Thomas March Phillips, in 1802. Their second son George Dudley Ryder was the father of the Very Reverend Henry Ignatius Dudley Ryder. Their fifth son was Admiral of the Fleet Sir Alfred Phillips Ryder. Their sixth and youngest son Spencer Ryder was the ancestor of the sailor and politician Robert Ryder. Ryder died in March 1836, aged 58. His wife died in August 1862. Gallery Bronze Medal 1836, issued in honour of Bishop Henry Dudley Ryder by Thomas Wells Ingram, Birmingham Monument to Bishop Ryder by Sir Francis Legatt Chantrey in Lichfield Cathedral References ^ Ryder, Henry in: Oxford University Press, retrieved 7 January 2014. ^ Chapman, Mark (2006). Anglicanism: A Very Short Introduction. Very Short Introductions. Oxford University Press. p. 66. ISBN 9780192806932. ^ "Ryder, the Hon Dudley (RDR779D)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge. ^ Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Henry Ignatius Dudley Ryder" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. ^ Concise Dictionary of National Biography Sources Attribution This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Henry Ignatius Dudley Ryder". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Church of England titles Preceded byGeorge Lukin Dean of Wells 1812–1831 Succeeded byEdmund Goodenough Preceded byGeorge Huntingford Bishop of Gloucester 1815–1824 Succeeded byChristopher Bethell Preceded byJames Cornwallis Bishop of Lichfield 1824–1836 Succeeded bySamuel Butler vteDeans of WellsHigh Medieval Ivo Richard de Spakeston Alexander Leonius Ralph of Lechlade Peter of Chichester William of Merton John Saracenus Giles of Bridport Edward of Cnoll Thomas Bytton William Burnell Walter Haselshaw Late Medieval Henry Husee John Godelee Richard de Bury Wibert of Littleton Walter of London Thomas Fastolf John of Carleton Stephen Penpel John Fordham Thomas Thebaud Henry Beaufort Nicholas Slake Thomas Tuttebury Richard Courtenay Walter Medeford John Stafford John Forest Nicholas Carent William Witham John Gunthorpe Early modern William Cosyn Thomas Wynter Richard Woleman Thomas Cromwell William Fitzwilliam John Goodman William Turner Robert Weston Valentine Dale John Herbert Benjamin Heydon Richard Meredith Ralph Barlow George Warburton Walter Raleigh Robert Creighton Ralph Bathurst William Grahme Matthew Brailsford Isaac Maddox John Harris Samuel Creswicke Lord Francis Seymour Late modern George Lukin Hon. Henry Ryder Edmund Goodenough Richard Jenkyns George Johnson Edward Plumptre Thomas Jex-Blake Armitage Robinson Richard Malden Frederic Harton Christopher Woodforde Irven Edwards Patrick Mitchell Richard Lewis John Clarke Andrew Featherstone (Acting) John Davies vteBishops of Gloucester and of Gloucester and BristolGloucester (1541) John Wakeman John Hooper See dissolved, 1552 & re-erected, 1554 James Brooks Richard Cheyney John Bullingham Godfrey Goldsborough Thomas Ravis Henry Parry Giles Thomson Miles Smith Godfrey Goodman Episcopacy abolished (Commonwealth) William Nicholson John Pritchett Robert Frampton Edward Fowler Richard Willis Joseph Wilcocks Elias Sydall Martin Benson James Johnson William Warburton James Yorke Samuel Hallifax Richard Beadon George Huntingford Henry Ryder Christopher Bethell James Henry Monk Gloucester and Bristol James Henry Monk Charles Baring William Thomson Charles Ellicott Gloucester (1897) Charles Ellicott Edgar Gibson Arthur Headlam Clifford Woodward Wilfred Askwith Basil Guy John Yates Peter Ball David Bentley Michael Perham Martyn Snow (acting) Rachel Treweek vteBishops of Lichfield (including precursor offices)Mercia Diuma Ceollach Trumhere Jaruman Chad, Bishop of the Mercians & the Lindisfaras Lichfield Winfrith Seaxwulf Headda Aldwine Witta Hemele Cuthfrith Berhthun Hygeberht (Archbishop of Lichfield) Ealdwulf Herewine Æthelwold Hunberght Cynefrith Tunberht Wulfsige Burgheard Eadberht Wulfred Wilferth Ælfwine Wulfgar Cynesige Wynsige Elphege Godwin Leofgar Brihtmær Wulfsige Leofwin Peter (became Bishop of Chester) Peter, Bishop of Chester Coventry Robert de Limesey, Bishop of Chester Robert de Limesey (previously Bishop of Chester) Robert Peche Roger de Clinton Walter Durdent Richard Peche Gerard la Pucelle Hugh Nonant Geoffrey de Muschamp William de Cornhill Alexander de Stavenby Coventry & Lichfield Alexander de Stavenby Hugh de Pateshull Roger Weseham Roger de Meyland Walter Langton Roger Northburgh Robert de Stretton Walter Skirlaw Richard le Scrope John Burghill John Catterick James Cary William Heyworth William Booth Nicholas Close Reginald Boulers John Hales William Smyth John Arundel Geoffrey Blythe Rowland Lee Lichfield & Coventry Rowland Lee Richard Sampson Ralph Baines Thomas Bentham William Overton George Abbot Richard Neile John Overall Thomas Morton Robert Wright Accepted Frewen Episcopacy abolished (Commonwealth) Accepted Frewen John Hacket Thomas Wood William Lloyd John Hough Edward Chandler Richard Smalbroke Frederick Cornwallis John Egerton Brownlow North Richard Hurd James Cornwallis Henry Ryder Samuel Butler Lichfield Samuel Butler James Bowstead John Lonsdale George Selwyn William Maclagan Augustus Legge John Kempthorne Edward Woods Stretton Reeve Kenneth Skelton Keith Sutton Jonathan Gledhill Clive Gregory (acting) Michael Ipgrave Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States Other SNAC	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Henry Ryder (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ryder_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Henry Rider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Rider"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"evangelical Anglican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelical_Anglicanism"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Lichfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Lichfield"},{"link_name":"Anglican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglican"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chapman-2"}],"text":"For other people named Henry Ryder, see Henry Ryder (disambiguation).This article is about the Bishop of Lichfield. For the Bishop of Killaloe, see Henry Rider.Henry Dudley Ryder (21 July 1777 – 31 March 1836[1]) was a prominent English evangelical Anglican bishop in the early years of the nineteenth century, most notably as Bishop of Lichfield. He was the first evangelical to be raised to the Anglican episcopate.[2]","title":"Henry Ryder"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nathaniel Ryder, 1st Baron Harrowby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathaniel_Ryder,_1st_Baron_Harrowby"},{"link_name":"Richard Terrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Terrick"},{"link_name":"Bishop of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_London"},{"link_name":"Dudley Ryder, 1st Earl of Harrowby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dudley_Ryder,_1st_Earl_of_Harrowby"},{"link_name":"Richard Ryder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Ryder_(19th_century_politician)"},{"link_name":"St John's College, Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_John%27s_College,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Lutterworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutterworth"},{"link_name":"Claybrook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Claybrook&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"canon of Windsor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_of_Windsor"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Gloucester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Gloucester"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Lichfield and Coventry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Lichfield_and_Coventry"},{"link_name":"Francis Legatt Chantrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Legatt_Chantrey"},{"link_name":"Lichfield Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lichfield_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"John Henry Newman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Henry_Newman"},{"link_name":"Apologia Pro Vita Sua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apologia_Pro_Vita_Sua"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Ryder was the fifth son of Nathaniel Ryder, 1st Baron Harrowby, by his wife Elizabeth Terrick, daughter of Richard Terrick, Bishop of London. Dudley Ryder, 1st Earl of Harrowby and the Honourable Richard Ryder were his elder brothers. He studied at St John's College, Cambridge,[3] and became vicar of Lutterworth and of Claybrook. He was canon of Windsor in 1808.He was successively Bishop of Gloucester, from 1815, and Bishop of Lichfield and Coventry, from 1824. His kneeling statue by Francis Legatt Chantrey is in Lichfield Cathedral.John Henry Newman, in his Apologia Pro Vita Sua, speaks of the veneration in which he held Ryder.[4][5]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Henry Ignatius Dudley Ryder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ignatius_Dudley_Ryder"},{"link_name":"Admiral of the Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admiral_of_the_Fleet"},{"link_name":"Sir Alfred Phillips Ryder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Phillips_Ryder"},{"link_name":"Robert Ryder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Ryder"}],"text":"Ryder married Sophia, daughter of Thomas March Phillips, in 1802. Their second son George Dudley Ryder was the father of the Very Reverend Henry Ignatius Dudley Ryder. Their fifth son was Admiral of the Fleet Sir Alfred Phillips Ryder. Their sixth and youngest son Spencer Ryder was the ancestor of the sailor and politician Robert Ryder. Ryder died in March 1836, aged 58. His wife died in August 1862.","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:UK_Medal_1836_in_honour_of_Bishop_Henry_Ryder.jpg"},{"link_name":"Birmingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ryder_Statue_in_Lichfield_cathedral.jpg"},{"link_name":"Francis Legatt Chantrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Legatt_Chantrey"},{"link_name":"Lichfield Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lichfield_Cathedral"}],"text":"Bronze Medal 1836, issued in honour of Bishop Henry Dudley Ryder by Thomas Wells Ingram, Birmingham\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMonument to Bishop Ryder by Sir Francis Legatt Chantrey in Lichfield Cathedral","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"public domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain"},{"link_name":"Henry Ignatius Dudley 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Lichfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Lichfield"},{"link_name":"Diuma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diuma"},{"link_name":"Ceollach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceollach"},{"link_name":"Trumhere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumhere"},{"link_name":"Jaruman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaruman"},{"link_name":"Chad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad_of_Mercia"},{"link_name":"Winfrith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winfrith_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"Seaxwulf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seaxwulf"},{"link_name":"Headda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headda"},{"link_name":"Aldwine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldwine"},{"link_name":"Witta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witta_(bishop_of_Lichfield)"},{"link_name":"Hemele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemele"},{"link_name":"Cuthfrith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuthfrith"},{"link_name":"Berhthun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berhthun_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"Hygeberht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hygeberht"},{"link_name":"Ealdwulf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ealdwulf_of_Lichfield"},{"link_name":"Herewine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herewine"},{"link_name":"Æthelwold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86thelwold_(bishop_of_Lichfield)"},{"link_name":"Hunberght","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunberght"},{"link_name":"Cynefrith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cynefrith"},{"link_name":"Tunberht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunberht"},{"link_name":"Wulfsige","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wulfsige_of_Lichfield"},{"link_name":"Burgheard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgheard"},{"link_name":"Eadberht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eadberht_of_Lichfield"},{"link_name":"Wulfred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wulfred_of_Lichfield"},{"link_name":"Wilferth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilferth"},{"link_name":"Ælfwine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86lfwine_of_Lichfield"},{"link_name":"Wulfgar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wulfgar_of_Lichfield"},{"link_name":"Cynesige","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cynesige_of_Lichfield"},{"link_name":"Wynsige","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wynsige_of_Lichfield"},{"link_name":"Elphege","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elphege_of_Lichfield"},{"link_name":"Godwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godwin_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"Leofgar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leofgar"},{"link_name":"Brihtmær","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brihtm%C3%A6r"},{"link_name":"Wulfsige","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wulfsige_(bishop_of_Lichfield)"},{"link_name":"Leofwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leofwin"},{"link_name":"Peter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_of_Lichfield"},{"link_name":"Robert de Limesey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_de_Limesey"},{"link_name":"Robert Peche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Peche"},{"link_name":"Roger de Clinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_de_Clinton"},{"link_name":"Walter Durdent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Durdent"},{"link_name":"Richard Peche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Peche"},{"link_name":"Gerard la Pucelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerard_la_Pucelle"},{"link_name":"Hugh Nonant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Nonant"},{"link_name":"Geoffrey de Muschamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_de_Muschamp"},{"link_name":"William de Cornhill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_de_Cornhill"},{"link_name":"Alexander de Stavenby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_de_Stavenby"},{"link_name":"Alexander de Stavenby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_de_Stavenby"},{"link_name":"Hugh de Pateshull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_de_Pateshull"},{"link_name":"Roger Weseham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Weseham"},{"link_name":"Roger de Meyland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_de_Meyland"},{"link_name":"Walter Langton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Langton"},{"link_name":"Roger Northburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Northburgh"},{"link_name":"Robert de Stretton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_de_Stretton"},{"link_name":"Walter Skirlaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Skirlaw"},{"link_name":"Richard le Scrope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Scrope_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"John Burghill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Burghill"},{"link_name":"John Catterick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Catterick"},{"link_name":"James Cary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cary_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"William Heyworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Heyworth"},{"link_name":"William Booth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Booth_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Close","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Close"},{"link_name":"Reginald Boulers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald_Boulers"},{"link_name":"John Hales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hales_(bishop_of_Coventry_and_Lichfield)"},{"link_name":"William Smyth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Smyth"},{"link_name":"John Arundel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Arundel_(bishop_of_Exeter)"},{"link_name":"Geoffrey Blythe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Blythe"},{"link_name":"Rowland Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowland_Lee_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"Rowland Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowland_Lee_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"Richard Sampson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Sampson"},{"link_name":"Ralph Baines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Baines"},{"link_name":"Thomas Bentham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Bentham"},{"link_name":"William Overton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Overton_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"George Abbot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Abbot_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"Richard Neile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Neile"},{"link_name":"John Overall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Overall_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"Thomas Morton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Morton_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"Robert Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Wright_(English_bishop)"},{"link_name":"Accepted Frewen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accepted_Frewen"},{"link_name":"Commonwealth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_England"},{"link_name":"John Hacket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hacket"},{"link_name":"Thomas Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Wood_(bishop_of_Lichfield_and_Coventry)"},{"link_name":"William Lloyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Lloyd_(bishop_of_Worcester)"},{"link_name":"John Hough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hough_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"Edward Chandler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Chandler_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"Richard Smalbroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Smalbroke"},{"link_name":"Frederick Cornwallis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Cornwallis"},{"link_name":"John Egerton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Egerton_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"Brownlow North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brownlow_North"},{"link_name":"Richard Hurd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Hurd_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"James Cornwallis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cornwallis,_4th_Earl_Cornwallis"},{"link_name":"Henry Ryder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Samuel Butler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Butler_(schoolmaster)"},{"link_name":"Samuel Butler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Butler_(schoolmaster)"},{"link_name":"James Bowstead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Bowstead"},{"link_name":"John Lonsdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lonsdale"},{"link_name":"George Selwyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Selwyn_(bishop_of_Lichfield)"},{"link_name":"William Maclagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Maclagan"},{"link_name":"Augustus Legge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus_Legge"},{"link_name":"John Kempthorne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Kempthorne_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"Edward Woods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Woods_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"Stretton Reeve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stretton_Reeve"},{"link_name":"Kenneth Skelton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Skelton"},{"link_name":"Keith Sutton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Sutton_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Gledhill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Gledhill"},{"link_name":"Clive Gregory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clive_Gregory"},{"link_name":"Michael Ipgrave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Ipgrave"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15452900#identifiers"},{"link_name":"FAST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//id.worldcat.org/fast/235599/"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000030724684"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/26146535"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJpJj76g3yHhk4hbbwYpT3"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/1147244065"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/n88058004"},{"link_name":"SNAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6jv3trb"}],"sub_title":"Attribution","text":"This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). \"Henry Ignatius Dudley Ryder\". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.vteDeans of WellsHigh Medieval\nIvo\nRichard de Spakeston\nAlexander\nLeonius\nRalph of Lechlade\nPeter of Chichester\nWilliam of Merton\nJohn Saracenus\nGiles of Bridport\nEdward of Cnoll\nThomas Bytton\nWilliam Burnell\nWalter Haselshaw\nLate Medieval\nHenry Husee\nJohn Godelee\nRichard de Bury\nWibert of Littleton\nWalter of London\nThomas Fastolf\nJohn of Carleton\nStephen Penpel\nJohn Fordham\nThomas Thebaud\nHenry Beaufort\nNicholas Slake\nThomas Tuttebury\nRichard Courtenay\nWalter Medeford\nJohn Stafford\nJohn Forest\nNicholas Carent\nWilliam Witham\nJohn Gunthorpe\nEarly modern\nWilliam Cosyn\nThomas Wynter\nRichard Woleman\nThomas Cromwell\nWilliam Fitzwilliam\nJohn Goodman\nWilliam Turner\nRobert Weston\nValentine Dale\nJohn Herbert\nBenjamin Heydon\nRichard Meredith\nRalph Barlow\nGeorge Warburton\nWalter Raleigh\nRobert Creighton\nRalph Bathurst\nWilliam Grahme\nMatthew Brailsford\nIsaac Maddox\nJohn Harris\nSamuel Creswicke\nLord Francis Seymour\nLate modern\nGeorge Lukin\nHon. Henry Ryder\nEdmund Goodenough\nRichard Jenkyns\nGeorge Johnson\nEdward Plumptre\nThomas Jex-Blake\nArmitage Robinson\nRichard Malden\nFrederic Harton\nChristopher Woodforde\nIrven Edwards\nPatrick Mitchell\nRichard Lewis\nJohn Clarke\nAndrew Featherstone (Acting)\nJohn DaviesvteBishops of Gloucester and of Gloucester and BristolGloucester (1541)\nJohn Wakeman\nJohn Hooper\nSee dissolved, 1552 & re-erected, 1554\nJames Brooks\nRichard Cheyney\nJohn Bullingham\nGodfrey Goldsborough\nThomas Ravis\nHenry Parry\nGiles Thomson\nMiles Smith\nGodfrey Goodman\nEpiscopacy abolished (Commonwealth)\nWilliam Nicholson\nJohn Pritchett\nRobert Frampton\nEdward Fowler\nRichard Willis\nJoseph Wilcocks\nElias Sydall\nMartin Benson\nJames Johnson\nWilliam Warburton\nJames Yorke\nSamuel Hallifax\nRichard Beadon\nGeorge Huntingford\nHenry Ryder\nChristopher Bethell\nJames Henry Monk\nGloucester and Bristol\nJames Henry Monk\nCharles Baring\nWilliam Thomson\nCharles Ellicott\nGloucester (1897)\nCharles Ellicott\nEdgar Gibson\nArthur Headlam\nClifford Woodward\nWilfred Askwith\nBasil Guy\nJohn Yates\nPeter Ball\nDavid Bentley\nMichael Perham\nMartyn Snow (acting)\nRachel TreweekvteBishops of Lichfield (including precursor offices)Mercia\nDiuma\nCeollach\nTrumhere\nJaruman\nChad, Bishop of the Mercians & the Lindisfaras\nLichfield\nWinfrith\nSeaxwulf\nHeadda\nAldwine\nWitta\nHemele\nCuthfrith\nBerhthun\nHygeberht (Archbishop of Lichfield)\nEaldwulf\nHerewine\nÆthelwold\nHunberght\nCynefrith\nTunberht\nWulfsige\nBurgheard\nEadberht\nWulfred\nWilferth\nÆlfwine\nWulfgar\nCynesige\nWynsige\nElphege\nGodwin\nLeofgar\nBrihtmær\nWulfsige\nLeofwin\nPeter (became Bishop of Chester)\nPeter, Bishop of Chester\nCoventry\nRobert de Limesey, Bishop of Chester\nRobert de Limesey (previously Bishop of Chester)\nRobert Peche\nRoger de Clinton\nWalter Durdent\nRichard Peche\nGerard la Pucelle\nHugh Nonant\nGeoffrey de Muschamp\nWilliam de Cornhill\nAlexander de Stavenby\nCoventry & Lichfield\nAlexander de Stavenby\nHugh de Pateshull\nRoger Weseham\nRoger de Meyland\nWalter Langton\nRoger Northburgh\nRobert de Stretton\nWalter Skirlaw\nRichard le Scrope\nJohn Burghill\nJohn Catterick\nJames Cary\nWilliam Heyworth\nWilliam Booth\nNicholas Close\nReginald Boulers\nJohn Hales\nWilliam Smyth\nJohn Arundel\nGeoffrey Blythe\nRowland Lee\nLichfield & Coventry\nRowland Lee\nRichard Sampson\nRalph Baines\nThomas Bentham\nWilliam Overton\nGeorge Abbot\nRichard Neile\nJohn Overall\nThomas Morton\nRobert Wright\nAccepted Frewen\nEpiscopacy abolished (Commonwealth)\nAccepted Frewen\nJohn Hacket\nThomas Wood\nWilliam Lloyd\nJohn Hough\nEdward Chandler\nRichard Smalbroke\nFrederick Cornwallis\nJohn Egerton\nBrownlow North\nRichard Hurd\nJames Cornwallis\nHenry Ryder\nSamuel Butler\nLichfield\nSamuel Butler\nJames Bowstead\nJohn Lonsdale\nGeorge Selwyn\nWilliam Maclagan\nAugustus Legge\nJohn Kempthorne\nEdward Woods\nStretton Reeve\nKenneth Skelton\nKeith Sutton\nJonathan Gledhill\nClive Gregory (acting)\nMichael IpgraveAuthority control databases International\nFAST\nISNI\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nGermany\nUnited States\nOther\nSNAC","title":"Sources"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Chapman, Mark (2006). Anglicanism: A Very Short Introduction. Very Short Introductions. Oxford University Press. p. 66. ISBN 9780192806932.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7koSDAAAQBAJ","url_text":"Anglicanism: A Very Short Introduction"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780192806932","url_text":"9780192806932"}]},{"reference":"\"Ryder, the Hon Dudley (RDR779D)\". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge.","urls":[{"url":"http://venn.lib.cam.ac.uk/cgi-bin/search-2018.pl?sur=&suro=w&fir=&firo=c&cit=&cito=c&c=all&z=all&tex=RDR779D&sye=&eye=&col=all&maxcount=50","url_text":"\"Ryder, the Hon Dudley (RDR779D)\""}]},{"reference":"Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). \"Henry Ignatius Dudley Ryder\" . Catholic Encyclopedia. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet_repertoire	Trumpet repertoire	["1 Solo trumpet","2 Trumpet ensemble","3 Brass trio","4 Brass quintet","5 Brass ensemble","6 Trumpet and keyboard","7 Chamber music with trumpet","8 Trumpet and orchestra","9 Trumpet and wind ensemble","10 Electroacoustic","11 Theatrical roles","12 Famous orchestral excerpts","13 References"]	Set of available musical works for trumpet A modern B♭ trumpet (Bach Stradivarius model) The trumpet repertoire consists of solo literature and orchestral or, more commonly, band parts written for the trumpet. Tracings its origins to 1500 BC, the trumpet is a musical instrument with the highest register in the brass family. Among the repertoire for the trumpet are the following works: Solo trumpet Samuel Adler, Canto I, for B-flat or C trumpet Louis Andriessen, A Very Sad Trumpet Sonata Louis Andriessen, A Very Sharp Trumpet Sonata Mark Applebaum, Authenticity Mark Applebaum, Entre Funérailles I Cecilia Arditto, Música Invisible, Libro IV, for flugelhorn and trumpet" Richard Ayres, No. 27 "Blue" Julian Azumi, Cardiogram Sven-Erik Bäck, March and Song Gerald Barry, Trumpeter Luciano Berio, Good night Lauren Bernofsky, Fantasia Lisa Bielawa, Synopsis #5: He Figures Out What Clouds Mean Harrison Birtwistle, Antiphonies from the Moonkeeper Harrison Birtwistle, Five Little Antiphonies for Amelia Daniel Börtz, Målning Howard J. Buss, A Day in the City, Commemoration Elliott Carter, Retracing III Aaron Cassidy, What then renders these forces visible is a strange smile (or, First Study for Figures at the Base of a Crucifixion) Friedrich Cerha, The Pied Piper Nicolas Collins, Sonnet 40 Peter Maxwell Davies, Litany – for a Ruined Chapel between Sheep and Shore, for solo C trumpet Peter Maxwell Davies, Sonatina, for solo trumpet Lucia Dlugoszewski, Space Is a Diamond Axel Dörner, Clinamen Axel Dörner, Komposition für trompete-solo, No. 1 Axel Dörner, Komposition für trompete-solo, No. 2 Axel Dörner, marchugk Amy Dunker, Chet Amy Dunker, Cruise Control Amy Dunker, Distant Voices Amy Dunker, Hush! Amy Dunker, Improvisation on Raga Asvari Amy Dunker, Prelude-Doina Amy Dunker, Satchmo Anders Eliasson, Prelude Robert Erickson, Kryl, for solo C trumpet Ivan Fedele, High, for solo B-flat trumpet Morton Feldman, A Very Short Trumpet Piece Stanley Friedman, Solus Stanley Friedman, Poem for a Fallen Hero HK Gruber, Exposed Throat Anthony Halstead, Suite for solo trumpet or horn Robert Henderson, Variation Movements for trumpet solo Hans Werner Henze, Sonatina, for trumpet Åke Hermanson, Fanfare Hans Holewa, Little Fanfare Robin Holloway, Sonata for solo trumpet Adriana Hölszky, Projektion Adriana Hölszky, Weltenenden, for one or four brass players Tom Johnson, Tilework Betsy Jolas, Épisode troisième Mauricio Kagel, Old/New, for trumpet Mauricio Kagel, Morceau de Concours Laura Kaminsky, Elegy for the Silenced Voice Maurice Karkoff, Fanfare Fantasy, Op. 154 Otto Ketting, Intrada, for unnacompanied trumpet or horn Hanna Kulenty, Brass No. 1, for double bell trumpet Eres Holz, MACH, for B-flat trumpet (2011) Libby Larsen, Fanfare for the Women, for solo C trumpet Robert Hall Lewis, Monophony VII, for trumpet solo Ingvar Lidholm, Epigram György Ligeti, The Big Turtle-Fanfare from the South China Sea Liza Lim, Wild-Winged One Witold Lutosławski, Tune Miklós Maros, Fanfare Ron Mazurek, Dialogues Arne Mellnäs, The Unquestioned Answer (Hommage to Charles Ives) Dexter Morrill, Nine Pieces Jan W. Morthenson, Memory Isabel Mundry, Solo auf Schwellen, for double bell trumpet Sergiu Natra, Sonatina Olga Neuwirth, Laki, for solo C trumpet Per Nørgård, Scale – Fanfare – Variation Nigel Osborne, Flamingo Time-Line Martijn Padding, One Trumpet Vincent Persichetti, Parable XIV for Trumpet, Op. 127 Matthias Pintscher, Shining Forth Anthony Plog, Postcards Folke Rabe, Shazam Gottfried Reiche, Abblasen Bruno Reinhardt, Music for Trumpet Solo Verne Reynolds, Solus Wolfgang Rihm, Little Echo Fantasy Jay Rizzetto, Five Poems of Emily Dickinson for Solo Trumpet and Narrator Scott Robbins, "Three Blues for Cello and Trumpet" Poul Ruders, Reveille-Retraite Ari Rufeisen, Dodecaphonic Principles David Sampson, Litany of Breath David Sampson, Morning Pages David Sampson, Solo for flugelhorn David Sampson, Trumpet Descants on Christmas Hymns David Sampson, Trumpet Descants on Festive Hymns Giacinto Scelsi, Four Pieces Rebecca Saunders, Blaauw, for double bell trumpet Daniel Schnyder "ADAR" for solo tp Kurt Schwertsik, Stretch & Yawn Roberto Sierra, Fanfare Juan María Solare, Israfil Juan María Solare, Unterwegs Juan María Solare, Perlas esparcidas Juan María Solare, Weise weiße Weisen Juan María Solare, Serpentine Juan María Solare, Reverence (Homage to Bach) Juan María Solare, Petite Suite Antique Juan María Solare, Art-Man, for double bell trumpet Juan María Solare, Avanti Karlheinz Stockhausen, Eingang und Formel, for solo B-flat trumpet Karlheinz Stockhausen, In Freundschaft, for solo 4-valve E-flat trumpet Karlheinz Stockhausen, Oberlippentanz, for solo B-flat piccolo trumpet Karlheinz Stockhausen, Harmonien, for solo C trumpet Egmont Swaan, De zucht van Marib..., for piccolo trumpet Toru Takemitsu, Paths, for solo C trumpet Hilary Tann, Look Little Low Heavens Antoine Tisné, Emotion, for C trumpet solo Mark-Anthony Turnage, An Aria With Dancing, for solo B-flat trumpet Skye van Duuren, Aurae, for solo B-flat trumpet Stefan Wolpe, Solo Piece for Trumpet Nadav Ziv, Monologue Valentin Zubiaurre, Audition Piece for Trumpet Trumpet ensemble Anonymous, Sinfonia a due Trombe Sally Beamish, Fanfare for 2 trumpets Heinrich Ignaz Biber, Duets for 2 trumpets Heinrich Ignaz Biber, Sonata for 2 trumpets, 2 violins, 2 violas & continuo No. 1 in C major, C. 114 Heinrich Ignaz Biber, Sonata for 2 trumpets, 2 violins & continuo No. 7 in G major, C. 120 Heinrich Ignaz Biber, Sonata for 2 trumpets, 2 violins, 2 violas & continuo No. 12 in C major, C. 125 Larry Bitensky, Fanfare for 6 trumpets and tympani Harrison Birtwistle, Placid Mobile for 36 trumpets Vassily Brandt, Country Pictures for 4 trumpets Henry Brant, Flight Over a Global Map for 100 or 56 trumpets and percussion Henry Brant, Millennium I for 8 trumpets and 3 percussionists Benjamin Britten, Fanfare for St Edmundsbury for 3 trumpets Bruce Broughton, Contest Piece for Eight Trumpets for 8 trumpets Howard J. Buss, Festive Overture for 8 trumpets Howard J. Buss, Prelude and Intrada for 4 trumpets Howard J. Buss, Rendezvous for 4 trumpets and one percussion Howard J. Buss, The Walls of Jericho for solo trumpet and 6-part trumpet ensemble Elliott Carter, Birthday Flourish for 5 trumpets (or brass quintet) Elliott Carter, Canon for Three for 3 trumpets Axel Dörner, treucht for 3 trumpets Joseph Drew, 7 Amy Dunker, Fanfare for One Uncommon Man for 3 trumpets Amy Dunker, Florisshen for 6 trumpets Amy Dunker, Gasconade Fanfare for 4 trumpets Amy Dunker, Heralding for 5 trumpets Amy Dunker, One Blackbird for 6 trumpets and vibraphone John Emche, Trundle for 8 trumpets Eric Ewazen, A Concert Fanfare for 6 trumpets Eric Ewazen, Fantasia for Seven Trumpets Eric Ewazen, Prelude and Fugue for Trumpet Choir for 6 trumpets Eric Ewazen, Sonatina for Two Trumpets Eric Ewazen, Sonoran Desert Harmonies for 8 trumpets Stanley Friedman, Trumpets of Solomon for two trumpets Sofia Gubaidulina, Trio for 3 trumpets Franz Hackl, Chegg for 3 trumpets Terry Halco, Jubilate for 2 trumpets and organ Cristóbal Halffter, Little Fanfare for Two Trumpets Bengt Hambraeus, A Small Concert Piece for trumpet and tomtom Theodore Holdheim, Capriccio for 2 trumpets Robin Holloway, Sonata for 2 trumpets Eres Holz, Weisse Wunden music theatre for three trumpets and video (2008) Bertold Hummel, Saeckingen for 6 trumpets and timpani, Op. 103f (2000) Mauricio Kagel, Fanfanfaren for 4 trumpets Mauricio Kagel, Morceau de Concours for 2 trumpets Fabien Lévy, à peu près de for 2 trumpets Johann Jacob Löwe, Capriccio No. 1 for 2 trumpets and continuo Johann Jacob Löwe, Capriccio No. 2 for 2 trumpets and continuo Frederik Magle, The Fairest of Roses (Den yndigste rose) for two trumpets and organ Peter Maxwell Davies, Quintet for 5 trumpets Kevin McKee, Dürrenhorn Passage for 6 trumpets Erik Morales, Birds of Paradise for 6 trumpets/flugelhorns Erik Morales, Cityscapes for 5 trumpets Erik Morales, Conquest for 6 trumpets Erik Morales, Crystal Spheres for 8 trumpets/flugelhorns Erik Morales, Cyclone for 5 trumpets/flugelhorns Erik Morales, Infinite Ascent for 8 trumpets Erik Morales, Metallic Fury for 5 trumpets/flugelhorns Erik Morales, Music from Strange Places for 7 trumpets Erik Morales, Path of Discovery for 5 trumpets/flugelhorns Erik Morales, X1 for 5 trumpets Grainne Mulvey, Trinity Fanfare for 2 trumpets and organ Menahem Nebenhaus, Fanfare for 4 trumpets Ben-Zion Orgad, Melosalgia for 2 trumpets Martjin Padding, 23 sentences & autograph for double bell trumpet and two echo trumpets Bryan Page, Middle Movement for trumpet ensemble Bryan Page, Slow & Fast for trumpet ensemble Robert Paterson, Fanfare for 6 Trumpets Krzysztof Penderecki, Luzerner Fanfare for 8 trumpets and percussion Vincent Persichetti, Parable XXV for 2 Trumpets, op. 164 Johann Christoph Pezel, Sonata No. 69 for 2 trumpets and continuo Johann Christoph Pezel, Sonata No. 71 for 2 trumpets and continuo Johann Christoph Pezel, Sonata No. 75 for 2 trumpets and continuo Verne Reynolds, Calls and Echoes for 2 trumpets Brandon Ridenour, The Revenge of Tal for 6 trumpets Lucia Ronchetti, Dazbog for soprano and 2 trumpets Carl Ruggles, Angels for 6 muted trumpets David Sampson, Flight for 3 trumpets David Sampson, Inamere for 12 trumpets David Sampson, Notes from Faraway Places for 2 trumpets Elliott Schwartz, Downeast Fanfare for 3 trumpets Stefano Scodanibbio, Plaza for 4 trumpets Judith Shatin, Hearing the Call for 2 trumpets and 2 snare drums Martin Smolka, pianissimo for 4 trumpets with bucket mutes Juan María Solare, Aquelarre (tercera noche de Walpurgis) for 3 trumpets Juan María Solare, Fun-fare for 4 trumpets and a drum Juan María Solare, Fricción for 2 trumpets James Stephenson, NEXT-Calibur for 3 trumpets and orchestra Thomas Stevens, A New Carnival of Venice for four trumpets and orchestra Thomas Stevens, Triangles for 3 trumpets Gabriel Stockhausen, Firestorm Karlheinz Stockhausen, Donnerstags Abschied for 5 trumpets Karlheinz Stockhausen, Michaels-Ruf for 4 trumpets Karlheinz Stockhausen, Trumpetent for 4 trumpets Igor Stravinsky, Fanfare for a New Theatre for 2 trumpets Josef Tal, Fanfare for 3 trumpets & 3 trombones Georg Philipp Telemann, Concerto No. 1 for 3 trumpets and timpani in D Major, TWV 54:D3 Georg Philipp Telemann, Concerto No. 2 for 3 trumpets and timpani in D Major, TWV 54:D4 Henri Tomasi, Trio for 3 trumpets Joan Tower, Fanfare for the Uncommon Woman (No. 5) for 4 trumpets Joseph Turrin, Festival Fanfare for 8 trumpets Phil Winsor, Anamorphoses Kenny Wheeler, Trumpet Quartet Charles Wuorinen, Epithalamium for 2 trumpets Charles Wuorinen, Big Epithalamium for 8, 12 or 16 trumpets La Monte Young, The Second Dream of the High-Tension Line Stepdown Transformer for 8 trumpets John Zorn, Antiphonal Fanfare for the Great Hall for 6 trumpets Brass trio Leroy Anderson, Bugler's Holiday Arshak Andriasov, Brass Trio, op. 9 Leslie Bassett, Brass Trio Joseph Blaha, French Suite Lauren Bernofsky, Trio for Brass Salvador Brotons, Brass Trio, op. 96 Howard J. Buss, "Trigon" for trumpet, trombone, and tuba Howard J. Buss, "Enigmatic Triptych" for trumpet, horn, and trombone Axel Dörner, larft, for trumpet, trombone and tuba Eric Ewazen, A Philharmonic Fanfare Arthur Frackenpohl, Trio Pierre Gabaye, Recréation, for trio and piano Walter Hartley, Two Pastiches Frigyes Hidas, Triga Douglas Hill, Abe Lincoln's Songbook Warner Hutchison, Mini-Suite for Brass Trio Jan Koetsier, Figaro Metamorphosen Otto Leuning, Trio Jean Louël, Trio Wayne Lu, Partita Jean-Francois Michel, Suite Robert Muczynski, Voyages for Brass Trio Václav Nelhýbel, Trio for Brass Anthony Plog, Trio for Brass Francis Poulenc, Sonata for horn, trumpet & trombone Lucia Ronchetti, Laura o delle simmetrie in ombra Verne Reynolds, Trio Arne Running, Aria and Allegro David Sampson, Duncan Trio Robert Sanders, Trio for Brass Instruments Samuel Scheidt, Drei Symphonien Patrick Schulz, Refractions II Daniel Schnyder, Trio Lowell Shaw, A Pocket Full of Wry John D. Stevens, Triangles Alexandre Tansman, Miniatures Edward Troupin, "Divertimento" Fisher Tull, Trio Steven Winteregg, Capital Dances Nadav Ziv, Events Brass quintet See Brass quintet repertoire Brass ensemble Arshak Andriasov, Torch, No. 1, Op. 6A for Trumpet, Trombone, Piano, and String Quintet Pierre Ancelin, Tres leys per Ventadour, version for trumpet, two horns, trombone and tuba Lauren Bernofsky, Passacaglia for brass ensemble David Borden, Dialogues for trombone & trumpet Howard J. Buss, Brom Bones for 4 trumpets, one horn, 3 tenor trombones, one bass trombone, and tuba Howard J. Buss, Three Jazzicals for trumpet and tuba Howard J. Buss, Time Capsule in versions for flute and trumpet, and trumpet and trombone Howard J. Buss, Chromatic Fantasy for 2 trumpets, horn, trombone, and tuba Howard J. Buss, Concord for 2 trumpets, horn, trombone, and tuba Howard J. Buss, Contrasts in Blue for trumpet, trombone and piano Howard J. Buss, Sonic Fables: Lessons from Aesop for 2 trumpets, horn, trombone, tuba, and one percussion Howard J. Buss, Trigon for trumpet, trombone and tuba Wen-Chung Chou, Soliloquy of a bhiksuni, for trumpet with brass and percussion ensemble Axel Dörner, Örxome for 4 trumpets, 4 trombones, 4 saxophones, bass clarinet, 2 pianos, double bass and drums/percussion Louis Durey, Interlude for 4 trumpets, 4 horns, 3 trombones, tuba and tympani, Op. 112 Malcolm Forsyth, Aphorisms for trumpet, two horns, trombone and tuba Philip Glass, Brass Sextet for 2 trumpets, 2 horns, trombone and tuba Stephen Gryc, Choral Prelude: Lasst uns erfreuen for 2 Trumpets, Horn, Trombone and Organ Jacques Hétu, Fanfare pour une fête, 4 French horns, 4 trumpets, 4 trombones, tuba, 2000 Jacques Hétu, Fanfare pour Lanaudière, 4 French horns, 3 trumpets, 3 trombones, tuba Fred Ho, Fanfare for the Creeping Meatball, for 2 trumpets and 2 trombones Eres Holz, Vier Schatten, for 2 trumpets, french horn, trombone and tuba André Jolivet, Fanfares pour Britannicus for brass ensemble Ernst Leitner, Intrada, for two trumpets, two horns, two trombones, tuba and organ Darius Milhaud, Fanfare for brass ensemble, Op.396 Darius Milhaud, Fanfare for 2 trumpets and trombone, Op.400 Bryan Page, Kick the Duck for brass band and percussion Raymond Premru, Quartet, for brass quartet Brandon Ridenour, Adagio for Brass for large brass ensemble Brandon Ridenour, Fanfarrea Venezuela! for large brass ensemble Jean Sibelius, Tiera for Brass Septet and Percussion, JS200 (1899) R. Murray Schafer, Isfahan for three brass quintets David Sampson, Winter Ceremony for 2 trumpets and percussion Daniel Schnyder "Three American Dances" for 3tp,horn, 3tb and Tuba with ad lib percussion Daniel Schnyder "Four Short Stories" for 3tp, horn, 3Tb and Tuba Daniel Schnyder "Brass Symphony" for 4tp 2horns 3tp and Tuba Daniel Schnyder "CUBAC" for 4 tp, 2 shorn, 3tb and Tuba with ad lib. perc Clare Shore, Game Piece No. 1 for bells, violin and brass quartet Karlheinz Stockhausen, Drachenkampf, for trumpet, trombone, and synthesizer Germaine Tailleferre, Prélude et fugue for organ, 2 trumpets and 2 trombones Michael Tippett, The Wolf Trap Fanfare, for three trumpets, two trombones and tuba Mark-Anthony Turnage, Set To, for brass ensemble Joseph Turrin, Jazzalogue for brass choir Joseph Turrin, Fanfare a la carte for brass choir Joseph Turrin, West Side Story Suite for brass choir Joseph Turrin, Rhapsody Noel for double brass quintet Joseph Turrin, Rhapsody Noel for brass band Joseph Turrin, Three Carols for double brass quintet Joseph Turrin, Three Carols for brass band Joseph Turrin, Overture for Brass for brass band Joseph Turrin, Hymn for Diana for brass band Joseph Turrin, Rejoice and be Glad for brass band Joseph Turrin, Animation for brass band JacobTV, Victory Over the Sun, for brass choir and percussion (1999) William Walton, Introduction to the National Anthem, for three trumpets, three trombones and snare drum (orig. 12 trumpets) Natalie Williams, Fanfare for Elder Conservatorium, for brass ensemble and tympani Christian Wolff, Peace March 9, for brass choir and percussion Trumpet and keyboard Iosif Andriasov, Concertino for Trumpet and Piano, op. 14 Anonymous, Seis piezas de clarines para trompeta y organo on Themes by Lully Byron Adams, Sonata for trumpet and piano Stephen Adams, Holy City for trumpet and piano Iosif Andriasian, "Tune" for trumpet and piano George Antheil, Sonata, for trumpet and piano, W. 143 J.E. Barat, Andante and Scherzo Carol Barratt, Bravo! Trumpet for trumpet and piano Greg Bartholomew, Summer Suite for trumpet and piano Howard Bashaw, Music for trumpet and piano Leonard Bernstein, Rondo for Lifey for trumpet and piano Larry Bitensky, From Those Beginning Notes of Yearning for trumpet and piano Marcel Bitsch, Capriccio for trumpet and piano Vladislav Blazhevich, Concerto No. 5 for trumpet and piano Rory Boyle, 4 Bagatelles for trumpet and piano Eugène Bozza, Lied, Badinage and Caprice, for trumpet and piano Vassily Brandt, Concertpiece No. 1 Opus 11 for trumpet and piano Vassily Brandt, Concertpiece Opus 12 for trumpet and piano Yehezkel Braun, Sonata for trumpet and piano Howard J. Buss, Meditation and Caprice for trumpet and piano Howard J. Buss, Skylines for trumpet and piano Fulvio Caldini, Blue for trumpet and piano, op. 37/a Fulvio Caldini, Sonatina in Fanfara for trumpet and piano, op. 65/D George Chave, One for the Colonel for trumpet and piano Théo Charlier: Solo de Concours Jean Clergue, Sarabande et Rigaudon Georgy Dimitriv, Concertino for trumpet and piano Amy Dunker, Postcards (and Memories) for trumpet and piano George Enescu, Légende, for trumpet and piano Hans Ulrich Engelmann, Epitaph für einen imaginären Freund, for trumpet and piano Thierry Escaich, Tanz-Fantasie for trumpet and piano or organ Eric Ewazen, Sonata for Trumpet and Piano Stanley Friedman, Sonata for Trumpet and Piano Girolamo Fantini, Sonata Nos. 1–8 for trumpet and organ Sandro Gorli, Corrente for trumpet and piano Richard Halligan, Meditation, for trumpet and piano Thorvald Hansen, Sonata for Cornet & Piano, Op. 18 Jennifer Higdon, Trumpet Songs for trumpet and piano Paul Hindemith, Trumpet Sonata Carl Höhne, Slavische Fantasie for cornet and piano Theodore Holdheim, Sonata for trumpet and piano Arthur Honegger, Intrada, for C trumpet and piano, H 193 Bertold Hummel, Sonatina for trumpet and piano, Op. 1a Bertold Hummel, Invocationes for trumpet and organ, Op. 68a Bertold Hummel, Trio for trumpet, percussion and piano, Op. 82a Jacques Ibert, Impromptu Norman Dello Joio, Sonata for Trumpet and Piano André Jolivet, Air de Bravoure for trumpet and piano Kent Kennan, Sonata for trumpet and piano Lev Kogan, Concerto for trumpet and piano Meyer Kupferman, Three Ideas for trumpet and piano HyeKyung Lee, Frenetic Dream, for trumpet and piano Thomas Larcher, Uchafu for trumpet and piano Morten Lauridsen, Sonata for trumpet and piano David Loeb, Litany for trumpet and piano David Loeb, Moresca for trumpet and piano Frederik Magle, Kosmos for trumpet and organ Bohuslav Martinů, Sonatina for Trumpet & Piano, H. 357 Kevin McKee, Centennial Horizon for trumpet and piano Sergiu Natra, Music for Harp and Three Brass Instruments Philip de Oliveira, Fanfare for trumpet and piano Johann Ludwig Krebs, Fantasie in C major for trumpet and organ Johann Ludwig Krebs, Fantasie in D major for trumpet and organ Karl Pilß, Sonata for trumpet and piano (1935) Bryan Page, Meditation on America for trumpet and organ Julien Porret, 14th Solo de Concours for trumpet and piano Robert Pound, Sleep Cycle for trumpet and piano William Presser, Suite for trumpet and piano Brandon Ridenour, Fantasy on Malaguena for trumpet and piano Brandon Ridenour, Scherzo for trumpet and piano Brandon Ridenour, Sonata for trumpet and piano Brandon Ridenour, Theme and Variations on Chopsticks for trumpet and piano Verne Reynolds, Fantasy-Etudes for trumpet and piano Verne Reynolds, Sonata for trumpet and piano Jean-Baptiste Robin, Récits Héroïques (Heroic Tales) for trumpet and organ David Sampson, The Mysteries Remain for trumpet and organ Somei Satoh, Hikari(Light) for trumpet and piano Joseph Guy Ropartz, Andante et Allegro for trumpet and piano Sergio Schmilovich, Infinitum for trumpet and piano Daniel Schnyder, Sonata for Trumpet and Piano Adam Schoenberg, Separated by Space for trumpet and piano Nikos Skalkottas, Concertino for trumpet and piano James Stephenson, 2/2 Tango for trumpet and piano James Stephenson, Bagatelle for piccolo trumpet with piano or organ James Stephenson, Burden of Destiny for trumpet and piano James Stephenson, Divertimento for piccolo trumpet and organ James Stephenson, Fanfare for an Angel for trumpet and organ James Stephenson, Fantasie for trumpet and piano James Stephenson, Glimmers of Hope for trumpet and organ James Stephenson, Mutation for trumpet and piano James Stephenson, Reflections for trumpet and piano James Stephenson, Remember Forward for trumpet and piano James Stephenson, Serendipity for trumpet and piano James Stephenson, Sonata for trumpet and piano James Stephenson, Song for trumpet with piano or organ James Stephenson, Sound and Fury for trumpet and organ James Stephenson, Variations on a Theme by Haydn for trumpet and piano Max Stern, Tamid for trumpet and piano Halsey Stevens, Sonata for trumpet and piano John Stevens, Sonata for trumpet and piano Dwight Stone, Pastorale for trumpet and piano; excerpt; score Robert Suderburg, Chamber Music VII ("Ceremonies"), for trumpet and piano Robert Suderburg, Chamber Music VIII (Sonata for trumpet and piano) Germaine Tailleferre, Choral for trumpet and piano Germaine Tailleferre, Galliarde for trumpet and piano Henri Tomasi, Triptyque for trumpet and piano Joseph Turrin, Caprice for trumpet and piano Joseph Turrin, Three Episodes for trumpet and piano Joseph Turrin, Four Miniatures for trumpet and piano Joseph Turrin, Two Portraits for trumpet with Flugelhorn double and piano Joseph Turrin, Fandango for trumpet, trombone and piano Joseph Turrin, Escapade for piccolo trumpet and piano Pavel Josef Vejvanovský, Sonata a 4 in G minor for trumpet and organ Giovanni Viviani, Sonata No. 1 for trumpet and organ Giovanni Viviani, Sonata No. 2 for trumpet and organ Alec Wilder, Sonata for trumpet and piano Charles Wuorinen, Nature's Concord for trumpet and piano Chamber music with trumpet Tomaso Albinoni, Concerto for trumpet, 3 oboes, and basso continuo in C major Andy Akiho, "the rAy's end" for trumpet, violin and tenor pan Andy Akiho, Six Haikus for trumpet, trombone, bass clarinet, and baritone voice George Antheil, Symphony for Five Instruments for flute, bassoon, trumpet, trombone and viola Georges Aperghis, Trio, for flute, clarinet and trumpet Mark Applebaum, Administocracy for trumpet, trombone, bass clarinet, and baritone voice Christian Carey, Prayer for trumpet, trombone, bass clarinet, and baritone voice Shai Cohen, Circles of Time for trumpet and string quartet Shai Cohen, Encounters for trumpet and Piano José Ardévol, "Música de Cámera para seis instrumentos" for flute, clarinet, basson, trumpet, violin and cello Andrew Ardizzola, Distances Between Us for trumpet, saxophone and piano Georges Auric, Suite for clarinet, bassoon, trumpet, violin, cello and piano, incidental music to Marlborough s'en va-t'en guerre Johann Sebastian Bach, Brandenburg Concerto No. 2 in F major, BWV 1047 Vykintas Baltakas, RiRo for soprano and trumpet David Baker, "Hommage a l'Histoire" for clarinet, trumpet trombone, percussion, violin and double bass Helmut Barbe, "Miniaturen zu dem Lustspiel, Zwei Herren aus Verona" for clarinet, trumpet, trombone, double bass, percussion and piano Greg Bartholomew, Summer Suite for trumpet and string quartet or sax quartet Howard Bashaw, New Rage for Now Age for piano, trumpet, trombone, percussion, saxophone Howard Bashaw, Timepieces for piano, violin, cello, trumpet Luciano Berio, Kol-Od for trumpet and chamber ensemble Luciano Berio, Sequenza X for trumpet and piano Harrison Birtwistle, Hoquetus Petrus for piccolo trumpet and 2 flutes Walter Blanton, "Variants II" for clarinet, trumpet, violin, double bass, piano, percussion Heinrich Ignaz Biber, Sonata for trumpet, violin, 2 violas and continuo No. 4 in C major, C. 117 Heinrich Ignaz Biber, Sonata for trumpet, violin, 2 violas and continuo No. 10 in G minor, C. 123 Larry Bitensky, The Other Side concertino for trumpet and chamber ensemble Anonimo Bolognese, Concerto Op. 4, No. 7 for trumpet, 2 violins, cello and continuo Oren Boneh, Five Fantasies for trumpet, trombone, bass clarinet, and baritone voice Henry Brant, Concave for mezzo-soprano, baritone, trumpet, trombone and chamber ensemble Henry Brant, Wind, Water, Clouds and Fire for jazz trumpet, improv organ, improv marimba, 4 choruses and ensemble Taylor Brook, Ouaricon Songs, Vol. 2 for trumpet, trombone, bass clarinet, and baritone voice Howard J. Buss, Contrasts in Blue for trumpet, trombone, and piano Howard J. Buss, Remembrances for trumpet, cello, and piano Howard J. Buss, Atmospheres for trumpet/flugelhourn and percussion Howard J. Buss, Incantation for trumpet and percussion Christian Carey, A Lady for trumpet and soprano Christian Carey, Prayer for trumpet, trombone, bass clarinet, and baritone voice Alfredo Casella, Serenata for clarinet, basson, trumpet, violin, and cello Alfredo Casella, Sinfonia' for piano, clarinet, trumpet and cello, op. 54 Yves Chardon, Sonata for D trumpet and violincello op. 21 Annick Chartreux, Le 'dit' de L'ombre for trumpet, string quartet, and solo cello Aldo Clementi, "Studi per Tromba, Violino e Pianoforte" Ornette Coleman, The Sacred Mind of Johnny Dolphin for double string quartet, trumpet and percussion Carson P. Cooman, "Chorale and Courante" for trumpet and double bass Carson P. Cooman, "Lyric Trio" for trumpet, cello and piano Carson P. Cooman, Quintet for trumpet and strings Carson P. Cooman, "Sun Songs" for trumpet and violin Carson P. Cooman, "Un Regard Eloigne" for flugelhorn and cello Arcangelo Corelli, Sonata in D major for trumpet, 2 violins and continuo Gyula Csapó, Handshake after Shot for two muted trumpets, oboe, electric organ and suspended cardboard box Chaya Czernowin, IRRATIONAL for trumpet, trombone, bass clarinet, and baritone voice Peter Maxwell Davies, Quintet for trumpet and string quartet Vincent d'Indy, Suite in Olden Style for two flutes, trumpet, 2 violins, viola, cello, op. 24 Jonathan Dawe, A Ship of Fools for trumpet, trombone, bass clarinet, and baritone voice Rob Deemer, Thalia Fields for flugelhorn and soprano Nick Didkovsky, Firm, soapy hothead for trumpet, trombone, bass clarinet, and baritone voice Brett William Dietz, Atomic Cocktail for trumpet and violin Axel Dörner, Komposition für streichquartett und trompete Amy Dunker, Etesian Traveller for trumpet, vibraphone and piano Amy Dunker, White Moon for trumpet and clarinet Ty Emerson, Quartet No. 2 for flute, trumpet, cello and percussion Donald Erb, Dance Pieces for violin, piano, trumpet and percussion Robert Erickson, Night Music Thierry Escaich, Antiennes oubliées for violin, cello, flute, saxophone, trumpet, trombone and percussion Thierry Escaich, Élégie for trumpet and instrumental ensemble Eric Ewazen, "Mandala", for flute, clarinet, trumpet, violin, and cello Eric Ewazen, Quintet for trumpet and strings Eric Ewazen, Trio for trumpet, cello (viola, trombone or flute), and piano Eric Ewazen, Trio In E-flat for trumpet, violin and piano Mohammed Fairouz, Meditation for alto saxophone, trumpet, and amplified double bass Mohammed Fairouz, Three Shakespeare Songs for clarinet, bassoon, trumpet, trombone, harp, mezzo soprano, violin, double bass Lorenzo Ferrero, Freedom Variations for trumpet and chamber ensemble David Franzson, Longitudinal Study #1 for trumpet, trombone, bass clarinet, and baritone voice Reiko Füting, eternal return (Passacaglia) for trumpet and soprano Reiko Füting, Land of Silence for trumpet, trombone, bass clarinet, and baritone voice Reiko Füting, mo(nu)ment for C for trumpet, trombone, bass clarinet, and baritone voice Jeffrey Gavett, Musicorum et Cantorum for trumpet, trombone, bass clarinet, and baritone voice Jeffrey Gavett, Proof of Concept for Floating Child for trumpet and soprano Robert Gilliam, Trio for violin, trumpet and cello David Gillingham, ‘’Tourbilion, Whirlwind’’ trio for violin, trumpet and piano Alexei Haieff, "Dance Suite: Princess Zondilda and her Entourage" for flute, bassoon, trumpet, violin, cello and piano Richard Halligan, Dialogues, for trumpet, piano and percussion Gilles Herbillion, "Arban" for trumpet, cello and piano Gilles Herbillion, "Elegie" for trumpet and cello Paul Hindemith, "Drei Stücke" for clarinet, trumpet, violin, double bass and piano Paul Hindemith, "Tafelmusik" for flute, two trumpets, violin, and cello Johann Nepomuk Hummel, Septett Militaire in C major for piano, flute, violin, clarinet, cello, trumpet and double bass, op. 114 Charles Ives, "Allegretto Sombreoso" for flute, trumpet, three violins, and piano Charles Ives, "Fugue in Four Keys on the Shining Shore" for flute, trumpet, two violins, viola, cello and double bass Charles Ives, "Scherzo (all the way around and back)" for flute, trumpet, violin, piano and percussion Evan Johnson, my pouert and going ouer for trumpet, trombone, bass clarinet, and baritone voice Vincent A. Jockin, Quintet, Op. 27, No. 1, for trumpet and string quartet André Jolivet, Heptade for trumpet and percussion André Jolivet, 12 Inventions for wind quintet, trumpet, trombone, and string quintet Susan Kander, "Two Tricky Tales, for narrator, clarinet, trumpet, percussion, violin and cello Finnur Karlsson, Happy, happy hell in that they for trumpet, trombone, bass clarinet, and baritone voice Jan Koetsier, "Duo Giocoso" for trumpet and viola Jo Kondo, "Durante l'Inverno" Andy Kozar, On the End and Being Forgotten for trumpet(s) and electric guitar Andy Kozar, Mass for trumpet, trombone, bass clarinet, and baritone voice Andy Kozar, To Keep My Loneliness Warm for trumpet, trombone, bass clarinet, and baritone voice György Kurtag, "Rücklick" for trumpet double bass and two pianos William Lang, Sciarrino Songs for trumpet, trombone, bass clarinet, and baritone voice Hannah Lash, Music for Eight Lungs for trumpet, trombone, bass clarinet, and baritone voice Hannah Lash, Stoned Prince for trumpet, trombone, bass clarinet, and baritone voice Hannah Lash, The Shepherdess and the Chimney Sweep for trumpet, trombone, bass clarinet, baritone voice, and harp George Lewis, Apis for trumpet, trombone, bass clarinet, and baritone voice Lei Liang, Lakescape V for trumpet, trombone, bass clarinet, and baritone voice Liza Lim, Ehwaz for trumpet and percussion Liza Lim, Songs Found in Dream for oboe, clarinet, saxophone, trumpet, 2 percussionists, cello and bass Liza Lim, Veil for flute, clarinet, trumpet, percussion, piano, violin, and cello Alexandre Lunsqui, Guttural I-IV for trumpet, trombone, bass clarinet, and baritone voice Alexandre Lunsqui, Solis for trumpet and soprano Keeril Makan, Becoming Unknown for flute/bass flute, clarinet in a/bass clarinet, trumpet, double bass Yan Maresz, Metallics for solo trumpet and ensemble Jonathan Marmor, Monitor for flute, trumpet, horn and 7 synthesizers Bohuslav Martinů, "La Revue de Cuisine" for clarinet, bassoon, trumpet, violin, cello and piano Alessandro Melani, Cantata "All'armi, pensieri" for soprano, trumpet, cello and continuo Alessandro Melani, Cantata "Quai bellici accenti" for soprano, trumpet, cello and continuo Darius Milhaud, Hécube incidental music for flute, clarinet, bassoon, trumpet and percussion, Op. 177 Darius Milhaud, Jules César, incidental music for flute, clarinet (or saxophone), trumpet, tuba and percussion, Op. 158 Darius Milhaud, Macbeth incidental music for flute, clarinet, bassoon, violin, cello, trumpet and percussion, op. 175 Alex Mincek, Number May Be Defined for trumpet, trombone, bass clarinet, and baritone voice Alex Mincek, Poco a Poco for flute, clarinet, trumpet, piano, violin, viola, cello Erik Morales, "Passion Dance" Frederick Naftel, "Broken Consort" for trumpet, trombone, violin and viola Václav Nelhýbel, "Quintetto Concertante" for trumpet, trombone, violin, xylophone and piano Maria Newman, Kestrel and Leonardo for trumpet and viola Ketty Nez, contour(t) for trumpet, marimba and vibraphone Juhani Nuorvala, "Twitching Gait" for flute, clarinet, trumpet, violin and cello Leroy Osmon, Concerto for trumpet, winds and percussion Leroy Osmon, Concertino for trumpet, cello and 8 percussionists Leroy Osmon, Sonatina for trumpet and viola Bryan Page, Variations on a Theme by Jack for cornet and guitar John Payne, "Quartet" for alto saxophone, trumpet, viola and double bass Larry Polansky, lissatoods for trumpet, voice, percussion and harmonic instrument Francis Poulenc, Quatre poèmes de Max Jacob for voice, flute, oboe, bassoon, trumpet and violin Francis Poulenc, Suite française for 2 oboes, 2 bassoons, 2 trumpets, 3 trombones, percussion and harpsichord Prentzl, Sonata for trumpet, bassoon and continuo William Presser, "Three Duets" for trumpet and double bass Augusto Rattenbach, Serenata for flute, clarinet, trumpet and cello Eric Richards, Fire, fire! for trumpet, trombone, bass clarinet, and baritone voice Brandon Ridenour, Music for Trumpet and Djembe Scott Robins, "Three Blues" for trumpet and cello David Rosenboom, Trio for clarinet, trumpet and bass David Rothenberg, Trio for clarinet, trumpet and cello Frederic Rzewski, Trio for flute, trumpet and piano Camille Saint-Saëns, Septet for trumpet, string quartet, double bass and piano, op. 65 David Sampson, Passage for viola and flugelhorn David Sampson, Three Sides for trumpet, vibraphone and piano Alessandro Scarlatti, Cantata "Su le sponde del Tebro" for soprano, trumpet, 2 violins, cello and basso continuo Peter Schat, "Due Pezzi" for flute, trumpet, violin, and percussion Peter Schickele, "Music for Judy", for trumpet and string quartet Karl Schiske, Musik für Klarinette, Trompete und Bratsche Daniel Schnyder 'ARABESQUE' for tp and 2 percussionists Daniel Schnyder "Iron Tetrapod" for 2tp horn and tb Daniel Schnyder "EUPHORIA" for brass quintet and clarinet or soprano sax William Schmidt, "Jazzberries" for trumpet, cello and piano Dieter Schnebel, HD for trumpet and 9 Harley-Davidsons Ruth Schönthal, "Trompetengesänge" for trumpet, mezzo soprano, violin, cello, piano and percussion Adam Schoenberg, Ailtyud for flute, clarinet, bassoon, alto saxophone, and trumpet Elliot Schwartz, "Music" for oboe, trumpet and cello Elliott Schwartz, Sinfonia Juxta for 2 trumpets, piano and percussion Charlotte Seither, Waiting for T for trumpet, trombone, percussion and violoncello Alex Shapiro, Elegy for trumpet, cello, and piano Roberto Sierra, "Piezas Caracteristicas" for bass clarinet, trumpet, violin, cello, percussion and piano David Smooke, A Baby Bigger Grows Than Up Was for trumpet, trombone, bass clarinet, and baritone voice David Smooke, All Are Welcome for trumpet and soprano Heather Stebbins, Quiver for trumpet, trombone, bass clarinet, and baritone voice Thomas Stevens, Variations on Clifford Intervals for trumpet, vibraphone and bass James Stephenson, Croatian Trio for flute (clarinet), trumpet and piano James Stephenson, "Thinking" for clarinet, bassoon, trumpet, violin, cello and piano James Stephenson, Trio Sonata for violin (or flute), trumpet and piano James Stephenson, La Viaggio Vita for violin (or flute), trumpet and piano James Stephenson, Walk Slowly for trumpet, soprano and piano Karlheinz Stockhausen, Bassetsu Trio for basset horn, trumpet, and trombone Karlheinz Stockhausen, Erwachen for soprano saxophone, trumpet, and cello Karlheinz Stockhausen, Glanz for oboe, clarinet, bassoon, trumpet, trombone, tuba, and viola Karlheinz Stockhausen, Halt for trumpet and double bass Karlheinz Stockhausen, Quitt for alto flute, bassethorn, and piccolo trumpet Karlheinz Stockhausen, Schönheit for flute, bass clarinet, and trumpet Karlheinz Stockhausen, Tierkreis Trio for trumpet/piano, flute/piccolo, and clarinet/bassethorn Karlheinz Stockhausen, Vision for trumpet, tenor, mime, and synthesizer Wolfgang Stockmeien, Reaktionen Wk 145 for flute, oboe, trumpet, violin, cello and piano Alessandro Stradella, Sinfonia alla Serenata "Il Barcheggio" for trumpet, 2 violins, cello and continuo Alessandro Stradella, Sonata a 8 Viole con una Tromba in D major Igor Stravinsky, Histoire du Soldat for clarinet, bassoon, cornet, trombone, violin, double bass and percussion Igor Stravinsky, Octet for flute, clarinet, two bassoons, two trumpets, and two trombones Gerhard Sturany, Duo Op. 1 for trumpet and violin Carlos Surinach, Hollywood Carnival, Sketches in Cartoon for flute, clarinet, trumpet, double bass and percussion William Sydeman, Duo for trumpet and amplified double bass William Sydeman, Quartet for clarinet, trumpet, violin and double bass Mark Alan Taggart, "Song at Sunset" for trumpet and string quartet Alexandre Tansman, Divertimento for oboe, clarinet, trumpet, cello and piano Georg Philipp Telemann, Air for trumpet and continuo in D, TWV41:C1 Georg Philipp Telemann, Quartet for trumpet, 2 oboes and continuo in D, TWV43:D7 Georg Philipp Telemann, Quintet for trumpet, violins, viola and continuo in D, TWV44:1 Georg Philipp Telemann, Sinfonia Spirituosa in D Major (2 violins, viola and continuo, trumpet ad libitum) László Tihanyi, L’épitaphe du soldat for clarinet, bassoon, trumpet, trombone, percussion, violin and bass Virgil Thomson,Sonata da Chiesa for E-flat clarinet, trumpet, French horn, trombone, and viola Antoine Tisne, "Strates Colorees" for oboe, English horn, trumpet, trombone and viola Giuseppe Torelli, Sonata for strings and trumpet Manos Tsangaris, Tafel 3 for trumpet/zugtrompete/quarter-tone flugelhorn/piccolo, soprano, percussion and noise generator (four players in a tree) Edgard Varèse, Octandre for seven wind instruments and double bass Massimiliano Viel, "Pulsars in M5" for trumpet, brass trio, string quartet and electronic sounds Kevin Volans, "Trumpet and String Quartet No. 1" Kevin Volans, "Trumpet and String Quartet No. 2" André Waignein, Brass Spectacular for ten instruments Anton Webern, "Fünf Geistliche Lieder" for flute, clarinet, trumpet, harp, violin and soprano Paul Wehage, "Idylle" for trumpet, two violins, viola, cello and organ Natalie Williams, Lullaby for brass ensemble, percussion and 2 cellos Christian Wolff, Boras Song for horn, trumpet, violin and piano Christian Wolff, Duo 6 for trumpet and violin Christian Wolff, For six or seven players (= Music for Merce Cunningham) for violin, viola, trumpet, trombone, piano and bass Christian Wolff, Mosaic Trio for trumpet, violin and piano Christian Wolff, Nine for flute, clarinet, horn, trumpet, trombone, celeste, piano and two cellos Christian Wolff, Pulse for trumpet and percussion Christian Wolff, Trio for flute, trumpet and cello Christian Wolff, Variation for trumpet, percussion and bass with sound projection Scott Wollschleger, Bring Something Incomprehensible Into This World for trumpet and soprano Scott Wollschleger, What Is The Word for trumpet, trombone, bass clarinet, and baritone voice Stefan Wolpe, Piece for Trumpet and Seven Instruments Stefan Wolpe, Quartet for trumpet, tenor saxophone, percussion and piano Scott Worthington, Infinitive for trumpet, trombone, bass clarinet, and baritone voice Scott Worthington, SILENCE (every spell is muted) for trumpet and soprano Charles Wuorinen, Alphabetical Ashbery for trumpet, trombone, bass clarinet, and baritone voice Roly Berger Yttrehus, Sextet for French horn, trumpet, percussion, piano, violin and double bass Trumpet and orchestra See also: Trumpet concerto Michael Abels, American Variations on "Swing Low, Sweet Chariot" John Adams, Tromba Iontana for two trumpets and orchestra John Addison, Concerto for trumpet, strings and percussion (1958) Tomaso Albinoni, Sonata a sei con tromba in C major (for trumpet, 2 violins, 2 violas and basso continuo) Tomaso Albinoni, Sinfonia in D major for the first act of Zenobia (for trumpet, 2 violins, 2 violas, cello and basso continuo) Tomaso Albinoni, "Vien con nuova orribil guerra" from La Statira for soprano, 2 trumpets, 2 oboes, strings and continuo Boris Alexandrov, Concerto for trumpet and orchestra Leroy Anderson, A Trumpeter's Lullaby Iosif Andriasov, Concertino for trumpet and orchestra, Op. 14 Iosif Andriasov, Passacaglia for trumpet, trombone and string orchestra, Op. 22 Iosif Andriasov, Musical Sketch for trumpet and chamber orchestra, Op. 23a Malcolm Arnold, Trumpet Concerto Richard Ayres, No. 31 (NONcerto for trumpet) Alexander Arutiunian, Trumpet Concerto in A-flat major (1950) Vazha Azarashvili, Concerto for trumpet and orchestra Aziz Azizov, Concerto for trumpet and orchestra Nicolas Bacri, Concerto Episodes for trumpet and orchestra Valentinas Bagdonas, Concerto for trumpet and orchestra Gennady Banshchikov, Concertino for trumpet and orchestra Henry Barraud, Symphonie concertante, for trumpet and orchestra Greg Bartholomew, Summer Suite for trumpet and chamber orchestra or string orchestra Nicholas Berdiev, Concerto No. 1 for trumpet and orchestra Nicholas Berdiev, Concerto No. 2 for trumpet and orchestra Nicholas Berdiev, Concerto No. 3 for trumpet and orchestra Nicholas Berdiev, Concerto No. 4 for trumpet and orchestra Luciano Berio, Kol-Od (Chemins VI) Lauren Bernofsky, Concerto for trumpet and orchestra (1998) Harrison Birtwistle, Endless Parade, for trumpet, vibraphone and strings B. Blagovidov, Concerto for trumpet and orchestra Herbert Blendinger, Concerto barocco for trumpet and orchestra (1977) Ernest Bloch, Proclamation Ya Bobokhidze, Concerto for trumpet and orchestra I. Bobrovski, Concerto for trumpet Oskar Böhme, Concerto for Trumpet, Op. 18 Sergei Bolotin, Concerto for trumpet and orchestra Yevgeny Brusilovsky, Concerto for trumpet and orchestra Howard J. Buss, Skylines for trumpet and orchestra Dimitrije Bužarovski, Concerto for trumpet and strings Op. 58 Charles Chaynes, Trumpet Concerto No. 1 Charles Chaynes, Trumpet Concerto No. 2 Chen-Bao, Concerto for trumpet Domenico Cimarosa, Trumpet Concerto in C Major (transcribed from Oboe Concerto) Jeremiah Clarke, Suite in D Aaron Copland, Quiet City for trumpet, English horn and strings Joseph Curiale, Blue Windows Peter Maxwell Davies, Trumpet Concerto Peter Maxwell Davies, Strathclyde Concerto No. 3, for horn, trumpet, and orchestra Tansy Davies, Spiral House for trumpet and orchestra Alfred Desenclos, Incantation, Threne et Danse B. Domoratzky, Concerto for trumpet and piano Nikolay Dremliuga, Concerto for trumpet and orchestra Joe Drew, Haydn's Retrofitted Trumpet Concerto Enke, Concerto for trumpet Péter Eötvös, Jet Stream Péter Eötvös, Snatches of a Conversation, for double-bell trumpet, speaker, and ensemble Thierry Escaich, Résurgences for trumpet and orchestra N. Evstratov, Concerto for trumpet Harold Farberman, Double Concerto for Single Trumpet Johann Friedrich Fasch, Trumpet Concerto in D Major, FWV L:D1 Leonid Feigin, Concerto for trumpet and orchestra Grigory Feldman, Concerto for trumpet Lorenzo Ferrero, Two Cathedrals in the South, concertino for trumpet and string orchestra Ron Ford, Gabriel Petronio Franceschini, Sonata in D major for 2 trumpets, strings and continuo Luca Francesconi, Hard Pace, for trumpet and orchestra Baldassare Galuppi, Alla tromba della Fama for soprano, trumpet, strings and continuo A. Geifman, Concerto for trumpet Michael Gilbertson (composer), Concerto for trumpet and orchestra Alexander Goedicke, Concert Etude for Trumpet and Orchestra, Op. 49 Vadim Gomoliaka, Concerto for trumpet Edward Gregson, Concerto for Trumpet, Strings and Timpani Joseph Arnold Gross, Trumpet Concerto in D major HK Gruber, Aerial Joachim Gruner, Concerto for Trumpet and Orchestra No. 1 Rashid Gubaidullina, Concerto for trumpet Robert Lewis Hall, Concerto for string orchestra, four trumpets, keyboard and harp Iain Hamilton, Circus for two trumpets and orchestra George Frideric Handel, Overture to "Atalanta" for trumpet and orchestra George Frideric Handel, Trumpet Concerto No. 9 in B-flat Major George Frideric Handel, Mr. Handel's Celebrated Water Piece, for trumpet and strings Joseph Haydn, Trumpet Concerto in E flat major Michael Haydn, Trumpet Concerto in C major, MH 60 Michael Haydn, Trumpet Concerto in D major, MH 104 Bernhard Heiden, Concerto Music for trumpet and orchestra Piers Hellawell, Cors de chasse, for trumpet, trombone, and orchestra Hans Werner Henze, Requiem Johann Wilhelm Hertel, Double Concerto in E-flat Major for trumpet and oboe Jacques Hétu, Concerto for trumpet and small orchestra, Op. 43 Arthur Honegger, Symphony No. 2 for strings and trumpet Alan Hovhaness, Prayer of St. Gregory, Op. 62b, for B-flat trumpet and strings (or organ) Johann Nepomuk Hummel, Trumpet Concerto in E major Charles Ives, The Unanswered Question for trumpet and orchestra B. Iarovinskii, Concerto for trumpet Leonid Israelevich, Concert-Poem for trumpet and orchestra André Jolivet, Concertino for Trumpet, Strings and Piano André Jolivet, Trumpet Concerto No. 2 Jan Kapr, Omaggio alla Tromba for 2 trumpets and orchestra Sabir Karim-Khodzhi, Concerto No. 1 for trumpet and orchestra Sabir Karim-Khodzhi, Concerto No. 2 for trumpet and orchestra Lev Kogan, Concerto for trumpet Lev Kolodub, Concerto for trumpet and orchestra Tomas Korganov, Concerto for trumpet, Op. 21 Peter Jona Korn, Concerto for trumpet Aleksandr Krasotov, Concerto for trumpet and orchestra Vladimir Kriukov, Concerto-poem, Opus 59, for trumpet and orchestra Hanna Kulenty, Trumpet Concerto Kuddus Kuzhamiarov, Concerto for trumpet and orchestra Raoul Laparra, Suite Italienne Yakov Lapinskii, Concerto for trumpet and orchestra I. Lapshan, Concerto for trumpet William Latham, Suite for trumpet and orchestra Svetlana Leonchik, Concerto for trumpet and orchestra I. Leonov, Concerto for trumpet Lowell Liebermann, Concerto for Trumpet and Orchestra, Op. 64 A. Luppov, Concerto for trumpet James MacMillan, Epiclesis Leo Mal'ter, Concertino for trumpet Al'bert Markov, Concertino for trumpet Frank Martin, Concerto for seven wind instruments, timpani, percussion, and string orchestra (1949) Georges Marty, Choral for trumpet and orchestra Martín Matalon, Trame V Jekabs Medin, Concerto for trumpet Darius Milhaud, Symphonie concertante for bassoon, horn, trumpet, double bass and orchestra, Op.376 Darius Milhaud, La couronne de gloire, Cantata for voice and chamber ensemble (flute, trumpet, strings), Op. 211 Johann Molter, Trumpet Concerto No. 1 in D O. Moralev, Concertino for trumpet Paul Moravec, Songs of Love and War for baritone, trumpet, chorus and strings Leopold Mozart, Trumpet Concerto in D major Aleksandr Mulyar, Concerto for trumpet Timur Mynbaev, Concerto for trumpet Johann Baptist Georg Neruda, Concerto in E-flat for Trumpet and Strings Arkady Nesterov, Concerto for trumpet and orchestra Olga Neuwirth, ... miramondo multiplo..., for C and piccolo trumpets and orchestra Christopher Norton, Concertino for trumpet and strings Chari Nurymov, Concerto for trumpet and orchestra Sean O'Boyle, Lonseome Prairie D. Osinovskii, Concerto for trumpet Leroy Osmon, Ballad for trumpet, piano and strings Alexandria Pakhmutova, Concerto for trumpet and orchestra Fabian Panisello, Trumpet Concerto Andrzej Panufnik, Concerto in modo antico for trumpet, 2 harps, harpsichord, and strings Arvo Pärt, Concerto Piccolo über B-A-C-H for trumpet, strings, harpsichord and piano Stephen Paulus, Concerto for Two Trumpets and Orchestra Giacomo Antonio Perti, Sinfonia to 'L'Inganno scoperto per Vendetta' (1691) for trumpet, strings and basso continuo Vladimir Peskin, Concerto No. 1 for trumpet Vladimir Peskin, Concerto No. 2 for trumpet Vladimir Peskin, Concerto No. 3 for trumpet Matthias Pintscher, Celestial Object I for trumpet and ensemble Matthias Pintscher, Occultation for solo horn, solo trumpet and ensemble Anthony Plog, Trumpet Concerto no. 1 Amilcare Ponchielli, Concerto for trumpet and wind band in F Gerhard Präsent Himmelslicht concerto for trumpet and orchestra Gene Pritsker, Sonnets for trumpet and string orchestra Henry Purcell, Sonata, Trumpet and Strings Z.850 Erkegali Rakhmadiyev, Concerto for trumpet and orchestra Samuil Ratner, Concerto for trumpet Franz Richter, Trumpet Concerto in D Major Wolfgang Rihm, Marsyas Rhapsody for Trumpet, Percussion & Orchestra Vivian Adelberg Rudow, Dark Waters Aulis Sallinen, Sunrise Serenade Op. 63, 2 trumpets, piano and string orchestra David Sampson, Serenade for flugelhorn and orchestra David Sampson, Triptych for trumpet and orchestra R. Murray Schafer, The Falcon's Trumpet Daniel Schnyder Concerto for Trumpet and Orchestra Il'ya Shakhov, Romantic Concerto Rodion Konstantinovich Shchedrin, Concerto for trumpet and orchestra Vyacheslav Shchelokov, Concerto No. 1 for trumpet and orchestra Vyacheslav Shchelokov, Concerto No. 2 for trumpet and orchestra Vyacheslav Shchelokov, Concerto No. 3 for trumpet and orchestra Vyacheslav Shchelokov, Concerto, "Children's Concerto" for trumpet and orchestra Yuri Shchurovskii, Concerto for trumpet Dmitri Shostakovich, Concerto in C minor for piano, trumpet, and string orchestra, Op. 35 Nikolay Silvanskii, Concerto for trumpet and orchestra Antonio Spadavecchia, Concerto for trumpet and orchestra James Stephenson, Concerto No. 1 for trumpet and orchestra James Stephenson, Cousins for trumpet, saxophone and orchestra James Stephenson, Rextreme: Concerto No. 2 for trumpet and orchestra James Stephenson, The Russian Concerto for trumpet, piano and string orchestra James Stephenson, Tribute to Louis Armstrong for trumpet and orchestra Karlheinz Stockhausen, Michaels Reise um die Erde for trumpet and orchestra Simon Stockhausen, Windschatten for flugelhorn, orchestra and electronics Gottfried Heinrich Stölzel, Concerto for trumpet in D R. Svirskii, Concertino for trumpet Germaine Tailleferre, Sinfonietta for trumpet, strings and tympani Otar Taktakishvili, Concerto for trumpet and orchestra Eino Tamberg, Concerto for trumpet and orchestra Giuseppe Tartini, Trumpet Concerto in D Georg Philipp Telemann, Trumpet Concerto No. 1 in D Major TWV51:D7 Georg Philipp Telemann, Concerto for 2 oboes and trumpet in D Major TWV 53:D2 Georg Philipp Telemann, Sonata for trumpet and strings in D Major, TWV 41:DA3 also known as Quintet for trumpet, violins, viola and continuo in D, TWV44:1 Georg Philipp Telemann, Trumpet Concerto in C Minor (Oboe concerto transcribed by M. Andre) TWV51:c1 Otar Tevtoradze,'Concerto for trumpet Henri Tomasi, Concerto for trumpet and orchestra Giuseppe Torelli, Sinfonia con tromba Giuseppe Torelli, Trumpet Concerto in D Major Bogdon Trotsiuk, Concert-Symphony for trumpet Rezvan Tsorionti, Concerto for trumpet Vladimir Tsybin, Concerto for trumpet and orchestra Fisher Tull, Rhapsody for trumpet and orchestra Mark-Anthony Turnage, From the Wreckage Mark-Anthony Turnage, Dispelling the Fears for two trumpets and orchestra Joseph Turrin, Concerto for trumpet and orchestra Moisei Vainberg, Concerto for trumpet and orchestra, op. 95 Sergei Vasilenko, Concerto for trumpet and orchestra, op. 113 A. Vasilev-Aslamas, Concerto Rhapsody for trumpet Antonio Vivaldi, Concerto for two trumpets and strings in C major, RV 537 Antonio Vivaldi, "Combatta un gentil cor" from Tito Manlio for soprano, trumpet, strings and continuo RV 738 Michael Blake Watkins, Trumpet Concerto Mieczyslaw Weinberg, Concerto for Trumpet and Orchestra, Op. 94 John Williams, Trumpet Concerto Joe Wolfe, Trumpet concerto Luigi Zaninelli, Aria festiva for trumpet, trumpet choir and orchestra Luigi Zaninelli, Autumn Music, for trumpet and strings Marc'Antonio Ziani, "Trombe d'Ausonia" from La Flora for soprano, trumpet and continuo Bernd Alois Zimmermann, Nobody Knows De Trouble I See, for trumpet and orchestra Trumpet and wind ensemble Mary Jeanne van Appledorn, Concerto for trumpet and band Richard Rodney Bennett, Concerto for trumpet and wind orchestra Jerry Bilik, Concerto for trumpet and band Larry Bitensky, Awake You Sleepers for trumpet and wind ensemble Larry Bitensky, The Closing of the Gates for trumpet and wind ensemble Jeffrey Boehm, Homage for Dave and Dolly for trumpet and wind band Henry Brant, Concerto for alto saxophone or trumpet and nine instruments Timothy Broege, Concert Piece for trumpet and band Robert Farnon, Blow the Wind Southerly for trumpet and wind symphony Jean Françaix, Le Gai Paris for trumpet and orchestral wind ensemble David Gillingham, When Speaks the Signal Trumpet-Tone for trumpet, flugelhorn, piccolo trumpet and wind ensemble Stephen Gryc, Evensong for trumpet and wind ensemble Daron Hagen, Concerto for flugelhorn and wind ensemble Walter Hartley, Concertino for trumpet and wind ensemble Alan Hovhaness, Return and Rebuild the Desolate Places for trumpet and wind orchestra Karel Husa, Concerto for trumpet and wind orchestra William Latham, Fantasy for trumpet and wind ensemble Peter Lawrence, Dialogue for trumpet, cornet and wind band Istvan Lendvay, Concerto for trumpet and wind orchestra Jukka Linkola, Tango-Tarantella for trumpet and symphonic band William Linn, Concerto Grosso for brass trio and winds John Mackey, Antique Violences: Concerto for Trumpet with winds, brass, and percussion Martin Mailman, Concertino for trumpet and band Leroy Osmon, "Concerto for Trumpet, Winds and Percussion" Andrei Petrov, Concerto for trumpet and wind orchestra Daniel Pinkham, Serenades for solo trumpet and wind ensemble Alfred Reed, Concerto for trumpet and winds Jerzy Sapieyevski, Concerto for trumpet and winds Hale Smith, Exchanges for trumpet and band James Stephenson, August in York for solo trumpet and concert band James Stephenson, Duo Fantastique for two solo trumpet and concert band James Stephenson, Queen of the Night Aria for piccolo trumpet and concert band Fisher Tull, Rhapsody for trumpet and winds Joseph Turrin, Chronicles for trumpet and wind orchestra Joseph Turrin, Fandango for trumpet, trombone and wind band Joseph Turrin, The Sounding of the Call for trumpet and wind ensemble Floyd Werle, Concertos No. 1-4 for trumpet and band Maurice Whitney, Concertino for trumpet and concert band Alec Wilder, Concerto No. 1 for trumpet and wind ensemble Alec Wilder, Concerto No. 2 for trumpet, flugelhorn and wind ensemble Thorstein Wollmann, Concerto for jazz-trumpet and symphonic band Electroacoustic Eve Beglarian, Island of the Sirens for trumpet, trombone, bass clarinet, baritone voice, and electronics Christopher Biggs, "Decoherence" for trumpet and computer (2014) Jeffrey Boehm, Dresden Abandoned for trumpet and live electronics Jeffrey Boehm, Ovid's Dream for trumpet and live electronics Jeffrey Boehm, Reflections of Sherrie for trumpet and live electronics Peter Burt, Auf dem Wasser zu spielen for trumpet, tape and live electronics Howard J. Buss, "Alien Loop de Loops" for trumpet and electronic recording (fixed media) Brixton Publications Christopher Cerrone, How to Breathe Underwater for male voice, bass clarinet, trumpet, trombone, pre-recorded electronics Quinn Collins, Blister for trumpet and tape Quinn Collins, Nervous Aluminum Rabbit for trumpet, trombone, bass clarinet, baritone voice, and electronics Chris Cresswell, all that's left is dirt and sky for trumpet, soprano, and electronics Charles Dodge, Extensions for trumpet and tape Joseph Drew, I Blur Noel for quarter-tone flugelhorn and tape Aaron Einbond, Central Park for trumpet, trombone, bass clarinet, baritone voice, and electronics Eli Fieldsteel, "Fractus I" for trumpet and SuperCollider (2010, rev. 2012) David Franzson, Longitudinal Study #1 for trumpet and electronics Jeffrey Gavett, Moving Target for trumpet and electronics John Gibson, "Out of Hand" for trumpet, trombone, and computer (2008) Tyler Harrison, Flutter for trumpet and electronics Jonathan Harvey, Ricarcare una Melodia for trumpet and tape-delay system William Hellermann, Passages 13-The Fire for trumpet and tape Eres Holz, 6 Mosaik Inventionen for trumpet, piano and live-electronics (2004) richard johnson, "Introit" for trumpet, electronics, and video (2011) Jouni Kaipainen, Altaforte, op. 18 Mary Kouyoumdjian, Where Once for trumpet, trombone, bass clarinet, baritone voice, and electronics Yannis Kyriakides, Dog Song (Cerberus serenades Orpheus) for double-bell trumpet, soundtrack and computer Hannah Lash, Secrets for trumpet and tape Henri Lazarof, Concertazioni for trumpet, 6 instruments and 4-channel tape Claus-Steffen Mahnkopf, 432 Park Ave. for trumpet, trombone, bass clarinet, baritone voice, and electronics Ryan Manchester, Tattva for trumpet and tape Yan Maresz, Metallics for trumpet and electronics Paula Matthusen, old fires catch old buildings for trumpet, trombone, bass clarinet, baritone voice, and electronics Paula Matthusen, on the imagined relations of night sounds (and silent darkness) for trumpet and electronics Ted Moore, fiery walls for trumpet and SuperCollider Angélica Negrón, dóabin for trumpet, trombone, bass clarinet, baritone voice, and electronics Olga Neuwirth, Addio...sognando for trumpet and tape Tae Hong Park, t1 for trumpet and tape Andrew Powell, Plasmogeny II for trumpet, live electronics and tape Roger Reynolds, The Serpent-Snapping Eye for trumpet, percussion, piano and tape David Sampson, Breakaway for 2 trumpets and electronics Annette Schlünz, Copeaux, éclisses for oboe, bass clarinet, trumpet, cello and electronics Elliott Schwartz, Music for Napoleon and Beethoven for trumpet, piano and 2 tapes Roger Smalley, Echo III for trumpet with tape delay Heather Stebbins, Tracer for trumpet and electronics Karlheinz Stockhausen, Aries for C trumpet and tape Karlheinz Stockhausen, Pietà for quarter-tone flugelhorn, soprano and tape Karlheinz Stockhausen, Trompete for C trumpet and tape Bernd Thewes, Koko for trumpet and tape (text by Hugo Ball) Ken Ueno, Quentin for trumpet and electronics Skye van Duuren, Thoughts on the Death of a Tree for flugelhorn and electronics (2020) Aurelio de la Vega, Para-Tangents for trumpet and pre-recorded sounds Massimiliano Viel, Pulsars for trumpet and electronic sounds Samuel Wells, "(dys)functions" for trumpet and electronics (2011) Samuel Wells, "minong" for piccolo trumpet, live electronics, and video (2012) Robert Wieck, Eluxée for trumpet, four-track tape and live electronics Scott Worthington, A Different Infiniteness for trumpet, trombone, bass clarinet, baritone voice, and electronics Scott Worthington, A Few Kites for trumpet, violin, and electronics Scott Worthington, Still Life for trumpet and electronics Theatrical roles Karlheinz Stockhausen, Donnerstag aus Licht (Michael) Karlheinz Stockhausen, Samstag aus Licht (Michael) Karlheinz Stockhausen, Dienstag aus Licht (Michael) Karlheinz Stockhausen, Sonntag aus Licht (Michael) Isabel Mundry, Ein Atemzug – die Odyssee (Odysseus) Famous orchestral excerpts Johann Sebastian Bach, Magnificat Béla Bartók, Concerto for Orchestra Ludwig van Beethoven, Leonore Overture No. 2 Ludwig van Beethoven, Leonore Overture No. 3 George Frideric Handel, Messiah Gustav Mahler, Symphony No. 3 Gustav Mahler, Symphony No. 5 Modest Mussorgsky, Pictures at an Exhibition (orch. Ravel) Maurice Ravel, Piano Concerto in G Ottorino Respighi, Pines of Rome Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov, Scheherazade Alexander Scriabin, The Poem of Ecstasy Richard Strauss, Ein Heldenleben Richard Strauss, Don Juan Igor Stravinsky, Petrushka Richard Wagner, Parsifal References Gilreath, Amy. "A Bibliography of Trumpet Concertos from the Former Soviet Union", Journal of the International Trumpet Guild. December, 1994. Israel Music Institute O'Loughlin, Niall. "Modern Brass", The Musical Times, Vol. 123, No. 1678, 250 Years of Covent Garden (Dec., 1982), p. 851 Reynish, Tim. Concerto List Universal Music Group. "Contemporary Composers" Catalog, 2011. vteTrumpets and cornetsBy rangeContrabass > Bass > Standard > Soprano > PiccoloVariants Birch Bugle Clarion Cornet Cornett Cornettino Mute cornett Tenor cornett Fanfare Firebird Flugelhorn Flumpet Lur Natural Pocket Post horn Salpinx Slide Parts and technique Action Arban method Bore Clarke Studies Crook Harmonic series Keyed Mouthpiece Embouchure Muted Valve Piston Rotary Other Guča Trumpet Festival History Repertoire Concertos Trumpeters Jazz vteMusical repertoireBy instrument Woodwind Flute Bassoon Brass Horn Trumpet Trombone Euphonium Tuba Organ Strings Viola Double bass Harp By ensemble Brass quintet Concert band Piano trio By genre List of blues standards List of jazz standards	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bach-Trompete_06.08.2008_12-46-40_2304x3072.JPG"},{"link_name":"trumpet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet"},{"link_name":"trumpet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet"},{"link_name":"register","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Register_(music)"},{"link_name":"brass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brass_instrument"}],"text":"A modern B♭ trumpet (Bach Stradivarius model)The trumpet repertoire consists of solo literature and orchestral or, more commonly, band parts written for the trumpet. Tracings its origins to 1500 BC, the trumpet is a musical instrument with the highest register in the brass family.Among the repertoire for the trumpet are the following works:","title":"Trumpet repertoire"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Samuel Adler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Adler_(composer)"},{"link_name":"Louis Andriessen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Andriessen"},{"link_name":"Louis Andriessen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Andriessen"},{"link_name":"Mark Applebaum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Applebaum"},{"link_name":"Mark Applebaum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Applebaum"},{"link_name":"Richard Ayres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Ayres"},{"link_name":"Julian Azumi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Julian_Azumi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sven-Erik Bäck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sven-Erik_B%C3%A4ck"},{"link_name":"Gerald Barry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Barry_(composer)"},{"link_name":"Luciano Berio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luciano_Berio"},{"link_name":"Lauren Bernofsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lauren_Bernofsky&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lisa Bielawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Bielawa"},{"link_name":"Harrison Birtwistle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrison_Birtwistle"},{"link_name":"Harrison Birtwistle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrison_Birtwistle"},{"link_name":"Daniel Börtz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_B%C3%B6rtz"},{"link_name":"Howard J. Buss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_J._Buss"},{"link_name":"Elliott Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliott_Carter"},{"link_name":"Aaron Cassidy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Cassidy"},{"link_name":"Friedrich Cerha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Cerha"},{"link_name":"Nicolas Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Collins"},{"link_name":"Peter Maxwell Davies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Maxwell_Davies"},{"link_name":"Peter Maxwell Davies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Maxwell_Davies"},{"link_name":"Lucia Dlugoszewski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucia_Dlugoszewski"},{"link_name":"Anders Eliasson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anders_Eliasson"},{"link_name":"Robert Erickson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Erickson"},{"link_name":"Morton Feldman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morton_Feldman"},{"link_name":"HK Gruber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HK_Gruber"},{"link_name":"Hans Werner Henze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Werner_Henze"},{"link_name":"Robin Holloway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Holloway"},{"link_name":"Mauricio Kagel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauricio_Kagel"},{"link_name":"Mauricio Kagel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauricio_Kagel"},{"link_name":"Hanna Kulenty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanna_Kulenty"},{"link_name":"double bell trumpet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Blaauw#Double_Bell_Trumpet"},{"link_name":"Eres Holz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eres_Holz"},{"link_name":"Libby Larsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libby_Larsen"},{"link_name":"Ingvar Lidholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingvar_Lidholm"},{"link_name":"György Ligeti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Ligeti"},{"link_name":"Liza Lim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liza_Lim"},{"link_name":"Witold Lutosławski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witold_Lutos%C5%82awski"},{"link_name":"Isabel Mundry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabel_Mundry"},{"link_name":"double bell trumpet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Blaauw#Double_Bell_Trumpet"},{"link_name":"Sergiu Natra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergiu_Natra"},{"link_name":"Olga Neuwirth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Neuwirth"},{"link_name":"Per Nørgård","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_N%C3%B8rg%C3%A5rd"},{"link_name":"Nigel Osborne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigel_Osborne"},{"link_name":"Vincent Persichetti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_Persichetti"},{"link_name":"Matthias Pintscher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthias_Pintscher"},{"link_name":"Anthony Plog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Plog"},{"link_name":"Folke Rabe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folke_Rabe"},{"link_name":"Gottfried Reiche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottfried_Reiche"},{"link_name":"Abblasen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abblasen"},{"link_name":"Wolfgang Rihm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Rihm"},{"link_name":"Poul Ruders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poul_Ruders"},{"link_name":"David Sampson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Sampson_(composer)"},{"link_name":"Giacinto Scelsi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giacinto_Scelsi"},{"link_name":"Rebecca Saunders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebecca_Saunders"},{"link_name":"double bell trumpet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Blaauw#Double_Bell_Trumpet"},{"link_name":"Kurt Schwertsik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Schwertsik"},{"link_name":"Roberto Sierra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Sierra"},{"link_name":"Juan María Solare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Mar%C3%ADa_Solare"},{"link_name":"Juan María Solare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Mar%C3%ADa_Solare"},{"link_name":"Juan María Solare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Mar%C3%ADa_Solare"},{"link_name":"Juan María Solare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Mar%C3%ADa_Solare"},{"link_name":"Juan María Solare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Mar%C3%ADa_Solare"},{"link_name":"Juan María Solare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Mar%C3%ADa_Solare"},{"link_name":"Juan María Solare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Mar%C3%ADa_Solare"},{"link_name":"Juan María Solare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Mar%C3%ADa_Solare"},{"link_name":"double bell trumpet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Blaauw#Double_Bell_Trumpet"},{"link_name":"Juan María Solare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Mar%C3%ADa_Solare"},{"link_name":"Karlheinz Stockhausen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlheinz_Stockhausen"},{"link_name":"Karlheinz Stockhausen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlheinz_Stockhausen"},{"link_name":"In Freundschaft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Freundschaft"},{"link_name":"Karlheinz Stockhausen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlheinz_Stockhausen"},{"link_name":"Karlheinz Stockhausen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlheinz_Stockhausen"},{"link_name":"Harmonien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klang_(Stockhausen)#Fifth_Hour:_Harmonien"},{"link_name":"Toru Takemitsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toru_Takemitsu"},{"link_name":"Hilary Tann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilary_Tann"},{"link_name":"Antoine Tisné","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Tisn%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Mark-Anthony Turnage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark-Anthony_Turnage"},{"link_name":"Stefan Wolpe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_Wolpe"},{"link_name":"Valentin Zubiaurre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentin_Zubiaurre"},{"link_name":"Audition Piece for Trumpet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audition_Piece_for_Trumpet_(Zubiaurre)"}],"text":"Samuel Adler, Canto I, for B-flat or C trumpet\nLouis Andriessen, A Very Sad Trumpet Sonata\nLouis Andriessen, A Very Sharp Trumpet Sonata\nMark Applebaum, Authenticity\nMark Applebaum, Entre Funérailles I\nCecilia Arditto, Música Invisible, Libro IV, for flugelhorn and trumpet\"\nRichard Ayres, No. 27 \"Blue\"\nJulian Azumi, Cardiogram\nSven-Erik Bäck, March and Song\nGerald Barry, Trumpeter\nLuciano Berio, Good night\nLauren Bernofsky, Fantasia\nLisa Bielawa, Synopsis #5: He Figures Out What Clouds Mean\nHarrison Birtwistle, Antiphonies from the Moonkeeper\nHarrison Birtwistle, Five Little Antiphonies for Amelia\nDaniel Börtz, Målning\nHoward J. Buss, A Day in the City, Commemoration\nElliott Carter, Retracing III\nAaron Cassidy, What then renders these forces visible is a strange smile (or, First Study for Figures at the Base of a Crucifixion)\nFriedrich Cerha, The Pied Piper\nNicolas Collins, Sonnet 40\nPeter Maxwell Davies, Litany – for a Ruined Chapel between Sheep and Shore, for solo C trumpet\nPeter Maxwell Davies, Sonatina, for solo trumpet\nLucia Dlugoszewski, Space Is a Diamond\nAxel Dörner, Clinamen\nAxel Dörner, Komposition für trompete-solo, No. 1\nAxel Dörner, Komposition für trompete-solo, No. 2\nAxel Dörner, marchugk\nAmy Dunker, Chet\nAmy Dunker, Cruise Control\nAmy Dunker, Distant Voices\nAmy Dunker, Hush!\nAmy Dunker, Improvisation on Raga Asvari\nAmy Dunker, Prelude-Doina\nAmy Dunker, Satchmo\nAnders Eliasson, Prelude\nRobert Erickson, Kryl, for solo C trumpet\nIvan Fedele, High, for solo B-flat trumpet\nMorton Feldman, A Very Short Trumpet Piece\nStanley Friedman, Solus\nStanley Friedman, Poem for a Fallen Hero\nHK Gruber, Exposed Throat\nAnthony Halstead, Suite for solo trumpet or horn\nRobert Henderson, Variation Movements for trumpet solo\nHans Werner Henze, Sonatina, for trumpet\nÅke Hermanson, Fanfare\nHans Holewa, Little Fanfare\nRobin Holloway, Sonata for solo trumpet\nAdriana Hölszky, Projektion\nAdriana Hölszky, Weltenenden, for one or four brass players\nTom Johnson, Tilework\nBetsy Jolas, Épisode troisième\nMauricio Kagel, Old/New, for trumpet\nMauricio Kagel, Morceau de Concours\nLaura Kaminsky, Elegy for the Silenced Voice\nMaurice Karkoff, Fanfare Fantasy, Op. 154\nOtto Ketting, Intrada, for unnacompanied trumpet or horn\nHanna Kulenty, Brass No. 1, for double bell trumpet\nEres Holz, MACH, for B-flat trumpet (2011)\nLibby Larsen, Fanfare for the Women, for solo C trumpet\nRobert Hall Lewis, Monophony VII, for trumpet solo\nIngvar Lidholm, Epigram\nGyörgy Ligeti, The Big Turtle-Fanfare from the South China Sea\nLiza Lim, Wild-Winged One\nWitold Lutosławski, Tune\nMiklós Maros, Fanfare\nRon Mazurek, Dialogues\nArne Mellnäs, The Unquestioned Answer (Hommage to Charles Ives)\nDexter Morrill, Nine Pieces\nJan W. Morthenson, Memory\nIsabel Mundry, Solo auf Schwellen, for double bell trumpet\nSergiu Natra, Sonatina\nOlga Neuwirth, Laki, for solo C trumpet\nPer Nørgård, Scale – Fanfare – Variation\nNigel Osborne, Flamingo Time-Line\nMartijn Padding, One Trumpet\nVincent Persichetti, Parable XIV for Trumpet, Op. 127\nMatthias Pintscher, Shining Forth\nAnthony Plog, Postcards\nFolke Rabe, Shazam\nGottfried Reiche, Abblasen\nBruno Reinhardt, Music for Trumpet Solo\nVerne Reynolds, Solus\nWolfgang Rihm, Little Echo Fantasy\nJay Rizzetto, Five Poems of Emily Dickinson for Solo Trumpet and Narrator\nScott Robbins, \"Three Blues for Cello and Trumpet\"\nPoul Ruders, Reveille-Retraite\nAri Rufeisen, Dodecaphonic Principles\nDavid Sampson, Litany of Breath\nDavid Sampson, Morning Pages\nDavid Sampson, Solo for flugelhorn\nDavid Sampson, Trumpet Descants on Christmas Hymns\nDavid Sampson, Trumpet Descants on Festive Hymns\nGiacinto Scelsi, Four Pieces\nRebecca Saunders, Blaauw, for double bell trumpet\nDaniel Schnyder \"ADAR\" for solo tp\nKurt Schwertsik, Stretch & Yawn\nRoberto Sierra, Fanfare\nJuan María Solare, Israfil\nJuan María Solare, Unterwegs\nJuan María Solare, Perlas esparcidas\nJuan María Solare, Weise weiße Weisen\nJuan María Solare, Serpentine\nJuan María Solare, Reverence (Homage to Bach)\nJuan María Solare, Petite Suite Antique\nJuan María Solare, Art-Man, for double bell trumpet\nJuan María Solare, Avanti\nKarlheinz Stockhausen, Eingang und Formel, for solo B-flat trumpet\nKarlheinz Stockhausen, In Freundschaft, for solo 4-valve E-flat trumpet\nKarlheinz Stockhausen, Oberlippentanz, for solo B-flat piccolo trumpet\nKarlheinz Stockhausen, Harmonien, for solo C trumpet\nEgmont Swaan, De zucht van Marib..., for piccolo trumpet\nToru Takemitsu, Paths, for solo C trumpet\nHilary Tann, Look Little Low Heavens\nAntoine Tisné, Emotion, for C trumpet solo\nMark-Anthony Turnage, An Aria With Dancing, for solo B-flat trumpet\nSkye van Duuren, Aurae, for solo B-flat trumpet\nStefan Wolpe, Solo Piece for Trumpet\nNadav Ziv, Monologue\nValentin Zubiaurre, Audition Piece for Trumpet","title":"Solo trumpet"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sally Beamish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sally_Beamish"},{"link_name":"Heinrich Ignaz Biber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Ignaz_Biber"},{"link_name":"Heinrich Ignaz Biber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Ignaz_Biber"},{"link_name":"Heinrich Ignaz Biber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Ignaz_Biber"},{"link_name":"Heinrich Ignaz Biber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Ignaz_Biber"},{"link_name":"Larry Bitensky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Bitensky"},{"link_name":"Harrison Birtwistle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrison_Birtwistle"},{"link_name":"Vassily Brandt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vassily_Brandt"},{"link_name":"Henry Brant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Brant"},{"link_name":"Henry Brant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Brant"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Britten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Britten"},{"link_name":"Fanfare for St Edmundsbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanfare_for_St_Edmundsbury"},{"link_name":"Bruce Broughton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Broughton"},{"link_name":"Howard J. Buss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_J._Buss"},{"link_name":"Howard J. Buss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_J._Buss"},{"link_name":"Howard J. Buss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_J._Buss"},{"link_name":"Howard J. Buss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_J._Buss"},{"link_name":"Elliott Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliott_Carter"},{"link_name":"Elliott Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliott_Carter"},{"link_name":"Eric Ewazen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Ewazen"},{"link_name":"Eric Ewazen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Ewazen"},{"link_name":"Eric Ewazen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Ewazen"},{"link_name":"Eric Ewazen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Ewazen"},{"link_name":"Eric Ewazen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Ewazen"},{"link_name":"Sofia Gubaidulina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofia_Gubaidulina"},{"link_name":"Cristóbal Halffter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crist%C3%B3bal_Halffter"},{"link_name":"Bengt Hambraeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengt_Hambraeus"},{"link_name":"Robin Holloway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Holloway"},{"link_name":"Bertold Hummel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertold_Hummel"},{"link_name":"Mauricio Kagel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauricio_Kagel"},{"link_name":"Mauricio Kagel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauricio_Kagel"},{"link_name":"Fabien Lévy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabien_L%C3%A9vy"},{"link_name":"Johann Jacob Löwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Jacob_L%C3%B6we"},{"link_name":"Johann Jacob Löwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Jacob_L%C3%B6we"},{"link_name":"Frederik Magle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederik_Magle"},{"link_name":"The Fairest of Roses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fairest_of_Roses_(Magle)"},{"link_name":"Peter Maxwell Davies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Maxwell_Davies"},{"link_name":"Ben-Zion Orgad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben-Zion_Orgad"},{"link_name":"Robert Paterson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Paterson_(composer)"},{"link_name":"Krzysztof Penderecki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krzysztof_Penderecki"},{"link_name":"Vincent Persichetti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_Persichetti"},{"link_name":"Johann Christoph Pezel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Christoph_Pezel"},{"link_name":"Johann Christoph Pezel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Christoph_Pezel"},{"link_name":"Johann Christoph Pezel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Christoph_Pezel"},{"link_name":"Lucia Ronchetti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucia_Ronchetti"},{"link_name":"Carl Ruggles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Ruggles"},{"link_name":"David Sampson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Sampson_(composer)"},{"link_name":"Elliott Schwartz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliott_Schwartz"},{"link_name":"Stefano Scodanibbio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefano_Scodanibbio"},{"link_name":"Judith Shatin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judith_Shatin"},{"link_name":"Juan María Solare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Mar%C3%ADa_Solare"},{"link_name":"Juan María Solare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Mar%C3%ADa_Solare"},{"link_name":"Juan María Solare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Mar%C3%ADa_Solare"},{"link_name":"Thomas Stevens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Stevens_(trumpeter)"},{"link_name":"Thomas Stevens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Stevens_(trumpeter)"},{"link_name":"Karlheinz Stockhausen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlheinz_Stockhausen"},{"link_name":"Donnerstags Abschied","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donnerstag_aus_Licht#Donnerstags-Abschied"},{"link_name":"Karlheinz Stockhausen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlheinz_Stockhausen"},{"link_name":"Karlheinz Stockhausen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlheinz_Stockhausen"},{"link_name":"Trumpetent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpetent"},{"link_name":"Igor Stravinsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky"},{"link_name":"Fanfare for a New Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanfare_for_a_New_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Josef Tal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Tal"},{"link_name":"Georg Philipp Telemann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Philipp_Telemann"},{"link_name":"Georg Philipp Telemann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Philipp_Telemann"},{"link_name":"Henri Tomasi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Tomasi"},{"link_name":"Joan Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Tower"},{"link_name":"Kenny Wheeler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenny_Wheeler"},{"link_name":"Charles Wuorinen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Wuorinen"},{"link_name":"Charles Wuorinen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Wuorinen"},{"link_name":"La Monte Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Monte_Young"},{"link_name":"John Zorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Zorn"}],"text":"Anonymous, Sinfonia a due Trombe\nSally Beamish, Fanfare for 2 trumpets\nHeinrich Ignaz Biber, Duets for 2 trumpets\nHeinrich Ignaz Biber, Sonata for 2 trumpets, 2 violins, 2 violas & continuo No. 1 in C major, C. 114\nHeinrich Ignaz Biber, Sonata for 2 trumpets, 2 violins & continuo No. 7 in G major, C. 120\nHeinrich Ignaz Biber, Sonata for 2 trumpets, 2 violins, 2 violas & continuo No. 12 in C major, C. 125\nLarry Bitensky, Fanfare for 6 trumpets and tympani\nHarrison Birtwistle, Placid Mobile for 36 trumpets\nVassily Brandt, Country Pictures for 4 trumpets\nHenry Brant, Flight Over a Global Map for 100 or 56 trumpets and percussion\nHenry Brant, Millennium I for 8 trumpets and 3 percussionists\nBenjamin Britten, Fanfare for St Edmundsbury for 3 trumpets\nBruce Broughton, Contest Piece for Eight Trumpets for 8 trumpets\nHoward J. Buss, Festive Overture for 8 trumpets\nHoward J. Buss, Prelude and Intrada for 4 trumpets\nHoward J. Buss, Rendezvous for 4 trumpets and one percussion\nHoward J. Buss, The Walls of Jericho for solo trumpet and 6-part trumpet ensemble\nElliott Carter, Birthday Flourish for 5 trumpets (or brass quintet)\nElliott Carter, Canon for Three for 3 trumpets\nAxel Dörner, treucht for 3 trumpets\nJoseph Drew, 7\nAmy Dunker, Fanfare for One Uncommon Man for 3 trumpets\nAmy Dunker, Florisshen for 6 trumpets\nAmy Dunker, Gasconade Fanfare for 4 trumpets\nAmy Dunker, Heralding for 5 trumpets\nAmy Dunker, One Blackbird for 6 trumpets and vibraphone\nJohn Emche, Trundle for 8 trumpets\nEric Ewazen, A Concert Fanfare for 6 trumpets\nEric Ewazen, Fantasia for Seven Trumpets\nEric Ewazen, Prelude and Fugue for Trumpet Choir for 6 trumpets\nEric Ewazen, Sonatina for Two Trumpets\nEric Ewazen, Sonoran Desert Harmonies for 8 trumpets\nStanley Friedman, Trumpets of Solomon for two trumpets\nSofia Gubaidulina, Trio for 3 trumpets\nFranz Hackl, Chegg for 3 trumpets\nTerry Halco, Jubilate for 2 trumpets and organ\nCristóbal Halffter, Little Fanfare for Two Trumpets\nBengt Hambraeus, A Small Concert Piece for trumpet and tomtom\nTheodore Holdheim, Capriccio for 2 trumpets\nRobin Holloway, Sonata for 2 trumpets\nEres Holz, Weisse Wunden music theatre for three trumpets and video (2008)\nBertold Hummel, Saeckingen for 6 trumpets and timpani, Op. 103f (2000)\nMauricio Kagel, Fanfanfaren for 4 trumpets\nMauricio Kagel, Morceau de Concours for 2 trumpets\nFabien Lévy, à peu près de for 2 trumpets\nJohann Jacob Löwe, Capriccio No. 1 for 2 trumpets and continuo\nJohann Jacob Löwe, Capriccio No. 2 for 2 trumpets and continuo\nFrederik Magle, The Fairest of Roses (Den yndigste rose) for two trumpets and organ\nPeter Maxwell Davies, Quintet for 5 trumpets\nKevin McKee, Dürrenhorn Passage for 6 trumpets\nErik Morales, Birds of Paradise for 6 trumpets/flugelhorns\nErik Morales, Cityscapes for 5 trumpets\nErik Morales, Conquest for 6 trumpets\nErik Morales, Crystal Spheres for 8 trumpets/flugelhorns\nErik Morales, Cyclone for 5 trumpets/flugelhorns\nErik Morales, Infinite Ascent for 8 trumpets\nErik Morales, Metallic Fury for 5 trumpets/flugelhorns\nErik Morales, Music from Strange Places for 7 trumpets\nErik Morales, Path of Discovery for 5 trumpets/flugelhorns\nErik Morales, X1 for 5 trumpets\nGrainne Mulvey, Trinity Fanfare for 2 trumpets and organ\nMenahem Nebenhaus, Fanfare for 4 trumpets\nBen-Zion Orgad, Melosalgia for 2 trumpets\nMartjin Padding, 23 sentences & autograph for double bell trumpet and two echo trumpets\nBryan Page, Middle Movement for trumpet ensemble\nBryan Page, Slow & Fast for trumpet ensemble\nRobert Paterson, Fanfare for 6 Trumpets\nKrzysztof Penderecki, Luzerner Fanfare for 8 trumpets and percussion\nVincent Persichetti, Parable XXV for 2 Trumpets, op. 164\nJohann Christoph Pezel, Sonata No. 69 for 2 trumpets and continuo\nJohann Christoph Pezel, Sonata No. 71 for 2 trumpets and continuo\nJohann Christoph Pezel, Sonata No. 75 for 2 trumpets and continuo\nVerne Reynolds, Calls and Echoes for 2 trumpets\nBrandon Ridenour, The Revenge of Tal for 6 trumpets\nLucia Ronchetti, Dazbog for soprano and 2 trumpets\nCarl Ruggles, Angels for 6 muted trumpets\nDavid Sampson, Flight for 3 trumpets\nDavid Sampson, Inamere for 12 trumpets\nDavid Sampson, Notes from Faraway Places for 2 trumpets\nElliott Schwartz, Downeast Fanfare for 3 trumpets\nStefano Scodanibbio, Plaza for 4 trumpets\nJudith Shatin, Hearing the Call for 2 trumpets and 2 snare drums\nMartin Smolka, pianissimo for 4 trumpets with bucket mutes\nJuan María Solare, Aquelarre (tercera noche de Walpurgis) for 3 trumpets\nJuan María Solare, Fun-fare for 4 trumpets and a drum\nJuan María Solare, Fricción for 2 trumpets\nJames Stephenson, NEXT-Calibur for 3 trumpets and orchestra\nThomas Stevens, A New Carnival of Venice for four trumpets and orchestra\nThomas Stevens, Triangles for 3 trumpets\nGabriel Stockhausen, Firestorm\nKarlheinz Stockhausen, Donnerstags Abschied for 5 trumpets\nKarlheinz Stockhausen, Michaels-Ruf for 4 trumpets\nKarlheinz Stockhausen, Trumpetent for 4 trumpets\nIgor Stravinsky, Fanfare for a New Theatre for 2 trumpets\nJosef Tal, Fanfare for 3 trumpets & 3 trombones\nGeorg Philipp Telemann, Concerto No. 1 for 3 trumpets and timpani in D Major, TWV 54:D3\nGeorg Philipp Telemann, Concerto No. 2 for 3 trumpets and timpani in D Major, TWV 54:D4\nHenri Tomasi, Trio for 3 trumpets\nJoan Tower, Fanfare for the Uncommon Woman (No. 5) for 4 trumpets\nJoseph Turrin, Festival Fanfare for 8 trumpets\nPhil Winsor, Anamorphoses\nKenny Wheeler, Trumpet Quartet\nCharles Wuorinen, Epithalamium for 2 trumpets\nCharles Wuorinen, Big Epithalamium for 8, 12 or 16 trumpets\nLa Monte Young, The Second Dream of the High-Tension Line Stepdown Transformer for 8 trumpets\nJohn Zorn, Antiphonal Fanfare for the Great Hall for 6 trumpets","title":"Trumpet ensemble"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Leslie Bassett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Bassett"},{"link_name":"Howard J. Buss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_J._Buss"},{"link_name":"Howard J. Buss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_J._Buss"},{"link_name":"Eric Ewazen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Ewazen"},{"link_name":"Frigyes Hidas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frigyes_Hidas"},{"link_name":"Václav Nelhýbel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A1clav_Nelh%C3%BDbel"},{"link_name":"Anthony Plog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Plog"},{"link_name":"Francis Poulenc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Poulenc"},{"link_name":"Lucia Ronchetti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucia_Ronchetti"},{"link_name":"David Sampson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Sampson_(composer)"},{"link_name":"John D. Stevens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_D._Stevens"},{"link_name":"Fisher Tull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisher_Tull"}],"text":"Leroy Anderson, Bugler's Holiday\nArshak Andriasov, Brass Trio, op. 9\nLeslie Bassett, Brass Trio\nJoseph Blaha, French Suite\nLauren Bernofsky, Trio for Brass\nSalvador Brotons, Brass Trio, op. 96\nHoward J. Buss, \"Trigon\" for trumpet, trombone, and tuba\nHoward J. Buss, \"Enigmatic Triptych\" for trumpet, horn, and trombone\nAxel Dörner, larft, for trumpet, trombone and tuba\nEric Ewazen, A Philharmonic Fanfare\nArthur Frackenpohl, Trio\nPierre Gabaye, Recréation, for trio and piano\nWalter Hartley, Two Pastiches\nFrigyes Hidas, Triga\nDouglas Hill, Abe Lincoln's Songbook\nWarner Hutchison, Mini-Suite for Brass Trio\nJan Koetsier, Figaro Metamorphosen\nOtto Leuning, Trio\nJean Louël, Trio\nWayne Lu, Partita\nJean-Francois Michel, Suite\nRobert Muczynski, Voyages for Brass Trio\nVáclav Nelhýbel, Trio for Brass\nAnthony Plog, Trio for Brass\nFrancis Poulenc, Sonata for horn, trumpet & trombone\nLucia Ronchetti, Laura o delle simmetrie in ombra\nVerne Reynolds, Trio\nArne Running, Aria and Allegro\nDavid Sampson, Duncan Trio\nRobert Sanders, Trio for Brass Instruments\nSamuel Scheidt, Drei Symphonien\nPatrick Schulz, Refractions II\nDaniel Schnyder, Trio\nLowell Shaw, A Pocket Full of Wry\nJohn D. Stevens, Triangles\nAlexandre Tansman, Miniatures\nEdward Troupin, \"Divertimento\"\nFisher Tull, Trio\nSteven Winteregg, Capital Dances\nNadav Ziv, Events","title":"Brass trio"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brass quintet repertoire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brass_quintet_repertoire"}],"text":"See Brass quintet repertoire","title":"Brass quintet"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Howard J. Buss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_J._Buss"},{"link_name":"Howard J. Buss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_J._Buss"},{"link_name":"Howard J. Buss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_J._Buss"},{"link_name":"Howard J. Buss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_J._Buss"},{"link_name":"Howard J. Buss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_J._Buss"},{"link_name":"Howard J. Buss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_J._Buss"},{"link_name":"Howard J. Buss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_J._Buss"},{"link_name":"Howard J. Buss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_J._Buss"},{"link_name":"Wen-Chung Chou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chou_Wen-chung"},{"link_name":"Louis Durey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Durey"},{"link_name":"Malcolm Forsyth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_Forsyth"},{"link_name":"Philip Glass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Glass"},{"link_name":"Lasst uns erfreuen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasst_uns_erfreuen"},{"link_name":"Jacques Hétu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_H%C3%A9tu"},{"link_name":"Jacques Hétu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_H%C3%A9tu"},{"link_name":"Fred Ho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Ho"},{"link_name":"Eres Holz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eres_Holz"},{"link_name":"André Jolivet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Jolivet"},{"link_name":"Darius Milhaud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darius_Milhaud"},{"link_name":"Darius Milhaud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darius_Milhaud"},{"link_name":"Raymond Premru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Premru"},{"link_name":"Jean Sibelius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Sibelius"},{"link_name":"R. Murray Schafer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._Murray_Schafer"},{"link_name":"Isfahan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isfahan_(song)"},{"link_name":"David Sampson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Sampson_(composer)"},{"link_name":"Clare Shore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clare_Shore"},{"link_name":"Karlheinz Stockhausen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlheinz_Stockhausen"},{"link_name":"Germaine Tailleferre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaine_Tailleferre"},{"link_name":"Michael Tippett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Tippett"},{"link_name":"Mark-Anthony Turnage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark-Anthony_Turnage"},{"link_name":"William Walton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Walton"},{"link_name":"Christian Wolff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Wolff_(composer)"}],"text":"Arshak Andriasov, Torch, No. 1, Op. 6A for Trumpet, Trombone, Piano, and String Quintet\nPierre Ancelin, Tres leys per Ventadour, version for trumpet, two horns, trombone and tuba\nLauren Bernofsky, Passacaglia for brass ensemble\nDavid Borden, Dialogues for trombone & trumpet\nHoward J. Buss, Brom Bones for 4 trumpets, one horn, 3 tenor trombones, one bass trombone, and tuba\nHoward J. Buss, Three Jazzicals for trumpet and tuba\nHoward J. Buss, Time Capsule in versions for flute and trumpet, and trumpet and trombone\nHoward J. Buss, Chromatic Fantasy for 2 trumpets, horn, trombone, and tuba\nHoward J. Buss, Concord for 2 trumpets, horn, trombone, and tuba\nHoward J. Buss, Contrasts in Blue for trumpet, trombone and piano\nHoward J. Buss, Sonic Fables: Lessons from Aesop for 2 trumpets, horn, trombone, tuba, and one percussion\nHoward J. Buss, Trigon for trumpet, trombone and tuba\nWen-Chung Chou, Soliloquy of a bhiksuni, for trumpet with brass and percussion ensemble\nAxel Dörner, Örxome for 4 trumpets, 4 trombones, 4 saxophones, bass clarinet, 2 pianos, double bass and drums/percussion\nLouis Durey, Interlude for 4 trumpets, 4 horns, 3 trombones, tuba and tympani, Op. 112\nMalcolm Forsyth, Aphorisms for trumpet, two horns, trombone and tuba\nPhilip Glass, Brass Sextet for 2 trumpets, 2 horns, trombone and tuba\nStephen Gryc, Choral Prelude: Lasst uns erfreuen for 2 Trumpets, Horn, Trombone and Organ\nJacques Hétu, Fanfare pour une fête, 4 French horns, 4 trumpets, 4 trombones, tuba, 2000\nJacques Hétu, Fanfare pour Lanaudière, 4 French horns, 3 trumpets, 3 trombones, tuba\nFred Ho, Fanfare for the Creeping Meatball, for 2 trumpets and 2 trombones\nEres Holz, Vier Schatten, for 2 trumpets, french horn, trombone and tuba\nAndré Jolivet, Fanfares pour Britannicus for brass ensemble\nErnst Leitner, Intrada, for two trumpets, two horns, two trombones, tuba and organ\nDarius Milhaud, Fanfare for brass ensemble, Op.396\nDarius Milhaud, Fanfare for 2 trumpets and trombone, Op.400\nBryan Page, Kick the Duck for brass band and percussion\nRaymond Premru, Quartet, for brass quartet\nBrandon Ridenour, Adagio for Brass for large brass ensemble\nBrandon Ridenour, Fanfarrea Venezuela! for large brass ensemble\nJean Sibelius, Tiera for Brass Septet and Percussion, JS200 (1899)\nR. Murray Schafer, Isfahan for three brass quintets\nDavid Sampson, Winter Ceremony for 2 trumpets and percussion\nDaniel Schnyder \"Three American Dances\" for 3tp,horn, 3tb and Tuba with ad lib percussion\nDaniel Schnyder \"Four Short Stories\" for 3tp, horn, 3Tb and Tuba\nDaniel Schnyder \"Brass Symphony\" for 4tp 2horns 3tp and Tuba\nDaniel Schnyder \"CUBAC\" for 4 tp, 2 shorn, 3tb and Tuba with ad lib. perc\nClare Shore, Game Piece No. 1 for bells, violin and brass quartet\nKarlheinz Stockhausen, Drachenkampf, for trumpet, trombone, and synthesizer\nGermaine Tailleferre, Prélude et fugue for organ, 2 trumpets and 2 trombones\nMichael Tippett, The Wolf Trap Fanfare, for three trumpets, two trombones and tuba\nMark-Anthony Turnage, Set To, for brass ensemble\nJoseph Turrin, Jazzalogue for brass choir\nJoseph Turrin, Fanfare a la carte for brass choir\nJoseph Turrin, West Side Story Suite for brass choir\nJoseph Turrin, Rhapsody Noel for double brass quintet\nJoseph Turrin, Rhapsody Noel for brass band\nJoseph Turrin, Three Carols for double brass quintet\nJoseph Turrin, Three Carols for brass band\nJoseph Turrin, Overture for Brass for brass band\nJoseph Turrin, Hymn for Diana for brass band\nJoseph Turrin, Rejoice and be Glad for brass band\nJoseph Turrin, Animation for brass band\nJacobTV, Victory Over the Sun, for brass choir and percussion (1999)\nWilliam Walton, Introduction to the National Anthem, for three trumpets, three trombones and snare drum (orig. 12 trumpets)\nNatalie Williams, Fanfare for Elder Conservatorium, for brass ensemble and tympani\nChristian Wolff, Peace March 9, for brass choir and percussion","title":"Brass ensemble"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"George Antheil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Antheil"},{"link_name":"Leonard Bernstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Bernstein"},{"link_name":"Larry Bitensky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Bitensky"},{"link_name":"Rory Boyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rory_Boyle"},{"link_name":"Eugène Bozza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Bozza"},{"link_name":"Vassily Brandt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vassily_Brandt"},{"link_name":"Yehezkel Braun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yehezkel_Braun"},{"link_name":"Howard J. Buss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_J._Buss"},{"link_name":"Howard J. Buss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_J._Buss"},{"link_name":"Théo Charlier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9o_Charlier"},{"link_name":"George Enescu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Enescu"},{"link_name":"Légende","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9gende_(Enescu)"},{"link_name":"Hans Ulrich Engelmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Ulrich_Engelmann"},{"link_name":"Thierry Escaich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thierry_Escaich"},{"link_name":"Eric Ewazen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Ewazen"},{"link_name":"Richard Halligan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Halligan"},{"link_name":"Thorvald Hansen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorvald_Hansen_(composer)"},{"link_name":"Jennifer Higdon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Higdon"},{"link_name":"Paul Hindemith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Hindemith"},{"link_name":"Arthur Honegger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Honegger"},{"link_name":"Bertold Hummel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertold_Hummel"},{"link_name":"Bertold Hummel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertold_Hummel"},{"link_name":"Bertold Hummel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertold_Hummel"},{"link_name":"Jacques Ibert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Ibert"},{"link_name":"Norman Dello Joio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Dello_Joio"},{"link_name":"André Jolivet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Jolivet"},{"link_name":"Kent Kennan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_Kennan"},{"link_name":"Meyer Kupferman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meyer_Kupferman"},{"link_name":"Thomas Larcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Larcher"},{"link_name":"Morten Lauridsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morten_Lauridsen"},{"link_name":"David Loeb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Loeb_(composer)"},{"link_name":"David Loeb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Loeb_(composer)"},{"link_name":"Frederik Magle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederik_Magle"},{"link_name":"Bohuslav Martinů","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohuslav_Martin%C5%AF"},{"link_name":"Sergiu Natra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergiu_Natra"},{"link_name":"Johann Ludwig Krebs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Ludwig_Krebs"},{"link_name":"Johann Ludwig Krebs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Ludwig_Krebs"},{"link_name":"Karl Pilß","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Pil%C3%9F"},{"link_name":"Julien Porret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Julien_Porret&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"William Presser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Presser"},{"link_name":"Chopsticks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chopsticks_(music)"},{"link_name":"Jean-Baptiste Robin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Robin"},{"link_name":"David Sampson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Sampson_(composer)"},{"link_name":"Somei Satoh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somei_Satoh"},{"link_name":"Joseph Guy Ropartz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Guy_Ropartz"},{"link_name":"Adam Schoenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Schoenberg"},{"link_name":"Nikos Skalkottas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikos_Skalkottas"},{"link_name":"Halsey Stevens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halsey_Stevens"},{"link_name":"excerpt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//stonemusic.us/jukebox.html#export"},{"link_name":"score","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//stonemusic.us/scores/exportcd/pastorale.1-2.pdf"},{"link_name":"Robert Suderburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Suderburg"},{"link_name":"Robert Suderburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Suderburg"},{"link_name":"Germaine Tailleferre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaine_Tailleferre"},{"link_name":"Germaine Tailleferre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaine_Tailleferre"},{"link_name":"Henri Tomasi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Tomasi"},{"link_name":"Pavel Josef Vejvanovský","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavel_Josef_Vejvanovsk%C3%BD"},{"link_name":"Giovanni Viviani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Buonaventura_Viviani"},{"link_name":"Giovanni Viviani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Buonaventura_Viviani"},{"link_name":"Alec Wilder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alec_Wilder"},{"link_name":"Charles Wuorinen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Wuorinen"}],"text":"Iosif Andriasov, Concertino for Trumpet and Piano, op. 14\nAnonymous, Seis piezas de clarines para trompeta y organo on Themes by Lully\nByron Adams, Sonata for trumpet and piano\nStephen Adams, Holy City for trumpet and piano\nIosif Andriasian, \"Tune\" for trumpet and piano\nGeorge Antheil, Sonata, for trumpet and piano, W. 143\nJ.E. Barat, Andante and Scherzo\nCarol Barratt, Bravo! Trumpet for trumpet and piano\nGreg Bartholomew, Summer Suite for trumpet and piano\nHoward Bashaw, Music for trumpet and piano\nLeonard Bernstein, Rondo for Lifey for trumpet and piano\nLarry Bitensky, From Those Beginning Notes of Yearning for trumpet and piano\nMarcel Bitsch, Capriccio for trumpet and piano\nVladislav Blazhevich, Concerto No. 5 for trumpet and piano\nRory Boyle, 4 Bagatelles for trumpet and piano\nEugène Bozza, Lied, Badinage and Caprice, for trumpet and piano\nVassily Brandt, Concertpiece No. 1 Opus 11 for trumpet and piano\nVassily Brandt, Concertpiece Opus 12 for trumpet and piano\nYehezkel Braun, Sonata for trumpet and piano\nHoward J. Buss, Meditation and Caprice for trumpet and piano\nHoward J. Buss, Skylines for trumpet and piano\nFulvio Caldini, Blue for trumpet and piano, op. 37/a\nFulvio Caldini, Sonatina in Fanfara for trumpet and piano, op. 65/D\nGeorge Chave, One for the Colonel for trumpet and piano\nThéo Charlier: Solo de Concours\nJean Clergue, Sarabande et Rigaudon\nGeorgy Dimitriv, Concertino for trumpet and piano\nAmy Dunker, Postcards (and Memories) for trumpet and piano\nGeorge Enescu, Légende, for trumpet and piano\nHans Ulrich Engelmann, Epitaph für einen imaginären Freund, for trumpet and piano\nThierry Escaich, Tanz-Fantasie for trumpet and piano or organ\nEric Ewazen, Sonata for Trumpet and Piano\nStanley Friedman, Sonata for Trumpet and Piano\nGirolamo Fantini, Sonata Nos. 1–8 for trumpet and organ\nSandro Gorli, Corrente for trumpet and piano\nRichard Halligan, Meditation, for trumpet and piano\nThorvald Hansen, Sonata for Cornet & Piano, Op. 18\nJennifer Higdon, Trumpet Songs for trumpet and piano\nPaul Hindemith, Trumpet Sonata\nCarl Höhne, Slavische Fantasie for cornet and piano\nTheodore Holdheim, Sonata for trumpet and piano\nArthur Honegger, Intrada, for C trumpet and piano, H 193\nBertold Hummel, Sonatina for trumpet and piano, Op. 1a\nBertold Hummel, Invocationes for trumpet and organ, Op. 68a\nBertold Hummel, Trio for trumpet, percussion and piano, Op. 82a\nJacques Ibert, Impromptu\nNorman Dello Joio, Sonata for Trumpet and Piano\nAndré Jolivet, Air de Bravoure for trumpet and piano\nKent Kennan, Sonata for trumpet and piano\nLev Kogan, Concerto for trumpet and piano\nMeyer Kupferman, Three Ideas for trumpet and piano\nHyeKyung Lee, Frenetic Dream, for trumpet and piano\nThomas Larcher, Uchafu for trumpet and piano\nMorten Lauridsen, Sonata for trumpet and piano\nDavid Loeb, Litany for trumpet and piano\nDavid Loeb, Moresca for trumpet and piano\nFrederik Magle, Kosmos for trumpet and organ\nBohuslav Martinů, Sonatina for Trumpet & Piano, H. 357\nKevin McKee, Centennial Horizon for trumpet and piano\nSergiu Natra, Music for Harp and Three Brass Instruments\nPhilip de Oliveira, Fanfare for trumpet and piano\nJohann Ludwig Krebs, Fantasie in C major for trumpet and organ\nJohann Ludwig Krebs, Fantasie in D major for trumpet and organ\nKarl Pilß, Sonata for trumpet and piano (1935)\nBryan Page, Meditation on America for trumpet and organ\nJulien Porret, 14th Solo de Concours for trumpet and piano\nRobert Pound, Sleep Cycle for trumpet and piano\nWilliam Presser, Suite for trumpet and piano\nBrandon Ridenour, Fantasy on Malaguena for trumpet and piano\nBrandon Ridenour, Scherzo for trumpet and piano\nBrandon Ridenour, Sonata for trumpet and piano\nBrandon Ridenour, Theme and Variations on Chopsticks for trumpet and piano\nVerne Reynolds, Fantasy-Etudes for trumpet and piano\nVerne Reynolds, Sonata for trumpet and piano\nJean-Baptiste Robin, Récits Héroïques (Heroic Tales) for trumpet and organ\nDavid Sampson, The Mysteries Remain for trumpet and organ\nSomei Satoh, Hikari(Light) for trumpet and piano\nJoseph Guy Ropartz, Andante et Allegro for trumpet and piano\nSergio Schmilovich, Infinitum for trumpet and piano\nDaniel Schnyder, Sonata for Trumpet and Piano\nAdam Schoenberg, Separated by Space for trumpet and piano\nNikos Skalkottas, Concertino for trumpet and piano\nJames Stephenson, 2/2 Tango for trumpet and piano\nJames Stephenson, Bagatelle for piccolo trumpet with piano or organ\nJames Stephenson, Burden of Destiny for trumpet and piano\nJames Stephenson, Divertimento for piccolo trumpet and organ\nJames Stephenson, Fanfare for an Angel for trumpet and organ\nJames Stephenson, Fantasie for trumpet and piano\nJames Stephenson, Glimmers of Hope for trumpet and organ\nJames Stephenson, Mutation for trumpet and piano\nJames Stephenson, Reflections for trumpet and piano\nJames Stephenson, Remember Forward for trumpet and piano\nJames Stephenson, Serendipity for trumpet and piano\nJames Stephenson, Sonata for trumpet and piano\nJames Stephenson, Song for trumpet with piano or organ\nJames Stephenson, Sound and Fury for trumpet and organ\nJames Stephenson, Variations on a Theme by Haydn for trumpet and piano\nMax Stern, Tamid for trumpet and piano\nHalsey Stevens, Sonata for trumpet and piano\nJohn Stevens, Sonata for trumpet and piano\nDwight Stone, Pastorale for trumpet and piano; excerpt; score\nRobert Suderburg, Chamber Music VII (\"Ceremonies\"), for trumpet and piano\nRobert Suderburg, Chamber Music VIII (Sonata for trumpet and piano)\nGermaine Tailleferre, Choral for trumpet and piano\nGermaine Tailleferre, Galliarde for trumpet and piano\nHenri Tomasi, Triptyque for trumpet and piano\nJoseph Turrin, Caprice for trumpet and piano\nJoseph Turrin, Three Episodes for trumpet and piano\nJoseph Turrin, Four Miniatures for trumpet and piano\nJoseph Turrin, Two Portraits for trumpet with Flugelhorn double and piano\nJoseph Turrin, Fandango for trumpet, trombone and piano\nJoseph Turrin, Escapade for piccolo trumpet and piano\nPavel Josef Vejvanovský, Sonata a 4 in G minor for trumpet and organ\nGiovanni Viviani, Sonata No. 1 for trumpet and organ\nGiovanni Viviani, Sonata No. 2 for trumpet and organ\nAlec Wilder, Sonata for trumpet and piano\nCharles Wuorinen, Nature's Concord for trumpet and piano","title":"Trumpet and keyboard"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tomaso Albinoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomaso_Albinoni"},{"link_name":"George Antheil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Antheil"},{"link_name":"Georges Aperghis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Aperghis"},{"link_name":"Shai Cohen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shai_Cohen"},{"link_name":"Shai Cohen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shai_Cohen"},{"link_name":"José Ardévol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ard%C3%A9vol"},{"link_name":"Georges Auric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Auric"},{"link_name":"Johann Sebastian Bach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach"},{"link_name":"Brandenburg Concerto No. 2 in F major, BWV 1047","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandenburg_Concertos#Concerto_No._2_in_F_major,_BWV_1047"},{"link_name":"David Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Baker_(composer)"},{"link_name":"Luciano Berio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luciano_Berio"},{"link_name":"Luciano Berio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luciano_Berio"},{"link_name":"Sequenza X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequenza_X"},{"link_name":"Harrison Birtwistle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrison_Birtwistle"},{"link_name":"Heinrich Ignaz Biber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Ignaz_Biber"},{"link_name":"Heinrich Ignaz Biber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Ignaz_Biber"},{"link_name":"Larry Bitensky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Bitensky"},{"link_name":"Anonimo Bolognese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anonimo_Bolognese"},{"link_name":"Henry Brant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Brant"},{"link_name":"Henry Brant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Brant"},{"link_name":"Howard J. Buss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_J._Buss"},{"link_name":"Howard J. Buss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_J._Buss"},{"link_name":"Howard J. Buss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_J._Buss"},{"link_name":"Howard J. Buss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_J._Buss"},{"link_name":"Alfredo Casella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfredo_Casella"},{"link_name":"Alfredo Casella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfredo_Casella"},{"link_name":"Ornette Coleman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornette_Coleman"},{"link_name":"Arcangelo Corelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcangelo_Corelli"},{"link_name":"Peter Maxwell Davies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Maxwell_Davies"},{"link_name":"Vincent d'Indy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_d%27Indy"},{"link_name":"Donald Erb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Erb"},{"link_name":"Robert Erickson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Erickson"},{"link_name":"Thierry Escaich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thierry_Escaich"},{"link_name":"Thierry Escaich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thierry_Escaich"},{"link_name":"Eric Ewazen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Ewazen"},{"link_name":"Eric Ewazen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Ewazen"},{"link_name":"Eric Ewazen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Ewazen"},{"link_name":"Eric Ewazen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Ewazen"},{"link_name":"Mohammed Fairouz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Fairouz"},{"link_name":"Mohammed Fairouz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Fairouz"},{"link_name":"Lorenzo Ferrero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenzo_Ferrero"},{"link_name":"Freedom Variations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenzo_Ferrero#Chamber_and_instrumental_music"},{"link_name":"David Gillingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Gillingham"},{"link_name":"Alexei Haieff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexei_Haieff"},{"link_name":"Richard Halligan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Halligan"},{"link_name":"Paul Hindemith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Hindemith"},{"link_name":"Paul Hindemith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Hindemith"},{"link_name":"Johann Nepomuk Hummel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Nepomuk_Hummel"},{"link_name":"Charles Ives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Ives"},{"link_name":"Charles Ives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Ives"},{"link_name":"Charles Ives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Ives"},{"link_name":"Vincent A. Jockin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_A._Jockin"},{"link_name":"André Jolivet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Jolivet"},{"link_name":"André Jolivet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Jolivet"},{"link_name":"Jo Kondo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo_Kondo"},{"link_name":"Liza Lim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liza_Lim"},{"link_name":"Liza Lim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liza_Lim"},{"link_name":"Liza Lim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liza_Lim"},{"link_name":"Bohuslav Martinů","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohuslav_Martin%C5%AF"},{"link_name":"Alessandro Melani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Melani"},{"link_name":"Alessandro Melani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Melani"},{"link_name":"Darius Milhaud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darius_Milhaud"},{"link_name":"Darius Milhaud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darius_Milhaud"},{"link_name":"Darius Milhaud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darius_Milhaud"},{"link_name":"Václav Nelhýbel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A1clav_Nelh%C3%BDbel"},{"link_name":"Francis Poulenc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Poulenc"},{"link_name":"Francis Poulenc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Poulenc"},{"link_name":"William Presser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Presser"},{"link_name":"Frederic Rzewski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederic_Rzewski"},{"link_name":"Camille Saint-Saëns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camille_Saint-Sa%C3%ABns"},{"link_name":"Septet for trumpet, string quartet, double bass and piano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septet_(Saint-Sa%C3%ABns)"},{"link_name":"David Sampson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Sampson_(composer)"},{"link_name":"Alessandro Scarlatti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Scarlatti"},{"link_name":"Karl Schiske","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Schiske"},{"link_name":"William Schmidt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Schmidt_(composer)"},{"link_name":"Dieter Schnebel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieter_Schnebel"},{"link_name":"Ruth Schönthal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Sch%C3%B6nthal"},{"link_name":"Adam Schoenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Schoenberg"},{"link_name":"Elliott Schwartz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliott_Schwartz"},{"link_name":"Charlotte Seither","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_Seither"},{"link_name":"Alex Shapiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Shapiro"},{"link_name":"Roberto Sierra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Sierra"},{"link_name":"Thomas Stevens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Stevens_(trumpeter)"},{"link_name":"Karlheinz Stockhausen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlheinz_Stockhausen"},{"link_name":"Bassetsu Trio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mittwoch_aus_Licht#Scene_4:_Michaelion"},{"link_name":"Karlheinz Stockhausen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlheinz_Stockhausen"},{"link_name":"Erwachen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klang_(Stockhausen)#Twelfth_Hour:_Erwachen"},{"link_name":"Karlheinz Stockhausen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlheinz_Stockhausen"},{"link_name":"Glanz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klang_(Stockhausen)#Tenth_Hour:_Glanz"},{"link_name":"Karlheinz Stockhausen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlheinz_Stockhausen"},{"link_name":"Karlheinz Stockhausen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlheinz_Stockhausen"},{"link_name":"Quitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licht#Auxiliary_works"},{"link_name":"Karlheinz Stockhausen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlheinz_Stockhausen"},{"link_name":"Schönheit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klang_(Stockhausen)#Sixth_Hour:_Sch%C3%B6nheit"},{"link_name":"Karlheinz Stockhausen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlheinz_Stockhausen"},{"link_name":"Tierkreis Trio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierkreis_(Stockhausen)#Form"},{"link_name":"Karlheinz Stockhausen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlheinz_Stockhausen"},{"link_name":"Vision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donnerstag_aus_Licht#Scene_2:_Vision"},{"link_name":"Alessandro Stradella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Stradella"},{"link_name":"Alessandro Stradella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Stradella"},{"link_name":"Igor Stravinsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky"},{"link_name":"Histoire du Soldat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_du_soldat"},{"link_name":"Igor Stravinsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky"},{"link_name":"Octet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octet_(Stravinsky)"},{"link_name":"Carlos Surinach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Surinach"},{"link_name":"Alexandre Tansman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Tansman"},{"link_name":"Georg Philipp Telemann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Philipp_Telemann"},{"link_name":"Georg Philipp Telemann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Philipp_Telemann"},{"link_name":"Georg Philipp Telemann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Philipp_Telemann"},{"link_name":"Georg Philipp Telemann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Philipp_Telemann"},{"link_name":"László Tihanyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_Tihanyi"},{"link_name":"Virgil Thomson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgil_Thomson"},{"link_name":"Giuseppe Torelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Torelli"},{"link_name":"Manos Tsangaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manos_Tsangaris"},{"link_name":"Edgard Varèse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgard_Var%C3%A8se"},{"link_name":"Octandre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octandre"},{"link_name":"Kevin Volans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Volans"},{"link_name":"Kevin Volans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Volans"},{"link_name":"Anton Webern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Webern"},{"link_name":"Christian Wolff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Wolff_(composer)"},{"link_name":"Christian Wolff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Wolff_(composer)"},{"link_name":"Christian Wolff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Wolff_(composer)"},{"link_name":"Christian Wolff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Wolff_(composer)"},{"link_name":"Christian Wolff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Wolff_(composer)"},{"link_name":"Christian Wolff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Wolff_(composer)"},{"link_name":"Christian Wolff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Wolff_(composer)"},{"link_name":"Christian Wolff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Wolff_(composer)"},{"link_name":"Stefan Wolpe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_Wolpe"},{"link_name":"Stefan Wolpe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_Wolpe"}],"text":"Tomaso Albinoni, Concerto for trumpet, 3 oboes, and basso continuo in C major\nAndy Akiho, \"the rAy's end\" for trumpet, violin and tenor pan\nAndy Akiho, Six Haikus for trumpet, trombone, bass clarinet, and baritone voice\nGeorge Antheil, Symphony for Five Instruments for flute, bassoon, trumpet, trombone and viola\nGeorges Aperghis, Trio, for flute, clarinet and trumpet\nMark Applebaum, Administocracy for trumpet, trombone, bass clarinet, and baritone voice\nChristian Carey, Prayer for trumpet, trombone, bass clarinet, and baritone voice\nShai Cohen, Circles of Time for trumpet and string quartet\nShai Cohen, Encounters for trumpet and Piano\nJosé Ardévol, \"Música de Cámera para seis instrumentos\" for flute, clarinet, basson, trumpet, violin and cello\nAndrew Ardizzola, Distances Between Us for trumpet, saxophone and piano\nGeorges Auric, Suite for clarinet, bassoon, trumpet, violin, cello and piano, incidental music to Marlborough s'en va-t'en guerre\nJohann Sebastian Bach, Brandenburg Concerto No. 2 in F major, BWV 1047\nVykintas Baltakas, RiRo for soprano and trumpet\nDavid Baker, \"Hommage a l'Histoire\" for clarinet, trumpet trombone, percussion, violin and double bass\nHelmut Barbe, \"Miniaturen zu dem Lustspiel, Zwei Herren aus Verona\" for clarinet, trumpet, trombone, double bass, percussion and piano\nGreg Bartholomew, Summer Suite for trumpet and string quartet or sax quartet\nHoward Bashaw, New Rage for Now Age for piano, trumpet, trombone, percussion, saxophone\nHoward Bashaw, Timepieces for piano, violin, cello, trumpet\nLuciano Berio, Kol-Od for trumpet and chamber ensemble\nLuciano Berio, Sequenza X for trumpet and piano\nHarrison Birtwistle, Hoquetus Petrus for piccolo trumpet and 2 flutes\nWalter Blanton, \"Variants II\" for clarinet, trumpet, violin, double bass, piano, percussion\nHeinrich Ignaz Biber, Sonata for trumpet, violin, 2 violas and continuo No. 4 in C major, C. 117\nHeinrich Ignaz Biber, Sonata for trumpet, violin, 2 violas and continuo No. 10 in G minor, C. 123\nLarry Bitensky, The Other Side concertino for trumpet and chamber ensemble\nAnonimo Bolognese, Concerto Op. 4, No. 7 for trumpet, 2 violins, cello and continuo\nOren Boneh, Five Fantasies for trumpet, trombone, bass clarinet, and baritone voice\nHenry Brant, Concave for mezzo-soprano, baritone, trumpet, trombone and chamber ensemble\nHenry Brant, Wind, Water, Clouds and Fire for jazz trumpet, improv organ, improv marimba, 4 choruses and ensemble\nTaylor Brook, Ouaricon Songs, Vol. 2 for trumpet, trombone, bass clarinet, and baritone voice\nHoward J. Buss, Contrasts in Blue for trumpet, trombone, and piano\nHoward J. Buss, Remembrances for trumpet, cello, and piano\nHoward J. Buss, Atmospheres for trumpet/flugelhourn and percussion\nHoward J. Buss, Incantation for trumpet and percussion\nChristian Carey, A Lady for trumpet and soprano\nChristian Carey, Prayer for trumpet, trombone, bass clarinet, and baritone voice\nAlfredo Casella, Serenata for clarinet, basson, trumpet, violin, and cello\nAlfredo Casella, Sinfonia' for piano, clarinet, trumpet and cello, op. 54\nYves Chardon, Sonata for D trumpet and violincello op. 21\nAnnick Chartreux, Le 'dit' de L'ombre for trumpet, string quartet, and solo cello\nAldo Clementi, \"Studi per Tromba, Violino e Pianoforte\"\nOrnette Coleman, The Sacred Mind of Johnny Dolphin for double string quartet, trumpet and percussion\nCarson P. Cooman, \"Chorale and Courante\" for trumpet and double bass\nCarson P. Cooman, \"Lyric Trio\" for trumpet, cello and piano\nCarson P. Cooman, Quintet for trumpet and strings\nCarson P. Cooman, \"Sun Songs\" for trumpet and violin\nCarson P. Cooman, \"Un Regard Eloigne\" for flugelhorn and cello\nArcangelo Corelli, Sonata in D major for trumpet, 2 violins and continuo\nGyula Csapó, Handshake after Shot for two muted trumpets, oboe, electric organ and suspended cardboard box\nChaya Czernowin, IRRATIONAL for trumpet, trombone, bass clarinet, and baritone voice\nPeter Maxwell Davies, Quintet for trumpet and string quartet\nVincent d'Indy, Suite in Olden Style for two flutes, trumpet, 2 violins, viola, cello, op. 24\nJonathan Dawe, A Ship of Fools for trumpet, trombone, bass clarinet, and baritone voice\nRob Deemer, Thalia Fields for flugelhorn and soprano\nNick Didkovsky, Firm, soapy hothead for trumpet, trombone, bass clarinet, and baritone voice\nBrett William Dietz, Atomic Cocktail for trumpet and violin\nAxel Dörner, Komposition für streichquartett und trompete\nAmy Dunker, Etesian Traveller for trumpet, vibraphone and piano\nAmy Dunker, White Moon for trumpet and clarinet\nTy Emerson, Quartet No. 2 for flute, trumpet, cello and percussion\nDonald Erb, Dance Pieces for violin, piano, trumpet and percussion\nRobert Erickson, Night Music\nThierry Escaich, Antiennes oubliées for violin, cello, flute, saxophone, trumpet, trombone and percussion\nThierry Escaich, Élégie for trumpet and instrumental ensemble\nEric Ewazen, \"Mandala\", for flute, clarinet, trumpet, violin, and cello\nEric Ewazen, Quintet for trumpet and strings\nEric Ewazen, Trio for trumpet, cello (viola, trombone or flute), and piano\nEric Ewazen, Trio In E-flat for trumpet, violin and piano\nMohammed Fairouz, Meditation for alto saxophone, trumpet, and amplified double bass\nMohammed Fairouz, Three Shakespeare Songs for clarinet, bassoon, trumpet, trombone, harp, mezzo soprano, violin, double bass\nLorenzo Ferrero, Freedom Variations for trumpet and chamber ensemble\nDavid Franzson, Longitudinal Study #1 for trumpet, trombone, bass clarinet, and baritone voice\nReiko Füting, eternal return (Passacaglia) for trumpet and soprano\nReiko Füting, Land of Silence for trumpet, trombone, bass clarinet, and baritone voice\nReiko Füting, mo(nu)ment for C for trumpet, trombone, bass clarinet, and baritone voice\nJeffrey Gavett, Musicorum et Cantorum for trumpet, trombone, bass clarinet, and baritone voice\nJeffrey Gavett, Proof of Concept for Floating Child for trumpet and soprano\nRobert Gilliam, Trio for violin, trumpet and cello\nDavid Gillingham, ‘’Tourbilion, Whirlwind’’ trio for violin, trumpet and piano\nAlexei Haieff, \"Dance Suite: Princess Zondilda and her Entourage\" for flute, bassoon, trumpet, violin, cello and piano\nRichard Halligan, Dialogues, for trumpet, piano and percussion\nGilles Herbillion, \"Arban\" for trumpet, cello and piano\nGilles Herbillion, \"Elegie\" for trumpet and cello\nPaul Hindemith, \"Drei Stücke\" for clarinet, trumpet, violin, double bass and piano\nPaul Hindemith, \"Tafelmusik\" for flute, two trumpets, violin, and cello\nJohann Nepomuk Hummel, Septett Militaire in C major for piano, flute, violin, clarinet, cello, trumpet and double bass, op. 114\nCharles Ives, \"Allegretto Sombreoso\" for flute, trumpet, three violins, and piano\nCharles Ives, \"Fugue in Four Keys on the Shining Shore\" for flute, trumpet, two violins, viola, cello and double bass\nCharles Ives, \"Scherzo (all the way around and back)\" for flute, trumpet, violin, piano and percussion\nEvan Johnson, my pouert and going ouer for trumpet, trombone, bass clarinet, and baritone voice\nVincent A. Jockin, Quintet, Op. 27, No. 1, for trumpet and string quartet\nAndré Jolivet, Heptade for trumpet and percussion\nAndré Jolivet, 12 Inventions for wind quintet, trumpet, trombone, and string quintet\nSusan Kander, \"Two Tricky Tales, for narrator, clarinet, trumpet, percussion, violin and cello\nFinnur Karlsson, Happy, happy hell in that they for trumpet, trombone, bass clarinet, and baritone voice\nJan Koetsier, \"Duo Giocoso\" for trumpet and viola\nJo Kondo, \"Durante l'Inverno\"\nAndy Kozar, On the End and Being Forgotten for trumpet(s) and electric guitar\nAndy Kozar, Mass for trumpet, trombone, bass clarinet, and baritone voice\nAndy Kozar, To Keep My Loneliness Warm for trumpet, trombone, bass clarinet, and baritone voice\nGyörgy Kurtag, \"Rücklick\" for trumpet double bass and two pianos\nWilliam Lang, Sciarrino Songs for trumpet, trombone, bass clarinet, and baritone voice\nHannah Lash, Music for Eight Lungs for trumpet, trombone, bass clarinet, and baritone voice\nHannah Lash, Stoned Prince for trumpet, trombone, bass clarinet, and baritone voice\nHannah Lash, The Shepherdess and the Chimney Sweep for trumpet, trombone, bass clarinet, baritone voice, and harp\nGeorge Lewis, Apis for trumpet, trombone, bass clarinet, and baritone voice\nLei Liang, Lakescape V for trumpet, trombone, bass clarinet, and baritone voice\nLiza Lim, Ehwaz for trumpet and percussion\nLiza Lim, Songs Found in Dream for oboe, clarinet, saxophone, trumpet, 2 percussionists, cello and bass\nLiza Lim, Veil for flute, clarinet, trumpet, percussion, piano, violin, and cello\nAlexandre Lunsqui, Guttural I-IV for trumpet, trombone, bass clarinet, and baritone voice\nAlexandre Lunsqui, Solis for trumpet and soprano\nKeeril Makan, Becoming Unknown for flute/bass flute, clarinet in a/bass clarinet, trumpet, double bass\nYan Maresz, Metallics for solo trumpet and ensemble\nJonathan Marmor, Monitor for flute, trumpet, horn and 7 synthesizers\nBohuslav Martinů, \"La Revue de Cuisine\" for clarinet, bassoon, trumpet, violin, cello and piano\nAlessandro Melani, Cantata \"All'armi, pensieri\" for soprano, trumpet, cello and continuo\nAlessandro Melani, Cantata \"Quai bellici accenti\" for soprano, trumpet, cello and continuo\nDarius Milhaud, Hécube incidental music for flute, clarinet, bassoon, trumpet and percussion, Op. 177\nDarius Milhaud, Jules César, incidental music for flute, clarinet (or saxophone), trumpet, tuba and percussion, Op. 158\nDarius Milhaud, Macbeth incidental music for flute, clarinet, bassoon, violin, cello, trumpet and percussion, op. 175\nAlex Mincek, Number May Be Defined for trumpet, trombone, bass clarinet, and baritone voice\nAlex Mincek, Poco a Poco for flute, clarinet, trumpet, piano, violin, viola, cello\nErik Morales, \"Passion Dance\"\nFrederick Naftel, \"Broken Consort\" for trumpet, trombone, violin and viola\nVáclav Nelhýbel, \"Quintetto Concertante\" for trumpet, trombone, violin, xylophone and piano\nMaria Newman, Kestrel and Leonardo for trumpet and viola\nKetty Nez, contour(t) for trumpet, marimba and vibraphone\nJuhani Nuorvala, \"Twitching Gait\" for flute, clarinet, trumpet, violin and cello\nLeroy Osmon, Concerto for trumpet, winds and percussion\nLeroy Osmon, Concertino for trumpet, cello and 8 percussionists\nLeroy Osmon, Sonatina for trumpet and viola\nBryan Page, Variations on a Theme by Jack for cornet and guitar\nJohn Payne, \"Quartet\" for alto saxophone, trumpet, viola and double bass\nLarry Polansky, lissatoods for trumpet, voice, percussion and harmonic instrument\nFrancis Poulenc, Quatre poèmes de Max Jacob for voice, flute, oboe, bassoon, trumpet and violin\nFrancis Poulenc, Suite française for 2 oboes, 2 bassoons, 2 trumpets, 3 trombones, percussion and harpsichord\nPrentzl, Sonata for trumpet, bassoon and continuo\nWilliam Presser, \"Three Duets\" for trumpet and double bass\nAugusto Rattenbach, Serenata for flute, clarinet, trumpet and cello\nEric Richards, Fire, fire! for trumpet, trombone, bass clarinet, and baritone voice\nBrandon Ridenour, Music for Trumpet and Djembe\nScott Robins, \"Three Blues\" for trumpet and cello\nDavid Rosenboom, Trio for clarinet, trumpet and bass\nDavid Rothenberg, Trio for clarinet, trumpet and cello\nFrederic Rzewski, Trio for flute, trumpet and piano\nCamille Saint-Saëns, Septet for trumpet, string quartet, double bass and piano, op. 65\nDavid Sampson, Passage for viola and flugelhorn\nDavid Sampson, Three Sides for trumpet, vibraphone and piano\nAlessandro Scarlatti, Cantata \"Su le sponde del Tebro\" for soprano, trumpet, 2 violins, cello and basso continuo\nPeter Schat, \"Due Pezzi\" for flute, trumpet, violin, and percussion\nPeter Schickele, \"Music for Judy\", for trumpet and string quartet\nKarl Schiske, Musik für Klarinette, Trompete und Bratsche\nDaniel Schnyder 'ARABESQUE' for tp and 2 percussionists\nDaniel Schnyder \"Iron Tetrapod\" for 2tp horn and tb\nDaniel Schnyder \"EUPHORIA\" for brass quintet and clarinet or soprano sax\nWilliam Schmidt, \"Jazzberries\" for trumpet, cello and piano\nDieter Schnebel, HD for trumpet and 9 Harley-Davidsons\nRuth Schönthal, \"Trompetengesänge\" for trumpet, mezzo soprano, violin, cello, piano and percussion\nAdam Schoenberg, Ailtyud for flute, clarinet, bassoon, alto saxophone, and trumpet\nElliot Schwartz, \"Music\" for oboe, trumpet and cello\nElliott Schwartz, Sinfonia Juxta for 2 trumpets, piano and percussion\nCharlotte Seither, Waiting for T for trumpet, trombone, percussion and violoncello\nAlex Shapiro, Elegy for trumpet, cello, and piano\nRoberto Sierra, \"Piezas Caracteristicas\" for bass clarinet, trumpet, violin, cello, percussion and piano\nDavid Smooke, A Baby Bigger Grows Than Up Was for trumpet, trombone, bass clarinet, and baritone voice\nDavid Smooke, All Are Welcome for trumpet and soprano\nHeather Stebbins, Quiver for trumpet, trombone, bass clarinet, and baritone voice\nThomas Stevens, Variations on Clifford Intervals for trumpet, vibraphone and bass\nJames Stephenson, Croatian Trio for flute (clarinet), trumpet and piano\nJames Stephenson, \"Thinking\" for clarinet, bassoon, trumpet, violin, cello and piano\nJames Stephenson, Trio Sonata for violin (or flute), trumpet and piano\nJames Stephenson, La Viaggio Vita for violin (or flute), trumpet and piano\nJames Stephenson, Walk Slowly for trumpet, soprano and piano\nKarlheinz Stockhausen, Bassetsu Trio for basset horn, trumpet, and trombone\nKarlheinz Stockhausen, Erwachen for soprano saxophone, trumpet, and cello\nKarlheinz Stockhausen, Glanz for oboe, clarinet, bassoon, trumpet, trombone, tuba, and viola\nKarlheinz Stockhausen, Halt for trumpet and double bass\nKarlheinz Stockhausen, Quitt for alto flute, bassethorn, and piccolo trumpet\nKarlheinz Stockhausen, Schönheit for flute, bass clarinet, and trumpet\nKarlheinz Stockhausen, Tierkreis Trio for trumpet/piano, flute/piccolo, and clarinet/bassethorn\nKarlheinz Stockhausen, Vision for trumpet, tenor, mime, and synthesizer\nWolfgang Stockmeien, Reaktionen Wk 145 for flute, oboe, trumpet, violin, cello and piano\nAlessandro Stradella, Sinfonia alla Serenata \"Il Barcheggio\" for trumpet, 2 violins, cello and continuo\nAlessandro Stradella, Sonata a 8 Viole con una Tromba in D major\nIgor Stravinsky, Histoire du Soldat for clarinet, bassoon, cornet, trombone, violin, double bass and percussion\nIgor Stravinsky, Octet for flute, clarinet, two bassoons, two trumpets, and two trombones\nGerhard Sturany, Duo Op. 1 for trumpet and violin\nCarlos Surinach, Hollywood Carnival, Sketches in Cartoon for flute, clarinet, trumpet, double bass and percussion\nWilliam Sydeman, Duo for trumpet and amplified double bass\nWilliam Sydeman, Quartet for clarinet, trumpet, violin and double bass\nMark Alan Taggart, \"Song at Sunset\" for trumpet and string quartet\nAlexandre Tansman, Divertimento for oboe, clarinet, trumpet, cello and piano\nGeorg Philipp Telemann, Air for trumpet and continuo in D, TWV41:C1\nGeorg Philipp Telemann, Quartet for trumpet, 2 oboes and continuo in D, TWV43:D7\nGeorg Philipp Telemann, Quintet for trumpet, violins, viola and continuo in D, TWV44:1\nGeorg Philipp Telemann, Sinfonia Spirituosa in D Major (2 violins, viola and continuo, trumpet ad libitum)\nLászló Tihanyi, L’épitaphe du soldat for clarinet, bassoon, trumpet, trombone, percussion, violin and bass\nVirgil Thomson,Sonata da Chiesa for E-flat clarinet, trumpet, French horn, trombone, and viola\nAntoine Tisne, \"Strates Colorees\" for oboe, English horn, trumpet, trombone and viola\nGiuseppe Torelli, Sonata for strings and trumpet\nManos Tsangaris, Tafel 3 for trumpet/zugtrompete/quarter-tone flugelhorn/piccolo, soprano, percussion and noise generator (four players in a tree)\nEdgard Varèse, Octandre for seven wind instruments and double bass\nMassimiliano Viel, \"Pulsars in M5\" for trumpet, brass trio, string quartet and electronic sounds\nKevin Volans, \"Trumpet and String Quartet No. 1\"\nKevin Volans, \"Trumpet and String Quartet No. 2\"\nAndré Waignein, Brass Spectacular for ten instruments\nAnton Webern, \"Fünf Geistliche Lieder\" for flute, clarinet, trumpet, harp, violin and soprano\nPaul Wehage, \"Idylle\" for trumpet, two violins, viola, cello and organ\nNatalie Williams, Lullaby for brass ensemble, percussion and 2 cellos\nChristian Wolff, Boras Song for horn, trumpet, violin and piano\nChristian Wolff, Duo 6 for trumpet and violin\nChristian Wolff, For six or seven players (= Music for Merce Cunningham) for violin, viola, trumpet, trombone, piano and bass\nChristian Wolff, Mosaic Trio for trumpet, violin and piano\nChristian Wolff, Nine for flute, clarinet, horn, trumpet, trombone, celeste, piano and two cellos\nChristian Wolff, Pulse for trumpet and percussion\nChristian Wolff, Trio for flute, trumpet and cello\nChristian Wolff, Variation for trumpet, percussion and bass with sound projection\nScott Wollschleger, Bring Something Incomprehensible Into This World for trumpet and soprano\nScott Wollschleger, What Is The Word for trumpet, trombone, bass clarinet, and baritone voice\nStefan Wolpe, Piece for Trumpet and Seven Instruments\nStefan Wolpe, Quartet for trumpet, tenor saxophone, percussion and piano\nScott Worthington, Infinitive for trumpet, trombone, bass clarinet, and baritone voice\nScott Worthington, SILENCE (every spell is muted) for trumpet and soprano\nCharles Wuorinen, Alphabetical Ashbery for trumpet, trombone, bass clarinet, and baritone voice\nRoly Berger Yttrehus, Sextet for French horn, trumpet, percussion, piano, violin and double bass","title":"Chamber music with trumpet"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Trumpet concerto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet_concerto"},{"link_name":"Michael Abels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Abels"},{"link_name":"John Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Adams_(composer)"},{"link_name":"John Addison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Addison"},{"link_name":"Tomaso Albinoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomaso_Albinoni"},{"link_name":"Tomaso Albinoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomaso_Albinoni"},{"link_name":"Tomaso Albinoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomaso_Albinoni"},{"link_name":"La Statira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Statira"},{"link_name":"Leroy Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leroy_Anderson"},{"link_name":"A Trumpeter's Lullaby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Trumpeter%27s_Lullaby"},{"link_name":"Malcolm Arnold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_Arnold"},{"link_name":"Richard Ayres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Ayres"},{"link_name":"Alexander Arutiunian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Arutiunian"},{"link_name":"Trumpet Concerto in A-flat major (1950)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet_Concerto_(Arutunian)"},{"link_name":"Nicolas Bacri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Bacri"},{"link_name":"Luciano Berio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luciano_Berio"},{"link_name":"Kol-Od","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kol-Od"},{"link_name":"Harrison Birtwistle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrison_Birtwistle"},{"link_name":"Herbert Blendinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Blendinger"},{"link_name":"Ernest Bloch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Bloch"},{"link_name":"Oskar Böhme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_B%C3%B6hme"},{"link_name":"Yevgeny Brusilovsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yevgeny_Brusilovsky"},{"link_name":"Howard J. Buss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_J._Buss"},{"link_name":"Dimitrije Bužarovski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitrije_Bu%C5%BEarovski"},{"link_name":"Domenico Cimarosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domenico_Cimarosa"},{"link_name":"Jeremiah Clarke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremiah_Clarke"},{"link_name":"Aaron Copland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Copland"},{"link_name":"Joseph Curiale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Curiale"},{"link_name":"Peter Maxwell Davies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Maxwell_Davies"},{"link_name":"Peter Maxwell Davies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Maxwell_Davies"},{"link_name":"Alfred Desenclos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Desenclos"},{"link_name":"Péter Eötvös","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9ter_E%C3%B6tv%C3%B6s"},{"link_name":"Péter Eötvös","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9ter_E%C3%B6tv%C3%B6s"},{"link_name":"Thierry Escaich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thierry_Escaich"},{"link_name":"Harold Farberman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Farberman"},{"link_name":"Johann Friedrich Fasch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_Fasch"},{"link_name":"Lorenzo Ferrero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenzo_Ferrero"},{"link_name":"Two Cathedrals in the South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenzo_Ferrero#Orchestral_music"},{"link_name":"Petronio Franceschini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petronio_Franceschini"},{"link_name":"Baldassare Galuppi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldassare_Galuppi"},{"link_name":"Michael Gilbertson (composer)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Gilbertson_(composer)"},{"link_name":"Alexander Goedicke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Goedicke"},{"link_name":"Edward Gregson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Gregson"},{"link_name":"HK Gruber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HK_Gruber"},{"link_name":"Joachim Gruner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joachim_Gruner"},{"link_name":"Iain Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iain_Hamilton_(composer)"},{"link_name":"George Frideric Handel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel"},{"link_name":"George Frideric Handel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel"},{"link_name":"George Frideric Handel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel"},{"link_name":"Joseph Haydn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Haydn"},{"link_name":"Trumpet Concerto in E flat major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet_Concerto_(Haydn)"},{"link_name":"Michael Haydn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Haydn"},{"link_name":"Trumpet Concerto in C major, MH 60","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet_Concerto_(Michael_Haydn)"},{"link_name":"Michael Haydn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Haydn"},{"link_name":"Bernhard Heiden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernhard_Heiden"},{"link_name":"Hans Werner Henze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Werner_Henze"},{"link_name":"Johann Wilhelm Hertel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Wilhelm_Hertel"},{"link_name":"Jacques Hétu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_H%C3%A9tu"},{"link_name":"Arthur Honegger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Honegger"},{"link_name":"Alan Hovhaness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Hovhaness"},{"link_name":"Johann Nepomuk Hummel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Nepomuk_Hummel"},{"link_name":"Trumpet Concerto in E major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet_Concerto_(Hummel)"},{"link_name":"Charles Ives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Ives"},{"link_name":"The Unanswered Question","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Unanswered_Question"},{"link_name":"André Jolivet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Jolivet"},{"link_name":"André Jolivet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Jolivet"},{"link_name":"Jan Kapr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Kapr"},{"link_name":"Peter Jona Korn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Jona_Korn"},{"link_name":"Hanna Kulenty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanna_Kulenty"},{"link_name":"Raoul Laparra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raoul_Laparra"},{"link_name":"Lowell Liebermann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowell_Liebermann"},{"link_name":"James MacMillan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_MacMillan"},{"link_name":"Frank Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Martin_(composer)"},{"link_name":"Martín Matalon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_Matalon"},{"link_name":"Darius Milhaud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darius_Milhaud"},{"link_name":"Darius Milhaud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darius_Milhaud"},{"link_name":"Johann Molter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Melchior_Molter"},{"link_name":"Paul Moravec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Moravec"},{"link_name":"Leopold Mozart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_Mozart"},{"link_name":"Trumpet Concerto in D major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet_Concerto_(Leopold_Mozart)"},{"link_name":"Johann Baptist Georg Neruda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Baptist_Georg_Neruda"},{"link_name":"Olga Neuwirth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Neuwirth"},{"link_name":"Christopher Norton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Norton"},{"link_name":"Sean O'Boyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_O%27Boyle"},{"link_name":"Andrzej Panufnik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrzej_Panufnik"},{"link_name":"Arvo Pärt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arvo_P%C3%A4rt"},{"link_name":"Stephen Paulus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Paulus"},{"link_name":"Giacomo Antonio Perti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giacomo_Antonio_Perti"},{"link_name":"Matthias Pintscher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthias_Pintscher"},{"link_name":"Matthias Pintscher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthias_Pintscher"},{"link_name":"Anthony Plog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Plog"},{"link_name":"Amilcare Ponchielli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amilcare_Ponchielli"},{"link_name":"Gerhard Präsent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Pr%C3%A4sent"},{"link_name":"Henry Purcell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Purcell"},{"link_name":"Erkegali Rakhmadiyev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erkegali_Rakhmadiyev"},{"link_name":"Franz Richter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Xaver_Richter"},{"link_name":"Wolfgang Rihm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Rihm"},{"link_name":"Vivian Adelberg Rudow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivian_Adelberg_Rudow"},{"link_name":"Aulis Sallinen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aulis_Sallinen"},{"link_name":"David Sampson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Sampson_(composer)"},{"link_name":"R. Murray Schafer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._Murray_Schafer"},{"link_name":"Rodion Konstantinovich Shchedrin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodion_Konstantinovich_Shchedrin"},{"link_name":"Dmitri Shostakovich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitri_Shostakovich"},{"link_name":"Concerto in C minor for piano, trumpet, and string orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano_Concerto_No._1_(Shostakovich)"},{"link_name":"Karlheinz Stockhausen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlheinz_Stockhausen"},{"link_name":"Michaels Reise um die Erde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donnerstag_aus_Licht#Act_2:_Michaels_Reise_um_die_Erde"},{"link_name":"Simon Stockhausen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Stockhausen"},{"link_name":"Gottfried Heinrich Stölzel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottfried_Heinrich_St%C3%B6lzel"},{"link_name":"Germaine Tailleferre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaine_Tailleferre"},{"link_name":"Giuseppe Tartini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Tartini"},{"link_name":"Georg Philipp Telemann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Philipp_Telemann"},{"link_name":"Georg Philipp Telemann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Philipp_Telemann"},{"link_name":"Georg Philipp Telemann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Philipp_Telemann"},{"link_name":"Georg Philipp Telemann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Philipp_Telemann"},{"link_name":"Henri Tomasi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Tomasi"},{"link_name":"Giuseppe Torelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Torelli"},{"link_name":"Giuseppe Torelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Torelli"},{"link_name":"Fisher Tull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisher_Tull"},{"link_name":"Mark-Anthony Turnage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark-Anthony_Turnage"},{"link_name":"Mark-Anthony Turnage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark-Anthony_Turnage"},{"link_name":"Dispelling the Fears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispelling_the_Fears"},{"link_name":"Antonio Vivaldi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Vivaldi"},{"link_name":"RV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryom_Verzeichnis"},{"link_name":"Antonio Vivaldi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Vivaldi"},{"link_name":"Tito Manlio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tito_Manlio"},{"link_name":"John Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Williams"},{"link_name":"Luigi Zaninelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Zaninelli"},{"link_name":"Luigi Zaninelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Zaninelli"},{"link_name":"Marc'Antonio Ziani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc%27Antonio_Ziani"},{"link_name":"Bernd Alois Zimmermann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernd_Alois_Zimmermann"}],"text":"See also: Trumpet concertoMichael Abels, American Variations on \"Swing Low, Sweet Chariot\"\nJohn Adams, Tromba Iontana for two trumpets and orchestra\nJohn Addison, Concerto for trumpet, strings and percussion (1958)\nTomaso Albinoni, Sonata a sei con tromba in C major (for trumpet, 2 violins, 2 violas and basso continuo)\nTomaso Albinoni, Sinfonia in D major for the first act of Zenobia (for trumpet, 2 violins, 2 violas, cello and basso continuo)\nTomaso Albinoni, \"Vien con nuova orribil guerra\" from La Statira for soprano, 2 trumpets, 2 oboes, strings and continuo\nBoris Alexandrov, Concerto for trumpet and orchestra\nLeroy Anderson, A Trumpeter's Lullaby\nIosif Andriasov, Concertino for trumpet and orchestra, Op. 14\nIosif Andriasov, Passacaglia for trumpet, trombone and string orchestra, Op. 22\nIosif Andriasov, Musical Sketch for trumpet and chamber orchestra, Op. 23a\nMalcolm Arnold, Trumpet Concerto\nRichard Ayres, No. 31 (NONcerto for trumpet)\nAlexander Arutiunian, Trumpet Concerto in A-flat major (1950)\nVazha Azarashvili, Concerto for trumpet and orchestra\nAziz Azizov, Concerto for trumpet and orchestra\nNicolas Bacri, Concerto Episodes for trumpet and orchestra\nValentinas Bagdonas, Concerto for trumpet and orchestra\nGennady Banshchikov, Concertino for trumpet and orchestra\nHenry Barraud, Symphonie concertante, for trumpet and orchestra\nGreg Bartholomew, Summer Suite for trumpet and chamber orchestra or string orchestra\nNicholas Berdiev, Concerto No. 1 for trumpet and orchestra\nNicholas Berdiev, Concerto No. 2 for trumpet and orchestra\nNicholas Berdiev, Concerto No. 3 for trumpet and orchestra\nNicholas Berdiev, Concerto No. 4 for trumpet and orchestra\nLuciano Berio, Kol-Od (Chemins VI)\nLauren Bernofsky, Concerto for trumpet and orchestra (1998)\nHarrison Birtwistle, Endless Parade, for trumpet, vibraphone and strings\nB. Blagovidov, Concerto for trumpet and orchestra\nHerbert Blendinger, Concerto barocco for trumpet and orchestra (1977)\nErnest Bloch, Proclamation\nYa Bobokhidze, Concerto for trumpet and orchestra\nI. Bobrovski, Concerto for trumpet\nOskar Böhme, Concerto for Trumpet, Op. 18\nSergei Bolotin, Concerto for trumpet and orchestra\nYevgeny Brusilovsky, Concerto for trumpet and orchestra\nHoward J. Buss, Skylines for trumpet and orchestra\nDimitrije Bužarovski, Concerto for trumpet and strings Op. 58\nCharles Chaynes, Trumpet Concerto No. 1\nCharles Chaynes, Trumpet Concerto No. 2\nChen-Bao, Concerto for trumpet\nDomenico Cimarosa, Trumpet Concerto in C Major (transcribed from Oboe Concerto)\nJeremiah Clarke, Suite in D\nAaron Copland, Quiet City for trumpet, English horn and strings\nJoseph Curiale, Blue Windows\nPeter Maxwell Davies, Trumpet Concerto\nPeter Maxwell Davies, Strathclyde Concerto No. 3, for horn, trumpet, and orchestra\nTansy Davies, Spiral House for trumpet and orchestra\nAlfred Desenclos, Incantation, Threne et Danse\nB. Domoratzky, Concerto for trumpet and piano\nNikolay Dremliuga, Concerto for trumpet and orchestra\nJoe Drew, Haydn's Retrofitted Trumpet Concerto\nEnke, Concerto for trumpet\nPéter Eötvös, Jet Stream\nPéter Eötvös, Snatches of a Conversation, for double-bell trumpet, speaker, and ensemble\nThierry Escaich, Résurgences for trumpet and orchestra\nN. Evstratov, Concerto for trumpet\nHarold Farberman, Double Concerto for Single Trumpet\nJohann Friedrich Fasch, Trumpet Concerto in D Major, FWV L:D1\nLeonid Feigin, Concerto for trumpet and orchestra\nGrigory Feldman, Concerto for trumpet\nLorenzo Ferrero, Two Cathedrals in the South, concertino for trumpet and string orchestra\nRon Ford, Gabriel\nPetronio Franceschini, Sonata in D major for 2 trumpets, strings and continuo\nLuca Francesconi, Hard Pace, for trumpet and orchestra\nBaldassare Galuppi, Alla tromba della Fama for soprano, trumpet, strings and continuo\nA. Geifman, Concerto for trumpet\nMichael Gilbertson (composer), Concerto for trumpet and orchestra\nAlexander Goedicke, Concert Etude for Trumpet and Orchestra, Op. 49\nVadim Gomoliaka, Concerto for trumpet\nEdward Gregson, Concerto for Trumpet, Strings and Timpani\nJoseph Arnold Gross, Trumpet Concerto in D major\nHK Gruber, Aerial\nJoachim Gruner, Concerto for Trumpet and Orchestra No. 1\nRashid Gubaidullina, Concerto for trumpet\nRobert Lewis Hall, Concerto for string orchestra, four trumpets, keyboard and harp\nIain Hamilton, Circus for two trumpets and orchestra\nGeorge Frideric Handel, Overture to \"Atalanta\" for trumpet and orchestra\nGeorge Frideric Handel, Trumpet Concerto No. 9 in B-flat Major\nGeorge Frideric Handel, Mr. Handel's Celebrated Water Piece, for trumpet and strings\nJoseph Haydn, Trumpet Concerto in E flat major\nMichael Haydn, Trumpet Concerto in C major, MH 60\nMichael Haydn, Trumpet Concerto in D major, MH 104\nBernhard Heiden, Concerto Music for trumpet and orchestra\nPiers Hellawell, Cors de chasse, for trumpet, trombone, and orchestra\nHans Werner Henze, Requiem\nJohann Wilhelm Hertel, Double Concerto in E-flat Major for trumpet and oboe\nJacques Hétu, Concerto for trumpet and small orchestra, Op. 43\nArthur Honegger, Symphony No. 2 for strings and trumpet\nAlan Hovhaness, Prayer of St. Gregory, Op. 62b, for B-flat trumpet and strings (or organ)\nJohann Nepomuk Hummel, Trumpet Concerto in E major\nCharles Ives, The Unanswered Question for trumpet and orchestra\nB. Iarovinskii, Concerto for trumpet\nLeonid Israelevich, Concert-Poem for trumpet and orchestra\nAndré Jolivet, Concertino for Trumpet, Strings and Piano\nAndré Jolivet, Trumpet Concerto No. 2\nJan Kapr, Omaggio alla Tromba for 2 trumpets and orchestra\nSabir Karim-Khodzhi, Concerto No. 1 for trumpet and orchestra\nSabir Karim-Khodzhi, Concerto No. 2 for trumpet and orchestra\nLev Kogan, Concerto for trumpet\nLev Kolodub, Concerto for trumpet and orchestra\nTomas Korganov, Concerto for trumpet, Op. 21\nPeter Jona Korn, Concerto for trumpet\nAleksandr Krasotov, Concerto for trumpet and orchestra\nVladimir Kriukov, Concerto-poem, Opus 59, for trumpet and orchestra\nHanna Kulenty, Trumpet Concerto\nKuddus Kuzhamiarov, Concerto for trumpet and orchestra\nRaoul Laparra, Suite Italienne\nYakov Lapinskii, Concerto for trumpet and orchestra\nI. Lapshan, Concerto for trumpet\nWilliam Latham, Suite for trumpet and orchestra\nSvetlana Leonchik, Concerto for trumpet and orchestra\nI. Leonov, Concerto for trumpet\nLowell Liebermann, Concerto for Trumpet and Orchestra, Op. 64\nA. Luppov, Concerto for trumpet\nJames MacMillan, Epiclesis\nLeo Mal'ter, Concertino for trumpet\nAl'bert Markov, Concertino for trumpet\nFrank Martin, Concerto for seven wind instruments, timpani, percussion, and string orchestra (1949)\nGeorges Marty, Choral for trumpet and orchestra\nMartín Matalon, Trame V\nJekabs Medin, Concerto for trumpet\nDarius Milhaud, Symphonie concertante for bassoon, horn, trumpet, double bass and orchestra, Op.376\nDarius Milhaud, La couronne de gloire, Cantata for voice and chamber ensemble (flute, trumpet, strings), Op. 211\nJohann Molter, Trumpet Concerto No. 1 in D\nO. Moralev, Concertino for trumpet\nPaul Moravec, Songs of Love and War for baritone, trumpet, chorus and strings\nLeopold Mozart, Trumpet Concerto in D major\nAleksandr Mulyar, Concerto for trumpet\nTimur Mynbaev, Concerto for trumpet\nJohann Baptist Georg Neruda, Concerto in E-flat for Trumpet and Strings\nArkady Nesterov, Concerto for trumpet and orchestra\nOlga Neuwirth, ... miramondo multiplo..., for C and piccolo trumpets and orchestra\nChristopher Norton, Concertino for trumpet and strings\nChari Nurymov, Concerto for trumpet and orchestra\nSean O'Boyle, Lonseome Prairie\nD. Osinovskii, Concerto for trumpet\nLeroy Osmon, Ballad for trumpet, piano and strings\nAlexandria Pakhmutova, Concerto for trumpet and orchestra\nFabian Panisello, Trumpet Concerto\nAndrzej Panufnik, Concerto in modo antico for trumpet, 2 harps, harpsichord, and strings\nArvo Pärt, Concerto Piccolo über B-A-C-H for trumpet, strings, harpsichord and piano\nStephen Paulus, Concerto for Two Trumpets and Orchestra\nGiacomo Antonio Perti, Sinfonia to 'L'Inganno scoperto per Vendetta' (1691) for trumpet, strings and basso continuo\nVladimir Peskin, Concerto No. 1 for trumpet\nVladimir Peskin, Concerto No. 2 for trumpet\nVladimir Peskin, Concerto No. 3 for trumpet\nMatthias Pintscher, Celestial Object I for trumpet and ensemble\nMatthias Pintscher, Occultation for solo horn, solo trumpet and ensemble\nAnthony Plog, Trumpet Concerto no. 1\nAmilcare Ponchielli, Concerto for trumpet and wind band in F\nGerhard Präsent Himmelslicht concerto for trumpet and orchestra\nGene Pritsker, Sonnets for trumpet and string orchestra\nHenry Purcell, Sonata, Trumpet and Strings Z.850\nErkegali Rakhmadiyev, Concerto for trumpet and orchestra\nSamuil Ratner, Concerto for trumpet\nFranz Richter, Trumpet Concerto in D Major\nWolfgang Rihm, Marsyas Rhapsody for Trumpet, Percussion & Orchestra\nVivian Adelberg Rudow, Dark Waters\nAulis Sallinen, Sunrise Serenade Op. 63, 2 trumpets, piano and string orchestra\nDavid Sampson, Serenade for flugelhorn and orchestra\nDavid Sampson, Triptych for trumpet and orchestra\nR. Murray Schafer, The Falcon's Trumpet\nDaniel Schnyder Concerto for Trumpet and Orchestra\nIl'ya Shakhov, Romantic Concerto\nRodion Konstantinovich Shchedrin, Concerto for trumpet and orchestra\nVyacheslav Shchelokov, Concerto No. 1 for trumpet and orchestra\nVyacheslav Shchelokov, Concerto No. 2 for trumpet and orchestra\nVyacheslav Shchelokov, Concerto No. 3 for trumpet and orchestra\nVyacheslav Shchelokov, Concerto, \"Children's Concerto\" for trumpet and orchestra\nYuri Shchurovskii, Concerto for trumpet\nDmitri Shostakovich, Concerto in C minor for piano, trumpet, and string orchestra, Op. 35\nNikolay Silvanskii, Concerto for trumpet and orchestra\nAntonio Spadavecchia, Concerto for trumpet and orchestra\nJames Stephenson, Concerto No. 1 for trumpet and orchestra\nJames Stephenson, Cousins for trumpet, saxophone and orchestra\nJames Stephenson, Rextreme: Concerto No. 2 for trumpet and orchestra\nJames Stephenson, The Russian Concerto for trumpet, piano and string orchestra\nJames Stephenson, Tribute to Louis Armstrong for trumpet and orchestra\nKarlheinz Stockhausen, Michaels Reise um die Erde for trumpet and orchestra\nSimon Stockhausen, Windschatten for flugelhorn, orchestra and electronics\nGottfried Heinrich Stölzel, Concerto for trumpet in D\nR. Svirskii, Concertino for trumpet\nGermaine Tailleferre, Sinfonietta for trumpet, strings and tympani\nOtar Taktakishvili, Concerto for trumpet and orchestra\nEino Tamberg, Concerto for trumpet and orchestra\nGiuseppe Tartini, Trumpet Concerto in D\nGeorg Philipp Telemann, Trumpet Concerto No. 1 in D Major TWV51:D7\nGeorg Philipp Telemann, Concerto for 2 oboes and trumpet in D Major TWV 53:D2\nGeorg Philipp Telemann, Sonata for trumpet and strings in D Major, TWV 41:DA3 also known as Quintet for trumpet, violins, viola and continuo in D, TWV44:1\nGeorg Philipp Telemann, Trumpet Concerto in C Minor (Oboe concerto transcribed by M. Andre) TWV51:c1\nOtar Tevtoradze,'Concerto for trumpet\nHenri Tomasi, Concerto for trumpet and orchestra\nGiuseppe Torelli, Sinfonia con tromba\nGiuseppe Torelli, Trumpet Concerto in D Major\nBogdon Trotsiuk, Concert-Symphony for trumpet\nRezvan Tsorionti, Concerto for trumpet\nVladimir Tsybin, Concerto for trumpet and orchestra\nFisher Tull, Rhapsody for trumpet and orchestra\nMark-Anthony Turnage, From the Wreckage\nMark-Anthony Turnage, Dispelling the Fears for two trumpets and orchestra\nJoseph Turrin, Concerto for trumpet and orchestra\nMoisei Vainberg, Concerto for trumpet and orchestra, op. 95\nSergei Vasilenko, Concerto for trumpet and orchestra, op. 113\nA. Vasilev-Aslamas, Concerto Rhapsody for trumpet\nAntonio Vivaldi, Concerto for two trumpets and strings in C major, RV 537\nAntonio Vivaldi, \"Combatta un gentil cor\" from Tito Manlio for soprano, trumpet, strings and continuo RV 738\nMichael Blake Watkins, Trumpet Concerto\nMieczyslaw Weinberg, Concerto for Trumpet and Orchestra, Op. 94\nJohn Williams, Trumpet Concerto\nJoe Wolfe, Trumpet concerto\nLuigi Zaninelli, Aria festiva for trumpet, trumpet choir and orchestra\nLuigi Zaninelli, Autumn Music, for trumpet and strings\nMarc'Antonio Ziani, \"Trombe d'Ausonia\" from La Flora for soprano, trumpet and continuo\nBernd Alois Zimmermann, Nobody Knows De Trouble I See, for trumpet and orchestra","title":"Trumpet and orchestra"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mary Jeanne van Appledorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Jeanne_van_Appledorn"},{"link_name":"Jerry Bilik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Bilik"},{"link_name":"Larry Bitensky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Bitensky"},{"link_name":"Larry Bitensky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Bitensky"},{"link_name":"Henry Brant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Brant"},{"link_name":"Robert Farnon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Farnon"},{"link_name":"Jean Françaix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Fran%C3%A7aix"},{"link_name":"Alan Hovhaness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Hovhaness"},{"link_name":"Karel Husa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karel_Husa"},{"link_name":"Jukka Linkola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jukka_Linkola"},{"link_name":"John Mackey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Mackey_(composer)"},{"link_name":"Daniel Pinkham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Pinkham"},{"link_name":"Alfred Reed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Reed"},{"link_name":"Jerzy Sapieyevski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerzy_Sapieyevski"},{"link_name":"Alec Wilder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alec_Wilder"},{"link_name":"Alec Wilder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alec_Wilder"}],"text":"Mary Jeanne van Appledorn, Concerto for trumpet and band\nRichard Rodney Bennett, Concerto for trumpet and wind orchestra\nJerry Bilik, Concerto for trumpet and band\nLarry Bitensky, Awake You Sleepers for trumpet and wind ensemble\nLarry Bitensky, The Closing of the Gates for trumpet and wind ensemble\nJeffrey Boehm, Homage for Dave and Dolly for trumpet and wind band\nHenry Brant, Concerto for alto saxophone or trumpet and nine instruments\nTimothy Broege, Concert Piece for trumpet and band\nRobert Farnon, Blow the Wind Southerly for trumpet and wind symphony\nJean Françaix, Le Gai Paris for trumpet and orchestral wind ensemble\nDavid Gillingham, When Speaks the Signal Trumpet-Tone for trumpet, flugelhorn, piccolo trumpet and wind ensemble\nStephen Gryc, Evensong for trumpet and wind ensemble\nDaron Hagen, Concerto for flugelhorn and wind ensemble\nWalter Hartley, Concertino for trumpet and wind ensemble\nAlan Hovhaness, Return and Rebuild the Desolate Places for trumpet and wind orchestra\nKarel Husa, Concerto for trumpet and wind orchestra\nWilliam Latham, Fantasy for trumpet and wind ensemble\nPeter Lawrence, Dialogue for trumpet, cornet and wind band\nIstvan Lendvay, Concerto for trumpet and wind orchestra\nJukka Linkola, Tango-Tarantella for trumpet and symphonic band\nWilliam Linn, Concerto Grosso for brass trio and winds\nJohn Mackey, Antique Violences: Concerto for Trumpet with winds, brass, and percussion\nMartin Mailman, Concertino for trumpet and band\nLeroy Osmon, \"Concerto for Trumpet, Winds and Percussion\"\nAndrei Petrov, Concerto for trumpet and wind orchestra\nDaniel Pinkham, Serenades for solo trumpet and wind ensemble\nAlfred Reed, Concerto for trumpet and winds\nJerzy Sapieyevski, Concerto for trumpet and winds\nHale Smith, Exchanges for trumpet and band\nJames Stephenson, August in York for solo trumpet and concert band\nJames Stephenson, Duo Fantastique for two solo trumpet and concert band\nJames Stephenson, Queen of the Night Aria for piccolo trumpet and concert band\nFisher Tull, Rhapsody for trumpet and winds\nJoseph Turrin, Chronicles for trumpet and wind orchestra\nJoseph Turrin, Fandango for trumpet, trombone and wind band\nJoseph Turrin, The Sounding of the Call for trumpet and wind ensemble\nFloyd Werle, Concertos No. 1-4 for trumpet and band\nMaurice Whitney, Concertino for trumpet and concert band\nAlec Wilder, Concerto No. 1 for trumpet and wind ensemble\nAlec Wilder, Concerto No. 2 for trumpet, flugelhorn and wind ensemble\nThorstein Wollmann, Concerto for jazz-trumpet and symphonic band","title":"Trumpet and wind ensemble"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Howard J. Buss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_J._Buss"},{"link_name":"Christopher Cerrone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Cerrone"},{"link_name":"Charles Dodge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Dodge_(composer)"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Harvey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Harvey_(composer)"},{"link_name":"Jouni Kaipainen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jouni_Kaipainen"},{"link_name":"Hannah Lash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannah_Lash"},{"link_name":"Henri Lazarof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Lazarof"},{"link_name":"Olga Neuwirth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Neuwirth"},{"link_name":"Andrew Powell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Powell"},{"link_name":"Roger Reynolds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Reynolds"},{"link_name":"David Sampson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Sampson_(composer)"},{"link_name":"Annette Schlünz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annette_Schl%C3%BCnz"},{"link_name":"Elliott Schwartz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliott_Schwartz"},{"link_name":"Roger Smalley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Smalley"},{"link_name":"Karlheinz Stockhausen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlheinz_Stockhausen"},{"link_name":"Karlheinz Stockhausen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlheinz_Stockhausen"},{"link_name":"Karlheinz Stockhausen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlheinz_Stockhausen"},{"link_name":"Hugo Ball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ball"}],"text":"Eve Beglarian, Island of the Sirens for trumpet, trombone, bass clarinet, baritone voice, and electronics\nChristopher Biggs, \"Decoherence\" for trumpet and computer (2014)\nJeffrey Boehm, Dresden Abandoned for trumpet and live electronics\nJeffrey Boehm, Ovid's Dream for trumpet and live electronics\nJeffrey Boehm, Reflections of Sherrie for trumpet and live electronics\nPeter Burt, Auf dem Wasser zu spielen for trumpet, tape and live electronics\nHoward J. Buss, \"Alien Loop de Loops\" for trumpet and electronic recording (fixed media) Brixton Publications\nChristopher Cerrone, How to Breathe Underwater for male voice, bass clarinet, trumpet, trombone, pre-recorded electronics\nQuinn Collins, Blister for trumpet and tape\nQuinn Collins, Nervous Aluminum Rabbit for trumpet, trombone, bass clarinet, baritone voice, and electronics\nChris Cresswell, all that's left is dirt and sky for trumpet, soprano, and electronics\nCharles Dodge, Extensions for trumpet and tape\nJoseph Drew, I Blur Noel for quarter-tone flugelhorn and tape\nAaron Einbond, Central Park for trumpet, trombone, bass clarinet, baritone voice, and electronics\nEli Fieldsteel, \"Fractus I\" for trumpet and SuperCollider (2010, rev. 2012)\nDavid Franzson, Longitudinal Study #1 for trumpet and electronics\nJeffrey Gavett, Moving Target for trumpet and electronics\nJohn Gibson, \"Out of Hand\" for trumpet, trombone, and computer (2008)\nTyler Harrison, Flutter for trumpet and electronics\nJonathan Harvey, Ricarcare una Melodia for trumpet and tape-delay system\nWilliam Hellermann, Passages 13-The Fire for trumpet and tape\nEres Holz, 6 Mosaik Inventionen for trumpet, piano and live-electronics (2004)\nrichard johnson, \"Introit\" for trumpet, electronics, and video (2011)\nJouni Kaipainen, Altaforte, op. 18\nMary Kouyoumdjian, Where Once for trumpet, trombone, bass clarinet, baritone voice, and electronics\nYannis Kyriakides, Dog Song (Cerberus serenades Orpheus) for double-bell trumpet, soundtrack and computer\nHannah Lash, Secrets for trumpet and tape\nHenri Lazarof, Concertazioni for trumpet, 6 instruments and 4-channel tape\nClaus-Steffen Mahnkopf, 432 Park Ave. for trumpet, trombone, bass clarinet, baritone voice, and electronics\nRyan Manchester, Tattva for trumpet and tape\nYan Maresz, Metallics for trumpet and electronics\nPaula Matthusen, old fires catch old buildings for trumpet, trombone, bass clarinet, baritone voice, and electronics\nPaula Matthusen, on the imagined relations of night sounds (and silent darkness) for trumpet and electronics\nTed Moore, fiery walls for trumpet and SuperCollider\nAngélica Negrón, dóabin for trumpet, trombone, bass clarinet, baritone voice, and electronics\nOlga Neuwirth, Addio...sognando for trumpet and tape\nTae Hong Park, t1 for trumpet and tape\nAndrew Powell, Plasmogeny II for trumpet, live electronics and tape\nRoger Reynolds, The Serpent-Snapping Eye for trumpet, percussion, piano and tape\nDavid Sampson, Breakaway for 2 trumpets and electronics\nAnnette Schlünz, Copeaux, éclisses for oboe, bass clarinet, trumpet, cello and electronics\nElliott Schwartz, Music for Napoleon and Beethoven for trumpet, piano and 2 tapes\nRoger Smalley, Echo III for trumpet with tape delay\nHeather Stebbins, Tracer for trumpet and electronics\nKarlheinz Stockhausen, Aries for C trumpet and tape\nKarlheinz Stockhausen, Pietà for quarter-tone flugelhorn, soprano and tape\nKarlheinz Stockhausen, Trompete for C trumpet and tape\nBernd Thewes, Koko for trumpet and tape (text by Hugo Ball)\nKen Ueno, Quentin for trumpet and electronics\nSkye van Duuren, Thoughts on the Death of a Tree for flugelhorn and electronics (2020)\nAurelio de la Vega, Para-Tangents for trumpet and pre-recorded sounds\nMassimiliano Viel, Pulsars for trumpet and electronic sounds\nSamuel Wells, \"(dys)functions\" for trumpet and electronics (2011)\nSamuel Wells, \"minong\" for piccolo trumpet, live electronics, and video (2012)\nRobert Wieck, Eluxée for trumpet, four-track tape and live electronics\nScott Worthington, A Different Infiniteness for trumpet, trombone, bass clarinet, baritone voice, and electronics\nScott Worthington, A Few Kites for trumpet, violin, and electronics\nScott Worthington, Still Life for trumpet and electronics","title":"Electroacoustic"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Karlheinz Stockhausen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlheinz_Stockhausen"},{"link_name":"Donnerstag aus Licht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donnerstag_aus_Licht"},{"link_name":"Karlheinz Stockhausen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlheinz_Stockhausen"},{"link_name":"Samstag aus Licht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samstag_aus_Licht"},{"link_name":"Karlheinz Stockhausen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlheinz_Stockhausen"},{"link_name":"Dienstag aus Licht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dienstag_aus_Licht"},{"link_name":"Karlheinz Stockhausen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlheinz_Stockhausen"},{"link_name":"Sonntag aus Licht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonntag_aus_Licht"},{"link_name":"Isabel Mundry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabel_Mundry"}],"text":"Karlheinz Stockhausen, Donnerstag aus Licht (Michael)\nKarlheinz Stockhausen, Samstag aus Licht (Michael)\nKarlheinz Stockhausen, Dienstag aus Licht (Michael)\nKarlheinz Stockhausen, Sonntag aus Licht (Michael)\nIsabel Mundry, Ein Atemzug – die Odyssee (Odysseus)","title":"Theatrical roles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Johann Sebastian Bach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach"},{"link_name":"Magnificat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnificat_in_E-flat_major,_BWV_243a"},{"link_name":"Béla Bartók","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Bart%C3%B3k"},{"link_name":"Concerto for Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concerto_for_Orchestra_(Bart%C3%B3k)"},{"link_name":"Ludwig van Beethoven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven"},{"link_name":"Ludwig van Beethoven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven"},{"link_name":"George Frideric Handel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel"},{"link_name":"Gustav Mahler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_Mahler"},{"link_name":"Symphony No. 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphony_No._3_(Mahler)"},{"link_name":"Gustav Mahler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_Mahler"},{"link_name":"Symphony No. 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphony_No._5_(Mahler)"},{"link_name":"Modest Mussorgsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modest_Mussorgsky"},{"link_name":"Pictures at an Exhibition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pictures_at_an_Exhibition"},{"link_name":"Maurice Ravel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Ravel"},{"link_name":"Piano Concerto in G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano_Concerto_(Ravel)"},{"link_name":"Ottorino Respighi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottorino_Respighi"},{"link_name":"Pines of Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pines_of_Rome"},{"link_name":"Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_Rimsky-Korsakov"},{"link_name":"Scheherazade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheherazade_(Rimsky-Korsakov)"},{"link_name":"Alexander Scriabin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Scriabin"},{"link_name":"The Poem of Ecstasy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Poem_of_Ecstasy"},{"link_name":"Richard Strauss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Strauss"},{"link_name":"Ein Heldenleben","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ein_Heldenleben"},{"link_name":"Richard Strauss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Strauss"},{"link_name":"Don Juan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Juan_(Strauss)"},{"link_name":"Igor Stravinsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky"},{"link_name":"Petrushka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrushka_(ballet)"},{"link_name":"Richard Wagner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wagner"},{"link_name":"Parsifal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parsifal"}],"text":"Johann Sebastian Bach, Magnificat\nBéla Bartók, Concerto for Orchestra\nLudwig van Beethoven, Leonore Overture No. 2\nLudwig van Beethoven, Leonore Overture No. 3\nGeorge Frideric Handel, Messiah\nGustav Mahler, Symphony No. 3\nGustav Mahler, Symphony No. 5\nModest Mussorgsky, Pictures at an Exhibition (orch. Ravel)\nMaurice Ravel, Piano Concerto in G\nOttorino Respighi, Pines of Rome\nNikolai Rimsky-Korsakov, Scheherazade\nAlexander Scriabin, The Poem of Ecstasy\nRichard Strauss, Ein Heldenleben\nRichard Strauss, Don Juan\nIgor Stravinsky, Petrushka\nRichard Wagner, Parsifal","title":"Famous orchestral excerpts"}]	[{"image_text":"A modern B♭ trumpet (Bach Stradivarius model)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Bach-Trompete_06.08.2008_12-46-40_2304x3072.JPG/200px-Bach-Trompete_06.08.2008_12-46-40_2304x3072.JPG"}]	null	[]	[{"Link":"http://stonemusic.us/jukebox.html#export","external_links_name":"excerpt"},{"Link":"http://stonemusic.us/scores/exportcd/pastorale.1-2.pdf","external_links_name":"score"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120407040837/http://www.imi.org.il/Instrumentations.aspx?CatID=7acac85d-db7d-4385-8829-3fd6f7b51d51&PublicationID=-1","external_links_name":"Israel Music Institute"},{"Link":"http://www.timreynish.com/repertoire/concertos/concertos.php","external_links_name":"Concerto List"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Lagat	Bernard Lagat	["1 Early life","2 Representing Kenya (2000–2004)","3 Representing United States (2005–present)","3.1 Beginning of American career","3.2 Double world champion","3.3 2008 Olympics and 2009 Worlds","3.4 2010 to present","4 International competitions","5 Statistics","5.1 Personal bests","5.2 Records","6 References","7 External links"]	Kenyan-American runner Bernard LagatLagat in 2011Personal informationFull nameBernard Kipchirchir LagatNationalityKenyan-AmericanBornDecember 12, 1974 (1974-12-12) (age 49)Kapsabet, KenyaHeight175 cm (5 ft 9 in)Weight59 kg (130 lb)SportCountry United States KenyaSportAthletics/Track, Long-distance runningEvent800 m – MarathonCollege teamWashington State CougarsClubNikeTurned pro1998Coached byJames LiAchievements and titlesOlympic finals2000 Sydney 1500 m, Bronze 2004 Athens 1500 m, Silver 2008 Beijing 1500 m, 12th 5000 m, 9th 2012 London 5000 m, 4th 2016 Rio de Janeiro 5000 m, 5thWorld finals2001 Edmonton 1500 m, Silver 2007 Osaka 1500 m, Gold 5000 m, Gold 2009 Berlin 1500 m, Bronze 5000 m, Silver 2011 Daegu 5000 m, Silver 2013 Moscow 5000 m, 6thPersonal bests800 m: 1:46.00 (Berlin 2003)1000 m: 2:16.18 (Gateshead 2008)1500 m: 3:26.34 NR (Brussels 2001)One Mile: 3:47.28 (Rome 2001)3000 m: 7:29.00 AR (Rieti 2010)5000 m: 12:53.60 AR (Monaco 2011)10,000 m: 27:49.35 MWR (Palo Alto 2016)10 km: 27:48 MWR (Manchester 2015)Half marathon: 62:00 MAR (Houston 2018)Marathon: 2:12:10 (Gold Coast 2019) Medal record Men's athletics Event 1st 2nd 3rd Olympic Games 0 1 1 World Championships 2 3 1 World Indoor Championships 3 2 0 Continental Cup 2 0 1 Universiade 1 0 0 Total 8 5 3 Representing Kenya Olympic Games 2004 Athens 1500 m 2000 Sydney 1500 m World Championships 2001 Edmonton 1500 m World Indoor Championships 2003 Birmingham 1500 m 2004 Budapest 3000 m World Cup 2002 Madrid 1500 m Representing United States World Championships 2007 Osaka 1500 m 2007 Osaka 5000 m 2009 Berlin 5000 m 2011 Daegu 5000 m 2009 Berlin 1500 m World Indoor Championships 2010 Doha 3000 m 2012 Istanbul 3000 m 2014 Sopot 3000 m World Cup 2010 Split 3000 m 2010 Split 5000 m 2014 Marrakech 3000 m Bernard Kipchirchir Lagat (born December 12, 1974) is a Kenyan-American middle and long-distance runner. Lagat was born in Kapsabet, Kenya. Prior to his change of domicile to the US, Lagat had an extensive competitive career representing his native country. He is the American record holder in the 1500 m and mile run indoors and is the Kenyan record holder at 1500 m outdoors. Lagat is the second fastest 1500 m runner of all time, behind Hicham El Guerrouj. Lagat is a five-time Olympian, having competed in the 2000, 2004, 2008, 2012 and 2016 games, and is a thirteen-time medalist in World Championships and Olympics including five gold medals. At the age of 41, he finished 5th in the finals of the 5000 m at the Rio Olympics. Lagat's long-term coach is James Li of the University of Arizona, with whom he has worked for over a decade. Early life Lagat was born in Kaptel village, near Kapsabet town in Nandi District of Kenya. He is a Nandi, a sub-tribe of the Kalenjin people. He graduated from the Kaptel High School in 1994, where he had started his athletic career. He joined Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology in Nairobi 1996. Later in the same year he moved to Washington State University where other Kenyan athletic greats such as Henry Rono and Michael Kosgei prospered. In 1998, while at WSU, Lagat won three NCAA individual championships; indoor mile and 3000 m, as well as the 5000 m outdoors. In 2000, Lagat graduated from Washington State University with a degree in management information systems. Lagat's siblings have also competed in athletics; his older sister Mary Chepkemboi won the 3000 m at the 1984 African Championships in Athletics, his younger sister Viola Cheptoo placed second in the 2021 New York City Marathon Representing Kenya (2000–2004) Lagat first represented his native Kenya at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, Australia. In the 1500 m final, Morocco used team tactics to try to ensure a gold medal for heavy favorite Hicham El Guerrouj. In a very close finish, Noah Ngeny took gold, El Guerrouj won silver, and Lagat captured bronze. Lagat finished the year being ranked #3 in the world at 1500 m. The next summer, Lagat won the silver medal, behind El Guerrouj, at the 2001 World Championships in Athletics, and later that summer, at a meet in Brussels, Lagat set the Kenyan National Record and became the second fastest individual ever at 1500 m when he ran 3:26.34, finishing second in this race behind Hicham El Guerrouj (3:26.13), in an attempt to break El Guerrouj's world record of 3:26.00. Lagat finished the year ranked #2 in the world at 1500 m. Lagat spent most of 2002 and 2003 chasing El Guerrouj. At the 2003 IAAF World Indoor Championships, he earned the silver medal at 1500 m, this time behind Driss Maazouzi of France. Lagat withdrew from the 2003 world outdoor championships after a blood test showed traces of EPO in his system. His B sample test came back negative, clearing him of any charges. He was ranked 2nd and 4th in the world at 1500 m in 2002 and 2003 respectively. In the 3000 m at the 2004 IAAF World Indoor Championships Lagat won his first international gold medal. Lagat was clearly overjoyed at his comeback since 2003. Throughout the spring he competed fiercely and beat his rival El Guerrouj in Zürich with a world leading time at 1500 m of 3:27.40. At the 2004 Summer Olympics Lagat seemed poised to once again defeat El Guerrouj. The final saw Lagat and El Guerrouj battling down the final 100 m, swapping the lead multiple times. El Guerrouj prevailed, with Lagat close behind, earning the silver medal, running the final lap in under 52 seconds. He was, however, ranked #1 in the world at 1500 m for the year. Representing United States (2005–present) Beginning of American career In March 2005, Lagat announced that he had become a naturalized citizen of the United States on May 7, 2004. Lagat did compete for his homeland Kenya in the 2004 Summer Olympics, winning silver in the 1500 m. Even though Kenya did not allow dual citizenship at the time, he was allowed to keep his medal. Lagat became a competitor for the United States but was temporarily banned from international championship events, missing the IAAF World Championships in Helsinki. The U.S. does allow dual citizenship and consequently races run by Lagat after May 7, 2004, could have been ratified as American records, since USATF rules only state that an athlete has to be a U.S. citizen competing in a sanctioned competition to be eligible to set a national record. However, at the 2005 USATF annual meeting, his 3:27.40 win in the 1500 meters, on August 6, 2004, in Zürich, was not ratified as an American record. Nevertheless, Lagat owns three American records from races he had run in 2005 that were ratified by USATF. His first American records came indoors, with a 3:49.89 mile at Fayetteville, Arkansas, on February 11, 2005, during which his 1500 meters split time of 3:33.34 also established another new U.S. record, en route to a win in the event. The performance replaced records by Steve Scott, who set the previous American indoor mile record of 3:51.8 in 1981, and the previous American 1500 meter indoor record held by Jeff Atkinson, who ran 3:38.12 in 1989. Lagat's winning time of 3:29.40 at Rieti, Italy, on August 28, 2005, in the outdoor 1500 meters was ratified as his third new American record, improving upon the old record of 3:29.77, set by Sydney Maree in 1985. Double world champion At the 2007 World Championships in Osaka, Lagat surpassed all his previous achievements by becoming the first athlete to become world champion in both the 1,500 m and 5,000 m at the same IAAF World Outdoor Championships. Similar feats were accomplished by Hicham El Guerrouj at the 2004 Olympics and Paavo Nurmi at the 1924 Olympics. 2008 Olympics and 2009 Worlds Bernard Lagat at the 2009 World Championships In 2008, Lagat won both 1500 m and 5000 m runs at the US Olympic Trials in Eugene, Oregon, qualifying himself to compete with Team USA at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, China. Hopes were high that his success in both these events would continue at the Olympics. However, Lagat failed to advance beyond the semi-finals in the 1500 m run. He was more successful in the 5000 m run, winning his semi-final heat to advance, but ultimately did not medal, running to ninth-place finish in the finals. Lagat had concealed the fact that he was running with an injured Achilles tendon, a problem which hampered his training and contributed to his poor showing at the Olympics. He stated that his placings at the 2008 Beijing Games were "the biggest disappointment in my athletics career". The following season, he began with high altitude training in Flagstaff, Arizona. After tying Eamonn Coghlan's record of seven wins in the Wanamaker Mile at the 2009 Millrose Games in New York, Lagat broke Coghlan's record with an 8th win at Millrose in 2010. As the reigning world champion in the 1500 and 5000 meters, he automatically received qualification in the events at the 2009 World Championships in Athletics and set his sights on retaining his titles. Despite being much older than some of his competitors, Lagat's desire to win had not faded and he said "I am more motivated than ever to go to the podium in Berlin". Lagat ultimately won the bronze medal in the 1500 m and the silver medal in the 5000 m. 2010 to present Lagat set a new American record in his debut of the indoor 5000 meters at the Reebok Boston Indoor Games on February 6, 2010, with a time of 13:11.50. This beat previous record holder Galen Rupp who had set the record at 13:18.12 in 2009. On June 4, 2010, Lagat broke the American Record for 5000 m with 12:54.12 on June 4, 2010, at the Bislett Games in Oslo. Lagat set another area record at the Rieti IAAF Grand Prix in August: chasing down Tariku Bekele in the 3000 m. Lagat took second place with an American record of 7:29.00 – his first sub-7:30 minute time. Lagat broke his own 5000 m American record in July at the Monaco Diamond League meet by running 12:53.60 to finish a close second behind Mo Farah who set the British 5000 m record in this race in a time of 12:53.11. The 2011 World Championships in Athletics, the 5000 m final came down to a sprint finish and Lagat was beaten in the last straight by Mo Farah, leaving Lagat with his second consecutive silver medal at the world event. Lagat (center) winning the 5000 m race at the 2016 Olympic Trials The 2012 Millrose Games, was held for the first time at the Armory Track & Field Center and Lagat ran an American indoor record over 5000 m with a time of 13:07.15 minutes. At the 2012 Olympics in London, Lagat finished fourth in the 5000 m race, crossing the line 1.33 seconds behind the leader, Mo Farah, after being tripped up when he was going into his kick by Isiah Kiplangat Koech. Lagat was runner-up behind Matthew Centrowitz Jr. at the Fifth Avenue Mile that year. Lagat earned his 4th USATF Indoor 3000 meters title on February 22, 2014 On June 27, Lagat, at age 39, won his seventh USA men's 5,000 title. He made his debut at the 10,000 m on 1 May 2016 and came in first. His winning time of 27:49 seconds made an improvement for the world record in the Masters A40 category by 51 seconds. On July 9, Lagat won the 5000 meters at the 2016 United States Olympic Trials, qualifying him for his fifth Olympic Games in Rio de Janeiro. He entered the last lap in sixth place more than two and a half seconds behind race leader Galen Rupp. At age 41, his final lap was 52.82, the fastest of the field and more than a second faster than any in the 1500 meter final. Joining Lagat on the team were Somali born Hassan Mead and Kenyan born Paul Chelimo, making for an entirely foreign born delegation. Lagat also became the oldest runner at the Summer Olympics to represent the United States. On August 20, 2016, Lagat initially claimed the 6th-place finish in the 5000 meters at the Olympics. He was moved to bronze after three runners were disqualified, but was moved back to 5th after 2 of the 3 were reinstated. He outsprinted Andrew Butchart of Great Britain, who is 17 years his junior, by more than a second. Lagat ran his final race as a professional on September 3, 2016, at the ISTAF meet in Berlin where he came in second place in the 3,000 meters. In May 2017 Lagat served as a pacer for Nike's Breaking2 attempt at achieving a sub-2-hour marathon time. Lagat also agreed to run as a pacer at a similar event, the Ineos 1:59 Challenge, in October 2019. On September 10, 2017, Lagat finished eighth in the 2017 Great North Run half marathon in 1:03:02. Lagat participated on his first marathon in New York City Marathon on 4 Nov, 2018 finishing 18th with a time of 2:17:20. He had a lead to the second-placed finisher in his age group of 11:15 minutes. On 29 February 2020, Lagat placed 18th with a time of 2:14:23 in the Atlanta Olympic Trials Marathon. In preparation he had a 30 km training run with the world record holder Eliud Kipchoge in Kenya. Lagat lives in Tucson, Arizona and Tübingen, Germany with his wife Gladys Tom (a Canadian of Chinese descent), whom he met while they both attended Washington State University, and their son Miika Kimutai (born in 2006) and daughter Gianna (born 2008). In 2023, Lagat was named by Carnegie Corporation of New York as an honoree of the Great Immigrants Awards. International competitions Year Competition Venue Position Event Notes Representing Kenya 1999 Universiade Palma de Mallorca, Spain 1st 1500 m 3:40.99 2000 Olympic Games Sydney, Australia 3rd 1500 m 3:32.44 2001 World Indoor Championships Lisbon, Portugal 6th 3000 m 7:45.52 Goodwill Games Brisbane, Australia 5th Mile 3:57.10 World Championships Edmonton, Canada 2nd 1500 m 3:31.10 2002 African Championships Radès, Tunisia 1st 1500 m 3:38.11 World Cup Madrid, Spain 1st 1500 m 3:31.201 2003 World Indoor Championships Birmingham, United Kingdom 2nd 1500 m 3:42.62 2004 World Indoor Championships Budapest, Hungary 1st 3000 m 7:56.34 Olympic Games Athens, Greece 2nd 1500 m 3:34.30 Representing the United States 2007 World Championships Osaka, Japan 1st 1500 m 3:34.77 1st 5000 m 13:45.87 2008 Olympic Games Beijing, China 9th 5000 m 13:26.89 2009 World Championships Berlin, Germany 3rd 1500 m 3:36.20 2nd 5000 m 13:17.33 2010 World Indoor Championships Doha, Qatar 1st 3000 m 7:37.97 Continental Cup Split, Croatia 1st 3000 m 7:54.752 1st 5000 m 13:58.232 2011 World Championships Daegu, South Korea 2nd 5000 m 13:23.64 2012 World Indoor Championships Istanbul, Turkey 1st 3000 m 7:41.44 Olympic Games London, United Kingdom 4th 5000 m 13:42.99 2013 World Championships Moscow, Russia 6th 5000 m 13:29.24 2014 World Indoor Championships Sopot, Poland 2nd 3000 m 7:55.22 2016 Olympic Games Rio, Brazil 5th 5000 m 13:06.78 1Representing Africa 2Representing the Americas Statistics Personal bests Distance Mark Date Location Notes 1500 metres 3:26.34 NR August 24, 2001 Brussels Lagat's 1500 m PB is the Kenyan National Record. After becoming an American citizen, Lagat set an American record in the 1500 m of 3:29.30. Mile 3:47.28 June 29, 2001 Rome Mile (indoor) 3:49.89 February 14, 2008 Boston 3000 metres 7:29.00 AR August 28, 2010 Rieti Video on YouTube Two miles (indoor) 8:09.49 February 16, 2013 New York This was the North American AR until broken by Galen Rupp in January 2014 5000 metres 12:53.60 AR July 22, 2011 Monaco 10000 metres 27:49.36 May 1, 2016 Palo Alto This is the Masters A40 WR Half marathon 1:02:00 January 14, 2018 Houston This is the Masters A40 American record Marathon 2:12:10 July 6, 2019 Queensland, Australia Likely to become Masters A40 American record Records American records Season Indoor Outdoor Event Time Time 1500 m 3:33.34 3:29.30 Mile 3:49.89 3000 m 7:29.00 5000 m 12:53.60 All of Lagat's American records are also North American Area Records. His time of 3:26.34 minutes for the 1500 metres, set in 2001, remains the Kenyan and Commonwealth record for the event as well as the third-fastest of all time. The 3000 and 5000 marks, set since Lagat turned 35 years of age are also Masters World records and American Masters records. Lagat also holds the currently recognized Masters World record in the 1500 at 3:32.51 set at Herculis in 2010. He set the Masters World record for Age 40 at 3000 m in 7:48.33 on February 7, 2015, in Boston, and rebroke his own record in 7:37.71 on February 25, 2015, in Metz, France. References ^ a b Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Bernard Lagat". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on August 27, 2016. ^ "IAAF: 5000 Metres Result \| The XXXI Olympic Games \| iaaf.org". iaaf.org. Retrieved September 26, 2018. ^ Longman, Jeré. "A Runner Dreams of Gold Under a New Flag". Retrieved August 28, 2018. ^ "IAAF: Bernard LAGAT \| Profile". iaaf.org. Retrieved August 28, 2018. ^ Powell, David (August 2, 2009). "With family as inspiration, Lagat ready to pursue elusive Olympic gold". iaaf.org. Archived from the original on August 27, 2008. ^ Cacciola, Scott (November 7, 2021). "Peres Jepchirchir of Kenya wins the women's race at the New York City Marathon". The New York Times. ^ Bernard Lagat (Profile). USATF. August 18, 2008 ^ El Guerrouj wins historic gold. BBC Sport. August 28, 2004 ^ With historic double, Lagat joins illustrious company Archived August 6, 2010, at the Wayback Machine. IAAF.org. September 2, 2007 ^ U.S. 2008 Olympic Team Trials – Track & Field – Men's 1500 m Results. USATF. July 6, 2008 ^ Lagat wins 1,500 m at U.S. Olympic trials. CBC Sports. July 7, 2008 ^ U.S. 2008 Olympic Team Trials – Track & Field – Men's 5000 m Results. USATF. June 30, 2008 ^ Stuczynski breaks AR; hurdlers impress as Olympic Trials conclude: Lagat completes double. USATF. July 6, 2008 ^ Lagat cautiously optimistic as double ambitions begin. IAAF. August 14, 2008 ^ Lagat eyes double. The Oregonian. August 13, 2008 ^ After a disappointment in 1,500, Lagat moves on in Olympic 5,000 meters. The Los Angeles Times. August 20, 2008 ^ Lagat fails to make Olympic 1,500 final. The Arizona Republic. August 17, 2008 ^ Lagat, Americans out after 1500 m semis Archived August 24, 2008, at the Wayback Machine. NBC Olympics. August 17, 2008 ^ Lagat wins 5K heat, advances to Saturday final. The Associated Press. August 20, 2008 ^ Lagat rebounds in 5,000 meters. The Arizona Republic. August 20, 2008 ^ Bekele wins 5,000, completes distance double. The Associated Press. August 23, 2008 ^ a b Gains, Paul (August 12, 2009). Lagat aims at defending precious World Champs double. IAAF. Retrieved on 2009-08-13. ^ Robinson, Joshua (January 31, 2009). Lagat Wins Mile at Millrose, Tying Coghlan’s Record. The New York Times. Retrieved on August 13, 2009. ^ "Lagat sets American indoor record for 5,000 meters". The Washington Post, February 6, 2010. ^ "ExxonMobil Bislett Games". Archived from the original on August 31, 2010. Retrieved September 26, 2010. ^ Lohr, Alex. (July 22, 2011) Mo Farah 1st in 5k and new British Record 12:53.11 Monaco Diamond League 2011 Archived March 27, 2012, at the Wayback Machine. FloTrack. Retrieved on 2016-08-07. ^ Lohr, Alex. (July 22, 2011) Bernard Lagat runner-up 12:53.60 American Record and volunteer Drug test Monaco Diamond League 2011 Archived December 29, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. FloTrack. Retrieved on 2016-08-07. ^ Sampaolo, Diego (August 29, 2010). Rudisha lowers 800 m World record again, 1:41.01; Carter dashes 9.78sec in Rieti – IAAF World Challenge. IAAF. Retrieved on 2010-08-30. ^ Parker, Morse (February 12, 2012). U.S. 5000 m record for Lagat in New York. IAAF. Retrieved on 2012-02-13. ^ finished 4th. Cougcenter.com. Retrieved on August 7, 2016. ^ Calderwood, Stuart (September 23, 2012). . IAAF. Retrieved on 2013-01-27. ^ "Bernard Lagat prepared for Rio 2016". Archived from the original on August 27, 2016. Retrieved August 21, 2016. ^ "USA Track & Field – Lagat turns in fastest 3,000 m in USA Indoor Championships history on second day in Albuquerque". Usatf.org. February 22, 2014. Retrieved July 11, 2016. ^ "USATF Indoor Championships – News – In Crowded Race, Lagat Gets Fourth 3000 m Title At USA Ind Championships – RRW". Usaindoor.runnerspace.com. Retrieved July 11, 2016. ^ "Bernard Lagat, At Age 39, Wins His Seventh USA Men's 5,000 Title – Two Quick Thoughts + Lots Of Post-Race Talk". LetsRun.com. June 28, 2014. Retrieved July 11, 2016. ^ "Bernard Lagat Debuts at 10,000 Meters and Smashes World Masters Record". runnersworld.com. May 2, 2016. Retrieved March 21, 2018. ^ "2016 Payton Jordan Invitational - info/results - 05/01/16". RunnerSpace.com. Retrieved March 21, 2018. ^ "10000 meter ALL-TIME Rankings". www.mastersathletics.net. Retrieved March 21, 2018. ^ Chavez, Chris (July 9, 2016). "41-year-old Bernard Lagat wins 5,000 meters at Olympic trials". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved July 10, 2016. ^ "No medal for Bernard Lagat but plenty of class in perhaps his final Games". usatoday.com. Retrieved March 21, 2018. ^ "Bernard Lagat Has Run His Final Track Race - What an Amazing Career it Was - LetsRun.com". letsrun.com. September 6, 2016. Retrieved March 21, 2018. ^ INEOS. "Bernard Lagat". www.ineos159challenge.com. Retrieved September 16, 2019. ^ "2017 Great North Run Results - LetsRun.com". letsrun.com. September 11, 2017. Retrieved March 21, 2018. ^ "Bernard Lagat sets marathon debut". OlympicTalk. August 23, 2018. Retrieved September 26, 2018. ^ "Bernard Lagat Runs 2:17 Debut Marathon in New York City". Runner's World. November 4, 2018. Retrieved November 6, 2018. ^ "New York Road Runners Official Race Results". results.nyrr.org. Retrieved May 28, 2019. ^ Zaccardi, Nick (February 28, 2020). "Bernard Lagat reminded of Atlanta Games at U.S. Olympic Marathon Trials". OlympicTalk \| NBC Sports. Retrieved October 24, 2020. ^ OlympicTalk (February 29, 2020). "2020 U.S. Olympic Marathon Trials results". OlympicTalk \| NBC Sports. Retrieved October 24, 2020. ^ "A Runner Dreams of Gold Under a New Flag". The New York Times, March 25, 2008. ^ ESPN The Magazine: "For love of country". ESPN.com, August 2, 2007. ^ "Sports: Bernard Lagat comes home". Washington State Magazine, February 1, 2008. ^ "Kenyan-Born Runner Boosts U.S. Olympic Hopes". NPR, June 23, 2008. ^ "Pedro Pascal and World Bank's Ajay Banga among those named to Carnegie's 2023 Great Immigrants list". AP News. June 28, 2023. Retrieved June 17, 2024. ^ "USATF - Statistics - Records". www.usatf.org. Retrieved March 21, 2018. ^ "USATF - Statistics - Records". www.usatf.org. Retrieved July 7, 2019. ^ Gambaccini, Peter (February 26, 2015). "Bernard Lagat Lowers World Masters 3000-Meter Mark to 7:37.71 \| Runner's World". Runnersworld.com. Retrieved July 11, 2016. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bernard Lagat. Bernard Lagat at World Athletics Bernard Lagat at legacy.USATF.org (archived) Bernard Lagat at Team USA (archive June 20, 2023) Bernard Lagat at Olympics.com Bernard Lagat at Olympedia IAAF Focus on Athletes NBC Olympics profile ESPN profile Kenyan-Born Runner Boosts U.S. Olympic Hopes (NPR) Flotrack Video Interview of Bernard Lagat vteWorld champions in men's 1500 metres 1983: Steve Cram (GBR) 1987: Abdi Bile (SOM) 1991: Noureddine Morceli (ALG) 1993: Noureddine Morceli (ALG) 1995: Noureddine Morceli (ALG) 1997: Hicham El Guerrouj (MAR) 1999: Hicham El Guerrouj (MAR) 2001: Hicham El Guerrouj (MAR) 2003: Hicham El Guerrouj (MAR) 2005: Rashid Ramzi (BHR) 2007: Bernard Lagat (USA) 2009: Yusuf Saad Kamel (BHR) 2011: Asbel Kiprop (KEN) 2013: Asbel Kiprop (KEN) 2015: Asbel Kiprop (KEN) 2017: Elijah Manangoi (KEN) 2019: Timothy Cheruiyot (KEN) 2022: Jake Wightman (GBR) 2023: Josh Kerr (GBR) vteWorld champions in men's 5000 metres 1983: Eamonn Coghlan (IRL) 1987: Saïd Aouita (MAR) 1991: Yobes Ondieki (KEN) 1993: Ismael Kirui (KEN) 1995: Ismael Kirui (KEN) 1997: Daniel Komen (KEN) 1999: Salah Hissou (MAR) 2001: Richard Limo (KEN) 2003: Eliud Kipchoge (KEN) 2005: Benjamin Limo (KEN) 2007: Bernard Lagat (USA) 2009: Kenenisa Bekele (ETH) 2011: Mo Farah (GBR) 2013: Mo Farah (GBR) 2015: Mo Farah (GBR) 2017: Muktar Edris (ETH) 2019: Muktar Edris (ETH) 2022: Jakob Ingebrigtsen (NOR) 2023: Jakob Ingebrigtsen (NOR) vteWorld Indoor Champions in men's 3000 metres 1985: João Campos (POR) 1987: Frank O'Mara (IRL) 1987: Saïd Aouita (MAR) 1991: Frank O'Mara (IRL) 1993: Gennaro Di Napoli (ITA) 1995: Gennaro Di Napoli (ITA) 1997: Haile Gebrselassie (ETH) 1999: Haile Gebrselassie (ETH) 2001: Hicham El Guerrouj (MAR) 2003: Haile Gebrselassie (ETH) 2004: Bernard Lagat (KEN) 2006: Kenenisa Bekele (ETH) 2008: Tariku Bekele (ETH) 2010: Bernard Lagat (USA) 2012: Bernard Lagat (USA) 2014: Caleb Mwangangi Ndiku (KEN) 2016: Yomif Kejelcha (ETH) 2018: Yomif Kejelcha (ETH) 2022: Selemon Barega (ETH) 2024: Josh Kerr (GBR) vteSummer Universiade champions in men's 1500 metres 1959: Béla Szekeres (HUN) 1961: Tomás Salinger (TCH) 1963: John Whetton (GBR) 1965–1967: Bodo Tümmler (FRG) 1970: Francesco Arese (ITA) 1973: Frank Clement (GBR) 1975: Thomas Wessinghage (FRG) 1977: Jozef Plachý (TCH) 1979: Graham Williamson (GBR) 1981: Saïd Aouita (MAR) 1983: Claudio Patrignani (ITA) 1985: Chris McGeorge (GBR) 1987: Hauke Fuhlbrügge (GDR) 1989: Kipkoech Cheruiyot (KEN) 1991: Niall Bruton (IRL) 1993–1995: Abdelkader Chékhémani (FRA) 1997: Anthony Whiteman (GBR) 1999: Bernard Lagat (KEN) 2001: Pedro Antonio Esteso (ESP) 2003: Johan Pretorius (RSA) 2005: Ivan Heshko (UKR) 2007: Samir Khadar (ALG) 2009: Vyacheslav Sokolov (RUS) 2011: Imad Touil (ALG) 2013: Valentin Smirnov (RUS) 2015: Aleksey Kharitonov (RUS) 2017: Timo Benitz (GER) 2019: Michał Rozmys (POL) 2021: Benoît Campion (FRA) vteIAAF World / Continental Cup champions in men's 1500 metres 1977: Steve Ovett (GBR) 1979: Thomas Wessinghage (FRG) 1981: Steve Ovett (GBR) 1985: Omer Khalifa (SUD) 1989: Abdi Bile (SOM) 1992: Mohamed Suleiman (QAT) 1994: Noureddine Morceli (ALG) 1998: Laban Rotich (KEN) 2002: Bernard Lagat (KEN) 2006: Alex Kipchirchir (KEN) 2010: Amine Laâlou (MAR) 2014: Ayanleh Souleiman (DJI) 2018: Elijah Manangoi (KEN) vteIAAF World / Continental Cup champions in men's 3000 metres 1998: Dieter Baumann (GER) 2002–2006: Craig Mottram (AUS) 2010: Bernard Lagat (USA) 2014: Caleb Mwangangi Ndiku (KEN) 2018: Paul Chelimo (USA) vteIAAF World / Continental Cup champions in men's 5000 metres 1977–1979: Miruts Yifter (ETH) 1981: Eamonn Coghlan (IRL) 1985: Doug Padilla (USA) 1989: Saïd Aouita (MAR) 1992: Fita Bayisa (ETH) 1994: Brahim Lahlafi (MAR) 1998: Daniel Komen (KEN) 2002: Alberto García (ESP) 2006: Saif Saaeed Shaheen (QAT) 2010: Bernard Lagat (USA) 2014: Isiah Koech (KEN) vteWorld Best Year Performance in Men's 1500 m 1968: Kipchoge Keino (KEN) 1969: Marty Liquori (USA) 1970: Jean Wadoux (FRA) 1971: Marty Liquori (USA) 1972: Pekka Vasala (FIN) 1973–1974: Filbert Bayi (TAN) 1975–1977: John Walker (NZL) 1978: David Moorcroft (GBR) 1979: Sebastian Coe (GBR) 1980–1981: Steve Ovett (GBR) 1982: Sydney Maree (USA) 1983: Steve Ovett (GBR) 1984–1985: Saïd Aouita (MAR) 1986: Sebastian Coe (GBR) 1987: Saïd Aouita (MAR) 1988: Steve Cram (GBR) 1989: Abdi Bile (SOM) 1990–1995: Noureddine Morceli (ALG) 1996–2003: Hicham El Guerrouj (MAR) 2004–2005: Bernard Lagat (KEN/USA) 2006: Daniel Kipchirchir Komen (KEN) 2007: Alan Webb (USA) 2008: Daniel Kipchirchir Komen (KEN) 2009: Augustine Kiprono Choge (KEN) 2010: Silas Kiplagat (KEN) 2011–2013: Asbel Kiprop (KEN) 2014: Silas Kiplagat (KEN) 2015–2016: Asbel Kiprop (KEN) 2017: Elijah Manangoi 2018–2021: Timothy Cheruiyot (KEN) 2022: Jakob Ingebrigtsen (NOR) vteUS National Championship winners in men's 1500-meter run or mile1876–78New York Athletic Club 1876M: Harold Lambe (CAN) * Cornelius Vought 1877M: Richard Morgan 1878M: Thomas Smith 1879–88NAAAA 1879M: Henry Pellatt (CAN) * William Duffy 1880–83M: Harry Fredericks 1884M: Percy Madeira 1885M: George Gilbert 1886–87M: Edward Carter 1888MNote 1: Thomas Conneff 1888–1979Amateur Athletic Union 1888MNote 1: G.M. Gibbs (CAN) * Thomas Conneff 1889–90M: Albert George 1891M: Thomas Conneff 1892M: George Orton (CAN) * Ernest Hjertberg 1893-5M: George Orton (CAN) * A.J. Walsh 1896M: George Orton (CAN) * Mortimer Remington 1897–98M: John Cregan 1899M: Alex Grant 1900M: George Orton (CAN) Alex Grant 1901–03M: Alex Grant 1904M: David Munson 1905M: Jim Lightbody 1906M: Albert Rodgers 1907M: James Sullivan 1908M: Herbert Trube 1909M: Joe Ballard 1910M: Joe Monument 1911–12M: Abel Kiviat 1913M: Norman Taber 1914M: Abel Kiviat 1915M: Joie Ray 1916M: Ivan Meyers 1917–23M OT: Joie Ray 1924–25M: Ray Buker 1926M: Lloyd Hahn 1927M-28OT: Ray Conger 1929M: Leo Lermond 1930M: Ray Conger 1931M: Leo Lermond 1932OT: Norwood Hallowell 1933: Glenn Cunningham 1934: Bill Bonthron 1935–38: Glenn Cunningham 1939: Blaine Rideout 1940: Walter Mehl 1941: Leslie MacMitchell 1942–43: Gil Dodds 1944: William Hulse 1945: Roland Sink 1946: Lennart Strand (SWE) Leslie MacMitchell 1947: Gerry Karver 1948: Gil Dodds 1949–50: John Twomey 1951: Len Truex 1952–53M: Wes Santee 1954M: Fred Dwyer 1955M: Wes Santee 1956: Jerome Walters 1957M: Merv Lincoln (AUS) * Bob Seaman 1958M: Herb Elliott (AUS) * Ed Moran 1959: Dyrol Burleson 1960: Jim Grelle 1961M: Dyrol Burleson 1962M: Jim Beatty 1963M: Dyrol Burleson 1964: Tom O'Hara 1965–67M: Jim Ryun 1968: John Mason 1969M: Marty Liquori 1970M: Howell Michael 1971M: Marty Liquori 1972: Jerome Howe 1973M: Leonard Hilton 1974: Rod Dixon (NZL) * Tom Byers 1975: Leonard Hilton 1976: Eamonn Coghlan (IRL) Michael Manke 1977–79: Steve Scott 1980–92The Athletics Congress 1980: Steve Lacy 1981: Sydney Maree (SAF) Steve Scott 1982–83: Steve Scott 1984–85: Jim Spivey 1986: Steve Scott 1987: Jim Spivey 1988: Mark Deady 1989: Terrance Herrington 1990: Joe Falcon 1991: Terrance Herrington 1992OT: Jim Spivey 1993-onwardsUSA Track & Field 1993: Bill Burke 1994: Terrance Herrington 1995–96OT: Paul McMullen 1997: Seneca Lassiter 1998: Jamey Harris 1999: Steve Holman 2000OT: Gabe Jennings 2001: Andy Downin 2002: Seneca Lassiter 2003: Jason Lunn 2004–05: Alan Webb 2006: Bernard Lagat 2007: Alan Webb 2008: Bernard Lagat 2009–10: Lopez Lomong 2011: Matthew Centrowitz 2012: Leonel Manzano 2013: Matthew Centrowitz 2014: Leonel Manzano 2015–16: Matthew Centrowitz 2017: Robby Andrews 2018: Matthew Centrowitz 2019: Craig Engels 20212020 OT: Cole Hocker 2022: Cooper Teare 2023: Yared Nuguse Notes Note 1: In 1888 both the NAAAA and the AAU held championships M: Denotes that the race was run over a mile rather than 1500 m OT: The 1920, 1928, 1932, 1992, 1996 & 2000 championships incorporated the Olympic Trials, otherwise held as a discrete event. 2020 OT: The 2020 Olympic Trials were delayed and held in 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. vteUS National Championship winners in Men's 5000 m, 2 miles or 3 miles1878–2016 1878: William Duffey 1879: P.J. McDonald 1880–94: Not held 1895: Charles Bean 1896: Ernest Hjertberg 1897–1902: Not held 1903–04: Alex Grant 1905: Sanford Lyon 1906–32: Not held 1933: John Follows 1934: Frank Crowley 1935: Joe McCluskey 1936: Don Lash 1937: Joe McCluskey 1938–42: Greg Rice 1943: Gunder Hägg (SWE) * Greg Rice 1944: Jim Rafferty 1945: John Kandl 1946: Francis Martin 1947–48: Curt Stone 1949–51: Fred Wilt 1952: Curt Stone 1953: Charles Capozzoli 1954–55: Horace Ashenfelter 1956: Dick Hart 1957: John Macy 1958: Alex Henderson 1959–60: Bill Dellinger 1961: László Tábori (HUN) * Max Truex 1962: Murray Halberg (NZL) * Max Truex 1963: Pat Clohessy (AUS) * Jim Keefe 1964–65: Bob Schul 1966: George Young 1967: Gerry Lindgren 1968: Bob Day 1969: Tracy Smith 1970: Frank Shorter 1971: Steve Prefontaine 1972: Mike Keough (IRL) * Dick Buerkle 1973: Steve Prefontaine 1974: Dick Buerkle 1975: Marty Liquori 1976: Dick Buerkle 1977: Marty Liquori 1978: Marty Liquori 1979–82: Matt Centrowitz 1983: Doug Padilla 1984: Sydney Maree 1985–86: Doug Padilla 1987: Sydney Maree 1988: Doug Padilla 1989: Tim Hacker 1990: Doug Padilla 1991–92: John Trautmann 1993–94: Matt Giusto 1995–97: Bob Kennedy 1998: Marc Davis 1999–2000: Adam Goucher 2001: Bob Kennedy 2002: Alan Culpepper 2003–05: Tim Broe 2006–08: Bernard Lagat 2009: Matt Tegenkamp 2010–11: Bernard Lagat 2012: Galen Rupp 2013–14: Bernard Lagat 2015: Ryan Hill 2016: Bernard Lagat 2017-8: Paul Chelimo 2019: Lopez Lomong 20212020 OT: Paul Chelimo 2022: Grant Fisher 2023 Abdihamid Nur Notes 2020 OT: The 2020 Olympic Trials were delayed and held in 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. vteUS National Championship winners in men's indoor 3000 meters1932–1979Amateur Athletic Union 1899–1901: Alec Grant 1902: not held 1903: Alec Grant 1904–7: George Bonhag 1908–9: Mike Driscoll 1910: Joseph Monument 1911: George Bonhag 1912: not held 1913: Wm. Kramer 1914: Harry Smith 1915: Mike Devaney 1916: Joie Ray 1917: John Ryan (IRL) 1918: Ed Garvey 1919: Gordon Nightingale 1920: Harry Helm 1921: Max Bohland 1922: John Romig 1923–4: Joie Ray 1925: Paavo Nurmi * (2) Harold Kennedy 1926–7: Bill Goodwin 1928: Leo Lermond 1929: Edvin Wide 1930: Joe McCluskey 1931: Leo Lermond 1932–3: George Lermond 1934–5: John Follows 1936–7: Norm Bright 1938–9: Don Lash 1940–3: Greg Rice 1944: Ollie Hunter 1945–6: Forrest Efaw 1947–8: Curt Stone 1949: Gaston Reiff (BEL) * (3) Fred Wilt 1950–1: Curt Stone 1952–6: Horace Ashenfelter 1957: John Macy 1958: Veliša Mugoša (YUG) * (2) John Macy 1959: Bill Dellinger 1960: Al Lawrence (AUS) 1961: Bruce Kidd (CAN) * (3) John Macy 1962: Bruce Kidd (CAN) * (4) Jerry Nourse 1963: Michel Bernard (FRA) * (2) Bob Schul 1964: Ron Clarke (AUS) * (2) Pete McArdle 1965: Billy Mills 1966: Lajos Mescer (HUN) * (2) Tracy Smith 1967: Tracy Smith 1968–9: George Young 1970: Art DuLong 1971: Frank Shorter 1972: Emiel Puttemans (BEL) * (2) Leonard Hilton 1973: Tracy Smith 1974: Dick Tayler (NZL) * (2) Frank Shorter 1975: Miruts Yifter (ETH) * (3) Pat Mandera 1976–8: Suleiman Nyambui (TAN) 1979: Marty Liquori 1981–1992The Athletics Congress 1980–: Eamonn Coghlan (IRL) 1982: Paul Cummings 1983–7: Doug Padilla 1988: Jim Spivey 1989: Steve Scott 1990: Doug Padilla 1991: Terry Brahm 1992: Doug Padilla 1993–presentUSA Track & Field 1993: Joe Falcon 1994: Moses Kiptanui (KEN) * (2) Matt Giusto 1995: Bob Kennedy 1996: Khalid Kairouani (MAR) * (2) Bob Kennedy 1997: Todd Williams 1998: Dan Browne 1999: Adam Goucher 2000: Ray Appenheimer 2001–2: Tim Broe 2003–5: Jonathon Riley 2006: Adam Goucher 2007–8: Matt Tegenkamp 2009: David Torrence 2010–2: Bernard Lagat 2013: Will Leer 2014: Bernard Lagat 2015–6: Ryan Hill 2017–8: Paul Chelimo 2019: Drew Hunter 2020: Paul Chelimo Notes*Distances have varied as follows: 2 Miles (1899–1931), 5000 meters (1933–1939), 3 Miles 1932, (1940–1986) and odd numbered years since 2015, and 3000 meters (1987–2014) and even numbered years since 2014 vteUSA Championship winners in the men's 10K run 1978: Bill Rodgers 1979: Herb Lindsay 1980: Not held 1981: Not held 1982: Bob Hodge 1983: Steve McCormack 1984: Mark Finucane 1985: Keith Brantly 1986: Dirk Lakeman 1987: Keith Brantly 1988: Ed Eyestone 1989: Keith Brantly 1990: Harry Scott Green 1991: Gordon Sanders 1992: John Trautmann 1993: Ed Eyestone 1994: Arturo Barrios (MEX) 1995: Keith Brantly 1996: Matt Giusto 1997: Todd Williams 1998: Dan Browne 1999: Philemon Hanneck 2000: Scott Strand 2001: Nick Rogers 2002: Ryan Kirkpatrick 2003: Bob Kennedy 2004: Chad Pearson 2005: Dathan Ritzenhein 2006: Not held 2007–09: Abdihakem Abdirahman 2010: Ed Moran 2011: Ben True 2012: Not held 2013: Matt Tegenkamp 2014: Christo Landry 2015–16: Not held 2017: Leonard Korir 2018: Bernard Lagat 2019–20: Not held vteAustralian national champions in men's 5000 mNote: 3 miles until 1966 1894: Charles Herbert 1896: Alfred Bell (NZL) 1898: William Cumming 1900: Percival Malthus (NZL) 1902: William Simpson (NZL) 1904: Rufus Ferguson 1906: William Steele 1908: G. Sharpe (NZL) 1910: Miles Dickson (NZL) 1912: George Hill (NZL) 1914: James Beatson (NZL) 1920: Harry Grandemange 1922: Reg Webber (NZL) 1924: Randolph Rose (NZL) 1926: George Hyde 1928: Randolph Rose (NZL) 1930: George Hyde 1932: Alex Hillhouse 1934: Fred Colman 1936: Jack Sheaves 1938: Walter Weightman 1947: George Campbell 1948–49: Neville McDonald 1950–53: Les Perry 1954: Geoff Warren 1955: Dave Stephens 1956: John Landy 1957–59: Albie Thomas 1960–62: Dave Power 1963: Trevor Vincent 1964: Bill Baillie (NZL) 1965–69: Ron Clarke 1970: Tony Manning 1971: Kerry O'Brien 1972: Tony Benson 1973: Tony Williams 1974: David Fitzsimons 1975: Andrew Hill 1976: Graham Crouch 1977–79: David Fitzsimons 1980–83: Steve Austin 1984: Steve Foley 1985: Andrew Lloyd 1986: Malcolm Norwood 1987: Gerard Barrett 1988: Andrew Lloyd 1989: John Andrews 1990: Simon Doyle 1991: Rodney Higgins 1992: Andrew Lloyd 1993: Peter O'Donoghue 1994: Julian Paynter 1995–96: Shaun Creighton 1997: Julian Paynter 1998: Shaun Creighton 1999: Mizan Mehari 2000–01: Michael Power 2002: Craig Mottram 2003: Michael Power 2004–08: Craig Mottram 2009: Collis Birmingham 2010: Ben St Lawrence 2011: Bernard Lagat (USA) 2012: Harry Summers 2013: Cameron Page 2014: Collis Birmingham 2015: Brett Robinson 2016: Sam McEntee 2017: David McNeill 2018: Morgan McDonald vte2008 USA Olympic track and field teamQualification 2008 United States Olympic trials (track and field) Men's trackand road athletes Abdi Abdirahman Kerron Clement Shawn Crawford Walter Dix Ian Dobson Philip Dunn Kevin Eastler Anthony Famiglietti Tyson Gay Ryan Hall Bershawn Jackson Bernard Lagat Lopez Lomong Leonel Manzano Rodney Martin (r) Joshua McAdams LaShawn Merritt Billy Nelson David Neville David Oliver Travis Padgett (r) Darvis Patton David Payne Dathan Ritzenhein Galen Rupp Brian Sell Christian Smith Wallace Spearmon Nick Symmonds Angelo Taylor Matt Tegenkamp Jorge Torres Terrence Trammell Jeremy Wariner Andrew Wheating Reggie Witherspoon (r) Men'sfield athletes Kenta Bell Christian Cantwell Bryan Clay Rafeeq Curry Breaux Greer Trey Hardee Jeff Hartwig Mike Hazle Reese Hoffa Brian Johnson Dusty Jonas A. G. Kruger Casey Malone Andra Manson Derek Miles Adam Nelson Tom Pappas Miguel Pate Trevell Quinley Michael Robertson Leigh Smith Brad Walker Ian Waltz Jesse Williams Aarik Wilson Women's trackand road athletes Lindsey Anderson Jenny Barringer Amy Yoder Begley Damu Cherry Hazel Clark-Riley Erin Donohue Joanne Dow Torri Edwards Allyson Felix Shalane Flanagan Kara Goucher Dawn Harper Queen Harrison Natasha Hastings (r) Monique Henderson (r) Marshevet Hooker Lolo Jones Deena Kastor Muna Lee Mechelle Lewis (r) Magdalena Lewy-Boulet Jennifer Rhines Sanya Richards Tiffany Ross-Williams Shannon Rowbury Blake Russell Alice Schmidt Nicole Teter Sheena Tosta DeeDee Trotter Anna Willard Angela Williams (r) Lauryn Williams Mary Wineberg Christin Wurth-Thomas Women'sfield athletes Amy Acuff Erica Bartolina April Steiner Bennett Jillian Camarena Amber Campbell Michelle Carter Jessica Cosby Sharon Day Hyleas Fountain Kristin Heaston Chaunté Howard Funmi Jimoh Jackie Johnson Kim Kreiner Shani Marks Erica McLain Kara Patterson Diana Pickler Suzy Powell-Roos Brittney Reese Loree Smith Jenn Stuczynski Aretha Thurmond Stephanie Brown Trafton Grace Upshaw Coaches Bubba Thornton (men's head coach) Harvey Glance (men's assistant coach) Ron Mann (men's assistant coach) Boo Schexnayder (men's assistant coach) Criss Somerlot (men's assistant coach) Joe Vigil (men's assistant coach) Jeanette Bolden (women's head coach) Chandra Cheeseborough (women's assistant coach) J.J. Clark (women's assistant coach) Kim Keenan-Kirkpatrick (women's assistant coach) Connie Price-Smith (women's assistant coach) Rita Somerlot (women's assistant coach) Brooks Johnson (relay coach) Orin Richburg (relay coach) vte2012 USA Olympic track and field teamQualification2012 United States Olympic trials (track and field)Men's trackand road athletes Abdihakem Abdirahman Kyle Alcorn Ryan Bailey Trevor Barron Donn Cabral Matthew Centrowitz Jr. Kerron Clement Jeff Demps Justin Gatlin Tyson Gay Ryan Hall Evan Jager Meb Keflezighi Trell Kimmons (r) Bernard Lagat Lopez Lomong Joshua Mance (r) Leonel Manzano Tony McQuay Aries Merritt LaShawn Merritt Manteo Mitchell (r) Maurice Mitchell Bryshon Nellum John Nunn Darvis Patton (r) Jeff Porter Jason Richardson Dathan Ritzenhein Mike Rodgers (r) Khadevis Robinson Galen Rupp Duane Solomon Wallace Spearmon Nick Symmonds Matt Tegenkamp Angelo Taylor Michael Tinsley Jeremy Wariner Andrew Wheating Isiah Young Men'sfield athletes Lance Brooks Christian Cantwell Will Claye Ashton Eaton Sean Furey Marquise Goodwin Trey Hardee Reese Hoffa Cyrus Hostetler Kibwé Johnson Craig Kinsley George Kitchens A. G. Kruger Erik Kynard Derek Miles Jamie Nieto Jarred Rome Jeremy Scott Christian Taylor Brad Walker Ryan Whiting Jesse Williams Jason Young Women's trackand road athletes Keshia Baker (r) T'erea Brown Janet Cherobon-Bawcom Emma Coburn Kim Conley Julie Culley Desiree Davila Lashinda Demus Diamond Dixon (r) Allyson Felix Shalane Flanagan Bridget Franek Geena Gall Kara Goucher Dawn Harper Amy Hastings Molly Huddle Carmelita Jeter Lolo Jones Shalaya Kipp Bianca Knight (r) Tianna Madison Francena McCorory Maria Michta Georganne Moline Alysia Montaño Sanya Richards-Ross Shannon Rowbury Alice Schmidt Jenny Simpson Jeneba Tarmoh (r) DeeDee Trotter Morgan Uceny Lisa Uhl Kellie Wells Lauryn Williams (r) Women'sfield athletes Amy Acuff Brigetta Barrett Amanda Bingson Brittany Borman Tia Brooks Jillian Camarena-Williams Amber Campbell Michelle Carter Jessica Cosby Sharon Day Janay DeLoach Hyleas Fountain Chelsea Hayes Becky Holliday Lacey Janson Gia Lewis-Smallwood Chaunté Lowe Chantae McMillan Kara Patterson Brittney Reese Amanda Smock Jennifer Suhr Aretha Thurmond Stephanie Brown Trafton Rachel Yurkovich Coaches Tonja Buford-Bailey (women's asst) Amy Deem (women's head coach) Edrick Floréal (men's asst) Jack Hazen (men's asst) Mike Holloway (men's asst) Rose Monday (women's asst) Connie Price-Smith (women's asst) Tom Pukstys (men's asst) Andrew Valmon (men's head coach) Gwen Wentland (women's asst) vte2016 USA Olympic track and field teamQualification2016 United States Olympic trials (track and field)Men's trackand road athletes Devon Allen Robby Andrews Ronnie Ash Boris Berian Ben Blankenship Hillary Bor Marvin Bracy Trayvon Bromell Donn Cabral Matthew Centrowitz Jr. Paul Chelimo Kerron Clement Kyle Clemons (r) Christian Coleman (r) Justin Gatlin Tyson Gay (r) Arman Hall (r) Evan Jager Charles Jock Meb Keflezighi Shadrack Kipchirchir Leonard Korir Bernard Lagat Tony McQuay (r) Hassan Mead LaShawn Merritt Clayton Murphy John Nunn Jeff Porter Gil Roberts Byron Robinson Mike Rodgers (r) Galen Rupp Michael Tinsley David Verburg Jared Ward Ameer Webb Men's field athletes Bradley Adkins Tavis Bailey Chris Benard Will Claye Ryan Crouser Sam Crouser Logan Cunningham Marquis Dendy Ashton Eaton Andrew Evans Mason Finley Sean Furey Michael Hartfield Jeff Henderson Darrell Hill Cyrus Hostetler Kibwé Johnson Sam Kendricks Joe Kovacs Erik Kynard Jarrion Lawson Conor McCullough Ricky Robertson Cale Simmons Jeremy Taiwo Christian Taylor Rudy Winkler Zach Ziemek Women's trackand road athletes Morolake Akinosun (r) Nia Ali Tianna Bartoletta Tori Bowie Kristi Castlin Emma Coburn Kim Conley Amy Cragg Abbey Cooper Taylor Ellis-Watson (r) Allyson Felix Shalane Flanagan Phyllis Francis Courtney Frerichs English Gardner Kate Grace Marielle Hall Natasha Hastings Shelby Houlihan Molly Huddle Emily Infeld Desiree Linden Brenda Martinez Francena McCorory (r) Sydney McLaughlin Miranda Melville Maria Michta Dalilah Muhammad Courtney Okolo (r) Jenna Prandini Colleen Quigley Brianna Rollins Shannon Rowbury Jenny Simpson Ashley Spencer Deajah Stevens Ariana Washington (r) Chrishuna Williams Ajeé Wilson Women's field athletes Whitney Ashley Tianna Bartoletta Gwen Berry Brittany Borman Amber Campbell Kelsey Card Michelle Carter Vashti Cunningham Janay DeLoach Christina Epps Andrea Geubelle Felisha Johnson Chaunté Lowe Maggie Malone Inika McPherson Heather Miller-Koch Sandi Morris Barbara Nwaba Keturah Orji DeAnna Price Brittney Reese Raven Saunders Amanda Smock Jennifer Suhr Shelbi Vaughan Alexis Weeks Kendell Williams Kara Winger Coaches Bonnie Edmondson (women's assistant coach) Troy Engle (men's assistant coach) Curtis Frye (men's assistant coach) Robyne Johnson (women's assistant coach) Vin Lananna (men's head coach) Rose Monday (women's assistant coach) Connie Price-Smith (women's head coach) Cliff Rovelto (men's assistant coach) Mario Sategna (men's assistant coach) LaTanya Sheffield (women's assistant coach) Authority control databases: People World Athletics	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"middle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle-distance_running"},{"link_name":"long-distance runner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-distance_running"},{"link_name":"Kapsabet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapsabet"},{"link_name":"Kenya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya"},{"link_name":"change of domicile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_eligibility_transfers_in_athletics"},{"link_name":"American record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_records_in_track_and_field"},{"link_name":"1500 m","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1500_metres"},{"link_name":"mile run","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mile_run"},{"link_name":"Kenyan record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Kenyan_records_in_athletics"},{"link_name":"Hicham El Guerrouj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hicham_El_Guerrouj"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"James Li","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Li"},{"link_name":"University of Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Arizona"}],"text":"Bernard Kipchirchir Lagat (born December 12, 1974) is a Kenyan-American middle and long-distance runner.Lagat was born in Kapsabet, Kenya. Prior to his change of domicile to the US, Lagat had an extensive competitive career representing his native country.He is the American record holder in the 1500 m and mile run indoors and is the Kenyan record holder at 1500 m outdoors. Lagat is the second fastest 1500 m runner of all time, behind Hicham El Guerrouj.Lagat is a five-time Olympian, having competed in the 2000, 2004, 2008, 2012 and 2016 games, and is a thirteen-time medalist in World Championships and Olympics including five gold medals. At the age of 41, he finished 5th in the finals of the 5000 m at the Rio Olympics.[2]Lagat's long-term coach is James Li of the University of Arizona, with whom he has worked for over a decade.","title":"Bernard Lagat"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nandi District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nandi_District"},{"link_name":"Nandi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nandi_people"},{"link_name":"Kalenjin people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalenjin_people"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jomo_Kenyatta_University_of_Agriculture_and_Technology"},{"link_name":"Nairobi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nairobi"},{"link_name":"Washington State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_State_University"},{"link_name":"Henry Rono","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Rono"},{"link_name":"Michael Kosgei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_Kosgei&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"management information systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management_information_systems"},{"link_name":"Mary Chepkemboi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mary_Chepkemboi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1984 African Championships in Athletics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_African_Championships_in_Athletics"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Viola Cheptoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viola_Cheptoo"},{"link_name":"2021 New York City Marathon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_New_York_City_Marathon"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Lagat was born in Kaptel village, near Kapsabet town in Nandi District of Kenya. He is a Nandi, a sub-tribe of the Kalenjin people.[3][4]He graduated from the Kaptel High School in 1994, where he had started his athletic career. He joined Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology in Nairobi 1996. Later in the same year he moved to Washington State University where other Kenyan athletic greats such as Henry Rono and Michael Kosgei prospered.In 1998, while at WSU, Lagat won three NCAA individual championships; indoor mile and 3000 m, as well as the 5000 m outdoors.In 2000, Lagat graduated from Washington State University with a degree in management information systems.Lagat's siblings have also competed in athletics; his older sister Mary Chepkemboi won the 3000 m at the 1984 African Championships in Athletics,[5] his younger sister Viola Cheptoo placed second in the 2021 New York City Marathon[6]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2000 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Sydney, Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney,_Australia"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bernard_Lagat_Profile-7"},{"link_name":"Hicham El Guerrouj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hicham_El_Guerrouj"},{"link_name":"Noah Ngeny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noah_Ngeny"},{"link_name":"2001 World Championships in Athletics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_World_Championships_in_Athletics"},{"link_name":"2003 IAAF World Indoor Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_IAAF_World_Indoor_Championships"},{"link_name":"Driss Maazouzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Driss_Maazouzi"},{"link_name":"2004 IAAF World Indoor Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_IAAF_World_Indoor_Championships"},{"link_name":"Zürich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich"},{"link_name":"2004 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Summer_Olympics"}],"text":"Lagat first represented his native Kenya at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, Australia.[7] In the 1500 m final, Morocco used team tactics to try to ensure a gold medal for heavy favorite Hicham El Guerrouj. In a very close finish, Noah Ngeny took gold, El Guerrouj won silver, and Lagat captured bronze. Lagat finished the year being ranked #3 in the world at 1500 m.The next summer, Lagat won the silver medal, behind El Guerrouj, at the 2001 World Championships in Athletics, and later that summer, at a meet in Brussels, Lagat set the Kenyan National Record and became the second fastest individual ever at 1500 m when he ran 3:26.34, finishing second in this race behind Hicham El Guerrouj (3:26.13), in an attempt to break El Guerrouj's world record of 3:26.00. Lagat finished the year ranked #2 in the world at 1500 m.Lagat spent most of 2002 and 2003 chasing El Guerrouj. At the 2003 IAAF World Indoor Championships, he earned the silver medal at 1500 m, this time behind Driss Maazouzi of France. Lagat withdrew from the 2003 world outdoor championships after a blood test showed traces of EPO in his system. His B sample test came back negative, clearing him of any charges. He was ranked 2nd and 4th in the world at 1500 m in 2002 and 2003 respectively.In the 3000 m at the 2004 IAAF World Indoor Championships Lagat won his first international gold medal. Lagat was clearly overjoyed at his comeback since 2003. Throughout the spring he competed fiercely and beat his rival El Guerrouj in Zürich with a world leading time at 1500 m of 3:27.40. At the 2004 Summer Olympics Lagat seemed poised to once again defeat El Guerrouj. The final saw Lagat and El Guerrouj battling down the final 100 m, swapping the lead multiple times. El Guerrouj prevailed, with Lagat close behind, earning the silver medal, running the final lap in under 52 seconds. He was, however, ranked #1 in the world at 1500 m for the year.","title":"Representing Kenya (2000–2004)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Representing United States (2005–present)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"naturalized citizen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalized_citizen"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"2004 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"dual citizenship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_citizenship"},{"link_name":"IAAF World Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_World_Championships_in_Athletics"},{"link_name":"Helsinki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helsinki"},{"link_name":"USATF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Track_%26_Field"},{"link_name":"Fayetteville, Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fayetteville,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Steve Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Scott_(athlete)"},{"link_name":"Jeff Atkinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Atkinson_(runner)"},{"link_name":"Rieti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rieti"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Sydney Maree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Maree"}],"sub_title":"Beginning of American career","text":"In March 2005, Lagat announced that he had become a naturalized citizen of the United States on May 7, 2004. Lagat did compete for his homeland Kenya in the 2004 Summer Olympics, winning silver in the 1500 m. Even though Kenya did not allow dual citizenship at the time, he was allowed to keep his medal. Lagat became a competitor for the United States but was temporarily banned from international championship events, missing the IAAF World Championships in Helsinki.The U.S. does allow dual citizenship and consequently races run by Lagat after May 7, 2004, could have been ratified as American records, since USATF rules only state that an athlete has to be a U.S. citizen competing in a sanctioned competition to be eligible to set a national record. However, at the 2005 USATF annual meeting, his 3:27.40 win in the 1500 meters, on August 6, 2004, in Zürich, was not ratified as an American record.Nevertheless, Lagat owns three American records from races he had run in 2005 that were ratified by USATF. His first American records came indoors, with a 3:49.89 mile at Fayetteville, Arkansas, on February 11, 2005, during which his 1500 meters split time of 3:33.34 also established another new U.S. record, en route to a win in the event. The performance replaced records by Steve Scott, who set the previous American indoor mile record of 3:51.8 in 1981, and the previous American 1500 meter indoor record held by Jeff Atkinson, who ran 3:38.12 in 1989. Lagat's winning time of 3:29.40 at Rieti, Italy, on August 28, 2005, in the outdoor 1500 meters was ratified as his third new American record, improving upon the old record of 3:29.77, set by Sydney Maree in 1985.","title":"Representing United States (2005–present)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2007 World Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_World_Championships_in_Athletics"},{"link_name":"Osaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka"},{"link_name":"Paavo Nurmi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paavo_Nurmi"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Double world champion","text":"At the 2007 World Championships in Osaka, Lagat surpassed all his previous achievements by becoming the first athlete to become world champion in both the 1,500 m and 5,000 m at the same IAAF World Outdoor Championships. Similar feats were accomplished by Hicham El Guerrouj at the 2004 Olympics and Paavo Nurmi at the 1924 Olympics.[8][9]","title":"Representing United States (2005–present)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bernard_Lagat_Berlin_2009.jpg"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Eugene, Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Team USA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"2008 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Beijing, China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing,_China"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Achilles tendon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achilles_tendon"},{"link_name":"Flagstaff, Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagstaff,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Berlin-22"},{"link_name":"Eamonn Coghlan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eamonn_Coghlan"},{"link_name":"Wanamaker Mile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanamaker_Mile"},{"link_name":"Millrose Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millrose_Games"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"2009 World Championships in Athletics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_World_Championships_in_Athletics"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Berlin-22"}],"sub_title":"2008 Olympics and 2009 Worlds","text":"Bernard Lagat at the 2009 World ChampionshipsIn 2008, Lagat won both 1500 m[10][11] and 5000 m[12] runs at the US Olympic Trials in Eugene, Oregon, qualifying himself to compete with Team USA at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, China.[13] Hopes were high that his success in both these events would continue at the Olympics.[14][15] However, Lagat failed to advance beyond the semi-finals in the 1500 m run.[16][17][18] He was more successful in the 5000 m run, winning his semi-final heat to advance,[19][20] but ultimately did not medal, running to ninth-place finish in the finals.[21]Lagat had concealed the fact that he was running with an injured Achilles tendon, a problem which hampered his training and contributed to his poor showing at the Olympics. He stated that his placings at the 2008 Beijing Games were \"the biggest disappointment in my athletics career\". The following season, he began with high altitude training in Flagstaff, Arizona.[22] After tying Eamonn Coghlan's record of seven wins in the Wanamaker Mile at the 2009 Millrose Games in New York, Lagat broke Coghlan's record with an 8th win at Millrose in 2010.[23] As the reigning world champion in the 1500 and 5000 meters, he automatically received qualification in the events at the 2009 World Championships in Athletics and set his sights on retaining his titles. Despite being much older than some of his competitors, Lagat's desire to win had not faded and he said \"I am more motivated than ever to go to the podium in Berlin\".[22] Lagat ultimately won the bronze medal in the 1500 m and the silver medal in the 5000 m.","title":"Representing United States (2005–present)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Galen Rupp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galen_Rupp"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Bislett Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bislett_Games"},{"link_name":"Oslo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Rieti IAAF Grand Prix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rieti_IAAF_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"Tariku Bekele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tariku_Bekele"},{"link_name":"Mo Farah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo_Farah"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"2011 World Championships in Athletics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_World_Championships_in_Athletics"},{"link_name":"Mo Farah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo_Farah"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bernard_Lagat_and_Paul_Chelimo_2016.jpg"},{"link_name":"Millrose Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millrose_Games"},{"link_name":"Armory Track & Field Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armory_Track_%26_Field_Center"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"2012 Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_5000_metres"},{"link_name":"Mo Farah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo_Farah"},{"link_name":"Isiah Kiplangat Koech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isiah_Kiplangat_Koech"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Matthew Centrowitz Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Centrowitz_Jr."},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"USATF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USATF"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"2016 United States Olympic Trials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_States_Olympic_Trials_(track_and_field)"},{"link_name":"Galen Rupp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galen_Rupp"},{"link_name":"Hassan Mead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan_Mead"},{"link_name":"Paul Chelimo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Chelimo"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Breaking2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breaking2"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Great North Run","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_North_Run"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Tucson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tucson"},{"link_name":"Tübingen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCbingen"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Washington State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_State_University"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Carnegie Corporation of New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie_Corporation_of_New_York"},{"link_name":"Great Immigrants Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Immigrants_Award"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"}],"sub_title":"2010 to present","text":"Lagat set a new American record in his debut of the indoor 5000 meters at the Reebok Boston Indoor Games on February 6, 2010, with a time of 13:11.50. This beat previous record holder Galen Rupp who had set the record at 13:18.12 in 2009.[24] On June 4, 2010, Lagat broke the American Record for 5000 m with 12:54.12 on June 4, 2010, at the Bislett Games in Oslo.[25] Lagat set another area record at the Rieti IAAF Grand Prix in August: chasing down Tariku Bekele in the 3000 m. Lagat took second place with an American record of 7:29.00 – his first sub-7:30 minute time.Lagat broke his own 5000 m American record in July at the Monaco Diamond League meet by running 12:53.60 to finish a close second behind Mo Farah who set the British 5000 m record in this race in a time of 12:53.11.[26][27][28] The 2011 World Championships in Athletics, the 5000 m final came down to a sprint finish and Lagat was beaten in the last straight by Mo Farah, leaving Lagat with his second consecutive silver medal at the world event.Lagat (center) winning the 5000 m race at the 2016 Olympic TrialsThe 2012 Millrose Games, was held for the first time at the Armory Track & Field Center and Lagat ran an American indoor record over 5000 m with a time of 13:07.15 minutes.[29] At the 2012 Olympics in London, Lagat finished fourth in the 5000 m race, crossing the line 1.33 seconds behind the leader, Mo Farah, after being tripped up when he was going into his kick by Isiah Kiplangat Koech.[30] Lagat was runner-up behind Matthew Centrowitz Jr. at the Fifth Avenue Mile that year.[31]\n[32]\nLagat earned his 4th USATF Indoor 3000 meters title on February 22, 2014 [33][34] On June 27, Lagat, at age 39, won his seventh USA men's 5,000 title.[35]He made his debut at the 10,000 m on 1 May 2016 and came in first. His winning time of 27:49 seconds made an improvement for the world record in the Masters A40 category by 51 seconds.[36]\n[37]\n[38]\nOn July 9, Lagat won the 5000 meters at the 2016 United States Olympic Trials, qualifying him for his fifth Olympic Games in Rio de Janeiro. He entered the last lap in sixth place more than two and a half seconds behind race leader Galen Rupp. At age 41, his final lap was 52.82, the fastest of the field and more than a second faster than any in the 1500 meter final. Joining Lagat on the team were Somali born Hassan Mead and Kenyan born Paul Chelimo, making for an entirely foreign born delegation. Lagat also became the oldest runner at the Summer Olympics to represent the United States.[39] On August 20, 2016, Lagat initially claimed the 6th-place finish in the 5000 meters at the Olympics. He was moved to bronze after three runners were disqualified, but was moved back to 5th after 2 of the 3 were reinstated.[40] He outsprinted Andrew Butchart of Great Britain, who is 17 years his junior, by more than a second.Lagat ran his final race as a professional on September 3, 2016, at the ISTAF meet in Berlin where he came in second place in the 3,000 meters.[41]In May 2017 Lagat served as a pacer for Nike's Breaking2 attempt at achieving a sub-2-hour marathon time. Lagat also agreed to run as a pacer at a similar event, the Ineos 1:59 Challenge, in October 2019.[42]On September 10, 2017, Lagat finished eighth in the 2017 Great North Run half marathon in 1:03:02.[43]Lagat participated on his first marathon in New York City Marathon on 4 Nov, 2018[44] finishing 18th with a time of 2:17:20.[45] He had a lead to the second-placed finisher in his age group of 11:15 minutes.[46]On 29 February 2020, Lagat placed 18th with a time of 2:14:23 in the Atlanta Olympic Trials Marathon. In preparation he had a 30 km training run with the world record holder Eliud Kipchoge in Kenya.[47][48]Lagat lives in Tucson, Arizona and Tübingen, Germany with his wife Gladys Tom (a Canadian of Chinese descent),[49] whom he met while they both attended Washington State University,[50][51] and their son Miika Kimutai (born in 2006) and daughter Gianna (born 2008).[52] In 2023, Lagat was named by Carnegie Corporation of New York as an honoree of the Great Immigrants Awards.[53]","title":"Representing United States (2005–present)"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"1Representing Africa\n2Representing the Americas","title":"International competitions"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Personal bests","title":"Statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"North American Area Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_North_American_records_in_athletics"},{"link_name":"Kenyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Kenyan_records_in_athletics"},{"link_name":"Commonwealth record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Commonwealth_records_in_athletics"},{"link_name":"Masters World records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masters_Athletics_World_Records"},{"link_name":"American Masters records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_records_in_masters_athletics"},{"link_name":"Herculis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herculis"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"}],"sub_title":"Records","text":"All of Lagat's American records are also North American Area Records.\nHis time of 3:26.34 minutes for the 1500 metres, set in 2001, remains the Kenyan and Commonwealth record for the event as well as the third-fastest of all time.\nThe 3000 and 5000 marks, set since Lagat turned 35 years of age are also Masters World records and American Masters records. Lagat also holds the currently recognized Masters World record in the 1500 at 3:32.51 set at Herculis in 2010.\nHe set the Masters World record for Age 40 at 3000 m in 7:48.33 on February 7, 2015, in Boston, and rebroke his own record in 7:37.71 on February 25, 2015, in Metz, France.[56]","title":"Statistics"}]	[{"image_text":"Bernard Lagat at the 2009 World Championships","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Bernard_Lagat_Berlin_2009.jpg/150px-Bernard_Lagat_Berlin_2009.jpg"},{"image_text":"Lagat (center) winning the 5000 m race at the 2016 Olympic Trials","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Bernard_Lagat_and_Paul_Chelimo_2016.jpg/260px-Bernard_Lagat_and_Paul_Chelimo_2016.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Athletics_pictogram.svg/50px-Athletics_pictogram.svg.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Athletics_pictogram.svg/50px-Athletics_pictogram.svg.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Athletics_pictogram.svg/50px-Athletics_pictogram.svg.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. \"Bernard Lagat\". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on August 27, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Mallon","url_text":"Mallon, Bill"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160827103731/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/la/bernard-lagat-1.html","url_text":"\"Bernard Lagat\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_Reference","url_text":"Sports Reference LLC"},{"url":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/la/bernard-lagat-1.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"IAAF: 5000 Metres Result \| The XXXI Olympic Games \| iaaf.org\". iaaf.org. Retrieved September 26, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iaaf.org/competitions/olympic-games/the-xxxi-olympic-games-5771/results/men/5000-metres/final/result#resultheader","url_text":"\"IAAF: 5000 Metres Result \| The XXXI Olympic Games \| iaaf.org\""}]},{"reference":"Longman, Jeré. \"A Runner Dreams of Gold Under a New Flag\". Retrieved August 28, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/25/sports/othersports/25runner.html","url_text":"\"A Runner Dreams of Gold Under a New Flag\""}]},{"reference":"\"IAAF: Bernard LAGAT \| Profile\". iaaf.org. Retrieved August 28, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iaaf.org/athletes/united-states/bernard-lagat-135263","url_text":"\"IAAF: Bernard LAGAT \| Profile\""}]},{"reference":"Powell, David (August 2, 2009). \"With family as inspiration, Lagat ready to pursue elusive Olympic gold\". iaaf.org. Archived from the original on August 27, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080827181703/http://www.iaaf.org/OLY08/news/kind=100/newsid=46401.html","url_text":"\"With family as inspiration, Lagat ready to pursue elusive Olympic gold\""},{"url":"http://www.iaaf.org/OLY08/news/kind=100/newsid=46401.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Cacciola, Scott (November 7, 2021). \"Peres Jepchirchir of Kenya wins the women's race at the New York City Marathon\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/07/sports/peres-jepchirchir-wins-womens-nyc-marathon.html","url_text":"\"Peres Jepchirchir of Kenya wins the women's race at the New York City Marathon\""}]},{"reference":"\"ExxonMobil Bislett Games\". Archived from the original on August 31, 2010. Retrieved September 26, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140721/http://www.diamondleague-oslo.com/en/Live-StartlistsResults/Overview/5000m-Men1/","url_text":"\"ExxonMobil Bislett Games\""},{"url":"http://www.diamondleague-oslo.com/en/Live-StartlistsResults/Overview/5000m-Men1/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Bernard Lagat prepared for Rio 2016\". Archived from the original on August 27, 2016. Retrieved August 21, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160827000501/http://en.omriyadat.com/african-athletics/bernard-lagat-prepared-for-rio-2016","url_text":"\"Bernard Lagat prepared for Rio 2016\""},{"url":"http://en.omriyadat.com/african-athletics/bernard-lagat-prepared-for-rio-2016","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"USA Track & Field – Lagat turns in fastest 3,000 m in USA Indoor Championships history on second day in Albuquerque\". Usatf.org. February 22, 2014. Retrieved July 11, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.legacy.usatf.org/News/0-(5).aspx","url_text":"\"USA Track & Field – Lagat turns in fastest 3,000 m in USA Indoor Championships history on second day in Albuquerque\""}]},{"reference":"\"USATF Indoor Championships – News – In Crowded Race, Lagat Gets Fourth 3000 m Title At USA Ind Championships – RRW\". Usaindoor.runnerspace.com. Retrieved July 11, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://usaindoor.runnerspace.com/eprofile.php?event_id=25&do=news&news_id=224554","url_text":"\"USATF Indoor Championships – News – In Crowded Race, Lagat Gets Fourth 3000 m Title At USA Ind Championships – RRW\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bernard Lagat, At Age 39, Wins His Seventh USA Men's 5,000 Title – Two Quick Thoughts + Lots Of Post-Race Talk\". LetsRun.com. June 28, 2014. Retrieved July 11, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.letsrun.com/news/2014/06/bernard-lagat-age-39-wins-seventh-usa-mens-5000-title/","url_text":"\"Bernard Lagat, At Age 39, Wins His Seventh USA Men's 5,000 Title – Two Quick Thoughts + Lots Of Post-Race Talk\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bernard Lagat Debuts at 10,000 Meters and Smashes World Masters Record\". runnersworld.com. May 2, 2016. Retrieved March 21, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.runnersworld.com/elite-runners/bernard-lagat-debuts-at-10000-meters-and-smashes-world-masters-record","url_text":"\"Bernard Lagat Debuts at 10,000 Meters and Smashes World Masters Record\""}]},{"reference":"\"2016 Payton Jordan Invitational - info/results - 05/01/16\". RunnerSpace.com. Retrieved March 21, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://payton-jordan-cardinal-invitational.runnerspace.com/eprofile.php?event_id=95&year=2016&do=info#Mens_10,000_Meters","url_text":"\"2016 Payton Jordan Invitational - info/results - 05/01/16\""}]},{"reference":"\"10000 meter ALL-TIME Rankings\". www.mastersathletics.net. Retrieved March 21, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mastersathletics.net/fileadmin/html/Rankings/All_Time/10000metresmen.htm","url_text":"\"10000 meter ALL-TIME Rankings\""}]},{"reference":"Chavez, Chris (July 9, 2016). \"41-year-old Bernard Lagat wins 5,000 meters at Olympic trials\". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved July 10, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://olympics.si.com/olympics/2016/07/09/bernard-lagat-us-olympic-trials-win-5000-meters-results-video","url_text":"\"41-year-old Bernard Lagat wins 5,000 meters at Olympic trials\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_Illustrated","url_text":"Sports Illustrated"}]},{"reference":"\"No medal for Bernard Lagat but plenty of class in perhaps his final Games\". usatoday.com. Retrieved March 21, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/olympics/rio-2016/2016/08/21/bernard-lagat-5000-meters-rio-olympics/89072252/","url_text":"\"No medal for Bernard Lagat but plenty of class in perhaps his final Games\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bernard Lagat Has Run His Final Track Race - What an Amazing Career it Was - LetsRun.com\". letsrun.com. September 6, 2016. Retrieved March 21, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.letsrun.com/news/2016/09/bernard-lagat-run-final-track-race-amazing-career/","url_text":"\"Bernard Lagat Has Run His Final Track Race - What an Amazing Career it Was - LetsRun.com\""}]},{"reference":"INEOS. \"Bernard Lagat\". www.ineos159challenge.com. Retrieved September 16, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ineos159challenge.com/news/bernard-lagat/","url_text":"\"Bernard Lagat\""}]},{"reference":"\"2017 Great North Run Results - LetsRun.com\". letsrun.com. September 11, 2017. Retrieved March 21, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.letsrun.com/news/2017/09/2017-great-north-run-results/","url_text":"\"2017 Great North Run Results - LetsRun.com\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bernard Lagat sets marathon debut\". OlympicTalk. August 23, 2018. Retrieved September 26, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://olympics.nbcsports.com/2018/08/23/bernard-lagat-marathon-debut/","url_text":"\"Bernard Lagat sets marathon debut\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bernard Lagat Runs 2:17 Debut Marathon in New York City\". Runner's World. November 4, 2018. Retrieved November 6, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.runnersworld.com/news/a24271133/bernard-lagat-nyc-marathon-2018/","url_text":"\"Bernard Lagat Runs 2:17 Debut Marathon in New York City\""}]},{"reference":"\"New York Road Runners Official Race Results\". results.nyrr.org. Retrieved May 28, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://results.nyrr.org/","url_text":"\"New York Road Runners Official Race Results\""}]},{"reference":"Zaccardi, Nick (February 28, 2020). \"Bernard Lagat reminded of Atlanta Games at U.S. Olympic Marathon Trials\". OlympicTalk \| NBC Sports. Retrieved October 24, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://olympics.nbcsports.com/2020/02/28/bernard-lagat-marathon-olympic-trials/","url_text":"\"Bernard Lagat reminded of Atlanta Games at U.S. Olympic Marathon Trials\""}]},{"reference":"OlympicTalk (February 29, 2020). \"2020 U.S. Olympic Marathon Trials results\". OlympicTalk \| NBC Sports. Retrieved October 24, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://olympics.nbcsports.com/2020/02/29/olympic-marathon-trials-results/","url_text":"\"2020 U.S. Olympic Marathon Trials results\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pedro Pascal and World Bank's Ajay Banga among those named to Carnegie's 2023 Great Immigrants list\". AP News. June 28, 2023. Retrieved June 17, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://apnews.com/article/pedro-pascal-ajay-banga-carnegie-great-immigrants-f28abf588332dd3bf2fe089100efb279","url_text":"\"Pedro Pascal and World Bank's Ajay Banga among those named to Carnegie's 2023 Great Immigrants list\""}]},{"reference":"\"USATF - Statistics - Records\". www.usatf.org. Retrieved March 21, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.legacy.usatf.org/statistics/records/byEvent.asp?division=american&location=road&age=masters&distance=21.0975&distanceUnits=km&distanceType=run","url_text":"\"USATF - Statistics - Records\""}]},{"reference":"\"USATF - Statistics - Records\". www.usatf.org. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas,_County_Cork	Douglas, Cork	["1 History","1.1 Prehistory","1.2 Origins (13th-17th century)","1.3 Urbanisation and the linen industry","1.4 Suburban development","1.5 Later developments (20th-21st century)","2 Residential areas","3 Amenities","4 Shopping and business","5 Demographics","6 Sport","6.1 GAA","6.2 Association football","6.3 Golf","6.4 Rugby union","6.5 Other sports","7 Transport","7.1 Road","7.2 Bus","7.3 Rail","8 Religious congregations","9 Education","10 Notable residents","11 See also","12 Notes and references"]	Suburb in Cork city, Ireland Suburb in Munster, IrelandDouglas DúglasSuburb (village core)Douglas at the turn of the 20th century, with a Cork Electric Tramways and Lighting Company tramDouglasLocation in IrelandCoordinates: 51°52′35″N 8°26′9″W / 51.87639°N 8.43583°W / 51.87639; -8.43583CountryIrelandProvinceMunsterLocal authorityCork City CouncilPopulation (2016)26,883 approx.Time zoneUTC+0 (WET) • Summer (DST)UTC-1 (IST (WEST)) Douglas (Irish: Dúglas or Dúbhglas, meaning 'dark stream') is a suburb, with a village core, in Cork city, Ireland. Douglas is also the name of the townland, Roman Catholic parish, Church of Ireland parish and civil parish in which it is contained. Originally a separate village, the growth of both the village and the city has meant Douglas has become incorporated into the city over time. The 2017 Mackinnon Report proposed that Douglas and surrounding residential areas be moved to within an extended Cork City Council boundary, ending the division of Douglas between the city and county administrative areas. Douglas, along with Rochestown, Grange and Frankfield, formally moved into the city council area on 31 May 2019, following the 2019 local elections. History Prehistory There are a number of extant or proposed prehistoric sites in Douglas and the surrounding area, including a shell midden, ringforts, souterrains, and a fulacht fiadh. Further evidence of prehistoric settlement in the area includes the finding of a Bronze Age decorated beaten gold disc in the townland of Castletreasure; although reputed to be related to the ruined castle of the same name, it has actually been dated to 2500-2000 BC. Origins (13th-17th century) The first known mention of Douglas is in an inquisition on the lands of Gerald de Prendergast in 1251, and in a 1291 taxation document which records the lands as being an appurtenance of the Church of Bauvier. It is alternately listed as "Duffelglasse" and "Duglasse" in 1302 and 1306, respectively, as part of the parish of Carrigaline. In the year 1603, it became one of the liberties of Cork City. In 1615, parochial records mention the chapel of Douglas being laid waste, reportedly due to theft of the foundation stones, and in a 1700 entry of the same records it is mentioned that the ruined chapel in question had been the church of Carrigaline parish for a century prior to the construction of a new church in Carrigaline itself. By the mid-seventeenth century, it had a population of 308 people (of whom 33 were English) and consisted of a number of large farms. Urbanisation and the linen industry The area began to develop as an urban settlement in the early eighteenth century with the opening of the "Douglas factory" in 1726, reported in August 1755 to be the property of "Messrs. Perry, Carleton and Co.", with 100 looms initially operational. The mills produced sail-cloth and supplied sails to the Royal Navy, amongst other clients. The industry was established by Huguenot weavers and textile workers, such as the Besnards, who acquired the Mills by 1783 and in 1801 installed the first powered spindles in Ireland, along with skilled workers from Ulster and Scotland. In addition to the mill workers, employees included over 1,000 spinners working from their houses, and hacklers, bleachers and labourers tasked with preparing raw material in Douglas village. Terrace built for mill workers, Grange Road Further textile mills opened in the nineteenth century, including an additional Besnard-owned scutching mill (Ravensdale, 1806), Lane's Corn and Hemp Mills (now Douglas Community Park, 1845), O’Brien's Brothers (St Patrick's Woollen Mills, 1882), Donnybrook Mills (Wallis & Pollock Flax Mills, 1866; re-opened as Morroghs' Woolen Mills, 1889/1890) and Conroy's Rope and Twine Mills (now Galway's Lane, 1892). Most of the mills ceased to operate in the early twentieth century, although St Patrick's Woollen Mills and Donnybrook Mills continued to operate until the 1970s. Some of the houses built for the mill workers are still in existence, including a terrace of houses near the junction of the Grange Road and Donnybrook Hill. Other large businesses of the time included an Osiery beside Conroy's Mills, two large brick manufacturers which straddled the nearby estuary, the Ravensdale Flour Mill, and the Woodville Flour Mill which was situated south of the Rochestown train station and produced sea biscuits and ship bread. Suburban development Douglas developed as a suburban area throughout the later eighteenth century and the nineteenth century, and was noted for the high concentration of 'big houses'. The popularity of the area among the nobility was such that elevated prices were commanded for the surrounding lands, and as a result, the acreage of the estates was lower than average. The oldest house was believed to have been Ronayne's Court, built in 1627 by Morris Ronayne; although the house was demolished in 1969, the original inscribed fireplace was moved to Blackrock Castle. The nearby Montfieldstown House was reputed to be the inspiration for Havisham House of Dickens' Great Expectations, having been abandoned following a ruined wedding. Bloomfield House was connected to a notorious libel case between the prominent Cork Pike and Beamish families, in which the judge, who ruled in favour of Pike in Pike v Beamish, was given the house upon announcement of the verdict by the mother of the plaintiff. Windsor House was occupied by Lord Bandon, Sir Abraham Sutton and the Kiltegan Fathers, before being redeveloped as the Rochestown Park Hotel. Ballybrack House was occupied by the Lane family, also of Vernon Mount, and is the birthplace of art dealer Sir Hugh Lane. It received frequent visits from Lady Gregory, a close relation of the family. High Court, built in 1720 and later known as Westgrove, was the birthplace of playwright and Abbey director Lennox Robinson. Grange House was home of the Conron family, descended from Sir Christopher Hatton, for over 300 years. Douglas Hall, one of the few remaining examples of a slate-fronted house in Ireland, was home to Rev. Dr. Francis Moylan, Bishop of Cork, who was made a freeman for his rhetorical opposition to the French invasion at Bantry Bay during the 1798 Rebellion. Vernon Mount, which was built for a wealthy merchant family in the late 18th century, was occupied by Sir Henry Browne Hayes, who was sentenced to penal servitude in Botany Bay after attempting to abduct an heiress for forced marriage. Other prominent Big Houses included Ravenscourt House, Old Court, Norwood Court, Ballybrack House, Donnybrook House, Montpelier House, Grange Erin, Castletreasure House, Bellvue House, Tramore House (home of the philanthropic Reeves family), and Maryborough House (now the Maryborough House Hotel, with an earlier late-17th century lodge). Douglas was made a separate Roman Catholic parish sometime before 1768. St Columba's (Roman Catholic) church was built in 1814 by the Rev. Thomas Barry, according to local legend using the stones of the ruined castle of Castletreasure. A Douglas "Chapel of Ease" to the Church of Ireland parish of Carrigaline was established on 17 September 1786, with the establishment of a full separate parish in February 1875. In 1855, the Protestant population of the parish was reported as having been 310, with 150 children attending the parish school. The 1785 church was rebuilt and reconsecrated on 27 August 1875 as St Luke's Church, however, following the death of the resident Canon in 1886, as well as the principal architect, the church remained without a spire until 1889, with the church bell and tower clock donated by Mary Reeves of Tramore House, with the stipulation that the clock face towards her front door. Notable parishioners interred at St Luke's include the poet Richard Alfred Milliken, the librarian Richard Caulfield and the entrepreneur John Arnott; in addition, a plaque was erected in the memory of art collector Sir Hugh Lane, deceased in the sinking of the Lusitania. The nearby parish of St Finbar's opened a chapel of ease in Frankfield in 1838, later known as the Holy Trinity, on ground donated by Samuel Lane. An additional graveyard, located on Carr's Hill, was opened in 1848 on land donated by the Master of the Workhouse, George Carr, to deal with the increase in deaths from the Great Famine. In 1898, the Cork Electric Tramways and Lighting Company built a route from Cork city centre to Douglas. This operated until 1932 when it was replaced by a bus service. Later developments (20th-21st century) In the second half of the twentieth century, Douglas underwent major changes as it became a full-fledged suburb of Cork. New housing was built and the area between Douglas and Cork City became built-up. Schools, shopping centres and other amenities developed to serve this new population. Douglas Community School was built in 1968, and the original Douglas Shopping Centre was completed in 1971. This shopping centre underwent a significant redevelopment at the turn of the 21st century (although, as of 2020, was closed following a fire). A second shopping centre, Douglas Court Shopping Centre, was built in the late 1980s and a 5-screen multiplex cinema (since demolished) was also built. Several hotels, including the Rochestown Park Hotel and Maryborough House Hotel, were also developed. Following the release of the MacKinnon Report in 2017, covering a possible extension of Cork city's boundary, it was proposed that the Douglas area (including Douglas, Frankfield, Grange and Donnybrook) would be moved to the administrative area of Cork City Council. This, if implemented, would move all of Douglas to the city, ending the divide of the town between the city and county. The boundary change (incorporating parts of Ballincollig, Douglas, Glanmire, and Rochestown within the city boundary) occurred in late May 2019. Residential areas Donnybrook Hill From the late 19th and into the 20th century, there was an expansion of residential areas in the Douglas catchment. Housing developments (mostly private, with some social housing) were built in Grange, Frankfield, Donnybrook, Maryborough, Rochestown, Mount Oval and along the two main roads connecting Douglas to the city centre, the Douglas Road and the South Douglas Road. Donnybrook, for example, is south of Douglas village, and has a small supermarket, snooker club, football club (College Corinthians) and forested walkway (at Ballybrack Woods) which serve as amenities for the residential developments in the Donnybrook Hill area. Grange and Frankfield (encompassed by Frankfield/Grange parish) lie to the west of Douglas village, and are mainly residential areas served by retail outlets (including SuperValu and Aldi), schools (like Scoil Nioclais primary school) and other services (including an office of Douglas credit union). The residential development at Mount Oval has a bar, Spar, and a pharmacy. Amenities Stream near Douglas Community Park Amenities and green-spaces in the area include Douglas Community Park (a 5-acre park close to the centre of Douglas which includes a playground), and Ballybrack Woods (a wooded area south of Douglas village which is known locally as 'Mangala'). Douglas has two golf facilities, Douglas Golf Club at Maryborough Hill and a driving range at Frankfield Golf Club. Following calls to build a pedestrian and cycle trail through the woods around Vernon Mount, with a bridge over the South Ring Road to Tramore Valley Park, a new pedestrian and cycle bridge was opened in November 2023. Shopping and business The village centre of Douglas has two principal commercial streets, East Douglas Street and West Douglas Street, which are situated approximately 300m apart. Retail activity is also centred around two shopping centres, Douglas Court Shopping Centre and Douglas Village Shopping Centre. "Douglas Court" (anchored by Dunnes Stores) was built in the early-1990s, and "Douglas Village" (anchored by Tesco, Marks and Spencer and TK Maxx) was originally developed in the mid-1970s and was the second shopping centre ever built in Ireland. Douglas was formerly the site of the headquarters of Cork and Limerick Savings Bank. However, this bank was merged into Trustee Savings Bank in 1992. The former headquarters was initially still used for regional administration, but this function was transferred to a new building in Cork Airport Business Park. A farmers market is held every Saturday morning outside the Douglas Village Shopping Centre entrance. Demographics In the 2011 census, the percentage of Irish nationals living in Douglas was 88.8%. UK nationals accounted for 1.7%; Polish nationals 3.2%; Lithuanians 0.6%; other EU nationals 2.1%; other nationals 2.9%; and 0.7% did not state their nationality. In the 2016 census, 78.6% of residents of the Douglas electoral division identified as Catholic, 8% were members of other religions, 12% had no religion and less than 1% did not state a religion. In the same census, 86.2% of electoral division residents identified as white Irish, 8.3% were other whites, 1% were black, 1.7% Asian or Asian Irish, 1.4% were of other ethnicities, and 1% did not state an ethnicity. Sport GAA Nemo Rangers GAA club GAA clubs in the area include the Douglas GAA and Nemo Rangers hurling and football clubs. Nemo Rangers were historically associated with Turners Cross, but moved to a new location in the Trabeg area of Douglas in the 1990s. In the 2004, 2007 and 2012 under-10 (u10) Community Games, Douglas won the Cork Community Games, the Munster Community Games and the all-Ireland Community Games. Association football Local soccer clubs include Tramore Athletic F.C., Grangevale AFC, College Corinthians and Douglas Hall AFC. Golf There are also local golf (and pitch and putt) clubs, including Douglas Golf Club, Frankfield Golf Club and Douglas Pitch and Putt Club. Rugby union Douglas has representation in rugby union, and Douglas RFC was founded in 1902 as one of the earliest Cork rugby clubs. While this original club drew members from the workforce of St Patrick's Woollen Mills in Douglas (which closed in the 1970s), the club in its current form was founded in 1979. Other sports Other sports clubs include tennis (Douglas Tennis Club), basketball (Fr. Mathews Basketball Club), gymnastics (Douglas Gymnastics Club), martial arts (at Elite Fitness Centre), cricket and hockey clubs (Cork Harlequins and Church of Ireland Hockey Club). Transport Road The N40 passes through Douglas, but it is not possible to join the N40 from Douglas to travel in an eastbound direction, and westbound traffic may not exit the N40 at Douglas. Additional access is available via the N28 from nearby Rochestown. Douglas is served by a number of R-standard roads, including the R609 (which links to the N28 at Maryborough), R610 (Passage West to Cork city centre), R851 (Cork city centre to the N27), and R853 (to Ballinlough). Bus Bus services are provided by Bus Éireann, and the routes which pass through Douglas include numbers 206 (Grange to the city centre), 207 (Donnybrook to Ballyvolane), 216 (Monkstown to Cork University Hospital), 219 (Munster Technological University Bishopstown Campus to Mahon), 220 (Ovens - Grange Manor to Carrigaline and Camden Fort), and 223 (Cork City Centre to Haulbowline). Rail The nearest active railway station is Cork Kent railway station, approximately 5 km away. Until 1932, Douglas was served by the Blackpool-Douglas route of the Cork Electric Tramways and Lighting Company. Religious congregations St Columbas Catholic church, Douglas As of the 2016 census, 78.6% of the population of the Douglas electoral division identified as Catholic, with St Columbas as the first Catholic parish church in the area, dating to 1814. From the 1960s, with housing developments and population growth in Douglas, overcrowding in St Columbas prompted a decision to build a new Catholic church in the Grange/Frankfield area. This new church (the Church of the Incarnation) was consecrated in 1976, and was a chapel-of-ease to the Douglas parish before being separating into its own parish in 1982. St Patrick's Catholic church serves the Rochestown area, and dates to 1991. Other religious congregations serving the Douglas population include St Lukes Church (Anglican) which was consecrated in 1875, the Wesley Chapel (Methodist) on the Douglas Road, Douglas Baptist congregation (which meets at Douglas Community School), Radical Life church (Pentecostal), the Holy Trinity church (Anglican) in Frankfield which dates to 1838, and the Inspiration House (RCCG) in Frankfield. Education Scoil Nioclais in Frankfield Primary schools serving the area include St Columba's GNS and St Columba's GNS (Catholic girls and boys national schools respectively), Scoil An Athair Tadhg Ó Murchú (a mixed-gender gaelscoil), St Luke's National School (a Church of Ireland mixed-gender school) and Scoil Nioclais (a mixed-gender Catholic primary school in Grange). Other nearby schools include Eglantine (a Catholic girls school in Ballinlough) and Rochestown Educate Together National School and Rochestown National School (both mixed-gender schools in Rochestown). Douglas Community School (boys) and Regina Mundi College (girls) are secondary schools in Douglas. Notable residents See also: Category:People from Douglas, Cork John Bainbridge, first-class cricketer and Royal Navy rear-admiral John Dunlay, recipient of the Victoria Cross Jack Gleeson, film and stage actor Gerald Goldberg, first Jewish Lord Mayor of Cork Rob Heffernan, Irish Olympian Cillian Murphy, film and stage actor Billy O'Callaghan, Irish short story writer and novelist Donncha O'Callaghan, former professional rugby union player Ronan O'Gara, former professional rugby player and coach Lennox Robinson, dramatist, poet and director of the Abbey Theatre Chiedozie Ogbene, football player from Grange See also List of towns and villages in Ireland Metropolitan Cork Notes and references ^ Includes electoral districts in the county council (Douglas ED) and city council (Browningstown and Tramore A, B & C) areas ^ "Douglas village flooded as burst water main sends water rushing through streets". corkbeo.ie. MGN Limited. 30 November 2020. Retrieved 16 July 2021. ^ "Your guide to Douglas: The 'village' with pubs, parks and possibly Ireland's best chipper". thejournal.ie. Journal Media Ltd. 5 January 2018. Retrieved 16 July 2021. ^ a b "Cork City boundary extension: Ex-lord mayor in scathing attack on opponents". Irish Examiner. 5 September 2017. ^ "County Hall spends more than €30,000 on legal advice on boundary changes". Evening Echo. 6 June 2018. ^ a b "Very low take-up for council staff transfers to City Hall". eveningecho.ie. Evening Echo. 20 December 2018. Retrieved 21 December 2018. ^ Power, Denis; et al. (1994). Archaeological inventory of County Cork. comprising the Baronies of Barrymore, Cork, Courceys, Imokilly, Kerrycurrihy, Kinalea, Kinnatalloon & Kinsale. Dublin: Stationery Office. pp. 70, 99, 134, 145, 160, 364. ISBN 0707603234. Nos. 4282,4501,4799,4968,5097 & 6328. ^ Report: Cork Harbour Archaeology. Department of Archaeology, University College Cork. June 1975. ^ "British Museum - Roman Republican Coins in the British Museum - Castletreasure Farm Hoard". www.britishmuseum.org. Retrieved 4 September 2017. ^ Foley, Con (1991). A History Of Douglas. Cork: R. Lynch. pp. 47–51. ^ Power, Denis; et al. (1994). Archaeological inventory of County Cork. comprising the Baronies of Barrymore, Cork, Courceys, Imokilly, Kerrycurrihy, Kinalea, Kinnatalloon & Kinsale. Dublin: Stationery Office. p. 210. ISBN 0707603234. No. 5526. ^ Goddard Henry Orpen (1911). "The Occupation of Cork". Ireland under the Normans. Clarendon Press. p. 47. ^ a b c Foley, Con (1991). A History Of Douglas. Cork: R. Lynch. pp. 3, 5. ^ Brady, William Maziere (1863). Clerical and Parochial Records of Cork, Cloyne and Ross (PDF). Vol. I. p. 60. Retrieved 3 September 2017. 1615... Dowglasse, particula ejusdem, Capella vasta... 1700. Thursday, Sept. 27... Near Douglas, in this parish, is a burying-place, in an open field ; there is still remaining the foundation of a church, but they were carrying away the stones of the foundation. I charg'd them to carry away no more... This was, about 100 years ago, the church of Carickoline parish, before the new church was built, where it now is, in the centre of ye parish. ^ a b c d e f g h "History of Douglas". Douglas Community School website. Archived from the original on 16 April 2010. Retrieved 28 August 2017. ^ a b c Foley, Con (1991). A History Of Douglas. Cork: R. Lynch. pp. 12–14. ^ a b c "Heritage Trail: Douglas Mills - Douglas Tidy Towns". douglastidytowns.ie. Retrieved 3 September 2017. ^ Foley, Con (1991). A History Of Douglas. Cork: R. Lynch. pp. 19–21, 26. ^ a b Foley, Con (1991). A History Of Douglas. Cork: R. Lynch. pp. 31–33. ^ a b "Heritage Trail: O'Brien's/St Patrick's Mills - Douglas Tidy Towns". douglastidytowns.ie. Retrieved 4 September 2017. ^ Power, Denis; et al. (1994). Archaeological inventory of County Cork. comprising the Baronies of Barrymore, Cork, Courceys, Imokilly, Kerrycurrihy, Kinalea, Kinnatalloon & Kinsale. Dublin: Stationery Office. p. 357. ISBN 0707603234. No. 6288. ^ "Donnybrook, County Cork - Terrace of houses most built for mill workers". Buildings of Ireland. National Inventory of Architectural Heritage. Retrieved 3 September 2017. ^ Foley, Con (1991). A History Of Douglas. Cork: R. Lynch. pp. 33–36. ^ The Parliamentary Gazetteer of Ireland: Adapted to the New Poor-law, Franchise, Municipal and Ecclesiastical Arrangements, and Compiled with a Special Reference to the Lines of Railroad and Canal Communication as Existing in 1843-44. A. Fullarton. 1846. p. 49. Retrieved 4 September 2017. ^ a b Foley, Con (1991). A History Of Douglas. Cork: R. Lynch. pp. 52–55. ^ Power, Denis; et al. (1994). Archaeological inventory of County Cork. comprising the Baronies of Barrymore, Cork, Courceys, Imokilly, Kerrycurrihy, Kinalea, Kinnatalloon & Kinsale. Dublin: Stationery Office. p. 235. ISBN 0707603234. No. 5594. ^ The Irish Law Times and Solicitors' Journal - Volume 98. J. Falconer. 1965. p. 123. ^ a b c d Foley, Con (1991). A History Of Douglas. Cork: R. Lynch. pp. 57–59. ^ a b Foley, Con (1991). A History Of Douglas. Cork: R. Lynch. pp. 62–65. ^ "Douglas Hall, Well Road, Cork, Cork City". Buildings of Ireland. National Inventory of Architectural Heritage. Retrieved 3 September 2017. ^ "Vernon Mount – Owners & Occupiers". Grange Frankfield Partnership. Retrieved 31 July 2016. ^ "Famous Characters - Attiwell Hayes". Triskel Arts Centre. Retrieved 15 August 2016. ^ Foley, Con (1991). A History Of Douglas. Cork: R. Lynch. pp. 104–113. ^ "Heritage Trail: Tramore House - Douglas Tidy Towns". douglastidytowns.ie. Retrieved 4 September 2017. ^ Foley, Con (1991). A History Of Douglas. Cork: R. Lynch. p. 160. ^ Foley, Con (1991). A History Of Douglas. Cork: R. Lynch. pp. 39–40. ^ a b Power, Denis; et al. (1994). Archaeological inventory of County Cork. comprising the Baronies of Barrymore, Cork, Courceys, Imokilly, Kerrycurrihy, Kinalea, Kinnatalloon & Kinsale. Dublin: Stationery Office. p. 262. ISBN 0707603234. No. 5718, 5719. ^ Brady, William Maziere (1863). Clerical and Parochial Records of Cork, Cloyne and Ross (PDF). Vol. I. p. 65. Retrieved 3 September 2017. Douglas Chapel of Ease in good order. Rev. J. Bustead is curate. No glebe-house. Five acres of land set. Divine service twice on all Sundays, and once on usual festivals and fasts. In winter, evening service in a house. 150 children are on rolls of a school kept by local subscribers. The Protestant population of Douglas is 310. Total Protestant population of both parts of this parish is 577. ^ a b Foley, Con (1991). A History Of Douglas. Cork: R. Lynch. pp. 42–45. ^ a b "Heritage Trail: St Luke's Church of Ireland - Douglas Tidy Towns". douglastidytowns.ie. Retrieved 3 September 2017. ^ "The clock in St Luke's church - Douglas Tidy Towns". douglastidytowns.ie. Retrieved 3 September 2017. ^ "St. Luke's, Douglas T12 N832". www.douglas.cork.anglican.org. Retrieved 3 September 2017. ^ "Douglas Tidy Towns - Heritage Trail - St Lukes Church of Ireland Graveyard". douglastidytowns.ie. Retrieved 1 February 2024. ^ Power, Denis; et al. (1994). Archaeological inventory of County Cork. comprising the Baronies of Barrymore, Cork, Courceys, Imokilly, Kerrycurrihy, Kinalea, Kinnatalloon & Kinsale. Dublin: Stationery Office. p. 298. ISBN 0707603234. No. 5899. ^ Foley, Con (1991). A History Of Douglas. Cork: R. Lynch. p. 97. ^ Nolan, Amy (20 November 2021). "Nostalgia: Celebrating 50 years of Douglas Village Shopping Centre". echolive.ie. Retrieved 12 October 2023. ^ "Douglas Village shopping centre likely to be closed until summer 2020". irishtimes.com. Irish Times. 15 September 2019. Retrieved 2 October 2019. ^ "Douglas– A short history". Douglas Community Association. Retrieved 23 August 2017. Douglas underwent significant development from the second half of the 19th century, with the construction of new housing estates ^ a b "Frankfield/Grange, Douglas, Cork - Parish History". Frankfieldgrange.ie. Retrieved 28 August 2017. Major housing development occurred in the Douglas area of Cork from the early 1960s ^ "Lets move to Douglas: Cork suburb with a village feel has something for all". Independent.ie. Independent News & Media. 6 March 2015. ^ a b "Ballybrack Woods Trail 2013 Site Assessment Report" (PDF). National Trails Office - Irish Sports Council. 2003. Retrieved 23 August 2017 – via Douglas Tidy Towns. ^ "Credit Union Offices - Contact Details". Douglas Credit Union. Retrieved 21 August 2017. ^ "Mount Oval Pharmacy, The Square, Mount Oval Village" (PDF). Sherry Fitzgerald. Retrieved 23 August 2017. the commercial centre of Mount Oval Village laid out in a courtyard setting with dental practice, doctor surgery, Spar, bar and restaurant ^ "Douglas Community Park - Management of 5-acre Community Park". Douglas Community Association. Retrieved 7 September 2017. ^ "Sadness as Frankfield fairways close". irishexaminer.com. Irish Examiner. 6 January 2015. Retrieved 2 October 2019. ^ "Vernon Mount Valley & Woodlands Walks Project". Vernon Mount Park. Grange Frankfield Partnership. Retrieved 7 September 2017. ^ RPS Group (22 May 2017). "Grange Road to Tramore Valley Park Pedestrian / Cycle Link N40 Overbridge - Preliminary Design Report" (PDF). Cork County Council. Retrieved 4 September 2017. ^ Joy, Jack (2 November 2023). "New bridge connecting Cork City to park officially opens". The Corkman. Retrieved 5 November 2023. ^ "Douglas shopping centre has liabilities of €38m". irishexaminer.com. Irish Examiner. 6 February 2013. Retrieved 3 June 2019. the mid-1970s the original open mall Douglas Village Shopping Centre opened as Ireland's second-ever shopping centre after Dublin's Stillorgan. Built around 1990 Douglas Court is anchored by Dunnes Stores ^ "Douglas Farmers market - Home". douglasmarket.ie. Douglas Farmers Market. Retrieved 3 June 2019. ^ "Electoral Division Douglas (CSO Area Code ED 18086)". Census 2011 - Small Area Population Statistics. Central Statistics Office (Ireland). Retrieved 28 August 2017. ^ a b c "Sapmap Area: Electoral Division Douglas". Census 2016 - Small Area Population Statistics. CSO. 2016. Retrieved 31 December 2018. ^ "Douglas Hall A.F.C." Douglashallafc.ie. Retrieved 28 August 2017. ^ "Douglas Golf Club (Maryborough Hill, Douglas, Co. Cork)". Douglasgolf.ie. Retrieved 28 August 2017. ^ "Douglas Rugby Football Club - Club History". douglasrfc.com. DouglasRFC.com. Archived from the original on 25 August 2018. Retrieved 28 August 2017. Douglas RFC was initially founded as one of the earliest Cork Rugby clubs in 1902 in the (then) rural village of Douglas, Cork ^ "About Douglas RFC - Club History". douglasrfc.com. DouglasRFC.com. Retrieved 3 June 2019. Douglas Rugby Football Club, as we know it today, was founded in 1979 ^ "Douglas Parish, St St. Columba's Church". Diocese of Cork and Ross. Retrieved 8 September 2017. ^ "Church of the Incarnation, Frankfield/Grange - Parish History". FrankfieldGrange.ie. Retrieved 8 September 2017. ^ "About the Parish". Douglasrochestownparish.ie. Parish of Douglas and Rochestown. Retrieved 9 September 2017. ^ "St. Luke's, Douglas". Douglas Union of Parishes. Retrieved 8 September 2017. ^ "Ardfallen Church". Cork Methodist Church - Wesley Ardfallen. Retrieved 8 September 2017. ^ "Douglas Baptist Church - Meetings". DouglasBaptist.ie. Retrieved 8 September 2017. ^ "Welcome to Radical Life". RadicalLife.ie. Retrieved 7 September 2017. ^ "Pentecost Cork Conference and the Pentecostal & Charismatic Council of Cork - Ireland". Pentecostcork.yolasite.com. Retrieved 7 September 2017. ^ "Holy Trinity, Frankfield". Douglas Union of Parishes. Retrieved 8 September 2017. ^ "Holy Trinity Church of Ireland Church, Frankfield, County Cork". Buildings of Ireland. National Inventory of Architectural Heritage. Retrieved 8 September 2017. ^ "Migrant Churches - Resources - Irish Council of Churches". www.irishchurches.org. Retrieved 8 September 2017. ^ "Find a School - Roll number 13828F". education.ie. Department of Education. Retrieved 11 November 2020. ^ "Find a School - Roll number 19882S". education.ie. Department of Education. Retrieved 11 November 2020. ^ "Find a School - Roll number 12012W". education.ie. Department of Education. Retrieved 11 November 2020. ^ "Find a School - Roll number 18563U". education.ie. Department of Education. Retrieved 11 November 2020. ^ "Find a School - Roll number 20413N". education.ie. Department of Education. Retrieved 11 November 2020. ^ "Find a School - Roll number 20335T". education.ie. Department of Education. Retrieved 11 November 2020. ^ "Player Profiles - John Bainbridge". espncricinfo.com. ESPN. Retrieved 10 November 2020. ^ "John Dunlay VC". VCOnline.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2017. ^ a b "The southside of Cork city spans from the marina to CIT, covering a diverse area geographically, socially and historically". Cork Independent. 22 October 2015. Archived from the original on 8 September 2017. Retrieved 8 September 2017. Cork's big-screen outputs are from the area, most recently Jack Gleeson Cillian Murphy ^ McHale, John (14 August 2013), "Leeside Legend Rob Gets His Just Reward", Evening Echo, Cork, archived from the original on 17 April 2016, retrieved 11 December 2016 ^ "Writer's Block with Billy O'Callaghan". thegloss.ie. 25 January 2019. Retrieved 10 November 2020. ^ "No Covid-19 blocks during Donncha O'Callaghan's Cork €675k family home sale". irishexaminer.com. Irish Examiner. 3 November 2020. Retrieved 10 November 2020. O'Callaghan reckon the schools are within a walk of their new home on the far side of Douglas ^ "Ronan O'Gara settles civil action with luxury kitchen firm". irishtimes.com. Irish Times. 11 July 2014. Retrieved 10 November 2020. ^ "Lennox Robinson portrait unveiled". Irish Times. 17 January 2014. Retrieved 8 September 2017. ^ "FAI begin eligibility process after Ogbene expresses desire to represent Ireland". The 42. 8 July 2020. Retrieved 8 July 2020. Ogbene, who was born in Nigeria but grew up in Grange Wikimedia Commons has media related to Douglas, County Cork. Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Douglas (Ireland). Neighbouring areas of Cork Ballyphehane Turners Cross Ballinlough Tramore Valley Park Douglas Douglas estuary Grange Donnybrook Rochestown vteCork CityDistricts Ballinlough Ballintemple Ballyphehane Ballyvolane Bishopstown Blackpool Blackrock Douglas Glasheen The Glen Gurranabraher Knocknaheeny The Lough Mahon Mardyke Mayfield Montenotte Shandon South Parish Sunday's Well Tivoli Togher Turners Cross Wilton CultureEvents Cork Caucus Cork Jazz Festival Cork International Film Festival Cork International Choral Festival Frank O'Connor International Short Story Award Live at the Marquee SoundEye Festival Venues Cork Opera House Cork Public Museum Crawford Art Gallery Firkin Crane Centre Everyman Theatre Lewis Glucksman Gallery Public art Food halls English Market Marina Market EducationThird level Cork College of Commerce Cork Institute of Technology Griffith College Cork St. John's Central College University College Cork Secondary Bishopstown Community School Christian Brothers College Coláiste an Spioraid Naoimh Coláiste Chríost Rí Coláiste Stiofáin Naofa Douglas Community School North Monastery Mount Mercy College Presentation Brothers College Scoil Mhuire, Cork Hamblin and Porter's Grammar School Health Mater Private Hospital Cork University Hospital St. Finbarr's Hospital St. Mary's Health Campus Erinville Hospital North Infirmary History History of Cork Siege of Cork (1690) Irish Industrial Exhibition (1852) Cork International Exhibition (1902) Burning of Cork (1920) MediaPrint Cork Independent The Echo Irish Examiner Radio C103 Cork's 96FM Cork's Red FM Television Cork Community TV Parks andrecreational areas Bishop Lucey Park Fitzgerald's Park The Glen Kennedy Park The Lough Tramore Valley Park Religion Cathedral of St Mary and St Anne Church of St Anne Holy Trinity Church Honan Chapel The Red Abbey Saint Fin Barre's Cathedral SS Peter and Paul's Church Streets Grand Parade Oliver Plunkett Street Parnell Place Shandon Street St Patrick's Street South Mall Washington Street Wellington Road Water bodies River Lee The Lough Lough Mahon Other buildingsand structures Blackrock Castle Christ Church City Gate Mahon Collins Barracks Cork City Gaol Cork City Hall Cork County Hall Cork Kent railway station Cork Prison The Custom House Daly's Bridge Elizabeth Fort The Elysian English Market Jack Lynch Tunnel The Montenotte Hotel National Software Centre Parnell Place Bus Station Sir Henry's Skiddy's Almshouse St. Finbarr's Cemetery Two Working Men Railway stations Blackrock railway station Cork Albert Quay railway station Cork Albert Street railway station Cork Capwell railway station Cork City Park railway station Cork County Gaol Cork Victoria Road railway station Cork Western Road railway station Show Ground Halt railway station Victoria railway station Italics indicate proposed developments. Smaller font-size indicates locations or organizations that no longer exist. vtePlaces in County CorkCounty town: CorkTowns Ballincollig Bandon Bantry Buttevant Carrigaline Charleville Clonakilty Cobh Cork Fermoy Kanturk Kinsale Macroom Mallow Midleton Millstreet Passage West Skibbereen Youghal Villages and Townlands Adrigole Aghabullogue Aghada Ahakista Aherla Ahiohill Allihies Ardfield Ardgroom Ballinacurra Ballinadee Ballinagree Ballinascarty Ballineen Ballingeary Ballinhassig Ballinora Ballinspittle Ballintemple Ballycotton Ballydehob Ballydesmond Ballygarvan Ballylickey Ballymakeera Ballymore Ballyvourney Baltimore Banteer Béal na Bláth Belgooly Belvelly Blarney Boherbue Bridebridge Bweeng Canovee Carrigadrohid Carriganimmy Carrigtwohill Castlehaven Castlelyons Castlemagner Castlemartyr Castletown-Kinneigh Castletownbere Castletownroche Castletownshend Churchtown Cloghroe Clondulane Cloughduv Cloyne Coachford Conna Coolea Courtmacsherry Crookhaven Crookstown Crossbarry Crosshaven Cullen Doneraile Douglas Drimoleague Dripsey Dromahane Dungourney Dunmanway Durrus Enniskean Eyeries Farran Fermoy Fountainstown Freemount Glandore Glanmire Glantane Glanworth Glasheen Glenbrook Glengarriff Glenville Glounthaune Goleen Gougane Barra Halfway Innishannon Kilbrin Kilbrittain Kilmichael Kilnamartyra Killumney Kilworth Kiskeam Knockavilla Knocknagree Knockraha Ladysbridge Leap Liscarroll Lisgoold Lismire Lombardstown Lyre Mayfield Meelin Milford Minane Bridge Mitchelstown Monard Monkstown Montenotte Mourneabbey Nad Newcestown Newmarket Newtwopothouse Nohoval Ovens Rathbarry Rathcormac Riverstick Roberts Cove Rockchapel Rosscarbery Rylane Sallybrook Schull Shanagarry Shanbally Shanballymore Timoleague Togher Tower Union Hall Upton Waterfall Watergrasshill Whitegate Landforms Mountains Ballyhoura Mountains Boggeragh Mountains Caha Mountains Derrynasaggart Mountains Galtee Mountains Mullaghareirk Mountains Shehy Mountains Slieve Miskish Mountains Rivers River Bandon River Blackwater River Lee Heads Brow Head Mizen Head Sheep's Head Islands Ballycotton Island Bere Island Cape Clear Island Capel Island Carbery's Hundred Isles Fastnet Rock Dursey Island Garinish Great Island Heir Island Haulbowline Island Inishfarnard Long Island Sherkin Island Spike Island Whiddy Island Lists of townlands of County Cork Mountains and hills of County Cork Rivers of County Cork Geography of County Cork Authority control databases: Geographic MusicBrainz area	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_language"},{"link_name":"Cork city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cork_(city)"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"townland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townland"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parish_(Catholic_Church)"},{"link_name":"Church of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"civil parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_parishes_in_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Mackinnon Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cork_Local_Government_Review"},{"link_name":"Cork City Council boundary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cork_City_Council"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-boundary-4"},{"link_name":"Rochestown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochestown"},{"link_name":"2019 local elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Irish_local_elections"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-echo2019-6"}],"text":"Suburb in Munster, IrelandDouglas (Irish: Dúglas or Dúbhglas, meaning 'dark stream') is a suburb, with a village core, in Cork city, Ireland. Douglas is also the name of the townland, Roman Catholic parish, Church of Ireland parish and civil parish in which it is contained.[2][3]Originally a separate village, the growth of both the village and the city has meant Douglas has become incorporated into the city over time. The 2017 Mackinnon Report proposed that Douglas and surrounding residential areas be moved to within an extended Cork City Council boundary, ending the division of Douglas between the city and county administrative areas.[4] Douglas, along with Rochestown, Grange and Frankfield, formally moved into the city council area on 31 May 2019, following the 2019 local elections.[5][6]","title":"Douglas, Cork"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"shell midden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell_midden"},{"link_name":"ringforts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ringfort"},{"link_name":"souterrains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Souterrain"},{"link_name":"fulacht fiadh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulacht_fiadh"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ArcheologicalInventoryPrehist-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReportHarbourArchaeology-8"},{"link_name":"Bronze Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Age"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CastletreasureDisc-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Foley4751-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ArcheologicalInventory5526-11"}],"sub_title":"Prehistory","text":"There are a number of extant or proposed prehistoric sites in Douglas and the surrounding area, including a shell midden, ringforts, souterrains, and a fulacht fiadh.[7][8] Further evidence of prehistoric settlement in the area includes the finding of a Bronze Age decorated beaten gold disc in the townland of Castletreasure; although reputed to be related to the ruined castle of the same name, it has actually been dated to 2500-2000 BC.[9][10][11]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"appurtenance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appurtenance"},{"link_name":"Bauvier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrigaline"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Foley35-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Foley35-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brady60-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DouglasCommunitySchool-15"}],"sub_title":"Origins (13th-17th century)","text":"The first known mention of Douglas is in an inquisition on the lands of Gerald de Prendergast in 1251, and in a 1291 taxation document which records the lands as being an appurtenance of the Church of Bauvier.[12] It is alternately listed as \"Duffelglasse\" and \"Duglasse\" in 1302 and 1306, respectively, as part of the parish of Carrigaline. In the year 1603, it became one of the liberties of Cork City.[13] In 1615, parochial records mention the chapel of Douglas being laid waste, reportedly due to theft of the foundation stones, and in a 1700 entry of the same records it is mentioned that the ruined chapel in question had been the church of Carrigaline parish for a century prior to the construction of a new church in Carrigaline itself.[13][14] By the mid-seventeenth century, it had a population of 308 people (of whom 33 were English) and consisted of a number of large farms.[15]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Foley35-13"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DouglasCommunitySchool-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Foley1214-16"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"Huguenot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huguenot"},{"link_name":"Ulster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DouglasCommunitySchool-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Foley1214-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TidyTownsMills-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TidyTownsMills-17"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grange_Road_-_geograph.org.uk_-_760164.jpg"},{"link_name":"textile mills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile_mills"},{"link_name":"scutching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scutching"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TidyTownsMills-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Foley192126-18"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DouglasCommunitySchool-15"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Foley3133-19"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DouglasCommunitySchool-15"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TidyTownsOBriens-20"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DouglasCommunitySchool-15"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ArcheologicalInventory6288-21"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Foley3133-19"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DouglasCommunitySchool-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DouglasCommunitySchool-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Foley1214-16"},{"link_name":"terrace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrace_(building)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Osiery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willow"},{"link_name":"Rochestown train station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochestown_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Foley3336-23"}],"sub_title":"Urbanisation and the linen industry","text":"The area began to develop as an urban settlement in the early eighteenth century with the opening of the \"Douglas factory\" in 1726, reported in August 1755 to be the property of \"Messrs. Perry, Carleton and Co.\", with 100 looms initially operational.[13][15][16] The mills produced sail-cloth and supplied sails to the Royal Navy, amongst other clients. The industry was established by Huguenot weavers and textile workers, such as the Besnards, who acquired the Mills by 1783 and in 1801 installed the first powered spindles in Ireland, along with skilled workers from Ulster and Scotland.[15][16][17] In addition to the mill workers, employees included over 1,000 spinners working from their houses, and hacklers, bleachers and labourers tasked with preparing raw material in Douglas village.[17]Terrace built for mill workers, Grange RoadFurther textile mills opened in the nineteenth century, including an additional Besnard-owned scutching mill (Ravensdale, 1806),[17][18] Lane's Corn and Hemp Mills (now Douglas Community Park, 1845),[15][19] O’Brien's Brothers (St Patrick's Woollen Mills, 1882),[15][20] Donnybrook Mills (Wallis & Pollock Flax Mills, 1866; re-opened as Morroghs' Woolen Mills, 1889/1890)[15][21] and Conroy's Rope and Twine Mills (now Galway's Lane, 1892).[19][15] Most of the mills ceased to operate in the early twentieth century, although St Patrick's Woollen Mills and Donnybrook Mills continued to operate until the 1970s.[15][16] Some of the houses built for the mill workers are still in existence, including a terrace of houses near the junction of the Grange Road and Donnybrook Hill.[22]Other large businesses of the time included an Osiery beside Conroy's Mills, two large brick manufacturers which straddled the nearby estuary, the Ravensdale Flour Mill, and the Woodville Flour Mill which was situated south of the Rochestown train station and produced sea biscuits and ship bread.[23]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"big houses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Irish_big_house"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TownsendQuote-24"},{"link_name":"Blackrock Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackrock_Castle"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Foley5255-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ArcheologicalInventory5594-26"},{"link_name":"Dickens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Dickens"},{"link_name":"Great Expectations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Expectations"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Foley5255-25"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PikeBeamishIrishLawTimes-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Foley5759-28"},{"link_name":"Kiltegan Fathers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St._Patrick%27s_Society_for_the_Foreign_Missions&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Foley5759-28"},{"link_name":"Sir Hugh Lane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Hugh_Lane"},{"link_name":"Lady Gregory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Gregory"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Foley5759-28"},{"link_name":"Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbey_Theatre"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Foley5759-28"},{"link_name":"Sir Christopher Hatton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Hatton"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Foley6265-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Rev. Dr. Francis Moylan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Moylan"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Cork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Cork"},{"link_name":"freeman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_the_City"},{"link_name":"Bantry Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantry_Bay"},{"link_name":"1798 Rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1798"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Foley6265-29"},{"link_name":"Vernon Mount","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernon_Mount"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-owners-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Sir Henry Browne Hayes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Browne_Hayes"},{"link_name":"penal servitude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penal_colony"},{"link_name":"Botany Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botany_Bay"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Foley104113-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TidyTownsTramoreHouse-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Foley160-35"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Foley3940-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ArcheologicalInventoryChurch-37"},{"link_name":"Church of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brady65-38"},{"link_name":"St Luke's Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Luke%27s_Church,_Douglas"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ArcheologicalInventoryChurch-37"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Foley4245-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TidyTownsStLukes-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TidyTownsStLukesClock-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-StLukesChurch-42"},{"link_name":"Richard Alfred Milliken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Alfred_Milliken&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Richard Caulfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Caulfield"},{"link_name":"John Arnott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Arnott"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Sir Hugh Lane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Hugh_Lane"},{"link_name":"Lusitania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lusitania"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Foley4245-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TidyTownsStLukes-40"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ArcheologicalInventory5899-44"},{"link_name":"Workhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workhouse"},{"link_name":"Great Famine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Famine_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Foley97-45"},{"link_name":"Cork Electric Tramways and Lighting Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cork_Electric_Tramways_and_Lighting_Company"}],"sub_title":"Suburban development","text":"Douglas developed as a suburban area throughout the later eighteenth century and the nineteenth century, and was noted for the high concentration of 'big houses'. The popularity of the area among the nobility was such that elevated prices were commanded for the surrounding lands, and as a result, the acreage of the estates was lower than average.[24] The oldest house was believed to have been Ronayne's Court, built in 1627 by Morris Ronayne; although the house was demolished in 1969, the original inscribed fireplace was moved to Blackrock Castle.[25][26] The nearby Montfieldstown House was reputed to be the inspiration for Havisham House of Dickens' Great Expectations, having been abandoned following a ruined wedding.[25] Bloomfield House was connected to a notorious libel case between the prominent Cork Pike and Beamish families, in which the judge, who ruled in favour of Pike in Pike v Beamish, was given the house upon announcement of the verdict by the mother of the plaintiff.[27][28] Windsor House was occupied by Lord Bandon, Sir Abraham Sutton and the Kiltegan Fathers, before being redeveloped as the Rochestown Park Hotel.[28] Ballybrack House was occupied by the Lane family, also of Vernon Mount, and is the birthplace of art dealer Sir Hugh Lane. It received frequent visits from Lady Gregory, a close relation of the family.[28] High Court, built in 1720 and later known as Westgrove, was the birthplace of playwright and Abbey director Lennox Robinson.[28] Grange House was home of the Conron family, descended from Sir Christopher Hatton, for over 300 years.[29] Douglas Hall, one of the few remaining examples of a slate-fronted house in Ireland,[30] was home to Rev. Dr. Francis Moylan, Bishop of Cork, who was made a freeman for his rhetorical opposition to the French invasion at Bantry Bay during the 1798 Rebellion.[29] Vernon Mount, which was built for a wealthy merchant family in the late 18th century,[31][32] was occupied by Sir Henry Browne Hayes, who was sentenced to penal servitude in Botany Bay after attempting to abduct an heiress for forced marriage.[33] Other prominent Big Houses included Ravenscourt House, Old Court, Norwood Court, Ballybrack House, Donnybrook House, Montpelier House, Grange Erin, Castletreasure House, Bellvue House, Tramore House (home of the philanthropic Reeves family[34]), and Maryborough House (now the Maryborough House Hotel, with an earlier late-17th century lodge).[35]Douglas was made a separate Roman Catholic parish sometime before 1768. St Columba's (Roman Catholic) church was built in 1814 by the Rev. Thomas Barry, according to local legend using the stones of the ruined castle of Castletreasure.[36][37] A Douglas \"Chapel of Ease\" to the Church of Ireland parish of Carrigaline was established on 17 September 1786, with the establishment of a full separate parish in February 1875. In 1855, the Protestant population of the parish was reported as having been 310, with 150 children attending the parish school.[38] The 1785 church was rebuilt and reconsecrated on 27 August 1875 as St Luke's Church,[37] however, following the death of the resident Canon in 1886, as well as the principal architect, the church remained without a spire until 1889, with the church bell and tower clock donated by Mary Reeves of Tramore House, with the stipulation that the clock face towards her front door.[39][40][41][42] Notable parishioners interred at St Luke's include the poet Richard Alfred Milliken, the librarian Richard Caulfield and the entrepreneur John Arnott;[43] in addition, a plaque was erected in the memory of art collector Sir Hugh Lane, deceased in the sinking of the Lusitania.[39][40] The nearby parish of St Finbar's opened a chapel of ease in Frankfield in 1838, later known as the Holy Trinity, on ground donated by Samuel Lane.[44] An additional graveyard, located on Carr's Hill, was opened in 1848 on land donated by the Master of the Workhouse, George Carr, to deal with the increase in deaths from the Great Famine.[45]In 1898, the Cork Electric Tramways and Lighting Company built a route from Cork city centre to Douglas. This operated until 1932 when it was replaced by a bus service.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"suburb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suburb"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"multiplex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplex_(movie_theater)"},{"link_name":"MacKinnon Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cork_Local_Government_Review"},{"link_name":"Grange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grange,_Cork"},{"link_name":"Cork City Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cork_City_Council"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-boundary-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-echo2019-6"}],"sub_title":"Later developments (20th-21st century)","text":"In the second half of the twentieth century, Douglas underwent major changes as it became a full-fledged suburb of Cork. New housing was built and the area between Douglas and Cork City became built-up. Schools, shopping centres and other amenities developed to serve this new population. Douglas Community School was built in 1968,[citation needed] and the original Douglas Shopping Centre was completed in 1971.[46] This shopping centre underwent a significant redevelopment at the turn of the 21st century (although, as of 2020, was closed following a fire).[47] A second shopping centre, Douglas Court Shopping Centre, was built in the late 1980s and a 5-screen multiplex cinema (since demolished) was also built. Several hotels, including the Rochestown Park Hotel and Maryborough House Hotel, were also developed.Following the release of the MacKinnon Report in 2017, covering a possible extension of Cork city's boundary, it was proposed that the Douglas area (including Douglas, Frankfield, Grange and Donnybrook) would be moved to the administrative area of Cork City Council.[4] This, if implemented, would move all of Douglas to the city, ending the divide of the town between the city and county. The boundary change (incorporating parts of Ballincollig, Douglas, Glanmire, and Rochestown within the city boundary) occurred in late May 2019.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Donnybrook_Commercial_Centre_-_geograph.org.uk_-_757646.jpg"},{"link_name":"residential areas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Residential_area"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-parishhist-49"},{"link_name":"social housing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_housing"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"College Corinthians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_Corinthians_AFC"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mangala-51"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-parishhist-49"},{"link_name":"SuperValu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SuperValu_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"Aldi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldi"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"}],"text":"Donnybrook HillFrom the late 19th and into the 20th century, there was an expansion of residential areas in the Douglas catchment.[48][49] Housing developments (mostly private, with some social housing) were built in Grange, Frankfield, Donnybrook, Maryborough, Rochestown, Mount Oval and along the two main roads connecting Douglas to the city centre, the Douglas Road and the South Douglas Road.[50]Donnybrook, for example, is south of Douglas village, and has a small supermarket, snooker club, football club (College Corinthians) and forested walkway (at Ballybrack Woods) which serve as amenities for the residential developments in the Donnybrook Hill area.[51]Grange and Frankfield (encompassed by Frankfield/Grange parish)[49] lie to the west of Douglas village, and are mainly residential areas served by retail outlets (including SuperValu and Aldi), schools (like Scoil Nioclais primary school) and other services (including an office of Douglas credit union).[52] The residential development at Mount Oval has a bar, Spar, and a pharmacy.[53]","title":"Residential areas"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stream_near_Douglas_-_geograph.org.uk_-_757665.jpg"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mangala-51"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"Vernon Mount","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernon_Mount"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"South Ring Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cork_South_Ring_Road"},{"link_name":"Tramore Valley Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tramore_Valley_Park"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"}],"text":"Stream near Douglas Community ParkAmenities and green-spaces in the area include Douglas Community Park (a 5-acre park close to the centre of Douglas which includes a playground),[54] and Ballybrack Woods (a wooded area south of Douglas village which is known locally as 'Mangala').[51] Douglas has two golf facilities, Douglas Golf Club at Maryborough Hill and a driving range at Frankfield Golf Club.[55]Following calls to build a pedestrian and cycle trail through the woods around Vernon Mount,[56] with a bridge over the South Ring Road to Tramore Valley Park,[57] a new pedestrian and cycle bridge was opened in November 2023.[58]","title":"Amenities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dunnes Stores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunnes_Stores"},{"link_name":"Tesco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesco"},{"link_name":"Marks and Spencer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marks_and_Spencer"},{"link_name":"TK Maxx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TK_Maxx"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"Cork and Limerick Savings Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permanent_TSB"},{"link_name":"Cork Airport Business Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cork_Airport_Business_Park"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"farmers market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmers_market"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"}],"text":"The village centre of Douglas has two principal commercial streets, East Douglas Street and West Douglas Street, which are situated approximately 300m apart. Retail activity is also centred around two shopping centres, Douglas Court Shopping Centre and Douglas Village Shopping Centre. \"Douglas Court\" (anchored by Dunnes Stores) was built in the early-1990s, and \"Douglas Village\" (anchored by Tesco, Marks and Spencer and TK Maxx) was originally developed in the mid-1970s and was the second shopping centre ever built in Ireland.[59]Douglas was formerly the site of the headquarters of Cork and Limerick Savings Bank. However, this bank was merged into Trustee Savings Bank in 1992. The former headquarters was initially still used for regional administration, but this function was transferred to a new building in Cork Airport Business Park.[citation needed]A farmers market is held every Saturday morning outside the Douglas Village Shopping Centre entrance.[60]","title":"Shopping and business"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sapmap2011-61"},{"link_name":"electoral division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_division_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sapmap2016-62"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sapmap2016-62"}],"text":"In the 2011 census, the percentage of Irish nationals living in Douglas was 88.8%. UK nationals accounted for 1.7%; Polish nationals 3.2%; Lithuanians 0.6%; other EU nationals 2.1%; other nationals 2.9%; and 0.7% did not state their nationality.[61]In the 2016 census, 78.6% of residents of the Douglas electoral division identified as Catholic, 8% were members of other religions, 12% had no religion and less than 1% did not state a religion.[62] In the same census, 86.2% of electoral division residents identified as white Irish, 8.3% were other whites, 1% were black, 1.7% Asian or Asian Irish, 1.4% were of other ethnicities, and 1% did not state an ethnicity.[62]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Sport"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Raonaithe_Nemo_club_building_(geograph_4530285).jpg"},{"link_name":"Douglas GAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_GAA"},{"link_name":"Nemo Rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemo_Rangers_GAA"},{"link_name":"Community Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_Games"}],"sub_title":"GAA","text":"Nemo Rangers GAA clubGAA clubs in the area include the Douglas GAA and Nemo Rangers hurling and football clubs. Nemo Rangers were historically associated with Turners Cross, but moved to a new location in the Trabeg area of Douglas in the 1990s.In the 2004, 2007 and 2012 under-10 (u10) Community Games, Douglas won the Cork Community Games, the Munster Community Games and the all-Ireland Community Games.","title":"Sport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"soccer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Tramore Athletic F.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tramore_Athletic_F.C."},{"link_name":"College Corinthians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_Corinthians_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"}],"sub_title":"Association football","text":"Local soccer clubs include Tramore Athletic F.C., Grangevale AFC, College Corinthians and Douglas Hall AFC.[63]","title":"Sport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"}],"sub_title":"Golf","text":"There are also local golf (and pitch and putt) clubs, including Douglas Golf Club,[64] Frankfield Golf Club and Douglas Pitch and Putt Club.","title":"Sport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rugby union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TidyTownsOBriens-20"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"}],"sub_title":"Rugby union","text":"Douglas has representation in rugby union, and Douglas RFC was founded in 1902 as one of the earliest Cork rugby clubs.[65] While this original club drew members from the workforce of St Patrick's Woollen Mills in Douglas (which closed in the 1970s),[20] the club in its current form was founded in 1979.[66]","title":"Sport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cork Harlequins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cork_Harlequins"},{"link_name":"Church of Ireland Hockey Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Ireland_Hockey_Club"}],"sub_title":"Other sports","text":"Other sports clubs include tennis (Douglas Tennis Club), basketball (Fr. Mathews Basketball Club), gymnastics (Douglas Gymnastics Club), martial arts (at Elite Fitness Centre), cricket and hockey clubs (Cork Harlequins and Church of Ireland Hockey Club).","title":"Sport"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"N40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N40_road_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"N28","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N28_road_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"Rochestown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochestown"},{"link_name":"R-standard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_road_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"R609","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=R609_road_(Ireland)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"R610","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R610_road_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"Passage West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passage_West"},{"link_name":"R851","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=R851_road_(Ireland)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"N27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N27_road_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"R853","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=R853_road_(Ireland)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ballinlough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballinlough,_Cork"}],"sub_title":"Road","text":"The N40 passes through Douglas, but it is not possible to join the N40 from Douglas to travel in an eastbound direction, and westbound traffic may not exit the N40 at Douglas. Additional access is available via the N28 from nearby Rochestown.Douglas is served by a number of R-standard roads, including the R609 (which links to the N28 at Maryborough), R610 (Passage West to Cork city centre), R851 (Cork city centre to the N27), and R853 (to Ballinlough).","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bus Éireann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bus_%C3%89ireann"},{"link_name":"Grange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grange,_Cork"},{"link_name":"Donnybrook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donnybrook,_County_Cork"},{"link_name":"Ballyvolane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballyvolane,_Cork"},{"link_name":"Monkstown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monkstown,_County_Cork"},{"link_name":"Cork University Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cork_University_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Munster Technological University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munster_Technological_University"},{"link_name":"Mahon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahon,_Cork"},{"link_name":"Ovens - Grange Manor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovens,_County_Cork"},{"link_name":"Carrigaline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrigaline"},{"link_name":"Camden Fort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camden_Fort"},{"link_name":"Cork City Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cork_(city)"},{"link_name":"Haulbowline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haulbowline"}],"sub_title":"Bus","text":"Bus services are provided by Bus Éireann, and the routes which pass through Douglas include numbers 206 (Grange to the city centre), 207 (Donnybrook to Ballyvolane), 216 (Monkstown to Cork University Hospital), 219 (Munster Technological University Bishopstown Campus to Mahon), 220 (Ovens - Grange Manor to Carrigaline and Camden Fort), and 223 (Cork City Centre to Haulbowline).","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cork Kent railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cork_Kent_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Cork Electric Tramways and Lighting Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cork_Electric_Tramways_and_Lighting_Company"}],"sub_title":"Rail","text":"The nearest active railway station is Cork Kent railway station, approximately 5 km away. Until 1932, Douglas was served by the Blackpool-Douglas route of the Cork Electric Tramways and Lighting Company.","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St_Columba%27s_Church_-_geograph.org.uk_-_760133.jpg"},{"link_name":"Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sapmap2016-62"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"St Lukes Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Luke%27s_Church,_Douglas"},{"link_name":"Anglican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglican"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"Methodist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodist"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"Baptist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptist"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"Pentecostal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentecostal"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RadicalLife-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PentecostCork-74"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"RCCG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redeemed_Christian_Church_of_God"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-InpsirationHouse-77"}],"text":"St Columbas Catholic church, DouglasAs of the 2016 census, 78.6% of the population of the Douglas electoral division identified as Catholic,[62] with St Columbas as the first Catholic parish church in the area, dating to 1814.[67] From the 1960s, with housing developments and population growth in Douglas, overcrowding in St Columbas prompted a decision to build a new Catholic church in the Grange/Frankfield area. This new church (the Church of the Incarnation) was consecrated in 1976, and was a chapel-of-ease to the Douglas parish before being separating into its own parish in 1982.[68] St Patrick's Catholic church serves the Rochestown area, and dates to 1991.[69]Other religious congregations serving the Douglas population include St Lukes Church (Anglican) which was consecrated in 1875,[70] the Wesley Chapel (Methodist) on the Douglas Road,[71] Douglas Baptist congregation (which meets at Douglas Community School),[72] Radical Life church (Pentecostal),[73][74] the Holy Trinity church (Anglican) in Frankfield which dates to 1838,[75][76] and the Inspiration House (RCCG) in Frankfield.[77]","title":"Religious congregations"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Scoil_Nioclais_-_geograph.org.uk_-_757696.jpg"},{"link_name":"Primary schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland#Primary_education"},{"link_name":"national schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_school_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"gaelscoil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaelscoil"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"Church of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"Ballinlough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballinlough,_Cork"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"Rochestown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochestown"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"Douglas Community School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Community_School"}],"text":"Scoil Nioclais in FrankfieldPrimary schools serving the area include St Columba's GNS and St Columba's GNS (Catholic girls and boys national schools respectively),[78] Scoil An Athair Tadhg Ó Murchú (a mixed-gender gaelscoil),[79] St Luke's National School (a Church of Ireland mixed-gender school)[80] and Scoil Nioclais (a mixed-gender Catholic primary school in Grange). Other nearby schools include Eglantine (a Catholic girls school in Ballinlough)[81] and Rochestown Educate Together National School and Rochestown National School (both mixed-gender schools in Rochestown).[82][83]Douglas Community School (boys) and Regina Mundi College (girls) are secondary schools in Douglas.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Category:People from Douglas, Cork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:People_from_Douglas,_Cork"},{"link_name":"John Bainbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bainbridge_(Royal_Navy_officer)"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"John Dunlay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dunlay"},{"link_name":"Victoria Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Cross"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"Jack Gleeson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Gleeson"},{"link_name":"actor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actor"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-actors-86"},{"link_name":"Gerald Goldberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Goldberg"},{"link_name":"Rob Heffernan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Heffernan"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"Cillian Murphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cillian_Murphy"},{"link_name":"actor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actor"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-actors-86"},{"link_name":"Billy O'Callaghan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_O%27Callaghan"},{"link_name":"Irish short story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_short_story"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"Donncha O'Callaghan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donncha_O%27Callaghan"},{"link_name":"rugby union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"Ronan O'Gara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronan_O%27Gara"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"Lennox Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lennox_Robinson"},{"link_name":"Abbey Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbey_Theatre"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"Chiedozie Ogbene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiedozie_Ogbene"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_42-92"}],"text":"See also: Category:People from Douglas, CorkJohn Bainbridge, first-class cricketer and Royal Navy rear-admiral[84]\nJohn Dunlay, recipient of the Victoria Cross[85]\nJack Gleeson, film and stage actor[86]\nGerald Goldberg, first Jewish Lord Mayor of Cork\nRob Heffernan, Irish Olympian[87]\nCillian Murphy, film and stage actor[86]\nBilly O'Callaghan, Irish short story writer and novelist[88]\nDonncha O'Callaghan, former professional rugby union player[89]\nRonan O'Gara, former professional rugby player and coach[90]\nLennox Robinson, dramatist, poet and director of the Abbey Theatre[91]\nChiedozie Ogbene, football player from Grange[92]","title":"Notable residents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Douglas village flooded as burst water main sends water rushing through streets\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.corkbeo.ie/news/local-news/watch-douglas-village-flooded-burst-19376122"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"Your guide to Douglas: The 'village' with pubs, parks and possibly Ireland's best 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Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capel_Island"},{"link_name":"Carbery's Hundred Isles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbery%27s_Hundred_Isles"},{"link_name":"Fastnet Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fastnet_Rock"},{"link_name":"Dursey Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dursey_Island"},{"link_name":"Garinish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garinish"},{"link_name":"Great Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Island"},{"link_name":"Heir Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heir_Island"},{"link_name":"Haulbowline Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haulbowline"},{"link_name":"Inishfarnard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inishfarnard"},{"link_name":"Long Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Island,_County_Cork"},{"link_name":"Sherkin Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherkin_Island"},{"link_name":"Spike Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spike_Island,_County_Cork"},{"link_name":"Whiddy Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whiddy_Island"},{"link_name":"Lists of townlands of County Cork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_townlands_of_County_Cork"},{"link_name":"Mountains and hills of County Cork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Mountains_and_hills_of_County_Cork"},{"link_name":"Rivers of County Cork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Rivers_of_County_Cork"},{"link_name":"Geography of County Cork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Geography_of_County_Cork"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2669536#identifiers"},{"link_name":"MusicBrainz area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//musicbrainz.org/area/74bcf4e8-67fc-468e-ab56-0ef8f3982123"}],"text":"^ Includes electoral districts in the county council (Douglas ED) and city council (Browningstown and Tramore A, B & C) areas\n\n^ \"Douglas village flooded as burst water main sends water rushing through streets\". corkbeo.ie. MGN Limited. 30 November 2020. Retrieved 16 July 2021.\n\n^ \"Your guide to Douglas: The 'village' with pubs, parks and possibly Ireland's best chipper\". thejournal.ie. Journal Media Ltd. 5 January 2018. Retrieved 16 July 2021.\n\n^ a b \"Cork City boundary extension: Ex-lord mayor in scathing attack on opponents\". Irish Examiner. 5 September 2017.\n\n^ \"County Hall spends more than €30,000 on legal advice on boundary changes\". Evening Echo. 6 June 2018.\n\n^ a b \"Very low take-up for council staff transfers to City Hall\". eveningecho.ie. Evening Echo. 20 December 2018. Retrieved 21 December 2018.\n\n^ Power, Denis; et al. (1994). Archaeological inventory of County Cork. comprising the Baronies of Barrymore, Cork, Courceys, Imokilly, Kerrycurrihy, Kinalea, Kinnatalloon & Kinsale. Dublin: Stationery Office. pp. 70, 99, 134, 145, 160, 364. ISBN 0707603234. Nos. 4282,4501,4799,4968,5097 & 6328.\n\n^ Report: Cork Harbour Archaeology. Department of Archaeology, University College Cork. June 1975.\n\n^ \"British Museum - Roman Republican Coins in the British Museum - Castletreasure Farm Hoard\". www.britishmuseum.org. Retrieved 4 September 2017.\n\n^ Foley, Con (1991). A History Of Douglas. Cork: R. Lynch. pp. 47–51.\n\n^ Power, Denis; et al. (1994). Archaeological inventory of County Cork. comprising the Baronies of Barrymore, Cork, Courceys, Imokilly, Kerrycurrihy, Kinalea, Kinnatalloon & Kinsale. Dublin: Stationery Office. p. 210. ISBN 0707603234. No. 5526.\n\n^ Goddard Henry Orpen (1911). \"The Occupation of Cork\". Ireland under the Normans. Clarendon Press. p. 47.\n\n^ a b c Foley, Con (1991). A History Of Douglas. Cork: R. Lynch. pp. 3, 5.\n\n^ Brady, William Maziere (1863). Clerical and Parochial Records of Cork, Cloyne and Ross (PDF). Vol. I. p. 60. Retrieved 3 September 2017. 1615... Dowglasse, particula ejusdem, Capella vasta... 1700. Thursday, Sept. 27... Near Douglas, in this parish, is a burying-place, in an open field ; there is still remaining the foundation of a church, but they were carrying away the stones of the foundation. I charg'd them to carry away no more... This was, about 100 years ago, the church of Carickoline parish, before the new church was built, where it now is, in the centre of ye parish.\n\n^ a b c d e f g h \"History of Douglas\". Douglas Community School website. Archived from the original on 16 April 2010. Retrieved 28 August 2017.\n\n^ a b c Foley, Con (1991). A History Of Douglas. Cork: R. Lynch. pp. 12–14.\n\n^ a b c \"Heritage Trail: Douglas Mills - Douglas Tidy Towns\". douglastidytowns.ie. Retrieved 3 September 2017.\n\n^ Foley, Con (1991). A History Of Douglas. Cork: R. Lynch. pp. 19–21, 26.\n\n^ a b Foley, Con (1991). A History Of Douglas. Cork: R. Lynch. pp. 31–33.\n\n^ a b \"Heritage Trail: O'Brien's/St Patrick's Mills - Douglas Tidy Towns\". douglastidytowns.ie. Retrieved 4 September 2017.\n\n^ Power, Denis; et al. (1994). Archaeological inventory of County Cork. comprising the Baronies of Barrymore, Cork, Courceys, Imokilly, Kerrycurrihy, Kinalea, Kinnatalloon & Kinsale. Dublin: Stationery Office. p. 357. ISBN 0707603234. No. 6288.\n\n^ \"Donnybrook, County Cork - Terrace of houses most built for mill workers\". Buildings of Ireland. National Inventory of Architectural Heritage. Retrieved 3 September 2017.\n\n^ Foley, Con (1991). A History Of Douglas. Cork: R. Lynch. pp. 33–36.\n\n^ The Parliamentary Gazetteer of Ireland: Adapted to the New Poor-law, Franchise, Municipal and Ecclesiastical Arrangements, and Compiled with a Special Reference to the Lines of Railroad and Canal Communication as Existing in 1843-44. A. Fullarton. 1846. p. 49. Retrieved 4 September 2017.\n\n^ a b Foley, Con (1991). A History Of Douglas. Cork: R. Lynch. pp. 52–55.\n\n^ Power, Denis; et al. (1994). Archaeological inventory of County Cork. comprising the Baronies of Barrymore, Cork, Courceys, Imokilly, Kerrycurrihy, Kinalea, Kinnatalloon & Kinsale. Dublin: Stationery Office. p. 235. ISBN 0707603234. No. 5594.\n\n^ The Irish Law Times and Solicitors' Journal - Volume 98. J. Falconer. 1965. p. 123.\n\n^ a b c d Foley, Con (1991). A History Of Douglas. Cork: R. Lynch. pp. 57–59.\n\n^ a b Foley, Con (1991). A History Of Douglas. Cork: R. Lynch. pp. 62–65.\n\n^ \"Douglas Hall, Well Road, Cork, Cork City\". Buildings of Ireland. National Inventory of Architectural Heritage. Retrieved 3 September 2017.\n\n^ \"Vernon Mount – Owners & Occupiers\". Grange Frankfield Partnership. Retrieved 31 July 2016.\n\n^ \"Famous Characters - Attiwell Hayes\". Triskel Arts Centre. Retrieved 15 August 2016.\n\n^ Foley, Con (1991). A History Of Douglas. Cork: R. Lynch. pp. 104–113.\n\n^ \"Heritage Trail: Tramore House - Douglas Tidy Towns\". douglastidytowns.ie. Retrieved 4 September 2017.\n\n^ Foley, Con (1991). A History Of Douglas. Cork: R. Lynch. p. 160.\n\n^ Foley, Con (1991). A History Of Douglas. Cork: R. Lynch. pp. 39–40.\n\n^ a b Power, Denis; et al. (1994). Archaeological inventory of County Cork. comprising the Baronies of Barrymore, Cork, Courceys, Imokilly, Kerrycurrihy, Kinalea, Kinnatalloon & Kinsale. Dublin: Stationery Office. p. 262. ISBN 0707603234. No. 5718, 5719.\n\n^ Brady, William Maziere (1863). Clerical and Parochial Records of Cork, Cloyne and Ross (PDF). Vol. I. p. 65. Retrieved 3 September 2017. Douglas Chapel of Ease in good order. Rev. J. Bustead is curate. No glebe-house. Five acres of land set. Divine service twice on all Sundays, and once on usual festivals and fasts. In winter, evening service in a house. 150 children are on rolls of a school kept by local subscribers. The Protestant population of Douglas is 310. Total Protestant population of both parts of this parish is 577.\n\n^ a b Foley, Con (1991). A History Of Douglas. Cork: R. Lynch. pp. 42–45.\n\n^ a b \"Heritage Trail: St Luke's Church of Ireland - Douglas Tidy Towns\". douglastidytowns.ie. Retrieved 3 September 2017.\n\n^ \"The clock in St Luke's church - Douglas Tidy Towns\". douglastidytowns.ie. Retrieved 3 September 2017.\n\n^ \"St. Luke's, Douglas T12 N832\". www.douglas.cork.anglican.org. Retrieved 3 September 2017.\n\n^ \"Douglas Tidy Towns - Heritage Trail - St Lukes Church of Ireland Graveyard\". douglastidytowns.ie. Retrieved 1 February 2024.\n\n^ Power, Denis; et al. (1994). Archaeological inventory of County Cork. comprising the Baronies of Barrymore, Cork, Courceys, Imokilly, Kerrycurrihy, Kinalea, Kinnatalloon & Kinsale. Dublin: Stationery Office. p. 298. ISBN 0707603234. No. 5899.\n\n^ Foley, Con (1991). A History Of Douglas. Cork: R. Lynch. p. 97.\n\n^ Nolan, Amy (20 November 2021). \"Nostalgia: Celebrating 50 years of Douglas Village Shopping Centre\". echolive.ie. Retrieved 12 October 2023.\n\n^ \"Douglas Village shopping centre likely to be closed until summer 2020\". irishtimes.com. Irish Times. 15 September 2019. Retrieved 2 October 2019.\n\n^ \"Douglas– A short history\". Douglas Community Association. Retrieved 23 August 2017. Douglas underwent significant development from the second half of the 19th century, with the construction of new housing estates\n\n^ a b \"Frankfield/Grange, Douglas, Cork - Parish History\". Frankfieldgrange.ie. Retrieved 28 August 2017. Major housing development occurred in the Douglas area of Cork from the early 1960s\n\n^ \"Lets move to Douglas: Cork suburb with a village feel has something for all\". Independent.ie. Independent News & Media. 6 March 2015.\n\n^ a b \"Ballybrack Woods Trail 2013 Site Assessment Report\" (PDF). National Trails Office - Irish Sports Council. 2003. Retrieved 23 August 2017 – via Douglas Tidy Towns.\n\n^ \"Credit Union Offices - Contact Details\". Douglas Credit Union. Retrieved 21 August 2017.\n\n^ \"Mount Oval Pharmacy, The Square, Mount Oval Village\" (PDF). Sherry Fitzgerald. Retrieved 23 August 2017. the commercial centre of Mount Oval Village [..is..] laid out in a courtyard setting with [..a..] dental practice, doctor surgery, Spar, [..and..] bar and restaurant\n\n^ \"Douglas Community Park - Management of 5-acre Community Park\". Douglas Community Association. Retrieved 7 September 2017.\n\n^ \"Sadness as Frankfield fairways close\". irishexaminer.com. Irish Examiner. 6 January 2015. Retrieved 2 October 2019.\n\n^ \"Vernon Mount Valley & Woodlands Walks Project\". Vernon Mount Park. Grange Frankfield Partnership. Retrieved 7 September 2017.\n\n^ RPS Group (22 May 2017). \"Grange Road to Tramore Valley Park Pedestrian / Cycle Link N40 Overbridge - Preliminary Design Report\" (PDF). Cork County Council. Retrieved 4 September 2017.\n\n^ Joy, Jack (2 November 2023). \"New bridge connecting Cork City to park officially opens\". The Corkman. Retrieved 5 November 2023.\n\n^ \"Douglas shopping centre has liabilities of €38m\". irishexaminer.com. Irish Examiner. 6 February 2013. Retrieved 3 June 2019. [in] the mid-1970s [..] the original open mall Douglas Village Shopping Centre opened as Ireland's second-ever shopping centre after Dublin's Stillorgan. [..] Built around 1990 [..] Douglas Court is anchored by Dunnes Stores\n\n^ \"Douglas Farmers market - Home\". douglasmarket.ie. Douglas Farmers Market. Retrieved 3 June 2019.\n\n^ \"Electoral Division Douglas (CSO Area Code ED 18086)\". Census 2011 - Small Area Population Statistics. Central Statistics Office (Ireland). Retrieved 28 August 2017.\n\n^ a b c \"Sapmap Area: Electoral Division Douglas\". Census 2016 - Small Area Population Statistics. CSO. 2016. Retrieved 31 December 2018.\n\n^ \"Douglas Hall A.F.C.\" Douglashallafc.ie. Retrieved 28 August 2017.\n\n^ \"Douglas Golf Club (Maryborough Hill, Douglas, Co. Cork)\". Douglasgolf.ie. Retrieved 28 August 2017.\n\n^ \"Douglas Rugby Football Club - Club History\". douglasrfc.com. DouglasRFC.com. Archived from the original on 25 August 2018. Retrieved 28 August 2017. Douglas RFC was initially founded as one of the earliest Cork Rugby clubs in 1902 in the (then) rural village of Douglas, Cork\n\n^ \"About Douglas RFC - Club History\". douglasrfc.com. DouglasRFC.com. Retrieved 3 June 2019. Douglas Rugby Football Club, as we know it today, was founded in 1979\n\n^ \"Douglas Parish, St St. Columba's Church\". Diocese of Cork and Ross. Retrieved 8 September 2017.\n\n^ \"Church of the Incarnation, Frankfield/Grange - Parish History\". FrankfieldGrange.ie. Retrieved 8 September 2017.\n\n^ \"About the Parish\". Douglasrochestownparish.ie. Parish of Douglas and Rochestown. Retrieved 9 September 2017.\n\n^ \"St. Luke's, Douglas\". Douglas Union of Parishes. Retrieved 8 September 2017.\n\n^ \"Ardfallen Church\". Cork Methodist Church - Wesley Ardfallen. Retrieved 8 September 2017.\n\n^ \"Douglas Baptist Church - Meetings\". DouglasBaptist.ie. Retrieved 8 September 2017.\n\n^ \"Welcome to Radical Life\". RadicalLife.ie. Retrieved 7 September 2017.\n\n^ \"Pentecost Cork Conference and the Pentecostal & Charismatic Council of Cork - Ireland\". Pentecostcork.yolasite.com. Retrieved 7 September 2017.\n\n^ \"Holy Trinity, Frankfield\". Douglas Union of Parishes. Retrieved 8 September 2017.\n\n^ \"Holy Trinity Church of Ireland Church, Frankfield, County Cork\". Buildings of Ireland. National Inventory of Architectural Heritage. Retrieved 8 September 2017.\n\n^ \"Migrant Churches - Resources - Irish Council of Churches\". www.irishchurches.org. Retrieved 8 September 2017.\n\n^ \"Find a School - Roll number 13828F\". education.ie. Department of Education. Retrieved 11 November 2020.\n\n^ \"Find a School - Roll number 19882S\". education.ie. Department of Education. Retrieved 11 November 2020.\n\n^ \"Find a School - Roll number 12012W\". education.ie. Department of Education. Retrieved 11 November 2020.\n\n^ \"Find a School - Roll number 18563U\". education.ie. Department of Education. Retrieved 11 November 2020.\n\n^ \"Find a School - Roll number 20413N\". education.ie. Department of Education. Retrieved 11 November 2020.\n\n^ \"Find a School - Roll number 20335T\". education.ie. Department of Education. Retrieved 11 November 2020.\n\n^ \"Player Profiles - John Bainbridge\". espncricinfo.com. ESPN. Retrieved 10 November 2020.\n\n^ \"John Dunlay VC\". VCOnline.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2017.\n\n^ a b \"The southside of Cork city spans from the marina to CIT, covering a diverse area geographically, socially and historically\". Cork Independent. 22 October 2015. Archived from the original on 8 September 2017. Retrieved 8 September 2017. Cork's big-screen outputs are from the [Douglas] area, most recently Jack Gleeson [and] Cillian Murphy\n\n^ McHale, John (14 August 2013), \"Leeside Legend Rob Gets His Just Reward\", Evening Echo, Cork, archived from the original on 17 April 2016, retrieved 11 December 2016\n\n^ \"Writer's Block with Billy O'Callaghan\". thegloss.ie. 25 January 2019. Retrieved 10 November 2020.\n\n^ \"No Covid-19 blocks during Donncha O'Callaghan's Cork €675k family home sale\". irishexaminer.com. Irish Examiner. 3 November 2020. Retrieved 10 November 2020. O'Callaghan reckon the schools are within a walk of their new home on the far side of Douglas\n\n^ \"Ronan O'Gara settles civil action with luxury kitchen firm\". irishtimes.com. Irish Times. 11 July 2014. Retrieved 10 November 2020.\n\n^ \"Lennox Robinson portrait unveiled\". Irish Times. 17 January 2014. Retrieved 8 September 2017.\n\n^ \"FAI begin eligibility process after Ogbene expresses desire to represent Ireland\". The 42. 8 July 2020. Retrieved 8 July 2020. Ogbene, who was born in Nigeria but grew up in GrangeWikimedia Commons has media related to Douglas, County Cork.Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Douglas (Ireland).Neighbouring areas of Cork\nBallyphehane\nTurners Cross\nBallinlough\n\n\n\n\n\nTramore Valley Park\n\nDouglas\n\nDouglas estuary\n\n\n\n\n\nGrange\nDonnybrook\nRochestownvteCork CityDistricts\nBallinlough\nBallintemple\nBallyphehane\nBallyvolane\nBishopstown\nBlackpool\nBlackrock\nDouglas\nGlasheen\nThe Glen\nGurranabraher\nKnocknaheeny\nThe Lough\nMahon\nMardyke\nMayfield\nMontenotte\nShandon\n South Parish\nSunday's Well\nTivoli\nTogher\nTurners Cross\nWilton\nCultureEvents\nCork Caucus\nCork Jazz Festival\nCork International Film Festival\nCork International Choral Festival\nFrank O'Connor International Short Story Award\nLive at the Marquee\nSoundEye Festival\nVenues\nCork Opera House\nCork Public Museum\nCrawford Art Gallery\nFirkin Crane Centre\nEveryman Theatre\nLewis Glucksman Gallery\nPublic art\nFood halls\nEnglish Market\nMarina Market\nEducationThird level\nCork College of Commerce\nCork Institute of Technology\nGriffith College Cork\nSt. John's Central College\nUniversity College Cork\nSecondary\nBishopstown Community School\nChristian Brothers College\nColáiste an Spioraid Naoimh\nColáiste Chríost Rí\nColáiste Stiofáin Naofa\nDouglas Community School\nNorth Monastery\nMount Mercy College\nPresentation Brothers College\nScoil Mhuire, Cork\nHamblin and Porter's Grammar School\nHealth\nMater Private Hospital\nCork University Hospital\nSt. Finbarr's Hospital\nSt. Mary's Health Campus\nErinville Hospital\nNorth Infirmary\nHistory\nHistory of Cork\nSiege of Cork (1690)\nIrish Industrial Exhibition (1852)\nCork International Exhibition (1902)\nBurning of Cork (1920)\nMediaPrint\nCork Independent\nThe Echo\nIrish Examiner\nRadio\nC103\nCork's 96FM\nCork's Red FM\nTelevision\nCork Community TV\nParks andrecreational areas\nBishop Lucey Park\nFitzgerald's Park\nThe Glen\nKennedy Park\nThe Lough\nTramore Valley Park\nReligion\nCathedral of St Mary and St Anne\nChurch of St Anne\nHoly Trinity Church\nHonan Chapel\nThe Red Abbey\nSaint Fin Barre's Cathedral\nSS Peter and Paul's Church\nStreets\nGrand Parade\nOliver Plunkett Street\nParnell Place\nShandon Street\nSt Patrick's Street\nSouth Mall\nWashington Street\nWellington Road\nWater bodies\nRiver Lee\nThe Lough\nLough Mahon\nOther buildingsand structures\nBlackrock Castle\nChrist Church\nCity Gate Mahon\nCollins Barracks\nCork City Gaol\nCork City Hall\nCork County Hall\nCork Kent railway station\nCork Prison\nThe Custom House\nDaly's Bridge\nElizabeth Fort\nThe Elysian\nEnglish Market\nJack Lynch Tunnel\nThe Montenotte Hotel\nNational Software Centre\nParnell Place Bus Station\nSir Henry's\nSkiddy's Almshouse\nSt. Finbarr's Cemetery\nTwo Working Men\nRailway stations\nBlackrock railway station\nCork Albert Quay railway station\nCork Albert Street railway station\nCork Capwell railway station\nCork City Park railway station\nCork County Gaol\nCork Victoria Road railway station\nCork Western Road railway station\nShow Ground Halt railway station\nVictoria railway station\n\nItalics indicate proposed developments. Smaller font-size indicates locations or organizations that no longer exist.vtePlaces in County CorkCounty town: CorkTowns\nBallincollig\nBandon\nBantry\nButtevant\nCarrigaline\nCharleville\nClonakilty\nCobh\nCork\nFermoy\nKanturk\nKinsale\nMacroom\nMallow\nMidleton\nMillstreet\nPassage West\nSkibbereen\nYoughal\nVillages and Townlands\nAdrigole\nAghabullogue\nAghada\nAhakista\nAherla\nAhiohill\nAllihies\nArdfield\nArdgroom\nBallinacurra\nBallinadee\nBallinagree\nBallinascarty\nBallineen\nBallingeary\nBallinhassig\nBallinora\nBallinspittle\nBallintemple\nBallycotton\nBallydehob\nBallydesmond\nBallygarvan\nBallylickey\nBallymakeera\nBallymore\nBallyvourney\nBaltimore\nBanteer\nBéal na Bláth\nBelgooly\nBelvelly\nBlarney\nBoherbue\nBridebridge\nBweeng\nCanovee\nCarrigadrohid\nCarriganimmy\nCarrigtwohill\nCastlehaven\nCastlelyons\nCastlemagner\nCastlemartyr\nCastletown-Kinneigh\nCastletownbere\nCastletownroche\nCastletownshend\nChurchtown\nCloghroe\nClondulane\nCloughduv\nCloyne\nCoachford\nConna\nCoolea\nCourtmacsherry\nCrookhaven\nCrookstown\nCrossbarry\nCrosshaven\nCullen\nDoneraile\nDouglas\nDrimoleague\nDripsey\nDromahane\nDungourney\nDunmanway\nDurrus\nEnniskean\nEyeries\nFarran\nFermoy\nFountainstown\nFreemount\nGlandore\nGlanmire\nGlantane\nGlanworth\nGlasheen\nGlenbrook\nGlengarriff\nGlenville\nGlounthaune\nGoleen\nGougane Barra\nHalfway\nInnishannon\nKilbrin\nKilbrittain\nKilmichael\nKilnamartyra\nKillumney\nKilworth\nKiskeam\nKnockavilla\nKnocknagree\nKnockraha\nLadysbridge\nLeap\nLiscarroll\nLisgoold\nLismire\nLombardstown\nLyre\nMayfield\nMeelin\nMilford\nMinane Bridge\nMitchelstown\nMonard\nMonkstown\nMontenotte\nMourneabbey\nNad\nNewcestown\nNewmarket\nNewtwopothouse\nNohoval\nOvens\nRathbarry\nRathcormac\nRiverstick\nRoberts Cove\nRockchapel\nRosscarbery\nRylane\nSallybrook\nSchull\nShanagarry\nShanbally\nShanballymore\nTimoleague\nTogher\nTower\nUnion Hall\nUpton\nWaterfall\nWatergrasshill\nWhitegate\nLandforms\nMountains\nBallyhoura Mountains\nBoggeragh Mountains\nCaha Mountains\nDerrynasaggart Mountains\nGaltee Mountains\nMullaghareirk Mountains\nShehy Mountains\nSlieve Miskish Mountains\nRivers\nRiver Bandon\nRiver Blackwater\nRiver Lee\nHeads\nBrow Head\nMizen Head\nSheep's Head\nIslands\nBallycotton Island\nBere Island\nCape Clear Island\nCapel Island\nCarbery's Hundred Isles\nFastnet Rock\nDursey Island\nGarinish\nGreat Island\nHeir Island\nHaulbowline Island\nInishfarnard\nLong Island\nSherkin Island\nSpike Island\nWhiddy Island\n\nLists of townlands of County Cork\nMountains and hills of County Cork\nRivers of County Cork\nGeography of County CorkAuthority control databases: Geographic \nMusicBrainz area","title":"Notes and references"}]	[{"image_text":"Terrace built for mill workers, Grange Road","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Grange_Road_-_geograph.org.uk_-_760164.jpg/220px-Grange_Road_-_geograph.org.uk_-_760164.jpg"},{"image_text":"Donnybrook Hill","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Donnybrook_Commercial_Centre_-_geograph.org.uk_-_757646.jpg/220px-Donnybrook_Commercial_Centre_-_geograph.org.uk_-_757646.jpg"},{"image_text":"Stream near Douglas Community Park","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Stream_near_Douglas_-_geograph.org.uk_-_757665.jpg/170px-Stream_near_Douglas_-_geograph.org.uk_-_757665.jpg"},{"image_text":"Nemo Rangers GAA club","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Raonaithe_Nemo_club_building_%28geograph_4530285%29.jpg/220px-Raonaithe_Nemo_club_building_%28geograph_4530285%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"St Columbas Catholic church, Douglas","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/St_Columba%27s_Church_-_geograph.org.uk_-_760133.jpg/220px-St_Columba%27s_Church_-_geograph.org.uk_-_760133.jpg"},{"image_text":"Scoil Nioclais in Frankfield","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Scoil_Nioclais_-_geograph.org.uk_-_757696.jpg/170px-Scoil_Nioclais_-_geograph.org.uk_-_757696.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Island_of_Ireland_location_map_Cork.svg/100px-Island_of_Ireland_location_map_Cork.svg.png"}]	[{"title":"List of towns and villages in Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_towns_and_villages_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland"},{"title":"Metropolitan Cork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Cork"}]	[{"reference":"\"Douglas village flooded as burst water main sends water rushing through streets\". corkbeo.ie. MGN Limited. 30 November 2020. Retrieved 16 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.corkbeo.ie/news/local-news/watch-douglas-village-flooded-burst-19376122","url_text":"\"Douglas village flooded as burst water main sends water rushing through streets\""}]},{"reference":"\"Your guide to Douglas: The 'village' with pubs, parks and possibly Ireland's best chipper\". thejournal.ie. Journal Media Ltd. 5 January 2018. Retrieved 16 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thejournal.ie/douglas-neighbourhood-guide-3777853-Jan2018/","url_text":"\"Your guide to Douglas: The 'village' with pubs, parks and possibly Ireland's best chipper\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cork City boundary extension: Ex-lord mayor in scathing attack on opponents\". Irish Examiner. 5 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.irishexaminer.com/ireland/cork-city-boundary-extension-ex-lord-mayor-in-scathing-attack-on-opponents-458324.html","url_text":"\"Cork City boundary extension: Ex-lord mayor in scathing attack on opponents\""}]},{"reference":"\"County Hall spends more than €30,000 on legal advice on boundary changes\". Evening Echo. 6 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.eveningecho.ie/corknews/County-Hall-spends-more-than-30000-on-legal-advice-on-boundary-changes-a40a0a05-36d3-41ab-bbb4-9e10c0f65f3d-ds","url_text":"\"County Hall spends more than €30,000 on legal advice on boundary changes\""}]},{"reference":"\"Very low take-up for council staff transfers to City Hall\". eveningecho.ie. Evening Echo. 20 December 2018. Retrieved 21 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eveningecho.ie/corknews/Very-low-take-up-for-council-staff-transfers-to-City-Hall-e5caf99e-7a8a-4beb-8f3b-b8efdd14c088-ds","url_text":"\"Very low take-up for council staff transfers to City Hall\""}]},{"reference":"Power, Denis; et al. (1994). Archaeological inventory of County Cork. comprising the Baronies of Barrymore, Cork, Courceys, Imokilly, Kerrycurrihy, Kinalea, Kinnatalloon & Kinsale. Dublin: Stationery Office. pp. 70, 99, 134, 145, 160, 364. ISBN 0707603234. Nos. 4282,4501,4799,4968,5097 & 6328.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0707603234","url_text":"0707603234"}]},{"reference":"Report: Cork Harbour Archaeology. Department of Archaeology, University College Cork. June 1975.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"British Museum - Roman Republican Coins in the British Museum - Castletreasure Farm Hoard\". www.britishmuseum.org. Retrieved 4 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/publications/online_research_catalogues/search_object_details.aspx?objectid=1364335&partid=1&output=Terms%2F!!%2FOR%2F!!%2F17256%2F!%2F%2F!%2Fperforated%2F!%2F%2F!!%2F%2F!!!%2F&orig=%2Fresearch%2Fpublications%2Fonline_research_catalogues%2Frussian_icons%2Fcatalogue_of_russian_icons%2Fadvanced_search.aspx&currentPage=3&catalogueOnly=true&catparentPageId=29126&catalogueName=&catalogueSection=&numpages=12","url_text":"\"British Museum - Roman Republican Coins in the British Museum - Castletreasure Farm Hoard\""}]},{"reference":"Foley, Con (1991). A History Of Douglas. Cork: R. Lynch. pp. 47–51.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Power, Denis; et al. (1994). Archaeological inventory of County Cork. comprising the Baronies of Barrymore, Cork, Courceys, Imokilly, Kerrycurrihy, Kinalea, Kinnatalloon & Kinsale. Dublin: Stationery Office. p. 210. ISBN 0707603234. No. 5526.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0707603234","url_text":"0707603234"}]},{"reference":"Goddard Henry Orpen (1911). \"The Occupation of Cork\". Ireland under the Normans. Clarendon Press. p. 47.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/irelandundernorm02orpeuoft","url_text":"Ireland under the Normans"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/irelandundernorm02orpeuoft/page/47","url_text":"47"}]},{"reference":"Foley, Con (1991). A History Of Douglas. Cork: R. Lynch. pp. 3, 5.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Brady, William Maziere (1863). Clerical and Parochial Records of Cork, Cloyne and Ross (PDF). Vol. I. p. 60. Retrieved 3 September 2017. 1615... Dowglasse, particula ejusdem, Capella vasta... 1700. Thursday, Sept. 27... Near Douglas, in this parish, is a burying-place, in an open field ; there is still remaining the foundation of a church, but they were carrying away the stones of the foundation. I charg'd them to carry away no more... This was, about 100 years ago, the church of Carickoline parish, before the new church was built, where it now is, in the centre of ye parish.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.corkpastandpresent.ie/history/bradysclericalandparochialrecords/volume1/vol1_54_97.pdf","url_text":"Clerical and Parochial Records of Cork, Cloyne and Ross"}]},{"reference":"\"History of Douglas\". Douglas Community School website. Archived from the original on 16 April 2010. Retrieved 28 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100416203928/http://www.dcscork.ie/history-of-douglas/","url_text":"\"History of Douglas\""},{"url":"http://www.dcscork.ie/history-of-douglas/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Foley, Con (1991). A History Of Douglas. Cork: R. Lynch. pp. 12–14.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Heritage Trail: Douglas Mills - Douglas Tidy Towns\". douglastidytowns.ie. Retrieved 3 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://douglastidytowns.ie/heritage-trail-douglas-mills/","url_text":"\"Heritage Trail: Douglas Mills - Douglas Tidy Towns\""}]},{"reference":"Foley, Con (1991). A History Of Douglas. Cork: R. Lynch. pp. 19–21, 26.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Foley, Con (1991). A History Of Douglas. Cork: R. Lynch. pp. 31–33.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Heritage Trail: O'Brien's/St Patrick's Mills - Douglas Tidy Towns\". douglastidytowns.ie. Retrieved 4 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://douglastidytowns.ie/heritage-trail-obriens-st-patricks-mills/","url_text":"\"Heritage Trail: O'Brien's/St Patrick's Mills - Douglas Tidy Towns\""}]},{"reference":"Power, Denis; et al. (1994). Archaeological inventory of County Cork. comprising the Baronies of Barrymore, Cork, Courceys, Imokilly, Kerrycurrihy, Kinalea, Kinnatalloon & Kinsale. Dublin: Stationery Office. p. 357. ISBN 0707603234. No. 6288.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0707603234","url_text":"0707603234"}]},{"reference":"\"Donnybrook, County Cork - Terrace of houses most built for mill workers\". Buildings of Ireland. National Inventory of Architectural Heritage. Retrieved 3 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.buildingsofireland.ie/niah/search.jsp?type=record&county=CO&regno=20908625","url_text":"\"Donnybrook, County Cork - Terrace of houses most built for mill workers\""}]},{"reference":"Foley, Con (1991). A History Of Douglas. Cork: R. Lynch. pp. 33–36.","urls":[]},{"reference":"The Parliamentary Gazetteer of Ireland: Adapted to the New Poor-law, Franchise, Municipal and Ecclesiastical Arrangements, and Compiled with a Special Reference to the Lines of Railroad and Canal Communication as Existing in 1843-44. A. Fullarton. 1846. p. 49. Retrieved 4 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=oIRQAQAAIAAJ&q=townsend+douglas+anything+of+good+demesne+land&pg=PA49","url_text":"The Parliamentary Gazetteer of Ireland: Adapted to the New Poor-law, Franchise, Municipal and Ecclesiastical Arrangements, and Compiled with a Special Reference to the Lines of Railroad and Canal Communication as Existing in 1843-44"}]},{"reference":"Foley, Con (1991). A History Of Douglas. Cork: R. Lynch. pp. 52–55.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Power, Denis; et al. (1994). Archaeological inventory of County Cork. comprising the Baronies of Barrymore, Cork, Courceys, Imokilly, Kerrycurrihy, Kinalea, Kinnatalloon & Kinsale. Dublin: Stationery Office. p. 235. ISBN 0707603234. No. 5594.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0707603234","url_text":"0707603234"}]},{"reference":"The Irish Law Times and Solicitors' Journal - Volume 98. J. Falconer. 1965. p. 123.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JI8vAQAAIAAJ&q=pike+v+beamish","url_text":"The Irish Law Times and Solicitors' Journal - Volume 98"}]},{"reference":"Foley, Con (1991). A History Of Douglas. Cork: R. Lynch. pp. 57–59.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Foley, Con (1991). A History Of Douglas. Cork: R. Lynch. pp. 62–65.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Douglas Hall, Well Road, Cork, Cork City\". Buildings of Ireland. National Inventory of Architectural Heritage. Retrieved 3 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.buildingsofireland.ie/niah/search.jsp?type=record&county=CC&regno=20871037","url_text":"\"Douglas Hall, Well Road, Cork, Cork City\""}]},{"reference":"\"Vernon Mount – Owners & Occupiers\". Grange Frankfield Partnership. Retrieved 31 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vernonmountpark.ie/owners-occupants.php","url_text":"\"Vernon Mount – Owners & Occupiers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Famous Characters - Attiwell Hayes\". Triskel Arts Centre. Retrieved 15 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://triskelartscentre.ie/christchurch/famous-characters/attiwell-hayes-2/","url_text":"\"Famous Characters - Attiwell Hayes\""}]},{"reference":"Foley, Con (1991). A History Of Douglas. Cork: R. Lynch. pp. 104–113.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Heritage Trail: Tramore House - Douglas Tidy Towns\". douglastidytowns.ie. Retrieved 4 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://douglastidytowns.ie/heritage-trail-tramore-house/","url_text":"\"Heritage Trail: Tramore House - Douglas Tidy Towns\""}]},{"reference":"Foley, Con (1991). A History Of Douglas. Cork: R. Lynch. p. 160.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Foley, Con (1991). A History Of Douglas. Cork: R. Lynch. pp. 39–40.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Power, Denis; et al. (1994). Archaeological inventory of County Cork. comprising the Baronies of Barrymore, Cork, Courceys, Imokilly, Kerrycurrihy, Kinalea, Kinnatalloon & Kinsale. Dublin: Stationery Office. p. 262. ISBN 0707603234. No. 5718, 5719.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0707603234","url_text":"0707603234"}]},{"reference":"Brady, William Maziere (1863). Clerical and Parochial Records of Cork, Cloyne and Ross (PDF). Vol. I. p. 65. Retrieved 3 September 2017. Douglas Chapel of Ease in good order. Rev. J. Bustead is curate. No glebe-house. Five acres of land set. Divine service twice on all Sundays, and once on usual festivals and fasts. In winter, evening service in a house. 150 children are on rolls of a school kept by local subscribers. The Protestant population of Douglas is 310. Total Protestant population of both parts of this parish is 577.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.corkpastandpresent.ie/history/bradysclericalandparochialrecords/volume1/vol1_54_97.pdf","url_text":"Clerical and Parochial Records of Cork, Cloyne and Ross"}]},{"reference":"Foley, Con (1991). A History Of Douglas. Cork: R. Lynch. pp. 42–45.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Heritage Trail: St Luke's Church of Ireland - Douglas Tidy Towns\". douglastidytowns.ie. Retrieved 3 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://douglastidytowns.ie/heritage-trail-st-lukes-church-of-ireland/","url_text":"\"Heritage Trail: St Luke's Church of Ireland - Douglas Tidy Towns\""}]},{"reference":"\"The clock in St Luke's church - Douglas Tidy Towns\". douglastidytowns.ie. Retrieved 3 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://douglastidytowns.ie/the-clock-in-st-lukes-church/","url_text":"\"The clock in St Luke's church - Douglas Tidy Towns\""}]},{"reference":"\"St. Luke's, Douglas T12 N832\". www.douglas.cork.anglican.org. Retrieved 3 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.douglas.cork.anglican.org/web/churches/st-lukes-douglas/","url_text":"\"St. Luke's, Douglas T12 N832\""}]},{"reference":"\"Douglas Tidy Towns - Heritage Trail - St Lukes Church of Ireland Graveyard\". douglastidytowns.ie. Retrieved 1 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://douglastidytowns.ie/heritage-trail-st-lukes-church-of-ireland-graveyard/","url_text":"\"Douglas Tidy Towns - Heritage Trail - St Lukes Church of Ireland Graveyard\""}]},{"reference":"Power, Denis; et al. (1994). Archaeological inventory of County Cork. comprising the Baronies of Barrymore, Cork, Courceys, Imokilly, Kerrycurrihy, Kinalea, Kinnatalloon & Kinsale. Dublin: Stationery Office. p. 298. ISBN 0707603234. No. 5899.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0707603234","url_text":"0707603234"}]},{"reference":"Foley, Con (1991). A History Of Douglas. Cork: R. Lynch. p. 97.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Nolan, Amy (20 November 2021). \"Nostalgia: Celebrating 50 years of Douglas Village Shopping Centre\". echolive.ie. Retrieved 12 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.echolive.ie/corknews/arid-40748043.html","url_text":"\"Nostalgia: Celebrating 50 years of Douglas Village Shopping Centre\""}]},{"reference":"\"Douglas Village shopping centre likely to be closed until summer 2020\". irishtimes.com. Irish Times. 15 September 2019. Retrieved 2 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.irishtimes.com/news/ireland/irish-news/douglas-village-shopping-centre-likely-to-be-closed-until-summer-2020-1.4019020","url_text":"\"Douglas Village shopping centre likely to be closed until summer 2020\""}]},{"reference":"\"Douglas– A short history\". Douglas Community Association. Retrieved 23 August 2017. Douglas underwent significant development from the second half of the 19th century, with the construction of new housing estates","urls":[{"url":"http://douglascommunity.ie/about-douglas/","url_text":"\"Douglas– A short history\""}]},{"reference":"\"Frankfield/Grange, Douglas, Cork - Parish History\". Frankfieldgrange.ie. Retrieved 28 August 2017. Major housing development occurred in the Douglas area of Cork from the early 1960s","urls":[{"url":"http://www.frankfieldgrange.ie/parish-information/parish-history/","url_text":"\"Frankfield/Grange, Douglas, Cork - Parish History\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lets move to Douglas: Cork suburb with a village feel has something for all\". Independent.ie. Independent News & Media. 6 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.independent.ie/life/home-garden/homes/lets-move-to-douglas-cork-suburb-with-a-village-feel-has-something-for-all-31044180.html","url_text":"\"Lets move to Douglas: Cork suburb with a village feel has something for all\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ballybrack Woods Trail 2013 Site Assessment Report\" (PDF). National Trails Office - Irish Sports Council. 2003. Retrieved 23 August 2017 – via Douglas Tidy Towns.","urls":[{"url":"http://douglastidytowns.ie/wp-content/uploads/Ballybrack-Woods-Site-Assessment-2013.pdf","url_text":"\"Ballybrack Woods Trail 2013 Site Assessment Report\""}]},{"reference":"\"Credit Union Offices - Contact Details\". Douglas Credit Union. Retrieved 21 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://secure.douglascu.ie/contact","url_text":"\"Credit Union Offices - Contact Details\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mount Oval Pharmacy, The Square, Mount Oval Village\" (PDF). Sherry Fitzgerald. Retrieved 23 August 2017. the commercial centre of Mount Oval Village [..is..] laid out in a courtyard setting with [..a..] dental practice, doctor surgery, Spar, [..and..] bar and restaurant","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sherryfitz.ie/files/SAM//29125/WWW/Mount%20Oval%20Pharmacy_C&W_16CORINV00877.pdf","url_text":"\"Mount Oval Pharmacy, The Square, Mount Oval Village\""}]},{"reference":"\"Douglas Community Park - Management of 5-acre Community Park\". Douglas Community Association. Retrieved 7 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://douglascommunity.ie/community-park/","url_text":"\"Douglas Community Park - Management of 5-acre Community Park\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sadness as Frankfield fairways close\". irishexaminer.com. Irish Examiner. 6 January 2015. Retrieved 2 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.irishexaminer.com/sport/golf/sadness-as-frankfield-fairways-close-305312.html","url_text":"\"Sadness as Frankfield fairways close\""}]},{"reference":"\"Vernon Mount Valley & Woodlands Walks Project\". Vernon Mount Park. Grange Frankfield Partnership. Retrieved 7 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vernonmountpark.ie/woodland-walks.php","url_text":"\"Vernon Mount Valley & Woodlands Walks Project\""}]},{"reference":"RPS Group (22 May 2017). \"Grange Road to Tramore Valley Park Pedestrian / Cycle Link N40 Overbridge - Preliminary Design Report\" (PDF). Cork County Council. 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[..] Built around 1990 [..] Douglas Court is anchored by Dunnes Stores","urls":[{"url":"https://www.irishexaminer.com/property/commercial/douglas-court-blow-200525.html","url_text":"\"Douglas shopping centre has liabilities of €38m\""}]},{"reference":"\"Douglas Farmers market - Home\". douglasmarket.ie. Douglas Farmers Market. Retrieved 3 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://douglasmarket.ie/","url_text":"\"Douglas Farmers market - Home\""}]},{"reference":"\"Electoral Division Douglas (CSO Area Code ED 18086)\". Census 2011 - Small Area Population Statistics. Central Statistics Office (Ireland). Retrieved 28 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://census.cso.ie/sapmap2011/Results.aspx?Geog_Type=ED&Geog_Code=18086&CTY=18","url_text":"\"Electoral Division Douglas (CSO Area Code ED 18086)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Statistics_Office_(Ireland)","url_text":"Central Statistics Office (Ireland)"}]},{"reference":"\"Sapmap Area: Electoral Division Douglas\". Census 2016 - Small Area Population Statistics. CSO. 2016. Retrieved 31 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://census.cso.ie/sapmap2016/Results.aspx?Geog_Type=ED3409&Geog_Code=2AE196291EF613A3E055000000000001","url_text":"\"Sapmap Area: Electoral Division Douglas\""}]},{"reference":"\"Douglas Hall A.F.C.\" Douglashallafc.ie. Retrieved 28 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.douglashallafc.ie/","url_text":"\"Douglas Hall A.F.C.\""}]},{"reference":"\"Douglas Golf Club (Maryborough Hill, Douglas, Co. Cork)\". Douglasgolf.ie. Retrieved 28 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.douglasgolf.ie/","url_text":"\"Douglas Golf Club (Maryborough Hill, Douglas, Co. Cork)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Douglas Rugby Football Club - Club History\". douglasrfc.com. DouglasRFC.com. Archived from the original on 25 August 2018. Retrieved 28 August 2017. Douglas RFC was initially founded as one of the earliest Cork Rugby clubs in 1902 in the (then) rural village of Douglas, Cork","urls":[{"url":"http://www.douglasrfc.com/clubhistory.html","url_text":"\"Douglas Rugby Football Club - Club History\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180825165458/http://www.douglasrfc.com/clubhistory.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"About Douglas RFC - Club History\". douglasrfc.com. DouglasRFC.com. Retrieved 3 June 2019. Douglas Rugby Football Club, as we know it today, was founded in 1979","urls":[{"url":"http://www.douglasrfc.com/the-club/","url_text":"\"About Douglas RFC - Club History\""}]},{"reference":"\"Douglas Parish, St St. Columba's Church\". Diocese of Cork and Ross. Retrieved 8 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://corkandross.org/parishes/douglas/","url_text":"\"Douglas Parish, St St. Columba's Church\""}]},{"reference":"\"Church of the Incarnation, Frankfield/Grange - Parish History\". FrankfieldGrange.ie. 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Retrieved 8 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vconline.org.uk/john-dunlay-vc/4586591827","url_text":"\"John Dunlay VC\""}]},{"reference":"\"The southside of Cork city spans from the marina to CIT, covering a diverse area geographically, socially and historically\". Cork Independent. 22 October 2015. Archived from the original on 8 September 2017. Retrieved 8 September 2017. Cork's big-screen outputs are from the [Douglas] area, most recently Jack Gleeson [and] Cillian Murphy","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170908065243/http://www.corkindependent.com/features/topics/articles/2015/10/22/4107956--the-southside-of-cork-city-spans-from-the-marina-to-cit-covering-a-diverse-area-geographically-socially-and-historically---with-/","url_text":"\"The southside of Cork city spans from the marina to CIT, covering a diverse area geographically, socially and historically\""},{"url":"http://www.corkindependent.com/features/topics/articles/2015/10/22/4107956--the-southside-of-cork-city-spans-from-the-marina-to-cit-covering-a-diverse-area-geographically-socially-and-historically---with-/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"McHale, John (14 August 2013), \"Leeside Legend Rob Gets His Just Reward\", Evening Echo, Cork, archived from the original on 17 April 2016, retrieved 11 December 2016","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160417163113/http://www.eveningecho.ie/sport/leeside-legend-rob-gets-his-just-reward/43257/","url_text":"\"Leeside Legend Rob Gets His Just Reward\""},{"url":"http://www.eveningecho.ie/sport/leeside-legend-rob-gets-his-just-reward/43257/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Writer's Block with Billy O'Callaghan\". thegloss.ie. 25 January 2019. 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Retrieved 10 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.irishtimes.com/news/crime-and-law/courts/ronan-o-gara-settles-civil-action-with-luxury-kitchen-firm-1.1863335","url_text":"\"Ronan O'Gara settles civil action with luxury kitchen firm\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lennox Robinson portrait unveiled\". Irish Times. 17 January 2014. Retrieved 8 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/books/lennox-robinson-portrait-unveiled-1.1659272","url_text":"\"Lennox Robinson portrait unveiled\""}]},{"reference":"\"FAI begin eligibility process after Ogbene expresses desire to represent Ireland\". The 42. 8 July 2020. Retrieved 8 July 2020. Ogbene, who was born in Nigeria but grew up in Grange","urls":[{"url":"https://www.the42.ie/ogbene-declares-for-ireland-5144506-Jul2020/","url_text":"\"FAI begin eligibility process after Ogbene expresses desire to represent Ireland\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Douglas,_Cork&params=51_52_35_N_8_26_9_W_region:IE_type:city","external_links_name":"51°52′35″N 8°26′9″W / 51.87639°N 8.43583°W / 51.87639; -8.43583"},{"Link":"https://www.corkbeo.ie/news/local-news/watch-douglas-village-flooded-burst-19376122","external_links_name":"\"Douglas village flooded as burst water main sends water rushing through streets\""},{"Link":"https://www.thejournal.ie/douglas-neighbourhood-guide-3777853-Jan2018/","external_links_name":"\"Your guide to Douglas: The 'village' with pubs, parks and possibly Ireland's best chipper\""},{"Link":"http://www.irishexaminer.com/ireland/cork-city-boundary-extension-ex-lord-mayor-in-scathing-attack-on-opponents-458324.html","external_links_name":"\"Cork City boundary extension: Ex-lord mayor in scathing attack on opponents\""},{"Link":"http://www.eveningecho.ie/corknews/County-Hall-spends-more-than-30000-on-legal-advice-on-boundary-changes-a40a0a05-36d3-41ab-bbb4-9e10c0f65f3d-ds","external_links_name":"\"County Hall spends more than €30,000 on legal advice on boundary changes\""},{"Link":"https://www.eveningecho.ie/corknews/Very-low-take-up-for-council-staff-transfers-to-City-Hall-e5caf99e-7a8a-4beb-8f3b-b8efdd14c088-ds","external_links_name":"\"Very low take-up for council staff transfers to City Hall\""},{"Link":"http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/publications/online_research_catalogues/search_object_details.aspx?objectid=1364335&partid=1&output=Terms%2F!!%2FOR%2F!!%2F17256%2F!%2F%2F!%2Fperforated%2F!%2F%2F!!%2F%2F!!!%2F&orig=%2Fresearch%2Fpublications%2Fonline_research_catalogues%2Frussian_icons%2Fcatalogue_of_russian_icons%2Fadvanced_search.aspx&currentPage=3&catalogueOnly=true&catparentPageId=29126&catalogueName=&catalogueSection=&numpages=12","external_links_name":"\"British Museum - Roman Republican Coins in the British Museum - Castletreasure Farm Hoard\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/irelandundernorm02orpeuoft","external_links_name":"Ireland under the Normans"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/irelandundernorm02orpeuoft/page/47","external_links_name":"47"},{"Link":"http://www.corkpastandpresent.ie/history/bradysclericalandparochialrecords/volume1/vol1_54_97.pdf","external_links_name":"Clerical and Parochial Records of Cork, Cloyne and Ross"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100416203928/http://www.dcscork.ie/history-of-douglas/","external_links_name":"\"History of Douglas\""},{"Link":"http://www.dcscork.ie/history-of-douglas/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://douglastidytowns.ie/heritage-trail-douglas-mills/","external_links_name":"\"Heritage Trail: Douglas Mills - Douglas Tidy Towns\""},{"Link":"http://douglastidytowns.ie/heritage-trail-obriens-st-patricks-mills/","external_links_name":"\"Heritage Trail: O'Brien's/St Patrick's Mills - Douglas Tidy Towns\""},{"Link":"http://www.buildingsofireland.ie/niah/search.jsp?type=record&county=CO&regno=20908625","external_links_name":"\"Donnybrook, County Cork - Terrace of houses most built for mill workers\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=oIRQAQAAIAAJ&q=townsend+douglas+anything+of+good+demesne+land&pg=PA49","external_links_name":"The Parliamentary Gazetteer of Ireland: Adapted to the New Poor-law, Franchise, Municipal and Ecclesiastical Arrangements, and Compiled with a Special Reference to the Lines of Railroad and Canal Communication as Existing in 1843-44"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JI8vAQAAIAAJ&q=pike+v+beamish","external_links_name":"The Irish Law Times and Solicitors' Journal - Volume 98"},{"Link":"http://www.buildingsofireland.ie/niah/search.jsp?type=record&county=CC&regno=20871037","external_links_name":"\"Douglas Hall, Well Road, Cork, Cork City\""},{"Link":"http://www.vernonmountpark.ie/owners-occupants.php","external_links_name":"\"Vernon Mount – Owners & Occupiers\""},{"Link":"http://triskelartscentre.ie/christchurch/famous-characters/attiwell-hayes-2/","external_links_name":"\"Famous Characters - Attiwell Hayes\""},{"Link":"http://douglastidytowns.ie/heritage-trail-tramore-house/","external_links_name":"\"Heritage Trail: Tramore House - Douglas Tidy Towns\""},{"Link":"http://www.corkpastandpresent.ie/history/bradysclericalandparochialrecords/volume1/vol1_54_97.pdf","external_links_name":"Clerical and Parochial Records of Cork, Cloyne and Ross"},{"Link":"http://douglastidytowns.ie/heritage-trail-st-lukes-church-of-ireland/","external_links_name":"\"Heritage Trail: St Luke's Church of Ireland - Douglas Tidy Towns\""},{"Link":"http://douglastidytowns.ie/the-clock-in-st-lukes-church/","external_links_name":"\"The clock in St Luke's church - Douglas Tidy Towns\""},{"Link":"http://www.douglas.cork.anglican.org/web/churches/st-lukes-douglas/","external_links_name":"\"St. Luke's, Douglas T12 N832\""},{"Link":"https://douglastidytowns.ie/heritage-trail-st-lukes-church-of-ireland-graveyard/","external_links_name":"\"Douglas Tidy Towns - Heritage Trail - St Lukes Church of Ireland Graveyard\""},{"Link":"https://www.echolive.ie/corknews/arid-40748043.html","external_links_name":"\"Nostalgia: Celebrating 50 years of Douglas Village Shopping Centre\""},{"Link":"https://www.irishtimes.com/news/ireland/irish-news/douglas-village-shopping-centre-likely-to-be-closed-until-summer-2020-1.4019020","external_links_name":"\"Douglas Village shopping centre likely to be closed until summer 2020\""},{"Link":"http://douglascommunity.ie/about-douglas/","external_links_name":"\"Douglas– A short history\""},{"Link":"http://www.frankfieldgrange.ie/parish-information/parish-history/","external_links_name":"\"Frankfield/Grange, Douglas, Cork - Parish History\""},{"Link":"http://www.independent.ie/life/home-garden/homes/lets-move-to-douglas-cork-suburb-with-a-village-feel-has-something-for-all-31044180.html","external_links_name":"\"Lets move to Douglas: Cork suburb with a village feel has something for all\""},{"Link":"http://douglastidytowns.ie/wp-content/uploads/Ballybrack-Woods-Site-Assessment-2013.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Ballybrack Woods Trail 2013 Site Assessment Report\""},{"Link":"https://secure.douglascu.ie/contact","external_links_name":"\"Credit Union Offices - Contact Details\""},{"Link":"http://www.sherryfitz.ie/files/SAM//29125/WWW/Mount%20Oval%20Pharmacy_C&W_16CORINV00877.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Mount Oval Pharmacy, The Square, Mount Oval Village\""},{"Link":"http://douglascommunity.ie/community-park/","external_links_name":"\"Douglas Community Park - Management of 5-acre Community Park\""},{"Link":"https://www.irishexaminer.com/sport/golf/sadness-as-frankfield-fairways-close-305312.html","external_links_name":"\"Sadness as Frankfield fairways close\""},{"Link":"http://www.vernonmountpark.ie/woodland-walks.php","external_links_name":"\"Vernon Mount Valley & Woodlands Walks Project\""},{"Link":"http://www.corkcoco.ie/sites/cork-cms/files/2017-05/Preliminary%20Design%20Report.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Grange Road to Tramore Valley Park Pedestrian / Cycle Link N40 Overbridge - Preliminary Design Report\""},{"Link":"https://www.independent.ie/regionals/cork/news/new-bridge-connecting-cork-city-to-park-officially-opens/a1582973601.html","external_links_name":"\"New bridge connecting Cork City to park officially opens\""},{"Link":"https://www.irishexaminer.com/property/commercial/douglas-court-blow-200525.html","external_links_name":"\"Douglas shopping centre has liabilities of €38m\""},{"Link":"http://douglasmarket.ie/","external_links_name":"\"Douglas Farmers market - Home\""},{"Link":"http://census.cso.ie/sapmap2011/Results.aspx?Geog_Type=ED&Geog_Code=18086&CTY=18","external_links_name":"\"Electoral Division Douglas (CSO Area Code ED 18086)\""},{"Link":"http://census.cso.ie/sapmap2016/Results.aspx?Geog_Type=ED3409&Geog_Code=2AE196291EF613A3E055000000000001","external_links_name":"\"Sapmap Area: Electoral Division Douglas\""},{"Link":"http://www.douglashallafc.ie/","external_links_name":"\"Douglas Hall A.F.C.\""},{"Link":"http://www.douglasgolf.ie/","external_links_name":"\"Douglas Golf Club (Maryborough Hill, Douglas, Co. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greentree_Corners,_Ohio	Greentree Corners, Ohio	["1 References"]	Coordinates: 39°27′45″N 84°16′02″W / 39.46250°N 84.26722°W / 39.46250; -84.26722Unincorporated community in Ohio, U.S. Aerial view of Greentree Corners The former Greentree Tavern & Inn Location of Greentree Corners, Ohio Greentree Corners (also Green Tree or Greentree Corner) is an unincorporated community in northern Turtlecreek Township, Warren County, Ohio, United States. It is located at the intersection of State Route 741 and Greentree Road about one and one-half miles north of Otterbein, two miles south of Red Lion, and three miles northwest of Lebanon. Greentree was first named Morristown, and under the latter name laid out in 1816 by one Mr. Morris. The present name is after the Green Tree Tavern (now abandoned). References ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Greentree Corners, Ohio ^ Ohio Home Inspection Archived 2008-09-24 at the Wayback Machine, Ohio Property Inspection Services. Accessed 2008-08-20. ^ a b "Warren County, Ohio Place Names". Warren County Genealogical Society. Archived from the original on March 13, 2018. Retrieved March 13, 2018. vteMunicipalities and communities of Warren County, Ohio, United StatesCounty seat: LebanonCities Carlisle‡ Franklin Lebanon South Lebanon Loveland‡ Mason Middletown‡ Monroe‡ Springboro‡ Map of Ohio highlighting Warren CountyVillages Blanchester‡ Butlerville Corwin Harveysburg Maineville Morrow Pleasant Plain Waynesville Townships Clearcreek Deerfield Franklin Hamilton Harlan Massie Salem Turtlecreek Union Washington Wayne CDPs Five Points Hunter Kings Mills Landen Loveland Park‡ Roachester Unincorporatedcommunities Blackhawk Chautauqua‡ Cozaddale Crosswick Dallasburg Dodds Edwardsville Fosters Genntown Greentree Corners Gum Grove Hagemans Crossing Hickoryville Hicks Hillcrest Hopkinsville Kenricksville Level Mathers Mill Merrittstown Middleboro Mount Holly Murdoch Oregonia Osceola Pekin Red Lion Ridgeville Rossburg San Mar Gale Socialville Twenty Mile Stand Wellman Zoar Ghost towns Beedles Station Browns Store Butterworth Hammel and Millgrove Venable Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Ohio portal United States portal 39°27′45″N 84°16′02″W / 39.46250°N 84.26722°W / 39.46250; -84.26722 This Warren County, Ohio state location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Greentree_Corners_and_Lebanon-Warren_County_Airport.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Greentree_Tavern_%26_Inn.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:OHMap-doton-Greentree_Corner.png"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gnis-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"unincorporated community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unincorporated_area"},{"link_name":"Turtlecreek Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turtlecreek_Township,_Warren_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Warren County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"State Route 741","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_State_Route_741"},{"link_name":"Otterbein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Otterbein_Home,_Ohio&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Red Lion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Lion,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History-3"}],"text":"Unincorporated community in Ohio, U.S.Aerial view of Greentree CornersThe former Greentree Tavern & InnLocation of Greentree Corners, OhioGreentree Corners (also Green Tree[1] or Greentree Corner[2]) is an unincorporated community in northern Turtlecreek Township, Warren County, Ohio, United States. It is located at the intersection of State Route 741 and Greentree Road about one and one-half miles north of Otterbein, two miles south of Red Lion, and three miles northwest of Lebanon.Greentree was first named Morristown, and under the latter name laid out in 1816 by one Mr. Morris.[3] The present name is after the Green Tree Tavern[3] (now abandoned).","title":"Greentree Corners, Ohio"}]	[{"image_text":"Aerial view of Greentree Corners","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Greentree_Corners_and_Lebanon-Warren_County_Airport.jpg/250px-Greentree_Corners_and_Lebanon-Warren_County_Airport.jpg"},{"image_text":"The former Greentree Tavern & Inn","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Greentree_Tavern_%26_Inn.jpg/220px-Greentree_Tavern_%26_Inn.jpg"},{"image_text":"Location of Greentree Corners, Ohio","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f1/OHMap-doton-Greentree_Corner.png"},{"image_text":"Map of Ohio highlighting Warren County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Map_of_Ohio_highlighting_Warren_County.svg/80px-Map_of_Ohio_highlighting_Warren_County.svg.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Warren County, Ohio Place Names\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Craig_(footballer,_born_1935)	Bobby Craig (footballer, born 1935)	["1 References","2 External links"]	Scottish footballer Bobby CraigPersonal informationFull name Robert McAllister CraigDate of birth (1935-04-08)8 April 1935Place of birth Airdrie, ScotlandDate of death 1 October 2010(2010-10-01) (aged 75)Place of death Toronto, CanadaPosition(s) Inside forwardYouth career Blantyre CelticSenior careerYears Team Apps (Gls)1955–1959 Third Lanark 124 (61)1959–1962 Sheffield Wednesday 84 (25)1962 Blackburn Rovers 8 (3)1962–1963 Celtic 17 (13)1963–1964 St Johnstone 11 (2)1964–1965 Oldham Athletic 18 (4)1965 Toronto City 7 (1)1965–1966 Johannesburg Wanderers 7 (3)1967 Third Lanark 9 (1) Club domestic league appearances and goals Bobby Craig (8 April 1935 – 1 October 2010) was a Scottish footballer, who played for Third Lanark, Sheffield Wednesday, Blackburn Rovers, Celtic, St Johnstone, Oldham Athletic, Toronto City and Johannesburg Wanderers as an inside-right. Craig played in the final match played by Third Lanark before the club went out of business. After retiring as a player he settled in Toronto, where he died aged 75. References ^ "Bobby Craig". Barry Hugman's Footballers. Retrieved 7 March 2017. ^ a b c "Bobby Craig; footballer". The Herald. 18 October 2010. Retrieved 13 February 2011. External links Bobby Craig at Post War English & Scottish Football League A–Z Player's Database	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-2"},{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Third Lanark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Lanark_A.C."},{"link_name":"Sheffield Wednesday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield_Wednesday_F.C."},{"link_name":"Blackburn Rovers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackburn_Rovers_F.C."},{"link_name":"Celtic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_F.C."},{"link_name":"St Johnstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Johnstone_F.C."},{"link_name":"Oldham Athletic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldham_Athletic_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"Toronto City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_City"},{"link_name":"Johannesburg Wanderers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johannesburg_Wanderers&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"inside-right","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inside-right"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-2"},{"link_name":"Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-2"}],"text":"Bobby Craig (8 April 1935 – 1 October 2010)[2] was a Scottish footballer, who played for Third Lanark, Sheffield Wednesday, Blackburn Rovers, Celtic, St Johnstone, Oldham Athletic, Toronto City and Johannesburg Wanderers as an inside-right. Craig played in the final match played by Third Lanark before the club went out of business.[2] After retiring as a player he settled in Toronto, where he died aged 75.[2]","title":"Bobby Craig (footballer, born 1935)"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Bobby Craig\". Barry Hugman's Footballers. Retrieved 7 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://barryhugmansfootballers.com/player/4278","url_text":"\"Bobby Craig\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bobby Craig; footballer\". The Herald. 18 October 2010. Retrieved 13 February 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.heraldscotland.com/comment/obituaries/bobby-craig-footballer-1.1062069","url_text":"\"Bobby Craig; footballer\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Herald_(Scotland)","url_text":"The Herald"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://barryhugmansfootballers.com/player/4278","external_links_name":"\"Bobby Craig\""},{"Link":"http://www.heraldscotland.com/comment/obituaries/bobby-craig-footballer-1.1062069","external_links_name":"\"Bobby Craig; footballer\""},{"Link":"http://www.neilbrown.newcastlefans.com/player/bobbycraig.html","external_links_name":"Bobby Craig"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ft._Laramie,_Wyoming	Fort Laramie, Wyoming	["1 History","2 Geography","3 Climate","4 Demographics","4.1 2010 census","4.2 2000 census","5 Education","6 Highways","7 Notable people","8 See also","9 References"]	Coordinates: 42°12′48″N 104°31′2″W / 42.21333°N 104.51722°W / 42.21333; -104.51722 Town in Wyoming, United StatesFort Laramie, WyomingTownLocation of Fort Laramie in Goshen County, Wyoming.Fort Laramie, WyomingLocation in the United StatesCoordinates: 42°12′48″N 104°31′2″W / 42.21333°N 104.51722°W / 42.21333; -104.51722Country United StatesState WyomingCounty GoshenArea • Total0.25 sq mi (0.65 km2) • Land0.25 sq mi (0.65 km2) • Water0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2)Elevation4,239 ft (1,292 m)Population (2010) • Total230 • Estimate (2019)227 • Density904.38/sq mi (348.55/km2)Time zoneUTC-7 (Mountain (MST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-6 (MDT)ZIP code82212Area code307FIPS code56-28230GNIS feature ID1588642 Fort Laramie is a town in Goshen County, Wyoming, United States. The population was 230 at the 2010 census. The town is named after historic Fort Laramie, an important stop on the Oregon, California and Mormon trails, as well as a staging point for various military excursions and treaty signings. The old fort was located south of town across the North Platte River, at the mouth of the Laramie River. History Entrance to Fort Laramie National Historic Site In 1860 Fort Laramie served as a Pony Express station. Geography Fort Laramie is located at 42°12′48″N 104°31′2″W / 42.21333°N 104.51722°W / 42.21333; -104.51722 (42.213233, -104.517123). According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 0.27 square miles (0.70 km2), all land. Climate According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Fort Laramie has a cold semi-arid climate, abbreviated "BSk" on climate maps. The hottest temperature recorded in Fort Laramie was 106 °F (41.1 °C) on July 3, 1990, while the coldest temperature recorded was −40 °F (−40.0 °C) on December 22, 1989. Climate data for Old Fort Laramie, Wyoming, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1989–present Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °F (°C) 72(22) 72(22) 81(27) 89(32) 98(37) 105(41) 106(41) 104(40) 102(39) 92(33) 80(27) 73(23) 106(41) Mean maximum °F (°C) 61.0(16.1) 63.4(17.4) 74.0(23.3) 81.0(27.2) 89.1(31.7) 96.5(35.8) 100.4(38.0) 98.8(37.1) 94.4(34.7) 84.4(29.1) 71.4(21.9) 61.4(16.3) 101.3(38.5) Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 43.0(6.1) 45.0(7.2) 54.8(12.7) 61.9(16.6) 71.0(21.7) 82.8(28.2) 91.0(32.8) 89.2(31.8) 79.8(26.6) 65.2(18.4) 52.0(11.1) 42.6(5.9) 64.9(18.3) Daily mean °F (°C) 29.1(−1.6) 31.0(−0.6) 39.1(3.9) 46.0(7.8) 55.8(13.2) 66.4(19.1) 73.8(23.2) 71.6(22.0) 61.8(16.6) 48.2(9.0) 37.0(2.8) 29.0(−1.7) 49.1(9.5) Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 15.3(−9.3) 17.1(−8.3) 23.5(−4.7) 30.1(−1.1) 40.6(4.8) 50.0(10.0) 56.5(13.6) 54.1(12.3) 43.8(6.6) 31.1(−0.5) 22.1(−5.5) 15.4(−9.2) 33.3(0.7) Mean minimum °F (°C) −13.4(−25.2) −9.5(−23.1) 3.2(−16.0) 14.2(−9.9) 25.1(−3.8) 36.4(2.4) 44.1(6.7) 40.9(4.9) 27.1(−2.7) 11.2(−11.6) −1.4(−18.6) −12.3(−24.6) −21.4(−29.7) Record low °F (°C) −28(−33) −36(−38) −18(−28) 0(−18) 18(−8) 28(−2) 37(3) 29(−2) 20(−7) −16(−27) −16(−27) −40(−40) −40(−40) Average precipitation inches (mm) 0.24(6.1) 0.53(13) 0.80(20) 1.71(43) 2.93(74) 2.19(56) 1.78(45) 1.36(35) 1.39(35) 1.13(29) 0.46(12) 0.42(11) 14.94(379.1) Average snowfall inches (cm) 2.2(5.6) 6.3(16) 3.1(7.9) 3.5(8.9) 0.6(1.5) 0.0(0.0) 0.0(0.0) 0.0(0.0) 0.0(0.0) 2.4(6.1) 3.2(8.1) 6.2(16) 27.5(70.1) Average extreme snow depth inches (cm) 2.4(6.1) 3.6(9.1) 2.6(6.6) 2.2(5.6) 0.7(1.8) 0.0(0.0) 0.0(0.0) 0.0(0.0) 0.0(0.0) 1.3(3.3) 2.3(5.8) 3.3(8.4) 6.3(16) Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 3.5 4.6 4.9 7.3 9.8 7.7 6.8 5.7 5.5 5.5 4.0 4.2 69.5 Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) 1.9 2.8 1.7 1.6 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.1 1.8 2.9 14.1 Source 1: NOAA Source 2: National Weather Service Demographics Historical population CensusPop.Note%± 1930245—194031126.9%1950300−3.5%1960233−22.3%1970197−15.5%198035680.7%1990243−31.7%20002430.0%2010230−5.3%2019 (est.)227−1.3%U.S. Decennial Census Sign in Fort Laramie 2010 census As of the census of 2010, there were 230 people, 111 households, and 60 families residing in the town. The population density was 851.9 inhabitants per square mile (328.9/km2). There were 143 housing units at an average density of 529.6 per square mile (204.5/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 91.7% White, 1.3% Native American, 3.9% from other races, and 3.0% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5.7% of the population. There were 111 households, of which 19.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 43.2% were married couples living together, 7.2% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.6% had a male householder with no wife present, and 45.9% were non-families. 43.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 19.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.07 and the average family size was 2.88. The median age in the town was 49.5 years. 18.3% of residents were under the age of 18; 4.7% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 20% were from 25 to 44; 32.6% were from 45 to 64; and 24.3% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 53.5% male and 46.5% female. 2000 census As of the census of 2000, there were 243 people, 119 households, and 59 families residing in the town. The population density was 916.7 people per square mile (347.5/km2). There were 149 housing units at an average density of 562.1 per square mile (213.1/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 94.65% White, 1.23% Native American, 2.06% from other races, and 2.06% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.53% of the population. There were 119 households, out of which 20.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 39.5% were married couples living together, 6.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 50.4% were non-families. 42.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 21.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.04 and the average family size was 2.86. In the town, the population was spread out, with 21.8% under the age of 18, 4.5% from 18 to 24, 24.3% from 25 to 44, 25.9% from 45 to 64, and 23.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 45 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 84.5 males. The median income for a household in the town was $22,500, and the median income for a family was $32,917. Males had a median income of $28,929 versus $13,125 for females. The per capita income for the town was $13,236. About 18.9% of families and 20.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 23.3% of those under the age of eighteen and 12.5% of those 65 or over. Education Public education for the town of Fort Laramie is provided by Goshen County School District #1. Highways U.S. Highway 26 WYO 160 Notable people Harriet Hageman (born 1962), U.S. Representative for Wyoming's at-large congressional district (2023–present) Innis P. Swift (1882–1953), United States Army general See also Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fort Laramie, Wyoming. Fort Laramie National Historic Site List of oil pipelines References ^ "2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 7, 2020. ^ a b "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved December 14, 2012. ^ a b "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". United States Census Bureau. May 24, 2020. Retrieved May 27, 2020. ^ a b "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008. ^ "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008. ^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011. ^ "US Gazetteer files 2010". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on July 2, 2012. Retrieved December 14, 2012. ^ a b "NOAA Online Weather Data – NWS Cheyenne". National Weather Service. Retrieved November 1, 2022. ^ "U.S. Climate Normals Quick Access – Station: Old Ft Laramie, WY". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved November 1, 2022. vteMunicipalities and communities of Goshen County, Wyoming, United StatesCounty seat: TorringtonCity Torrington Towns Fort Laramie La Grange Lingle Yoder CDPs Hawk Springs Huntley Veteran Unincorporatedcommunity Jay Em Wyoming portal United States portal Authority control databases International VIAF National France BnF data Israel United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Goshen County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goshen_County,_Wyoming"},{"link_name":"Wyoming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyoming"},{"link_name":"2010 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_2010"},{"link_name":"Fort Laramie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Laramie_National_Historic_Site"},{"link_name":"Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_Trail"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Trail"},{"link_name":"Mormon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mormon_Trail"},{"link_name":"North Platte River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Platte_River"},{"link_name":"Laramie River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laramie_River"}],"text":"Town in Wyoming, United StatesFort Laramie is a town in Goshen County, Wyoming, United States. The population was 230 at the 2010 census. The town is named after historic Fort Laramie, an important stop on the Oregon, California and Mormon trails, as well as a staging point for various military excursions and treaty signings. The old fort was located south of town across the North Platte River, at the mouth of the Laramie River.","title":"Fort Laramie, Wyoming"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fort_Laramie_NHS-Gate.jpg"},{"link_name":"Fort Laramie National Historic Site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Laramie_National_Historic_Site"},{"link_name":"Pony Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pony_Express"}],"text":"Entrance to Fort Laramie National Historic SiteIn 1860 Fort Laramie served as a Pony Express station.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"42°12′48″N 104°31′2″W / 42.21333°N 104.51722°W / 42.21333; -104.51722","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Fort_Laramie,_Wyoming&params=42_12_48_N_104_31_2_W_type:city"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR1-6"},{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gazetteer_files-7"}],"text":"Fort Laramie is located at 42°12′48″N 104°31′2″W / 42.21333°N 104.51722°W / 42.21333; -104.51722 (42.213233, -104.517123).[6]According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 0.27 square miles (0.70 km2), all land.[7]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Köppen Climate Classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_Climate_Classification"},{"link_name":"cold semi-arid climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_semi-arid_climate"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NOWData-8"},{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NOAA-9"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NOWData-8"}],"text":"According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Fort Laramie has a cold semi-arid climate, abbreviated \"BSk\" on climate maps. The hottest temperature recorded in Fort Laramie was 106 °F (41.1 °C) on July 3, 1990, while the coldest temperature recorded was −40 °F (−40.0 °C) on December 22, 1989.[8]Climate data for Old Fort Laramie, Wyoming, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1989–present\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °F (°C)\n\n72(22)\n\n72(22)\n\n81(27)\n\n89(32)\n\n98(37)\n\n105(41)\n\n106(41)\n\n104(40)\n\n102(39)\n\n92(33)\n\n80(27)\n\n73(23)\n\n106(41)\n\n\nMean maximum °F (°C)\n\n61.0(16.1)\n\n63.4(17.4)\n\n74.0(23.3)\n\n81.0(27.2)\n\n89.1(31.7)\n\n96.5(35.8)\n\n100.4(38.0)\n\n98.8(37.1)\n\n94.4(34.7)\n\n84.4(29.1)\n\n71.4(21.9)\n\n61.4(16.3)\n\n101.3(38.5)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °F (°C)\n\n43.0(6.1)\n\n45.0(7.2)\n\n54.8(12.7)\n\n61.9(16.6)\n\n71.0(21.7)\n\n82.8(28.2)\n\n91.0(32.8)\n\n89.2(31.8)\n\n79.8(26.6)\n\n65.2(18.4)\n\n52.0(11.1)\n\n42.6(5.9)\n\n64.9(18.3)\n\n\nDaily mean °F (°C)\n\n29.1(−1.6)\n\n31.0(−0.6)\n\n39.1(3.9)\n\n46.0(7.8)\n\n55.8(13.2)\n\n66.4(19.1)\n\n73.8(23.2)\n\n71.6(22.0)\n\n61.8(16.6)\n\n48.2(9.0)\n\n37.0(2.8)\n\n29.0(−1.7)\n\n49.1(9.5)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °F (°C)\n\n15.3(−9.3)\n\n17.1(−8.3)\n\n23.5(−4.7)\n\n30.1(−1.1)\n\n40.6(4.8)\n\n50.0(10.0)\n\n56.5(13.6)\n\n54.1(12.3)\n\n43.8(6.6)\n\n31.1(−0.5)\n\n22.1(−5.5)\n\n15.4(−9.2)\n\n33.3(0.7)\n\n\nMean minimum °F (°C)\n\n−13.4(−25.2)\n\n−9.5(−23.1)\n\n3.2(−16.0)\n\n14.2(−9.9)\n\n25.1(−3.8)\n\n36.4(2.4)\n\n44.1(6.7)\n\n40.9(4.9)\n\n27.1(−2.7)\n\n11.2(−11.6)\n\n−1.4(−18.6)\n\n−12.3(−24.6)\n\n−21.4(−29.7)\n\n\nRecord low °F (°C)\n\n−28(−33)\n\n−36(−38)\n\n−18(−28)\n\n0(−18)\n\n18(−8)\n\n28(−2)\n\n37(3)\n\n29(−2)\n\n20(−7)\n\n−16(−27)\n\n−16(−27)\n\n−40(−40)\n\n−40(−40)\n\n\nAverage precipitation inches (mm)\n\n0.24(6.1)\n\n0.53(13)\n\n0.80(20)\n\n1.71(43)\n\n2.93(74)\n\n2.19(56)\n\n1.78(45)\n\n1.36(35)\n\n1.39(35)\n\n1.13(29)\n\n0.46(12)\n\n0.42(11)\n\n14.94(379.1)\n\n\nAverage snowfall inches (cm)\n\n2.2(5.6)\n\n6.3(16)\n\n3.1(7.9)\n\n3.5(8.9)\n\n0.6(1.5)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n2.4(6.1)\n\n3.2(8.1)\n\n6.2(16)\n\n27.5(70.1)\n\n\nAverage extreme snow depth inches (cm)\n\n2.4(6.1)\n\n3.6(9.1)\n\n2.6(6.6)\n\n2.2(5.6)\n\n0.7(1.8)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n1.3(3.3)\n\n2.3(5.8)\n\n3.3(8.4)\n\n6.3(16)\n\n\nAverage precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)\n\n3.5\n\n4.6\n\n4.9\n\n7.3\n\n9.8\n\n7.7\n\n6.8\n\n5.7\n\n5.5\n\n5.5\n\n4.0\n\n4.2\n\n69.5\n\n\nAverage snowy days (≥ 0.1 in)\n\n1.9\n\n2.8\n\n1.7\n\n1.6\n\n0.3\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n1.1\n\n1.8\n\n2.9\n\n14.1\n\n\nSource 1: NOAA[9]\n\n\nSource 2: National Weather Service[8]","title":"Climate"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fort-Laramie-Sign.jpg"}],"text":"Sign in Fort Laramie","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wwwcensusgov-2"},{"link_name":"population density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_density"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"}],"sub_title":"2010 census","text":"As of the census[2] of 2010, there were 230 people, 111 households, and 60 families residing in the town. The population density was 851.9 inhabitants per square mile (328.9/km2). There were 143 housing units at an average density of 529.6 per square mile (204.5/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 91.7% White, 1.3% Native American, 3.9% from other races, and 3.0% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5.7% of the population.There were 111 households, of which 19.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 43.2% were married couples living together, 7.2% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.6% had a male householder with no wife present, and 45.9% were non-families. 43.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 19.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.07 and the average family size was 2.88.The median age in the town was 49.5 years. 18.3% of residents were under the age of 18; 4.7% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 20% were from 25 to 44; 32.6% were from 45 to 64; and 24.3% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 53.5% male and 46.5% female.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-4"},{"link_name":"population density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_density"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"sub_title":"2000 census","text":"As of the census[4] of 2000, there were 243 people, 119 households, and 59 families residing in the town. The population density was 916.7 people per square mile (347.5/km2). There were 149 housing units at an average density of 562.1 per square mile (213.1/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 94.65% White, 1.23% Native American, 2.06% from other races, and 2.06% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.53% of the population.There were 119 households, out of which 20.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 39.5% were married couples living together, 6.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 50.4% were non-families. 42.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 21.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.04 and the average family size was 2.86.In the town, the population was spread out, with 21.8% under the age of 18, 4.5% from 18 to 24, 24.3% from 25 to 44, 25.9% from 45 to 64, and 23.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 45 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 84.5 males.The median income for a household in the town was $22,500, and the median income for a family was $32,917. Males had a median income of $28,929 versus $13,125 for females. The per capita income for the town was $13,236. About 18.9% of families and 20.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 23.3% of those under the age of eighteen and 12.5% of those 65 or over.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Goshen County School District #1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goshen_County_School_District_Number_1"}],"text":"Public education for the town of Fort Laramie is provided by Goshen County School District #1.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_26.svg"},{"link_name":"U.S. Highway 26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Highway_26_(Wyoming)"},{"link_name":"WYO 160","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyoming_Highway_160"}],"text":"U.S. Highway 26\n WYO 160","title":"Highways"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Harriet Hageman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harriet_Hageman"},{"link_name":"U.S. Representative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Representative"},{"link_name":"Wyoming's at-large congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyoming%27s_at-large_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Innis P. Swift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innis_P._Swift"},{"link_name":"United States Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army"}],"text":"Harriet Hageman (born 1962), U.S. Representative for Wyoming's at-large congressional district (2023–present)\nInnis P. Swift (1882–1953), United States Army general","title":"Notable people"}]	[{"image_text":"Entrance to Fort Laramie National Historic Site","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Fort_Laramie_NHS-Gate.jpg/150px-Fort_Laramie_NHS-Gate.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sign in Fort Laramie","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Fort-Laramie-Sign.jpg/220px-Fort-Laramie-Sign.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Map_of_Wyoming_highlighting_Goshen_County.svg/180px-Map_of_Wyoming_highlighting_Goshen_County.svg.png"}]	[{"title":"Fort Laramie, Wyoming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Fort_Laramie,_Wyoming"},{"title":"Fort Laramie National Historic Site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Laramie_National_Historic_Site"},{"title":"List of oil pipelines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_oil_pipelines"}]	[{"reference":"\"2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 7, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2019_Gazetteer/2019_gaz_place_56.txt","url_text":"\"2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved December 14, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"Population and Housing Unit Estimates\". United States Census Bureau. May 24, 2020. Retrieved May 27, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/data/tables.2019.html","url_text":"\"Population and Housing Unit Estimates\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"US Board on Geographic Names\". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://geonames.usgs.gov/","url_text":"\"US Board on Geographic Names\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html","url_text":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"US Gazetteer files 2010\". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on July 2, 2012. Retrieved December 14, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120702145235/http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt","url_text":"\"US Gazetteer files 2010\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"},{"url":"https://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"NOAA Online Weather Data – NWS Cheyenne\". National Weather Service. Retrieved November 1, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.weather.gov/wrh/climate?wfo=cys","url_text":"\"NOAA Online Weather Data – NWS Cheyenne\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Climate Normals Quick Access – Station: Old Ft Laramie, WY\". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved November 1, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&stations=USC00486852&format=pdf&dataTypes=MLY-TMAX-NORMAL,MLY-TMIN-NORMAL,MLY-TAVG-NORMAL,MLY-PRCP-NORMAL,MLY-SNOW-NORMAL","url_text":"\"U.S. Climate Normals Quick Access – Station: Old Ft Laramie, WY\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Fort_Laramie,_Wyoming&params=42_12_48_N_104_31_2_W_region:US_type:city","external_links_name":"42°12′48″N 104°31′2″W / 42.21333°N 104.51722°W / 42.21333; -104.51722"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Fort_Laramie,_Wyoming&params=42_12_48_N_104_31_2_W_region:US_type:city","external_links_name":"42°12′48″N 104°31′2″W / 42.21333°N 104.51722°W / 42.21333; -104.51722"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Fort_Laramie,_Wyoming&params=42_12_48_N_104_31_2_W_type:city","external_links_name":"42°12′48″N 104°31′2″W / 42.21333°N 104.51722°W / 42.21333; -104.51722"},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","external_links_name":"U.S. Decennial Census"},{"Link":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2019_Gazetteer/2019_gaz_place_56.txt","external_links_name":"\"2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/data/tables.2019.html","external_links_name":"\"Population and Housing Unit Estimates\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"Link":"https://geonames.usgs.gov/","external_links_name":"\"US Board on Geographic Names\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html","external_links_name":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120702145235/http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt","external_links_name":"\"US Gazetteer files 2010\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.weather.gov/wrh/climate?wfo=cys","external_links_name":"\"NOAA Online Weather Data – NWS Cheyenne\""},{"Link":"https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&stations=USC00486852&format=pdf&dataTypes=MLY-TMAX-NORMAL,MLY-TMIN-NORMAL,MLY-TAVG-NORMAL,MLY-PRCP-NORMAL,MLY-SNOW-NORMAL","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Climate Normals Quick Access – Station: Old Ft Laramie, WY\""},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/129035529","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12343058t","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12343058t","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007555243605171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82224699","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/361st_Intelligence,_Surveillance,_and_Reconnaissance_Group	361st Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance Group	["1 Mission","2 History","2.1 World War II","2.2 Intelligence operations","3 Lineage","3.1 Assignments","3.2 Components","3.3 Stations","3.4 Aircraft","3.5 Campaigns and awards","4 Popular culture","5 See also","6 References","6.1 Notes","6.2 Bibliography","7 External links"]	361st Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Group Active1943–1944; 2008–presentCountryUnited StatesBranchUnited States Air ForceTypeGroup (air force)RoleIntelligencePart ofAir Combat CommandGarrison/HQHurlburt Field, FloridaDecorationsAir Force Meritorious Unit AwardAir Force Outstanding Unit Award with Combat "V" DeviceAir Force Outstanding Unit AwardInsignia361st Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance Group emblem (Approved 8 November 2008)Military unit The United States Air Force's 361st Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance Group is an intelligence unit located at Hurlburt Field, Florida. It provides intelligence support to Air Force Special Operations Command. The group was first activated during World War II as the 11th Photographic Group when the 1st Photographic Charting Group was expanded into two groups in 1943. Although its headquarters remained in the United States, squadrons and detachments of the group served in most combat theaters. It was disbanded in 1944, when its elements and other reconnaissance units were consolidated under the 311th Photographic Wing. Mission The 361st Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance Group supports Air Force Special Operations Command (AFSOC) and provides analytical and targeting support to the rest of the Air Force. The group provides threat warning and enhances situational awareness to AFSOC aircrews across the spectrum of operations from conflict through humanitarian relief. The group and subordinate units conduct cultural and network studies to enhance tactics and ensure interoperability within the special operations community and conduct research and development of communications sites. The group's airmen act as aircrew on almost every aircraft type within AFSOC. History World War II The 361st Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance Group was activated as the 11th Photographic Group (Mapping) at Reading Army Air Field, Pennsylvania in December 1943. Its original squadrons were the 1st and 19th Photographic Charting Squadrons at Bradley Field, Connecticut and the 3d Photographic Reconnaissance Squadron at MacDill Field, Florida. All three squadrons were transferred from the 1st Photographic Charting Group at Bolling Field, in the District of Columbia. However, one flight of the 19th Squadron was deployed to Mexico City until 20 December. In January 1944, group headquarters and the two squadrons at Bradley joined the 3d at MacDill. The 19th Squadron's stay at MacDill was brief, for its air echelon deployed to Cairo, Egypt on 30 January, moving to Deversoir Air Base, Egypt four days later. The squadron remained in Egypt for the rest of the time it was assigned to the 11th Group. In April 1944, the 3d Squadron moved to Smoky Hill Army Air Field, Kansas, where it began to train with the Boeing F-13 Superfortress in preparation for its September move to Saipan where it began performing long range reconnaissance missions for Twentieth Air Force, although it was still assigned to the 11th. The group's early missions included the photographic mapping of the United States and sending detachments to the Chine-Burma-India Theater, the Near and Middle East, Mexico, Canada, Alaska, and the Caribbean to conduct similar missions. It was disbanded on 5 October 1944 and its component squadrons transferred directly to the 311th Photographic Wing. Intelligence operations The Air Force reconstituted group as the 361st Tactical Intelligence Group on 31 July 1985, but did not activate it. The group was renamed the 361st Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance Group in October 2008 and on 29 October, the Air Force Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance Agency activated the group at Hurlburt Field, Florida. The new group, under Air Force Special Operations Command operational control, took command of the 19th Intelligence Squadron at Pope Army Air Field (then Pope Air Force Base), North Carolina, and the 25th Intelligence Squadron at Hurlburt Field, Florida. Lineage Constituted as the 11th Photographic Group (Mapping) on 19 November 1943 Activated on December 1943 Disbanded on 5 October 1944 Reconstituted and redesignated as 361st Tactical Intelligence Group on 31 July 1985 Redesignated as 361st Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Group on 10 October 2008 Activated on 29 October 2008 Assignments Army Air Forces, 1 December 1943 311th Photographic Wing, 5 March – 5 October 1944 Air Force Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Agency (later Twenty-Fifth Air Force), 29 October 2008 – 18 January 2015 363d Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Wing, 18 January 2015 – present Components 1st Photographic Charting Squadron, 1 December 1943 – 5 October 1944 3d Photographic Reconnaissance Squadron, 1 December 1943 – 5 October 1944 19th Photographic Charting Squadron, 1 December 1943 – 5 October 1944 25th Intelligence Squadron, 29 October 2008 – present Hurlburt Field, Florida 19th Intelligence Squadron, 29 October 2008 – present Pope Army Air Field, North Carolina 43d Intelligence Squadron, 1 November 2011 – present Cannon Air Force Base, New Mexico 306th Intelligence Squadron, 12 October 2012 – present Will Rogers Air National Guard Base, Oklahoma Stations Reading Army Air Field, Pennsylvania, 1 December 1943 MacDill Field, Florida, 5 January – 5 October 1944 Hurlburt Field, Florida, 29 October 2008 – present Aircraft Beechcraft F-2 Expeditor, 1943–1944 Douglas F-3 Havoc, 1943–1944 Consolidated F-7 Liberator, 1943–1944 Boeing F-9 Flying Fortress, 1943–1944 North American F-10 Mitchell, 1943–1944 Boeing F-13 Superfortress, 1944 Campaigns and awards Although deployed squadrons and elements of the group earned service and campaign credit during World War II, the 11th Photographic Group headquarters earned no campaign credit and was not active long enough to earn service credit for the American Theater of World War II. Award streamer Award Dates Notes Air Force Outstanding Unit Award with Combat "V" Device 1 January 2009 – 31 December 2009 361st Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Group Air Force Meritorious Unit Award 1 January 2010 – 31 December 2010 361st Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Group Air Force Outstanding Unit Award 1 January 2011 – 31 December 2011 361st Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Group Air Force Outstanding Unit Award 1 January 2012 – 31 December 2012 361st Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Group Air Force Meritorious Unit Award 1 January 2013 – 31 December 2013 361st Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Group Popular culture In the 2019 film Terminator: Dark Fate, the character of Major Dean(played by actor Fraser James) identifies himself as a member of the 361st Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance Group. See also B-17 Flying Fortress units of the United States Army Air Forces B-24 Liberator units of the United States Army Air Forces List of B-29 Superfortress operators List of Douglas A-20 Havoc operators List of United States Air Force Groups References Notes ^ a b c d e Haulman, Daniel L. (2 June 2015). "Factsheet 361 Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Group (ACC)". Air Force Historical Research Agency. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 1 February 2017. ^ a b "Fact Sheet 363rd ISR Wing" (PDF). Twenty-Fifth Air Force Public Affairs. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 12 December 2015. ^ a b c d e f Maurer, Combat Units, pp. 54–55 ^ a b Maurer, Combat Squadrons, pp. 8–9 ^ a b c Maurer, Combat Squadrons, pp. 21–22 ^ a b c Maurer, Combat Squadrons, pp. 103–104 ^ Amann, Wayne (30 September 2014). "25 AF: New chapter in a storied legacy". 25 AF Public Affairs. Archived from the original on 9 October 2014. Retrieved 3 February 2017. ^ Bultman, Lon A. (7 March 2017). "Relocation brings ISR cryptologic operator training, aircraft together again". Twenty-Fifth Air Force Public Affairs. Retrieved 19 March 2018. ^ a b c d e "Air Force Recognition Programs". Retrieved 18 March 2018. ^ Miller, Tim (director) (1 November 2019). Terminator: Dark Fate (Motion Picture). Paramount Pictures. This is Major Dean. 361st Intelligence Surveillance and Reconnaissance Group. Clearing Trekcon Delta. I'm currently two miles south of Bingham Air Base. Bibliography This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency Maurer, Maurer, ed. (1983) . Air Force Combat Units of World War II (PDF) (reprint ed.). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-02-1. LCCN 61060979. Maurer, Maurer, ed. (1982) . Combat Squadrons of the Air Force, World War II (PDF) (reprint ed.). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-405-12194-6. LCCN 70605402. OCLC 72556. External links Air Force Special Operations Command vte Air Combat CommandAir Forces First (Northern) Ninth (Central) Twelfth (Southern) Fifteenth Sixteenth (Cyber) Centers 601st Air Operations 609th Air Operations 612th Air Operations 616th Operations Air Force Technical Applications Cyberspace Capabilities United States Air Force Warfare Bases Beale Creech Davis–Monthan Grand Forks Langley–Eustis (Langley) Moody Mountain Home Nellis Offutt Seymour Johnson Shaw Tonopah Tyndall WingsComposite 23rd 53rd 55th 57th 355th 432nd Fighter 1st 4th 20th 325th 366th 388th Cyberspace 67th 688th Other 9th Reconnaissance 70th ISR 93rd Air Ground Operations 99th Air Base 319th Reconnaissance 363rd ISR 461st Air Control 480th ISR 505th Command and Control 552nd Air Control 557th Weather 633rd Air Base vte United States Air Force Intelligence UnitsAir Forces 16 AF Wings 70th Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Wing 102nd Intelligence Wing 181st Intelligence Wing 184th Intelligence Wing 363rd Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Wing 480th Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Wing 655th Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Wing GroupsNumbered 361 ISRG 373 ISRG 480 ISRG 497 ISRG 543 ISRG 544 ISRG 548 ISRG 655 ISRG 659 ISRG 691 ISRG 692 ISRG 693 ISRG 694 ISRG 707 ISRG 755 ISRG Named Air & Cyberspace Intelligence Group Geospatial and Signatures Intelligence Group Global Exploitation Intelligence Group Space, Missiles and Forces Intelligence Group Squadrons 3 IS 6 IS 7 IS 8 IS 9 IS 10 IS 13 IS 14 IS 16 IS 18 IS 19 IS 20 IS 22 IS 23 IS 24 IS 25 IS 27 IS 28 IS 29 IS 30 IS 31 IS 32 IS 35 IS 37 IS 38 IS 41 IS 42 IS 43 IS 48 IS 49 IS 50 IS 63 IS 64 IS 71 IS 93 IS 94 IS 101 IS 117 IS 123 IS 126 IS 137 IS 139 IS 152 IS 161 IS 192 IS 201 IS 234 IS 301 IS 303 IS 306 IS 324 IS 381 IS 450 IS 451 IS 485 IS 512 IS 566 IS 718 IS 792 ISS 820 IS Centers Air Force Technical Applications Center National Air and Space Intelligence Center	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Hurlburt Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurlburt_Field"},{"link_name":"Air Force Special Operations Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Force_Special_Operations_Command"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"1st Photographic Charting Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Photographic_Charting_Group"},{"link_name":"squadrons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squadron_(aviation)"},{"link_name":"detachments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detachment_(military)"},{"link_name":"311th Photographic Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/311th_Photographic_Wing"}],"text":"Military unitThe United States Air Force's 361st Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance Group is an intelligence unit located at Hurlburt Field, Florida. It provides intelligence support to Air Force Special Operations Command.The group was first activated during World War II as the 11th Photographic Group when the 1st Photographic Charting Group was expanded into two groups in 1943. Although its headquarters remained in the United States, squadrons and detachments of the group served in most combat theaters. It was disbanded in 1944, when its elements and other reconnaissance units were consolidated under the 311th Photographic Wing.","title":"361st Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance Group"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Air Force Special Operations Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Force_Special_Operations_Command"},{"link_name":"special operations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_operations"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-363rdISRWfacts-2"}],"text":"The 361st Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance Group supports Air Force Special Operations Command (AFSOC) and provides analytical and targeting support to the rest of the Air Force. The group provides threat warning and enhances situational awareness to AFSOC aircrews across the spectrum of operations from conflict through humanitarian relief. The group and subordinate units conduct cultural and network studies to enhance tactics and ensure interoperability within the special operations community and conduct research and development of communications sites. The group's airmen act as aircrew on almost every aircraft type within AFSOC.[2]","title":"Mission"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Reading Army Air Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reading_Army_Air_Field"},{"link_name":"1st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Photographic_Charting_Squadron"},{"link_name":"19th Photographic Charting Squadrons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19th_Photographic_Charting_Squadron"},{"link_name":"Bradley Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradley_Air_National_Guard_Base"},{"link_name":"3d Photographic Reconnaissance Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3d_Photographic_Reconnaissance_Squadron"},{"link_name":"MacDill Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacDill_Field"},{"link_name":"1st Photographic Charting Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Photographic_Charting_Group"},{"link_name":"Bolling Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolling_Field"},{"link_name":"Mexico City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_City"},{"link_name":"headquarters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headquarters"},{"link_name":"squadrons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squadron_(aviation)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maurer11PG-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maurer1PRS-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maurer3PRS-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maurer19RS-6"},{"link_name":"Cairo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo"},{"link_name":"Deversoir Air Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deversoir_Air_Base"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maurer19RS-6"},{"link_name":"Smoky Hill Army Air Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoky_Hill_Army_Air_Field"},{"link_name":"Boeing F-13 Superfortress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_F-13_Superfortress"},{"link_name":"Saipan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saipan"},{"link_name":"reconnaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerial_reconnaissance"},{"link_name":"Twentieth Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twentieth_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maurer3PRS-5"},{"link_name":"group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_(military_aviation_unit)"},{"link_name":"311th Photographic Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/311th_Photographic_Wing"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maurer11PG-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maurer1PRS-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maurer3PRS-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maurer19RS-6"}],"sub_title":"World War II","text":"The 361st Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance Group was activated as the 11th Photographic Group (Mapping) at Reading Army Air Field, Pennsylvania in December 1943. Its original squadrons were the 1st and 19th Photographic Charting Squadrons at Bradley Field, Connecticut and the 3d Photographic Reconnaissance Squadron at MacDill Field, Florida. All three squadrons were transferred from the 1st Photographic Charting Group at Bolling Field, in the District of Columbia. However, one flight of the 19th Squadron was deployed to Mexico City until 20 December. In January 1944, group headquarters and the two squadrons at Bradley joined the 3d at MacDill.[3][4][5][6]The 19th Squadron's stay at MacDill was brief, for its air echelon deployed to Cairo, Egypt on 30 January, moving to Deversoir Air Base, Egypt four days later. The squadron remained in Egypt for the rest of the time it was assigned to the 11th Group.[6] In April 1944, the 3d Squadron moved to Smoky Hill Army Air Field, Kansas, where it began to train with the Boeing F-13 Superfortress in preparation for its September move to Saipan where it began performing long range reconnaissance missions for Twentieth Air Force, although it was still assigned to the 11th.[5]The group's early missions included the photographic mapping of the United States and sending detachments to the Chine-Burma-India Theater, the Near and Middle East, Mexico, Canada, Alaska, and the Caribbean to conduct similar missions. It was disbanded on 5 October 1944 and its component squadrons transferred directly to the 311th Photographic Wing.[3][4][5][6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hurlburt Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurlburt_Field"},{"link_name":"Air Force Special Operations Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Force_Special_Operations_Command"},{"link_name":"19th Intelligence Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19th_Intelligence_Squadron"},{"link_name":"Pope Army Air Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Army_Air_Field"},{"link_name":"25th Intelligence Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/25th_Intelligence_Squadron"},{"link_name":"Hurlburt Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurlburt_Field"}],"sub_title":"Intelligence operations","text":"The Air Force reconstituted group as the 361st Tactical Intelligence Group on 31 July 1985, but did not activate it. The group was renamed the 361st Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance Group in October 2008 and on 29 October, the Air Force Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance Agency activated the group at Hurlburt Field, Florida. The new group, under Air Force Special Operations Command operational control, took command of the 19th Intelligence Squadron at Pope Army Air Field (then Pope Air Force Base), North Carolina, and the 25th Intelligence Squadron at Hurlburt Field, Florida.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-361ISRGfacts-1"}],"text":"Constituted as the 11th Photographic Group (Mapping) on 19 November 1943Activated on December 1943\nDisbanded on 5 October 1944Reconstituted and redesignated as 361st Tactical Intelligence Group on 31 July 1985\nRedesignated as 361st Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Group on 10 October 2008Activated on 29 October 2008[1]","title":"Lineage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Army Air Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_Air_Forces"},{"link_name":"Air Force Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Force_Intelligence,_Surveillance_and_Reconnaissance_Agency"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-361ISRGfacts-1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-361ISRGfacts-1"},{"link_name":"363d Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/363d_Flying_Training_Group"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-363rdISRWfacts-2"}],"sub_title":"Assignments","text":"Army Air Forces, 1 December 1943\n311th Photographic Wing, 5 March – 5 October 1944\nAir Force Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Agency (later Twenty-Fifth Air Force),[1][7] 29 October 2008 – 18 January 2015[1]\n363d Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Wing, 18 January 2015 – present[2]","title":"Lineage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maurer11PG-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maurer11PG-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maurer11PG-3"},{"link_name":"25th Intelligence Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/25th_Intelligence_Squadron"},{"link_name":"Hurlburt Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurlburt_Field"},{"link_name":"19th Intelligence Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19th_Intelligence_Squadron"},{"link_name":"Pope Army Air Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Army_Air_Field"},{"link_name":"43d Intelligence Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/43d_Intelligence_Squadron"},{"link_name":"Cannon Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannon_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"306th Intelligence Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/306th_Intelligence_Squadron"},{"link_name":"Will Rogers Air National Guard Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Rogers_Air_National_Guard_Base"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Components","text":"1st Photographic Charting Squadron, 1 December 1943 – 5 October 1944[3]\n3d Photographic Reconnaissance Squadron, 1 December 1943 – 5 October 1944[3]\n19th Photographic Charting Squadron, 1 December 1943 – 5 October 1944[3]\n25th Intelligence Squadron, 29 October 2008 – presentHurlburt Field, Florida19th Intelligence Squadron, 29 October 2008 – presentPope Army Air Field, North Carolina43d Intelligence Squadron, 1 November 2011 – presentCannon Air Force Base, New Mexico306th Intelligence Squadron, 12 October 2012 – presentWill Rogers Air National Guard Base, Oklahoma[8]","title":"Lineage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MacDill Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacDill_Field"}],"sub_title":"Stations","text":"Reading Army Air Field, Pennsylvania, 1 December 1943\nMacDill Field, Florida, 5 January – 5 October 1944\nHurlburt Field, Florida, 29 October 2008 – present","title":"Lineage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Beechcraft F-2 Expeditor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beechcraft_F-2_Expeditor"},{"link_name":"Douglas F-3 Havoc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_F-3_Havoc"},{"link_name":"F-7 Liberator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-7_Liberator"},{"link_name":"F-9 Flying Fortress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-9_Flying_Fortress"},{"link_name":"North American F-10 Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_F-10_Mitchell"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maurer11PG-3"}],"sub_title":"Aircraft","text":"Beechcraft F-2 Expeditor, 1943–1944\nDouglas F-3 Havoc, 1943–1944\nConsolidated F-7 Liberator, 1943–1944\nBoeing F-9 Flying Fortress, 1943–1944\nNorth American F-10 Mitchell, 1943–1944\nBoeing F-13 Superfortress, 1944[3]","title":"Lineage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Theater of World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Theater_of_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-361ISRGfacts-1"}],"sub_title":"Campaigns and awards","text":"Although deployed squadrons and elements of the group earned service and campaign credit during World War II, the 11th Photographic Group headquarters earned no campaign credit and was not active long enough to earn service credit for the American Theater of World War II.[1]","title":"Lineage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Terminator: Dark Fate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminator:_Dark_Fate"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Terminator-10"}],"text":"In the 2019 film Terminator: Dark Fate, the character of Major Dean(played by actor Fraser James) identifies himself as a member of the 361st Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance Group. [10]","title":"Popular culture"}]	[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Air_Combat_Command.png/60px-Air_Combat_Command.png"}]	[{"title":"B-17 Flying Fortress units of the United States Army Air Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-17_Flying_Fortress_units_of_the_United_States_Army_Air_Forces"},{"title":"B-24 Liberator units of the United States Army Air Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-24_Liberator_units_of_the_United_States_Army_Air_Forces"},{"title":"List of B-29 Superfortress operators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_B-29_Superfortress_operators"},{"title":"List of Douglas A-20 Havoc operators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Douglas_A-20_Havoc_operators"},{"title":"List of United States Air Force Groups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Air_Force_Groups"}]	[{"reference":"Haulman, Daniel L. (2 June 2015). \"Factsheet 361 Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Group (ACC)\". Air Force Historical Research Agency. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 1 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304104043/http://www.afhra.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=13417","url_text":"\"Factsheet 361 Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Group (ACC)\""},{"url":"http://www.afhra.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=13417","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Fact Sheet 363rd ISR Wing\" (PDF). Twenty-Fifth Air Force Public Affairs. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 12 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150402121828/http://www.25af.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-150316-015.pdf","url_text":"\"Fact Sheet 363rd ISR Wing\""},{"url":"http://www.25af.af.mil/shared/media/document/afd-150316-015.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Amann, Wayne (30 September 2014). \"25 AF: New chapter in a storied legacy\". 25 AF Public Affairs. Archived from the original on 9 October 2014. Retrieved 3 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141009212549/http://www.acc.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123426574","url_text":"\"25 AF: New chapter in a storied legacy\""},{"url":"http://www.acc.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123426574&source=GovD","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bultman, Lon A. (7 March 2017). \"Relocation brings ISR cryptologic operator training, aircraft together again\". Twenty-Fifth Air Force Public Affairs. Retrieved 19 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.afsoc.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/1105585/relocation-brings-isr-cryptologic-operator-training-aircraft-together-again/","url_text":"\"Relocation brings ISR cryptologic operator training, aircraft together again\""}]},{"reference":"\"Air Force Recognition Programs\". Retrieved 18 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://access.afpc.af.mil/AwardsDMZNet40/SearchAwards.aspx","url_text":"\"Air Force Recognition Programs\""}]},{"reference":"Miller, Tim (director) (1 November 2019). Terminator: Dark Fate (Motion Picture). Paramount Pictures. This is Major Dean. 361st Intelligence Surveillance and Reconnaissance Group. Clearing Trekcon Delta. I'm currently two miles south of Bingham Air Base.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt6450804/?ref_=nm_knf_t1","url_text":"Terminator: Dark Fate"}]},{"reference":"Maurer, Maurer, ed. (1983) [1961]. Air Force Combat Units of World War II (PDF) (reprint ed.). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-02-1. LCCN 61060979.","urls":[{"url":"http://media.defense.gov/2010/Sep/21/2001330256/-1/-1/0/AFD-100921-044.pdf","url_text":"Air Force Combat Units of World War II"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-912799-02-1","url_text":"0-912799-02-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/61060979","url_text":"61060979"}]},{"reference":"Maurer, Maurer, ed. (1982) [1969]. Combat Squadrons of the Air Force, World War II (PDF) (reprint ed.). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-405-12194-6. LCCN 70605402. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Amana,_Iowa	Middle Amana, Iowa	["1 Geography","2 Demographics","3 History","4 Education","5 Notable person","6 References","7 External links"]	Coordinates: 41°47′44″N 91°53′59″W / 41.79556°N 91.89972°W / 41.79556; -91.89972Census-designated place in Iowa, United StatesMiddle Amana, IowaCensus-designated placeMiddle AmanaShow map of IowaMiddle AmanaShow map of the United StatesCoordinates: 41°47′44″N 91°53′59″W / 41.79556°N 91.89972°W / 41.79556; -91.89972Country United StatesState IowaCountyIowaArea • Total0.97 sq mi (2.52 km2) • Land0.97 sq mi (2.52 km2) • Water0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2)Elevation750 ft (230 m)Population (2020) • Total543 • Density558.64/sq mi (215.66/km2)Time zoneUTC−6 (Central (CST)) • Summer (DST)UTC−5 (CDT)ZIP Code52307FIPS code19-51600GNIS feature ID459023 Middle Amana is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Iowa County, Iowa, United States. It is the largest of the seven villages of the Amana Colonies, all designated as a National Historic Landmark. As of the 2010 Census, the population of Middle Amana was 581. Geography Middle Amana is in northeastern Iowa County, on the north side of the valley of the Iowa River. It is 1.5 miles (2.4 km) west of Amana and 2 miles (3 km) east of High Amana. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the Middle Amana CDP has an area of 1.0 square mile (2.7 km2), all land. Demographics Historical population CensusPop.Note%± 2020543—U.S. Decennial Census History In 1881, Middle Amana contained a woolen mill, starch factory, machine shop, wagon shop, blacksmith shop, book printing and bindery, brick yard, general store, school, and meeting house. Education Clear Creek–Amana Community School District operates public schools serving the community. Amana Elementary School is in Middle Amana, and Clear Creek–Amana Middle School and Clear Creek–Amana High School are in Tiffin. Amana High School in Middle Amana was established after a 1935 bond election. The school closed in 1991. Clear Creek–Amana Middle School was previously in Middle Amana. Notable person Bill Zuber, baseball player and restaurateur References ^ "2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 16, 2022. ^ a b "Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Census Summary File 1 (G001): Middle Amana CDP, Iowa". American Factfinder. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved April 2, 2018. ^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2016. ^ The History of Iowa County, Iowa: Containing a History of the County, Its Cities, Towns, &c. Union Historical Company. 1881. pp. 765. ^ Home Archived 2017-10-24 at the Wayback Machine. Amana Elementary School. Retrieved on October 24, 2017. "Amana Elementary 3023 220th Trail Amana, IA 52203" ^ "2010 CENSUS - CENSUS BLOCK MAP: Middle Amana CDP, IA." U.S. Census Bureau. retrieved on October 24, 2017. ^ Hoehnle, Peter. Amana Colonies: 1932-1945. Arcadia Publishing, 2016. ISBN 1467115401, 9781467115407. p. 108. ^ Hoehnle, Peter. Amana Colonies: 1932-1945. Arcadia Publishing, 2016. ISBN 1467115401, 9781467115407. p. 110. ^ Home. Clear Creek–Amana Middle School. February 23, 1999. Retrieved on October 24, 2017. "3023 220th Trail Middle Amana, Iowa 52307". External links Amana Church Society Archived 2017-07-30 at the Wayback Machine vteMunicipalities and communities of Iowa County, Iowa, United StatesCounty seat: MarengoCities Ladora Marengo Millersburg North English‡ Parnell Victor‡ Williamsburg Map of Iowa highlighting Iowa CountyTownships English Greene Hartford Hilton Honey Creek Iowa Lincoln Marengo Pilot Sumner Troy Washington York CDPs Amana Conroy East Amana High Amana Homestead Middle Amana South Amana West Amana Ghost towns Ambrose Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Iowa portal United States portal This Iowa-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"unincorporated community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unincorporated_area"},{"link_name":"census-designated place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census-designated_place"},{"link_name":"Iowa County, Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa_County,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"Amana Colonies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amana_Colonies"},{"link_name":"National Historic Landmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark"},{"link_name":"2010 Census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_States_Census"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census_2010-2"}],"text":"Census-designated place in Iowa, United StatesMiddle Amana is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Iowa County, Iowa, United States. It is the largest of the seven villages of the Amana Colonies, all designated as a National Historic Landmark. As of the 2010 Census, the population of Middle Amana was 581.[2]","title":"Middle Amana, Iowa"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Iowa River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa_River"},{"link_name":"Amana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amana_(CDP),_Iowa"},{"link_name":"High Amana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Amana,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"U.S. Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census_2010-2"}],"text":"Middle Amana is in northeastern Iowa County, on the north side of the valley of the Iowa River. It is 1.5 miles (2.4 km) west of Amana and 2 miles (3 km) east of High Amana. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the Middle Amana CDP has an area of 1.0 square mile (2.7 km2), all land.[2]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"In 1881, Middle Amana contained a woolen mill, starch factory, machine shop, wagon shop, blacksmith shop, book printing and bindery, brick yard, general store, school, and meeting house.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Clear Creek–Amana Community School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clear_Creek%E2%80%93Amana_Community_School_District"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Clear Creek–Amana High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clear_Creek%E2%80%93Amana_High_School"},{"link_name":"Tiffin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiffin,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"Amana High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amana_High_School"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hoehlnep108-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hoehlnep110-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Clear Creek–Amana Community School District operates public schools serving the community. Amana Elementary School is in Middle Amana,[5][6] and Clear Creek–Amana Middle School and Clear Creek–Amana High School are in Tiffin.Amana High School in Middle Amana was established after a 1935 bond election.[7] The school closed in 1991.[8]Clear Creek–Amana Middle School was previously in Middle Amana.[9]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bill Zuber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Zuber"}],"text":"Bill Zuber, baseball player and restaurateur","title":"Notable person"}]	[{"image_text":"Map of Iowa highlighting Iowa County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Map_of_Iowa_highlighting_Iowa_County.svg/180px-Map_of_Iowa_highlighting_Iowa_County.svg.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\". United States Census Bureau. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilmington,_North_Carolina,_in_the_American_Civil_War	Wilmington, North Carolina in the American Civil War	["1 Importance","2 1862 Escape of slaves","3 See also","4 Notes","5 References","6 Works cited","7 Further reading","8 External links"]	This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (October 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Union Attack on Fort Fisher, North Carolina, January 15, 1865 Confederate Monument in Wilmington Wilmington, North Carolina, was a major port for the Confederacy during the American Civil War. It was the last port to fall to the Union Army (Feb. 1865), completing its blockade of the Atlantic coast. Importance Wilmington, located 30 miles upstream from the mouth of the Cape Fear River (which flows into the Atlantic Ocean), was among the Confederacy's more important cities. It ranked 13th in size in the CSA (although only 100th in the pre-war United States) with a population of 9,553 according to the 1860 census, making it nearly the same size as Atlanta, Georgia, at the time. Wilmington was one of the most important points of entry for supplies for the entire Confederate States. Its port traded cotton and tobacco in exchange for foreign goods, such as munitions, clothing and foodstuffs. This nourished both the southern states in general and specifically General Robert E. Lee's forces in Virginia. The trade was based on steamer ships of British smugglers. These vessels were called blockade runners because they had to penetrate the Union's extensive and efficient blockade. The blockade runners operated indirectly from British colonies–such as Bermuda, the Bahamas, or Nova Scotia. Along with vital supplies, the blockade runners brought foreign crews, who poured money into the local economy through bars, taverns, hotels, shops, and merchants. The town soon took on an international flavor not seen before the war. In the summer of 1862, sailors arrived who were infected with yellow fever, which was endemic in the Caribbean. An epidemic soon paralyzed the once-thriving waterfront, as well as much of the city. Nearly 1,000 people contracted the disease, and more than 300 died before the illness had run its course and activity resumed. After the fall of Norfolk, Virginia in May 1862, Wilmington's importance increased. It became the main Confederate port on the Atlantic Ocean. Along the Atlantic seashore, Wilmington's defenses were so sturdy that they were only surpassed by Charleston's fortifications in South Carolina. Wilmington resisted Federal occupation for a long time, mainly due to Fort Fisher. Blockade running became an organized industry. The Crenshaw Company organized shipments of cotton from the interior of the Confederacy to Wilmington for smuggling through the blockade to England. Admiral Porter's boats removing torpedoes and buoying the channel in Cape Fear River, March 1865 Wilmington was not captured by Union forces until February 22, 1865, approximately one month after the fall of Fort Fisher. The Battle of Wilmington consisted of a series of three small engagements near the Cape Fear River that led to the abandonment of the city by the Confederate forces under General Braxton Bragg. Before leaving, Bragg ordered the large quantities of bales of cotton and tobacco burned to prevent their falling into Union hands. Maj. Gen. Jacob D. Cox led the first Federal troops into Wilmington, and his forces occupied the city for the rest of the war. As almost all the military action was at some distance from the city, a number of antebellum homes and other buildings have survived in downtown Wilmington. 1862 Escape of slaves The outbreak of the Civil War brought danger to Wilmington in the form of crime, disease, threat of invasion, and "downright bawdiness." This prompted many slave owners to move inland, resulting in less supervision over those they were enslaving. During a rainy night on September 21, 1862, William B. Gould and George Price escaped with six other enslaved men by rowing a small boat 28 nautical miles (52 km) down the Cape Fear River. They embarked on Orange Street, just four blocks from where Gould lived on Chestnut St. Sentries were posted along the river, adding additional danger. The boat had a sail, but they did not raise it until they were out in the Atlantic for fear of being seen. Just as the dawn was breaking on September 22, they rushed out into the Atlantic Ocean near Fort Caswell and hoisted their sail. There, the USS Cambridge of the Union blockade picked them up as contraband. Other ships in the blockade picked up two other boats containing friends of Gould in what may have been a coordinated effort. Though they had no way of knowing it, within an hour and a half of their rescue President Abraham Lincoln convened a meeting of his cabinet to finalize plans to issue the Emancipation Proclamation. See also Blockade runners of the American Civil War Wilmington insurrection of 1898 Notes ^ They included Joseph Hall, Andrew Hall, John Mackey, Charles Gile, John Mitchell, and William Chance. ^ Nixon's slave quarters were on Chestnut Street in Wilmington, between Third and Fourth Streets. ^ They include Virgil Richardson and Ben Greer who were picked up by the USS Penobscot and Thomas Cowan, Charles Mallet, and Frank Clinton who were rescued by the USS Monticello. References ^ a b c d Gould IV 2002, p. 29. ^ Gould IV 2002, p. xix. ^ a b c MacQuarrie, Brian (November 21, 2020). "Escaped slave and Navy sailor recounted his remarkable Civil War story in a diary". The Boston Globe. ^ a b c Gould IV 2002, p. xi. ^ a b c d e Gould IV 2002, p. 15. ^ a b c d O’Connor, Brian Wright (October 3, 2012). "William Benjamin Gould's diary traces road to freedom". The Bay State Banner. Boston. Retrieved November 29, 2020. ^ Gould IV 2002, p. 41. ^ a b Gould IV 2002, p. 17. ^ Hannon, Helen (Winter 2008). "Freedom on Nantucket". Historic Nantucket. Vol. 57, no. 1. Nantucket Historical Association. Works cited Gould IV, William B. (2002). Diary of a Contraband: The Civil War Passage of a Black Sailor (paperback ed.). Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-4708-3. Yearns, W. Buck and Barret, John G., eds., North Carolina Civil War Documentary, 1980. Further reading Chris E. Fonvielle Jr., Last Rays of Departing Hope: The Wilmington Campaign, Campbell, Cal.: Savas, 1997. Mark A. Moore, The Wilmington Campaign and the Battles for Fort Fisher, Da Capo Press, 1999. External links "Capture of Wilmington", Harpers Weekly 11 March 1865 "The Civil War", Wilmington Today website vteU.S. Cities during the American Civil WarUnion Cincinnati Cleveland Harrisburg Indianapolis New York City Philadelphia Pittsburgh Border states Baltimore Lexington Louisville Romney, West Virginia St. Louis Washington, D.C. Confederacy Atlanta Charleston Chattanooga Columbia Mobile Nashville New Orleans Petersburg Richmond St. Augustine Selma Vicksburg Winchester Wilmington	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Union_Attack_on_Fort_Fisher_North_Carolina_January_15_1865.jpg"},{"link_name":"Fort Fisher, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Fisher,_North_Carolina"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Confederate_Memorial_in_Wilmington,_NC.jpg"},{"link_name":"Confederate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America"},{"link_name":"Wilmington, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilmington,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Confederacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America"},{"link_name":"American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Union Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Army"},{"link_name":"Atlantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean"}],"text":"Union Attack on Fort Fisher, North Carolina, January 15, 1865Confederate Monument in WilmingtonWilmington, North Carolina, was a major port for the Confederacy during the American Civil War. It was the last port to fall to the Union Army (Feb. 1865), completing its blockade of the Atlantic coast.","title":"Wilmington, North Carolina in the American Civil War"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cape Fear River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Fear_River"},{"link_name":"Atlanta, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"cotton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotton"},{"link_name":"tobacco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco"},{"link_name":"munitions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munitions"},{"link_name":"clothing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clothing"},{"link_name":"foodstuffs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foodstuff"},{"link_name":"Robert E. Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_E._Lee"},{"link_name":"Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia"},{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"smugglers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smugglers"},{"link_name":"blockade runners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blockade_runners_of_the_American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Union's extensive and efficient blockade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_blockade"},{"link_name":"Bermuda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda"},{"link_name":"Bahamas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahamas"},{"link_name":"Nova Scotia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"yellow fever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_fever"},{"link_name":"Norfolk, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Charleston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Fort Fisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Fisher"},{"link_name":"Crenshaw Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crenshaw_Company"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Capture_of_Wilmington_North_Carolina_1865.jpg"},{"link_name":"Battle of Wilmington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Wilmington"},{"link_name":"Braxton Bragg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braxton_Bragg"},{"link_name":"Maj. Gen.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_General"},{"link_name":"Jacob D. Cox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_D._Cox"},{"link_name":"antebellum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antebellum_architecture"}],"text":"Wilmington, located 30 miles upstream from the mouth of the Cape Fear River (which flows into the Atlantic Ocean), was among the Confederacy's more important cities. It ranked 13th in size in the CSA (although only 100th in the pre-war United States) with a population of 9,553 according to the 1860 census, making it nearly the same size as Atlanta, Georgia, at the time.Wilmington was one of the most important points of entry for supplies for the entire Confederate States. Its port traded cotton and tobacco in exchange for foreign goods, such as munitions, clothing and foodstuffs. This nourished both the southern states in general and specifically General Robert E. Lee's forces in Virginia. The trade was based on steamer ships of British smugglers. These vessels were called blockade runners because they had to penetrate the Union's extensive and efficient blockade.The blockade runners operated indirectly from British colonies–such as Bermuda, the Bahamas, or Nova Scotia. Along with vital supplies, the blockade runners brought foreign crews, who poured money into the local economy through bars, taverns, hotels, shops, and merchants. The town soon took on an international flavor not seen before the war.In the summer of 1862, sailors arrived who were infected with yellow fever, which was endemic in the Caribbean. An epidemic soon paralyzed the once-thriving waterfront, as well as much of the city. Nearly 1,000 people contracted the disease, and more than 300 died before the illness had run its course and activity resumed.After the fall of Norfolk, Virginia in May 1862, Wilmington's importance increased. It became the main Confederate port on the Atlantic Ocean. Along the Atlantic seashore, Wilmington's defenses were so sturdy that they were only surpassed by Charleston's fortifications in South Carolina. Wilmington resisted Federal occupation for a long time, mainly due to Fort Fisher.Blockade running became an organized industry. The Crenshaw Company organized shipments of cotton from the interior of the Confederacy to Wilmington for smuggling through the blockade to England.Admiral Porter's boats removing torpedoes and buoying the channel in Cape Fear River, March 1865Wilmington was not captured by Union forces until February 22, 1865, approximately one month after the fall of Fort Fisher. The Battle of Wilmington consisted of a series of three small engagements near the Cape Fear River that led to the abandonment of the city by the Confederate forces under General Braxton Bragg. Before leaving, Bragg ordered the large quantities of bales of cotton and tobacco burned to prevent their falling into Union hands. Maj. Gen. Jacob D. Cox led the first Federal troops into Wilmington, and his forces occupied the city for the rest of the war.As almost all the military action was at some distance from the city, a number of antebellum homes and other buildings have survived in downtown Wilmington.","title":"Importance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGould_IV200229-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGould_IV200229-1"},{"link_name":"William B. Gould","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_B._Gould"},{"link_name":"George Price","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Price"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Cape Fear River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Fear_River"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BMQ-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGould_IV2002xi-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGould_IV200215-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bwo-7"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGould_IV200215-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bwo-7"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGould_IV200215-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGould_IV200215-6"},{"link_name":"Fort Caswell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Caswell"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGould_IV2002xi-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BMQ-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGould_IV200215-6"},{"link_name":"USS Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Cambridge_(1860)"},{"link_name":"Union blockade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_blockade"},{"link_name":"contraband","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contraband_(American_Civil_War)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BMQ-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bwo-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGould_IV200217-10"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGould_IV200229-1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hannon-11"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Abraham Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln"},{"link_name":"Emancipation Proclamation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGould_IV2002xi-5"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGould_IV200217-10"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bwo-7"}],"text":"The outbreak of the Civil War brought danger to Wilmington in the form of crime, disease, threat of invasion, and \"downright bawdiness.\"[1] This prompted many slave owners to move inland, resulting in less supervision over those they were enslaving.[1] During a rainy night on September 21, 1862, William B. Gould and George Price escaped with six other enslaved men[a] by rowing a small boat 28 nautical miles (52 km) down the Cape Fear River.[3][4][5][6] They embarked on Orange Street, just four blocks from where Gould lived on Chestnut St.[b][5][6] Sentries were posted along the river, adding additional danger.[5] The boat had a sail, but they did not raise it until they were out in the Atlantic for fear of being seen.[5]Just as the dawn was breaking on September 22, they rushed out into the Atlantic Ocean near Fort Caswell and hoisted their sail.[4][3][5] There, the USS Cambridge of the Union blockade picked them up as contraband.[3][6] Other ships in the blockade picked up two other boats containing friends of Gould in what may have been a coordinated effort.[8][1][9][c] Though they had no way of knowing it, within an hour and a half of their rescue President Abraham Lincoln convened a meeting of his cabinet to finalize plans to issue the Emancipation Proclamation.[4][8][6]","title":"1862 Escape of slaves"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGould_IV2002xix-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGould_IV200241-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"USS Penobscot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Penobscot_(1861)"},{"link_name":"USS Monticello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Monticello_(1859)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGould_IV200229-1"}],"text":"^ They included Joseph Hall, Andrew Hall, John Mackey, Charles Gile, John Mitchell, and William Chance.[2]\n\n^ Nixon's slave quarters were on Chestnut Street in Wilmington, between Third and Fourth Streets.[7]\n\n^ They include Virgil Richardson and Ben Greer who were picked up by the USS Penobscot and Thomas Cowan, Charles Mallet, and Frank Clinton who were rescued by the USS Monticello.[1]","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8047-4708-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-4708-3"}],"text":"Gould IV, William B. (2002). Diary of a Contraband: The Civil War Passage of a Black Sailor (paperback ed.). Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-4708-3.Yearns, W. Buck and Barret, John G., eds., North Carolina Civil War Documentary, 1980.","title":"Works cited"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Chris E. Fonvielle Jr., Last Rays of Departing Hope: The Wilmington Campaign, Campbell, Cal.: Savas, 1997.\nMark A. Moore, The Wilmington Campaign and the Battles for Fort Fisher, Da Capo Press, 1999.","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"Union Attack on Fort Fisher, North Carolina, January 15, 1865","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Union_Attack_on_Fort_Fisher_North_Carolina_January_15_1865.jpg/250px-Union_Attack_on_Fort_Fisher_North_Carolina_January_15_1865.jpg"},{"image_text":"Confederate Monument in Wilmington","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Confederate_Memorial_in_Wilmington%2C_NC.jpg/250px-Confederate_Memorial_in_Wilmington%2C_NC.jpg"},{"image_text":"Admiral Porter's boats removing torpedoes and buoying the channel in Cape Fear River, March 1865","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Capture_of_Wilmington_North_Carolina_1865.jpg/250px-Capture_of_Wilmington_North_Carolina_1865.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Blockade runners of the American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blockade_runners_of_the_American_Civil_War"},{"title":"Wilmington insurrection of 1898","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilmington_insurrection_of_1898"}]	[{"reference":"MacQuarrie, Brian (November 21, 2020). \"Escaped slave and Navy sailor recounted his remarkable Civil War story in a diary\". The Boston Globe.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bostonglobe.com/2020/11/21/metro/escaped-slave-navy-sailor-recounted-his-remarkable-civil-war-story-diary-now-dedham-looks-honor-his-legacy/","url_text":"\"Escaped slave and Navy sailor recounted his remarkable Civil War story in a diary\""}]},{"reference":"O’Connor, Brian Wright (October 3, 2012). \"William Benjamin Gould's diary traces road to freedom\". The Bay State Banner. Boston. Retrieved November 29, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baystatebanner.com/2012/10/03/william-benjamin-goulds-diary-traces-road-to-freedom","url_text":"\"William Benjamin Gould's diary traces road to freedom\""}]},{"reference":"Hannon, Helen (Winter 2008). \"Freedom on Nantucket\". Historic Nantucket. Vol. 57, no. 1. Nantucket Historical Association.","urls":[{"url":"https://issuu.com/nantuckethistoricalassociation/docs/historic_nantucket_winter_2008","url_text":"\"Freedom on Nantucket\""}]},{"reference":"Gould IV, William B. (2002). Diary of a Contraband: The Civil War Passage of a Black Sailor (paperback ed.). Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-4708-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-4708-3","url_text":"0-8047-4708-3"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.bostonglobe.com/2020/11/21/metro/escaped-slave-navy-sailor-recounted-his-remarkable-civil-war-story-diary-now-dedham-looks-honor-his-legacy/","external_links_name":"\"Escaped slave and Navy sailor recounted his remarkable Civil War story in a diary\""},{"Link":"https://www.baystatebanner.com/2012/10/03/william-benjamin-goulds-diary-traces-road-to-freedom","external_links_name":"\"William Benjamin Gould's diary traces road to freedom\""},{"Link":"https://issuu.com/nantuckethistoricalassociation/docs/historic_nantucket_winter_2008","external_links_name":"\"Freedom on Nantucket\""},{"Link":"http://www.sonofthesouth.net/leefoundation/civil-war/1865/capture-wilmington.htm","external_links_name":"\"Capture of Wilmington\""},{"Link":"http://www.wilmingtontoday.com/History/CivilWar.html","external_links_name":"\"The Civil War\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Draughting,_Supervisory_and_Technical_Employees	Association of Draughting, Supervisory and Technical Employees	["1 History","1.1 Foundation","1.2 Growth","1.3 Affiliation and change","1.4 Amalgamation","2 Organisation","2.1 Membership","2.2 Structure","3 References"]	Australian trade union ADSTEAssociation of Draughting, Supervisory and Technical EmployeesMerged intoMetals and Engineering Workers' UnionFoundedAugust 1915Dissolved1991HeadquartersMitchell House Annexe, 358 Lonsdale Street, MelbourneLocationAustraliaMembers 21,800 (1987)PublicationBlueprintAffiliationsACTU, Metal Trades Federation, CAGEO, ACSPA The Association of Draughting Supervisory and Technical Employees (ADSTE), originally known as the Association of Architects, Engineers, Surveyors and Draughtsmen of Australia (AAESDA), was an Australian trade union which existed between 1915 and 1991. It represented white collar and technical-grade employees in both the private sector and the public service. History Foundation The union was founded in Brisbane in August 1915 with a membership of 108. The union initially represented white collar employees in the Queensland Railways workshops, but soon expanded to cover engineers employed in the Queensland Public Service and local government engineering offices, as well as architects in the Public Works Department and Department of Public Lands. After unsuccessfully seeking federal registration,: 117 the union was registered with the Industrial Court of Queensland on 11 April 1917 as the Australian Union of Architects, Engineers and Surveyors, Union of Employees, Queensland. During this period the union's membership was concentrated mainly in Brisbane and Ipswich.: 230 The union grew slowly over the following decades, reaching 243 members by 1933 and 528 by 1939. Growth The union grew rapidly during World War II, due to the increased demand for employees with technical expertise, many of them promoted from trades positions, and by 1941 the union's membership had reached 1,793.: 117 In 1943 the union extended its industrial remit to provide for coverage of draughtsmen.: 230 In 1944, with branches in Victoria and New South Wales, the union achieved federal registration as the Association of Architects, Engineers, Surveyors and Draughtsmen of Australia (AAESDA). Its acronym would lead it to be affectionately nicknamed the 'Alphabetical Association'. The first annual meeting of the new Federal Council of the AAESDA was held in December 1945 and it was decided to move the union's head office from Queensland to Melbourne, where it would remain for the rest of the union's history – mainly due to the fact that the Victorian state branch had the largest membership in the union.: 118 In the same year the AAESDA merged with the Commonwealth Temporary Technical Officers' Association, formed two years earlier by government technicians in war-time service, based in Sydney.: 231 In September 1947 the AAESDA merged with the Australian Association of Draughtsmen (AAD), after almost three years of negotiations.: 48 The AAD had been formed in Sydney in June 1942 by draughtsmen at several major engineering firms, including Cockatoo Dockyard, Babcock & Wilcox and Clyde Engineering, who were frustrated at the low wages in draughting, resulting from its status as a reserved occupation.: 41–42 : 231 Like the AAESDA, the AAD had benefited from war-time industrial activity through a growing membership, quickly expanding to other states and achieving federal registration in October 1943.: 231 The AAD had initially opposed the federal registration of the AAESDA, on the grounds that the two organisations would compete for coverage of the same employees.: 233 The AAESDA continued to grow in the post-war years, as a result of rapid economic expansion and industrialisation. Between 1959 and 1964 it averaged over 13% annual growth in membership,: 239 and by 1965 had reached 12,738 members, of whom 7322 were employed in the private sector. Membership peaked ten years later, with a total of 24,296 members.: 240 : 198 Affiliation and change Fiftieth anniversary meeting of the AAESDA, held in Sydney Trades Hall auditorium, April 1967 During the early 1950s a plebiscite of the association's members was held to decide whether to affiliate to the Australian Council of Trade Unions (ACTU), but the proposal was strongly rejected by the membership.: 236 The AAESDA later played a key role in the 1956 establishment of the Australian Council of Salaried and Professional Associations (ACSPA), the peak body for unions and professional associations representing white-collar or salaried employees.: 48 The AAESDA's federal president, Paul Allsop, became the first president of ACSPA. Despite being a founding member, the AAESDA was regarded as unusual within ACSPA due to its industrial militancy, relative to the other affiliates, including being prepared to use strike action as a bargaining tool with management.: 237 The union remained affiliated with ACSPA until 1977, when, having become disillusioned with the slow progress of negotiations to merge ACSPA with the ACTU, it transferred its affiliation to the ACTU.: 237 This move was met with opposition from some sections of the union's membership, unhappy with the AAESDA being affiliated with a body traditionally associated with blue-collar workers.: 248 Shortly after, ACSPA merged into the ACTU in 1979. In 1970 the AAESDA affiliated to the Council of Commonwealth Public Service Organisations (CCPSO), the representative body for unions representing workers employed by the Commonwealth Government, later renamed the Council of Australian Government Employee Organisations (CAGEO) in 1974.: 237 Earlier attempts to affiliate with the CCPSO had been rejected, due to the AAESDA's sizeable private sector membership.: 237 The union would remain affiliated until 1981, when CAGEO merged into the ACTU.: 237 : 70 During the 1950s and 60s the AAESDA was heavily involved in the design and development of technical education courses to train and qualify employees in the expanding technical fields, which fell outside the traditional apprenticeship or university systems.: 219–220 Unlike many of the traditional craft unions, the AAESDA did not attempt to restrict or regulate entry into the occupations it covered, but rather encouraged its members to gain recognised qualifications to help formalise the position of technical workers in the structure of the award system.: 219–220 In 1978 the AAESDA applied to the Commonwealth Conciliation and Arbitration Commission to include coverage of foremen and supervisors in the Metal Industry Award. This application was opposed by employers, who argued that it would create "divided loyalties" among staff employees, and undermine their "management ethic". The application was granted by the Commission, with the proviso that supervisors should be represented by a different organisation to the workers they supervised. In the 1970s the AAESDA, like many other Australian unions, became more industrially militant, including being more prepared to undertake strikes and other industrial action.: 48 The union's membership was also undergoing a change as fields such as architecture and engineering became increasingly professionalised, requiring university-level qualifications, and many employees in these occupations chose to be represented by occupation-specific professional associations such as the newly formed Australian Professional Engineers Association (APEA). By 1979 technicians accounted for 48 per cent of the AAESDA's membership; draughtsmen, 31 per cent; and supervisors, 18 per cent – architects, engineers and surveyors collectively made up less than 3 per cent of the union. To better reflect this new membership profile the union changed its name in 1981 to the Association of Draughting Supervisory and Technical Employees (ADSTE). Amalgamation In the late 1970s and 80s technological change (such as the introduction of Computer-aided design in draughting), outsourcing in the public service and the decline of the Australian manufacturing industry began to put pressure on the AAESDA and between 1975 and 1980 it lost over 17 percent of its membership nationally, falling to 20,049.: 49 : 240 To offset these losses the union sought to amalgamate with other unions. In 1971 it had taken over members from the deregistered Federation of Scientific and Technical Workers, and in 1986 it amalgamated with the Australian Public Service Artisans' Association, which represented approximately 2200 permanent trades employees of the Federal Government.: 73 Unsuccessful attempts were also made to amalgamate with the CSIRO Technical Association and the Supervisory Technicians' Association. In 1970 the AAESDA began talks with the Amalgamated Engineering Union (AEU), which had a broad membership among blue-collar workers in manufacturing, however there was a strong backlash from the membership, who resisted the loss of their union's distinct identity.: 73 Driven by the union's financial difficulties, these talks were restarted in 1984 with the successor to the AEU, the Amalgamated Metal Workers' Union (AMWU). The two unions shared a number of industrial awards in common and approximately 90 percent of ADSTE members were employed in workplaces that also had AMWU members.: 133 The amalgamation proposal was initially opposed by ADSTE's West Australian, Tasmanian and Australian Capital Territory (ACT) branches.: 133 While the West Australian and Tasmanian branches were eventually persuaded to change their position, the ACT branch led a campaign to oppose the merger.: 133 The amalgamation was finally completed on 1 April 1991,: 34 after a referendum in which 60% of participating ADSTE members voted to support the amalgamation proposal.: 339 The merged organisation was named the Metals and Engineering Workers' Union (MEWU) and had a total of 167,500 members.: 335 The membership previously represented by ADSTE became the 'Technical and Supervisory Division' of the MEWU.: 135 Immediately following the merger the Division lost a significant proportion of its members,: 150 with approximately 40 percent of former ADSTE members choosing not to continue membership in the amalgamated body. Organisation Membership Unlike many other white collar unions in Australia ADSTE did not include managerial-level or administrative employees and many of its members were former tradespeople (60% in 1991) who had been promoted to more highly skilled positions.: 35 Typical occupations included draughtsmen, engineering technicians, technical officers, production planners, laboratory technicians, supervisors and foremen.: 34 In private industry its members were concentrated primarily in the vehicle, metal and aircraft industries. Due to the makeup of the occupations it covered the union was almost exclusively male – for example, female members made up only 1.6 percent of the South Australian state branch in 1981.: 239 : 198 In 1970 less than three percent of the association's approximately 20,000 members were women. The union's membership was widely dispersed throughout a variety of industries and occupations, and it was rare to have more than five members employed in a single workplace – often making union organisation a challenging task. Structure The union was organised into eight state and territory branches, which each paid 32 percent of their income to the federal office.: 118 Each state branch was governed by a branch council, consisting of workplace and sub-branch delegates, a president, two vice-presidents, treasurer, secretary and delegates to the union's federal conference.: 85 All state branch officials were elected annually by the union's rank-and-file membership, except for the state secretary, who served for four years.: 85 The union held an annual Federal Conference, made up of elected delegates from each state branch, and a Federal Secretary and Assistant Federal Secretary (elected every four years by the national membership of the union), which decided policy and direction for the union nationally.: 85 The union was politically-unaligned, and the membership actively resisted the attempts of some officials to encourage affiliation with the Australian Labor Party (a common practice among Australian unions) during the early 1970s.: 75 This was again the case when in 1984 the ADSTE Federal Conference rejected a motion, supported by the union's officials, to allow the union to financially or publicly support political parties. The union published a monthly journal known as the AAESDA Bulletin (first appearing in June 1948): 42 and later simply as Blueprint. Organised Labour portal References ^ a b c Huntley, Pat (1980). Inside Australia's Top 100 Unions. Middle Cove, NSW: Ian Huntley (Aust.). pp. 23–26. ISBN 978-0-9598507-4-1. Retrieved 6 June 2014. ^ Bolton, Brian (1993). Telecommunications Services: Negotiating Structural and Technological Change. International Labour Organisation. p. 36. ISBN 978-92-2-108263-7. Retrieved 5 June 2014. ^ a b c d e f Smith, Bruce A. (2010). "Association of Draughting Supervisory & Technical Employees (i) (1981–1986)". Australian Trade Union Archives. Australian Trade Union Archives. Retrieved 5 June 2014. ^ a b c d e f g h i Corrie, Joan (5 July 2006). "Creating the Australian Manufacturing Workers Union: 1991–1995" (PDF). The Management of Financial Resources: Post-Merger Structural Choice in a Blue Collar Union (PhD). Griffith University. Retrieved 10 June 2016. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Wanna, Jay (John) (1984). The Politics of Organised Labour: An Analysis of South Australian Trade Unions in the Metal and Vehicle Industries (PhD). Department of Politics, University of Adelaide. hdl:2440/21534. ^ a b c d e f g h i Dettmer, Andrew (2013). "The Hope of the World: The Amalgamation of ADSTE and the AMWU". In Andrew, Reeves; Andrew, Dettmer (eds.). Organise, educate, control: the AMWU in Australia, 1852–2012. Clayton, Victoria: Monash University Publishing. pp. 34–58. ISBN 9781922235008. ^ a b Encel, Sol; MacKenzie, Norman; Tebbutt, Margaret (1974). Women and Society: An Australian Study. Melbourne: Cheshire Publishing. p. 129. ISBN 9780701519216. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Davis, Edward M (1987). Democracy in Australian Unions: A Comparative Study of Six Unions. Sydney: Allen & Unwin. p. 73. ISBN 978-0043202050. Retrieved 27 March 2016. ^ Hunt, Philip. "Babcocks: Regents Park, Brook and Rex Houses". philiphunt.info. Retrieved 22 January 2017. ^ a b Lansbury, Russell (1977). "White Collar and Professional Employees". In Bordow, Allan (ed.). The Worker in Australia: Contributions from Research. St Lucia: University of Queensland Press. pp. 184–222. ISBN 978-0702214745. Retrieved 22 July 2018. ^ Hill, John (1982). From Subservience to Strike: Industrial Relations in the Banking Industry. St Lucia, Queensland: University of Queensland Press. p. 147. ISBN 978-0702218309. Retrieved 27 March 2016. ^ a b Barker, Ray; Holbrook, Allyson (1996). "Meeting the Demand for Vocational Courses: influences on the development of engineering technician training in New South Wales, Australia, in the 1950s and 1960s". Journal of Vocational Education and Training. 48 (3): 213–228. doi:10.1080/1363682960480301. S2CID 144356711. ^ a b c Kitay, Gerald Bennett (April 1984). "Chapter 7: The "Fragile Package" Breaks: 1971–1981". Federal Conciliation and Arbitration in Australia 1967–1981 (PhD). Australian National University. p. 332. hdl:1885/120832. ^ a b Norton, Paul C. R. (2004). "The Australian Manufacturing Workers Union and the Environment" (PDF). Accord, Discord, Discourse and Dialogue in the Search for Sustainable Development: Labour-Environmentalist Cooperation and Conflict in Australian Debates on Ecologically Sustainable Development and Economic Restructuring in the Period of the Federal Labor Government, 1983–96 (PhD). Griffith University. Retrieved 31 May 2016. ^ Easson, Michael (1992). "Is the Left Braindead?: A Sterile Debate". Australian Left Review. 1 (140): 30–31. Retrieved 26 January 2017. ^ Edgar, Patricia (2013). In Praise of Aging. Melbourne: The Text Publishing Company. p. 126. ISBN 9781922147554. Retrieved 5 June 2014. Authority control databases VIAF	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"white collar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_collar_workers"},{"link_name":"technical-grade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technician"}],"text":"The Association of Draughting Supervisory and Technical Employees (ADSTE), originally known as the Association of Architects, Engineers, Surveyors and Draughtsmen of Australia (AAESDA), was an Australian trade union which existed between 1915 and 1991. It represented white collar and technical-grade employees in both the private sector and the public service.","title":"Association of Draughting, Supervisory and Technical Employees"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brisbane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brisbane"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smith-3"},{"link_name":"Queensland Railways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_Rail"},{"link_name":"Queensland Public Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_Public_Service"},{"link_name":"Public Works Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Public_Works_(Queensland)"},{"link_name":"Department of Public Lands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Resources"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Corrie-4"},{"link_name":"Industrial Court of Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Industrial_Court_of_Queensland&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smith-3"},{"link_name":"Brisbane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brisbane"},{"link_name":"Ipswich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipswich,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wanna-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dettmer-6"}],"sub_title":"Foundation","text":"The union was founded in Brisbane in August 1915 with a membership of 108.[3] The union initially represented white collar employees in the Queensland Railways workshops, but soon expanded to cover engineers employed in the Queensland Public Service and local government engineering offices, as well as architects in the Public Works Department and Department of Public Lands. After unsuccessfully seeking federal registration,[4]: 117 the union was registered with the Industrial Court of Queensland on 11 April 1917 as the Australian Union of Architects, Engineers and Surveyors, Union of Employees, Queensland.[3] During this period the union's membership was concentrated mainly in Brisbane and Ipswich.[5]: 230 The union grew slowly over the following decades, reaching 243 members by 1933 and 528 by 1939.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"trades positions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tradesman"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Corrie-4"},{"link_name":"draughtsmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draughtsmen"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wanna-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Huntley-1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Encel-7"},{"link_name":"Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Corrie-4"},{"link_name":"Commonwealth Temporary Technical Officers' Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_Temporary_Technical_Officers%27_Association&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wanna-5"},{"link_name":"Australian Association of Draughtsmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Australian_Association_of_Draughtsmen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smith-3"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Davis-8"},{"link_name":"Cockatoo Dockyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cockatoo_Island_(New_South_Wales)#Cockatoo_Island_Dockyard"},{"link_name":"Babcock & Wilcox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babcock_%26_Wilcox"},{"link_name":"Clyde Engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clyde_Engineering"},{"link_name":"reserved occupation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reserved_occupation"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hunt-9"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dettmer-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wanna-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wanna-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wanna-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wanna-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dettmer-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wanna-5"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lansbury-10"}],"sub_title":"Growth","text":"The union grew rapidly during World War II, due to the increased demand for employees with technical expertise, many of them promoted from trades positions, and by 1941 the union's membership had reached 1,793.[4]: 117 In 1943 the union extended its industrial remit to provide for coverage of draughtsmen.[5]: 230 In 1944, with branches in Victoria and New South Wales, the union achieved federal registration as the Association of Architects, Engineers, Surveyors and Draughtsmen of Australia (AAESDA).[1] Its acronym would lead it to be affectionately nicknamed the 'Alphabetical Association'.[7] The first annual meeting of the new Federal Council of the AAESDA was held in December 1945 and it was decided to move the union's head office from Queensland to Melbourne, where it would remain for the rest of the union's history – mainly due to the fact that the Victorian state branch had the largest membership in the union.[4]: 118 In the same year the AAESDA merged with the Commonwealth Temporary Technical Officers' Association, formed two years earlier by government technicians in war-time service, based in Sydney.[5]: 231In September 1947 the AAESDA merged with the Australian Association of Draughtsmen (AAD), after almost three years of negotiations.[3][8]: 48 The AAD had been formed in Sydney in June 1942 by draughtsmen at several major engineering firms, including Cockatoo Dockyard, Babcock & Wilcox and Clyde Engineering, who were frustrated at the low wages in draughting, resulting from its status as a reserved occupation.[9][6]: 41–42 [5]: 231 Like the AAESDA, the AAD had benefited from war-time industrial activity through a growing membership, quickly expanding to other states and achieving federal registration in October 1943.[5]: 231 The AAD had initially opposed the federal registration of the AAESDA, on the grounds that the two organisations would compete for coverage of the same employees.[5]: 233The AAESDA continued to grow in the post-war years, as a result of rapid economic expansion and industrialisation. Between 1959 and 1964 it averaged over 13% annual growth in membership,[5]: 239 and by 1965 had reached 12,738 members, of whom 7322 were employed in the private sector.[6] Membership peaked ten years later, with a total of 24,296 members.[5]: 240 [10]: 198","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AAESDA_anniversary.jpg"},{"link_name":"Australian Council of Trade Unions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Council_of_Trade_Unions"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wanna-5"},{"link_name":"Australian Council of Salaried and Professional Associations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Australian_Council_of_Salaried_and_Professional_Associations&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Davis-8"},{"link_name":"Paul Allsop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Allsop&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hill-11"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wanna-5"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Davis-8"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wanna-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wanna-5"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Davis-8"},{"link_name":"Council of Commonwealth Public Service Organisations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Council_of_Commonwealth_Public_Service_Organisations&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Council of Australian Government Employee Organisations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Council_of_Australian_Government_Employee_Organisations&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wanna-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wanna-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wanna-5"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Davis-8"},{"link_name":"technical education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocational_education"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barker-12"},{"link_name":"craft unions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craft_unions"},{"link_name":"award system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_award"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barker-12"},{"link_name":"Commonwealth Conciliation and Arbitration Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_Conciliation_and_Arbitration_Commission"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kitay-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kitay-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kitay-13"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dettmer-6"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Davis-8"},{"link_name":"professional associations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_association"},{"link_name":"Australian Professional Engineers Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professionals_Australia"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dettmer-6"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Davis-8"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smith-3"}],"sub_title":"Affiliation and change","text":"Fiftieth anniversary meeting of the AAESDA, held in Sydney Trades Hall auditorium, April 1967During the early 1950s a plebiscite of the association's members was held to decide whether to affiliate to the Australian Council of Trade Unions (ACTU), but the proposal was strongly rejected by the membership.[5]: 236 The AAESDA later played a key role in the 1956 establishment of the Australian Council of Salaried and Professional Associations (ACSPA), the peak body for unions and professional associations representing white-collar or salaried employees.[8]: 48 The AAESDA's federal president, Paul Allsop, became the first president of ACSPA.[11] Despite being a founding member, the AAESDA was regarded as unusual within ACSPA due to its industrial militancy, relative to the other affiliates, including being prepared to use strike action as a bargaining tool with management.[5]: 237 The union remained affiliated with ACSPA until 1977, when, having become disillusioned with the slow progress of negotiations to merge ACSPA with the ACTU, it transferred its affiliation to the ACTU.[8][5]: 237 This move was met with opposition from some sections of the union's membership, unhappy with the AAESDA being affiliated with a body traditionally associated with blue-collar workers.[5]: 248 Shortly after, ACSPA merged into the ACTU in 1979.[8]In 1970 the AAESDA affiliated to the Council of Commonwealth Public Service Organisations (CCPSO), the representative body for unions representing workers employed by the Commonwealth Government, later renamed the Council of Australian Government Employee Organisations (CAGEO) in 1974.[5]: 237 Earlier attempts to affiliate with the CCPSO had been rejected, due to the AAESDA's sizeable private sector membership.[5]: 237 The union would remain affiliated until 1981, when CAGEO merged into the ACTU.[5]: 237 [8]: 70During the 1950s and 60s the AAESDA was heavily involved in the design and development of technical education courses to train and qualify employees in the expanding technical fields, which fell outside the traditional apprenticeship or university systems.[12]: 219–220 Unlike many of the traditional craft unions, the AAESDA did not attempt to restrict or regulate entry into the occupations it covered, but rather encouraged its members to gain recognised qualifications to help formalise the position of technical workers in the structure of the award system.[12]: 219–220In 1978 the AAESDA applied to the Commonwealth Conciliation and Arbitration Commission to include coverage of foremen and supervisors in the Metal Industry Award.[13] This application was opposed by employers, who argued that it would create \"divided loyalties\" among staff employees, and undermine their \"management ethic\".[13] The application was granted by the Commission, with the proviso that supervisors should be represented by a different organisation to the workers they supervised.[13]In the 1970s the AAESDA, like many other Australian unions, became more industrially militant, including being more prepared to undertake strikes and other industrial action.[6][8]: 48 The union's membership was also undergoing a change as fields such as architecture and engineering became increasingly professionalised, requiring university-level qualifications, and many employees in these occupations chose to be represented by occupation-specific professional associations such as the newly formed Australian Professional Engineers Association (APEA).[6] By 1979 technicians accounted for 48 per cent of the AAESDA's membership; draughtsmen, 31 per cent; and supervisors, 18 per cent – architects, engineers and surveyors collectively made up less than 3 per cent of the union.[8] To better reflect this new membership profile the union changed its name in 1981 to the Association of Draughting Supervisory and Technical Employees (ADSTE).[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Computer-aided design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer-aided_design"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Davis-8"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wanna-5"},{"link_name":"Federation of Scientific and Technical Workers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Federation_of_Scientific_and_Technical_Workers&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smith-3"},{"link_name":"Australian Public Service Artisans' Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Australian_Public_Service_Artisans%27_Association&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Davis-8"},{"link_name":"CSIRO Technical Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CSIRO_Technical_Association&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Supervisory Technicians' 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design in draughting), outsourcing in the public service and the decline of the Australian manufacturing industry began to put pressure on the AAESDA and between 1975 and 1980 it lost over 17 percent of its membership nationally, falling to 20,049.[8]: 49 [5]: 240 To offset these losses the union sought to amalgamate with other unions. In 1971 it had taken over members from the deregistered Federation of Scientific and Technical Workers,[3] and in 1986 it amalgamated with the Australian Public Service Artisans' Association, which represented approximately 2200 permanent trades employees of the Federal Government.[8]: 73 Unsuccessful attempts were also made to amalgamate with the CSIRO Technical Association and the Supervisory Technicians' Association.[8] In 1970 the AAESDA began talks with the Amalgamated Engineering Union (AEU), which had a broad membership among blue-collar workers in manufacturing, however there was a strong backlash from the membership, who resisted the loss of their union's distinct identity.[8]: 73Driven by the union's financial difficulties, these talks were restarted in 1984 with the successor to the AEU, the Amalgamated Metal Workers' Union (AMWU). The two unions shared a number of industrial awards in common and approximately 90 percent of ADSTE members were employed in workplaces that also had AMWU members.[4]: 133 The amalgamation proposal was initially opposed by ADSTE's West Australian, Tasmanian and Australian Capital Territory (ACT) branches.[4]: 133 While the West Australian and Tasmanian branches were eventually persuaded to change their position, the ACT branch led a campaign to oppose the merger.[4]: 133 The amalgamation was finally completed on 1 April 1991,[6]: 34 after a referendum in which 60% of participating ADSTE members voted to support the amalgamation proposal.[14]: 339 The merged organisation was named the Metals and Engineering Workers' Union (MEWU) and had a total of 167,500 members.[14]: 335 [3] The membership previously represented by ADSTE became the 'Technical and Supervisory Division' of the MEWU.[4]: 135 Immediately following the merger the Division lost a significant proportion of its members,[4]: 150 with approximately 40 percent of former ADSTE members choosing not to continue membership in the amalgamated body.[15]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Organisation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dettmer-6"},{"link_name":"engineering technicians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering_technicians"},{"link_name":"production planners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Production_planning"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dettmer-6"},{"link_name":"vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotive_industry"},{"link_name":"metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalworking"},{"link_name":"aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_industry"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wanna-5"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lansbury-10"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Encel-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Davis-8"}],"sub_title":"Membership","text":"Unlike many other white collar unions in Australia ADSTE did not include managerial-level or administrative employees and many of its members were former tradespeople (60% in 1991) who had been promoted to more highly skilled positions.[6]: 35 Typical occupations included draughtsmen, engineering technicians, technical officers, production planners, laboratory technicians, supervisors and foremen.[6]: 34 In private industry its members were concentrated primarily in the vehicle, metal and aircraft industries. Due to the makeup of the occupations it covered the union was almost exclusively male – for example, female members made up only 1.6 percent of the South Australian state branch in 1981.[5]: 239 [10]: 198 In 1970 less than three percent of the association's approximately 20,000 members were women.[7] The union's membership was widely dispersed throughout a variety of industries and occupations, and it was rare to have more than five members employed in a single workplace – often making union organisation a challenging task.[8]","title":"Organisation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Corrie-4"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Davis-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Davis-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Davis-8"},{"link_name":"Australian Labor Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Davis-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Davis-8"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dettmer-6"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Edgar-16"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Syndicalism.svg"},{"link_name":"Organised Labour portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Organised_Labour"}],"sub_title":"Structure","text":"The union was organised into eight state and territory branches, which each paid 32 percent of their income to the federal office.[4]: 118 Each state branch was governed by a branch council, consisting of workplace and sub-branch delegates, a president, two vice-presidents, treasurer, secretary and delegates to the union's federal conference.[8]: 85 All state branch officials were elected annually by the union's rank-and-file membership, except for the state secretary, who served for four years.[8]: 85 The union held an annual Federal Conference, made up of elected delegates from each state branch, and a Federal Secretary and Assistant Federal Secretary (elected every four years by the national membership of the union), which decided policy and direction for the union nationally.[8]: 85The union was politically-unaligned, and the membership actively resisted the attempts of some officials to encourage affiliation with the Australian Labor Party (a common practice among Australian unions) during the early 1970s.[8]: 75 This was again the case when in 1984 the ADSTE Federal Conference rejected a motion, supported by the union's officials, to allow the union to financially or publicly support political parties.[8]The union published a monthly journal known as the AAESDA Bulletin (first appearing in June 1948)[6]: 42 and later simply as Blueprint.[16]Organised Labour portal","title":"Organisation"}]	[{"image_text":"Fiftieth anniversary meeting of the AAESDA, held in Sydney Trades Hall auditorium, April 1967","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/AAESDA_anniversary.jpg/338px-AAESDA_anniversary.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Huntley, Pat (1980). Inside Australia's Top 100 Unions. Middle Cove, NSW: Ian Huntley (Aust.). pp. 23–26. ISBN 978-0-9598507-4-1. Retrieved 6 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=kKRaPgAACAAJ&q=editions:P6p_GwhlWAwC","url_text":"Inside Australia's Top 100 Unions"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9598507-4-1","url_text":"978-0-9598507-4-1"}]},{"reference":"Bolton, Brian (1993). Telecommunications Services: Negotiating Structural and Technological Change. International Labour Organisation. p. 36. ISBN 978-92-2-108263-7. Retrieved 5 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=clJizjbw9LwC","url_text":"Telecommunications Services: Negotiating Structural and Technological Change"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-2-108263-7","url_text":"978-92-2-108263-7"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Bruce A. (2010). \"Association of Draughting Supervisory & Technical Employees (i) (1981–1986)\". Australian Trade Union Archives. Australian Trade Union Archives. Retrieved 5 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.atua.org.au/biogs/ALE0086b.htm","url_text":"\"Association of Draughting Supervisory & Technical Employees (i) (1981–1986)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Trade_Union_Archives","url_text":"Australian Trade Union Archives"}]},{"reference":"Corrie, Joan (5 July 2006). \"Creating the Australian Manufacturing Workers Union: 1991–1995\" (PDF). The Management of Financial Resources: Post-Merger Structural Choice in a Blue Collar Union (PhD). Griffith University. Retrieved 10 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www120.secure.griffith.edu.au/rch/file/f82faf3b-c58a-9c7a-7a91-aa1985a6a667/1/04Main.pdf","url_text":"\"Creating the Australian Manufacturing Workers Union: 1991–1995\""}]},{"reference":"Wanna, Jay (John) (1984). The Politics of Organised Labour: An Analysis of South Australian Trade Unions in the Metal and Vehicle Industries (PhD). Department of Politics, University of Adelaide. hdl:2440/21534.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2440%2F21534","url_text":"2440/21534"}]},{"reference":"Dettmer, Andrew (2013). \"The Hope of the World: The Amalgamation of ADSTE and the AMWU\". In Andrew, Reeves; Andrew, Dettmer (eds.). Organise, educate, control: the AMWU in Australia, 1852–2012. Clayton, Victoria: Monash University Publishing. pp. 34–58. ISBN 9781922235008.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4WaBlwEACAAJ","url_text":"\"The Hope of the World: The Amalgamation of ADSTE and the AMWU\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781922235008","url_text":"9781922235008"}]},{"reference":"Encel, Sol; MacKenzie, Norman; Tebbutt, Margaret (1974). Women and Society: An Australian Study. Melbourne: Cheshire Publishing. p. 129. ISBN 9780701519216.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=azIFAQAAIAAJ","url_text":"Women and Society: An Australian Study"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780701519216","url_text":"9780701519216"}]},{"reference":"Davis, Edward M (1987). Democracy in Australian Unions: A Comparative Study of Six Unions. Sydney: Allen & Unwin. p. 73. ISBN 978-0043202050. Retrieved 27 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0043202055","url_text":"Democracy in Australian Unions: A Comparative Study of Six Unions"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0043202050","url_text":"978-0043202050"}]},{"reference":"Hunt, Philip. \"Babcocks: Regents Park, Brook and Rex Houses\". philiphunt.info. Retrieved 22 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.philiphunt.com/j3/index.php/family-resources/distantly-related/36-babcocks-regents-park-brook-and-rex-houses","url_text":"\"Babcocks: Regents Park, Brook and Rex Houses\""}]},{"reference":"Lansbury, Russell (1977). \"White Collar and Professional Employees\". In Bordow, Allan (ed.). The Worker in Australia: Contributions from Research. St Lucia: University of Queensland Press. pp. 184–222. ISBN 978-0702214745. Retrieved 22 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:204559","url_text":"\"White Collar and Professional Employees\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Queensland_Press","url_text":"University of Queensland Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0702214745","url_text":"978-0702214745"}]},{"reference":"Hill, John (1982). From Subservience to Strike: Industrial Relations in the Banking Industry. St Lucia, Queensland: University of Queensland Press. p. 147. ISBN 978-0702218309. Retrieved 27 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0043202055","url_text":"From Subservience to Strike: Industrial Relations in the Banking Industry"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0702218309","url_text":"978-0702218309"}]},{"reference":"Barker, Ray; Holbrook, Allyson (1996). \"Meeting the Demand for Vocational Courses: influences on the development of engineering technician training in New South Wales, Australia, in the 1950s and 1960s\". Journal of Vocational Education and Training. 48 (3): 213–228. doi:10.1080/1363682960480301. S2CID 144356711.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F1363682960480301","url_text":"10.1080/1363682960480301"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144356711","url_text":"144356711"}]},{"reference":"Kitay, Gerald Bennett (April 1984). \"Chapter 7: The \"Fragile Package\" Breaks: 1971–1981\". Federal Conciliation and Arbitration in Australia 1967–1981 (PhD). Australian National University. p. 332. hdl:1885/120832.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_National_University","url_text":"Australian National University"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1885%2F120832","url_text":"1885/120832"}]},{"reference":"Norton, Paul C. R. (2004). \"The Australian Manufacturing Workers Union and the Environment\" (PDF). Accord, Discord, Discourse and Dialogue in the Search for Sustainable Development: Labour-Environmentalist Cooperation and Conflict in Australian Debates on Ecologically Sustainable Development and Economic Restructuring in the Period of the Federal Labor Government, 1983–96 (PhD). Griffith University. Retrieved 31 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www120.secure.griffith.edu.au/rch/file/4990165f-d14d-cac6-b336-ab826133ba50/1/02Whole.pdf","url_text":"\"The Australian Manufacturing Workers Union and the Environment\""}]},{"reference":"Easson, Michael (1992). \"Is the Left Braindead?: A Sterile Debate\". Australian Left Review. 1 (140): 30–31. Retrieved 26 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://ro.uow.edu.au/alr/vol1/iss140/13","url_text":"\"Is the Left Braindead?: A Sterile Debate\""}]},{"reference":"Edgar, Patricia (2013). In Praise of Aging. Melbourne: The Text Publishing Company. p. 126. ISBN 9781922147554. Retrieved 5 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=kap-AAAAQBAJ","url_text":"In Praise of Aging"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781922147554","url_text":"9781922147554"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=kKRaPgAACAAJ&q=editions:P6p_GwhlWAwC","external_links_name":"Inside Australia's Top 100 Unions"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=clJizjbw9LwC","external_links_name":"Telecommunications Services: Negotiating Structural and Technological Change"},{"Link":"http://www.atua.org.au/biogs/ALE0086b.htm","external_links_name":"\"Association of Draughting Supervisory & Technical Employees (i) (1981–1986)\""},{"Link":"https://www120.secure.griffith.edu.au/rch/file/f82faf3b-c58a-9c7a-7a91-aa1985a6a667/1/04Main.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Creating the Australian Manufacturing Workers Union: 1991–1995\""},{"Link":"https://hdl.handle.net/2440%2F21534","external_links_name":"2440/21534"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4WaBlwEACAAJ","external_links_name":"\"The Hope of the World: The Amalgamation of ADSTE and the AMWU\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=azIFAQAAIAAJ","external_links_name":"Women and Society: An Australian Study"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0043202055","external_links_name":"Democracy in Australian Unions: A Comparative Study of Six Unions"},{"Link":"http://www.philiphunt.com/j3/index.php/family-resources/distantly-related/36-babcocks-regents-park-brook-and-rex-houses","external_links_name":"\"Babcocks: Regents Park, Brook and Rex Houses\""},{"Link":"https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:204559","external_links_name":"\"White Collar and Professional Employees\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0043202055","external_links_name":"From Subservience to Strike: Industrial Relations in the Banking Industry"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F1363682960480301","external_links_name":"10.1080/1363682960480301"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144356711","external_links_name":"144356711"},{"Link":"https://hdl.handle.net/1885%2F120832","external_links_name":"1885/120832"},{"Link":"https://www120.secure.griffith.edu.au/rch/file/4990165f-d14d-cac6-b336-ab826133ba50/1/02Whole.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The Australian Manufacturing Workers Union and the Environment\""},{"Link":"http://ro.uow.edu.au/alr/vol1/iss140/13","external_links_name":"\"Is the Left Braindead?: A Sterile Debate\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=kap-AAAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"In Praise of Aging"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/129544123","external_links_name":"VIAF"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartford,_Alabama	Hartford, Alabama	["1 Geography","2 Demographics","2.1 2000 census","2.2 2010 census","2.3 2020 census","3 Notable people","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]	Coordinates: 31°6′13″N 85°41′40″W / 31.10361°N 85.69444°W / 31.10361; -85.69444City in Alabama, United States City in Alabama, United StatesHartfordCityLocation of Hartford in Geneva County, Alabama.Coordinates: 31°6′13″N 85°41′40″W / 31.10361°N 85.69444°W / 31.10361; -85.69444CountryUnited StatesStateAlabamaCountyGenevaArea • Total6.25 sq mi (16.19 km2) • Land6.24 sq mi (16.15 km2) • Water0.01 sq mi (0.04 km2)Elevation272 ft (83 m)Population (2020) • Total2,651 • Density425.11/sq mi (164.13/km2)Time zoneUTC-6 (Central (CST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-5 (CDT)ZIP code36344Area code334FIPS code01-33424GNIS feature ID0151801WebsiteCity of Hartford, Alabama Hartford is a city in Geneva County, Alabama, United States. It incorporated in 1896. It is part of the Dothan, Alabama Metropolitan Statistical Area. At the 2020 census, the population was 2,651, an increase over the figure of 2,624 tabulated in 2010. Geography Hartford is located at 31°6′13″N 85°41′40″W / 31.10361°N 85.69444°W / 31.10361; -85.69444 (31.103664, -85.694544). According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 6.2 square miles (16 km2), of which 6.2 square miles (16 km2) is land and 0.16% is water. Demographics Historical population CensusPop.Note%± 1900382—19101,159203.4%19201,56134.7%19301,419−9.1%19401,4945.3%19501,65510.8%19601,95618.2%19702,64835.4%19802,6470.0%19902,448−7.5%20002,369−3.2%20102,62410.8%20202,6511.0%U.S. Decennial Census2013 Estimate 2000 census At the 2000 census there were 2,369 people, 966 households, and 647 families living in the city. The population density was 380.1 inhabitants per square mile (146.8/km2). There were 1,121 housing units at an average density of 179.9 per square mile (69.5/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 79.11% White, 19.63% Black or African American, 0.42% Native American, 0.30% from other races, and 0.55% from two or more races. 1.69% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. Of the 966 households 27.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.0% were married couples living together, 13.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.0% were non-families. 31.1% of households were one person and 15.0% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.35 and the average family size was 2.90. The age distribution was 22.9% under the age of 18, 6.4% from 18 to 24, 24.1% from 25 to 44, 24.5% from 45 to 64, and 22.1% 65 or older. The median age was 43 years. For every 100 females, there were 84.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 77.5 males. The median household income was $23,324 and the median family income was $30,919. Males had a median income of $25,843 versus $21,838 for females. The per capita income for the city was $13,290. About 19.9% of families and 19.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 29.0% of those under age 18 and 19.1% of those age 65 or over. 2010 census At the 2010 census there were 2,624 people, 1,059 households, and 677 families living in the city. The population density was 423.2 inhabitants per square mile (163.4/km2). There were 1,196 housing units at an average density of 192.9 per square mile (74.5/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 77.9% White, 17.9% Black or African American, 0.6% Native American, 1.8% from other races, and 1.8% from two or more races. 3.1% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. Of the 1,059 households 23.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.3% were married couples living together, 15.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36.1% were non-families. 32.5% of households were one person and 16.2% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.40 and the average family size was 3.02. The age distribution was 21.8% under the age of 18, 9.5% from 18 to 24, 20.9% from 25 to 44, 26.1% from 45 to 64, and 21.6% 65 or older. The median age was 42.9 years. For every 100 females, there were 87.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.0 males. The median household income was $26,086 and the median family income was $36,900. Males had a median income of $31,505 versus $17,369 for females. The per capita income for the city was $16,507. About 14.9% of families and 21.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 16.0% of those under age 18 and 20.6% of those age 65 or over. 2020 census Hartford racial composition Race Num. Perc. White (non-Hispanic) 1,915 72.24% Black or African American (non-Hispanic) 458 17.28% Native American 14 0.53% Asian 3 0.11% Other/Mixed 140 5.28% Hispanic or Latino 121 4.56% As of the 2020 United States census, there were 2,651 people, 934 households, and 565 families residing in the city. Notable people Ralph Brown Draughon, president of Auburn University from 1947 to 1965 Dixie Howell, member of the College Football Hall of Fame. He played for the University of Alabama Scott Peacock, award-winning chef of American Southern cuisine Early Wynn, born in Hartford, member of the Baseball Hall of Fame See also List of municipalities in Alabama References ^ "2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 29, 2021. ^ "Hartford \| Encyclopedia of Alabama". Archived from the original on January 18, 2017. Retrieved January 26, 2016. ^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011. ^ "U.S. Decennial Census". Census.gov. Retrieved June 6, 2013. ^ "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2013". Archived from the original on May 22, 2014. Retrieved June 3, 2014. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 24, 2015. ^ "Explore Census Data". data.census.gov. Retrieved December 17, 2021. ^ Reichler, Joseph L., ed. (1979) . The Baseball Encyclopedia (4th ed.). New York: Macmillan Publishing. ISBN 0-02-578970-8. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hartford, Alabama. Official website vteMunicipalities and communities of Geneva County, Alabama, United StatesCounty seat: GenevaCities Geneva Hartford Samson Slocomb Map of Alabama highlighting Geneva CountyTowns Black Coffee Springs Malvern Taylor‡ CDP Eunola Unincorporatedcommunities Bellwood Chancellor Dundee Earlytown Fadette Hacoda High Bluff Highfalls Highnote Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Alabama portal United States portal Authority control databases International VIAF National Israel United States Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Geneva County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva_County,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Dothan, Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dothan,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Statistical Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dothan,_Alabama_metropolitan_area"},{"link_name":"2020 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_census"}],"text":"City in Alabama, United StatesCity in Alabama, United StatesHartford is a city in Geneva County, Alabama, United States. It incorporated in 1896.[2] It is part of the Dothan, Alabama Metropolitan Statistical Area. At the 2020 census, the population was 2,651, an increase over the figure of 2,624 tabulated in 2010.","title":"Hartford, Alabama"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"31°6′13″N 85°41′40″W / 31.10361°N 85.69444°W / 31.10361; -85.69444","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hartford,_Alabama&params=31_6_13_N_85_41_40_W_type:city"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR1-3"},{"link_name":"U.S. Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Census_Bureau"}],"text":"Hartford is located at 31°6′13″N 85°41′40″W / 31.10361°N 85.69444°W / 31.10361; -85.69444 (31.103664, -85.694544).[3]According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 6.2 square miles (16 km2), of which 6.2 square miles (16 km2) is land and 0.16% is water.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2000 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_United_States_Census"},{"link_name":"racial makeup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_Census#2000_census"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-6"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"sub_title":"2000 census","text":"At the 2000 census there were 2,369 people, 966 households, and 647 families living in the city. The population density was 380.1 inhabitants per square mile (146.8/km2). There were 1,121 housing units at an average density of 179.9 per square mile (69.5/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 79.11% White, 19.63% Black or African American, 0.42% Native American, 0.30% from other races, and 0.55% from two or more races. 1.69% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.[6]\nOf the 966 households 27.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.0% were married couples living together, 13.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.0% were non-families. 31.1% of households were one person and 15.0% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.35 and the average family size was 2.90.The age distribution was 22.9% under the age of 18, 6.4% from 18 to 24, 24.1% from 25 to 44, 24.5% from 45 to 64, and 22.1% 65 or older. The median age was 43 years. For every 100 females, there were 84.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 77.5 males.The median household income was $23,324 and the median family income was $30,919. Males had a median income of $25,843 versus $21,838 for females. The per capita income for the city was $13,290. About 19.9% of families and 19.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 29.0% of those under age 18 and 19.1% of those age 65 or over.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2010 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_States_Census"},{"link_name":"racial makeup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_Census#2010_census"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2010_census-7"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"sub_title":"2010 census","text":"At the 2010 census there were 2,624 people, 1,059 households, and 677 families living in the city. The population density was 423.2 inhabitants per square mile (163.4/km2). There were 1,196 housing units at an average density of 192.9 per square mile (74.5/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 77.9% White, 17.9% Black or African American, 0.6% Native American, 1.8% from other races, and 1.8% from two or more races. 3.1% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.[7]\nOf the 1,059 households 23.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.3% were married couples living together, 15.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36.1% were non-families. 32.5% of households were one person and 16.2% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.40 and the average family size was 3.02.The age distribution was 21.8% under the age of 18, 9.5% from 18 to 24, 20.9% from 25 to 44, 26.1% from 45 to 64, and 21.6% 65 or older. The median age was 42.9 years. For every 100 females, there were 87.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.0 males.The median household income was $26,086 and the median family income was $36,900. Males had a median income of $31,505 versus $17,369 for females. The per capita income for the city was $16,507. About 14.9% of families and 21.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 16.0% of those under age 18 and 20.6% of those age 65 or over.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2020 United States census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_census"}],"sub_title":"2020 census","text":"As of the 2020 United States census, there were 2,651 people, 934 households, and 565 families residing in the city.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ralph Brown Draughon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Brown_Draughon"},{"link_name":"Auburn University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auburn_University"},{"link_name":"Dixie Howell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixie_Howell"},{"link_name":"College Football Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_Football_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"University of Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Scott Peacock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Peacock"},{"link_name":"chef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chef"},{"link_name":"American Southern cuisine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Southern_cuisine"},{"link_name":"Early Wynn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Wynn"},{"link_name":"Baseball Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Baseball_Encyclopedia-9"}],"text":"Ralph Brown Draughon, president of Auburn University from 1947 to 1965\nDixie Howell, member of the College Football Hall of Fame. He played for the University of Alabama\nScott Peacock, award-winning chef of American Southern cuisine\nEarly Wynn, born in Hartford, member of the Baseball Hall of Fame[9]","title":"Notable people"}]	[{"image_text":"Map of Alabama highlighting Geneva County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Map_of_Alabama_highlighting_Geneva_County.svg/63px-Map_of_Alabama_highlighting_Geneva_County.svg.png"}]	[{"title":"List of municipalities in Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Alabama"}]	[{"reference":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 29, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_01.txt","url_text":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hartford \| Encyclopedia of Alabama\". Archived from the original on January 18, 2017. Retrieved January 26, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/h-3263","url_text":"\"Hartford \| Encyclopedia of Alabama\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170118041629/http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/h-3263","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html","url_text":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Decennial Census\". Census.gov. Retrieved June 6, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","url_text":"\"U.S. Decennial Census\""}]},{"reference":"\"Annual Estimates of the Resident Population: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2013\". Archived from the original on May 22, 2014. Retrieved June 3, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140522161634/http://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2013/SUB-EST2013-3.html","url_text":"\"Annual Estimates of the Resident Population: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2013\""},{"url":"https://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2013/SUB-EST2013-3.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 24, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"Explore Census Data\". data.census.gov. Retrieved December 17, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g=1600000US0133424&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P2","url_text":"\"Explore Census Data\""}]},{"reference":"Reichler, Joseph L., ed. (1979) [1969]. The Baseball Encyclopedia (4th ed.). New York: Macmillan Publishing. ISBN 0-02-578970-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/baseballencyclop00reic","url_text":"The Baseball Encyclopedia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-578970-8","url_text":"0-02-578970-8"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hartford,_Alabama&params=31_6_13_N_85_41_40_W_region:US-AL_type:city(2651)","external_links_name":"31°6′13″N 85°41′40″W / 31.10361°N 85.69444°W / 31.10361; -85.69444"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hartford,_Alabama&params=31_6_13_N_85_41_40_W_region:US-AL_type:city(2651)","external_links_name":"31°6′13″N 85°41′40″W / 31.10361°N 85.69444°W / 31.10361; -85.69444"},{"Link":"http://cityofhartfordal.org/","external_links_name":"City of Hartford, Alabama"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hartford,_Alabama&params=31_6_13_N_85_41_40_W_type:city","external_links_name":"31°6′13″N 85°41′40″W / 31.10361°N 85.69444°W / 31.10361; -85.69444"},{"Link":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_01.txt","external_links_name":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\""},{"Link":"http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/h-3263","external_links_name":"\"Hartford \| Encyclopedia of Alabama\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170118041629/http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/h-3263","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html","external_links_name":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Decennial Census\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140522161634/http://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2013/SUB-EST2013-3.html","external_links_name":"\"Annual Estimates of the Resident Population: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2013\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2013/SUB-EST2013-3.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"Link":"https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g=1600000US0133424&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P2","external_links_name":"\"Explore Census Data\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/baseballencyclop00reic","external_links_name":"The Baseball Encyclopedia"},{"Link":"http://cityofhartfordal.org/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/158308645","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007562125905171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82273687","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/200686992","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phillips,_Wisconsin	Phillips, Wisconsin	["1 History","2 Geography","3 Demographics","3.1 2010 census","3.2 2000 census","4 Government","5 Transportation","6 Notable people","7 Historic locations","8 Images","9 References","10 External links"]	Coordinates: 45°41′30″N 90°24′7″W / 45.69167°N 90.40194°W / 45.69167; -90.40194 City in Wisconsin, United StatesPhillips, WisconsinCityLocation of Phillips in Price County, Wisconsin.PhillipsLocation within WisconsinShow map of WisconsinPhillipsPhillips (the United States)Show map of the United StatesCoordinates: 45°41′30″N 90°24′7″W / 45.69167°N 90.40194°W / 45.69167; -90.40194Country United StatesState WisconsinCountyPriceArea • Total3.34 sq mi (8.64 km2) • Land2.63 sq mi (6.81 km2) • Water0.71 sq mi (1.84 km2)Elevation1,444 ft (440 m)Population (2010) • Total1,478 • Estimate (2019)1,336 • Density508.37/sq mi (196.31/km2)Time zoneUTC-6 (Central (CST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-5 (CDT)Zip Code54555Area code(s)715 & 534FIPS code55-62450GNIS feature ID1571294Websitecityofphillips.com Phillips is a city and the county seat of Price County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 1,478 at the 2010 census. History The town of Phillips was platted in 1876 and named after Elijah B. Phillips, the general manager of the Wisconsin Central Railway. It began as a logging town. In the dry summer of 1894, a devastating fire spread from the southwest and destroyed the town. The population evacuated, and 13 people died in the blaze. The town was rebuilt and expanded in subsequent years, and a memorial to the disaster now stands on the shore of Lake Duroy. Geography Phillips is located at 45°41′30″N 90°24′7″W / 45.69167°N 90.40194°W / 45.69167; -90.40194 (45.691560, -90.401915). It is on highway SR 13, 77 miles north of Marshfield, and 74 miles south of Ashland. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 3.51 square miles (9.09 km2), of which, 2.79 square miles (7.23 km2) is land and 0.72 square miles (1.86 km2) is water. Demographics Historical population CensusPop.Note%± 19001,820—19101,9487.0%19201,9731.3%19301,901−3.6%19401,9150.7%19501,775−7.3%19601,524−14.1%19701,511−0.9%19801,5220.7%19901,5924.6%20001,6755.2%20101,478−11.8%2019 (est.)1,336−9.6%U.S. Decennial Census The Price County courthouse, located in Phillips. 2010 census As of the census of 2010, there were 1,478 people, 695 households, and 338 families living in the city. The population density was 529.7 inhabitants per square mile (204.5/km2). There were 868 housing units at an average density of 311.1 per square mile (120.1/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 95.1% White, 0.7% African American, 0.7% Native American, 1.4% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 0.1% from other races, and 2.0% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.5% of the population. There were 695 households, of which 23.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 34.0% were married couples living together, 11.4% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.3% had a male householder with no wife present, and 51.4% were non-families. 45.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 24.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.00 and the average family size was 2.79. The median age in the city was 44.8 years. 20.2% of residents were under the age of 18; 7.4% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 22.9% were from 25 to 44; 25.9% were from 45 to 64; and 23.6% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 47.6% male and 52.4% female. 2000 census As of the census of 2000, there were 1,675 people, 721 households, and 395 families living in the city. The population density was 605.5 people per square mile (233.5/km2). There were 839 housing units at an average density of 303.3 per square mile (116.9/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 96.96% White, 1.19% Native American, 0.72% Asian, 0.12% from other races, and 1.01% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.36% of the population. There were 721 households, out of which 28.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 39.8% were married couples living together, 11.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 45.1% were non-families. 39.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 21.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.14 and the average family size was 2.89. In the city, the population was spread out, with 22.7% under the age of 18, 7.3% from 18 to 24, 24.1% from 25 to 44, 21.7% from 45 to 64, and 24.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females, there were 83.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 80.0 males. The median income for a household in the city was $31,471, and the median income for a family was $38,889. Males had a median income of $32,333 versus $24,028 for females. The per capita income for the city was $16,480. About 7.2% of families and 12.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 15.4% of those under age 18 and 21.4% of those age 65 or over. Government Phillips is the county seat of Price County. The current mayor is Charles Peterson. Presidential elections results Presidential elections results Year Republican Democratic Third parties 2020 57.1% 408 41.0% 293 2.0% 14 2016 53.0% 329 41.9% 260 5.1% 32 2012 42.5% 291 55.9% 383 1.6% 11 2008 38.4% 266 60.0% 416 1.6% 11 2004 46.1% 380 52.9% 436 1.0% 8 2000 53.3% 390 43.3% 317 3.4% 25 Transportation Price County Airport Phillips is served by the Price County Airport (KPBH), located one mile northwest of the city. In 2017, the airport handled approximately 18,100 operations per year, almost 50 per day, with roughly 84% general aviation, 15% air taxi and 1% military. The airport has a 5,220 foot asphalt runway with approved GPS approaches (Runway 1-19) and a 3,951 foot asphalt crosswind runway (Runway 6-24), also with GPS approaches. Bus service is provided by Bay Area Rural Transit. Notable people Adolph Bieberstein, NFL player Frank Boyle, Wisconsin State Representative Esther Bubley, photographer Clayton Hicks, Wisconsin State Senator Willis J. Hutnik, Wisconsin State Representative Felix A. Kremer, Wisconsin State Representative Nathan E. Lane, Wisconsin State Representative Chuck Mencel, NBA basketball player, 1955 Big Ten Conference MVP John W. Slaby, Wisconsin State Representative Vincent J. Zellinger, Wisconsin State Representative Historic locations Lidice Memorial Phillips High School Images Sign on WIS13 Welcome sign Downtown Phillips on WIS 13 References ^ "2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 7, 2020. ^ a b "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008. ^ a b "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved November 18, 2012. ^ a b "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". United States Census Bureau. May 24, 2020. Retrieved May 27, 2020. ^ a b "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008. ^ "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Retrieved June 7, 2011. ^ Robert C. Ostergren and Thomas R. Vale. Wisconsin Land and Life. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1997, p. 223. ^ "Bio: Kliss, Frank & Mary (Phillips Fire - 27 Jul 1894)". Retrieved November 30, 2015. ^ "Wisconsin Villages Burned" (PDF). The New York Times. July 29, 1894. Retrieved November 30, 2015. ^ Phillips Fire Centennial Book Committee, Phillips Fire Centennial, 1894-1994, Phillips, Wisconsin ^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011. ^ "US Gazetteer files 2010". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on January 25, 2012. Retrieved November 18, 2012. ^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015. ^ "Directory of City Personnel". City of Phillips. Retrieved November 17, 2021. ^ "Wisconsin election results". Lubar Center for Public Policy and Civic Education. Retrieved November 12, 2021. ^ "AirNav: Airport Information". External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Phillips, Wisconsin. City of Phillips Phillips Area Chamber of Commerce Sanborn fire insurance maps: 1892 1893 1895 1901 1909 vteMunicipalities and communities of Price County, Wisconsin, United StatesCounty seat: PhillipsCities Park Falls Phillips Villages Catawba Kennan Prentice Towns Catawba Eisenstein Elk Emery Fifield Flambeau Georgetown Hackett Harmony Hill Kennan Knox Lake Ogema Prentice Spirit Worcester CDP Ogema Othercommunities Brantwood Clifford‡ Cranberry Lake Dover Fifield Lugerville Spirit Worcester Ghost towns Coolidge Kaiser Kennedy Knox Mills Indian reservation Lac du Flambeau‡ Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Wisconsin portal United States portal vteCounty seats of Wisconsin Alma Antigo Appleton Ashland Balsam Lake Baraboo Barron Black River Falls Chilton Chippewa Falls Crandon Darlington Dodgeville Durand Eagle River Eau Claire Elkhorn Ellsworth Florence Fond du Lac Friendship Green Bay Green Lake Hayward Hudson Hurley Janesville Jefferson Juneau Kenosha Keshena Kewaunee La Crosse Ladysmith Lancaster Madison Manitowoc Marinette Mauston Medford Menomonie Merrill Milwaukee Monroe Montello Neillsville Oconto Oshkosh Phillips Port Washington Portage Prairie du Chien Racine Rhinelander Richland Center Shawano Sheboygan Shell Lake Siren Sparta Stevens Point Sturgeon Bay Superior Viroqua Washburn Waukesha Waupaca Wausau Wautoma West Bend Whitehall Wisconsin Rapids Authority control databases International VIAF National Israel United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"county seat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_seat"},{"link_name":"Price County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Price_County,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"2010 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_States_Census"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR6-6"}],"text":"City in Wisconsin, United StatesPhillips is a city and the county seat of Price County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 1,478 at the 2010 census.[6]","title":"Phillips, Wisconsin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bio:_Kliss,_Frank_&_Mary_(Phillips_Fire_-_27_Jul_1894)-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Philips,_Prentice_&_Mason,_WI_Fires,_Jul_1894-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"The town of Phillips was platted in 1876 and named after Elijah B. Phillips, the general manager of the Wisconsin Central Railway. It began as a logging town.[7]In the dry summer of 1894, a devastating fire spread from the southwest and destroyed the town. The population evacuated, and 13 people died in the blaze.[8][9] The town was rebuilt and expanded in subsequent years, and a memorial to the disaster now stands on the shore of Lake Duroy.[10]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"45°41′30″N 90°24′7″W / 45.69167°N 90.40194°W / 45.69167; -90.40194","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Phillips,_Wisconsin&params=45_41_30_N_90_24_7_W_type:city"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR1-11"},{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gazetteer_files-12"}],"text":"Phillips is located at 45°41′30″N 90°24′7″W / 45.69167°N 90.40194°W / 45.69167; -90.40194 (45.691560, -90.401915).[11] It is on highway SR 13, 77 miles north of Marshfield, and 74 miles south of Ashland.According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 3.51 square miles (9.09 km2), of which, 2.79 square miles (7.23 km2) is land and 0.72 square miles (1.86 km2) is water.[12]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Price_County_Courthouse.JPG"}],"text":"The Price County courthouse, located in Phillips.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wwwcensusgov-3"},{"link_name":"population density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_density"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Pacific Islander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"}],"sub_title":"2010 census","text":"As of the census[3] of 2010, there were 1,478 people, 695 households, and 338 families living in the city. The population density was 529.7 inhabitants per square mile (204.5/km2). There were 868 housing units at an average density of 311.1 per square mile (120.1/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 95.1% White, 0.7% African American, 0.7% Native American, 1.4% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 0.1% from other races, and 2.0% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.5% of the population.There were 695 households, of which 23.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 34.0% were married couples living together, 11.4% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.3% had a male householder with no wife present, and 51.4% were non-families. 45.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 24.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.00 and the average family size was 2.79.The median age in the city was 44.8 years. 20.2% of residents were under the age of 18; 7.4% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 22.9% were from 25 to 44; 25.9% were from 45 to 64; and 23.6% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 47.6% male and 52.4% female.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-5"},{"link_name":"population density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_density"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"sub_title":"2000 census","text":"As of the census[5] of 2000, there were 1,675 people, 721 households, and 395 families living in the city. The population density was 605.5 people per square mile (233.5/km2). There were 839 housing units at an average density of 303.3 per square mile (116.9/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 96.96% White, 1.19% Native American, 0.72% Asian, 0.12% from other races, and 1.01% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.36% of the population.There were 721 households, out of which 28.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 39.8% were married couples living together, 11.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 45.1% were non-families. 39.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 21.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.14 and the average family size was 2.89.In the city, the population was spread out, with 22.7% under the age of 18, 7.3% from 18 to 24, 24.1% from 25 to 44, 21.7% from 45 to 64, and 24.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females, there were 83.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 80.0 males.The median income for a household in the city was $31,471, and the median income for a family was $38,889. Males had a median income of $32,333 versus $24,028 for females. The per capita income for the city was $16,480. About 7.2% of families and 12.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 15.4% of those under age 18 and 21.4% of those age 65 or over.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Democratic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Third parties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"2020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election_in_Wisconsin,_2020"},{"link_name":"2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election_in_Wisconsin,_2016"},{"link_name":"2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election_in_Wisconsin,_2012"},{"link_name":"2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election_in_Wisconsin,_2008"},{"link_name":"2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election_in_Wisconsin,_2004"},{"link_name":"2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election_in_Wisconsin,_2000"}],"text":"Phillips is the county seat of Price County. The current mayor is Charles Peterson.[14]Presidential elections results\n\n\t\nPresidential elections results [15]\n\n\nYear\n\nRepublican\n\nDemocratic\n\nThird parties\n\n\n2020\n\n57.1% 408\n\n41.0% 293\n\n2.0% 14\n\n\n2016\n\n53.0% 329\n\n41.9% 260\n\n5.1% 32\n\n\n2012\n\n42.5% 291\n\n55.9% 383\n\n1.6% 11\n\n\n2008\n\n38.4% 266\n\n60.0% 416\n\n1.6% 11\n\n\n2004\n\n46.1% 380\n\n52.9% 436\n\n1.0% 8\n\n\n2000\n\n53.3% 390\n\n43.3% 317\n\n3.4% 25","title":"Government"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Price_County_Wisconsin_Airport.jpg"},{"link_name":"Price County Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Price_County_Airport"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Bay Area Rural Transit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_Area_Rural_Transit"}],"text":"Price County AirportPhillips is served by the Price County Airport (KPBH), located one mile northwest of the city. In 2017, the airport handled approximately 18,100 operations per year, almost 50 per day, with roughly 84% general aviation, 15% air taxi and 1% military. The airport has a 5,220 foot asphalt runway with approved GPS approaches (Runway 1-19) and a 3,951 foot asphalt crosswind runway (Runway 6-24), also with GPS approaches.[16]Bus service is provided by Bay Area Rural Transit.","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Adolph Bieberstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolph_Bieberstein"},{"link_name":"NFL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFL"},{"link_name":"Frank Boyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Boyle"},{"link_name":"Esther Bubley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esther_Bubley"},{"link_name":"Clayton Hicks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clayton_Hicks"},{"link_name":"Willis J. Hutnik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willis_J._Hutnik"},{"link_name":"Felix A. Kremer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_A._Kremer"},{"link_name":"Nathan E. Lane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_E._Lane"},{"link_name":"Chuck Mencel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Mencel"},{"link_name":"John W. Slaby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_W._Slaby"},{"link_name":"Vincent J. Zellinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_J._Zellinger"}],"text":"Adolph Bieberstein, NFL player\nFrank Boyle, Wisconsin State Representative\nEsther Bubley, photographer\nClayton Hicks, Wisconsin State Senator\nWillis J. Hutnik, Wisconsin State Representative\nFelix A. Kremer, Wisconsin State Representative\nNathan E. Lane, Wisconsin State Representative\nChuck Mencel, NBA basketball player, 1955 Big Ten Conference MVP\nJohn W. Slaby, Wisconsin State Representative\nVincent J. Zellinger, Wisconsin State Representative","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lidice Memorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidice_Memorial"},{"link_name":"Phillips High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phillips_High_School_(Phillips,_Wisconsin)"}],"text":"Lidice Memorial\nPhillips High School","title":"Historic locations"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Phillips_Wisconsin_Sign_WIS13.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Phillips_Wisconsin_Welcome_Sign.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Phillips_Wisconsin_Downtown_WIS13.jpg"}],"text":"Sign on WIS13\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tWelcome sign\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDowntown Phillips on WIS 13","title":"Images"}]	[{"image_text":"The Price County courthouse, located in Phillips.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Price_County_Courthouse.JPG/220px-Price_County_Courthouse.JPG"},{"image_text":"Price County Airport","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Price_County_Wisconsin_Airport.jpg/200px-Price_County_Wisconsin_Airport.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Map_of_Wisconsin_highlighting_Price_County.svg/70px-Map_of_Wisconsin_highlighting_Price_County.svg.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 7, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2019_Gazetteer/2019_gaz_place_55.txt","url_text":"\"2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files\""}]},{"reference":"\"US Board on Geographic Names\". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://geonames.usgs.gov/","url_text":"\"US Board on Geographic Names\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved November 18, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"Population and Housing Unit Estimates\". United States Census Bureau. May 24, 2020. Retrieved May 27, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/data/tables.2019.html","url_text":"\"Population and Housing Unit Estimates\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"Find a County\". National Association of Counties. Retrieved June 7, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx","url_text":"\"Find a County\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bio: Kliss, Frank & Mary (Phillips Fire - 27 Jul 1894)\". Retrieved November 30, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.usgennet.org/usa/wi/county/clark/4data/89/89667.htm","url_text":"\"Bio: Kliss, Frank & Mary (Phillips Fire - 27 Jul 1894)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wisconsin Villages Burned\" (PDF). The New York Times. July 29, 1894. Retrieved November 30, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1894/07/29/106868679.pdf","url_text":"\"Wisconsin Villages Burned\""}]},{"reference":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html","url_text":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"US Gazetteer files 2010\". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on January 25, 2012. Retrieved November 18, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120125061959/http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt","url_text":"\"US Gazetteer files 2010\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"},{"url":"https://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Census of Population and Housing\". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","url_text":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""}]},{"reference":"\"Directory of City Personnel\". City of Phillips. Retrieved November 17, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cityofphillips.com/directory.html","url_text":"\"Directory of City Personnel\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wisconsin election results\". Lubar Center for Public Policy and Civic Education. Retrieved November 12, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://lubarcenter.shinyapps.io/VotesApp/","url_text":"\"Wisconsin election results\""}]},{"reference":"\"AirNav: Airport Information\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.airnav.com/airports/pbh","url_text":"\"AirNav: Airport Information\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Phillips,_Wisconsin&params=45_41_30_N_90_24_7_W_region:US_type:city","external_links_name":"45°41′30″N 90°24′7″W / 45.69167°N 90.40194°W / 45.69167; -90.40194"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Phillips,_Wisconsin&params=45_41_30_N_90_24_7_W_region:US_type:city","external_links_name":"45°41′30″N 90°24′7″W / 45.69167°N 90.40194°W / 45.69167; -90.40194"},{"Link":"http://cityofphillips.com/","external_links_name":"cityofphillips.com"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Phillips,_Wisconsin&params=45_41_30_N_90_24_7_W_type:city","external_links_name":"45°41′30″N 90°24′7″W / 45.69167°N 90.40194°W / 45.69167; -90.40194"},{"Link":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2019_Gazetteer/2019_gaz_place_55.txt","external_links_name":"\"2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files\""},{"Link":"https://geonames.usgs.gov/","external_links_name":"\"US Board on Geographic Names\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/data/tables.2019.html","external_links_name":"\"Population and Housing Unit Estimates\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"Link":"http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Find a County\""},{"Link":"http://www.usgennet.org/usa/wi/county/clark/4data/89/89667.htm","external_links_name":"\"Bio: Kliss, Frank & Mary (Phillips Fire - 27 Jul 1894)\""},{"Link":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1894/07/29/106868679.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Wisconsin Villages Burned\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html","external_links_name":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120125061959/http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt","external_links_name":"\"US Gazetteer files 2010\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","external_links_name":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""},{"Link":"https://www.cityofphillips.com/directory.html","external_links_name":"\"Directory of City Personnel\""},{"Link":"https://lubarcenter.shinyapps.io/VotesApp/","external_links_name":"\"Wisconsin election results\""},{"Link":"http://www.airnav.com/airports/pbh","external_links_name":"\"AirNav: Airport Information\""},{"Link":"http://www.cityofphillips.com/","external_links_name":"City of Phillips"},{"Link":"http://phillipswisconsin.net/","external_links_name":"Phillips Area Chamber of Commerce"},{"Link":"http://content.wisconsinhistory.org/cdm/ref/collection/maps/id/9288","external_links_name":"1892"},{"Link":"http://content.wisconsinhistory.org/cdm/ref/collection/maps/id/9293","external_links_name":"1893"},{"Link":"http://content.wisconsinhistory.org/cdm/ref/collection/maps/id/9298","external_links_name":"1895"},{"Link":"http://content.wisconsinhistory.org/cdm/ref/collection/maps/id/9304","external_links_name":"1901"},{"Link":"http://content.wisconsinhistory.org/cdm/ref/collection/maps/id/9311","external_links_name":"1909"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/154930728","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007531039305171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n95066912","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaame_Masjid,_Blackburn	Jaame Masjid, Blackburn	["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"]	Coordinates: 53°44′44″N 2°27′53″W / 53.74556°N 2.46472°W / 53.74556; -2.46472Mosque in Blackburn, Lancashire, England For the generic concept of "Central Mosque" مسجد جامي, and for other mosques with similar names, see Jama Masjid. Jaame MasjidLocationLocationBlackburn, England, United KingdomGeographic coordinates53°44′44″N 2°27′53″W / 53.74556°N 2.46472°W / 53.74556; -2.46472ArchitectureTypeMosqueCompleted1962SpecificationsDome(s)1Minaret(s)2 Jaame Masjid, also known as the Jaame Masjid Islamic Cultural Centre is a mosque in Blackburn, Lancashire, England. It was established from a house in 1962, incorporating two terrace houses, and has since been expanded on several occasions. It became the first Masjid in Lancashire, recognised as the official central mosque of Blackburn. See also List of mosques List of mosques in Europe List of mosques in Great Britain References ^ Docking, Neil (6 June 2010). "7,000 Muslims celebrate Mohammed's birth in Blackburn". Lancashire Telegraph. Retrieved 20 February 2021. ^ "Expansion plan for Blackburn mosque". Lancashire Telegraph. 29 July 2012. Retrieved 20 February 2021. ^ "The first mosques in the North West". Asian Image. Retrieved 20 February 2021. ^ Official Central Masjid of Blackburn - About us Archived 2009-10-09 at the Wayback Machine External links Official website vteMosques in the United KingdomEngland Al Mahdi Mosque Al-Rahma Mosque Abbey Mills Mosque Aziziye Mosque Baitul Futuh Mosque Baitus Salaam Mosque Banbury Mosque Birmingham Central Mosque Blackpool Central Mosque Bradford Grand Mosque Brick Lane Mosque Brixton Mosque Bristol Jamia Mosque Chesham Mosque Croydon Mosque Darul Amaan Mosque Darul Barakaat Mosque Didsbury Mosque Dudley Central Mosque East London Mosque Fazl Mosque Forest Gate Mosque Ghamkol Shariff Masjid, Birmingham Green Lane Masjid Harrow Central Mosque Islamic Centre of England Jamea Masjid, Preston Jaame Masjid, Blackburn Jamia Mosque Sultania, Brierfield Kingston Mosque Leeds Grand Mosque Leytonstone Mosque London Central Mosque Madina Masjid & Islamic Centre Madina Mosque, Horsham Madina Mosque (Preston) Manchester Central Mosque Markazi Masjid, Dewsbury Markazi Masjid, Tower Hamlets Madina Mosque Mubarak Mosque Nasir Mosque Noor-A-Madina Mosque, Blackpool Noor-ur-Islam Mosque (Leyton, Waltham Forest) North London Central Mosque North Manchester Jamia Mosque Westwood Mosque Redditch Central Mosque As-Salafi Mosque Shacklewell Lane Mosque Shah Jahan Mosque, Woking Shropshire Islamic Foundation Stratford Street Mosque Suleymaniye Mosque Umar Mosque Upper Brook Street Chapel, Manchester Wembley Central Mosque Westwood Mosque Northern Ireland Belfast Islamic Centre Scotland Aberdeen Mosque and Islamic Centre Al-Furqan Mosque Al Maktoum Mosque, Dundee Ayrshire Central Mosque Central Scotland Islamic Centre (Stirling, Scotland) Dumfries Islamic Society Dundee Central Mosque Glasgow Central Mosque Edinburgh Central Mosque Inverness Masjid Jame Masjid Bilal, Dundee Masjid Noor, Glasgow Masjid Tajdare Madina, Dundee Perth Mosque, Scotland Syed Shah Mustafa Jamee Masjid, Aberdeen Wales Al-Manar Centre Masjid-e-Zawiyah Shah Jalal Mosque, Cardiff Swansea Mosque Category Islam in the United Kingdom Mosques by country vteBuildings and structures in Blackburn with DarwenGrade I Turton Tower Places of worship Pleasington: Priory Grade II*Places of worship Blackburn: Cathedral St Mark St Silas Darwen: St Peter Grade II Blackburn Museum and Art Gallery Blackburn railway station Cotton Exchange Darwen Library Ewood Aqueduct Imperial Mill Jubilee Tower Lewis Textile Museum Woodfold Hall Places of worship Blackburn: Holy Trinity Darwen: St Cuthbert Feniscowles: Immanuel Turton: St Anne Scheduledmonuments Cheetham Close Unlisted Blackburn Mill Power Station Blackburn War Memorial Royal Blackburn Teaching Hospital The Mall Blackburn Places of worship Blackburn: Jaame Masjid St Andrew St Gabriel Darwen: St Barnabas Ruined ordemolished Billinge Scar Blackburn Boulevard bus station Hollinshead Hall ROF Blackburn Places of worship Blackburn: St Thomas Hoddlesden: Old St Paul Turncroft: St John the Evangelist Listed in Blackburn Darwen Eccleshill Hoddlesden Livesey North Turton Pleasington Tockholes Yate & Pickup Bank This article about a Lancashire building or structure is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about a mosque or other Muslim place of worship in the United Kingdom is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jama Masjid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jama_Masjid_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sev-1"},{"link_name":"mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosque"},{"link_name":"Blackburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackburn"},{"link_name":"Lancashire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancashire"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-asi-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Mosque in Blackburn, Lancashire, EnglandFor the generic concept of \"Central Mosque\" مسجد جامي, and for other mosques with similar names, see Jama Masjid.Jaame Masjid, also known as the Jaame Masjid Islamic Cultural Centre[1] is a mosque in Blackburn, Lancashire, England. It was established from a house in 1962, incorporating two terrace houses, and has since been expanded on several occasions.[2][3] It became the first Masjid in Lancashire, recognised as the official central mosque of Blackburn.[4]","title":"Jaame Masjid, Blackburn"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of mosques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mosques"},{"title":"List of mosques in Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mosques_in_Europe"},{"title":"List of mosques in Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mosques_in_Great_Britain"}]	[{"reference":"Docking, Neil (6 June 2010). \"7,000 Muslims celebrate Mohammed's birth in Blackburn\". Lancashire Telegraph. Retrieved 20 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lancashiretelegraph.co.uk/news/8204343.7-000-muslims-celebrate-mohammeds-birth-blackburn/","url_text":"\"7,000 Muslims celebrate Mohammed's birth in Blackburn\""}]},{"reference":"\"Expansion plan for Blackburn mosque\". Lancashire Telegraph. 29 July 2012. Retrieved 20 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lancashiretelegraph.co.uk/news/9843149.expansion-plan-blackburn-mosque/","url_text":"\"Expansion plan for Blackburn mosque\""}]},{"reference":"\"The first mosques in the North West\". Asian Image. Retrieved 20 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.asianimage.co.uk/news/16314236.first-mosques-north-west/","url_text":"\"The first mosques in the North West\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Jaame_Masjid,_Blackburn&params=53_44_44_N_2_27_53_W_region:GB_type:landmark","external_links_name":"53°44′44″N 2°27′53″W / 53.74556°N 2.46472°W / 53.74556; -2.46472"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Jaame_Masjid,_Blackburn&params=53_44_44_N_2_27_53_W_region:GB_type:landmark","external_links_name":"53°44′44″N 2°27′53″W / 53.74556°N 2.46472°W / 53.74556; -2.46472"},{"Link":"https://www.lancashiretelegraph.co.uk/news/8204343.7-000-muslims-celebrate-mohammeds-birth-blackburn/","external_links_name":"\"7,000 Muslims celebrate Mohammed's birth in Blackburn\""},{"Link":"https://www.lancashiretelegraph.co.uk/news/9843149.expansion-plan-blackburn-mosque/","external_links_name":"\"Expansion plan for Blackburn mosque\""},{"Link":"https://www.asianimage.co.uk/news/16314236.first-mosques-north-west/","external_links_name":"\"The first mosques in the North West\""},{"Link":"http://www.jaamemasjid.org/aboutus.html","external_links_name":"Official Central Masjid of Blackburn - About us"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091009003801/http://www.jaamemasjid.org/aboutus.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090805062822/http://www.jaamemasjid.org/homepage.html","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jaame_Masjid,_Blackburn&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jaame_Masjid,_Blackburn&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennerdell,_Pennsylvania	Kennerdell, Pennsylvania	["1 Demographics","2 References","3 External links"]	Coordinates: 41°16′14″N 79°50′09″W / 41.27056°N 79.83583°W / 41.27056; -79.83583 CDP in Pennsylvania, United StatesKennerdell, PennsylvaniaCDPOld bridge near KennerdellCountryUnited StatesStatePennsylvaniaCountyVenangoArea • Total2.25 sq mi (5.82 km2) • Land2.25 sq mi (5.82 km2) • Water0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2)Population (2020) • Total176 • Density78.26/sq mi (30.21/km2)Time zoneUTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (EDT)FIPS code42-39336 Kennerdell is a census-designated place located in Rockland Township, Venango County in the state of Pennsylvania. The community is located in southern Venango County along the Allegheny River. As of the 2010 census the population was 247 residents. Long before the arrival of the railroad, Kennerdell was a busy trade stop along the Allegheny River because of its location at the confluence of many tributaries. By the War of 1812, Kennerdell was shipping tons of material downriver. Wool, coal, timber from the great Allegheny forests north of Kennerdell, and produce from the area's farms were shipped on barges down the Allegheny to Fort Pitt and to market in Pittsburgh. Demographics Historical population CensusPop.Note%± 2020176—U.S. Decennial Census References ^ "ArcGIS REST Services Directory". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 12, 2022. ^ "Census Population API". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 12, 2022. ^ ^ https://www.census.gov/# ^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2016. External links Venango County, Pennsylvania: Kennerdell vteMunicipalities and communities of Venango County, Pennsylvania, United StatesCounty seat: FranklinCities Franklin Oil City Boroughs Barkeyville Clintonville Cooperstown Emlenton‡ Pleasantville Polk Rouseville Sugarcreek Utica Townships Allegheny Canal Cherrytree Clinton Cornplanter Cranberry Frenchcreek Irwin Jackson Mineral Oakland Oil Creek Pinegrove Plum President Richland Rockland Sandycreek Scrubgrass Victory CDPs Hannasville Hasson Heights Kennerdell Seneca Woodland Heights Unincorporatedcommunities Cranberry Dempseytown Petroleum Center Pittsville Toonerville Venus‡ Ghost town Pithole Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Pennsylvania portal United States portal 41°16′14″N 79°50′09″W / 41.27056°N 79.83583°W / 41.27056; -79.83583 This Venango County, Pennsylvania state location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census-designated place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census-designated_place"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Rockland Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockland_Township,_Venango_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Venango County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venango_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Allegheny River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allegheny_River"},{"link_name":"2010 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_States_census"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"tributaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tributaries"},{"link_name":"War of 1812","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_1812"},{"link_name":"Fort Pitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Pitt_(Pennsylvania)"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh"}],"text":"CDP in Pennsylvania, United StatesKennerdell is a census-designated place[3] located in Rockland Township, Venango County in the state of Pennsylvania. The community is located in southern Venango County along the Allegheny River. As of the 2010 census[4] the population was 247 residents.Long before the arrival of the railroad, Kennerdell was a busy trade stop along the Allegheny River because of its location at the confluence of many tributaries. By the War of 1812, Kennerdell was shipping tons of material downriver. Wool, coal, timber from the great Allegheny forests north of Kennerdell, and produce from the area's farms were shipped on barges down the Allegheny to Fort Pitt and to market in Pittsburgh.","title":"Kennerdell, Pennsylvania"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demographics"}]	[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Map_of_Pennsylvania_highlighting_Venango_County.svg/180px-Map_of_Pennsylvania_highlighting_Venango_County.svg.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"ArcGIS REST Services Directory\". United States Census Bureau. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabela,_%C4%8Capljina	Gabela, Bosnia and Herzegovina	["1 Etymology","2 History","3 Demographics","4 Sports","5 Further reading","6 References","7 External links"]	Coordinates: 43°04′N 17°41′E / 43.06°N 17.69°E / 43.06; 17.69Village in Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bosnia and HerzegovinaGabelaVillageGabelaGabelaCoordinates: 43°04′N 17°41′E / 43.06°N 17.69°E / 43.06; 17.69Country Bosnia and HerzegovinaEntityFederation of Bosnia and HerzegovinaCanton Herzegovina-NeretvaMunicipality ČapljinaArea • Total6.77 sq mi (17.53 km2)Population (2013) • Total2,315 • Density340/sq mi (130/km2)Time zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST) Gabela (Serbian Cyrillic: Габела) is a village in southern Bosnia and Herzegovina, 5 kilometres south of Čapljina and 4 kilometers from Metković, in Croatia. It is situated in the navigable lower course of the Neretva, off the major road linking the coast with the mountainous hinterland. Etymology The name Gabela could derive from the Arabic word "alcabala" (qabāla) which means a "contract" or "tax". Kabalá, qabala, qabalah, kabbalah, in Hebrew literally means “something received”. History This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Gabela, Bosnia and Herzegovina" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Drijeva on an old hand-drawn map. According to history, Gabela was first mentioned in a contract between the Serbian ruler Nemanja and the Republic of Ragusa as Drijeva (the old Serbo-Croatian word for ship or ferry). Up to the end of the 12th century it was called Drijevo and was an important centre for the trade between the Bosnian kings and Dubrovnik, in which goods were flowing from Dubrovnik and Republic of Venice: salt, oil, wine, fabrics, glass, weapons and luxury goods, and from the inside: wood, meet, corn, wool, honey and cheese, until it became a Dubrovnik colony known as Osobljane. Drijeva rapidly became a port for slave trading, along with Brštanik, and this was sanctioned by law. This can be seen in the archives of Dubrovnik, where the Mercantum Narenti (Forum Narenti) is mentioned, and in the Statute of Dubrovnik of 1272, where in the sixth book there is a series of passages (42-52) dealing with the social status of slaves. In the 14th century the Bosnian kings began to implement forceful measures against this "trade in human flesh on the Neretva" and under pressure from them in 1400 the Dubrovnik Senate banned the trade in human lives, and the transport of slaves in Ragusan ships in 1416 under the threat of six months imprisonment in the underground dungeons in Dubrovnik in the Rector's Palace in Dubrovnik, as well as a fine. Under the name Gabela (it. Gabella - "customs house") the town was mentioned in 1399. The Ottomans occupied the town in 1529 and built the Sedislam fortress on the right-hand bank of the Neretva. It became the center of the Gabela captany (organized before 1561). In 1537 Gabela becomes part of Nevesinje kadiluk. In the middle of 17th century Ali-Pasha Čengić rebuilt and reinforced the fort, which was also referred as Novi grad (transl. New town). In 1693 it was conquered by the Venetians who repaired the Ottoman buildings, especially in Novi grad and Džerzelez fortress, but they destroyed these buildings again when the Ottomans attacked and recaptured it in 1715. In 1718 the Ottomans themselves rebuilt part of the settlement. The fragments of the walls and towers, the ruins of two churches, as well as Careva džamija (transl. the Sultan's Mosque) which the Venetians converted into a church of Sveti Stjepan (transl. the St. Stephen), and added stone sculptures of lions, the symbol of the Venetian Republic, are all still visible. Until 1878 it was an important border town between Bosnia Eyalet in Ottoman Empire and Dalmatia as part of Venice and later Austria-Hungary, but the role of Gabela as the border-fort would periodically also befell on town of Počitelj. Since 1945, Gabela is a village in Čapljina municipality in Bosnia and Herzegovina about 3 km from the border with Croatia on the right bank of the Neretva river. In the 1980s, a Mexican author named Roberto Salinas Price published a work called Homer's blind audience: an essay on the Iliad's geographical prerequisites for the site of Ilios in which he claimed Gabela was the location of Troy. This was met with quite some interest in Yugoslavia at the time, and the local scientific community was slow to react to this pseudoscientific claim. Since the breakup of Yugoslavia in the early 1990s and the border becoming an international border, Gabela is an important point of transit, with a rail road passing through it. During the Bosnian War in the 1990s, Gabela camp was a prison camp run by the Croatian Community of Herzeg-Bosnia and Croatian Defence Council. The camp consisted of detention facilities and a munitions warehouse. "Outside observers were not allowed to visit Gabela until August 1993. At this time the ICRC registered 1,100 inmates." Demographics Gabela bridge According to the 2013 census, its population was 2,315. Ethnicity in 2013 Ethnicity Number Percentage Croats 2,234 96.5% Serbs 68 2.9% Bosniaks 6 0.2% other/undeclared 8 0.3% Total 2,315 100% Sports Local football club NK GOŠK has spent a few seasons on Bosnia and Herzegovina's top level and play their home games at the Stadium Perica-Pero Pavlović. Further reading Official results from the book: Ethnic composition of Bosnia-Herzegovina population, by municipalities and settlements, Zavod za statistiku Bosne i Hercegovine - Bilten no.234, Sarajevo 1991. References ^ Naklada Naprijed, The Croatian Adriatic Tourist Guide, pg. 318, Zagreb (1999), ISBN 953-178-097-8 ^ Salinas Price, Roberto (2006). Homeric whispers: intimations of orthodoxy in the Iliad and Odyssey. Scylax Press. ISBN 0-910865-11-6 – via Google Books. ^ Škiljan, Dubravko (1985). "Troja i kako je steći". Latina et Graeca (in Croatian). Zagreb: Institut za klasične jezike i antičku civilizacija Latina et Graeca. 1 (25): 3–4. ISSN 0350-414X. ^ Sabrina P. Ramet, Ljubiša S. Adamović, Beyond Yugoslavia: politics, economics, and culture in a shattered community, pg. 59, Westview Press (1995), ISBN 0-8133-7953-9 ^ University of West England, Bristol, School of Humanities, Languages and Social Sciences - United Nations, (27 May 1994), Final report of the United Nations Commission of Experts established pursuant to security council resolution 780 (1992) Archived 2007-12-10 at the Wayback Machine ^ "Naseljena Mjesta 1991/2013" (in Bosnian). Statistical Office of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Retrieved September 26, 2021. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gabela. vteSettlements of Čapljina municipality Bajovci Bivolje Brdo Čapljina Čeljevo Crnići Doljani Domanovići Dračevo Dretelj Dubravica Gabela Gnjilišta Gorica Grabovina Hotanj Jasenica Klepci Lokve Opličići Počitelj Prćavci Prebilovci Ševaš Njive Sjekose Stanojevići Struge Šurmanci Svitava Tasovčići Trebižat Višići Zvirovići vteNeretva river basinCountries Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatia Places Ulog Glavatičevo Konjic Čelebići Ostrožac Jablanica Mostar Počitelj Čapljina Gabela Metković Opuzen Ploče Wellsprings Izvori Neretve Vrelo Bune Bregava Bunica Komadinovo Vrelo Krupac Krupac Župski Lađanica Ljuta Konjička TributariesLeft Jezernica Živanjski Potok Ladjanica Župski Krupac Bukovica Šištica Konjička Bijela Idbar Glogošnica Mostarska Bijela Buna Bregava Krupa Right Gornji Krupac Tatinac Donji Krupac Ljuta Bjelimićka Rijeka Slatinica Račica Rakitnica Ljuta Trešanica Neretvica Rama Doljanka Grabovica Drežanka Radobolja Jasenica Trebižat LakesNatural lakes Uloško Boračko Blatačko Deransko Svitavsko Kuti Reservoirs (artificial) Jablaničko Ramsko Grabovičko Salakovačko Mostarsko Vrutak Hydroelectricpower plants Jablanica Hydroelectric Power Station Grabovica Hydroelectric Power Station Salakovac Hydroelectric Power Station Rama Hydroelectric Power Station Mostar Hydroelectric Power Station Čapljina Hydroelectric Power Station Relatedarticles Battle of Neretva Hutovo Blato Neretva Delta Stari Most Upper Neretva Zalomka Trebišnjica drainage:sub-basin of the NeretvaPlaces Bileća Trebinje Ravno Dubrovnik Cavtat Wellsprings Trebišnjica wellsprings Čepelica TributariesLeft Pilažovački Potok Sušica Right Čepelica Tmuški Potok Reservoirs Bilećko Trebinjsko Vrutak Hydroelectricpower plants Trebinje I Trebinje II Čapljina Dubrovnik (BiH & Croatia) Other topics Orjen Popovo Polje Vjetrenica List of rivers of Bosnia and Herzegovina Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany Israel United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Serbian Cyrillic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Cyrillic_alphabet"},{"link_name":"Bosnia and Herzegovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"Čapljina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Capljina"},{"link_name":"Metković","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metkovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"Neretva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neretva"}],"text":"Village in Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bosnia and HerzegovinaGabela (Serbian Cyrillic: Габела) is a village in southern Bosnia and Herzegovina, 5 kilometres south of Čapljina and 4 kilometers from Metković, in Croatia. It is situated in the navigable lower course of the Neretva, off the major road linking the coast with the mountainous hinterland.","title":"Gabela, Bosnia and Herzegovina"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"alcabala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcabala"},{"link_name":"qabāla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9"},{"link_name":"something received","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Kabballah"}],"text":"The name Gabela could derive from the Arabic word \"alcabala\" (qabāla) which means a \"contract\" or \"tax\". Kabalá, qabala, qabalah, kabbalah, in Hebrew literally means “something received”.","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ciclut_et_Gabella.jpg"},{"link_name":"Nemanja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemanja"},{"link_name":"Republic of Ragusa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ragusa"},{"link_name":"Drijeva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drijeva"},{"link_name":"Bosnian kings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnian_kings"},{"link_name":"Republic of Venice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Venice"},{"link_name":"Brštanik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C5%A1tanik"},{"link_name":"Neretva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neretva"},{"link_name":"Rector's Palace in Dubrovnik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rector%27s_Palace_in_Dubrovnik"},{"link_name":"Ottomans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Sedislam fortress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sedislam_fortress&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nevesinje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevesinje"},{"link_name":"kadiluk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadiluk"},{"link_name":"Ali-Pasha Čengić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ali-Pasha_%C4%8Cengi%C4%87&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Džerzelez fortress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=D%C5%BEerzelez_fortress&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Naprijed-1"},{"link_name":"Bosnia Eyalet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_Eyalet"},{"link_name":"Dalmatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalmatia"},{"link_name":"Austria-Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria-Hungary"},{"link_name":"Počitelj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%C4%8Ditelj"},{"link_name":"Čapljina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Capljina"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"Roberto Salinas Price","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Salinas_Price"},{"link_name":"Troy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troy"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"breakup of Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"Bosnian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnian_War"},{"link_name":"Gabela camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabela_camp"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Drijeva on an old hand-drawn map.According to history, Gabela was first mentioned in a contract between the Serbian ruler Nemanja and the Republic of Ragusa as Drijeva (the old Serbo-Croatian word for ship or ferry). Up to the end of the 12th century it was called Drijevo and was an important centre for the trade between the Bosnian kings and Dubrovnik, in which goods were flowing from Dubrovnik and Republic of Venice: salt, oil, wine, fabrics, glass, weapons and luxury goods, and from the inside: wood, meet, corn, wool, honey and cheese, until it became a Dubrovnik colony known as Osobljane.Drijeva rapidly became a port for slave trading, along with Brštanik, and this was sanctioned by law. This can be seen in the archives of Dubrovnik, where the Mercantum Narenti (Forum Narenti) is mentioned, and in the Statute of Dubrovnik of 1272, where in the sixth book there is a series of passages (42-52) dealing with the social status of slaves.In the 14th century the Bosnian kings began to implement forceful measures against this \"trade in human flesh on the Neretva\" and under pressure from them in 1400 the Dubrovnik Senate banned the trade in human lives, and the transport of slaves in Ragusan ships in 1416 under the threat of six months imprisonment in the underground dungeons in Dubrovnik in the Rector's Palace in Dubrovnik, as well as a fine. Under the name Gabela (it. Gabella - \"customs house\") the town was mentioned in 1399.The Ottomans occupied the town in 1529 and built the Sedislam fortress on the right-hand bank of the Neretva. It became the center of the Gabela captany (organized before 1561). In 1537 Gabela becomes part of Nevesinje kadiluk.In the middle of 17th century Ali-Pasha Čengić rebuilt and reinforced the fort, which was also referred as Novi grad (transl. New town). In 1693 it was conquered by the Venetians who repaired the Ottoman buildings, especially in Novi grad and Džerzelez fortress, but they destroyed these buildings again when the Ottomans attacked and recaptured it in 1715. In 1718 the Ottomans themselves rebuilt part of the settlement.[1] The fragments of the walls and towers, the ruins of two churches, as well as Careva džamija (transl. the Sultan's Mosque) which the Venetians converted into a church of Sveti Stjepan (transl. the St. Stephen), and added stone sculptures of lions, the symbol of the Venetian Republic, are all still visible.Until 1878 it was an important border town between Bosnia Eyalet in Ottoman Empire and Dalmatia as part of Venice and later Austria-Hungary, but the role of Gabela as the border-fort would periodically also befell on town of Počitelj.Since 1945, Gabela is a village in Čapljina municipality in Bosnia and Herzegovina about 3 km from the border with Croatia on the right bank of the Neretva river.In the 1980s, a Mexican author named Roberto Salinas Price published a work called Homer's blind audience: an essay on the Iliad's geographical prerequisites for the site of Ilios in which he claimed Gabela was the location of Troy.[2] This was met with quite some interest in Yugoslavia at the time, and the local scientific community was slow to react to this pseudoscientific claim.[3][4]Since the breakup of Yugoslavia in the early 1990s and the border becoming an international border, Gabela is an important point of transit, with a rail road passing through it.During the Bosnian War in the 1990s, Gabela camp was a prison camp run by the Croatian Community of Herzeg-Bosnia and Croatian Defence Council. The camp consisted of detention facilities and a munitions warehouse. \"Outside observers were not allowed to visit Gabela until August 1993. At this time the ICRC registered 1,100 inmates.\"[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gabela_bridge.jpg"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Gabela bridgeAccording to the 2013 census, its population was 2,315.[6]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NK GOŠK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NK_GO%C5%A0K_Gabela"},{"link_name":"top level","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_League_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"Stadium Perica-Pero Pavlović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadium_Perica-Pero_Pavlovi%C4%87"}],"text":"Local football club NK GOŠK has spent a few seasons on Bosnia and Herzegovina's top level and play their home games at the Stadium Perica-Pero Pavlović.","title":"Sports"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Official results from the book: Ethnic composition of Bosnia-Herzegovina population, by municipalities and settlements, Zavod za statistiku Bosne i Hercegovine - Bilten no.234, Sarajevo 1991.","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"Drijeva on an old hand-drawn map.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Ciclut_et_Gabella.jpg/260px-Ciclut_et_Gabella.jpg"},{"image_text":"Gabela bridge","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Gabela_bridge.jpg/260px-Gabela_bridge.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Salinas Price, Roberto (2006). Homeric whispers: intimations of orthodoxy in the Iliad and Odyssey. Scylax Press. ISBN 0-910865-11-6 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=G4sYfFuSfekC&q=Roberto+Salina+Price","url_text":"Homeric whispers: intimations of orthodoxy in the Iliad and Odyssey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-910865-11-6","url_text":"0-910865-11-6"}]},{"reference":"Škiljan, Dubravko (1985). \"Troja i kako je steći\". Latina et Graeca (in Croatian). Zagreb: Institut za klasične jezike i antičku civilizacija Latina et Graeca. 1 (25): 3–4. ISSN 0350-414X.","urls":[{"url":"https://hrcak.srce.hr/en/clanak/326175","url_text":"\"Troja i kako je steći\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0350-414X","url_text":"0350-414X"}]},{"reference":"\"Naseljena Mjesta 1991/2013\" (in Bosnian). Statistical Office of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Retrieved September 26, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.statistika.ba/?show=12&id=10243","url_text":"\"Naseljena Mjesta 1991/2013\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_Office_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina","url_text":"Statistical Office of Bosnia and Herzegovina"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Gabela,_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina&params=43.06_N_17.69_E_source:hrwiki_region:BA_type:city(2315)","external_links_name":"43°04′N 17°41′E / 43.06°N 17.69°E / 43.06; 17.69"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Gabela,_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina&params=43.06_N_17.69_E_source:hrwiki_region:BA_type:city(2315)","external_links_name":"43°04′N 17°41′E / 43.06°N 17.69°E / 43.06; 17.69"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Gabela%2C+Bosnia+and+Herzegovina%22","external_links_name":"\"Gabela, Bosnia and Herzegovina\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Gabela%2C+Bosnia+and+Herzegovina%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Gabela%2C+Bosnia+and+Herzegovina%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Gabela%2C+Bosnia+and+Herzegovina%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Gabela%2C+Bosnia+and+Herzegovina%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Gabela%2C+Bosnia+and+Herzegovina%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=G4sYfFuSfekC&q=Roberto+Salina+Price","external_links_name":"Homeric whispers: intimations of orthodoxy in the Iliad and Odyssey"},{"Link":"https://hrcak.srce.hr/en/clanak/326175","external_links_name":"\"Troja i kako je steći\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0350-414X","external_links_name":"0350-414X"},{"Link":"http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/comexpert/ANX/VIII-03.htm#III.A.18","external_links_name":"Final report of the United Nations Commission of Experts established pursuant to security council resolution 780 (1992)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071210211015/http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/comexpert/ANX/VIII-03.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.statistika.ba/?show=12&id=10243","external_links_name":"\"Naseljena Mjesta 1991/2013\""},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/152555725","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4234782-8","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007560246505171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n88212856","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Evans_(footballer,_born_1962)	Steve Evans (footballer, born 1962)	["1 Early life","2 Playing career","3 Managerial career","3.1 Stamford","3.2 Boston United","3.3 Crawley Town","3.4 Rotherham United","3.5 Leeds United","3.6 Mansfield Town","3.7 Peterborough United","3.8 Gillingham","3.9 Stevenage","4 Personal life","5 Managerial statistics","6 Honours","6.1 As a manager","7 References","8 External links"]	Scottish footballer and manager Steve Evans Evans as Leeds United manager in 2016Personal informationDate of birth (1962-10-30) 30 October 1962 (age 61)Place of birth Glasgow, ScotlandPosition(s) StrikerTeam informationCurrent team Stevenage (manager)Youth career000?–1979 Bolton WanderersSenior careerYears Team Apps (Gls)1979–1981 Clyde 36 (4)1981–1984 Albion Rovers 76 (28)1984–1985 Ayr United 30 (4)1985 Hamilton Academical 2 (0)1985–1986 St Johnstone 24 (6)Total 168 (42)Managerial career1994–1998 Stamford1998–2002 Boston United2004–2007 Boston United2007–2012 Crawley Town2012–2015 Rotherham United2015–2016 Leeds United2016–2018 Mansfield Town2018–2019 Peterborough United2019–2022 Gillingham2022– Stevenage Club domestic league appearances and goals Steve Evans (born 30 October 1962) is a Scottish professional football manager and former player who is the manager of EFL League One club Stevenage. Born in Glasgow, Scotland, Evans played professional football for Bolton Wanderers, Clyde, Albion Rovers, Ayr United, Hamilton Academical and St Johnstone until a knee ligament injury ended his playing career at 24. After his retirement he became a manager. Prior to taking charge at Crawley Town, he managed Stamford and Boston United, the latter on two occasions. A controversial figure, whilst manager of Boston United he was successfully prosecuted for tax evasion. However, in charge of Rotherham United, he led the club to two successive promotions. He left the club in late September 2015. On 19 October 2015, Evans replaced Uwe Rösler as head coach of Leeds United, before being sacked in May 2016. Early life Born in Glasgow, Scotland, Evans was spotted by scouts from English team Bolton Wanderers when playing for his local youth football club in Glasgow, and he joined Bolton after leaving school. Playing career Evans failed to break into the first team at Bolton and was released in 1979. He then returned to his native Scotland and joined Clyde, where he played in 36 league matches, scoring four goals, before joining Albion Rovers in 1981, where he scored 28 goals in 76 league matches during three years at Cliftonhill. He subsequently moved to Ayr United in 1984, scoring four goals in 30 matches, and to Hamilton Academical in 1985, where he only played in two league matches. He joined St Johnstone in 1985 and scored six goals in 24 matches before a knee ligament injury ended his playing career in 1986, aged 24. Managerial career Stamford Evans fell out of football following his retirement, and was working in sales for Budweiser, when he became manager at Peterborough League side Gedney Hill. He soon moved to Holbeach United for eighteen months, before briefly becoming chairman at Corby Town. His managerial career got going in earnest with Stamford in 1994, who he led to the United Counties Football League Premier Division title and to promotion to the Southern Football League. Boston United After resigning as Stamford manager he was appointed manager of Boston United in October 1998. He managed Boston to promotion from the Southern Football League to the Football Conference in 2000 and subsequently to the Football League in 2002. Both promotions have since been overshadowed by revelations of off-the-field cheating. Evans was suspended by Boston as manager on 4 July 2002 after a much-publicised Football Association (The FA) investigation into "contract irregularities". He later resigned as manager of the club in September 2002, after still being suspended by the club. He was found guilty by The FA in December 2002 of impeding an FA inquiry into contract irregularities. Evans was also suspended from the game for 20 months in January 2003 for involvement of the affairs of Boston, in which players' contracts lodged with the FA contained false salary details. Evans was further accused of impeding the inquiry and fined £8,000. Evans lodged an appeal against charges in May 2003, but The FA rejected his appeal later that month and the punishment stood. Evans later pleaded guilty in court to conspiring to cheat the public revenue, and was given a 12-month prison sentence, suspended for two years. An announcement was made on 20 February 2004 that Evans would return as Boston's manager on 2 March. In September 2005, Evans and four other people connected with Boston appeared in court, denying fraud charges. In November 2005, Evans was given a £1,000 fine, suspended for a year, after admitting to using insulting or abusive words to the match official in a match against Peterborough United in October 2005. On 11 February 2006, he was escorted from Grimsby Town's stadium Blundell Park by Humberside Police at half-time, after he berated the fourth official after being incensed when Grimsby goalkeeper Steve Mildenhall appeared to handle the ball outside his area and was immediately spoken to by a police officer after a complaint of alleged foul and abusive language. After the match Boston chairman Jon Sotnick accused the football authorities of waging a "conspiracy" against his manager. In October 2006, Evans was linked with the vacant Darlington managerial vacancy, but Boston chairman James Rodwell and Evans both denied the link. Also in October, Evans was sent from the dugout after an altercation with Wycombe Wanderers player Tommy Doherty for which he later received a £1,000 suspended fine from the FA. Despite this, which came on top of his conviction for tax evasion, Evans kept his manager's position at Boston, a decision that angered the Boston United Supporters' Trust. In March 2007, Evans was left with only 11 professional footballers for the relegation clash with Bury. Although players were back from suspension, Evans was left frustrated after players such as Barnsley's on-loan striker Nathan Joynes quit the club, which left him with just 12 fit senior players and he was forced to put 16- and 17-year-olds on an incomplete substitute's bench. After drawing 1–1 in their penultimate match of the season against relegated Torquay United, Boston needed a win against relegation rivals Wrexham on 5 May 2007 to avoid the drop out of league football. Wrexham defender Ryan Valentine scores the penalty kick against Boston United that relegated Evans' team Francis Green gave Boston a 1–0 half-time lead, but in the second half United conceded a penalty kick, which Wrexham defender Ryan Valentine converted. Two late goals from Chris Llewellyn and Michael Proctor gave Wrexham a 3–1 victory to ensure their survival. On 8 May 2007, Evans pledged his commitment to the club despite their relegation and return to non-League football. However, on 27 May, Evans and his assistant manager Paul Raynor resigned from Boston with immediate effect. Evans' two occasions as manager combined at Boston made him the club's second-longest-serving manager behind Fred Tunstall, who had three occasions as manager of the club in the 1930s, 40s and 50s. He managed the team on 354 occasions, which resulted in 145 wins, 99 draws and 110 losses. Crawley Town On 29 May 2007, two days after resigning from Boston, Evans took over as Crawley Town manager. He has been sent from the dugout numerous times, which resulted in a ten match ban during the 2008–09 season. He verbally accepted a new three-year contract with Crawley in February 2011. During the 2010–11 season, Crawley reached the fifth round of the FA Cup, beating Swindon Town of League One, Derby County of the Championship and Torquay United of League Two. In the fifth round they were drawn against Manchester United at Old Trafford. Crawley lost this match 1–0 but earned over £1 million for this match alone. Evans stated afterwards "I think we have done our football club proud and we wanted to go away with some respect" and "We have had a fantastic run in the competition and we could not have wished it to finish anywhere else". On 9 April 2011 Crawley clinched promotion to Football League Two for the 2011–12 season. Evans and striker Tyrone Barnett were nominated for League Two Player of the Month and Manager of the Month for August but lost out to Andy Scott and Mark Arber respectively. Despite this, Evans was named October Manager of the Month after achieving five wins, including a 5–2 away victory at AFC Wimbledon, strengthening their push for a second consecutive promotion. Rotherham United Evans left Crawley on 9 April 2012 to be appointed manager of fellow League Two club Rotherham United on a three-year contract. In September 2012, Evans was given a six-match stadium ban and fined £3,000 by the Football Association after being found guilty of "using abusive and insulting words and behaviour" towards a female member of Bradford City's staff, an incident which occurred during his time at Crawley. In his first full season at the club, Rotherham showed inconsistent form throughout, but a run of 5 wins in their last 5 games saw them elevate into the automatic promotion places, finishing second behind champions Gillingham, after a 2 – 0 win over Aldershot Town saw Rotherham promoted on the final day. Starting the following season in League One, Evans continued to produce good results, an honorable mention being the 6–0 win at home against Notts County. Rotherham were promoted later that season in May 2014, drawing the play-off final 2–2 over 120 minutes, and subsequently beating Leyton Orient 4 – 3 in a penalty shootout. On 29 May 2014, Evans agreed a new three-year contract with Rotherham, live on Sky Sports News, a deal which would commit him to the club until 2017. Under his management Rotherham survived their first season back in the Championship, with a game to spare. Evans wore a sombrero, shorts and sandals to the fixture against Leeds United at Elland Road on the final day of the season by way of a celebration. On 28 September 2015, Evans and his assistant manager Paul Raynor left Rotherham with the club citing that the two parties wanted to take the club in different directions. He was replaced as manager on 9 October by former Leeds Head Coach Neil Redfearn. Leeds United On 19 October 2015, Evans joined fellow Championship side Leeds United on a rolling contract until the end of the 2015–16 season, with the option of a second year, replacing previous head coach Uwe Rösler. Evans' assistant at Rotherham, Paul Raynor, also joined him as part of the coaching staff. Evans took charge of a Leeds side one point off the relegation zone, however, he managed to guide Leeds to a 13th-place finish at the end of the 2015–16 season with Leeds finishing 15 points behind the playoff positions. He also gave débuts to 3 academy graduates during the season with Lewie Coyle, Bailey Peacock-Farrell and Ronaldo Vieira all making their débuts under Evans during his tenure. Evans also helped Leeds have an FA Cup run, however his side were knocked out on 20 February 2016 against Premier League side Watford in a narrow 1–0 defeat after a high-profile own goal from Leeds defender Scott Wootton to send Watford through to the FA Cup quarter-final. After the final game of the 2015–16 season against Preston North End, a tearful Evans proclaimed that he had a 'gut feeling' that his contract would not be renewed by club owner Massimo Cellino. On 23 May 2016, it was revealed that MK Dons Manager Karl Robinson had turned down the opportunity from Cellino to become Leeds United Head Coach, further casting doubt on Evans's future at the club. On 27 May, after being turned down by Robinson, Cellino then approached Bristol Rovers manager Darrell Clarke to replace Evans, however again was rebuffed with Clarke preferring to sign a new contract with Rovers. On 27 May, Evans revealed that despite Cellino publicly approaching other managers to replace him he would still say 'yes' if Cellino was to ask him to stay on as Leeds Head Coach, however he also revealed that he would need to be given an answer regarding his future – "I need to establish, in the next week or so at the latest, whether I have a plan going forward at Leeds United." On 31 May 2016 Evans, along with his assistant Paul Raynor, was sacked by Cellino, becoming the sixth manager sacked by Cellino in two years. On Evans's sacking Cellino revealed in a club statement that he felt the club 'needed a different approach in order to achieve targets for the new season'. On 14 June, after being linked with the managerial vacancy at Bradford City, Evans revealed to Telegraph & Argus he had held talks with a club in China to manage a club in China League One, Evans described the financial package as 'mind-blowing' but rejected the job due to personal reasons to stay with his family in England. On 21 June Evans was offered the managerial job at League One side Oldham Athletic but after originally agreeing personal terms he decided to pursue other managerial offers in the pipeline. Mansfield Town Evans was appointed manager of League Two side Mansfield Town on 16 November 2016, replacing Adam Murray. He resigned on 27 February 2018, saying he wanted to go and work in China. Peterborough United Evans was appointed manager of League One side Peterborough United on 28 February 2018, one day after leaving Mansfield. On 23 January 2019 he was charged by the FA over comments made to a match official during a defeat against Luton Town, and then on the 26th both he and assistant Paul Raynor were released from their contracts, with Darren Ferguson taking charge just hours later. Gillingham On 21 May 2019, Evans was announced as the new manager of Gillingham and began his role on 1 June 2019. Evans was awarded the League One Manager of the Month award for March 2021 after achieving 17 points from a possible 24. In August 2021, Evans started the 2020-21 season by being awarded a yellow card in the first match against Lincoln City, and then a red card in the next game, a EFL Cup fixture against Crawley Town. He was then once again charged with verbally abusing a match official. On 9 January 2022, following a 4–0 home defeat to Ipswich Town that left the side 22nd in the table, seven points from safety, Evans was sacked by the club. Stevenage Evans was appointed as manager of League Two club Stevenage on 16 March 2022, the club sitting in 22nd position just three points clear of the relegation zone with the team below having two games in hand. Survival was secured with three matches remaining after a run of ten points across Evans' first six matches, culminating in a 2–0 home win over Tranmere Rovers, saw his side move seven points clear of Oldham Athletic who were relegated at Stevenage's expense. Evans' 2022–23 campaign started strongly with 10 victories out of 13 in the League, resulting in Stevenage sitting top of the league on 8 October 2022. In an FA Cup third-round tie at Premier League side Aston Villa, Evans' side came from behind to win 2–1 at Villa Park. A 2–0 win against Grimsby Town, on 29 April 2023, confirmed Stevenage's promotion to League One. On 5 May 2023 Evans was named the League Two Manager of the Month of April after guiding the team through eight games in the month with only one defeat. Personal life As of 2004, Evans was married to Sarah-Jane and had two daughters. He is a supporter of Scottish club Celtic. Managerial statistics As of match played 17 February 2024 Managerial record by team and tenure Team From To Record Ref P W D L Win % Boston United October 1998 4 July 2002 186 92 53 41 049.5 Boston United 2 March 2004 27 May 2007 168 53 46 69 031.5 Crawley Town 29 May 2007 9 April 2012 266 128 68 70 048.1 Rotherham United 9 April 2012 28 September 2015 173 72 45 56 041.6 Leeds United 19 October 2015 31 May 2016 38 14 12 12 036.8 Mansfield Town 16 November 2016 27 February 2018 76 35 22 19 046.1 Peterborough United 28 February 2018 26 January 2019 52 21 15 16 040.4 Gillingham 1 June 2019 9 January 2022 129 41 41 47 031.8 Stevenage 16 March 2022 Present 108 54 28 26 050.0 Total 1,196 510 330 356 042.6 — Honours As a manager Stamford United Counties League Premier Division: 1996–97, 1997–98 Boston United Southern Football League Premier Division: 1999–2000 Football Conference: 2001–02 Crawley Town Conference Premier: 2010–11 Rotherham United Football League Two runner-up: 2012–13 Football League One play-offs: 2014 Individual Football League One Manager of the Month: August 2018, March 2021 Football League Two Manager of the Month: October 2011, April 2023 References ^ a b c "Steve Evans". Post War English & Scottish Football League A – Z Player's Database. Retrieved 18 March 2007. ^ a b Conn, David (15 November 2006). "Why tax fraud hasn't stopped Pilgrims' progress". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 22 April 2020. ^ a b "CLUB STATEMENT: STEVE EVANS United part company with head coach". Leeds United Official Site. 31 May 2016. Retrieved 31 May 2016. ^ a b "Steve Evans' profile". Boston United F.C. Retrieved 10 June 2007. ^ Sobot, Lee (19 October 2015). "Five things you didn't know about new Leeds United manager Steve Evans..." Yorkshire Post. Retrieved 5 May 2023. ^ "Rotherham boss Steve Evans tells Goals on Sunday about meeting Michael Douglas". Sky Sports. 28 July 2015. Retrieved 5 May 2023. ^ Burley, Julian (31 August 2020). "Who Are The League One Managers? No.10: Steve Evans (Gillingham)". Vital Lincoln City. Retrieved 6 September 2020. ^ "History of Stamford Association Football Club". Stamford Daniels. Retrieved 6 April 2011. ^ a b "Evans for Conference side Crawley". Stamford Mercury. 31 May 2007. Retrieved 6 April 2011. ^ "Steve Evans: Manager Profile". League Managers Association. Retrieved 12 January 2007. ^ a b c Summers, Chris (3 November 2006). "The football cheats who prospered". BBC News. Retrieved 12 January 2007. ^ "Boston suspend Evans". BBC Sport. 4 July 2002. Retrieved 28 May 2007. ^ "Evans quits Boston". BBC Sport. 20 September 2002. Retrieved 28 May 2007. ^ "Evans found guilty". BBC Sport. 23 December 2002. Retrieved 28 May 2007. ^ "Evans faces FA ban". BBC Sport. 29 January 2003. Retrieved 28 May 2007. ^ "Evans set for appeal". BBC Sport. 1 May 2003. Retrieved 28 May 2007. ^ "FA rejcts Evans's appeal". BBC Sport. 20 May 2003. Retrieved 28 May 2007. ^ Summers, Chris (3 November 2006). "The football cheats who prospered". BBC News. Retrieved 22 April 2020. ^ "Boston reappoint Evans". BBC Sport. 20 February 2004. Retrieved 29 May 2007. ^ "Football manager denies charges". BBC News. 22 September 2005. Retrieved 29 May 2007. ^ "Boston boss handed suspended fine". BBC Sport. 22 September 2005. Retrieved 29 May 2007. ^ "Grimsby 1–0 Boston Utd". BBC Sport. 11 February 2006. Retrieved 29 May 2007. ^ "Police send FA report over Evans". BBC Sport. 13 February 2006. Retrieved 10 June 2007. ^ "Evans cool over Darlington link". BBC Sport. 26 October 2006. Retrieved 29 May 2007. ^ "Boston 0–1 Wycombe". BBC Sport. 28 October 2006. Retrieved 10 June 2007. ^ "Boston boss handed suspended fine". BBC News. 22 November 2005. Retrieved 22 April 2020. ^ "Shamed football manager keeps job". BBC News. 4 November 2006. Retrieved 29 May 2007. ^ Oliver, Pete (29 March 2006). "No selection headaches for Evans". BBC Sport. Retrieved 29 May 2007. ^ "Boston manager is left frustrated". BBC Sport. 12 April 2007. Retrieved 29 May 2007. ^ "Boston Utd 1–1 Torquay". BBC Sport. 28 April 2007. Retrieved 29 May 2007. ^ "Evans ready for last-day battle". BBC Sport. 28 April 2007. Retrieved 27 May 2007. ^ "Boston lose Football League spot". BBC Sport. 5 May 2007. Retrieved 29 May 2007. ^ "Boss Evans will not leave Boston". BBC Sport. 8 May 2007. Retrieved 29 May 2007. ^ "Evans & Raynor leave Boston roles". BBC Sport. 27 May 2007. Retrieved 27 May 2007. ^ "Evans signs off in second place". Boston United F.C. 27 May 2007. Retrieved 29 May 2007. ^ a b c "It's 354 and out for Evans". Boston United F.C. 28 May 2007. Retrieved 29 May 2007. ^ "Crawley appoint Evans as new boss". BBC Sport. 29 May 2007. Retrieved 29 May 2007. ^ James, David (3 August 2008). "Crawley manager Steve Evans shows Joey Barton how it's done". Daily Mirror. Retrieved 29 June 2009. ^ "Steve Evans and Paul Raynor agree new Crawley contracts". BBC Sport. 28 February 2011. Retrieved 6 April 2011. ^ "Crawley duo in frame for gongs". Sky Sports. 8 September 2011. Retrieved 8 September 2011. ^ "Evans named Manager of the Month". The Football League. 4 November 2011. Archived from the original on 29 July 2013. Retrieved 17 February 2012. ^ "Rotherham appoint Crawley Town boss Steve Evans as manager". BBC Sport. 9 April 2012. Retrieved 9 April 2012. ^ "Rotherham manager Steve Evans hit with stadium ban and £3,000 fine". The Guardian. 10 September 2012. Retrieved 25 May 2014. ^ "Rotherham promoted to League One". BBC Sport. 27 April 2013. Retrieved 9 February 2015. ^ "Millers thrash lifeless County". BBC Sport. 1 March 2014. Retrieved 9 February 2015. ^ "Rotherham promoted to Championship after penalty win over Leyton Orient". The Guardian. 25 May 2014. Retrieved 25 May 2014. ^ "Steve Evans: Rotherham United boss signs new deal". BBC Sport. 29 May 2014. ^ "Steve Evans: life's a beach for Rotherham United manager at Leeds \| Rotherham". The Guardian. 2 May 2015. Retrieved 10 September 2020. ^ "Millers part company with Steve Evans and Paul Raynor..." ^ "Neil Redfearn: Rotherham United appoint ex-Leeds head coach". BBC Sport. 9 October 2015. Retrieved 9 October 2015. ^ "Steve Evans Appointed United Head Coach". Leeds United F.C. 19 October 2015. ^ "REPORT: SPOILS SHARED AT PRESTON". Leeds United Official Site. 7 May 2016. Retrieved 7 May 2016. ^ Riach, James (20 February 2016). "Watford enjoy Scott Wootton's blunder and leave Leeds to their woe". The Observer. Retrieved 10 September 2020. ^ "Leeds United: Tearful Steve Evans expects to depart Elland Road". Yorkshire Evening Post. 7 May 2016. Retrieved 7 May 2016. ^ "Karl Robinson: MK Dons boss turns down Leeds United managerial offer". BBC Sport. 23 May 2016. Retrieved 23 May 2016. ^ "Leeds United rebuffed as Darrell Clarke signs lucrative new deal with Bristol Rovers". Yorkshire Evening Post. 27 May 2016. Retrieved 27 May 2016. ^ "Steve Evans: Leeds United boss keen to stay but wants future resolved". BBC Sport. 27 May 2016. Retrieved 27 May 2016. ^ "Steve Evans: Leeds United sack head coach". BBC Sport. 31 May 2016. Retrieved 31 May 2016. ^ "Evans has just returned from China, where he spent three days in talks over a managing a club there". Telegraph & Argus. 14 June 2016. Retrieved 14 June 2016. ^ "Steve Evans: Club Statement". Oldham Athletic. 21 June 2016. Retrieved 21 June 2016. ^ "Steve Evans: Mansfield Town appoint former Leeds boss as manager". BBC Sport. Retrieved 16 November 2016. ^ "Steve Evans: Mansfield Town manager resigns". BBC Sport. Retrieved 27 February 2018. ^ "Radfords lift the lid on Evans' shock walk-out for the first time". www.chad.co.uk. Retrieved 21 November 2021. ^ "Steve Evans: Peterborough United name ex-Mansfield Town boss as manager". BBC Sport. 28 February 2018. Retrieved 2 March 2018. ^ "Peterborough's Steve Evans charged with misconduct". Sky Sports. Retrieved 14 August 2021. ^ "Official Club Statement 26/01/19". theposh.com. 26 January 2019. Retrieved 26 January 2019. ^ "Ferguson Appointed As Manager Until End Of Season". theposh.com. 26 January 2019. Retrieved 26 January 2019. ^ "Steve Evans: Gillingham name former Leeds and Peterborough boss as new manager". BBC Sport. 21 May 2019. Retrieved 21 May 2019. ^ a b "Gaffer wins manager of the month award". www.gillinghamfootballclub.com. 9 April 2021. ^ "Gillingham boss Evans charged by FA". BBC Sport. Retrieved 14 August 2021. ^ "Club Statement". www.gillinghamfootballclub.com. 9 January 2022. Retrieved 9 January 2022. ^ "Managerial change". Stevenage F.C. 16 March 2022. Retrieved 16 March 2022. ^ "Stevenage 2–0 Tranmere Rovers". BBC Sport. 23 April 2022. Retrieved 26 April 2022. ^ "Stevenage go top of the table after win over Swindon Town". 8 October 2022. ^ Harry Poole (8 January 2023). "Stevenage beat Villa with dramatic late comeback". BBC Sport. Retrieved 27 January 2023. ^ "WE ARE GOING UP! 🎉 Stevenage 2-0 Grimsby Town". Stevenage FC. 29 April 2023. Retrieved 5 May 2023. ^ "Steve Evans wins Sky Bet League Two Manager of the Month". www.stevenagefc.com. Retrieved 9 May 2023. ^ "Boston United Squad 2003/2004". Fox, Ken. Retrieved 10 June 2007. ^ "Crawley manager Steve Evans gets his wish as his team are drawn against the might of Manchester United". The Telegraph. Retrieved 16 November 2016. ^ a b c d "Steve Evans". Soccerbase. Retrieved 6 April 2011. ^ a b c d e f g h i "League Managers Association - STEVE EVANS". www.leaguemanagers.com. Retrieved 19 May 2019. ^ "Sky Bet EFL Manager and Player of the Month: April winners". EFL. 4 May 2023. Retrieved 5 May 2023. External links Steve Evans management career statistics at Soccerbase vteStevenage F.C. – current squad 1 Ashby-Hammond 2 James-Wildin 3 Butler 4 N.Thompson 5 Piergianni 6 Sweeney 7 MacDonald 8 Forster-Caskey 9 List 10 Freeman 11 Roberts 12 MacGillivray 14 Smith 15 Vancooten 17 Burns 18 White 19 Reid 20 Pressley 22 Guinness-Walker 23 L.Thompson 24 B.Thompson 25 Hannam 29 Hemmings 33 Oliver 41 Mitchell 42 Alexandrou 43 Hicks 44 M.Evans 50 Woodford Manager: S.Evans vteCurrent EFL League One managers Collins (Barnsley) Critchley (Blackpool) Evatt (Bolton Wanderers) Taylor (Bristol Rovers) Paterson (Burton Albion) Harris (Cambridge United) Simpson (Carlisle United) Jones (Charlton Athletic) Clarke (Cheltenham Town) Warne (Derby County) Caldwell (Exeter City) Adam (Fleetwood Town) Wellens (Leyton Orient) Skubala (Lincoln City) Brady (Northampton Town) Buckingham (Oxford United) Ferguson (Peterborough United) Mousinho (Portsmouth) Moore (Port Vale) Sellés (Reading) Hurst (Shrewsbury Town) Evans (Stevenage) Maloney (Wigan Athletic) Bloomfield (Wycombe Wanderers) Managerial positions vteBoston United F.C. – managers Cringan (1934–35) Vaughton (1935–36) Greaves (1936–37) Tunstall (1937–48) McGrahan (1948–49) Ithell (1950–52) Tunstall (1952–54) Middleton (1954–57) King (1957–60) Middleton (1960–61) Todd (1961–64) Tunstall (1964–65) Donovan (1965–69) Smith (1969–72) Jobling (1972–75) Wilkinson (1975–76) F. Taylor & Bolland (1976–77) Walker (1977–79) Phelan (1979–81) Froggatt (1981–84) Mann (1984–86) O'Brien (1986–87) Kerr (1987–90) Cusack (1990–92) Morris (1992–94) Sterland (1994–96) Fee (1996–98) Evans (1998–2002) Thompson (2002–04) Rodwellc (2004) Evans (2004–07) T. Taylor (2007–08) Welsh (2008–09) Hurst & Scott (2009–11) Lee & Canoville (2011–12) Lee (2012) Drury (2012–13) Greene (2013–16) Murray (2016–2017) Elliott (2017–22) Cox (2022) Culverhouse (2022–) (c) = caretaker manager vteCrawley Town F.C. – managers Cook (1961–68) Jennings (1968–70) Markham (1970–70) Maggs (1980–91) Sparrow (1991–92) Maggsc (1992) Wicks (1992) Haining (1992–93) Shepherd (1993–94) Vessey (1994–95) Pates (1995–96) Haining (1996) Sparrow (1996) Maggs and Smith (1996–97) Smith (1997–99) Cant (1999) Smith (1999–2003) Vines (2003–05) Wormullc (2005) Hollins (2005–06) Judge and Woozley (2006–07) Evans (2007–12) Brewsterc (2012) O'Driscoll (2012) Barker (2012–13) Gregory (2013–14) Saunders (2014–15) Yates (2015–16) Drummy (2016–17) Harroldc (2017) Kewell (2017–18) Cioffi (2018–19) Yems (2019–22) Youngc (2022) Betsy (2022) Youngc (2022) Etherington (2022) Byfieldc (2022–23) Lindsey (2023–) (c) = caretaker manager vteRotherham United F.C. – managers Heald (1925–29) Davies (1929–30) Heald (1930–33) Freeman (1934–52) Smailes (1952–58) Johnston (1958–62) Williams (1962–65) Mansell (1965–67) Docherty (1967–68) McAnearney (1968–73) McGuigan (1973–79) Porterfield (1979–81) Hughes (1981–83) Kerr (1983–85) Hunter (1985–87) Breckin (1987) Cusack (1987–88) McEwan (1988–91) Henson (1991–94) Gemmill & McGovern (1994–96) Bergara (1996–97) Moore (1997–2005) Knill (2005) Harford (2005) Knill (2005–07) Robins (2007–09) Moore (2009–11) Scott (2011–12) Evans (2012–15) Redfearn (2015–16) Warnock (2016) Stubbs (2016) Jackett (2016) Warne (2016–22) Taylor (2022–23) Richardson (2023–) vteLeeds United F.C. – managers Ray (1919–20) Fairclough (1920–27) Ray (1927–35) Hampson (1935–47) Edwards (1947–48) Buckley (1948–53) Carter (1953–58) Edwardsc (1958) Lambton (1958–59) Taylor (1959–61) Revie (1961–74) Clough (1974) Lindleyc (1974) Armfield (1974–78) Lindleyc (1978) Stein (1978) Lindleyc (1978) Adamson (1978–80) Lindleyc (1980) Merringtonc (1980) Clarke (1980–82) Gray (1982–85) Gunbyc (1985) Bremner (1985–88) Gunbyc (1988) Wilkinson (1988–96) Graham (1996–98) O'Leary (1998–2002) Venables (2002–03) Reid (2003) Grayc (2003–04) Blackwell (2004–06) Carverc (2006) Geddisc (2006) Wise (2006–08) Williamsc (2008) McAllister (2008) Grayson (2008–12) Redfearnc (2012) Warnock (2012–13) Redfearnc (2013) McDermott (2013–14) Hockaday (2014) Redfearnc (2014) Milanič (2014) Redfearn (2014–15) Rösler (2015) Evans (2015–16) Monk (2016–17) Christiansen (2017–18) Heckingbottom (2018) Bielsa (2018–22) Marsch (2022–23) Skubalac (2023) Gracia (2023) Allardyce (2023) Farke (2023–) (c) = caretaker manager vteMansfield Town F.C. – managers Baynes (1922–25) Davison (1926–28) Hickling (1928–33) Martin (1933–35) Bell (1935) Wightman (1936) Parkes (1936–38) Poole (1938–44) Barke (1944–45) Goodall (1945–49) Steele (1949–51) Jobey (1952–53) Mercer (1953–55) Mitten (1956–58) Weaver (1958–60) Carter (1960–63) Cummings (1963–67) Eggleston (1967–70) Basford (1970–71) Williams (1971–74) Smith (1974–76) Morris (1976–78) Bingham (1978–79) Jones (1979–81) Boam (1981–83) Greaves (1983–89) Foster (1989–93) Deardenc (1993) King (1993–96) Parkin (1996–99) Dearden (1999–2002) Watkiss (2002) Curle (2002–04) Palmer (2004–05) Shirtliff (2005–06) Hollandc (2006) Dearden (2006–08) Holland (2008) McEwan (2008) Moses and Stallardc (2008) Holdsworth (2008–10) Russell (2010–11) Hallc (2011) Cox (2011–14) Murray (2014–16) Evans (2016–18) Flitcroft (2018–19) Dempster (2019) Coughlan (2019–20) Cooperc (2020) Clough (2020–) (c) = caretaker manager vtePeterborough United F.C. – managers Porter (1934–36) F. Taylor (1936–37) Poulter (1937–38) Haden (1938–48) Blood (1948–50) Gurney (1950–52) Fairbrother (1952–54) Swindin (1954–58) Hagan (1958–62) Andersonc (1962) Fairbrother (1962–64) Andersonc (1964) Clark (1964–67) Rigby (1967–69) Iley (1969–72) Cantwell (1972–77) Barnwell (1977–78) Hailsc (1978–79) Morris (1979–82) Wilkinson (1982–83) Wile (1983–86) Fuccilloc (1986) Cantwell (1986–88) Jones (1988–89) Boothc (1989) Lawrenson (1989–90) Boothc (1990–91) Turner (1991–92) Fuccillo (1992–93) Turnerc (1993–94) Still (1994–95) Halsall (1995–96) Fry (1996–2005) Wright (2005–06) Bleasdale (2006) Fryc (2006) Alexander (2006–07) T. Taylorc (2007) Ferguson (2007–09) Cooper (2009–10) Gannon (2010) Johnson (2010–11) Oldfieldc (2011) Ferguson (2011–15) Robertson (2015) McCannc (2015) Westley (2015–16) McCann (2016–18) Oldfieldc (2018) Evans (2018–19) Ferguson (2019–22) Etheringtonc (2022) McCann (2022–23) Ferguson (2023–) (c) = caretaker manager vteGillingham F.C. – managers Groombridge (1896–1906) Smith (1906–08) Groombridge (1908–13) Gilligan (1913–15) G. Collins (1919–20) Brown (1920) McMillan (1920–22) Groombridge (1922–23) Curtis (1923–26) Hoskins (1926–29) Hendrie (1929–31) Mavin (1932–37) Ure (1937–38) Harvey (1938–39) Clark (1939–58) Barratt (1958–62) Cox (1962–65) Boswellc (1966) Hayward (1966–71) Nelson (1971–74) Ashurst (1974–75) B. Collinsc (1975) Summers (1975–81) Peacock (1981–87) Pa. Taylor (1987–88) B. Collins & Richardsonc (1988) Burkinshaw (1988–89) Bluntc (1989) Richardson (1989–92) Smilliec (1995) Roeder (1992–93) Flanagan (1993–95) Clarkc (1995) Pulis (1995–99) Pe. Taylor (1999–2000) Hessenthaler (2000–04) Gormanc (2004) Hare, Roberts & Smithc (2004) Ternent (2004–05) Cooper (2005) Jepson (2005–07) Docherty & Onourac (2007) Stimson (2007–10) Hessenthaler (2010–12) Allen (2012–13) Pe. Taylor (2013–14) Hessenthaler, Hare, Lovell & Pattersonc (2015) Edinburgh (2015–17) Pennock (2017) Pe. Taylorc (2017) Lovell (2017–19) Pattersonc (2019) Evans (2019–22) Lovellc (2022) Harris (2022–23) Millenc (2023) Clemence (2023–) (c) = caretaker manager vteStevenage F.C. – managers Allinson (1976–79) Montgomery (1979–83) Cornwell (1983–87) Bailey (1987–88) Williams (1988–90) Fairclough (1990–98) Hill (1998–2000) Wignall (2000) Fairclough (2000–02) Turner (2002–03) Westley (2003–06) Stimson (2006–07) Taylor (2007–08) Westley (2008–12) Smith (2012–13) Westley (2013–15) Sheringham (2015–16) Sarll (2016–18) Maamria (2018–19) Westley (2019–20) Revell (2020–21) Tisdale (2021–22) Evans (2022–)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"football manager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manager_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"player","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_player"},{"link_name":"EFL League One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFL_League_One"},{"link_name":"Stevenage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevenage_F.C."},{"link_name":"Glasgow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow"},{"link_name":"Bolton Wanderers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolton_Wanderers_F.C."},{"link_name":"Clyde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clyde_F.C."},{"link_name":"Albion Rovers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albion_Rovers_F.C."},{"link_name":"Ayr United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayr_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Hamilton Academical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_Academical_F.C."},{"link_name":"St Johnstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Johnstone_F.C."},{"link_name":"knee ligament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medial_collateral_ligament"},{"link_name":"Crawley Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crawley_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"Stamford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamford_F.C."},{"link_name":"Boston United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"Rotherham United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotherham_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Uwe Rösler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uwe_R%C3%B6sler"},{"link_name":"Leeds United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Leeds_United_Official_Site-3"}],"text":"Scottish footballer and managerSteve Evans (born 30 October 1962) is a Scottish professional football manager and former player who is the manager of EFL League One club Stevenage.Born in Glasgow, Scotland, Evans played professional football for Bolton Wanderers, Clyde, Albion Rovers, Ayr United, Hamilton Academical and St Johnstone until a knee ligament injury ended his playing career at 24.After his retirement he became a manager. Prior to taking charge at Crawley Town, he managed Stamford and Boston United, the latter on two occasions.A controversial figure, whilst manager of Boston United he was successfully prosecuted for tax evasion.[2] However, in charge of Rotherham United, he led the club to two successive promotions. He left the club in late September 2015. On 19 October 2015, Evans replaced Uwe Rösler as head coach of Leeds United, before being sacked in May 2016.[3]","title":"Steve Evans (footballer, born 1962)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Glasgow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Evans_career-1"},{"link_name":"Bolton Wanderers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolton_Wanderers_F.C."},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Boston_United_official-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Boston_United_official-4"}],"text":"Born in Glasgow, Scotland,[1] Evans was spotted by scouts from English team Bolton Wanderers when playing for his local youth football club in Glasgow,[4] and he joined Bolton after leaving school.[4]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"first team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_team_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Clyde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clyde_F.C."},{"link_name":"Albion Rovers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albion_Rovers_F.C."},{"link_name":"Cliftonhill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cliftonhill"},{"link_name":"Ayr United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayr_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Hamilton Academical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_Academical_F.C."},{"link_name":"St Johnstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Johnstone_F.C."},{"link_name":"knee ligament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medial_collateral_ligament"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Evans_career-1"}],"text":"Evans failed to break into the first team at Bolton and was released in 1979.[5] He then returned to his native Scotland and joined Clyde, where he played in 36 league matches, scoring four goals, before joining Albion Rovers in 1981, where he scored 28 goals in 76 league matches during three years at Cliftonhill. He subsequently moved to Ayr United in 1984, scoring four goals in 30 matches, and to Hamilton Academical in 1985, where he only played in two league matches. He joined St Johnstone in 1985 and scored six goals in 24 matches before a knee ligament injury ended his playing career in 1986, aged 24.[1]","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Managerial career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Budweiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budweiser"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Holbeach United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holbeach_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Corby Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corby_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Stamford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamford_F.C."},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History_of_Stamford_Association_Football_Club-8"},{"link_name":"United Counties Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Counties_Football_League"},{"link_name":"promotion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promotion_and_relegation"},{"link_name":"Southern Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Football_League"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Evans_for_Conference_side_Crawley-9"}],"sub_title":"Stamford","text":"Evans fell out of football following his retirement, and was working in sales for Budweiser,[6] when he became manager at Peterborough League side Gedney Hill. He soon moved to Holbeach United for eighteen months, before briefly becoming chairman at Corby Town.[7] His managerial career got going in earnest with Stamford in 1994,[8] who he led to the United Counties Football League Premier Division title and to promotion to the Southern Football League.[9]","title":"Managerial career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boston United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Evans_for_Conference_side_Crawley-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steve_Evans:_Manager_Profile-10"},{"link_name":"Football Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_Conference"},{"link_name":"the Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Football_League"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_football_cheats_who_prospered-11"},{"link_name":"Football Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Football_Association"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Boston_suspend_Evans-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Evans_quits_Boston-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Evans_found_guilty-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Evans_faces_FA_ban-15"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_football_cheats_who_prospered-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_football_cheats_who_prospered-11"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Evans_set_for_appeal-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FA_rejcts_Evans's_appeal-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Boston_reappoint_Evans-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Football_manager_denies_charges-20"},{"link_name":"Peterborough United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peterborough_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Boston_boss_handed_suspended_fine-21"},{"link_name":"Grimsby Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grimsby_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"Blundell Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blundell_Park"},{"link_name":"Humberside Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humberside_Police"},{"link_name":"half-time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half-time"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Steve Mildenhall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Mildenhall"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Police_send_FA_report_over_Evans-23"},{"link_name":"Darlington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darlington_F.C."},{"link_name":"James Rodwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Rodwell"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Evans_cool_over_Darlington_link-24"},{"link_name":"Wycombe Wanderers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wycombe_Wanderers_F.C."},{"link_name":"Tommy Doherty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Doherty"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Boston_0-1_Wycombe-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Evans_sentence-26"},{"link_name":"Boston United Supporters' Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_United_Supporters%27_Trust"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shamed_football_manager_keeps_job-27"},{"link_name":"Bury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bury_F.C."},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-No_selection_headaches_for_Evans-28"},{"link_name":"Barnsley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnsley_F.C."},{"link_name":"loan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loan_(sports)"},{"link_name":"Nathan Joynes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_Joynes"},{"link_name":"substitute's bench","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substitute_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Boston_manager_is_left_frustrated-29"},{"link_name":"Torquay United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torquay_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Boston_Boston_Utd_1-1_Torquay-30"},{"link_name":"Wrexham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrexham_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Evans_ready_for_last-day_battle-31"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ryan_Valentine_scores.jpg"},{"link_name":"Wrexham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrexham_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"defender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defender_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Ryan Valentine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Valentine"},{"link_name":"penalty kick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_kick_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Boston United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Francis Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Green_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"penalty kick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_kick_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Ryan Valentine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Valentine"},{"link_name":"Chris Llewellyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Llewellyn"},{"link_name":"Michael Proctor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Proctor_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Boston_lose_Football_League_spot-32"},{"link_name":"non-League football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-League_football"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Boss_Evans_will_not_leave_Boston-33"},{"link_name":"Paul Raynor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Raynor"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Evans_Boston_resignation-34"},{"link_name":"Fred Tunstall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Tunstall"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Evans_signs_off_in_second_place-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-It's_354_and_out_for_Evans-36"}],"sub_title":"Boston United","text":"After resigning as Stamford manager he was appointed manager of Boston United in October 1998.[9][10] He managed Boston to promotion from the Southern Football League to the Football Conference in 2000 and subsequently to the Football League in 2002. Both promotions have since been overshadowed by revelations of off-the-field cheating.[11]Evans was suspended by Boston as manager on 4 July 2002 after a much-publicised Football Association (The FA) investigation into \"contract irregularities\".[12] He later resigned as manager of the club in September 2002, after still being suspended by the club.[13] He was found guilty by The FA in December 2002 of impeding an FA inquiry into contract irregularities.[14] Evans was also suspended from the game for 20 months in January 2003 for involvement of the affairs of Boston,[15] in which players' contracts lodged with the FA contained false salary details.[11] Evans was further accused of impeding the inquiry and fined £8,000.[11] Evans lodged an appeal against charges in May 2003,[16] but The FA rejected his appeal later that month and the punishment stood.[17] Evans later pleaded guilty in court to conspiring to cheat the public revenue, and was given a 12-month prison sentence, suspended for two years.[18][2]An announcement was made on 20 February 2004 that Evans would return as Boston's manager on 2 March.[19] In September 2005, Evans and four other people connected with Boston appeared in court, denying fraud charges.[20] In November 2005, Evans was given a £1,000 fine, suspended for a year, after admitting to using insulting or abusive words to the match official in a match against Peterborough United in October 2005.[21] On 11 February 2006, he was escorted from Grimsby Town's stadium Blundell Park by Humberside Police at half-time,[22] after he berated the fourth official after being incensed when Grimsby goalkeeper Steve Mildenhall appeared to handle the ball outside his area and was immediately spoken to by a police officer after a complaint of alleged foul and abusive language. After the match Boston chairman Jon Sotnick accused the football authorities of waging a \"conspiracy\" against his manager.[23] In October 2006, Evans was linked with the vacant Darlington managerial vacancy, but Boston chairman James Rodwell and Evans both denied the link.[24] Also in October, Evans was sent from the dugout after an altercation with Wycombe Wanderers player Tommy Doherty[25] for which he later received a £1,000 suspended fine from the FA.[26] Despite this, which came on top of his conviction for tax evasion, Evans kept his manager's position at Boston, a decision that angered the Boston United Supporters' Trust.[27]In March 2007, Evans was left with only 11 professional footballers for the relegation clash with Bury.[28] Although players were back from suspension, Evans was left frustrated after players such as Barnsley's on-loan striker Nathan Joynes quit the club, which left him with just 12 fit senior players and he was forced to put 16- and 17-year-olds on an incomplete substitute's bench.[29] After drawing 1–1 in their penultimate match of the season against relegated Torquay United,[30] Boston needed a win against relegation rivals Wrexham on 5 May 2007 to avoid the drop out of league football.[31]Wrexham defender Ryan Valentine scores the penalty kick against Boston United that relegated Evans' teamFrancis Green gave Boston a 1–0 half-time lead, but in the second half United conceded a penalty kick, which Wrexham defender Ryan Valentine converted. Two late goals from Chris Llewellyn and Michael Proctor gave Wrexham a 3–1 victory to ensure their survival.[32] On 8 May 2007, Evans pledged his commitment to the club despite their relegation and return to non-League football.[33] However, on 27 May, Evans and his assistant manager Paul Raynor resigned from Boston with immediate effect.[34] Evans' two occasions as manager combined at Boston made him the club's second-longest-serving manager behind Fred Tunstall, who had three occasions as manager of the club in the 1930s, 40s and 50s.[35] He managed the team on 354 occasions, which resulted in 145 wins, 99 draws and 110 losses.[36]","title":"Managerial career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Crawley Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crawley_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Crawley_to_appoint_Evans_as_boss-37"},{"link_name":"2008–09","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_in_English_football"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steve_Evans_and_Paul_Raynor_agree_new_Crawley_contracts-39"},{"link_name":"fifth round","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010-11_FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"FA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"Swindon Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swindon_Town"},{"link_name":"Derby County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby_County_F.C."},{"link_name":"Torquay United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torquay_United"},{"link_name":"Manchester United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Old Trafford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Trafford"},{"link_name":"Football League Two","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_Two"},{"link_name":"2011–12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_in_English_football"},{"link_name":"Tyrone Barnett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrone_Barnett"},{"link_name":"Andy Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Scott_(footballer,_born_1972)"},{"link_name":"Mark Arber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Arber"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"sub_title":"Crawley Town","text":"On 29 May 2007, two days after resigning from Boston, Evans took over as Crawley Town manager.[37] He has been sent from the dugout numerous times, which resulted in a ten match ban during the 2008–09 season.[38] He verbally accepted a new three-year contract with Crawley in February 2011.[39]\nDuring the 2010–11 season, Crawley reached the fifth round of the FA Cup, beating Swindon Town of League One, Derby County of the Championship and Torquay United of League Two. In the fifth round they were drawn against Manchester United at Old Trafford. Crawley lost this match 1–0 but earned over £1 million for this match alone. Evans stated afterwards \"I think we have done our football club proud and we wanted to go away with some respect\" and \"We have had a fantastic run in the competition and we could not have wished it to finish anywhere else\". On 9 April 2011 Crawley clinched promotion to Football League Two for the 2011–12 season. Evans and striker Tyrone Barnett were nominated for League Two Player of the Month and Manager of the Month for August but lost out to Andy Scott and Mark Arber respectively.[40] Despite this, Evans was named October Manager of the Month after achieving five wins, including a 5–2 away victory at AFC Wimbledon, strengthening their push for a second consecutive promotion.[41]","title":"Managerial career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rotherham United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotherham_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Gillingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gillingham_F.C."},{"link_name":"Aldershot Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldershot_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"League One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013-14_Football_League_One"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"play-off final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Football_League_One_play-off_final"},{"link_name":"Leyton Orient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leyton_Orient_F.C."},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Sky Sports News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_Sports_News_HQ"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Leeds United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds_United"},{"link_name":"Elland Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elland_Road"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Neil Redfearn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Redfearn"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"}],"sub_title":"Rotherham United","text":"Evans left Crawley on 9 April 2012 to be appointed manager of fellow League Two club Rotherham United on a three-year contract.[42]\nIn September 2012, Evans was given a six-match stadium ban and fined £3,000 by the Football Association after being found guilty of \"using abusive and insulting words and behaviour\" towards a female member of Bradford City's staff, an incident which occurred during his time at Crawley.[43]In his first full season at the club, Rotherham showed inconsistent form throughout, but a run of 5 wins in their last 5 games saw them elevate into the automatic promotion places, finishing second behind champions Gillingham, after a 2 – 0 win over Aldershot Town saw Rotherham promoted on the final day.[44]\nStarting the following season in League One, Evans continued to produce good results, an honorable mention being the 6–0 win at home against Notts County.[45] Rotherham were promoted later that season in May 2014, drawing the play-off final 2–2 over 120 minutes, and subsequently beating Leyton Orient 4 – 3 in a penalty shootout.[46]On 29 May 2014, Evans agreed a new three-year contract with Rotherham, live on Sky Sports News,[47] a deal which would commit him to the club until 2017. \nUnder his management Rotherham survived their first season back in the Championship, with a game to spare. Evans wore a sombrero, shorts and sandals to the fixture against Leeds United at Elland Road on the final day of the season by way of a celebration.[48]On 28 September 2015, Evans and his assistant manager Paul Raynor left Rotherham with the club citing that the two parties wanted to take the club in different directions.[49] He was replaced as manager on 9 October by former Leeds Head Coach Neil Redfearn.[50]","title":"Managerial career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Leeds United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds_United"},{"link_name":"Uwe Rösler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uwe_R%C3%B6sler"},{"link_name":"Paul Raynor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Raynor"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Lewie Coyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewie_Coyle"},{"link_name":"Bailey Peacock-Farrell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bailey_Peacock-Farrell"},{"link_name":"Ronaldo Vieira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronaldo_Vieira_(footballer,_born_1998)"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Watford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watford_F.C."},{"link_name":"Scott Wootton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Wootton"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Preston North End","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preston_North_End"},{"link_name":"Massimo Cellino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massimo_Cellino"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"MK Dons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MK_Dons"},{"link_name":"Karl Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Robinson"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"Bristol Rovers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_Rovers"},{"link_name":"Darrell Clarke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darrell_Clarke"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"Paul Raynor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Raynor"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Leeds_United_Official_Site-3"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Bradford City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradford_City"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"China League One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_League_One"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"League One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_One"},{"link_name":"Oldham Athletic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldham_Athletic"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"}],"sub_title":"Leeds United","text":"On 19 October 2015, Evans joined fellow Championship side Leeds United on a rolling contract until the end of the 2015–16 season, with the option of a second year, replacing previous head coach Uwe Rösler. Evans' assistant at Rotherham, Paul Raynor, also joined him as part of the coaching staff.[51]Evans took charge of a Leeds side one point off the relegation zone, however, he managed to guide Leeds to a 13th-place finish at the end of the 2015–16 season with Leeds finishing 15 points behind the playoff positions. He also gave débuts to 3 academy graduates during the season with Lewie Coyle, Bailey Peacock-Farrell and Ronaldo Vieira all making their débuts under Evans during his tenure.[52] Evans also helped Leeds have an FA Cup run, however his side were knocked out on 20 February 2016 against Premier League side Watford in a narrow 1–0 defeat after a high-profile own goal from Leeds defender Scott Wootton to send Watford through to the FA Cup quarter-final.[53]After the final game of the 2015–16 season against Preston North End, a tearful Evans proclaimed that he had a 'gut feeling' that his contract would not be renewed by club owner Massimo Cellino.[54]On 23 May 2016, it was revealed that MK Dons Manager Karl Robinson had turned down the opportunity from Cellino to become Leeds United Head Coach, further casting doubt on Evans's future at the club.[55] On 27 May, after being turned down by Robinson, Cellino then approached Bristol Rovers manager Darrell Clarke to replace Evans, however again was rebuffed with Clarke preferring to sign a new contract with Rovers.[56] On 27 May, Evans revealed that despite Cellino publicly approaching other managers to replace him he would still say 'yes' if Cellino was to ask him to stay on as Leeds Head Coach, however he also revealed that he would need to be given an answer regarding his future – \"I need to establish, in the next week or so at the latest, whether I have a plan going forward at Leeds United.\"[57]On 31 May 2016 Evans, along with his assistant Paul Raynor, was sacked by Cellino, becoming the sixth manager sacked by Cellino in two years. On Evans's sacking Cellino revealed in a club statement that he felt the club 'needed a different approach in order to achieve targets for the new season'.[3][58]On 14 June, after being linked with the managerial vacancy at Bradford City, Evans revealed to Telegraph & Argus he had held talks with a club in China to manage a club in China League One, Evans described the financial package as 'mind-blowing' but rejected the job due to personal reasons to stay with his family in England.[59] On 21 June Evans was offered the managerial job at League One side Oldham Athletic but after originally agreeing personal terms he decided to pursue other managerial offers in the pipeline.[60]","title":"Managerial career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"League Two","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_Two"},{"link_name":"Mansfield Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansfield_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"Adam Murray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Murray"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"}],"sub_title":"Mansfield Town","text":"Evans was appointed manager of League Two side Mansfield Town on 16 November 2016, replacing Adam Murray.[61] He resigned on 27 February 2018,[62] saying he wanted to go and work in China.[63]","title":"Managerial career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"League One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_One"},{"link_name":"Peterborough United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peterborough_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"Luton Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luton_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"Paul Raynor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Raynor"},{"link_name":"Darren Ferguson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darren_Ferguson"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"}],"sub_title":"Peterborough United","text":"Evans was appointed manager of League One side Peterborough United on 28 February 2018, one day after leaving Mansfield.[64] On 23 January 2019 he was charged by the FA over comments made to a match official during a defeat against Luton Town,[65] and then on the 26th both he and assistant Paul Raynor were released from their contracts, with Darren Ferguson taking charge just hours later.[66][67]","title":"Managerial career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gillingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gillingham_F.C"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"League One Manager of the Month","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFL_League_One_Manager_of_the_Month"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-March_MOTM-69"},{"link_name":"2020-21 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322_Gillingham_F.C._season"},{"link_name":"Lincoln City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"EFL Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFL_Cup"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"Ipswich Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipswich_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"}],"sub_title":"Gillingham","text":"On 21 May 2019, Evans was announced as the new manager of Gillingham and began his role on 1 June 2019.[68] Evans was awarded the League One Manager of the Month award for March 2021 after achieving 17 points from a possible 24.[69]In August 2021, Evans started the 2020-21 season by being awarded a yellow card in the first match against Lincoln City, and then a red card in the next game, a EFL Cup fixture against Crawley Town. He was then once again charged with verbally abusing a match official.[70]On 9 January 2022, following a 4–0 home defeat to Ipswich Town that left the side 22nd in the table, seven points from safety, Evans was sacked by the club.[71]","title":"Managerial career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stevenage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevenage_F.C."},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Managerial_change-72"},{"link_name":"Tranmere Rovers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tranmere_Rovers_F.C."},{"link_name":"Oldham Athletic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldham_Athletic_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"FA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_League"},{"link_name":"Aston Villa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aston_Villa_F.C."},{"link_name":"Villa Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_Park"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"Grimsby Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grimsby_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"}],"sub_title":"Stevenage","text":"Evans was appointed as manager of League Two club Stevenage on 16 March 2022, the club sitting in 22nd position just three points clear of the relegation zone with the team below having two games in hand.[72] Survival was secured with three matches remaining after a run of ten points across Evans' first six matches, culminating in a 2–0 home win over Tranmere Rovers, saw his side move seven points clear of Oldham Athletic who were relegated at Stevenage's expense.[73] Evans' 2022–23 campaign started strongly with 10 victories out of 13 in the League, resulting in Stevenage sitting top of the league on 8 October 2022.[74] In an FA Cup third-round tie at Premier League side Aston Villa, Evans' side came from behind to win 2–1 at Villa Park.[75] A 2–0 win against Grimsby Town, on 29 April 2023, confirmed Stevenage's promotion to League One.[76] On 5 May 2023 Evans was named the League Two Manager of the Month of April after guiding the team through eight games in the month with only one defeat.[77]","title":"Managerial career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Boston_United_Squad_2003/2004-78"},{"link_name":"Celtic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_F.C."},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"}],"text":"As of 2004, Evans was married to Sarah-Jane and had two daughters.[78] He is a supporter of Scottish club Celtic.[79]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"As of match played 17 February 2024","title":"Managerial statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United Counties League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Counties_League"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-81"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-81"},{"link_name":"Southern Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Football_League"},{"link_name":"1999–2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999%E2%80%932000_Southern_Football_League#Premier_Division"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-81"},{"link_name":"Football Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_Conference"},{"link_name":"2001–02","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001%E2%80%9302_Football_Conference"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-81"},{"link_name":"Conference Premier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conference_Premier"},{"link_name":"2010–11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_Football_Conference#Conference_Premier"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-81"},{"link_name":"Football League Two","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_Two"},{"link_name":"2012–13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_Football_League_Two"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-81"},{"link_name":"Football League One play-offs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_One_play-offs"},{"link_name":"2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Football_League_play-offs#League_One"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-81"},{"link_name":"Football League One Manager of the Month","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFL_League_One_Manager_of_the_Month"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-81"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-March_MOTM-69"},{"link_name":"Football League Two Manager of the Month","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_Two_Manager_of_the_Month"},{"link_name":"October 2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_Football_League_Two#Monthly_awards"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-81"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"}],"sub_title":"As a manager","text":"StamfordUnited Counties League Premier Division: 1996–97,[81] 1997–98[81]Boston UnitedSouthern Football League Premier Division: 1999–2000[81]\nFootball Conference: 2001–02[81]Crawley TownConference Premier: 2010–11[81]Rotherham UnitedFootball League Two runner-up: 2012–13[81]\nFootball League One play-offs: 2014[81]IndividualFootball League One Manager of the Month: August 2018,[81] March 2021[69]\nFootball League Two Manager of the Month: October 2011,[81] April 2023[82]","title":"Honours"}]	[{"image_text":"Wrexham defender Ryan Valentine scores the penalty kick against Boston United that relegated Evans' team","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Ryan_Valentine_scores.jpg/220px-Ryan_Valentine_scores.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Steve Evans\". 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Retrieved 10 June 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bufc.drfox.org.uk/squad03.html","url_text":"\"Boston United Squad 2003/2004\""}]},{"reference":"\"Crawley manager Steve Evans gets his wish as his team are drawn against the might of Manchester United\". The Telegraph. Retrieved 16 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/teams/manchester-united/8292198/Crawley-manager-Steve-Evans-gets-his-wish-as-his-team-are-drawn-against-the-might-of-Manchester-United.html","url_text":"\"Crawley manager Steve Evans gets his wish as his team are drawn against the might of Manchester United\""}]},{"reference":"\"Steve Evans\". Soccerbase. Retrieved 6 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.soccerbase.com/managers/manager.sd?manager_id=1824","url_text":"\"Steve Evans\""}]},{"reference":"\"League Managers Association - STEVE EVANS\". www.leaguemanagers.com. Retrieved 19 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.leaguemanagers.com/managers/steve-evans/","url_text":"\"League Managers Association - STEVE EVANS\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sky Bet EFL Manager and Player of the Month: April winners\". EFL. 4 May 2023. Retrieved 5 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.efl.com/news/2023/may/sky-bet-efl-manager-and-player-of-the-month-april-winners/","url_text":"\"Sky Bet EFL Manager and Player of the Month: April winners\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Football_League","url_text":"EFL"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.neilbrown.newcastlefans.com/player2/steveevans.html","external_links_name":"\"Steve Evans\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/football/2006/nov/15/sport.comment","external_links_name":"\"Why tax fraud hasn't stopped Pilgrims' progress\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077","external_links_name":"0261-3077"},{"Link":"http://www.leedsunited.com/news/article/v5xndospy3p51p6dj2huhq0wo/title/club-statement-steve-evans","external_links_name":"\"CLUB STATEMENT: STEVE EVANS United part company with head coach\""},{"Link":"http://www.bufc.co.uk/article/26288/Steve-Evans-First-Team-Manager","external_links_name":"\"Steve Evans' profile\""},{"Link":"https://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/sport/football/rotherham-united/five-things-you-didnt-know-about-new-leeds-united-manager-steve-evans-1811011","external_links_name":"\"Five things you didn't know about new Leeds United manager Steve Evans...\""},{"Link":"https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11747/9862974/rotherham-boss-steve-evans-tells-goals-on-sunday-about-meeting-michael-douglas","external_links_name":"\"Rotherham boss Steve Evans tells Goals on Sunday about meeting Michael Douglas\""},{"Link":"https://lincoln.vitalfootball.co.uk/who-are-the-league-one-managers-no-10-steve-evans-gillingham/","external_links_name":"\"Who Are The League One Managers? 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonman_Mosley,_1st_Baron_Anslow	Tonman Mosley, 1st Baron Anslow	["1 Family","2 Career","3 Marriage and issue","4 Arms","5 References"]	Businessman, judge, politician (1850–1933) The Right HonourableThe Lord AnslowCB KStJ DLTonman Mosley, ca. 1900Chairman of the Buckinghamshire County CouncilIn office1904–1921Preceded byThe Lord CottesloeSucceeded bySir Leonard West Personal detailsBornTonman Mosley(1850-01-16)16 January 1850Burton upon Trent, Staffordshire, EnglandDied20 August 1933(1933-08-20) (aged 83)Iver, Buckinghamshire, EnglandPolitical partyConservativeSpouse Lady Hilda Rose Montgomerie (m. 1881)RelationsThe Earl of Eglinton (father-in-law)Parent(s)Sir Tonman Mosley, BtCatherine Wood Tonman Mosley, 1st Baron Anslow, CB, KStJ, DL (16 January 1850 – 20 August 1933), was a British Conservative politician, businessman and judge. He was chairman of the Buckinghamshire County Council from 1904 until 1921 and chairman of the North Staffordshire Railway company from 1904 until 1923. Family Tonman Mosley was born at East Lodge, Anslow, Burton upon Trent, Staffordshire, and baptized at Rolleston-on-Dove, Staffordshire, the younger son of Sir Tonman Mosley, 3rd Baronet, of Ancoats, and his wife Catherine Wood (died 22 April 1891), daughter of The Reverend John Wood of Swanwick Hall, Derbyshire, and Emily Susanna Bellairs, daughter of Abel Walford Bellairs. (See Mosley baronets for earlier history of the family.) His elder brother Sir Oswald Mosley, 4th Baronet, of Ancoats, was the grandfather of fascist leader Sir Oswald Mosley, 6th Baronet. Mosley's family were prosperous landowners in Staffordshire. Career He was educated at Repton School, Repton, Derbyshire, between 1862 and 1868, and at Corpus Christi College, Oxford, between 1868 and 1871 and graduated from the University of Oxford in 1872 with a Bachelor of Arts degree. He was called to the Bar at Inner Temple in 1874 entitled to practice as a barrister-at-law. Anslow unsuccessfully contested the Lichfield Division of Staffordshire as a Conservative in the 1885 general election. In 1897 he was appointed Chairman of the Quarter Sessions of Derbyshire, a post he held until 1902, and served as Chairman of the Buckinghamshire County Council from 1904 to 1921. Between 1904 and 1923 he was also Chairman of the North Staffordshire Railway Company. In 1914 Anslow contested the Wycombe Division of Buckinghamshire as a Liberal, but was once again unsuccessful. He also served as a Deputy Lieutenant of Buckinghamshire and Staffordshire. He was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath in 1911 and on 28 June 1916 he was raised to the peerage as Baron Anslow, of Iver, in the County of Buckingham, in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. He was also a Knight of Grace of the Venerable Order of Saint John. Marriage and issue Lord Anslow married on 22 February 1881 at St Peter's Church, Eaton Square, Belgravia, London, Lady Hilda Rose Montgomerie, daughter of Archibald Montgomerie, 13th Earl of Eglinton, and his wife, Adela Caroline Harriett (née Capell), Countess of Eglinton, daughter of Arthur Capell, 6th Earl of Essex. They had two sons and two daughters: Captain Hon. Nicholas Mosley (28 July 1882 – 1 August 1915), died without issue on the Western Front in World War I. He had fought in the Second Boer War between 1900 and 1902 and in World War I between 1914 and 1915 in the service of the North Staffordshire Regiment Hon. Edward Hugh Mosley (16 July 1884 – 16 July 1910), died without issue Hon. Mildred Mosley (9 June 1887 – 1 January 1963) Hon. Sybil Hildegarde Mosley (14 January 1896 – 7 July 1962) Both Lord Anslow's sons predeceased him. Lady Anslow died at Bangors, Iver, Buckinghamshire, on 18 June 1928. Lord Anslow survived her by five years and died in August 1933, aged 83, without surviving male issue, when the barony became extinct. His burial was a cremation at Woking, Surrey, on 24 August 1933. Arms Coat of arms of Tonman Mosley, 1st Baron Anslow Crest An Eagle displayed Ermine Escutcheon Sable a Chevron between three Pickaxes Argent Supporters Dexter: A Stork proper charged with a Stafford Knot Or; Sinister: A Swan wings inverted also proper gorged with an Antique Crown Gold Motto Mos Legem Regit References ^ Pine, L. G. (1972). The New Extinct Peerage 1884-1971: Containing Extinct, Abeyant, Dormant and Suspended Peerages With Genealogies and Arms. London: Heraldry Today. p. 5. ^ John Burke (1836). "A Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Commoners of Great Britain and Ireland Enjoying Territorial Possessions Or High Official Rank". archive.org. p. 137. ^ Co, Pigot James and (1828). "Pigot & co's national commercial directory for 1828-9". google.com/books. p. 196. ^ "Debrett's Illustrated Peerage of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, Debret's Illustrated Baronetage and Knightage of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, &c". Notes and Queries. s3-VII (165): 172–172. 25 February 1965. doi:10.1093/nq/s3-vii.165.172b. ISSN 1471-6941. ^ Cokayne, G. E.; et al. (Gibbs, Doubleday, White, Warrand, de Walden) (2000). The Complete Peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom, Extant, Extinct or Dormant. Alan Sutton Publishing. p. 227. ^ "Anslow, Baron (UK, 1916 - 1933)". Hesilrige, Arthur G. M. (1921). Debrett's Peerage and Titles of courtesy. London: London: Dean & son, limited. p. 51. Leigh Rayment's list of baronets www.buckscc.gov.uk Government offices Preceded byThe Lord Cottesloe Chairman of the Buckinghamshire County Council 1904–1921 Succeeded bySir Leonard West Peerage of the United Kingdom New creation Baron Anslow 1916–1933 Extinct	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Companion_of_the_Order_of_the_Bath"},{"link_name":"KStJ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_of_Justice_of_the_Order_of_St_John"},{"link_name":"DL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deputy_Lieutenant"},{"link_name":"Conservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Buckinghamshire County Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckinghamshire_County_Council"},{"link_name":"North Staffordshire Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Staffordshire_Railway"}],"text":"Tonman Mosley, 1st Baron Anslow, CB, KStJ, DL (16 January 1850 – 20 August 1933), was a British Conservative politician, businessman and judge. He was chairman of the Buckinghamshire County Council from 1904 until 1921 and chairman of the North Staffordshire Railway company from 1904 until 1923.","title":"Tonman Mosley, 1st Baron Anslow"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anslow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anslow"},{"link_name":"Burton upon Trent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burton_upon_Trent"},{"link_name":"baptized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptism"},{"link_name":"Rolleston-on-Dove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolleston-on-Dove"},{"link_name":"Sir Tonman Mosley, 3rd Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Tonman_Mosley,_3rd_Baronet"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Swanwick Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swanwick,_Derbyshire"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Mosley baronets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosley_baronets"},{"link_name":"Sir Oswald Mosley, 4th Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Oswald_Mosley,_4th_Baronet"},{"link_name":"Sir Oswald Mosley, 6th Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Oswald_Mosley,_6th_Baronet"},{"link_name":"Staffordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staffordshire"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Tonman Mosley was born at East Lodge, Anslow, Burton upon Trent, Staffordshire, and baptized at Rolleston-on-Dove, Staffordshire, the younger son of Sir Tonman Mosley, 3rd Baronet, of Ancoats, and his wife Catherine Wood (died 22 April 1891),[1] daughter of The Reverend John Wood of Swanwick Hall, Derbyshire, and Emily Susanna Bellairs, daughter of Abel Walford Bellairs.[2][3] (See Mosley baronets for earlier history of the family.)His elder brother Sir Oswald Mosley, 4th Baronet, of Ancoats, was the grandfather of fascist leader Sir Oswald Mosley, 6th Baronet. Mosley's family were prosperous landowners in Staffordshire.[4]","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Repton School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repton_School"},{"link_name":"Repton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repton"},{"link_name":"Corpus Christi College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpus_Christi_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"called to the Bar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_to_the_Bar"},{"link_name":"Inner Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner_Temple"},{"link_name":"barrister-at-law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrister-at-law"},{"link_name":"Lichfield Division of Staffordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lichfield_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Conservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"1885 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1885_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"Quarter Sessions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarter_Sessions"},{"link_name":"Derbyshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derbyshire"},{"link_name":"Buckinghamshire County Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckinghamshire_County_Council"},{"link_name":"North Staffordshire Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Staffordshire_Railway"},{"link_name":"Wycombe Division of Buckinghamshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wycombe_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Liberal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Deputy Lieutenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deputy_Lieutenant"},{"link_name":"Buckinghamshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckinghamshire"},{"link_name":"Staffordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staffordshire"},{"link_name":"Order of the Bath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Bath"},{"link_name":"Iver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iver"},{"link_name":"Peerage of the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peerage_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Venerable Order of Saint John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venerable_Order_of_Saint_John"}],"text":"He was educated at Repton School, Repton, Derbyshire, between 1862 and 1868, and at Corpus Christi College, Oxford, between 1868 and 1871 and graduated from the University of Oxford in 1872 with a Bachelor of Arts degree. He was called to the Bar at Inner Temple in 1874 entitled to practice as a barrister-at-law.Anslow unsuccessfully contested the Lichfield Division of Staffordshire as a Conservative in the 1885 general election. In 1897 he was appointed Chairman of the Quarter Sessions of Derbyshire, a post he held until 1902, and served as Chairman of the Buckinghamshire County Council from 1904 to 1921. Between 1904 and 1923 he was also Chairman of the North Staffordshire Railway Company. In 1914 Anslow contested the Wycombe Division of Buckinghamshire as a Liberal, but was once again unsuccessful. He also served as a Deputy Lieutenant of Buckinghamshire and Staffordshire.He was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath in 1911 and on 28 June 1916 he was raised to the peerage as Baron Anslow, of Iver, in the County of Buckingham, in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. He was also a Knight of Grace of the Venerable Order of Saint John.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St Peter's Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Peter%27s_Church,_Eaton_Square"},{"link_name":"Belgravia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgravia"},{"link_name":"Archibald Montgomerie, 13th Earl of Eglinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archibald_Montgomerie,_13th_Earl_of_Eglinton"},{"link_name":"Arthur Capell, 6th Earl of Essex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Capell,_6th_Earl_of_Essex"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Second Boer War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Boer_War"},{"link_name":"North Staffordshire Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Staffordshire_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Iver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iver"},{"link_name":"cremation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cremation"},{"link_name":"Woking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woking"}],"text":"Lord Anslow married on 22 February 1881 at St Peter's Church, Eaton Square, Belgravia, London, Lady Hilda Rose Montgomerie, daughter of Archibald Montgomerie, 13th Earl of Eglinton, and his wife, Adela Caroline Harriett (née Capell), Countess of Eglinton, daughter of Arthur Capell, 6th Earl of Essex.[5] They had two sons and two daughters:Captain Hon. Nicholas Mosley (28 July 1882 – 1 August 1915), died without issue on the Western Front in World War I. He had fought in the Second Boer War between 1900 and 1902 and in World War I between 1914 and 1915 in the service of the North Staffordshire Regiment\nHon. Edward Hugh Mosley (16 July 1884 – 16 July 1910), died without issue\nHon. Mildred Mosley (9 June 1887 – 1 January 1963)\nHon. Sybil Hildegarde Mosley (14 January 1896 – 7 July 1962)Both Lord Anslow's sons predeceased him. Lady Anslow died at Bangors, Iver, Buckinghamshire, on 18 June 1928. Lord Anslow survived her by five years and died in August 1933, aged 83, without surviving male issue, when the barony became extinct. His burial was a cremation at Woking, Surrey, on 24 August 1933.","title":"Marriage and issue"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Arms"}]	[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Coronet_of_a_British_Baron.svg/150px-Coronet_of_a_British_Baron.svg.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Anslow_Escutcheon.svg/200px-Anslow_Escutcheon.svg.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"Pine, L. G. (1972). The New Extinct Peerage 1884-1971: Containing Extinct, Abeyant, Dormant and Suspended Peerages With Genealogies and Arms. London: Heraldry Today. p. 5.","urls":[]},{"reference":"John Burke (1836). \"A Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Commoners of Great Britain and Ireland Enjoying Territorial Possessions Or High Official Rank\". archive.org. p. 137.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/genealogicalhera03burk/page/136/mode/2up","url_text":"\"A Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Commoners of Great Britain and Ireland Enjoying Territorial Possessions Or High Official Rank\""}]},{"reference":"Co, Pigot James and (1828). \"Pigot & co's national commercial directory for 1828-9\". google.com/books. p. 196.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=hdMHAAAAQAAJ&dq=Pigot+and+co.%27s+national+commercial+directory+for+1828-9+ALFRETON+AND+NEIGHBOURHOOD&pg=PA106","url_text":"\"Pigot & co's national commercial directory for 1828-9\""}]},{"reference":"\"Debrett's Illustrated Peerage of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, Debret's Illustrated Baronetage and Knightage of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, &c\". Notes and Queries. s3-VII (165): 172–172. 25 February 1965. doi:10.1093/nq/s3-vii.165.172b. ISSN 1471-6941.","urls":[{"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nq/s3-vii.165.172b","url_text":"\"Debrett's Illustrated Peerage of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, Debret's Illustrated Baronetage and Knightage of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, &c\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fnq%2Fs3-vii.165.172b","url_text":"10.1093/nq/s3-vii.165.172b"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1471-6941","url_text":"1471-6941"}]},{"reference":"Cokayne, G. E.; et al. (Gibbs, Doubleday, White, Warrand, de Walden) (2000). The Complete Peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom, Extant, Extinct or Dormant. Alan Sutton Publishing. p. 227.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Anslow, Baron (UK, 1916 - 1933)\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cracroftspeerage.co.uk/anslow1916.htm","url_text":"\"Anslow, Baron (UK, 1916 - 1933)\""}]},{"reference":"Hesilrige, Arthur G. M. (1921). Debrett's Peerage and Titles of courtesy. London: London: Dean & son, limited. p. 51.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/debrettspeeraget00unse/page/51","url_text":"Debrett's Peerage and Titles of courtesy"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/genealogicalhera03burk/page/136/mode/2up","external_links_name":"\"A Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Commoners of Great Britain and Ireland Enjoying Territorial Possessions Or High Official Rank\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=hdMHAAAAQAAJ&dq=Pigot+and+co.%27s+national+commercial+directory+for+1828-9+ALFRETON+AND+NEIGHBOURHOOD&pg=PA106","external_links_name":"\"Pigot & co's national commercial directory for 1828-9\""},{"Link":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nq/s3-vii.165.172b","external_links_name":"\"Debrett's Illustrated Peerage of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, Debret's Illustrated Baronetage and Knightage of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, &c\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fnq%2Fs3-vii.165.172b","external_links_name":"10.1093/nq/s3-vii.165.172b"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1471-6941","external_links_name":"1471-6941"},{"Link":"http://www.cracroftspeerage.co.uk/anslow1916.htm","external_links_name":"\"Anslow, Baron (UK, 1916 - 1933)\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/debrettspeeraget00unse/page/51","external_links_name":"Debrett's Peerage and Titles of courtesy"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191024165310/http://leighrayment.com/baronetage.htm","external_links_name":"Leigh Rayment's list of baronets"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120210080940/http://www.buckscc.gov.uk/bcc/content/index.jsp?contentid=1939550601","external_links_name":"www.buckscc.gov.uk"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De%C4%9Firmenkaya,_Kalecik	Değirmenkaya, Kalecik	["1 References"]	Coordinates: 40°13′46″N 33°20′55″E / 40.2295°N 33.3485°E / 40.2295; 33.3485Neighbourhood in Kalecik, Ankara, TurkeyDeğirmenkayaNeighbourhoodDeğirmenkayaLocation in TurkeyShow map of TurkeyDeğirmenkayaDeğirmenkaya (Turkey Central Anatolia)Show map of Turkey Central AnatoliaCoordinates: 40°13′46″N 33°20′55″E / 40.2295°N 33.3485°E / 40.2295; 33.3485CountryTurkeyProvinceAnkaraDistrictKalecikPopulation (2022)216Time zoneTRT (UTC+3) Değirmenkaya is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Kalecik, Ankara Province, Turkey. Its population is 216 (2022). References ^ Mahalle, Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 22 May 2023. ^ "Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2022, Favorite Reports" (XLS). TÜİK. Retrieved 22 May 2023. vteNeighbourhoods of Kalecik District Afşar Ahikemalşenyurt Ahiler Yenice Akcataş Akkaynak Akkuzulu Aktepe Alibeyli Altıntaş Arkbürk Beykavağı Buğra Çandır Çanşa Kale Çaykaya Çiftlikköy Cuma Saray Dağdemir Değirmenkaya Demirtaş Elmapınar Eskiköy Eşmedere Gökçeören Gökdere Gölköy Gümüşpınar Hacıköy Halilağa Tabakhane Halitcevriaslangil Hançılı Hasayaz Karahöyük Karalar Karatepe Kargın Keklicek Kılçak Kınık Kızılkaya Koyunbaba Kuyucak Mahmutlar Samanlık Satılar Şemsettin Şeyhmahmut Tavşancık Tilki Uyurca Yalımköy Yeniçöte Yenidoğan Yeşilyurt Yeşilöz Yılanlı Yurtyenice Yüzbey This geographical article about a location in Kalecik, Ankara, Turkey is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kalecik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalecik,_Ankara"},{"link_name":"Ankara Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara_Province"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Neighbourhood in Kalecik, Ankara, TurkeyDeğirmenkaya is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Kalecik, Ankara Province, Turkey.[1] Its population is 216 (2022).[2]","title":"Değirmenkaya, Kalecik"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2022, Favorite Reports\" (XLS). TÜİK. Retrieved 22 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=95&locale=en","url_text":"\"Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2022, Favorite Reports\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%9C%C4%B0K","url_text":"TÜİK"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=De%C4%9Firmenkaya,_Kalecik&params=40.2295_N_33.3485_E_region:TR_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki_dim:100000","external_links_name":"40°13′46″N 33°20′55″E / 40.2295°N 33.3485°E / 40.2295; 33.3485"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=De%C4%9Firmenkaya,_Kalecik&params=40.2295_N_33.3485_E_region:TR_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki_dim:100000","external_links_name":"40°13′46″N 33°20′55″E / 40.2295°N 33.3485°E / 40.2295; 33.3485"},{"Link":"https://www.e-icisleri.gov.tr/Anasayfa/MulkiIdariBolumleri.aspx","external_links_name":"Mahalle"},{"Link":"https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=95&locale=en","external_links_name":"\"Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2022, Favorite Reports\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=De%C4%9Firmenkaya,_Kalecik&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Baker_County,_Oregon	National Register of Historic Places listings in Baker County, Oregon	["1 Current listings","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]	Location of Baker County in Oregon This list presents the full set of buildings, structures, objects, sites, or districts designated on the National Register of Historic Places in Baker County, Oregon, and offers brief descriptive information about each of them. The National Register recognizes places of national, state, or local historic significance across the United States. Out of over 90,000 National Register sites nationwide, Oregon is home to over 2,000, and 14 of those are found partially or wholly in Baker County. This National Park Service list is complete through NPS recent listings posted February 9, 2024. Current listings Name on the Register Image Date listed Location City or town Description 1 Antlers Guard Station Antlers Guard Station More images March 6, 1991(#91000166) Wallowa–Whitman National Forest 44°38′01″N 118°16′44″W / 44.633628°N 118.279022°W / 44.633628; -118.279022 (Antlers Guard Station) Whitney vicinity This rustic-styled cabin and garage were built for the Forest Service by the Civilian Conservation Corps around 1935. They recall both the CCC's Depression-era relief programs, and the use of architecture to express the Forest Service's identity and mission in the first half of the 20th century. 2 Baker Historic District Baker Historic District More images December 14, 1978(#78002277) Roughly along Main Street from Madison Street to Estes Street 44°46′29″N 117°49′53″W / 44.77482°N 117.8314°W / 44.77482; -117.8314 (Baker Historic District) Baker City 3 Baker Municipal Natatorium Baker Municipal Natatorium October 17, 1977(#77001097) 2470 Grove Street 44°46′53″N 117°49′31″W / 44.781422°N 117.825338°W / 44.781422; -117.825338 (Baker Municipal Natatorium) Baker City 4 Churchill School Churchill School March 5, 2008(#08000182) 3451 Broadway Street 44°46′40″N 117°50′57″W / 44.777748°N 117.849270°W / 44.777748; -117.849270 (Churchill School) Baker City 5 Robert F. and Elizabeth Clark House Robert F. and Elizabeth Clark House More images October 30, 1989(#89001857) 1522 Washington Avenue 44°46′38″N 117°49′25″W / 44.77711°N 117.8237°W / 44.77711; -117.8237 (Robert F. and Elizabeth Clark House) Baker City 6 Cornucopia Jailhouse Cornucopia Jailhouse More images November 24, 2014(#14000959) 2nd Street 45°00′25″N 117°11′49″W / 45.006996°N 117.196815°W / 45.006996; -117.196815 (Cornucopia Jailhouse) Cornucopia 7 James O. Maxwell Farmstead James O. Maxwell Farmstead November 6, 1986(#86003086) 15177 Muddy Creek Lane 44°56′17″N 117°59′37″W / 44.938102°N 117.993691°W / 44.938102; -117.993691 (James O. Maxwell Farmstead) Haines 8 Oregon Commercial Company Building Oregon Commercial Company Building June 4, 1992(#92000666) 40-50 E. Washington Street 44°21′04″N 117°16′03″W / 44.3512°N 117.2676°W / 44.3512; -117.2676 (Oregon Commercial Company Building) Huntington This building was destroyed in a fire on 05/24/2019. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_Commercial_Company_Building> 9 Ed Rand House Ed Rand House December 9, 1981(#81000709) 1700 4th Street 44°46′29″N 117°50′03″W / 44.774673°N 117.834108°W / 44.774673; -117.834108 (Ed Rand House) Baker City 10 St. Elizabeth Hospital (Old) St. Elizabeth Hospital (Old) More images February 21, 1989(#89000047) 2365 4th Street 44°46′50″N 117°50′04″W / 44.7805°N 117.8344°W / 44.7805; -117.8344 (St. Elizabeth Hospital (Old)) Baker City 11 Sumpter Valley Gold Dredge Sumpter Valley Gold Dredge More images October 26, 1971(#71000676) Southwest of Sumpter near Cracker Creek 44°44′33″N 118°12′15″W / 44.742541°N 118.204167°W / 44.742541; -118.204167 (Sumpter Valley Gold Dredge) Sumpter This gold dredge was used in placer mining along the Powder River from 1935 to 1954, representing a period of mining by dredge that began in 1913. The last of three dredges in the Sumpter Valley in that period, it produced some $4.5 million in gold in its career. It is preserved as a museum. 12 Sumpter Valley Railway Historic District Sumpter Valley Railway Historic District More images August 3, 1987(#87001065) Roughly between Baker and Prairie City starting near the McEwen station site and west to the Dixie Pass area (See also Grant County.) 44°42′13″N 118°07′17″W / 44.703651°N 118.121287°W / 44.703651; -118.121287 (Sumpter Valley Railway Historic District) Baker City to Prairie City This narrow-gauge railway, built in stages between 1890 and 1910, was intimately connected to the logging industry in the Blue Mountains, and also served the mining, livestock, and agricultural industries. About half of the total roadbed of the railway is included in the historic district, along with several spurs, station sites, sawmill sites, and rolling stock. Although most of the line was abandoned in 1933 and 1946 and rails removed, a small section continues to operate as a heritage railway. 13 Superintendent's House Superintendent's House August 20, 2004(#04000879) 271 S. Mill Street 44°44′39″N 118°12′08″W / 44.744060°N 118.202143°W / 44.744060; -118.202143 (Superintendent's House) Sumpter 14 Unity Ranger Station Unity Ranger Station More images April 11, 1986(#86000823) Wallowa-Whitman National Forest 44°26′12″N 118°11′17″W / 44.43678°N 118.188°W / 44.43678; -118.188 (Unity Ranger Station) Unity See also Oregon portalNational Register of Historic Places portal National Register of Historic Places listings in Oregon Listings in neighboring counties: Adams, Grant, Malheur, Wallowa, Washington, Union Historic preservation History of Oregon Lists of Oregon-related topics References ^ Andrus, Patrick W.; Shrimpton, Rebecca H.; et al. (2002), How to Apply the National Register Criteria for Evaluation, National Register Bulletin, National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, OCLC 39493977, archived from the original on April 6, 2014, retrieved June 20, 2014. ^ National Park Service, National Register of Historic Places Program: Research, archived from the original on February 1, 2015, retrieved January 28, 2015. ^ Oregon Parks and Recreation Department, Oregon Historic Sites Database, retrieved August 6, 2015. Note that a simple count of National Register records in this database returns a slightly higher total than actual listings, due to duplicate records. A close reading of detailed query results is necessary to arrive at the precise count. ^ National Park Service, United States Department of the Interior, "National Register of Historic Places: Weekly List Actions", retrieved February 9, 2024. ^ Numbers represent an alphabetical ordering by significant words. Various colorings, defined here, differentiate National Historic Landmarks and historic districts from other NRHP buildings, structures, sites or objects. ^ The eight-digit number below each date is the number assigned to each location in the National Register Information System database, which can be viewed by clicking the number. ^ Throop, E. Gail (January 15, 1986), National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Antlers Guard Station (PDF), archived (PDF) from the original on February 8, 2017, retrieved January 20, 2017. ^ Walton, Elisabeth (June 1971), National Register of Historic Places Inventory—Nomination Form: Sumpter Valley Gold Dredge (PDF), archived (PDF) from the original on March 1, 2017, retrieved May 10, 2021. ^ Oregon Parks and Recreation Department. "Sumpter Valley Dredge State Heritage Area". Archived from the original on April 11, 2021. Retrieved May 10, 2021. ^ Tonsfeldt, Ward (August 15, 1985), National Register of Historic Places Inventory—Nomination Form: Sumpter Valley Railway Historic District (PDF), archived (PDF) from the original on June 23, 2021, retrieved June 22, 2021. External links Map all coordinates using: OpenStreetMap Download coordinates as: KML GPX (all coordinates) GPX (primary coordinates) GPX (secondary coordinates) Oregon Parks and Recreation Department, National Register Program National Park Service, National Register of Historic Places site Media related to National Register of Historic Places in Baker County, Oregon at Wikimedia Commons vteU.S. National Register of Historic Places in OregonListsby county Baker Benton Clackamas Clatsop Columbia Coos Crook Curry Deschutes Douglas Gilliam Grant Harney Hood River Jackson Jefferson Josephine Klamath Lake Lane Lincoln Linn Malheur Marion Morrow Multnomah Polk Sherman Tillamook Umatilla Union Wallowa Wasco Washington Wheeler Yamhill Portland lists North Northeast Northwest Southeast South and Southwest Other lists National Historic Landmarks Bridges and Tunnels National Historic Sites National Monuments Keeper of the Register History of the National Register of Historic Places Property types Historic district Contributing property vteU.S. National Register of Historic PlacesTopics Architectural style categories Contributing property Historic district History of the National Register of Historic Places Keeper of the Register National Park Service Property types Lists by state List of U.S. National Historic Landmarks by state: Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Lists by insular areas American Samoa Guam Minor Outlying Islands Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico Virgin Islands Lists by associated state Federated States of Micronesia Marshall Islands Palau Other areas District of Columbia American Legation, Morocco Related National Historic Preservation Act Historic Preservation Fund List of jails and prisons on the National Register of Historic Places University and college buildings listed on the National Register of Historic Places National Register of Historic Places portal Category vteMunicipalities and communities of Baker County, Oregon, United StatesCounty seat: Baker CityCities Baker City Greenhorn‡ Haines Halfway Huntington Richland Sumpter Unity Baker County mapUnincorporatedcommunities Bridgeport Brownlee Carson Dixie Durkee Encina Hereford Homestead Hutchinson Jimtown Keating Lime Little Alps McEwen Nelson New Bridge Oxbow Pine Pleasant Valley Rock Creek Rye Valley Salisbury Sparta Weatherby Whitney Wingville Ghost towns Auburn Bourne Copperfield Cornucopia Eureka Pocahontas Robinette Sanger Footnotes ‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Oregon portal United States portal	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_Oregon_highlighting_Baker_County.svg"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"Baker County, Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baker_County,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"National Park Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service"},{"link_name":"NPS recent listings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nps.gov/subjects/nationalregister/weekly-list.htm"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Location of Baker County in OregonThis list presents the full set of buildings, structures, objects, sites, or districts designated on the National Register of Historic Places in Baker County, Oregon, and offers brief descriptive information about each of them. The National Register recognizes places of national, state, or local historic significance across the United States.[1] Out of over 90,000 National Register sites nationwide,[2] Oregon is home to over 2,000,[3] and 14 of those are found partially or wholly in Baker County.This National Park Service list is complete through NPS recent listings posted February 9, 2024.[4]","title":"National Register of Historic Places listings in Baker County, Oregon"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Current listings"}]	[{"image_text":"Location of Baker County in Oregon","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Map_of_Oregon_highlighting_Baker_County.svg/220px-Map_of_Oregon_highlighting_Baker_County.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Antlers Guard Station","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Antlers_Guard_Station_cabin_2_-_Wallowa_Whitman_NF_Oregon.jpg/100px-Antlers_Guard_Station_cabin_2_-_Wallowa_Whitman_NF_Oregon.jpg"},{"image_text":"Baker Historic District","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Bakermainstreet.jpg/100px-Bakermainstreet.jpg"},{"image_text":"Baker Municipal Natatorium","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Oregon_Trail_Museum_%28Baker_County%2C_Oregon_scenic_images%29_%28bakDA0095a%29.jpg/100px-Oregon_Trail_Museum_%28Baker_County%2C_Oregon_scenic_images%29_%28bakDA0095a%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Churchill School","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Churchill_School_-_Baker_City_Oregon.jpg/100px-Churchill_School_-_Baker_City_Oregon.jpg"},{"image_text":"Robert F. and Elizabeth Clark House","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Clark_House_-_Baker_City_Oregon.jpg/100px-Clark_House_-_Baker_City_Oregon.jpg"},{"image_text":"Cornucopia Jailhouse","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Cornucopia_Jailhouse_1_-_Cornucopia_Oregon.jpg/100px-Cornucopia_Jailhouse_1_-_Cornucopia_Oregon.jpg"},{"image_text":"James O. Maxwell Farmstead","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Maxwell_Farmstead_-_Haines_Oregon.jpg/100px-Maxwell_Farmstead_-_Haines_Oregon.jpg"},{"image_text":"Oregon Commercial Company Building","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Oregon_Commercial_Company_Bldg_-_Huntington_Oregon.jpg/100px-Oregon_Commercial_Company_Bldg_-_Huntington_Oregon.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ed Rand House","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Rand_House_-_Baker_City_Oregon.jpg/100px-Rand_House_-_Baker_City_Oregon.jpg"},{"image_text":"St. Elizabeth Hospital (Old)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Old_St_Elizabeth_Hospital_-_Baker_City_Oregon.jpg/100px-Old_St_Elizabeth_Hospital_-_Baker_City_Oregon.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sumpter Valley Gold Dredge","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Sumpter_Valley_Gold_Dredge.jpg/100px-Sumpter_Valley_Gold_Dredge.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sumpter Valley Railway Historic District","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Steeming_up_in_McEwen_-_panoramio.jpg/100px-Steeming_up_in_McEwen_-_panoramio.jpg"},{"image_text":"Superintendent's House","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Superintendents_House_-_Sumpter_Oregon.jpg/100px-Superintendents_House_-_Sumpter_Oregon.jpg"},{"image_text":"Unity Ranger Station","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Unity_Ranger_Station_bunkhouse.jpg/100px-Unity_Ranger_Station_bunkhouse.jpg"},{"image_text":"Baker County map","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Map_of_Oregon_highlighting_Baker_County.svg/100px-Map_of_Oregon_highlighting_Baker_County.svg.png"}]	[{"title":"Oregon portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Oregon"},{"title":"National Register of Historic Places portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"title":"National Register of Historic Places listings in Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Oregon"},{"title":"Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Adams_County,_Idaho"},{"title":"Grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Grant_County,_Oregon"},{"title":"Malheur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Malheur_County,_Oregon"},{"title":"Wallowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Wallowa_County,_Oregon"},{"title":"Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Washington_County,_Idaho"},{"title":"Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Union_County,_Oregon"},{"title":"Historic preservation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_preservation"},{"title":"History of Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Oregon"},{"title":"Lists of Oregon-related topics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_Oregon-related_topics"}]	[{"reference":"Andrus, Patrick W.; Shrimpton, Rebecca H.; et al. (2002), How to Apply the National Register Criteria for Evaluation, National Register Bulletin, National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, OCLC 39493977, archived from the original on April 6, 2014, retrieved June 20, 2014","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nps.gov/nr/publications/bulletins/nrb15/","url_text":"How to Apply the National Register Criteria for Evaluation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior","url_text":"U.S. Department of the Interior"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/39493977","url_text":"39493977"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140406171118/http://www.nps.gov/nr/publications/bulletins/nrb15/","url_text":"archived"}]},{"reference":"National Park Service, National Register of Historic Places Program: Research, archived from the original on February 1, 2015, retrieved January 28, 2015","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"},{"url":"http://www.nps.gov/nr/research/","url_text":"National Register of Historic Places Program: Research"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150201080008/http://www.nps.gov/nr/research/","url_text":"archived"}]},{"reference":"Oregon Parks and Recreation Department, Oregon Historic Sites Database, retrieved August 6, 2015","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_Parks_and_Recreation_Department","url_text":"Oregon Parks and Recreation Department"},{"url":"http://heritagedata.prd.state.or.us/historic/","url_text":"Oregon Historic Sites Database"}]},{"reference":"Throop, E. Gail (January 15, 1986), National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Antlers Guard Station (PDF), archived (PDF) from the original on February 8, 2017, retrieved January 20, 2017","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NRHP/91000166_text","url_text":"National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Antlers Guard Station"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170208185531/http://npgallery.nps.gov/pdfhost/docs/NRHP/Text/91000166.pdf","url_text":"archived"}]},{"reference":"Walton, Elisabeth (June 1971), National Register of Historic Places Inventory—Nomination Form: Sumpter Valley Gold Dredge (PDF), archived (PDF) from the original on March 1, 2017, retrieved May 10, 2021","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NRHP/71000676_text","url_text":"National Register of Historic Places Inventory—Nomination Form: Sumpter Valley Gold Dredge"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170301190508/http://npgallery.nps.gov/pdfhost/docs/NRHP/Text/71000676.pdf","url_text":"archived"}]},{"reference":"Oregon Parks and Recreation Department. \"Sumpter Valley Dredge State Heritage Area\". Archived from the original on April 11, 2021. Retrieved May 10, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_Parks_and_Recreation_Department","url_text":"Oregon Parks and Recreation Department"},{"url":"https://stateparks.oregon.gov/index.cfm?do=park.profile&parkId=174","url_text":"\"Sumpter Valley Dredge State Heritage Area\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210411011818/https://stateparks.oregon.gov/index.cfm?do=park.profile&parkId=174","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Tonsfeldt, Ward (August 15, 1985), National Register of Historic Places Inventory—Nomination Form: Sumpter Valley Railway Historic District (PDF), archived (PDF) from the original on June 23, 2021, retrieved June 22, 2021","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NRHP/87001065_text","url_text":"National Register of Historic Places Inventory—Nomination Form: Sumpter Valley Railway Historic District"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210623010537/https://npgallery.nps.gov/pdfhost/docs/NRHP/Text/87001065.pdf","url_text":"archived"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.nps.gov/subjects/nationalregister/weekly-list.htm","external_links_name":"NPS recent listings"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/91000166","external_links_name":"#91000166"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Baker_County,_Oregon&params=44.633628_N_118.279022_W_&title=Antlers+Guard+Station","external_links_name":"44°38′01″N 118°16′44″W / 44.633628°N 118.279022°W / 44.633628; -118.279022 (Antlers Guard Station)"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/78002277","external_links_name":"#78002277"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Baker_County,_Oregon&params=44.77482_N_117.8314_W_&title=Baker+Historic+District","external_links_name":"44°46′29″N 117°49′53″W / 44.77482°N 117.8314°W / 44.77482; -117.8314 (Baker Historic District)"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/77001097","external_links_name":"#77001097"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Baker_County,_Oregon&params=44.781422_N_117.825338_W_&title=Baker+Municipal+Natatorium","external_links_name":"44°46′53″N 117°49′31″W / 44.781422°N 117.825338°W / 44.781422; -117.825338 (Baker Municipal Natatorium)"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/08000182","external_links_name":"#08000182"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Baker_County,_Oregon&params=44.777748_N_117.84927_W_&title=Churchill+School","external_links_name":"44°46′40″N 117°50′57″W / 44.777748°N 117.849270°W / 44.777748; -117.849270 (Churchill School)"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/89001857","external_links_name":"#89001857"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Baker_County,_Oregon&params=44.77711_N_117.8237_W_&title=Robert+F.+and+Elizabeth+Clark+House","external_links_name":"44°46′38″N 117°49′25″W / 44.77711°N 117.8237°W / 44.77711; -117.8237 (Robert F. and Elizabeth Clark House)"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/14000959","external_links_name":"#14000959"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Baker_County,_Oregon&params=45.006996_N_117.196815_W_&title=Cornucopia+Jailhouse","external_links_name":"45°00′25″N 117°11′49″W / 45.006996°N 117.196815°W / 45.006996; -117.196815 (Cornucopia Jailhouse)"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/86003086","external_links_name":"#86003086"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Baker_County,_Oregon&params=44.938102_N_117.993691_W_&title=James+O.+Maxwell+Farmstead","external_links_name":"44°56′17″N 117°59′37″W / 44.938102°N 117.993691°W / 44.938102; -117.993691 (James O. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Winn_Parish,_Louisiana	National Register of Historic Places listings in Winn Parish, Louisiana	[]	Location of Winn Parish in Louisiana This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Winn Parish, Louisiana. This is intended to be a complete list of the properties on the National Register of Historic Places in Winn Parish, Louisiana, United States. The locations of National Register properties for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in a map. There are 5 properties listed on the National Register in the parish. Another two properties were once listed, but have since been removed. This National Park Service list is complete through NPS recent listings posted February 16, 2024. Map all coordinates using: OpenStreetMap Download coordinates as: KML GPX (all coordinates) GPX (primary coordinates) GPX (secondary coordinates) Current listings Name on the Register Image Date listed Location City or town Description 1 Brister School House Brister School House August 2, 2001(#01000808) Parish Road 240 and Brister School Rd. 32°00′01″N 92°27′34″W / 32.000278°N 92.459444°W / 32.000278; -92.459444 (Brister School House) Sikes 2 Gum Springs Recreation Area Upload image December 7, 2010(#10000986) 12312 US 84 West, Kisatchie National Forest 31°53′51″N 92°47′16″W / 31.8975°N 92.787778°W / 31.8975; -92.787778 (Gum Springs Recreation Area) Winnfield vicinity 3 George Parker Long House Upload image August 11, 1982(#82002803) 1401 Maple St. 31°55′37″N 92°37′38″W / 31.926944°N 92.627222°W / 31.926944; -92.627222 (George Parker Long House) Winnfield 4 Phillips School Upload image February 10, 2000(#00000073) Approximately ½ mile west of the junction of Louisiana Highway 421 and Harrisburg Rd. 31°45′10″N 92°46′02″W / 31.752778°N 92.767222°W / 31.752778; -92.767222 (Phillips School) Atlanta 5 St. Maurice Methodist Church Upload image August 27, 1997(#97000964) Junction of U.S. Highway 71 and Louisiana Highway 477 31°45′35″N 92°57′29″W / 31.759824°N 92.958118°W / 31.759824; -92.958118 (St. Maurice Methodist Church) St. Maurice Vertically oriented wood frame church with a central entrance tower Former listing Name on the Register Image Date listedDate removed Location City or town Description 1 Winnfield Hotel Upload image June 11, 1980(#80001775)May 3, 2016 302 E. Main St. 31°55′34″N 92°38′13″W / 31.926111°N 92.636944°W / 31.926111; -92.636944 (Winnfield Hotel) Winnfield Demolished in February 6, 1997. 2 St. Maurice Plantation Upload image April 3, 1979(#79001104)January 31, 2019 Off Louisiana Highway 477 31°45′22″N 92°57′54″W / 31.756111°N 92.965°W / 31.756111; -92.965 (St. Maurice Plantation) St. Maurice Destroyed by fire June 5, 1981 See also Wikimedia Commons has media related to National Register of Historic Places in Winn Parish, Louisiana. List of National Historic Landmarks in Louisiana National Register of Historic Places listings in Louisiana References ^ The latitude and longitude information provided in this table was derived originally from the National Register Information System, which has been found to be fairly accurate for about 99% of listings. Some locations in this table may have been corrected to current GPS standards. ^ National Park Service, United States Department of the Interior, "National Register of Historic Places: Weekly List Actions", retrieved February 16, 2024. ^ a b Numbers represent an alphabetical ordering by significant words. Various colorings, defined here, differentiate National Historic Landmarks and historic districts from other NRHP buildings, structures, sites or objects. ^ The eight-digit number below each date is the number assigned to each location in the National Register Information System database, which can be viewed by clicking the number. ^ "Walls come tumbling down". The Town Talk (Alexandria). February 7, 1997. p. D1. Retrieved July 5, 2022 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "Historic plantation house burns". The Times (Shreveport). January 12, 1981. p. 10A. Retrieved July 5, 2022 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "Saint Maurice plantation home in Winn Parish Louisiana in the 1970s". vteU.S. National Register of Historic PlacesTopics Architectural style categories Contributing property Historic district History of the National Register of Historic Places Keeper of the Register National Park Service Property types Lists by state List of U.S. National Historic Landmarks by state: Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Lists by insular areas American Samoa Guam Minor Outlying Islands Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico Virgin Islands Lists by associated state Federated States of Micronesia Marshall Islands Palau Other areas District of Columbia American Legation, Morocco Related National Historic Preservation Act Historic Preservation Fund List of jails and prisons on the National Register of Historic Places University and college buildings listed on the National Register of Historic Places National Register of Historic Places portal Category vteMunicipalities and communities of Winn Parish, Louisiana, United StatesParish seat: WinnfieldCity Winnfield Town Tullos‡ Villages Atlanta Calvin Dodson Sikes CDPs Jordan Hill Joyce Saint Maurice Othercommunities Bethlehem Tannehill Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent parish or parishes Louisiana portal United States portal	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_Louisiana_highlighting_Winn_Parish.svg"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"Winn Parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winn_Parish,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"National Park Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service"},{"link_name":"NPS recent listings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nps.gov/subjects/nationalregister/weekly-list.htm"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Location of Winn Parish in LouisianaThis is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Winn Parish, Louisiana.This is intended to be a complete list of the properties on the National Register of Historic Places in Winn Parish, Louisiana, United States. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Love_You,_Samantha	I Love You, Samantha	["1 Background","2 Notable recordings","3 References"]	This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "I Love You, Samantha" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) "I Love You, Samantha" is a song written by Cole Porter for the 1956 film High Society, where it was introduced by Bing Crosby. Background Sol C. Siegel, producer of the film High Society, paid Cole Porter $250,000 for his first original film score in eight years. Besides Louis Armstrong, the cast included Bing Crosby, Frank Sinatra, Grace Kelly, and Celeste Holm. Among the songs, Porter's favorite, which he considered musically superior to the others, was "I Love You, Samantha." On the soundtrack album, there is an instrumental introduction (1 minute 41 seconds) before Crosby sings. In the film, this is replaced by Louis Armstrong playing introductory notes while Crosby is dressing. Then Crosby starts to sing as he continues to dress. In the United Kingdom, an instrumental version of the song recorded by the Pete Moore Orchestra was used by broadcaster David Jacobs to introduce his BBC Radio 2 program The David Jacobs Collection, which aired from 1998 to 2013. Jacobs had previously used the orchestral section of the soundtrack recording to end his music programs, fading out just before the Bing Crosby vocal began. Notable recordings Bing Crosby - High Society (Recorded January 18, 1956) Kenny Ball - (as "Samantha" 1961 - No. 13 hit in the UK) Vince Hill - for his album Edelweiss (1967). References ^ Jasen, David A. (2003). Tin Pan Alley: An Encyclopedia of the Golden Age of American Song. New York, NY: Routledge. p. 203. ISBN 0-415-93877-5. ^ Sinatra, Nancy (1986). Frank Sinatra, My Father. Simon and Schuster. p. 349. ISBN 978-0-671-62508-5. Retrieved 27 October 2010. ^ Schwartz, Charles (1979). Cole Porter: A biography (Unabridged republ. of the 1. ed. publ. in New York in 1977 ed.). New York: Da Capo. p. 300. ISBN 0306800977. ^ "BBC Radio 2 History - the Theme Tunes". Radio Rewind. Retrieved 4 September 2013. ^ "A Bing Crosby Discography". BING magazine. International Club Crosby. Retrieved September 12, 2016. ^ British Hit Singles & Albums (18th ed.). Guinness World Records Ltd. 2004. ISBN 1-904994-00-8. ^ "Discogs.com". Discogs.com. Retrieved February 18, 2018. vteCole PorterMusicals See America First Hitchy-Koo of 1919 Paris Fifty Million Frenchmen Wake Up and Dream The New Yorkers Gay Divorce Nymph Errant Anything Goes Jubilee Red, Hot and Blue You Never Know Leave It to Me! Du Barry Was a Lady Panama Hattie Let's Face It! Something for the Boys Mexican Hayride Around the World Kiss Me, Kate Out of This World Can-Can Silk Stockings Happy New Year Songs Ace in the Hole After You, Who? All of You All Through the Night Allez-Vous-En Always True to You in My Fashion Another Op'nin', Another Show Anything Goes At Long Last Love Be a Clown Begin the Beguine C'est Magnifique Ca, C'est L'amour The Day Is My Enemy Do I Love You? Don't Fence Me In Down in the Depths Dream Dancing Ev'ry Time We Say Goodbye From This Moment On Get Out of Town Give Him the Ooh-La-La High Society Calypso I Am in Love I Concentrate on You I Get a Kick Out of You I Happen to Like New York I Love Paris I Love You I Love You, Samantha I've Got My Eyes on You I've Got You Under My Skin In the Still of the Night It's All Right with Me It's De-Lovely Just One of Those Things Let's Do It, Let's Fall in Love Let's Misbehave Little One Love for Sale Mind If I Make Love to You? Miss Otis Regrets My Heart Belongs to Daddy Night and Day Now You Has Jazz Ridin' High So in Love So Near and yet So Far Tom, Dick or Harry Too Darn Hot True Love Well, Did You Evah! What Is This Thing Called Love? Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? Why Can't You Behave? You Do Something to Me You'd Be So Easy to Love You'd Be So Nice to Come Home To You're Sensational You're the Top Authority control databases MusicBrainz work	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cole Porter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cole_Porter"},{"link_name":"High Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Society_(1956_film)"},{"link_name":"Bing Crosby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bing_Crosby"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sinatra1986-2"}],"text":"\"I Love You, Samantha\" is a song written by Cole Porter for the 1956 film High Society, where it was introduced by Bing Crosby.[1][2]","title":"I Love You, Samantha"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sol C. 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Besides Louis Armstrong, the cast included Bing Crosby, Frank Sinatra, Grace Kelly, and Celeste Holm. Among the songs, Porter's favorite, which he considered musically superior to the others, was \"I Love You, Samantha.\"[3]On the soundtrack album, there is an instrumental introduction (1 minute 41 seconds) before Crosby sings. In the film, this is replaced by Louis Armstrong playing introductory notes while Crosby is dressing. Then Crosby starts to sing as he continues to dress.In the United Kingdom, an instrumental version of the song recorded by the Pete Moore Orchestra was used by broadcaster David Jacobs to introduce his BBC Radio 2 program The David Jacobs Collection, which aired from 1998 to 2013.[4] Jacobs had previously used the orchestral section of the soundtrack recording to end his music programs, fading out just before the Bing Crosby vocal began.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bing Crosby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bing_Crosby"},{"link_name":"High Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Society_(soundtrack)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Kenny Ball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenny_Ball"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Vince Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vince_Hill"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Bing Crosby - High Society (Recorded January 18, 1956)[5]\nKenny Ball - (as \"Samantha\" 1961 - No. 13 hit in the UK)[6]\nVince Hill - for his album Edelweiss (1967).[7]","title":"Notable recordings"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Jasen, David A. (2003). Tin Pan Alley: An Encyclopedia of the Golden Age of American Song. New York, NY: Routledge. p. 203. ISBN 0-415-93877-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/tinpanalleyencyc00jase","url_text":"Tin Pan Alley: An Encyclopedia of the Golden Age of American Song"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/tinpanalleyencyc00jase/page/n220","url_text":"203"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-93877-5","url_text":"0-415-93877-5"}]},{"reference":"Sinatra, Nancy (1986). Frank Sinatra, My Father. Simon and Schuster. p. 349. ISBN 978-0-671-62508-5. Retrieved 27 October 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9EiE2i6i-PUC","url_text":"Frank Sinatra, My Father"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-62508-5","url_text":"978-0-671-62508-5"}]},{"reference":"Schwartz, Charles (1979). Cole Porter: A biography (Unabridged republ. of the 1. ed. publ. in New York in 1977 ed.). New York: Da Capo. p. 300. ISBN 0306800977.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/coleporterbiogra00schw/page/300","url_text":"Cole Porter: A biography"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/coleporterbiogra00schw/page/300","url_text":"300"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0306800977","url_text":"0306800977"}]},{"reference":"\"BBC Radio 2 History - the Theme Tunes\". Radio Rewind. Retrieved 4 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.radiorewind.co.uk/radio2/theme_tunes.htm","url_text":"\"BBC Radio 2 History - the Theme Tunes\""}]},{"reference":"\"A Bing Crosby Discography\". BING magazine. International Club Crosby. Retrieved September 12, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bingmagazine.co.uk/bingmagazine/crosby1c.html","url_text":"\"A Bing Crosby Discography\""}]},{"reference":"British Hit Singles & Albums (18th ed.). Guinness World Records Ltd. 2004. ISBN 1-904994-00-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-904994-00-8","url_text":"1-904994-00-8"}]},{"reference":"\"Discogs.com\". Discogs.com. Retrieved February 18, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.discogs.com/Vince-Hill-Edelweiss/master/411484","url_text":"\"Discogs.com\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22I+Love+You%2C+Samantha%22","external_links_name":"\"I Love You, Samantha\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22I+Love+You%2C+Samantha%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22I+Love+You%2C+Samantha%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22I+Love+You%2C+Samantha%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22I+Love+You%2C+Samantha%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22I+Love+You%2C+Samantha%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/tinpanalleyencyc00jase","external_links_name":"Tin Pan Alley: An Encyclopedia of the Golden Age of American Song"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/tinpanalleyencyc00jase/page/n220","external_links_name":"203"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9EiE2i6i-PUC","external_links_name":"Frank Sinatra, My Father"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/coleporterbiogra00schw/page/300","external_links_name":"Cole Porter: A biography"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/coleporterbiogra00schw/page/300","external_links_name":"300"},{"Link":"http://www.radiorewind.co.uk/radio2/theme_tunes.htm","external_links_name":"\"BBC Radio 2 History - the Theme Tunes\""},{"Link":"http://www.bingmagazine.co.uk/bingmagazine/crosby1c.html","external_links_name":"\"A Bing Crosby Discography\""},{"Link":"https://www.discogs.com/Vince-Hill-Edelweiss/master/411484","external_links_name":"\"Discogs.com\""},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/work/905492eb-f8ef-4de6-b489-a1f63a71b15d","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz work"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetlin,_Alaska	Tetlin, Alaska	["1 Geography","2 Tetlin National Wildlife Refuge","3 History","4 Demographics","5 Education","6 References"]	Coordinates: 63°8′16″N 142°31′28″W / 63.13778°N 142.52444°W / 63.13778; -142.52444 CDP in Alaska, United StatesTetlin, Alaska TeełąyCDPLocation of Tetlin, AlaskaCoordinates: 63°8′16″N 142°31′28″W / 63.13778°N 142.52444°W / 63.13778; -142.52444CountryUnited StatesStateAlaskaCensus AreaSoutheast FairbanksGovernment • State senatorClick Bishop (R) • State rep.Mike Cronk (R)Area • Total69.13 sq mi (179.04 km2) • Land67.83 sq mi (175.68 km2) • Water1.30 sq mi (3.36 km2)Population (2020) • Total126 • Density1.86/sq mi (0.72/km2)Time zoneUTC-9 (Alaska (AKST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-8 (AKDT)ZIP code99780Area code907FIPS code02-76590 Tetlin in 1942 Tetlin (Teełąy in Upper Tanana Athabascan) is a census-designated place (CDP) in Southeast Fairbanks Census Area, Alaska, United States. At the 2010 census the population was 127, up from 117 in 2000. Geography Tetlin is located at 63°8′16″N 142°31′28″W / 63.13778°N 142.52444°W / 63.13778; -142.52444 (63.137840, -142.524451). Tetlin is located along the Tetlin River, between Tetlin Lake and the Tanana River, about 20 miles (32 km) southeast of Tok. It lies in the Tetlin National Wildlife Refuge. The village is connected by a dirt road to the Alaska Highway. The community is located in the Fairbanks Recording District. According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 72.0 square miles (186 km2), of which, 70.4 square miles (182 km2) of it is land and 1.5 square miles (3.9 km2) of it (2.14%) is water. Tetlin National Wildlife Refuge Tetlin National Wildlife Refuge was established in 1980 to conserve and manage habitat critical to migratory and resident wildlife for benefit of present and future generations. The Refuge 730,000 acres (3,000 km2) includes snowcapped mountains and glacier-fed rivers, forests and treeless tundra, and an abundance of wetlands. Tetlin Wildlife Refuge produces up to 1,000,000 ducklings a year, and it is home to 186 or more species of birds. This upper Tanana Valley has been called the "Tetlin Passage" because it serves as a major migratory route for birds traveling to and from Canada, the Lower 48 and both Central and South America. Many of these birds breed and nest in the refuge. Migrants, including ducks, geese, swans, cranes, raptors, and songbirds begin arriving in the valley in early April and continue into early June. Tetlin also supports a variety of large mammals. Dall Sheep dot the higher slopes while moose feed upon the tender new growth that springs up in the wake of frequent lightning-caused fires. Wolves, grizzly, black bears and many members of three different caribou herds range over the refuge. Two of the six known humpback whitefish spawning areas of the Yukon River drainage are located within the refuge. Along with caribou and moose, these fish are important subsistence resources for area residents. Arctic Grayling, Northern Pike and burbot are also found in the refuge's many streams and lakes. History The semi-nomadic Athabascan Indians have historically lived in this area, moving with the seasons between several hunting and fishing camps. In 1885, Lt.H.T. Allen found small groups of people living in Tetlin and Last Tetlin, to the south. The residents of Last Tetlin had made numerous to trading posts on the Yukon River. In 1912, the villagers from Tetlin would trade at the Tanana Crossing Trading Post. During the Chisana gold stampede in 1913, a trading post was established across the river from Tetlin. When two trading posts were opened in the village during the 1920s by John Hajdukovich and W.H. Newton, residents from Last Tetlin relocated to Tetlin. A school was constructed in 1929, and a post office was opened in 1932. The 786,000-acre (3,180 km2) Tetlin Indian Reserve was established in 1930. An airstrip was constructed in 1946. When the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act(ANCSA) was passed in 1971, the reserve was revoked. Tetlin opted for surface and subsurface title to the 743,000 acres (3,010 km2) of land in the former Reserve. Demographics Historical population CensusPop.Note%± 194066—19507310.6%196012267.1%1970114−6.6%1980107−6.1%199087−18.7%200011734.5%20101278.5%2020126−0.8%U.S. Decennial Census Tetlin first appeared on the 1940 U.S. Census as an unincorporated village. It was made a census-designated place (CDP) in 1980. As of the census of 2000, there were 117 people, 42 households, and 25 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 1.7 inhabitants per square mile (0.66/km2). There were 55 housing units at an average density of 0.8 per square mile (0.31/km2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 2.56% White, 94.87% Native American, and 2.56% from two or more races. Of the 42 households, 26.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 19.0% were married couples living together, 23.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 38.1% were non-families. 28.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 4.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.79 and the average family size was 3.46. In the CDP, the age distribution of the population shows 27.4% under the age of 18, 15.4% from 18 to 24, 29.1% from 25 to 44, 19.7% from 45 to 64, and 8.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 30 years. For every 100 females, there were 178.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 203.6 males. The median income for a household in the CDP was $12,250, and the median income for a family was $18,750. Males had a median income of $0 versus $0 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $7,372. There were 40.0% of families and 48.4% of the population living below the poverty line, including 61.3% of under eighteens and 28.6% of those over 64. Education Tetlin is part of the Alaska Gateway School District. Tetlin School, a K-12 campus, serves community students. References ^ "2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 29, 2021. ^ "Tetlin AK ZIP Code". zipdatamaps.com. 2023. Retrieved June 16, 2023. ^ UAF: Alaska Native Place Names ^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011. ^ "U.S. Decennial Census". Census.gov. Retrieved June 6, 2013. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20100105054558/http://explorenorth.com/library/communities/alaska/bl-Tetlin.htm vteMunicipalities and communities of Southeast Fairbanks Census Area, Alaska, United StatesCities Delta Junction Eagle Southeast Fairbanks Census Area mapCDPs Alcan Border Big Delta Chicken Deltana Dot Lake Dot Lake Village Dry Creek Eagle Village Fort Greely Healy Lake Northway Tanacross Tetlin Tok Whitestone Former CDPs Northway Junction Northway Village Unincorporatedcommunities Charlieskin Village Donnelly Jack Wade Kathakne Alaska portal United States portal Authority control databases International VIAF National Israel United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Landing_Fields_-_Alaska_-_Teller_through_Ungalic_-_NARA_-_68159068_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Upper Tanana Athabascan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Tanana_language"},{"link_name":"census-designated place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census-designated_place"},{"link_name":"Southeast Fairbanks Census Area, Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Fairbanks_Census_Area,_Alaska"},{"link_name":"2010 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_States_Census"}],"text":"CDP in Alaska, United StatesTetlin in 1942Tetlin (Teełąy[3] in Upper Tanana Athabascan) is a census-designated place (CDP) in Southeast Fairbanks Census Area, Alaska, United States. At the 2010 census the population was 127, up from 117 in 2000.","title":"Tetlin, Alaska"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"63°8′16″N 142°31′28″W / 63.13778°N 142.52444°W / 63.13778; -142.52444","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tetlin,_Alaska&params=63_8_16_N_142_31_28_W_type:city"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR1-4"},{"link_name":"Tanana River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanana_River"},{"link_name":"Tok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tok,_Alaska"},{"link_name":"Alaska Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska_Highway"},{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"}],"text":"Tetlin is located at 63°8′16″N 142°31′28″W / 63.13778°N 142.52444°W / 63.13778; -142.52444 (63.137840, -142.524451).[4]\nTetlin is located along the Tetlin River, between Tetlin Lake and the Tanana River, about 20 miles (32 km) southeast of Tok. It lies in the Tetlin National Wildlife Refuge. The village is connected by a dirt road to the Alaska Highway. The community is located in the Fairbanks Recording District.According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 72.0 square miles (186 km2), of which, 70.4 square miles (182 km2) of it is land and 1.5 square miles (3.9 km2) of it (2.14%) is water.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yukon River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yukon_River"}],"text":"Tetlin National Wildlife Refuge was established in 1980 to conserve and manage habitat critical to migratory and resident wildlife for benefit of present and future generations. The Refuge 730,000 acres (3,000 km2) includes snowcapped mountains and glacier-fed rivers, forests and treeless tundra, and an abundance of wetlands. Tetlin Wildlife Refuge produces up to 1,000,000 ducklings a year, and it is home to 186 or more species of birds. This upper Tanana Valley has been called the \"Tetlin Passage\" because it serves as a major migratory route for birds traveling to and from Canada, the Lower 48 and both Central and South America. Many of these birds breed and nest in the refuge. Migrants, including ducks, geese, swans, cranes, raptors, and songbirds begin arriving in the valley in early April and continue into early June.Tetlin also supports a variety of large mammals. Dall Sheep dot the higher slopes while moose feed upon the tender new growth that springs up in the wake of frequent lightning-caused fires. Wolves, grizzly, black bears and many members of three different caribou herds range over the refuge.Two of the six known humpback whitefish spawning areas of the Yukon River drainage are located within the refuge. Along with caribou and moose, these fish are important subsistence resources for area residents. Arctic Grayling, Northern Pike and burbot are also found in the refuge's many streams and lakes.","title":"Tetlin National Wildlife Refuge"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The semi-nomadic Athabascan Indians have historically lived in this area, moving with the seasons between several hunting and fishing camps. In 1885, Lt.H.T. Allen found small groups of people living in Tetlin and Last Tetlin, to the south. The residents of Last Tetlin had made numerous to trading posts on the Yukon River. In 1912, the villagers from Tetlin would trade at the Tanana Crossing Trading Post. During the Chisana gold stampede in 1913, a trading post was established across the river from Tetlin. When two trading posts were opened in the village during the 1920s by John Hajdukovich and W.H. Newton, residents from Last Tetlin relocated to Tetlin. A school was constructed in 1929, and a post office was opened in 1932. The 786,000-acre (3,180 km2) Tetlin Indian Reserve was established in 1930. An airstrip was constructed in 1946. When the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act(ANCSA) was passed in 1971, the reserve was revoked. Tetlin opted for surface and subsurface title to the 743,000 acres (3,010 km2) of land in the former Reserve.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-6"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"text":"Tetlin first appeared on the 1940 U.S. Census as an unincorporated village. It was made a census-designated place (CDP) in 1980.As of the census[6] of 2000, there were 117 people, 42 households, and 25 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 1.7 inhabitants per square mile (0.66/km2). There were 55 housing units at an average density of 0.8 per square mile (0.31/km2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 2.56% White, 94.87% Native American, and 2.56% from two or more races.Of the 42 households, 26.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 19.0% were married couples living together, 23.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 38.1% were non-families. 28.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 4.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.79 and the average family size was 3.46.In the CDP, the age distribution of the population shows 27.4% under the age of 18, 15.4% from 18 to 24, 29.1% from 25 to 44, 19.7% from 45 to 64, and 8.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 30 years. For every 100 females, there were 178.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 203.6 males.The median income for a household in the CDP was $12,250, and the median income for a family was $18,750. Males had a median income of $0 versus $0 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $7,372. There were 40.0% of families and 48.4% of the population living below the poverty line, including 61.3% of under eighteens and 28.6% of those over 64.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alaska Gateway School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska_Gateway_School_District"}],"text":"Tetlin is part of the Alaska Gateway School District. Tetlin School, a K-12 campus, serves community students.","title":"Education"}]	[{"image_text":"Tetlin in 1942","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Landing_Fields_-_Alaska_-_Teller_through_Ungalic_-_NARA_-_68159068_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Landing_Fields_-_Alaska_-_Teller_through_Ungalic_-_NARA_-_68159068_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Southeast Fairbanks Census Area map","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Map_of_Alaska_highlighting_Southeast_Fairbanks_Census_Area.svg/180px-Map_of_Alaska_highlighting_Southeast_Fairbanks_Census_Area.svg.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 29, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_02.txt","url_text":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tetlin AK ZIP Code\". zipdatamaps.com. 2023. Retrieved June 16, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.zipdatamaps.com/99780","url_text":"\"Tetlin AK ZIP Code\""}]},{"reference":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html","url_text":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Decennial Census\". Census.gov. Retrieved June 6, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","url_text":"\"U.S. Decennial Census\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tetlin,_Alaska&params=63_8_16_N_142_31_28_W_region:US_type:city","external_links_name":"63°8′16″N 142°31′28″W / 63.13778°N 142.52444°W / 63.13778; -142.52444"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tetlin,_Alaska&params=63_8_16_N_142_31_28_W_region:US_type:city","external_links_name":"63°8′16″N 142°31′28″W / 63.13778°N 142.52444°W / 63.13778; -142.52444"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tetlin,_Alaska&params=63_8_16_N_142_31_28_W_type:city","external_links_name":"63°8′16″N 142°31′28″W / 63.13778°N 142.52444°W / 63.13778; -142.52444"},{"Link":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_02.txt","external_links_name":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\""},{"Link":"https://www.zipdatamaps.com/99780","external_links_name":"\"Tetlin AK ZIP Code\""},{"Link":"http://www.uaf.edu/anla/collections/map/names/","external_links_name":"UAF: Alaska Native Place Names"},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html","external_links_name":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Decennial Census\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100105054558/http://explorenorth.com/library/communities/alaska/bl-Tetlin.htm","external_links_name":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100105054558/http://explorenorth.com/library/communities/alaska/bl-Tetlin.htm"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/140748176","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007552697705171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82165694","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solsona,_Lleida	Solsona, Lleida	["1 Notable people","2 References","3 External links"]	Municipality in Catalonia, SpainSolsonaMunicipalityCathedral of Solsona. Coat of armsSolsonaLocation in CataloniaCoordinates: 41°59′52″N 1°31′15″E / 41.99778°N 1.52083°E / 41.99778; 1.52083Country SpainCommunity CataloniaProvinceLleidaComarcaSolsonèsGovernment • MayorDavid Rodríguez González (2015)Area • Total17.7 km2 (6.8 sq mi)Elevation670 m (2,200 ft)Population (2018) • Total9,014 • Density510/km2 (1,300/sq mi)Postal code25280ClimateCfbWebsiteajsolsona.cat Solsona is a municipality and capital of the comarca of the Solsonès in the province of Lleida, Catalonia, Spain. It is situated in the centre of the comarca in the Catalan Central Depression. It is served by the C-55 road to Manresa, and is linked to Berga and Bassella by the C-26. Until a few years ago, Solsona used to be the main road used by people from Barcelona to go to Andorra. The name most probably derives from the Setelsis (Ancient Greek: Σετελσίς or Σελενσίς) mentioned by Ptolemy as a town of the tribe of Jaccetani in Hispania Tarraconensis. The old town is known as the Nucli antic: it preserves a large part of its fortifications. The cathedral of Santa Maria de Solsona and the episcopal palace are in a neoclassical style. The latter houses the diocesan and comarcal museum and the Museum of Salt (Museu de la Sal), with crystals and objects made from the salt of nearby Cardona. One of the most important events in the city is Carnaval, a pagan celebration that marks the beginning of the Quaresma. Tens of thousands of people come from all over Catalonia and beyond, to participate in the celebration that lasts almost one week. Solsona is home to one of the oldest hunters' association of Catalonia, which held its 75th anniversary in 2015. The city also hosts the only big research centre of Catalonia located outside an urban area, the Forest Sciences Centre of Catalonia (CTFC), with around 100 people employed. Notable people Francesc Ribalta, painter, (1565 - 1628) Cayetano Ripoll, martyr (1778 – 1826) Roger Mas, singer–songwriter (born 1975) Raül Garrigasait, translator, writer and editor (born 1979) References ^ "Ajuntament de Solsona". Generalitat of Catalonia. Retrieved 2015-11-13. ^ "El municipi en xifres: Solsona". Statistical Institute of Catalonia. Retrieved 2015-11-23. ^ Municipal Register of Spain 2018. National Statistics Institute. ^ Luis de Orueta (2022). A Dictionary of Spanish Place Names. p. 241. ISBN 978-84-09-43762-7. ^ Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854), Setelsis Panareda Clopés, Josep Maria; Rios Calvet, Jaume; Rabella Vives, Josep Maria (1989). Guia de Catalunya, Barcelona: Caixa de Catalunya. ISBN 84-87135-01-3 (Spanish). ISBN 84-87135-02-1 (Catalan). Forest Sciences Centre of Catalonia CTFC, with headquarters in Solsona is a leading forest and biodiversity research centre External links Official website Government data pages (in Catalan) Places adjacent to Solsona, Lleida Lladurs Solsona Olius vteMunicipalities of Solsonès Biosca Castellar de la Ribera Clariana de Cardener La Coma i la Pedra Guixers Lladurs Llobera La Molsosa Navès Odèn Olius Pinell de Solsonès Pinós Riner Sant Llorenç de Morunys Solsona Torà vteMunicipalities of the province of Lleida Abella de la Conca Àger Agramunt Aitona Albatàrrec Albesa Alcanó Alcarràs Alcoletge Alfarràs Alfés Algerri Alguaire Alins Almacelles Almatret Almenar Alpicat Alt Àneu Alàs i Cerc Alòs de Balaguer Anglesola Arbeca Arres Arsèguel Artesa de Lleida Artesa de Segre Aspa Baix Pallars Balaguer Barbens Bassella Bausen Belianes Bell-lloc d'Urgell Bellaguarda Bellcaire d'Urgell Bellmunt d'Urgell Bellpuig Bellver de Cerdanya Bellvís Benavent de Segrià Biosca Bossòst Bovera Cabanabona Cabó Camarasa Canejan Castell de Mur Castellar de la Ribera Castelldans Castellnou de Seana Castellserà Castelló de Farfanya Cava Cervera Cervià de les Garrigues Ciutadilla Clariana de Cardener Coll de Nargó Conca de Dalt Corbins Cubells El Cogul El Palau d'Anglesola El Poal El Pont de Bar El Pont de Suert El Soleràs El Vilosell Els Alamús Els Omellons Els Omells de na Gaia Els Plans de Sió Els Torms Es Bòrdes Espot Estamariu Estaràs Esterri d'Àneu Esterri de Cardós Farrera Fondarella Foradada Fulleda Fígols i Alinyà Gavet de la Conca Gimenells i el Pla de la Font Golmés Granyanella Granyena de Segarra Granyena de les Garrigues Guimerà Guissona Guixers Gósol Isona i Conca Dellà Ivars d'Urgell Ivars de Noguera Ivorra Josa i Tuixén Juncosa Juneda L'Albagés L'Albi L'Espluga Calba La Baronia de Rialb La Coma i la Pedra La Floresta La Fuliola La Granadella La Granja d'Escarp La Guingueta d'Àneu La Molsosa La Pobla de Cérvoles La Pobla de Segur La Portella La Sentiu de Sió La Seu d'Urgell La Torre de Cabdella La Vansa i Fórnols Les Les Avellanes i Santa Linya Les Borges Blanques Les Oluges Les Valls d'Aguilar Les Valls de Valira Linyola Lladorre Lladurs Llardecans Llavorsí Lleida Lles de Cerdanya Llimiana Llobera Maials Maldà Massalcoreig Massoteres Menàrguens Miralcamp Mollerussa Montellà i Martinet Montferrer i Castellbò Montgai Montoliu de Lleida Montoliu de Segarra Montornès de Segarra Nalec Naut Aran Navès Odèn Oliana Oliola Olius Organyà Os de Balaguer Ossó de Sió Penelles Peramola Pinell de Solsonès Pinós Ponts Prats i Sansor Preixana Preixens Prullans Puiggròs Puigverd d'Agramunt Puigverd de Lleida Rialp Ribera d'Ondara Ribera d'Urgellet Riner Riu de Cerdanya Rosselló Salàs de Pallars Sanaüja Sant Esteve de la Sarga Sant Guim de Freixenet Sant Guim de la Plana Sant Llorenç de Morunys Sant Martí de Riucorb Sant Ramon Sarroca de Bellera Sarroca de Lleida Senterada Seròs Sidamon Solsona Soriguera Sort Soses Sudanell Sunyer Talarn Talavera Tarroja de Segarra Tarrés Tiurana Tornabous Torre-serona Torrebesses Torrefarrera Torrefeta i Florejacs Torregrossa Torrelameu Torres de Segre Torà Tremp Tàrrega Térmens Tírvia Vall de Boí Vall de Cardós Vallbona de les Monges Vallfogona de Balaguer Verdú Vielha e Mijaran Vila-sana Vilagrassa Vilaller Vilamòs Vilanova de Bellpuig Vilanova de Meià Vilanova de Segrià Vilanova de l'Aguda Vilanova de la Barca Vinaixa Authority control databases International VIAF National Spain Germany Israel United States Geographic MusicBrainz area This Spain location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"comarca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comarques_of_Catalonia"},{"link_name":"Solsonès","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solson%C3%A8s"},{"link_name":"province of Lleida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Lleida"},{"link_name":"Catalonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalonia"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Catalan Central Depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalan_Central_Depression"},{"link_name":"Manresa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manresa"},{"link_name":"Berga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berga"},{"link_name":"Bassella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bassella"},{"link_name":"Andorra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andorra"},{"link_name":"Ancient Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language"},{"link_name":"Ptolemy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemy"},{"link_name":"Jaccetani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jaccetani&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hispania Tarraconensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispania_Tarraconensis"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"fortifications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortification"},{"link_name":"cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral"},{"link_name":"Cardona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardona,_Spain"},{"link_name":"Forest Sciences Centre of Catalonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_Sciences_Centre_of_Catalonia"}],"text":"Solsona is a municipality and capital of the comarca of the Solsonès in the province of Lleida, Catalonia, Spain. It is situated in the centre of the comarca in the Catalan Central Depression. It is served by the C-55 road to Manresa, and is linked to Berga and Bassella by the C-26. Until a few years ago, Solsona used to be the main road used by people from Barcelona to go to Andorra.The name most probably derives from the Setelsis (Ancient Greek: Σετελσίς or Σελενσίς) mentioned by Ptolemy as a town of the tribe of Jaccetani in Hispania Tarraconensis.[4][5] The old town is known as the Nucli antic: it preserves a large part of its fortifications. The cathedral of Santa Maria de Solsona and the episcopal palace are in a neoclassical style. The latter houses the diocesan and comarcal museum and the Museum of Salt (Museu de la Sal), with crystals and objects made from the salt of nearby Cardona.One of the most important events in the city is Carnaval, a pagan celebration that marks the beginning of the Quaresma. Tens of thousands of people come from all over Catalonia and beyond, to participate in the celebration that lasts almost one week.Solsona is home to one of the oldest hunters' association of Catalonia, which held its 75th anniversary in 2015. The city also hosts the only big research centre of Catalonia located outside an urban area, the Forest Sciences Centre of Catalonia (CTFC), with around 100 people employed.","title":"Solsona, Lleida"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Francesc Ribalta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Ribalta"},{"link_name":"Cayetano Ripoll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayetano_Ripoll"},{"link_name":"Roger Mas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Mas"},{"link_name":"Raül Garrigasait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%C3%BCl_Garrigasait"}],"text":"Francesc Ribalta, painter, (1565 - 1628)\nCayetano Ripoll, martyr (1778 – 1826)\nRoger Mas, singer–songwriter (born 1975)\nRaül Garrigasait, translator, writer and editor (born 1979)","title":"Notable people"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Ajuntament de Solsona\". Generalitat of Catalonia. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simsbury,_Connecticut	Simsbury, Connecticut	["1 History","1.1 Early history","1.2 Incorporation","1.3 King Philip's War","1.4 Daniel Hayes","1.5 Patent Safety Fuse factory explosion","2 Geography","2.1 Principal communities","2.2 Climate","3 Demographics","4 Economy","4.1 Top employers","5 Landmarks","5.1 On the National Register of Historic Places","6 Schools","6.1 Public high schools","6.2 Private high schools","6.3 Public primary/middle schools","6.4 Private primary/middle schools","7 Notable people","7.1 Athletes","7.2 Media","7.3 Politicians","7.4 Others","8 Sister cities","9 See also","10 Notes","11 References","12 External links"]	Coordinates: 41°52′14″N 72°49′31″W / 41.87056°N 72.82528°W / 41.87056; -72.82528Town in Connecticut, United States Town in Connecticut, United StatesSimsburyTownTown of SimsburyThe Farmington Canal Heritage Trail in Simsbury Seal Hartford County and Connecticut Capitol Planning Region and ConnecticutShow SimsburyShow ConnecticutShow the United StatesCoordinates: 41°52′14″N 72°49′31″W / 41.87056°N 72.82528°W / 41.87056; -72.82528Country United StatesU.S. stateConnecticutCountyHartfordRegionCapitol RegionSettled1642Named1670Government • TypeTown Manager/Board of Selectmen • Town ManagerMaria Capriola • SelectmenWendy G. Mackstutis (D), First SelectmanAmber Abbuhl (D), Deputy First SelectmanSean P. Askham (R)Eric Wellman (D)Heather Goetz (R)Chris Peterson (D)Area • Total34.3 sq mi (88.8 km2) • Land33.9 sq mi (87.9 km2) • Water0.4 sq mi (1.0 km2)Elevation233 ft (71 m)Population (2020) • Total24,517 • Density720/sq mi (280/km2)Time zoneUTC−5 (Eastern) • Summer (DST)UTC−4 (Eastern)ZIP Codes06070, 06081, 06089, 06092Area code(s)860/959FIPS code09-68940GNIS feature ID0213506Websitewww.simsbury-ct.gov Simsbury is a town in Hartford County, Connecticut, United States, incorporated as Connecticut's 21st town in May 1670. The town is part of the Capitol Planning Region. The population was 24,517 in the 2020 census. History Early history Further information: Massaco At the beginning of the 17th century, the area that would become known as Simsbury as of 1670 was inhabited by indigenous peoples. The Wappinger were one of these groups, composed of eighteen bands that were organized not formally as a tribe, but more akin to an association, like the Delaware. These bands lived between the Hudson and Connecticut rivers. The Wappingers were one of the Algonquian peoples, a linguistic grouping which includes hundreds of tribes. One of the Wappinger bands, the Massaco, lived near, but mostly west of, what became known as the Farmington River, in the area that would become known as Simsbury and Canton, the latter as of 1806. The river was called the Massaco by the native inhabitants. The term Massaco (pronounced Mas-saco) may refer to the indigenous peoples, the river itself, the village occupied by the indigenous peoples, and the land adjacent to the river. In 1633, Windsor was the second town in Connecticut settled by Europeans and the first English settlement (the first European settlement being Huys de Goede Hoop, established by the Dutch in the Hartford area as a frontier settlement for the New Netherland Colony ten years earlier). For some time, the area of Massaco was considered "an appendix to the towne of Windsor." Settlers in Windsor forested and farmed in the area, but did not settle in Massaco permanently for a number of years. In 1642, the General Court of the colony of Connecticut ordered that: the Governor and Mr. Heynes shall have liberty to dispose of the ground uppon that parte of Tunxis River cauled Mossocowe, to such inhabitants of Wyndsor as they shall see cause. Despite this order, there is no record that any settlements immediately ensued. Five years later the General Court issued another order: The Court thinks fitt that Massacoe be purchased by the Country, and that ther be a Committee chosen to dispose of yt to such inhabitants of Wyndsor as by the shalbe judged meet to make improuement therof... but there is no record of land grants arising from this order. In 1643, John Griffin and Michael Humphrey started a tar and turpentine business in Windsor. A few years later, a Massaco Indian named Manahanoose started a fire which destroyed tar belonging to Griffin. The Court ordered the payment of "five hundred fathom of wampum" as compensation. As he was unable to pay this amount, Manahanoose was instead ordered by the Court to either serve Griffin or be exchanged for Black slaves. To avoid this, he instead delivered a deed to the land at Massacoe. The deed was agreed to by Manahanoose as well as other Indians, identified as "the proprietors of Massaco". In 1653, the General Court granted 50 acres (200,000 m2) of meadowland to Lieutenant Aaron Cook, 60 acres (240,000 m2) to John Bissell and 50 acres (200,000 m2) to Thomas Ford, all in Massacoe. Settlers did not build permanent settlements until the following decade. Aaron Cook built one of the early homes in the area established c.1660 as Terry's Plain, and John Griffin also built a home, possibly in 1664—the date associated with a deed to land in Massacoe. The settlement of Massacoe continued in the late 1660s. The General Court awarded a land grant of two hundred acres to John Griffin in 1663. A deed description from 1664 indicates he had become a permanent inhabitant. In 1669, a survey found that there were thirteen permanent residents of Massacoe. One of those residents, John Case, was appointed to the position of constable. This is the first recorded civil office held by residents of the area. Incorporation In 1670, John Case, along with Joshua Holcomb & Thomas Barber, presented a petition to the General Court, requesting that Massacoe become a town of the colony of Connecticut. On May 12, 1670, the General Court granted the petition, and ordered that the plantation should be called "Simmsbury". The boundaries at that time were Farmington on the south and Windsor on the east, with the extent of Simsbury running 10 miles (16 km) north of Farmington and 10 miles (16 km) west of Windsor. The northern border, subject to dispute with Massachusetts, was left to be resolved later. This area includes the township Simsbury as well as Granby and Canton, which would later separate from Simsbury in 1786 and 1806, respectively. The precise origin of the name of the town is not known for certain. The town records covering the first ten years after incorporation were accidentally burned in 1680 and 1681. One possibility is that the name of Simsbury comes from the English town of Symondsbury. Holcomb, one of the petitioners, originally came from Symondsbury. Another possibility is that the name was derived from Simon Wolcott's name. He was known familiarly as "Sim", and he was considered one of the prominent men of the town. King Philip's War In 1675, rumors of unrest among the indigenous peoples began to surface. The rumors proved accurate, and King Philip's War, a war between a number of tribes and the New England settlers, began in the summer. The war extended through parts of four colonies, with Simsbury on the western edge of the conflict. At the time, it was seen as a frontier settlement. The conflict was largely over by August 1676, although it did not formally end until a treaty was signed in 1678. The colony of Connecticut formed a Council of War. In the days leading up to the war, they ordered settlers to keep night watches and to work in the fields in armed groups of at least six. By the time of the colony's General Court meeting of October 14, 1675, the situation was considered serious enough that the court ordered the residents of Simsbury to move to safety in Windsor. The order read: This Court orders, that the people of Simsbury shall have a week's time to secure themselves and their corn there, and at the end of the week from this date, the souldiers, now in garrison at Simsbury, shall be released their attendance there.— Colony of Connecticut General Court In March 1676, the town of Simsbury was first pillaged, then burned to the ground. This destruction has been described as the most extensive of any event of any Indian War in New England. The settlers remained in Windsor until the spring of 1677, during which most moved back to Simsbury, though some never returned. Daniel Hayes In 1707, Daniel Hayes, then aged twenty-two, was captured by indigenous people and carried to Canada. The capture was witnessed and a rescue party was raised, but the group did not catch up with the captors. Hayes was tied up each night and bound to saplings. It took thirty days to reach Canada, where Hayes was forced to run the gauntlet. Near the end of the gauntlet, he hid in a wigwam to avoid an attempted blow by a club. The woman in the wigwam declared that the house was sacred and, having lost a husband and son to a war, adopted Hayes as her son. He remained for several years, attending to the woman. Eventually, he was sold to a Frenchman, who learned that Hayes had skill as a weaver and put him to work in that business. Hayes managed to earn enough to buy his freedom after two years. He then returned to Simsbury, settled down on a farm and married. He became a prominent figure in civil affairs, as well as the church at Salmon Brook (now Granby). Patent Safety Fuse factory explosion Main Street in 1921 On Tuesday, December 20, 1859, the two-story Patent Safety Fuse factory located near the center of town exploded, killing seven women and one man. The blast also injured several other people, including the factory owner. The factory made cord fast-burning fuses used for blasting, which resulted in the explosion. Two days later, on Thursday, December 22, 1859, the New York Times ran a story about the explosion. Geography Talcott Mountain ridgeline The Farmington River in Simsbury According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 34.3 square miles (88.8 km2), of which 33.9 square miles (87.9 km2) is land and 0.39 square miles (1.0 km2), or 1.09%, is water. Simsbury lies in the northern end of the Farmington Valley. The east side of Simsbury is flanked by Talcott Mountain, which is part of the Metacomet Ridge, a mountainous trap rock ridgeline that stretches from Long Island Sound to near the Vermont border. Notable features of the Metacomet Ridge in Simsbury include Heublein Tower, Talcott Mountain State Park, Penwood State Park, and the Tariffville Gorge of the Farmington River. The 51-mile-long (82 km) Metacomet Trail traverses the ridge. At the western foot of the mountain, the Pinchot Sycamore, the largest tree in Connecticut, grows near the Farmington River. Simsbury also has some patches of old-growth forest; Belden Forest, a 40-acre site with public hiking trails near the center of town was inducted into the Old-Growth Forest Network in October 2019. The town is often considered a bedroom community for the nearby city of Hartford, Connecticut, which is a 20 to 25 minute drive from Simsbury Center; however, many residents also commute to other towns and cities within the west-central Connecticut region. Principal communities After the complete destruction of the town in 1676 during King Philip's War, there were three late 17th to early 18th century nucleated resettlement communities: East Weatogue (also called East Simsbury), Simsbury Center, and Terry's Plain. There are four census-designated places in Simsbury: Simsbury Center, Tariffville, Weatogue, and West Simsbury. Climate Climate data for Simsbury, Connecticut Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °F (°C) 72(22) 73(23) 89(32) 96(36) 99(37) 101(38) 102(39) 102(39) 101(38) 91(33) 83(28) 76(24) 102(39) Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 34(1) 39(4) 48(9) 61(16) 71(22) 80(27) 85(29) 83(28) 75(24) 63(17) 52(11) 40(4) 61(16) Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 18(−8) 21(−6) 28(−2) 38(3) 48(9) 57(14) 63(17) 61(16) 53(12) 41(5) 33(1) 23(−5) 40(5) Record low °F (°C) −26(−32) −24(−31) −8(−22) 9(−13) 28(−2) 37(3) 44(7) 36(2) 27(−3) 17(−8) 1(−17) −18(−28) −26(−32) Average precipitation inches (mm) 3.23(82) 3.00(76) 3.62(92) 3.72(94) 4.35(110) 4.35(110) 4.18(106) 3.93(100) 3.88(99) 4.37(111) 3.89(99) 3.44(87) 45.96(1,166) Source: Demographics Historical population CensusPop.Note%± 18201,875—18502,737—18602,410−11.9%18702,051−14.9%18801,830−10.8%18901,8742.4%19002,09411.7%19102,53721.2%19202,95816.6%19303,62522.5%19403,9418.7%19504,82222.4%196010,138110.2%197017,47572.4%198021,16121.1%199022,0234.1%200023,2345.5%201023,5111.2%202024,5174.3%U.S. Decennial Census See also: List of Connecticut locations by per capita income A. E. Lathrop's Drug Store, c. 1905 As of the census of 2000, there were 23,234 people, 8,527 households, and 6,591 families residing in the town. The population density was 685.7 inhabitants per square mile (264.8/km2). There were 8,739 housing units at an average density of 257.9 per square mile (99.6/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 95.3% White, 1.17% African American, 0.09% Native American, 2.12% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 0.26% from other races, and 1.03% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 1.54% of the population. The five largest percentages of reported ethnicity, expressed as percentage out of total residents, were Irish (23.0%), English (17.4%), German (15.6%), Italian (13.7%), and Polish (7.6%). There were 8,527 households, out of which 41.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 69.1% were married couples living together, 6.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 22.7% were non-families. 19.4% of all households had someone living alone, and 7.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.70 and the average family size was 3.12. 29.5% of the population was under the age of 18, 3.6% were from 18 to 24, 27.7% were from 25 to 44, 26.6% were from 45 to 64, and 12.5% were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years old. For every 100 females, there were 94.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.3 males. In 2018, the median household income was $119,588 and the per capita income for the town was $60,453. About 1.0% of families and 2.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 1.6% of those under age 18 and 4.3% of those age 65 or over. Economy Top employers According to Simsbury's 2022 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, the top employers in the city are: # Employer # of employees 1 Simsbury Board of Education 651 2 Wings Media Group 500-999 3 Everest Global Svc 500-999 4 Chubb 250-499 5 Keller Williams Realty 250-499 6 Hoffman Auto Group 250-499 7 McLean Home Care 250-499 8 The Hartford 9 Ensign-Bickford Company 10 Stop & Shop Landmarks The Ethel Walker School, The Master's School, St. Mary's School, and Westminster School are private schools in Simsbury. The International Skating Center of Connecticut is in Simsbury. Three of the four state parks in Hartford County, Penwood State Park, Stratton Brook State Park, and Talcott Mountain State Park, are in Simsbury. Simsbury Airport is a public use airport located in Simsbury and East Granby. Ensign-Bickford Industries, founded in Simsbury in 1836, is still headquartered in town. The Pinchot Sycamore, an American sycamore in Simsbury, is the largest tree in Connecticut. According to a measurement made in 1998, the tree was 26 feet (7.9 m) around and 95 feet (29 m) tall, with an average canopy diameter of 140 feet (43 m). On the National Register of Historic Places Drake Hill Road Bridge (1892) Eno Memorial Hall John Humphrey House Drake Hill Road Bridge – Drake Hill Rd. at Farmington River (added August 19, 1984). The Drake Hill Bridge is a pin-connected Parker truss, built in 1892 over the Farmington River. The bridge has a 12-foot (3.7 m) roadway and a span of 183 feet (56 m). It originally carried vehicle traffic but now is open for foot and bicycle traffic. This bridge is one of only three surviving Parker trusses in Connecticut. East Weatogue Historic District – Roughly covers the properties on East Weatogue St. from just north of Riverside Dr. to Hartford Rd. and Folly Farm property to the south (added 1990). Heublein Tower – Talcott Mountain State Park (added 1983). John Humphrey House – 115 E. Weatogue St. (added 1990). The John Humphrey House is a Colonial two-story frame house, built c.1760. The estimate of the building date comes partially from land records, and partially from the location of the bake oven in the kitchen. Massaco Forest Pavilion – Off Farms Village Rd., Stratton Brook State Park (added 1986). Simsbury Center Historic District – Roughly, Hopmeadow St. from West St. to Massaco St. (added 1996). Amos Eno House – Off U. S. 202 on Hopmeadow Rd. (added 1975). Also known as the Simsbury House or the 1820 House, this house was built by Elisha Phelps but named after Amos Eno, who used it as a summer residence for many years. Eno Memorial Hall – 754 Hopmeadow St. (added 1993). Horace Belden School (now the Town Hall/Police Station) and Central Grammar School – 933 Hopmeadow St. and 29 Massaco St. (added 1993). Robert and Julia Darling House – 720 Hopmeadow St. (added 1991). Capt. Elisha Phelps House (also known as "Phelps Tavern Museum & Homestead") – 800 Hopmeadow St., a 1771 house used as a tavern from 1786 to 1849 (added 1972). Simsbury Bank and Trust Company Building – 760–762 Hopmeadow St. (added 1986). Simsbury Railroad Depot – Railroad Ave. at Station St. (added 1976). Simsbury Townhouse – 695 Hopmeadow St. (added 1993). The Simsbury Townhouse was the original town hall for the town of Simsbury, used as a town hall for almost 100 years. It was originally built in 1839 at the top of the hill near its present location, and moved, possibly in 1843, and finally in 1869. The wooden structure was constructed in the Greek Revival style. Tariffville Historic District – Roughly bounded by Winthrop St., Main St., Tunxis Rd., Mountain Rd., and Elm St. (added 1993). Terry's Plain Historic District – Roughly bounded by Pharos, Quarry and Terry's Plain Rds., and the Farmington R. (added 1993). Schools Public high schools Simsbury High School (students: 1,457; location: 34 Farms Village Rd.; grades, 9–12) Private high schools Ethel Walker School (students: 252; location: 230 Bushy Hill Road; grades: 6–12; Girls only) The Master's School (students: 400; location: 36 Westledge Road; grades Pre-K – 12) Westminster School (students: 353; location: 995 Hopmeadow Street; grades: 9–12) Public primary/middle schools Central School (students: 479; location: 29 Massaco St.; grades: Pre-K–6) Henry James Memorial School (students: 840; location: 155 Firetown Rd.; grades: 7–8) Homebound (location: 933 Hopmeadow Street; grades: Pre-K–12) Latimer Lane School (students: 623; location: 33 Mountain View Rd.; grades: K–6) Squadron Line School (students: 849; location: 44 Squadron Line Rd.; grades: Pre-K–6) Tariffville School (students: 280; location: 42 Winthrop St.; grades: K–6) Tootin' Hills School (students: 537; location: 25 Nimrod Rd.; grades: K–6) Private primary/middle schools The Cobb School Montessori (students: 145; location: 112 Sand Hill Rd.; grades: Pre-K–5) St. Mary's School (students: 264; location: 946 Hopmeadow Street; grades: K–8) Notable people This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Simsbury, Connecticut" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Athletes Sasha Cohen Shizuka Arakawa (荒川静香) (born 1981), Japanese figure skater; won the gold medal at the 2006 Winter Olympics; has trained at the International Skating Center of Connecticut in Simsbury Oksana Baiul (born 1977), 1994 Olympic champion; lived and trained in Simsbury after winning her title Vince Cazzetta (1925–2005), head coach for the Pittsburgh Pipers Sasha Cohen (born 1984), 2006 U.S. National Champion figure skater and silver medalist at the 2006 Olympics; trained in Simsbury with Russian coach Tatiana Tarasova starting in summer 2002 Tommy Cross (born 1989), pro ice hockey player drafted by the Boston Bruins in 2008; now with the St. Louis Blues Ekaterina Gordeeva (born 1971), winner of two Olympic gold medals (1988 and 1994); moved to Simsbury in the 1990s Sara Hendershot (born 1988), member of 2012 United States Olympic Rowing Team (W2-) Paul Holmgren (born 1955), former coach of the Hartford Whalers; current president of the Philadelphia Flyers Michelle Kwan (born 1980), Olympic figure skater; has trained at the International Skating Center of Connecticut Mike Liut (born 1956), former NHL goaltender for the Hartford Whalers Viktor Petrenko (born 1969), 1992 Olympic champion; trained in Simsbury beginning in 1994 Ulf Samuelsson (born 1964), former NHL hockey player, lived in Simsbury when he played for the Hartford Whalers Alexei Yagudin (born 1980), 2002 Olympic champion and four time world champion; lived and trained in Simsbury from 1998 to 2005 with Tatiana Tarasova Media Lake Bell (born 1979), actor, attended Westminster School in Simsbury, Connecticut Terry Deitz (born 1959), reality TV contestant, resides in Simsbury Rachel Sennott (born 1995), actor, graduate of Simsbury High School Sigourney Weaver (born 1949), actor, attended Ethel Walker School in Simsbury Politicians Parmenio Adams (1776–1832), former US Congressman Levi Barber (1777–1833), U.S. Representative from Ohio Lucius Israel Barber (1806–1889), Wisconsin Territory politician George McLean (1857–1932), U.S. senator and Simsbury resident who founded the 4,200-acre (17 km2) McLean Game Refuge in town Alice Merritt (1876–1950), first woman to serve in the Connecticut State Senate (1925–1929); born in Simsbury Elisha Phelps (1779–1847), congressman from Connecticut Gifford Pinchot (1865–1946), first Chief of the United States Forest Service (1905–1910), Governor of Pennsylvania (1923–1927, 1931–1935), born in Simsbury Others James Adams (1783–1843), lawyer and early convert to Mormonism Sherri Browning Erwin (1968–present), author and current resident Justin Foley (born June 16, 1976, in Simsbury), is an American musician, best known as the drummer of the metalcore band, Killswitch Engage Sarah Pratt McLean Greene (1856–1935), novelist, born in Simsbury Samuel Higley (1687–1737), reputed to have coined the first copper coins ("Higley coppers") in the colonial United States Martin Luther King Jr. (1929–1968), worked on a tobacco plantation in Simsbury during the summers of 1944 and 1947 to earn money for college Franz Von Holzhausen, car designer at Tesla, grew up in Simsbury Jennifer Weiner (born 1970), author Carl Nichols, (born 1970), United States district judge of the United States District Court for the District of Columbia, grew up in Simsbury Sister cities Wittmund, Lower Saxony, Germany See also Connecticut portal National Register of Historic Places listings in Hartford County, Connecticut Notes ^ "Connecticut Towns in Order of Their Establishment". Connecticut Secretary of State. Retrieved February 7, 2023. ^ "Census - Geography Profile: Simsbury town, Hartford County, Connecticut". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved December 21, 2021. ^ Trelease 1997, p. 4–9. ^ "New York Indian Tribes". Access Genealogy.com. Archived from the original on December 3, 2010. Retrieved September 29, 2010. ^ a b Canton Sesquicentennial, 1806-1956; A Short Illustrated History of Canton. Canton Sesquicentennial Committee. 1956. ^ "Phelps Family History in America". Phelps Family History. Archived from the original on August 8, 2020. Retrieved January 28, 2023. ^ Connecticut 1852, p. 97. ^ Connecticut 1850, p. 71. ^ Connecticut 1850, p. 161. ^ Phelps 1845, p. 10. ^ a b Trumbull 2009, p. 342. ^ Connecticut 1850, p. 247. ^ Phelps 1845, p. 12. ^ Connecticut 1852, p. 118. ^ a b Trumbull 2009, p. 343. ^ Connecticut 1852, p. 127. ^ "Town of Southwick, Massachusetts". Archived from the original on August 5, 2007. Retrieved October 14, 2007. ^ Fry, CR. "Simsbury, USA, and Symondsbury, Dorset: Holcomb and Wolcott Connections? The Greenwood Tree. Vol.32, No.3, 2007 ^ Phelps 1845, p. 21. ^ Phelps 1845, p. 20. ^ Connecticut 1852, p. 269. ^ Phelps 1845, p. 24. ^ Phelps 1845, p. 25. ^ Phelps 1845, p. 37–44. ^ "The Explosion at Simsbury, Conn.; A SAFETY-FUSE FACTORY BLOWN UP--SEVEN LIVES LOST". The New York Times. Simsbury. December 22, 1859. Retrieved January 27, 2023. ^ "Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Simsbury town, Hartford County, Connecticut". U.S. Census Bureau, American Factfinder. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved November 28, 2012. ^ "Forest Dedication: Belden Forest - Our First Connecticut Forest!". Old-Growth Forest Network. Retrieved January 17, 2021. ^ "Monthly Averages for Simsbury, CT (06070)". Weather.com. Retrieved November 22, 2011. ^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008. ^ "Simsbury, Connecticut". City-Data. Retrieved May 21, 2013. ^ "U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: Simsbury town, Hartford County, Connecticut". www.census.gov. Retrieved July 8, 2020. ^ "Town of Simsbury Comprehensive Annual Financial Report For the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 2022" (PDF). Town of Simsbury. Retrieved August 13, 2023. ^ "Drake Hill Road Bridge". National Register of Historic Places. Retrieved September 20, 2010. ^ "John Humphrey House". National Register of Historic Places. Retrieved September 20, 2010. ^ "Simsbury Townhouse". National Register of Historic Places. Retrieved September 20, 2010. ^ a b c Rabinovitz, Jonathan (February 2, 1997). "When Olympic Champions Moved In, They Put Simsbury on the World Map". The New York Times. Simsbury, Connecticut. Retrieved January 4, 2011. ^ "BARBER, Levi (1777 - 1833)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved December 21, 2012. ^ "McLEAN, George Payne (1857 - 1932)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved December 21, 2012. ^ Mullgardt, Brian (1999). What's in a Name? Residence Halls at UConn. Storrs, CT: University of Connecticut. p. 37. hdl:11134/20004:20091712. ^ "PHELPS, Elisha (1779 - 1847)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved December 21, 2012. ^ "* Pennsylvania Governor Gifford Pinchot". National Governors Association. Retrieved January 24, 2013. ^ James, Edward T., et al. Notable American Women, 1607–1950: A Biographical Dictionary, vol. 2, p. 86. ^ King, Martin Luther Jr. (1998). "Chapter 1: Early Years". In Carson, Clayborne (ed.). The Autobiography of Martin Luther King Jr. New York City: Warner Books. p. 11. ISBN 9780446524124. Retrieved September 19, 2020 – via Stanford University \| Martin Luther King, Jr. Research and Education Institute. References Trelease, Allen W. (January 1, 1997). Indian affairs in colonial New York: the seventeenth century. U of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0-8032-9431-8. Retrieved September 29, 2010. Connecticut (1852). The public records of the colony of Connecticut ...: transcribed and published (in accordance with a resolution of the general assembly) ... Brown & Parsons. Retrieved September 26, 2010. Connecticut (1850). The public records of the colony of Connecticut ... Press of the Case. Retrieved September 30, 2010. Phelps, Noah Amherst (1845). History of Simsbury, Granby, and Canton; from 1642 To 1845. Hartford: Press of Case, Tiffany and Burnham. Trumbull, J. Hammond (2009). The Memorial History of Hartford County Connecticut 1633–1884. BiblioBazaar, LLC. ISBN 978-1-115-33123-4. Retrieved October 1, 2010. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Simsbury, Connecticut. Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Simsbury". 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Haddam Hartland Hebron Killingworth Lebanon Lisbon Lyme Marlborough Middlefield North Stonington Old Lyme Portland Preston Salem Union Voluntown Westbrook Willington Related articles Hartford-Springfield metropolitan area Northeast megalopolis Authority control databases International VIAF National Israel United States Geographic MusicBrainz area Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hartford County, Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartford_County,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Capitol Planning Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitol_Planning_Region,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"2020 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_Census"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Town in Connecticut, United StatesTown in Connecticut, United StatesSimsbury is a town in Hartford County, Connecticut, United States, incorporated as Connecticut's 21st town in May 1670.[1] The town is part of the Capitol Planning Region. The population was 24,517 in the 2020 census.[2]","title":"Simsbury, Connecticut"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Massaco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massaco"},{"link_name":"indigenous peoples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas"},{"link_name":"Wappinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wappinger"},{"link_name":"Delaware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenape"},{"link_name":"Hudson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson_River"},{"link_name":"Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut_River"},{"link_name":"Algonquian peoples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algonquian_peoples"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrelease19974%E2%80%939-3"},{"link_name":"Massaco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massaco"},{"link_name":"Farmington River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmington_River"},{"link_name":"Canton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Massaco-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-canton-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Massaco_area-6"},{"link_name":"Windsor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Huys de Goede Hoop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Hoop"},{"link_name":"New Netherland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Netherland"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConnecticut185297-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConnecticut185071-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConnecticut1850161-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhelps184510-10"},{"link_name":"tar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tar"},{"link_name":"turpentine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turpentine"},{"link_name":"wampum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wampum"},{"link_name":"slaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_the_colonial_history_of_the_United_States#17th_century"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrumbull2009342-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConnecticut1850247-12"},{"link_name":"Terry's Plain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry%27s_Plain_Historic_District"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhelps184512-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConnecticut1852118-14"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrumbull2009342-11"}],"sub_title":"Early history","text":"Further information: MassacoAt the beginning of the 17th century, the area that would become known as Simsbury as of 1670 was inhabited by indigenous peoples. The Wappinger were one of these groups, composed of eighteen bands that were organized not formally as a tribe, but more akin to an association, like the Delaware. These bands lived between the Hudson and Connecticut rivers. The Wappingers were one of the Algonquian peoples, a linguistic grouping which includes hundreds of tribes.[3] One of the Wappinger bands, the Massaco, lived near, but mostly west of, what became known as the Farmington River, in the area that would become known as Simsbury and Canton,[4] the latter as of 1806.[5] The river was called the Massaco by the native inhabitants. The term Massaco (pronounced Mas-saco) may refer to the indigenous peoples, the river itself, the village occupied by the indigenous peoples, and the land adjacent to the river.[6]In 1633, Windsor was the second town in Connecticut settled by Europeans and the first English settlement (the first European settlement being Huys de Goede Hoop, established by the Dutch in the Hartford area as a frontier settlement for the New Netherland Colony ten years earlier). For some time, the area of Massaco was considered \"an appendix to the towne of Windsor.\"[7] Settlers in Windsor forested and farmed in the area, but did not settle in Massaco permanently for a number of years. In 1642, the General Court of the colony of Connecticut ordered that:[8]the Governor and Mr. Heynes shall have liberty to dispose of the ground uppon that parte of Tunxis River cauled Mossocowe, to such inhabitants of Wyndsor as they shall see cause.Despite this order, there is no record that any settlements immediately ensued. Five years later the General Court issued another order:[9]The Court thinks fitt that Massacoe be purchased by the Country, and that ther be a Committee chosen to dispose of yt to such inhabitants of Wyndsor as by the shalbe judged meet to make improuement therof...but there is no record of land grants arising from this order.[10]In 1643, John Griffin and Michael Humphrey started a tar and turpentine business in Windsor. A few years later, a Massaco Indian named Manahanoose started a fire which destroyed tar belonging to Griffin. The Court ordered the payment of \"five hundred fathom of wampum\" as compensation. As he was unable to pay this amount, Manahanoose was instead ordered by the Court to either serve Griffin or be exchanged for Black slaves. To avoid this, he instead delivered a deed to the land at Massacoe. The deed was agreed to by Manahanoose as well as other Indians, identified as \"the proprietors of Massaco\".[11] In 1653, the General Court granted 50 acres (200,000 m2) of meadowland to Lieutenant Aaron Cook, 60 acres (240,000 m2) to John Bissell and 50 acres (200,000 m2) to Thomas Ford, all in Massacoe.[12]Settlers did not build permanent settlements until the following decade. Aaron Cook built one of the early homes in the area established c.1660 as Terry's Plain, and John Griffin also built a home, possibly in 1664—the date associated with a deed to land in Massacoe.[13] The settlement of Massacoe continued in the late 1660s. The General Court awarded a land grant of two hundred acres to John Griffin in 1663. A deed description from 1664 indicates he had become a permanent inhabitant. In 1669, a survey found that there were thirteen permanent residents of Massacoe. One of those residents, John Case, was appointed to the position of constable.[14] This is the first recorded civil office held by residents of the area.[11]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrumbull2009343-15"},{"link_name":"Farmington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmington,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Windsor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConnecticut1852127-16"},{"link_name":"Granby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granby,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Canton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-canton-5"},{"link_name":"Symondsbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symondsbury"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fry-18"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrumbull2009343-15"}],"sub_title":"Incorporation","text":"In 1670, John Case, along with Joshua Holcomb & Thomas Barber, presented a petition to the General Court, requesting that Massacoe become a town of the colony of Connecticut.[15] On May 12, 1670, the General Court granted the petition, and ordered that the plantation should be called \"Simmsbury\". The boundaries at that time were Farmington on the south and Windsor on the east, with the extent of Simsbury running 10 miles (16 km) north of Farmington and 10 miles (16 km) west of Windsor. The northern border, subject to dispute with Massachusetts, was left to be resolved later.[16] This area includes the township Simsbury as well as Granby and Canton, which would later separate from Simsbury in 1786[17] and 1806,[5] respectively.The precise origin of the name of the town is not known for certain. The town records covering the first ten years after incorporation were accidentally burned in 1680 and 1681. One possibility is that the name of Simsbury comes from the English town of Symondsbury.[18] Holcomb, one of the petitioners, originally came from Symondsbury. Another possibility is that the name was derived from Simon Wolcott's name. He was known familiarly as \"Sim\", and he was considered one of the prominent men of the town.[15]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"King Philip's War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Philip%27s_War"},{"link_name":"frontier settlement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontier_settlement"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhelps184521-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhelps184520-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConnecticut1852269-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhelps184524-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhelps184525-23"}],"sub_title":"King Philip's War","text":"In 1675, rumors of unrest among the indigenous peoples began to surface. The rumors proved accurate, and King Philip's War, a war between a number of tribes and the New England settlers, began in the summer. The war extended through parts of four colonies, with Simsbury on the western edge of the conflict. At the time, it was seen as a frontier settlement.[19] The conflict was largely over by August 1676, although it did not formally end until a treaty was signed in 1678.The colony of Connecticut formed a Council of War. In the days leading up to the war, they ordered settlers to keep night watches and to work in the fields in armed groups of at least six.[20] By the time of the colony's General Court meeting of October 14, 1675, the situation was considered serious enough that the court ordered the residents of Simsbury to move to safety in Windsor. The order read:This Court orders, that the people of Simsbury shall have a week's time to secure themselves and their corn there, and at the end of the week from this date, the souldiers, now in garrison at Simsbury, shall be released their attendance there.— Colony of Connecticut General Court[21]In March 1676, the town of Simsbury was first pillaged, then burned to the ground. This destruction has been described as the most extensive of any event of any Indian War in New England.[22] The settlers remained in Windsor until the spring of 1677, during which most moved back to Simsbury, though some never returned.[23]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_France"},{"link_name":"run the gauntlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauntlet_(punishment)"},{"link_name":"wigwam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wigwam"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhelps184537%E2%80%9344-24"}],"sub_title":"Daniel Hayes","text":"In 1707, Daniel Hayes, then aged twenty-two, was captured by indigenous people and carried to Canada. The capture was witnessed and a rescue party was raised, but the group did not catch up with the captors. Hayes was tied up each night and bound to saplings. It took thirty days to reach Canada, where Hayes was forced to run the gauntlet. Near the end of the gauntlet, he hid in a wigwam to avoid an attempted blow by a club. The woman in the wigwam declared that the house was sacred and, having lost a husband and son to a war, adopted Hayes as her son. He remained for several years, attending to the woman. Eventually, he was sold to a Frenchman, who learned that Hayes had skill as a weaver and put him to work in that business. Hayes managed to earn enough to buy his freedom after two years. He then returned to Simsbury, settled down on a farm and married. He became a prominent figure in civil affairs, as well as the church at Salmon Brook (now Granby).[24]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PostcardMainStSimsburyCT1921.jpg"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"sub_title":"Patent Safety Fuse factory explosion","text":"Main Street in 1921On Tuesday, December 20, 1859, the two-story Patent Safety Fuse factory located near the center of town exploded, killing seven women and one man. The blast also injured several other people, including the factory owner. The factory made cord fast-burning fuses used for blasting, which resulted in the explosion. Two days later, on Thursday, December 22, 1859, the New York Times ran a story about the explosion.[25]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Penwood_State_park.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TariffvilleGorge2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Farmington River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmington_River"},{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census_2010-26"},{"link_name":"Farmington Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmington_Valley"},{"link_name":"Talcott Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talcott_Mountain"},{"link_name":"Metacomet Ridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacomet_Ridge"},{"link_name":"trap rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trap_rock"},{"link_name":"Long Island Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Island_Sound"},{"link_name":"Vermont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermont"},{"link_name":"Heublein Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heublein_Tower"},{"link_name":"Talcott Mountain State Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talcott_Mountain_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Penwood State Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penwood_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Metacomet Trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacomet_Trail"},{"link_name":"Pinchot Sycamore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinchot_Sycamore"},{"link_name":"old-growth forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old-growth_forest"},{"link_name":"Belden Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belden_Forest"},{"link_name":"Old-Growth Forest Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old-Growth_Forest_Network"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Hartford, Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartford,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Talcott Mountain ridgelineThe Farmington River in SimsburyAccording to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 34.3 square miles (88.8 km2), of which 33.9 square miles (87.9 km2) is land and 0.39 square miles (1.0 km2), or 1.09%, is water.[26]Simsbury lies in the northern end of the Farmington Valley. The east side of Simsbury is flanked by Talcott Mountain, which is part of the Metacomet Ridge, a mountainous trap rock ridgeline that stretches from Long Island Sound to near the Vermont border. Notable features of the Metacomet Ridge in Simsbury include Heublein Tower, Talcott Mountain State Park, Penwood State Park, and the Tariffville Gorge of the Farmington River. The 51-mile-long (82 km) Metacomet Trail traverses the ridge. At the western foot of the mountain, the Pinchot Sycamore, the largest tree in Connecticut, grows near the Farmington River. Simsbury also has some patches of old-growth forest; Belden Forest, a 40-acre site with public hiking trails near the center of town was inducted into the Old-Growth Forest Network in October 2019.[27]The town is often considered a bedroom community for the nearby city of Hartford, Connecticut, which is a 20 to 25 minute drive from Simsbury Center; however, many residents also commute to other towns and cities within the west-central Connecticut region.[citation needed]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"East Weatogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Weatogue_Historic_District"},{"link_name":"Simsbury Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simsbury_Center_Historic_District"},{"link_name":"Terry's Plain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry%27s_Plain_Historic_District"},{"link_name":"census-designated places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census-designated_place"},{"link_name":"Simsbury Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simsbury_Center,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Tariffville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tariffville,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Weatogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weatogue,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"West Simsbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Simsbury,_Connecticut"}],"sub_title":"Principal communities","text":"After the complete destruction of the town in 1676 during King Philip's War, there were three late 17th to early 18th century nucleated resettlement communities: East Weatogue (also called East Simsbury), Simsbury Center, and Terry's Plain.There are four census-designated places in Simsbury: Simsbury Center, Tariffville, Weatogue, and West Simsbury.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Weather-28"}],"sub_title":"Climate","text":"Climate data for Simsbury, Connecticut\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °F (°C)\n\n72(22)\n\n73(23)\n\n89(32)\n\n96(36)\n\n99(37)\n\n101(38)\n\n102(39)\n\n102(39)\n\n101(38)\n\n91(33)\n\n83(28)\n\n76(24)\n\n102(39)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °F (°C)\n\n34(1)\n\n39(4)\n\n48(9)\n\n61(16)\n\n71(22)\n\n80(27)\n\n85(29)\n\n83(28)\n\n75(24)\n\n63(17)\n\n52(11)\n\n40(4)\n\n61(16)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °F (°C)\n\n18(−8)\n\n21(−6)\n\n28(−2)\n\n38(3)\n\n48(9)\n\n57(14)\n\n63(17)\n\n61(16)\n\n53(12)\n\n41(5)\n\n33(1)\n\n23(−5)\n\n40(5)\n\n\nRecord low °F (°C)\n\n−26(−32)\n\n−24(−31)\n\n−8(−22)\n\n9(−13)\n\n28(−2)\n\n37(3)\n\n44(7)\n\n36(2)\n\n27(−3)\n\n17(−8)\n\n1(−17)\n\n−18(−28)\n\n−26(−32)\n\n\nAverage precipitation inches (mm)\n\n3.23(82)\n\n3.00(76)\n\n3.62(92)\n\n3.72(94)\n\n4.35(110)\n\n4.35(110)\n\n4.18(106)\n\n3.93(100)\n\n3.88(99)\n\n4.37(111)\n\n3.89(99)\n\n3.44(87)\n\n45.96(1,166)\n\n\nSource: [28]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of Connecticut locations by per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Connecticut_locations_by_per_capita_income"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PostcardSimsburyCTAELathropsDrugStoreCirca1905.jpg"},{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-30"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Pacific Islander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Islander_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Simsbury,_Connecticut-31"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census_Bureau_QuickFacts-32"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"text":"See also: List of Connecticut locations by per capita incomeA. E. Lathrop's Drug Store, c. 1905As of the census[30] of 2000, there were 23,234 people, 8,527 households, and 6,591 families residing in the town. The population density was 685.7 inhabitants per square mile (264.8/km2). There were 8,739 housing units at an average density of 257.9 per square mile (99.6/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 95.3% White, 1.17% African American, 0.09% Native American, 2.12% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 0.26% from other races, and 1.03% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 1.54% of the population. The five largest percentages of reported ethnicity, expressed as percentage out of total residents, were Irish (23.0%), English (17.4%), German (15.6%), Italian (13.7%), and Polish (7.6%).[31]There were 8,527 households, out of which 41.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 69.1% were married couples living together, 6.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 22.7% were non-families. 19.4% of all households had someone living alone, and 7.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.70 and the average family size was 3.12.29.5% of the population was under the age of 18, 3.6% were from 18 to 24, 27.7% were from 25 to 44, 26.6% were from 45 to 64, and 12.5% were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years old. For every 100 females, there were 94.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.3 males.In 2018, the median household income was $119,588 and the per capita income for the town was $60,453.[32] About 1.0% of families and 2.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 1.6% of those under age 18 and 4.3% of those age 65 or over.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-simsbury-33"}],"sub_title":"Top employers","text":"According to Simsbury's 2022 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report,[33]\nthe top employers in the city are:","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ethel Walker School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethel_Walker_School"},{"link_name":"Westminster School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_School_(Connecticut)"},{"link_name":"Talcott Mountain State Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talcott_Mountain_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Simsbury Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simsbury_Airport"},{"link_name":"Ensign-Bickford Industries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensign-Bickford_Company"},{"link_name":"Pinchot Sycamore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinchot_Sycamore"},{"link_name":"American sycamore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_sycamore"}],"text":"The Ethel Walker School, The Master's School, St. Mary's School, and Westminster School are private schools in Simsbury.\nThe International Skating Center of Connecticut is in Simsbury.\nThree of the four state parks in Hartford County, Penwood State Park, Stratton Brook State Park, and Talcott Mountain State Park, are in Simsbury.\nSimsbury Airport is a public use airport located in Simsbury and East Granby.\nEnsign-Bickford Industries, founded in Simsbury in 1836, is still headquartered in town.\nThe Pinchot Sycamore, an American sycamore in Simsbury, is the largest tree in Connecticut. According to a measurement made in 1998, the tree was 26 feet (7.9 m) around and 95 feet (29 m) tall, with an average canopy diameter of 140 feet (43 m).","title":"Landmarks"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Drake_Hill_Road_Bridge.JPG"},{"link_name":"Drake Hill Road Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drake_Hill_Road_Bridge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eno_Memorial_Hall.JPG"},{"link_name":"Eno Memorial Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eno_Memorial_Hall"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John_Humphrey_House.JPG"},{"link_name":"John Humphrey House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Humphrey_House_(Simsbury,_Connecticut)"},{"link_name":"Drake Hill Road Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drake_Hill_Road_Bridge"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Drake_Hill_Road_Bridge-34"},{"link_name":"East Weatogue Historic District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Weatogue_Historic_District"},{"link_name":"Heublein Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heublein_Tower"},{"link_name":"John Humphrey House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Humphrey_House_(Simsbury,_Connecticut)"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-John_Humphrey_House-35"},{"link_name":"Massaco Forest Pavilion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massaco_Forest_Pavilion"},{"link_name":"Simsbury Center Historic District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simsbury_Center_Historic_District"},{"link_name":"Amos Eno House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amos_Eno_House"},{"link_name":"Elisha Phelps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisha_Phelps"},{"link_name":"Amos Eno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amos_Eno"},{"link_name":"Eno Memorial Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eno_Memorial_Hall"},{"link_name":"Horace Belden School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Belden_School"},{"link_name":"Robert and Julia Darling House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_and_Julia_Darling_House"},{"link_name":"Capt. Elisha Phelps House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capt._Elisha_Phelps_House"},{"link_name":"Simsbury Bank and Trust Company Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simsbury_Bank_and_Trust_Company_Building"},{"link_name":"Simsbury Railroad Depot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simsbury_Railroad_Depot"},{"link_name":"Simsbury Townhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simsbury_Townhouse"},{"link_name":"Greek Revival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Revival"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Simsbury_Townhouse-36"},{"link_name":"Tariffville Historic District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tariffville_Historic_District"},{"link_name":"Terry's Plain Historic District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry%27s_Plain_Historic_District"}],"sub_title":"On the National Register of Historic Places","text":"Drake Hill Road Bridge (1892)Eno Memorial HallJohn Humphrey HouseDrake Hill Road Bridge – Drake Hill Rd. at Farmington River (added August 19, 1984). The Drake Hill Bridge is a pin-connected Parker truss, built in 1892 over the Farmington River. The bridge has a 12-foot (3.7 m) roadway and a span of 183 feet (56 m). It originally carried vehicle traffic but now is open for foot and bicycle traffic. This bridge is one of only three surviving Parker trusses in Connecticut.[34]\nEast Weatogue Historic District – Roughly covers the properties on East Weatogue St. from just north of Riverside Dr. to Hartford Rd. and Folly Farm property to the south (added 1990).\nHeublein Tower – Talcott Mountain State Park (added 1983).\nJohn Humphrey House – 115 E. Weatogue St. (added 1990). The John Humphrey House is a Colonial two-story frame house, built c.1760. The estimate of the building date comes partially from land records, and partially from the location of the bake oven in the kitchen.[35]\nMassaco Forest Pavilion – Off Farms Village Rd., Stratton Brook State Park (added 1986).\nSimsbury Center Historic District – Roughly, Hopmeadow St. from West St. to Massaco St. (added 1996).\nAmos Eno House – Off U. S. 202 on Hopmeadow Rd. (added 1975). Also known as the Simsbury House or the 1820 House, this house was built by Elisha Phelps but named after Amos Eno, who used it as a summer residence for many years.\nEno Memorial Hall – 754 Hopmeadow St. (added 1993).\nHorace Belden School (now the Town Hall/Police Station) and Central Grammar School – 933 Hopmeadow St. and 29 Massaco St. (added 1993).\nRobert and Julia Darling House – 720 Hopmeadow St. (added 1991).\nCapt. Elisha Phelps House (also known as \"Phelps Tavern Museum & Homestead\") – 800 Hopmeadow St., a 1771 house used as a tavern from 1786 to 1849 (added 1972).\nSimsbury Bank and Trust Company Building – 760–762 Hopmeadow St. (added 1986).\nSimsbury Railroad Depot – Railroad Ave. at Station St. (added 1976).\nSimsbury Townhouse – 695 Hopmeadow St. (added 1993). The Simsbury Townhouse was the original town hall for the town of Simsbury, used as a town hall for almost 100 years. It was originally built in 1839 at the top of the hill near its present location, and moved, possibly in 1843, and finally in 1869. The wooden structure was constructed in the Greek Revival style.[36]\nTariffville Historic District – Roughly bounded by Winthrop St., Main St., Tunxis Rd., Mountain Rd., and Elm St. (added 1993).\nTerry's Plain Historic District – Roughly bounded by Pharos, Quarry and Terry's Plain Rds., and the Farmington R. (added 1993).","title":"Landmarks"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Schools"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Simsbury High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simsbury_High_School"}],"sub_title":"Public high schools","text":"Simsbury High School (students: 1,457; location: 34 Farms Village Rd.; grades, 9–12)","title":"Schools"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ethel Walker School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethel_Walker_School"},{"link_name":"Westminster School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_School_(Connecticut)"}],"sub_title":"Private high schools","text":"Ethel Walker School (students: 252; location: 230 Bushy Hill Road; grades: 6–12; Girls only)\nThe Master's School (students: 400; location: 36 Westledge Road; grades Pre-K – 12)\nWestminster School (students: 353; location: 995 Hopmeadow Street; grades: 9–12)","title":"Schools"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Public primary/middle schools","text":"Central School (students: 479; location: 29 Massaco St.; grades: Pre-K–6)\nHenry James Memorial School (students: 840; location: 155 Firetown Rd.; grades: 7–8)\nHomebound (location: 933 Hopmeadow Street; grades: Pre-K–12)\nLatimer Lane School (students: 623; location: 33 Mountain View Rd.; grades: K–6)\nSquadron Line School (students: 849; location: 44 Squadron Line Rd.; grades: Pre-K–6)\nTariffville School (students: 280; location: 42 Winthrop St.; grades: K–6)\nTootin' Hills School (students: 537; location: 25 Nimrod Rd.; grades: K–6)","title":"Schools"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St. Mary's School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Mary%27s_School_(Connecticut)"}],"sub_title":"Private primary/middle schools","text":"The Cobb School Montessori (students: 145; location: 112 Sand Hill Rd.; grades: Pre-K–5)\nSt. Mary's School (students: 264; location: 946 Hopmeadow Street; grades: K–8)","title":"Schools"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sasha_Cohen_2009_SOI_Halifax_Spiral.jpg"},{"link_name":"Shizuka Arakawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shizuka_Arakawa"},{"link_name":"Oksana Baiul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oksana_Baiul"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt970202-37"},{"link_name":"Vince Cazzetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vince_Cazzetta"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh Pipers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh_Pipers"},{"link_name":"Sasha Cohen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasha_Cohen"},{"link_name":"Tatiana Tarasova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatiana_Tarasova"},{"link_name":"Tommy Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Cross"},{"link_name":"Boston Bruins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Bruins"},{"link_name":"St. Louis Blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_Blues"},{"link_name":"Ekaterina Gordeeva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekaterina_Gordeeva"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt970202-37"},{"link_name":"Sara Hendershot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sara_Hendershot"},{"link_name":"Paul Holmgren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Holmgren"},{"link_name":"Hartford Whalers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartford_Whalers"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia Flyers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Flyers"},{"link_name":"Michelle Kwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelle_Kwan"},{"link_name":"Mike Liut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Liut"},{"link_name":"NHL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHL"},{"link_name":"Hartford Whalers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartford_Whalers"},{"link_name":"Viktor Petrenko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_Petrenko"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt970202-37"},{"link_name":"Ulf Samuelsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulf_Samuelsson"},{"link_name":"Hartford Whalers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartford_Whalers"},{"link_name":"Alexei Yagudin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexei_Yagudin"},{"link_name":"Tatiana Tarasova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatiana_Tarasova"}],"sub_title":"Athletes","text":"Sasha CohenShizuka Arakawa (荒川静香) (born 1981), Japanese figure skater; won the gold medal at the 2006 Winter Olympics; has trained at the International Skating Center of Connecticut in Simsbury\nOksana Baiul (born 1977), 1994 Olympic champion; lived and trained in Simsbury after winning her title[37]\nVince Cazzetta (1925–2005), head coach for the Pittsburgh Pipers\nSasha Cohen (born 1984), 2006 U.S. National Champion figure skater and silver medalist at the 2006 Olympics; trained in Simsbury with Russian coach Tatiana Tarasova starting in summer 2002\nTommy Cross (born 1989), pro ice hockey player drafted by the Boston Bruins in 2008; now with the St. Louis Blues\nEkaterina Gordeeva (born 1971), winner of two Olympic gold medals (1988 and 1994); moved to Simsbury in the 1990s[37]\nSara Hendershot (born 1988), member of 2012 United States Olympic Rowing Team (W2-)\nPaul Holmgren (born 1955), former coach of the Hartford Whalers; current president of the Philadelphia Flyers\nMichelle Kwan (born 1980), Olympic figure skater; has trained at the International Skating Center of Connecticut\nMike Liut (born 1956), former NHL goaltender for the Hartford Whalers\nViktor Petrenko (born 1969), 1992 Olympic champion; trained in Simsbury beginning in 1994[37]\nUlf Samuelsson (born 1964), former NHL hockey player, lived in Simsbury when he played for the Hartford Whalers\nAlexei Yagudin (born 1980), 2002 Olympic champion and four time world champion; lived and trained in Simsbury from 1998 to 2005 with Tatiana Tarasova","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lake Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Bell"},{"link_name":"Terry Deitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Deitz"},{"link_name":"Rachel Sennott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel_Sennott"},{"link_name":"Sigourney Weaver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigourney_Weaver"}],"sub_title":"Media","text":"Lake Bell (born 1979), actor, attended Westminster School in Simsbury, Connecticut\nTerry Deitz (born 1959), reality TV contestant, resides in Simsbury\nRachel Sennott (born 1995), actor, graduate of Simsbury High School\nSigourney Weaver (born 1949), actor, attended Ethel Walker School in Simsbury","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Parmenio Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parmenio_Adams"},{"link_name":"Levi Barber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levi_Barber"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bioguide-38"},{"link_name":"Lucius Israel Barber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucius_Israel_Barber"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin_Territory"},{"link_name":"George McLean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_P._McLean"},{"link_name":"McLean Game Refuge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McLean_Game_Refuge"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bioguide2-39"},{"link_name":"Alice Merritt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Merritt"},{"link_name":"Connecticut State Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut_State_Senate"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Elisha Phelps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisha_Phelps"},{"link_name":"congressman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bioguide3-41"},{"link_name":"Gifford Pinchot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifford_Pinchot"},{"link_name":"United States Forest Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Forest_Service"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nagorg-42"}],"sub_title":"Politicians","text":"Parmenio Adams (1776–1832), former US Congressman\nLevi Barber (1777–1833), U.S. Representative from Ohio[38]\nLucius Israel Barber (1806–1889), Wisconsin Territory politician\nGeorge McLean (1857–1932), U.S. senator and Simsbury resident who founded the 4,200-acre (17 km2) McLean Game Refuge in town[39]\nAlice Merritt (1876–1950), first woman to serve in the Connecticut State Senate (1925–1929); born in Simsbury[40]\nElisha Phelps (1779–1847), congressman from Connecticut[41]\nGifford Pinchot (1865–1946), first Chief of the United States Forest Service (1905–1910), Governor of Pennsylvania (1923–1927, 1931–1935), born in Simsbury[42]","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"James Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Adams_(lawyer)"},{"link_name":"Mormonism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mormon"},{"link_name":"Sherri Browning Erwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherri_Browning_Erwin"},{"link_name":"Justin Foley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Foley"},{"link_name":"Sarah Pratt McLean Greene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Pratt_McLean_Greene"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-edwardjames-43"},{"link_name":"Samuel Higley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Higley"},{"link_name":"Martin Luther King Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr."},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Carson-44"},{"link_name":"Franz Von Holzhausen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Von_Holzhausen"},{"link_name":"Jennifer Weiner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Weiner"},{"link_name":"Carl Nichols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_J._Nichols"},{"link_name":"United States district judge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_federal_judge"},{"link_name":"United States District Court for the District of Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Columbia"}],"sub_title":"Others","text":"James Adams (1783–1843), lawyer and early convert to Mormonism\nSherri Browning Erwin (1968–present), author and current resident\nJustin Foley (born June 16, 1976, in Simsbury), is an American musician, best known as the drummer of the metalcore band, Killswitch Engage\nSarah Pratt McLean Greene (1856–1935), novelist, born in Simsbury[43]\nSamuel Higley (1687–1737), reputed to have coined the first copper coins (\"Higley coppers\") in the colonial United States\nMartin Luther King Jr. (1929–1968), worked on a tobacco plantation in Simsbury during the summers of 1944 and 1947 to earn money for college[44]\nFranz Von Holzhausen, car designer at Tesla, grew up in Simsbury\nJennifer Weiner (born 1970), author\nCarl Nichols, (born 1970), United States district judge of the United States District Court for the District of Columbia, grew up in Simsbury","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wittmund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wittmund"},{"link_name":"Lower Saxony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Saxony"}],"text":"Wittmund, Lower Saxony, Germany","title":"Sister cities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Connecticut Towns in Order of Their Establishment\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//portal.ct.gov/SOTS/Register-Manual/Section-VII/Connecticut-Towns-in-the-Order-of-their-Establishment"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Census - Geography Profile: Simsbury town, Hartford County, Connecticut\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.census.gov/cedsci/profile?g=0600000US0900368940"},{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrelease19974%E2%80%939_3-0"},{"link_name":"Trelease 1997","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFTrelease1997"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Massaco_4-0"},{"link_name":"\"New York Indian Tribes\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20101203055513/http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/newyork/newyork4.htm"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.accessgenealogy.com/native/newyork/newyork4.htm"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-canton_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-canton_5-1"},{"link_name":"Canton Sesquicentennial, 1806-1956; A Short Illustrated History of Canton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//archive.org/details/cantonsesquicent00unse"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Massaco_area_6-0"},{"link_name":"\"Phelps Family History in America\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20200808002650/http://phelpsfamilyhistory.com/geo/windsor.asp"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.phelpsfamilyhistory.com/geo/windsor.asp"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConnecticut185297_7-0"},{"link_name":"Connecticut 1852","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFConnecticut1852"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConnecticut185071_8-0"},{"link_name":"Connecticut 1850","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFConnecticut1850"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConnecticut1850161_9-0"},{"link_name":"Connecticut 1850","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFConnecticut1850"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhelps184510_10-0"},{"link_name":"Phelps 1845","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFPhelps1845"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrumbull2009342_11-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrumbull2009342_11-1"},{"link_name":"Trumbull 2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFTrumbull2009"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConnecticut1850247_12-0"},{"link_name":"Connecticut 1850","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFConnecticut1850"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhelps184512_13-0"},{"link_name":"Phelps 1845","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFPhelps1845"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConnecticut1852118_14-0"},{"link_name":"Connecticut 1852","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFConnecticut1852"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrumbull2009343_15-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrumbull2009343_15-1"},{"link_name":"Trumbull 2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFTrumbull2009"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConnecticut1852127_16-0"},{"link_name":"Connecticut 1852","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFConnecticut1852"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"\"Town of Southwick, Massachusetts\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20070805220040/http://www.southwickma.org/Public_Documents/SouthwickMA_WebDocs/about"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.southwickma.org/Public_Documents/SouthwickMA_WebDocs/about"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Fry_18-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhelps184521_19-0"},{"link_name":"Phelps 1845","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFPhelps1845"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhelps184520_20-0"},{"link_name":"Phelps 1845","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFPhelps1845"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConnecticut1852269_21-0"},{"link_name":"Connecticut 1852","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFConnecticut1852"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhelps184524_22-0"},{"link_name":"Phelps 1845","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFPhelps1845"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhelps184525_23-0"},{"link_name":"Phelps 1845","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFPhelps1845"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhelps184537%E2%80%9344_24-0"},{"link_name":"Phelps 1845","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFPhelps1845"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-25"},{"link_name":"\"The Explosion at Simsbury, Conn.; A SAFETY-FUSE FACTORY BLOWN UP--SEVEN LIVES LOST\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1859/12/22/issue.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Census_2010_26-0"},{"link_name":"\"Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Simsbury town, Hartford County, Connecticut\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.today/20200212154550/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DP/G001/0600000US0900368940"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DP/G001/0600000US0900368940"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-27"},{"link_name":"\"Forest Dedication: Belden Forest - Our First Connecticut Forest!\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.oldgrowthforest.net/events/2019/10/25/etogz9h7gli206ug6daioxhuxswfk2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Weather_28-0"},{"link_name":"\"Monthly Averages for Simsbury, CT (06070)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.weather.com/weather/wxclimatology/monthly/06070"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DecennialCensus_29-0"},{"link_name":"\"Census of Population and Housing\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-GR2_30-0"},{"link_name":"\"U.S. Census website\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.census.gov"},{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Simsbury,_Connecticut_31-0"},{"link_name":"\"Simsbury, Connecticut\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.city-data.com/city/Simsbury-Connecticut.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Census_Bureau_QuickFacts_32-0"},{"link_name":"\"U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: Simsbury town, Hartford County, Connecticut\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/simsburytownhartfordcountyconnecticut/PST045219"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-simsbury_33-0"},{"link_name":"\"Town of Simsbury Comprehensive Annual Financial Report For the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 2022\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.simsbury-ct.gov/sites/g/files/vyhlif9751/f/uploads/pdf_signed_financial_statements.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Drake_Hill_Road_Bridge_34-0"},{"link_name":"\"Drake Hill Road Bridge\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NRHP/84000999_text"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-John_Humphrey_House_35-0"},{"link_name":"\"John Humphrey House\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NRHP/90001755_text"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Simsbury_Townhouse_36-0"},{"link_name":"\"Simsbury Townhouse\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NRHP/93000209_text"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-nyt970202_37-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-nyt970202_37-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-nyt970202_37-2"},{"link_name":"\"When Olympic Champions Moved In, They Put Simsbury on the World Map\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nytimes.com/1997/02/02/nyregion/when-olympic-champions-moved-in-they-put-simsbury-on-the-world-map.html?pagewanted=print&src=pm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-bioguide_38-0"},{"link_name":"\"BARBER, Levi (1777 - 1833)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=B000124"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-bioguide2_39-0"},{"link_name":"\"McLEAN, George Payne (1857 - 1932)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=M000547"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-40"},{"link_name":"What's in a Name? Residence Halls at UConn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//hdl.handle.net/11134/20004:20091712"},{"link_name":"hdl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"11134/20004:20091712","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hdl.handle.net/11134%2F20004%3A20091712"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-bioguide3_41-0"},{"link_name":"\"PHELPS, Elisha (1779 - 1847)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=P000294"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-nagorg_42-0"},{"link_name":"\"* Pennsylvania Governor Gifford Pinchot\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.nga.org/cms/home/governors/past-governors-bios/page_pennsylvania/col2-content/main-content-list/title_pinchot_gifford.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-edwardjames_43-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Carson_44-0"},{"link_name":"\"Chapter 1: Early Years\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//kinginstitute.stanford.edu/king-papers/publications/autobiography-martin-luther-king-jr-contents/chapter-1-early-years"},{"link_name":"The Autobiography of Martin Luther King Jr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//kinginstitute.stanford.edu/publications/autobiography-martin-luther-king-jr-0"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Warner Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Central_Publishing"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780446524124","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780446524124"},{"link_name":"Stanford University \| Martin Luther King, Jr. Research and Education Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University#Research_centers_and_institutes"}],"text":"^ \"Connecticut Towns in Order of Their Establishment\". Connecticut Secretary of State. Retrieved February 7, 2023.\n\n^ \"Census - Geography Profile: Simsbury town, Hartford County, Connecticut\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved December 21, 2021.\n\n^ Trelease 1997, p. 4–9.\n\n^ \"New York Indian Tribes\". Access Genealogy.com. Archived from the original on December 3, 2010. Retrieved September 29, 2010.\n\n^ a b Canton Sesquicentennial, 1806-1956; A Short Illustrated History of Canton. Canton Sesquicentennial Committee. 1956.\n\n^ \"Phelps Family History in America\". Phelps Family History. Archived from the original on August 8, 2020. Retrieved January 28, 2023.\n\n^ Connecticut 1852, p. 97.\n\n^ Connecticut 1850, p. 71.\n\n^ Connecticut 1850, p. 161.\n\n^ Phelps 1845, p. 10.\n\n^ a b Trumbull 2009, p. 342.\n\n^ Connecticut 1850, p. 247.\n\n^ Phelps 1845, p. 12.\n\n^ Connecticut 1852, p. 118.\n\n^ a b Trumbull 2009, p. 343.\n\n^ Connecticut 1852, p. 127.\n\n^ \"Town of Southwick, Massachusetts\". Archived from the original on August 5, 2007. Retrieved October 14, 2007.\n\n^ Fry, CR. \"Simsbury, USA, and Symondsbury, Dorset: Holcomb and Wolcott Connections? The Greenwood Tree. Vol.32, No.3, 2007\n\n^ Phelps 1845, p. 21.\n\n^ Phelps 1845, p. 20.\n\n^ Connecticut 1852, p. 269.\n\n^ Phelps 1845, p. 24.\n\n^ Phelps 1845, p. 25.\n\n^ Phelps 1845, p. 37–44.\n\n^ \"The Explosion at Simsbury, Conn.; A SAFETY-FUSE FACTORY BLOWN UP--SEVEN LIVES LOST\". The New York Times. Simsbury. December 22, 1859. Retrieved January 27, 2023.\n\n^ \"Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Simsbury town, Hartford County, Connecticut\". U.S. Census Bureau, American Factfinder. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved November 28, 2012.\n\n^ \"Forest Dedication: Belden Forest - Our First Connecticut Forest!\". Old-Growth Forest Network. Retrieved January 17, 2021.\n\n^ \"Monthly Averages for Simsbury, CT (06070)\". Weather.com. Retrieved November 22, 2011.\n\n^ \"Census of Population and Housing\". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.\n\n^ \"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.\n\n^ \"Simsbury, Connecticut\". City-Data. Retrieved May 21, 2013.\n\n^ \"U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: Simsbury town, Hartford County, Connecticut\". www.census.gov. Retrieved July 8, 2020.\n\n^ \"Town of Simsbury Comprehensive Annual Financial Report For the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 2022\" (PDF). Town of Simsbury. Retrieved August 13, 2023.\n\n^ \"Drake Hill Road Bridge\". National Register of Historic Places. Retrieved September 20, 2010.\n\n^ \"John Humphrey House\". National Register of Historic Places. Retrieved September 20, 2010.\n\n^ \"Simsbury Townhouse\". National Register of Historic Places. Retrieved September 20, 2010.\n\n^ a b c Rabinovitz, Jonathan (February 2, 1997). \"When Olympic Champions Moved In, They Put Simsbury on the World Map\". The New York Times. Simsbury, Connecticut. Retrieved January 4, 2011.\n\n^ \"BARBER, Levi (1777 - 1833)\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved December 21, 2012.\n\n^ \"McLEAN, George Payne (1857 - 1932)\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved December 21, 2012.\n\n^ Mullgardt, Brian (1999). What's in a Name? Residence Halls at UConn. Storrs, CT: University of Connecticut. p. 37. hdl:11134/20004:20091712.\n\n^ \"PHELPS, Elisha (1779 - 1847)\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved December 21, 2012.\n\n^ \"* Pennsylvania Governor Gifford Pinchot\". National Governors Association. Retrieved January 24, 2013.\n\n^ James, Edward T., et al. Notable American Women, 1607–1950: A Biographical Dictionary, vol. 2, p. 86.\n\n^ King, Martin Luther Jr. (1998). \"Chapter 1: Early Years\". In Carson, Clayborne (ed.). The Autobiography of Martin Luther King Jr. New York City: Warner Books. p. 11. ISBN 9780446524124. Retrieved September 19, 2020 – via Stanford University \| Martin Luther King, Jr. Research and Education Institute.","title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_text":"Main Street in 1921","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/PostcardMainStSimsburyCT1921.jpg/200px-PostcardMainStSimsburyCT1921.jpg"},{"image_text":"Talcott Mountain ridgeline","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Penwood_State_park.jpg/100px-Penwood_State_park.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Farmington River in Simsbury","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/TariffvilleGorge2.jpg/200px-TariffvilleGorge2.jpg"},{"image_text":"A. E. Lathrop's Drug Store, c. 1905","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/PostcardSimsburyCTAELathropsDrugStoreCirca1905.jpg/250px-PostcardSimsburyCTAELathropsDrugStoreCirca1905.jpg"},{"image_text":"Drake Hill Road Bridge (1892)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Drake_Hill_Road_Bridge.JPG/220px-Drake_Hill_Road_Bridge.JPG"},{"image_text":"Eno Memorial Hall","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Eno_Memorial_Hall.JPG/220px-Eno_Memorial_Hall.JPG"},{"image_text":"John Humphrey House","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/John_Humphrey_House.JPG/220px-John_Humphrey_House.JPG"},{"image_text":"Sasha Cohen","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Sasha_Cohen_2009_SOI_Halifax_Spiral.jpg/170px-Sasha_Cohen_2009_SOI_Halifax_Spiral.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Map_of_Connecticut_highlighting_Hartford_County.svg/180px-Map_of_Connecticut_highlighting_Hartford_County.svg.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Map_of_Connecticut_highlighting_Capitol_Planning_Region.svg/180px-Map_of_Connecticut_highlighting_Capitol_Planning_Region.svg.png"}]	[{"title":"Connecticut portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Connecticut"},{"title":"National Register of Historic Places listings in Hartford County, Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Hartford_County,_Connecticut"}]	[{"reference":"\"Connecticut Towns in Order of Their Establishment\". Connecticut Secretary of State. Retrieved February 7, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://portal.ct.gov/SOTS/Register-Manual/Section-VII/Connecticut-Towns-in-the-Order-of-their-Establishment","url_text":"\"Connecticut Towns in Order of Their Establishment\""}]},{"reference":"\"Census - Geography Profile: Simsbury town, Hartford County, Connecticut\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved December 21, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.census.gov/cedsci/profile?g=0600000US0900368940","url_text":"\"Census - Geography Profile: Simsbury town, Hartford County, Connecticut\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"New York Indian Tribes\". Access Genealogy.com. Archived from the original on December 3, 2010. Retrieved September 29, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101203055513/http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/newyork/newyork4.htm","url_text":"\"New York Indian Tribes\""},{"url":"http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/newyork/newyork4.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Canton Sesquicentennial, 1806-1956; A Short Illustrated History of Canton. Canton Sesquicentennial Committee. 1956.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.org/details/cantonsesquicent00unse","url_text":"Canton Sesquicentennial, 1806-1956; A Short Illustrated History of Canton"}]},{"reference":"\"Phelps Family History in America\". Phelps Family History. Archived from the original on August 8, 2020. Retrieved January 28, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200808002650/http://phelpsfamilyhistory.com/geo/windsor.asp","url_text":"\"Phelps Family History in America\""},{"url":"http://www.phelpsfamilyhistory.com/geo/windsor.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Town of Southwick, Massachusetts\". Archived from the original on August 5, 2007. Retrieved October 14, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070805220040/http://www.southwickma.org/Public_Documents/SouthwickMA_WebDocs/about","url_text":"\"Town of Southwick, Massachusetts\""},{"url":"http://www.southwickma.org/Public_Documents/SouthwickMA_WebDocs/about","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Explosion at Simsbury, Conn.; A SAFETY-FUSE FACTORY BLOWN UP--SEVEN LIVES LOST\". The New York Times. Simsbury. December 22, 1859. Retrieved January 27, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1859/12/22/issue.html","url_text":"\"The Explosion at Simsbury, Conn.; A SAFETY-FUSE FACTORY BLOWN UP--SEVEN LIVES LOST\""}]},{"reference":"\"Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Simsbury town, Hartford County, Connecticut\". U.S. Census Bureau, American Factfinder. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved November 28, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20200212154550/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DP/G001/0600000US0900368940","url_text":"\"Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Simsbury town, Hartford County, Connecticut\""},{"url":"http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DP/G001/0600000US0900368940","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Forest Dedication: Belden Forest - Our First Connecticut Forest!\". Old-Growth Forest Network. Retrieved January 17, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oldgrowthforest.net/events/2019/10/25/etogz9h7gli206ug6daioxhuxswfk2","url_text":"\"Forest Dedication: Belden Forest - Our First Connecticut Forest!\""}]},{"reference":"\"Monthly Averages for Simsbury, CT (06070)\". Weather.com. Retrieved November 22, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.weather.com/weather/wxclimatology/monthly/06070","url_text":"\"Monthly Averages for Simsbury, CT (06070)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Census of Population and Housing\". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","url_text":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"Simsbury, Connecticut\". City-Data. Retrieved May 21, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.city-data.com/city/Simsbury-Connecticut.html","url_text":"\"Simsbury, Connecticut\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: Simsbury town, Hartford County, Connecticut\". www.census.gov. Retrieved July 8, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/simsburytownhartfordcountyconnecticut/PST045219","url_text":"\"U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: Simsbury town, Hartford County, Connecticut\""}]},{"reference":"\"Town of Simsbury Comprehensive Annual Financial Report For the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 2022\" (PDF). Town of Simsbury. Retrieved August 13, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.simsbury-ct.gov/sites/g/files/vyhlif9751/f/uploads/pdf_signed_financial_statements.pdf","url_text":"\"Town of Simsbury Comprehensive Annual Financial Report For the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 2022\""}]},{"reference":"\"Drake Hill Road Bridge\". National Register of Historic Places. Retrieved September 20, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NRHP/84000999_text","url_text":"\"Drake Hill Road Bridge\""}]},{"reference":"\"John Humphrey House\". National Register of Historic Places. Retrieved September 20, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NRHP/90001755_text","url_text":"\"John Humphrey House\""}]},{"reference":"\"Simsbury Townhouse\". National Register of Historic Places. Retrieved September 20, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NRHP/93000209_text","url_text":"\"Simsbury Townhouse\""}]},{"reference":"Rabinovitz, Jonathan (February 2, 1997). \"When Olympic Champions Moved In, They Put Simsbury on the World Map\". The New York Times. Simsbury, Connecticut. Retrieved January 4, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1997/02/02/nyregion/when-olympic-champions-moved-in-they-put-simsbury-on-the-world-map.html?pagewanted=print&src=pm","url_text":"\"When Olympic Champions Moved In, They Put Simsbury on the World Map\""}]},{"reference":"\"BARBER, Levi (1777 - 1833)\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved December 21, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=B000124","url_text":"\"BARBER, Levi (1777 - 1833)\""}]},{"reference":"\"McLEAN, George Payne (1857 - 1932)\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved December 21, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=M000547","url_text":"\"McLEAN, George Payne (1857 - 1932)\""}]},{"reference":"Mullgardt, Brian (1999). What's in a Name? Residence Halls at UConn. Storrs, CT: University of Connecticut. p. 37. hdl:11134/20004:20091712.","urls":[{"url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11134/20004:20091712","url_text":"What's in a Name? Residence Halls at UConn"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11134%2F20004%3A20091712","url_text":"11134/20004:20091712"}]},{"reference":"\"PHELPS, Elisha (1779 - 1847)\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved December 21, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=P000294","url_text":"\"PHELPS, Elisha (1779 - 1847)\""}]},{"reference":"\"* Pennsylvania Governor Gifford Pinchot\". National Governors Association. Retrieved January 24, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nga.org/cms/home/governors/past-governors-bios/page_pennsylvania/col2-content/main-content-list/title_pinchot_gifford.html","url_text":"\"* Pennsylvania Governor Gifford Pinchot\""}]},{"reference":"King, Martin Luther Jr. (1998). \"Chapter 1: Early Years\". In Carson, Clayborne (ed.). The Autobiography of Martin Luther King Jr. New York City: Warner Books. p. 11. ISBN 9780446524124. Retrieved September 19, 2020 – via Stanford University \| Martin Luther King, Jr. Research and Education Institute.","urls":[{"url":"https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/king-papers/publications/autobiography-martin-luther-king-jr-contents/chapter-1-early-years","url_text":"\"Chapter 1: Early Years\""},{"url":"https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/publications/autobiography-martin-luther-king-jr-0","url_text":"The Autobiography of Martin Luther King Jr"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City","url_text":"New York City"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Central_Publishing","url_text":"Warner Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780446524124","url_text":"9780446524124"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University#Research_centers_and_institutes","url_text":"Stanford University \| Martin Luther King, Jr. Research and Education Institute"}]},{"reference":"Trelease, Allen W. (January 1, 1997). Indian affairs in colonial New York: the seventeenth century. U of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0-8032-9431-8. Retrieved September 29, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=xMDxp3EaVPgC","url_text":"Indian affairs in colonial New York: the seventeenth century"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-9431-8","url_text":"978-0-8032-9431-8"}]},{"reference":"Connecticut (1852). The public records of the colony of Connecticut [1636–1776] ...: transcribed and published (in accordance with a resolution of the general assembly) ... Brown & Parsons. Retrieved September 26, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=n7k-AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA292","url_text":"The public records of the colony of Connecticut [1636–1776] ...: transcribed and published (in accordance with a resolution of the general assembly) ..."}]},{"reference":"Connecticut (1850). The public records of the colony of Connecticut [1636–1776] ... Press of the Case. Retrieved September 30, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/publicrecordsco09hoadgoog","url_text":"The public records of the colony of Connecticut [1636–1776] ..."}]},{"reference":"Phelps, Noah Amherst (1845). History of Simsbury, Granby, and Canton; from 1642 To 1845. Hartford: Press of Case, Tiffany and Burnham.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historyofsimsbur00phel","url_text":"History of Simsbury, Granby, and Canton; from 1642 To 1845"}]},{"reference":"Trumbull, J. Hammond (2009). The Memorial History of Hartford County Connecticut 1633–1884. BiblioBazaar, LLC. ISBN 978-1-115-33123-4. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hart-Davis,_MacGibbon	Hart-Davis, MacGibbon	["1 References"]	British publishing house This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Hart-Davis, MacGibbon" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)Hart-Davis, MacGibbonParent companyGranadaPredecessorRupert Hart-Davis, MacGibbon & KeeFounded1972SuccessorCollinsCountry of originUnited KingdomHeadquarters locationLondonPublication typesBooks The British publishing house of Hart-Davis, MacGibbon was formed in 1972 by its parent group, Granada. The parent company had acquired the publishing concern of Rupert Hart-Davis in 1963 and the house of MacGibbon & Kee (founded by James MacGibbon and Robert Kee) in 1968. When Granada exited the publishing business in 1983, the imprint was sold to William Collins, Sons of Glasgow. References ^ "Remembering Robert Kee". The Irish Times. Retrieved 11 April 2020. ^ Webb, W. L. (4 March 2000). "James MacGibbon". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 11 April 2020. ^ "Archive Result: Rupert-Hart Davis Ltd". University of Glasgow. Retrieved 28 November 2012. Authority control databases International VIAF National United States Greece This article about a publishing company in the United Kingdom is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Granada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granada_plc"},{"link_name":"Rupert Hart-Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupert_Hart-Davis"},{"link_name":"James MacGibbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_MacGibbon"},{"link_name":"Robert Kee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Kee"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"William Collins, Sons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Collins,_Sons"},{"link_name":"Glasgow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The British publishing house of Hart-Davis, MacGibbon was formed in 1972 by its parent group, Granada. The parent company had acquired the publishing concern of Rupert Hart-Davis in 1963 and the house of MacGibbon & Kee (founded by James MacGibbon and Robert Kee)[1][2] in 1968.When Granada exited the publishing business in 1983, the imprint was sold to William Collins, Sons of Glasgow.[3]","title":"Hart-Davis, MacGibbon"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Remembering Robert Kee\". The Irish Times. Retrieved 11 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.irishtimes.com/opinion/letters/remembering-robert-kee-1.961380","url_text":"\"Remembering Robert Kee\""}]},{"reference":"Webb, W. L. (4 March 2000). \"James MacGibbon\". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 11 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/news/2000/mar/04/guardianobituaries","url_text":"\"James MacGibbon\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077","url_text":"0261-3077"}]},{"reference":"\"Archive Result: Rupert-Hart Davis Ltd\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Porter_County,_Indiana	National Register of Historic Places listings in Porter County, Indiana	[]	Location of Porter County in Indiana This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Porter County, Indiana. This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Porter County, Indiana, United States. Latitude and longitude coordinates are provided for many National Register properties and districts; these locations may be seen together in a map. There are 39 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county, including 1 National Historic Landmark. Properties and districts located in incorporated areas display the name of the municipality, while properties and districts in unincorporated areas display the name of their civil township. Properties and districts split between multiple jurisdictions display the names of all jurisdictions. This National Park Service list is complete through NPS recent listings posted February 16, 2024. Map all coordinates using: OpenStreetMap Download coordinates as: KML GPX (all coordinates) GPX (primary coordinates) GPX (secondary coordinates) Current listings Name on the Register Image Date listed Location City or town Description 1 Joseph Bailly Homestead Joseph Bailly Homestead More images October 15, 1966(#66000005) West of Porter on U.S. Route 20 on the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore 41°37′23″N 87°05′39″W / 41.623056°N 87.094167°W / 41.623056; -87.094167 (Joseph Bailly Homestead) Porter Joseph Bailly acquired the Homestead and surrounding lands during the 1830s when the Calumet was opened to white settlement. When he died in 1835, the Homestead went to his wife. 2 Bartlett Real Estate Office Bartlett Real Estate Office More images March 23, 2004(#04000208) 500 S. Broadway 41°40′24″N 86°59′12″W / 41.673333°N 86.986667°W / 41.673333; -86.986667 (Bartlett Real Estate Office) Beverly Shores Within Indiana Dunes National Park. 3 Beverly Shores South Shore Railroad Station Beverly Shores South Shore Railroad Station More images July 19, 1989(#89000411) Broadway Ave. and U.S. Route 12 41°40′24″N 86°59′09″W / 41.673333°N 86.985833°W / 41.673333; -86.985833 (Beverly Shores South Shore Railroad Station) Beverly Shores Beverly Shores Station is the last example of the "Insull Spanish" architecture style used for station houses along the electric railroad lines acquired by Samuel Insull in the first part of the twentieth century. Within Indiana Dunes National Park. 4 Beverly Shores-Century of Progress Architectural District Beverly Shores-Century of Progress Architectural District More images June 30, 1986(#86001472) 208, 210, 212, 214, and 215 Lake Front Dr. 41°41′03″N 87°00′06″W / 41.684167°N 87.001667°W / 41.684167; -87.001667 (Beverly Shores-Century of Progress Architectural District) Beverly Shores The Century of Progress Architectural District consists of five buildings, all from the Homes of Tomorrow Exhibition during the 1933 Century of Progress World's Fair which took place in Chicago. Within Indiana Dunes National Park. 5 Conrad and Catherine Bloch House Conrad and Catherine Bloch House More images June 23, 2011(#11000386) 608 Academy St. 41°28′25″N 87°03′52″W / 41.473611°N 87.064444°W / 41.473611; -87.064444 (Conrad and Catherine Bloch House) Valparaiso 6 George Brown Mansion George Brown Mansion More images August 28, 1998(#98001101) 700 W. Porter Ave. 41°36′25″N 87°03′41″W / 41.606944°N 87.061389°W / 41.606944; -87.061389 (George Brown Mansion) Chesterton 7 Chesterton Commercial Historic District Chesterton Commercial Historic District More images September 9, 1999(#99001102) 109-193 N. Calumet Rd. and 130-134 N. Calumet Rd. 41°36′39″N 87°03′08″W / 41.610833°N 87.052222°W / 41.610833; -87.052222 (Chesterton Commercial Historic District) Chesterton The town's location along the railroad helped industry to grow. Soon, there was a cooperage, sawmills, a washing machine factory, and an organ company. Among the better examples of the towns growth are the commercial building on the southwest corner of Broadway and Calumet Rd, and the old Chesterton Tribune Building. 8 Chesterton Residential Historic District Chesterton Residential Historic District More images December 24, 2009(#09001134) Roughly a two-block area between Lincoln and W. Indiana Aves. 41°36′32″N 87°03′13″W / 41.608889°N 87.053611°W / 41.608889; -87.053611 (Chesterton Residential Historic District) Chesterton 9 Chicago Mica Co.- Continental Diamond Fibre Co.-ANCO Factory Upload image December 26, 2023(#100009652) 350 South Campbell Street 41°27′52″N 87°03′58″W / 41.4644°N 87.0661°W / 41.4644; -87.0661 (Chicago Mica Co.- Continental Diamond Fibre Co.-ANCO Factory) Valparaiso 10 Patrick and Catherine Clifford House Upload image November 16, 2021(#100007173) 106 Washington St. 41°28′10″N 87°03′40″W / 41.4694°N 87.0610°W / 41.4694; -87.0610 (Patrick and Catherine Clifford House) Valparaiso 11 Collier Lodge site Collier Lodge site More images December 24, 2009(#09001133) 1099 Baum's Bridge Rd., southwest of Kouts 41°16′32″N 87°04′18″W / 41.275556°N 87.071667°W / 41.275556; -87.071667 (Collier Lodge site) Pleasant Township 12 Norris and Harriet Coambs Lustron House Norris and Harriet Coambs Lustron House More images September 17, 1992(#92001165) 411 Bowser Ave. 41°36′29″N 87°02′44″W / 41.607917°N 87.045694°W / 41.607917; -87.045694 (Norris and Harriet Coambs Lustron House) Chesterton 13 Dune Acres Clubhouse Dune Acres Clubhouse January 25, 2007(#06001295) Clubhouse Dr. 41°39′08″N 87°05′10″W / 41.652222°N 87.086111°W / 41.652222; -87.086111 (Dune Acres Clubhouse) Dune Acres 14 Clinton D. Gilson Barn Clinton D. Gilson Barn More images September 20, 1984(#84001229) 522 W. 650S, northeast of Hebron 41°20′22″N 87°09′59″W / 41.339444°N 87.166389°W / 41.339444; -87.166389 (Clinton D. Gilson Barn) Boone Township 15 Good Fellow Club Youth Camp Good Fellow Club Youth Camp More images August 8, 2013(#13000593) 700 Howe Rd. 41°37′36″N 87°06′02″W / 41.626667°N 87.100556°W / 41.626667; -87.100556 (Good Fellow Club Youth Camp) Porter Within Indiana Dunes National Park. 16 Haste-Crumpacker House Haste-Crumpacker House June 24, 2010(#10000374) 208 N Michigan St. 41°28′14″N 87°03′31″W / 41.470556°N 87.058611°W / 41.470556; -87.058611 (Haste-Crumpacker House) Valparaiso 17 Heritage Hall Heritage Hall More images July 12, 1976(#76000016) Campus Mall, S. College Ave. 41°27′43″N 87°03′15″W / 41.461944°N 87.054167°W / 41.461944; -87.054167 (Heritage Hall) Valparaiso Heritage Hall is the oldest building on the campus of Valparaiso University. Erected in 1875, the building was named Flint Hall after the contractor. It was renamed after Richard Aaron Heritage, head of the music department from 1878-1894. 18 Imre and Maria Horner House Imre and Maria Horner House More images September 25, 1996(#96001006) 2 Merrivale Ave. 41°41′32″N 86°58′46″W / 41.692361°N 86.979444°W / 41.692361; -86.979444 (Imre and Maria Horner House) Beverly Shores 19 Hour Glass Cottage Upload image August 31, 2023(#100009294) 8 Lupine Ln. 41°37′26″N 87°11′35″W / 41.6238°N 87.1930°W / 41.6238; -87.1930 (Hour Glass Cottage) Ogden Dunes 20 Immanuel Lutheran Church Immanuel Lutheran Church More images February 19, 1982(#82000028) 308 N. Washington St. 41°28′17″N 87°03′39″W / 41.471389°N 87.060833°W / 41.471389; -87.060833 (Immanuel Lutheran Church) Valparaiso The congregation was founded in 1862 by 45 German families. The church was erected in 1891 by Henry Lemster and his son Charles. 21 Dr. David J. Loring Residence and Clinic Dr. David J. Loring Residence and Clinic More images December 6, 1984(#84000520) 102 Washington St. 41°28′09″N 87°03′38″W / 41.469028°N 87.060556°W / 41.469028; -87.060556 (Dr. David J. Loring Residence and Clinic) Valparaiso The Loring Residence and Clinic was the first facility built to provide medical services to the community. Dr Loring used his home as his medical office until his death in 1914. 22 William McCallum House William McCallum House More images January 25, 2007(#06001293) 507 E. Lincolnway 41°28′05″N 87°03′14″W / 41.468056°N 87.053889°W / 41.468056; -87.053889 (William McCallum House) Valparaiso 23 Charles S. and Mary McGill House Charles S. and Mary McGill House June 25, 2013(#13000426) 505 N. Washington St. 41°28′22″N 87°03′41″W / 41.472778°N 87.061389°W / 41.472778; -87.061389 (Charles S. and Mary McGill House) Valparaiso 24 Dr. John and Gerda Meyer House Dr. John and Gerda Meyer House More images November 28, 2012(#12000974) 360 W. Fairwater Ave. 41°40′52″N 87°00′29″W / 41.681111°N 87.008194°W / 41.681111; -87.008194 (Dr. John and Gerda Meyer House) Beverly Shores Within Indiana Dunes National Park. 25 New York Central Railroad Passenger Depot New York Central Railroad Passenger Depot August 28, 1998(#98001103) 220 Broadway 41°36′41″N 87°03′16″W / 41.611389°N 87.054444°W / 41.611389; -87.054444 (New York Central Railroad Passenger Depot) Chesterton 26 Nike Missile Site C47 Nike Missile Site C47 More images January 21, 2000(#99001669) County Roads 600N and 700N, south of Portage 41°31′24″N 87°10′40″W / 41.523333°N 87.177778°W / 41.523333; -87.177778 (Nike Missile Site C47) Portage Township One of 300 Nike missile bases, and one of a dozen located around Chicago. The sites were decommissioned and sold. This is one of the more complete sites. The administrative area is used as a paintball site, while the launch site remains in government ownership. 27 Porter County Jail and Sheriff's House Porter County Jail and Sheriff's House More images June 23, 1976(#76000017) 153 Franklin St. 41°27′59″N 87°03′34″W / 41.466389°N 87.059444°W / 41.466389; -87.059444 (Porter County Jail and Sheriff's House) Valparaiso The sheriff’s residence was built in 1860. The structure is Italianate in design. It is located on East Indiana Ave, which was Mechanic Street when the house was built. The Jail was added in 1871. 28 Porter County Memorial Hall Porter County Memorial Hall More images May 23, 1984(#84001231) 104 Indiana Ave. 41°28′00″N 87°03′33″W / 41.466667°N 87.059167°W / 41.466667; -87.059167 (Porter County Memorial Hall) Valparaiso Originally, the Chaplain Brown GAR Post No. 106. Designed in 1892 by local architect, Charles F. Lembke, using Romanesque styling, it was built in 1892-3 to seat 100 people. It was also used as the local opera house. 29 Porter Town Hall Porter Town Hall June 29, 2000(#00000678) 303 Franklin St. 41°36′59″N 87°04′20″W / 41.616250°N 87.072222°W / 41.616250; -87.072222 (Porter Town Hall) Porter Replaced by a modern structure in 2006. 30 Read Dunes House Read Dunes House More images December 8, 2011(#10000858) 1453 Tremont Rd., north of Chesterton 41°38′40″N 87°02′52″W / 41.644444°N 87.047778°W / 41.644444; -87.047778 (Read Dunes House) Westchester Township Within Indiana Dunes National Park. 31 David Garland Rose House David Garland Rose House July 17, 1980(#80000030) 156 Garfield St. 41°27′59″N 87°03′06″W / 41.466250°N 87.051667°W / 41.466250; -87.051667 (David Garland Rose House) Valparaiso The David Garland Rose House was built circa 1860 in Valparaiso, Indiana, USA. This Gothic Revival house is unusual in that it is eight-sided, an octagon. 32 Eli Sigler House Eli Sigler House March 21, 2011(#11000124) 104 W. Church St. 41°19′03″N 87°12′01″W / 41.317500°N 87.200278°W / 41.317500; -87.200278 (Eli Sigler House) Hebron 33 DeForest Skinner House DeForest Skinner House More images June 24, 2008(#08000568) 208 Washington St. 41°28′14″N 87°03′39″W / 41.470556°N 87.060833°W / 41.470556; -87.060833 (DeForest Skinner House) Valparaiso 34 Solomon Enclave Solomon Enclave More images April 27, 2011(#11000220) 901, 903, 907 E. Lake Front Dr. 41°41′58″N 86°57′44″W / 41.699444°N 86.962222°W / 41.699444; -86.962222 (Solomon Enclave) Beverly Shores Within Indiana Dunes National Park. 35 Valparaiso Downtown Commercial District Valparaiso Downtown Commercial District More images February 23, 1990(#90000327) Roughly bounded by Jefferson, Morgan, Indiana, and Napoleon; also the northwestern corner of the junction of Lincolnway and Napoleon St. 41°28′02″N 87°03′37″W / 41.467222°N 87.060278°W / 41.467222; -87.060278 (Valparaiso Downtown Commercial District) Valparaiso Second set of addresses represents a boundary increase of December 27, 2010 36 Valparaiso University Chapel of the Resurrection Valparaiso University Chapel of the Resurrection More images November 16, 2021(#100007172) 1600 Chapel Dr. 41°27′48″N 87°02′32″W / 41.4633°N 87.0422°W / 41.4633; -87.0422 (Valparaiso University Chapel of the Resurrection) Valparaiso 37 Weller House Weller House April 22, 1982(#82000029) 1200 North Rd., east of Chesterton 41°36′26″N 86°57′04″W / 41.607222°N 86.951111°W / 41.607222; -86.951111 (Weller House) Pine Township 38 Josephus Wolf House Josephus Wolf House More images December 19, 2007(#07001281) 453 W. 700N, northwest of Valparaiso 41°32′11″N 87°09′14″W / 41.536278°N 87.153889°W / 41.536278; -87.153889 (Josephus Wolf House) Portage Township 39 Martin Young House Martin Young House March 29, 2007(#07000208) 324 2nd St. 41°36′29″N 87°03′15″W / 41.608194°N 87.054028°W / 41.608194; -87.054028 (Martin Young House) Chesterton See also Wikimedia Commons has media related to National Register of Historic Places in Porter County, Indiana. List of National Historic Landmarks in Indiana National Register of Historic Places listings in Indiana Listings in neighboring counties: Berrien (MI), Jasper, Lake, LaPorte, Starke List of Indiana state historical markers in Porter County References ^ The latitude and longitude information provided in this table was derived originally from the National Register Information System, which has been found to be fairly accurate for about 99% of listings. Some locations in this table may have been corrected to current GPS standards. ^ National Park Service, United States Department of the Interior, "National Register of Historic Places: Weekly List Actions", retrieved February 16, 2024. ^ Numbers represent an alphabetical ordering by significant words. Various colorings, defined here, differentiate National Historic Landmarks and historic districts from other NRHP buildings, structures, sites or objects. ^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. March 13, 2009. ^ The eight-digit number below each date is the number assigned to each location in the National Register Information System database, which can be viewed by clicking the number. ^ Location derived from the relevant agenda of the Indiana Historic Preservation Review Board; the NRIS lists the site as "Address Restricted" vteU.S. National Register of Historic PlacesTopics Architectural style categories Contributing property Historic district History of the National Register of Historic Places Keeper of the Register National Park Service Property types Lists by state List of U.S. National Historic Landmarks by state: Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Lists by insular areas American Samoa Guam Minor Outlying Islands Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico Virgin Islands Lists by associated state Federated States of Micronesia Marshall Islands Palau Other areas District of Columbia American Legation, Morocco Related National Historic Preservation Act Historic Preservation Fund List of jails and prisons on the National Register of Historic Places University and college buildings listed on the National Register of Historic Places National Register of Historic Places portal Category vteU.S. National Register of Historic Places in IndianaTopics Contributing property Keeper of the Register Historic district History of the National Register of Historic Places National Park Service Property types Listsby county Adams Allen Bartholomew Benton Blackford Boone Brown Carroll Cass Clark Clay Clinton Crawford Daviess Dearborn Decatur DeKalb Delaware Dubois Elkhart Fayette Floyd Fountain Franklin Fulton Gibson Grant Greene Hamilton Hancock Harrison Hendricks Henry Howard Huntington Jackson Jasper Jay Jefferson Jennings Johnson Knox Kosciusko LaGrange Lake LaPorte Lawrence Madison Marion: Center Township Marion: Other Marshall Martin Miami Monroe Montgomery Morgan Newton Noble Ohio Orange Owen Parke Perry Pike Porter Posey Pulaski Putnam Randolph Ripley Rush St. Joseph Scott Shelby Spencer Starke Steuben Sullivan Switzerland Tippecanoe Tipton Union Vanderburgh Vermillion Vigo Wabash Warren Warrick Washington Wayne Wells White Whitley Other lists Bridges National Historic Landmarks Keeper of the Register History of the National Register of Historic Places Property types Historic district Contributing property vteMunicipalities and communities of Porter County, Indiana, United StatesCounty seat: ValparaisoCities Portage Valparaiso Map of Indiana highlighting Porter CountyTowns Beverly Shores Burns Harbor Chesterton Dune Acres Hebron Kouts Ogden Dunes Porter Town of Pines Townships Boone Center Jackson Liberty Morgan Pine Pleasant Portage Porter Union Washington Westchester CDPs Aberdeen Boone Grove Lake Eliza Lakes of the Four Seasons‡ Malden Salt Creek Commons Shorewood Forest South Haven Wheeler Othercommunities Beatrice Burdick Clanricarde Coburg Crocker Furnessville Hillcrest Hurlburt Porter Crossroads Sedley Suman Tassinong Woodville Ghost towns Baillytown City West New City West/Tremont Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Indiana portal United States portal	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_Indiana_highlighting_Porter_County.svg"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"Porter County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porter_County,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"National Historic Landmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark"},{"link_name":"civil township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_township"},{"link_name":"National Park Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service"},{"link_name":"NPS recent listings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nps.gov/subjects/nationalregister/weekly-list.htm"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Location of Porter County in IndianaThis is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Porter County, Indiana.This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Porter County, Indiana, United States. Latitude and longitude coordinates are provided for many National Register properties and districts; these locations may be seen together in a map.[1]There are 39 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county, including 1 National Historic Landmark.Properties and districts located in incorporated areas display the name of the municipality, while properties and districts in unincorporated areas display the name of their civil township. Properties and districts split between multiple jurisdictions display the names of all jurisdictions.This National Park Service list is complete through NPS recent listings posted February 16, 2024.[2]","title":"National Register of Historic Places listings in Porter County, Indiana"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Current listings"}]	[{"image_text":"Location of Porter County in Indiana","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Map_of_Indiana_highlighting_Porter_County.svg/220px-Map_of_Indiana_highlighting_Porter_County.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Joseph Bailly Homestead","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Bailly_House_2002-10.jpg/100px-Bailly_House_2002-10.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bartlett Real Estate Office","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Barlett_Real_Estate_Office_Admin_Building.jpg/100px-Barlett_Real_Estate_Office_Admin_Building.jpg"},{"image_text":"Beverly Shores South Shore Railroad Station","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Beverly_Shores_NICTD_P4080031.jpg/100px-Beverly_Shores_NICTD_P4080031.jpg"},{"image_text":"Beverly Shores-Century of Progress Architectural District","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Florida_Tropical_House_NPS.jpg/100px-Florida_Tropical_House_NPS.jpg"},{"image_text":"Conrad and Catherine Bloch House","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Conrad_and_Catherine_Bloch_House.jpg/100px-Conrad_and_Catherine_Bloch_House.jpg"},{"image_text":"George Brown Mansion","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Brown_Mansion_028.jpg/100px-Brown_Mansion_028.jpg"},{"image_text":"Chesterton Commercial Historic District","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Chesterton-Downtown.jpg/100px-Chesterton-Downtown.jpg"},{"image_text":"Chesterton Residential Historic District","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/306_Second_n_302_Second_P7120010_Gabled-ell_%28c_1895%29_C_n_Qu_Anne_%28c._1885%29_O.jpg/100px-306_Second_n_302_Second_P7120010_Gabled-ell_%28c_1895%29_C_n_Qu_Anne_%28c._1885%29_O.jpg"},{"image_text":"Collier Lodge site","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Colliers_Lodge_at_Baums_Bridge_Kankakee_river_Indiana5.jpg/100px-Colliers_Lodge_at_Baums_Bridge_Kankakee_river_Indiana5.jpg"},{"image_text":"Norris and Harriet Coambs Lustron House","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Norris_and_Harriet_Coambs_Lustron_House.jpg/100px-Norris_and_Harriet_Coambs_Lustron_House.jpg"},{"image_text":"Dune Acres Clubhouse","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Dune_Acres_Clubhouse.jpg/100px-Dune_Acres_Clubhouse.jpg"},{"image_text":"Clinton D. Gilson Barn","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Clinton_Gilson_Barn_P7240026.jpg/100px-Clinton_Gilson_Barn_P7240026.jpg"},{"image_text":"Good Fellow Club Youth Camp","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Good_Fellow_Club_Youth_Camp_buildings.jpg/100px-Good_Fellow_Club_Youth_Camp_buildings.jpg"},{"image_text":"Haste-Crumpacker House","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/208_N_Michigan_Ave_P7110018.jpg/100px-208_N_Michigan_Ave_P7110018.jpg"},{"image_text":"Heritage Hall","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Heritage_Hall_Valparaiso_University_Valparaiso.jpg/100px-Heritage_Hall_Valparaiso_University_Valparaiso.jpg"},{"image_text":"Imre and Maria Horner House","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/International_Style_Otto_Kolb_BeverlyShores_Indiana_P7190083.jpg/100px-International_Style_Otto_Kolb_BeverlyShores_Indiana_P7190083.jpg"},{"image_text":"Immanuel Lutheran Church","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Heritage_Lutheran_%281891%29_%28Washington%29.jpg/100px-Heritage_Lutheran_%281891%29_%28Washington%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Dr. David J. Loring Residence and Clinic","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Dr_Loring_House_Valparaiso_Indiana_1.JPG/100px-Dr_Loring_House_Valparaiso_Indiana_1.JPG"},{"image_text":"William McCallum House","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/508_Lincolnway_P4110015.jpg/100px-508_Lincolnway_P4110015.jpg"},{"image_text":"Charles S. and Mary McGill House","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Charles_S._and_Mary_McGill_House.jpg/100px-Charles_S._and_Mary_McGill_House.jpg"},{"image_text":"Dr. John and Gerda Meyer House","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Meyer_House_landscaping_in_Beverly_Shores.jpg/100px-Meyer_House_landscaping_in_Beverly_Shores.jpg"},{"image_text":"New York Central Railroad Passenger Depot","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Chesterton%2C_Indiana_NYC_Passenger_Station.jpg/100px-Chesterton%2C_Indiana_NYC_Passenger_Station.jpg"},{"image_text":"Nike Missile Site C47","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Nike_Missile_Site_C47%2C_administration_and_radar_complex.jpg/100px-Nike_Missile_Site_C47%2C_administration_and_radar_complex.jpg"},{"image_text":"Porter County Jail and Sheriff's House","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Valpo_Old_Sheriffs_Hse_w_Jail.jpg/100px-Valpo_Old_Sheriffs_Hse_w_Jail.jpg"},{"image_text":"Porter County Memorial Hall","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Memorial_Opera_HseP4100023.jpg/100px-Memorial_Opera_HseP4100023.jpg"},{"image_text":"Porter Town Hall","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/PorterIndiana-BuiltTownHall-circa1915-SS.jpg/100px-PorterIndiana-BuiltTownHall-circa1915-SS.jpg"},{"image_text":"Read Dunes House","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Read_Dunes_House_from_road.jpg/100px-Read_Dunes_House_from_road.jpg"},{"image_text":"David Garland Rose House","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/156_Garfield_P7110011.jpg/100px-156_Garfield_P7110011.jpg"},{"image_text":"Eli Sigler House","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Eli_Sigler_House.jpg/100px-Eli_Sigler_House.jpg"},{"image_text":"DeForest Skinner House","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/DeForest_Skinner_house_1.jpg/100px-DeForest_Skinner_house_1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Solomon Enclave","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Solomon_Enclave.jpg/100px-Solomon_Enclave.jpg"},{"image_text":"Valparaiso Downtown Commercial District","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Franklin_east_of_Courthouse%28CLight%29.jpg/100px-Franklin_east_of_Courthouse%28CLight%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Valparaiso University Chapel of the Resurrection","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Autumn_at_the_Chapel_of_the_Resurrection_17.JPG/100px-Autumn_at_the_Chapel_of_the_Resurrection_17.JPG"},{"image_text":"Weller House","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Weller_House_near_Chesterton.jpg/100px-Weller_House_near_Chesterton.jpg"},{"image_text":"Josephus Wolf House","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Wolf_House_P4240015.jpg/100px-Wolf_House_P4240015.jpg"},{"image_text":"Martin Young 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Lawrence_Hospital,_Chepstow	St Lawrence Hospital, Chepstow	["1 History","2 References"]	Coordinates: 51°38′20″N 2°41′24″W / 51.6390°N 2.6900°W / 51.6390; -2.6900 Hospital in Monmouthshire, WalesSt Lawrence HospitalShown in MonmouthshireGeographyLocationChepstow, Monmouthshire, WalesCoordinates51°38′20″N 2°41′24″W / 51.6390°N 2.6900°W / 51.6390; -2.6900OrganisationCare systemLocal authority and private subscription to 1948; NHS from 1948TypeSpecialistServicesSpecialityBurns unitHistoryOpened1942LinksListsHospitals in Wales St Lawrence Hospital (Welsh: Ysbyty St Lawrence) was a specialist plastic surgery and burns hospital on the west side of St Lawrence Road in Chepstow, Wales. History St Lawrence Hospital was opened in 1942, on the opposite side of the road to Mount Pleasant Hospital, and was used by the War Department throughout the rest of the Second World War as a military hospital; patients included Italian prisoners of war. In September 1949, it was taken over by the Welsh Hospital Board and the Newport and East Monmouthshire Hospital Management Committee, to form a plastic surgery unit. Expansion in the 1950s brought the number of beds to 124, including a burns unit for which it became particularly well known. The lead surgeon in charge of the hospital at the time was Emlyn Evans Lewis (1905–1969). In 1994 the burns and plastic surgery units were transferred to Morriston Hospital, Swansea. The hospital was later demolished and the site used for housing. References ^ "Plastic Surgery Unit". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). 27 April 1960. Retrieved 23 February 2019. ^ Ivor Waters, The Town of Chepstow, 1972, p.191 ^ "Lewis, Emlyn Evans", Dictionary of Welsh Biography. Retrieved 28 October 2020 ^ "Lewis, Emlyn Evans", Royal College of Surgeons of England, 26 August 2014. Retrieved 28 October 2020 ^ The Welsh Centre for Burns and Plastic Surgery. Retrieved 17 March 2015 ^ "Proposed Housing Development at Bayfield, Chepstow, Gwent". The Clwyd-Powys Archaeological Trust. p. 18. Retrieved 23 February 2019. ^ "Reserved Matters Application For Landscaping Scheme: St Lawrence Hospital, St Lawrence Road, Chepstow, Monmouthshire, NP16 5YX". Monmouthshire Council. Retrieved 23 February 2019.	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In September 1949, it was taken over by the Welsh Hospital Board and the Newport and East Monmouthshire Hospital Management Committee, to form a plastic surgery unit.[1] Expansion in the 1950s brought the number of beds to 124, including a burns unit for which it became particularly well known.[2] The lead surgeon in charge of the hospital at the time was Emlyn Evans Lewis (1905–1969).[3][4]In 1994 the burns and plastic surgery units were transferred to Morriston Hospital, Swansea.[5] The hospital was later demolished and the site used for housing.[6][7]","title":"History"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Plastic Surgery Unit\". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). 27 April 1960. Retrieved 23 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1960/apr/27/south-wales-plastic-surgery-unit","url_text":"\"Plastic Surgery Unit\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hansard","url_text":"Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)"}]},{"reference":"\"Proposed Housing Development at Bayfield, Chepstow, Gwent\". The Clwyd-Powys Archaeological Trust. p. 18. Retrieved 23 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://walesher1974.org/herumd.php?linktable=her_source1_link&group=CPAT&level=3&docid=301337753","url_text":"\"Proposed Housing Development at Bayfield, Chepstow, Gwent\""}]},{"reference":"\"Reserved Matters Application For Landscaping Scheme: St Lawrence Hospital, St Lawrence Road, Chepstow, Monmouthshire, NP16 5YX\". Monmouthshire Council. Retrieved 23 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://planningonline.monmouthshire.gov.uk/online-applications/applicationDetails.do?activeTab=summary&keyVal=ZZZZACFTWR122","url_text":"\"Reserved Matters Application For Landscaping Scheme: St Lawrence Hospital, St Lawrence Road, Chepstow, Monmouthshire, NP16 5YX\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=St_Lawrence_Hospital,_Chepstow&params=51.6390_N_2.6900_W_region:GB_type:landmark","external_links_name":"51°38′20″N 2°41′24″W / 51.6390°N 2.6900°W / 51.6390; -2.6900"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=St_Lawrence_Hospital,_Chepstow&params=51.6390_N_2.6900_W_region:GB_type:landmark","external_links_name":"51°38′20″N 2°41′24″W / 51.6390°N 2.6900°W / 51.6390; -2.6900"},{"Link":"https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1960/apr/27/south-wales-plastic-surgery-unit","external_links_name":"\"Plastic Surgery Unit\""},{"Link":"https://biography.wales/article/s2-LEWI-EVA-1905","external_links_name":"\"Lewis, Emlyn Evans\", Dictionary of Welsh Biography"},{"Link":"https://livesonline.rcseng.ac.uk/client/en_GB/lives/search/detailnonmodal/ent:$002f$002fSD_ASSET$002f0$002fSD_ASSET:378075/one","external_links_name":"\"Lewis, Emlyn Evans\", Royal College of Surgeons of England, 26 August 2014"},{"Link":"http://www.wales.nhs.uk/sitesplus/863/page/39301","external_links_name":"The Welsh Centre for Burns and Plastic Surgery"},{"Link":"http://walesher1974.org/herumd.php?linktable=her_source1_link&group=CPAT&level=3&docid=301337753","external_links_name":"\"Proposed Housing Development at Bayfield, Chepstow, Gwent\""},{"Link":"https://planningonline.monmouthshire.gov.uk/online-applications/applicationDetails.do?activeTab=summary&keyVal=ZZZZACFTWR122","external_links_name":"\"Reserved Matters Application For Landscaping Scheme: St Lawrence Hospital, St Lawrence Road, Chepstow, Monmouthshire, NP16 5YX\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_Square,_Almaty	Republic Square, Almaty	["1 History","2 List of architectural monuments","3 Name","4 Gallery","5 Notes","6 References","7 External links"]	Coordinates: 43°14′18″N 76°56′43″E / 43.23833°N 76.94528°E / 43.23833; 76.94528Main square in Almaty, Kazakhstan Republic SquareNative name Kazakh: Respublika AlañyNew SquareIndependence SquareLocation Almaty, KazakhstanCoordinates43°14′18″N 76°56′43″E / 43.23833°N 76.94528°E / 43.23833; 76.94528Built1980Location of Republic Square in Kazakhstan Republic Square (Kazakh: Республика Алаңы, Respublika Alañy, Russian: Площадь Республики), also known as Independence Square or New Square is the main square in Almaty, Kazakhstan. It is used for public events. The former presidential palace, now used as municipal offices, is on its south side. History The area was created by the decision of the First Secretary of the Central Committee of Communist Party of Kazakhstan Dinmukhamed Kunayev, since an increase in population of the city, the Lenin Square during festival events could not accommodate all the residents of the city. The area opened in 1980 under the name Brezhnev Square (after Leonid Brezhnev) in honor of the 60th Anniversary of the founding of the Kazakh Republic. It has become the main square of the capital of Kazakhstan and until the collapse of the Soviet Union it was a place for mass demonstrations, celebrations, festivals, military parades, rallies, festivals. The area was planted with deciduous and coniferous trees. In 1981, Kunayev and party workers planted 70 Tien Shan firs along the walkway area. In 1982, the authors of the square, for the second and last time in the history of Kazakh architecture, received the State Prize of the USSR in the field of architecture. In 1986, an infamous uprising known as Jeltoqsan occurred in the square. Where a group of crowd gathered to protest over Kunayev's dismissal. The events lasted from 16 December until 19 December 1986. The protests began in the morning of 17 December, as a student demonstration attracted thousands of participants as they marched through Brezhnev Square across to the CPK Central Committee building. As the result, internal troops and OMON forces entered the city, violence erupted throughout the city which around 200 people were killed. In 1992, the basic, most important and favorite holiday was celebrated in the square. For the first time began to celebrate Nauryz. Unlike before, during Perestroika where the holiday was only allowed to celebrate at the Lenin Square. Every year on 22 March, from morning to midnight thousands of Almaty residents came to the square to celebrate the national holiday of the vernal equinox - Nauryz. In the square, every year on March 22, tents were put out, which sold baursaks, leather, rice and soft drinks. Festive concerts were also held by famous Kazakh stars. Parades in honor of the 50th anniversary of the victory in the Second World War and the 5th anniversary of the Independence of Kazakhstan took place on the square on 9 May 1995 and 16 December 1996 respectively. In 2007, the square began construction of underground shopping and entertainment center, which demolished granite platform. Because of the construction zone, 60% of the area was closed by a fence, a large number of the Tien Shan fir trees were cut down, the movement of vehicles became limited. Before 2012, a symbol of independence for all Kazakhs - the Republic Square was disfigured by pits and wells. Residents negatively reacted to the construction, as the celebration of Nauryz was impossible for it to be held. In 2012, the construction of the underground shopping center was finally over, however the celebration of Nauryz was still restricted until 2014 which the celebration was finally allowed. During the Bloody January unrest in 2022, the mayor's offices that were located on the Republic Square were raided by protesters with the building being set on fire. It has been announced that instead of rebuilding the office, it will be demolished and an amusement park will be built instead. List of architectural monuments External videos Opening of the Independence Monument - 1996 The area previously had a status of state monuments of architecture and urban planning. In 2015, it was ruled into the State list of historical and cultural monuments of local importance in Almaty. Akimat of Almaty Residence (the former Communist Party of Kazakhstan) Residence of the First President of Kazakhstan (former Presidential Palace of Kazakhstan from 1991-1997) Republican Schoolchildren's Palace (the former Republican Palace of Pioneers) Independence Monument Tagzym Memorial Name From 1980, the area was named as New Square, in 1982 the area was renamed to Brezhnev Square as a tribute to the death of Leonid Brezhnev. On April 1, 1988 a published decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU, the Presidium of the USSR Supreme Soviet and the USSR Council of Ministers changed the name from Leonid Brezhnev back to New Square again. On May 23, 1990, the Supreme Council of the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic adopted a resolution to rename New Square to Republic Square. Gallery Akimat (Mayor) Residence. Republic Square at night. Fountains in Republic Square. Jeltoqsan monument. Notes References ^ Brummell, Paul (2012). Kazakhstan. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 139. ISBN 9781841623696. ^ tengrinews.kz (2017-04-21). "Площадь Республики 15. Новая жизнь старого здания". Главные новости Казахстана - Tengrinews.kz (in Russian). Retrieved 2021-12-15. ^ "10 фактов о декабрьских событиях 1986 года". Masa Media (in Russian). Retrieved 2022-07-04. ^ Populi, Vox (2021-03-20). "Первый Наурыз в Казахстане \| VOXPOPULI" (in Russian). Retrieved 2022-07-04. ^ "Военные парады в Казахстане за 15 лет "подорожали" в одиннадцать раз". Radiotochka.kz \| Новости Казахстана – события, мнения, аналитика. Retrieved 2017-09-22. ^ "В Алматы открылся первый в Казахстане подземный торговый центр «Алмалы»". kaztag.kz (in Russian). Retrieved 2022-07-04. ^ tengrinews.kz (2022-01-07). "Как выглядела главная площадь Алматы после погромов". Главные новости Казахстана - Tengrinews.kz (in Russian). Retrieved 2022-07-04. ^ "List of sites deprived of the status of the monument of history and culture". Archived from the original on 2015-11-19. ^ Bulatkulova, Saniya (2022-12-23). "Kazakh President Opens Memorial to Victims of January Events in Almaty". The Astana Times. Retrieved 2022-12-29. ^ "KAZAKHSTAN Chronicle "P" Year 1988". "space" magazine. Archived from the original on 2015-02-10. Retrieved 10 February 2015. ^ "to change the name of the New Square in the city of Alma-Ata". Adilet.zan.kz. Archived from the original on 2016-01-01. Retrieved January 2, 2016. External links Webcam on the Republic Square A 1980 military parade on the square in honor of the 60th anniversary of the Kazakh SSR vteCity of AlmatyTransportation Airport Metro Almaty-1 Almaty-2 Cable car Museums Central State Museum of Kazakhstan A. Kasteyev State Museum of Arts Auezov Home Museum Baitursynov Home Museum House of Officers Kasteev Home Museum Kazakh Museum of Folk Musical Instruments Kunaev Home Museum Museum of Archaeology Museum Complex of S. Mukanov and G. Musrepov Nature Museum of the Republic of Kazakhstan Satbayev Memorial Museum Tlendiyev Memorial Museum TheatresCinemas Abay Opera House Arman cinema Auezov Theater Kazakh State Academic Theater for Children and Youth Concert halls Abay Opera House Palace of the Republic Sport venues Almaty Arena Almaty hippodrome Baluan Sholak Sports Palace Central Stadium Halyk Arena Sunkar International Ski Jumping Complex Medeo Shymbulak Soldatskoe Valley Cross Country Skiing and Biathlon Stadium UniversitiesColleges Kazakh-British Technical University Abylai Khan University Al-Farabi University Almaty Management University Almaty University of Power Engineering and Telecommunications Kazakh National Medical University International IT University Kazakh National Technical University TOBB University of Economics and Technology Kazakh Leading Academy of Architecture and Civil Engineering KIMEP University Kazakh Economic University Pioneers Palace Religiousbuildings Central Mosque Ascension Cathedral St. Nicholas Cathedral Raiymbek Batyr Mausoleum Parks Park Panfilov Kók Tóbe Park Ile-Alatau National Park StreetsSquares Republic Square Astana Square Arbat Jibek Joly Street Kunaev Street Panfilov Street Promenade Monuments Abylai Khan Alley of busts The Beatles Monument Golden Warrior Monument Shopping venues MEGA Alma-Ata TsUM Kyzyl-Tan Topics Culture History (Timeline) Mayors Tourism Almaty Region Kazakhstan Category	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kazakh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakh_language"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"Almaty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almaty"},{"link_name":"Kazakhstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Main square in Almaty, KazakhstanRepublic Square (Kazakh: Республика Алаңы, Respublika Alañy, Russian: Площадь Республики), also known as Independence Square or New Square is the main square in Almaty, Kazakhstan. It is used for public events. The former presidential palace, now used as municipal offices, is on its south side.[1]","title":"Republic Square, Almaty"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dinmukhamed Kunayev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinmukhamed_Kunayev"},{"link_name":"Lenin Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astana_Square"},{"link_name":"Leonid Brezhnev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev"},{"link_name":"founding of the Kazakh Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirghiz_Autonomous_Socialist_Soviet_Republic_(1920%E2%80%9325)"},{"link_name":"collapse of the Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collapse_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"military parades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_parades"},{"link_name":"deciduous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deciduous"},{"link_name":"coniferous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coniferous"},{"link_name":"Tien Shan firs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tien_Shan_fir"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Jeltoqsan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeltoqsan"},{"link_name":"student demonstration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student_demonstration"},{"link_name":"OMON","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OMON"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Nauryz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nauryz"},{"link_name":"Perestroika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perestroika"},{"link_name":"Lenin Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astana_Square"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"Independence of Kazakhstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence_Day_(Kazakhstan)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Nauryz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nauryz"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Bloody January","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Kazakh_unrest"},{"link_name":"unrest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unrest"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The area was created by the decision of the First Secretary of the Central Committee of Communist Party of Kazakhstan Dinmukhamed Kunayev, since an increase in population of the city, the Lenin Square during festival events could not accommodate all the residents of the city. The area opened in 1980 under the name Brezhnev Square (after Leonid Brezhnev) in honor of the 60th Anniversary of the founding of the Kazakh Republic. It has become the main square of the capital of Kazakhstan and until the collapse of the Soviet Union it was a place for mass demonstrations, celebrations, festivals, military parades, rallies, festivals. The area was planted with deciduous and coniferous trees. In 1981, Kunayev and party workers planted 70 Tien Shan firs along the walkway area.In 1982, the authors of the square, for the second and last time in the history of Kazakh architecture, received the State Prize of the USSR in the field of architecture.[2]In 1986, an infamous uprising known as Jeltoqsan occurred in the square. Where a group of crowd gathered to protest over Kunayev's dismissal. The events lasted from 16 December until 19 December 1986. The protests began in the morning of 17 December, as a student demonstration attracted thousands of participants as they marched through Brezhnev Square across to the CPK Central Committee building. As the result, internal troops and OMON forces entered the city, violence erupted throughout the city which around 200 people were killed.[3]In 1992, the basic, most important and favorite holiday was celebrated in the square. For the first time began to celebrate Nauryz. Unlike before, during Perestroika where the holiday was only allowed to celebrate at the Lenin Square. Every year on 22 March, from morning to midnight thousands of Almaty residents came to the square to celebrate the national holiday of the vernal equinox - Nauryz. In the square, every year on March 22, tents were put out, which sold baursaks, leather, rice and soft drinks. Festive concerts were also held by famous Kazakh stars. [4]Parades in honor of the 50th anniversary of the victory in the Second World War and the 5th anniversary of the Independence of Kazakhstan took place on the square on 9 May 1995 and 16 December 1996 respectively.[5]In 2007, the square began construction of underground shopping and entertainment center, which demolished granite platform. Because of the construction zone, 60% of the area was closed by a fence, a large number of the Tien Shan fir trees were cut down, the movement of vehicles became limited. Before 2012, a symbol of independence for all Kazakhs - the Republic Square was disfigured by pits and wells. Residents negatively reacted to the construction, as the celebration of Nauryz was impossible for it to be held.[6]In 2012, the construction of the underground shopping center was finally over, however the celebration of Nauryz was still restricted until 2014 which the celebration was finally allowed.During the Bloody January unrest in 2022, the mayor's offices that were located on the Republic Square were raided by protesters with the building being set on fire. It has been announced that instead of rebuilding the office, it will be demolished and an amusement park will be built instead. [7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Akimat of Almaty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84kim_of_Almaty"},{"link_name":"Residence of the First President of Kazakhstan (former Presidential Palace of Kazakhstan from 1991-1997)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President%27s_Residence,_Almaty"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"The area previously had a status of state monuments of architecture and urban planning. In 2015, it was ruled into the State list of historical and cultural monuments of local importance in Almaty.[8]Akimat of Almaty Residence (the former Communist Party of Kazakhstan)\nResidence of the First President of Kazakhstan (former Presidential Palace of Kazakhstan from 1991-1997)\nRepublican Schoolchildren's Palace (the former Republican Palace of Pioneers)\nIndependence Monument\nTagzym Memorial[9]","title":"List of architectural monuments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Leonid Brezhnev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"From 1980, the area was named as New Square, in 1982 the area was renamed to Brezhnev Square as a tribute to the death of Leonid Brezhnev. On April 1, 1988 a published decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU, the Presidium of the USSR Supreme Soviet and the USSR Council of Ministers changed the name from Leonid Brezhnev back to New Square again.[10] On May 23, 1990, the Supreme Council of the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic adopted a resolution to rename New Square to Republic Square.[11]","title":"Name"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8._%D0%98%D1%8E%D0%BB%D1%8C,_2015_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Republic_Square_at_night.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fountains_in_Republic_Square_Almaty_-2.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Independence_Monument_Zheltoksan.jpg"}],"text":"Akimat (Mayor) Residence.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRepublic Square at night.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFountains in Republic Square.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tJeltoqsan monument.","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notes"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Brummell, Paul (2012). Kazakhstan. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 139. ISBN 9781841623696.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradt_Travel_Guides","url_text":"Bradt Travel Guides"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781841623696","url_text":"9781841623696"}]},{"reference":"tengrinews.kz (2017-04-21). \"Площадь Республики 15. Новая жизнь старого здания\". Главные новости Казахстана - Tengrinews.kz (in Russian). Retrieved 2021-12-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://tengrinews.kz/article/ploschad-respubliki-15-novaya-jizn-starogo-zdaniya-515/","url_text":"\"Площадь Республики 15. Новая жизнь старого здания\""}]},{"reference":"\"10 фактов о декабрьских событиях 1986 года\". Masa Media (in Russian). Retrieved 2022-07-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://masa.media/ru/site/10-faktov-o-dekabrskikh-sobytiyakh-1986-goda","url_text":"\"10 фактов о декабрьских событиях 1986 года\""}]},{"reference":"Populi, Vox (2021-03-20). \"Первый Наурыз в Казахстане \| VOXPOPULI\" (in Russian). Retrieved 2022-07-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://voxpopuli.kz/pervyy-nauryz-v-kazahstane-12911/","url_text":"\"Первый Наурыз в Казахстане \| VOXPOPULI\""}]},{"reference":"\"Военные парады в Казахстане за 15 лет \"подорожали\" в одиннадцать раз\". Radiotochka.kz \| Новости Казахстана – события, мнения, аналитика. Retrieved 2017-09-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://radiotochka.kz/10403-na-voennyy-parad-v-astane-potratyat-chast-sredstv-vydelennyh-na-oboronosposobnost-strany.html","url_text":"\"Военные парады в Казахстане за 15 лет \"подорожали\" в одиннадцать раз\""}]},{"reference":"\"В Алматы открылся первый в Казахстане подземный торговый центр «Алмалы»\". kaztag.kz (in Russian). Retrieved 2022-07-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://kaztag.kz/ru/news/v-almaty-otkrylsya-pervyy-v-kazakhstane-podzemnyy-torgovyy-tsentr-almaly","url_text":"\"В Алматы открылся первый в Казахстане подземный торговый центр «Алмалы»\""}]},{"reference":"tengrinews.kz (2022-01-07). \"Как выглядела главная площадь Алматы после погромов\". Главные новости Казахстана - Tengrinews.kz (in Russian). Retrieved 2022-07-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://tengrinews.kz/kazakhstan_news/kak-vyiglyadela-glavnaya-ploschad-almatyi-posle-pogromov-458403/","url_text":"\"Как выглядела главная площадь Алматы после погромов\""}]},{"reference":"\"List of sites deprived of the status of the monument of history and culture\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Sinclair_Jr.	Charles Sinclair Jr.	["1 References"]	Jamaican politician Charles Sinclair Jr. is a Jamaican politician from the Labour Party. He is a member of the Senate of Jamaica and is Deputy President of the Senate. In addition, he is the councillor for the Montego Bay North East Division. Senator/Councillor Charles Sinclair is a former Mayor of Montego Bay. References ^ Lewis, Anthony (30 October 2018). "JLP senator calls for support of NIDS". Jamaica Observer. ^ "Councillor wants crackdown on unauthorised watercraft". jamaica-star.com. 2022-01-26. Retrieved 2022-04-05. This article about a Jamaican politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Labour Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica_Labour_Party"},{"link_name":"Senate of Jamaica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_of_Jamaica"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Charles Sinclair Jr. is a Jamaican politician from the Labour Party. He is a member of the Senate of Jamaica and is Deputy President of the Senate.[1][2]In addition, he is the councillor for the Montego Bay North East Division. Senator/Councillor Charles Sinclair is a former Mayor of Montego Bay.","title":"Charles Sinclair Jr."}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Lewis, Anthony (30 October 2018). \"JLP senator calls for support of NIDS\". Jamaica Observer.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jamaicaobserver.com/news/jlp-senator-calls-for-support-of-nids_148248?profile=1470","url_text":"\"JLP senator calls for support of NIDS\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica_Observer","url_text":"Jamaica Observer"}]},{"reference":"\"Councillor wants crackdown on unauthorised watercraft\". jamaica-star.com. 2022-01-26. Retrieved 2022-04-05.","urls":[{"url":"http://jamaica-star.com/article/news/20220126/councillor-wants-crackdown-unauthorised-watercraft","url_text":"\"Councillor wants crackdown on unauthorised watercraft\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.jamaicaobserver.com/news/jlp-senator-calls-for-support-of-nids_148248?profile=1470","external_links_name":"\"JLP senator calls for support of NIDS\""},{"Link":"http://jamaica-star.com/article/news/20220126/councillor-wants-crackdown-unauthorised-watercraft","external_links_name":"\"Councillor wants crackdown on unauthorised watercraft\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_Sinclair_Jr.&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._V._R._Prasad	G. V. R. Prasad	["1 Biography","2 Legacy","3 Awards and honors","4 Selected bibliography","5 See also","6 Notes","7 References","8 External links"]	Indian paleontologist (born 1958) G. V. R. PrasadBorn (1958-11-22) 22 November 1958 (age 65)Sekuru, Guntur district, Andhra Pradesh, IndiaNationalityIndianAlma materVikram UniversityPanjab UniversityMontpellier 2 UniversityPierre and Marie Curie UniversityHumboldt University of BerlinUniversity College of LondonKnown forStudies on the Mesozoic vertebrate groups of IndiaAwards1994 MoMNational Mineral Award1999 UGC Research Award2003 S. S. Bhatnagar Prize2003 L. Rama Rao Birth Centenary Award2006SVP Preparators’ Grant AwardScientific careerFieldsPaleontologyPalaeobiogeographyInstitutionsPanjab UniversityUniversity of JammuIISER KolkataUniversity of DelhiDoctoral advisorAshok Sahni Guntupalli Veera Raghavendra Prasad (born 1958) is an Indian paleontologist and former head of the department of geology at the University of Delhi. He is known for his studies on the Mesozoic vertebrate groups of India and is an elected fellow of all the three major Indian science academies viz. Indian Academy of Sciences, Indian National Science Academy and the National Academy of Sciences, India as well as The World Academy of Sciences. The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology, one of the highest Indian science awards for his contributions to Earth, Atmosphere, Ocean and Planetary Sciences in 2003. Biography Student Centre, Panjab University G. V. R. Prasad was born on 22 November 1958 in Sekuru, a small village in Guntur district of the south Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. He completed his undergraduate studies in 1979 at Vikram University and after obtaining a master's degree in 1981, enrolled for MPhil at Punjab University, Chandigarh. During this period, he did certificate and diploma courses in French at the university and continued there to secure his PhD working under the guidance of Ashok Sahni in 1986. His career started the same year at the Centre of Advanced Study in Palaeontology and Himalayan Geology of the university and served as an ad-hoc lecturer till 1986 when he moved to the department of geology of the University of Jammu as a lecturer. He served the university till 2008, holding positions as a reader (1992–98), a professor and in between, did his post doctoral studies at Montpellier 2 University, Pierre and Marie Curie University, Humboldt University of Berlin and University College of London. At Jammu University, he also held the responsibilities of the head of the department of geology (2002–03 and 2005–07), and the convener of the board of studies in geology (2006–08). His next move was to the University of Delhi as a professor and the head of department of geology and retired from the post in November 2023.. He also served as a professor at the department of earth sciences of the Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata. Legacy Prasad's main areas of researches have been in the fields of Vertebrate paleontology and Cretaceous palaeobiogeography and he is known to have done extensive studies on various Mesozoic vertebrate groups of India, with regard to their origin, diversity, and biogeographic relationships. He is credited with the discovery of the first cretaceous mammal from India, eutherian mammals of arboreal adaptations and euarchontan affinities from the Cretaceous India and putative oldest ungulate mammal; the last of the discoveries is reported to evidence the Mesozoic origin of placental mammals. His studies have been documented in several peer-reviewed articles; ResearchGate, an online repository of scientific articles, has listed 101 of them. He is a former member of the Research Advisory Committee of Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology, governing body of the Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeosciences, the national working group of the International Union of Geological Sciences and the editorial board of the Journal of the Geological Society of India. He has also mentored a number of masters and doctoral scholars in their studies. Awards and honors Prasad received the National Mineral Award of the Ministry of Mines in 1994 and the Research Award of the University Grants Commission in 1999. The Geological Society of India selected him for the L. Rama Rao Birth Centenary Award in 2003 and the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research awarded him the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize, one of the highest Indian science awards the same year. He was elected as a fellow by the Indian Academy of Sciences also in 2003 and he became a fellow of the Indian National Science Academy and the National Academy of Sciences, India in 2006. He was selected for the J. C. Bose National Fellowship of the Department of Science and Technology in 2015, the tenure of the fellowship running till 2015 during which period The World Academy of Sciences elected him as their fellow in 2011. He is also a recipient of Fields grant of the National Geographic Society (1993–95), Collections study grant of the American Museum of Natural History, Samuel P. & Doris Welles Fund grant of the University of California Museum of Paleontology and the Preparators’ Grant of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology. Selected bibliography Varun Parmar; Rahul Magotra; Rigzin Norboo; Guntupalli Veera Raghavendra Prasad (2016). "Rodent-based age appraisal of the Lower Siwalik Subgroup of Kalaunta, Ramnagar, Jammu, India". Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology. 41: 124–133. doi:10.1080/03115518.2016.1196435. S2CID 133491212. Thomas John Dixon Halliday; Guntupalli Veera Raghavendra Prasad; Anjali Goswami (2016). "Faunal similarity in Madagascan and South Indian Late Cretaceous vertebrate faunas" (PDF). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 468: 70–75. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2016.11.046. Boyer, Doug M.; Prasad, Guntupalli V. R.; Krause, David W.; Godinot, Marc; Goswami, Anjali; Verma, Omkar; Flynn, John J. (2010). "New postcrania of Deccanolestes from the late Cretaceous of India and their bearing on the evolutionary and biogeographic history of Euarchontan mammals". Naturwissenschaften. 97 (4): 365–377. Bibcode:2010NW.....97..365B. doi:10.1007/s00114-010-0648-0. PMID 20130827. S2CID 12188926. Prasad, G. V. R. (2009). "Divergence time estimates of mammals from molecular clocks and fossils: relevance of new fossil finds from India". Journal of Biosciences. 34 (5): 649–659. doi:10.1007/s12038-009-0063-x. PMID 20009262. S2CID 10953376. Prasad, G. V. R.; Bajpai, Sunil (2008). "Agamid lizards from the early eocene of western India: oldest cenozoic lizards from south Asia". Palaeontologia Electronica. 11 (1): 1–20. See also Kanchan Pande Gideon Mantell India portalGeology portal Notes ^ Long link - please select award year to see details ^ Please see Selected bibliography section References ^ "GVR Prasad on DU". Delhi University. 2016. ^ a b "Brief Profile of the Awardee". Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize. 2016. Retrieved 12 November 2016. ^ a b "Fellow profile". Indian Academy of Sciences. 2016. ^ a b c d e f "Indian fellow". Indian National Science Academy. 2016. ^ a b "NASI fellows" (PDF). National Academy of Sciences, India. 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 August 2015. ^ a b "TWAS fellow". The World Academy of Sciences. 2016. ^ "View Bhatnagar Awardees". Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize. 2016. Retrieved 12 November 2016. ^ "Profile on SVP". Society of Vertebrate Paleontology. 2016. ^ "Faculty Details Performa of Geology Department". Department of Geology - DU. 2016. ^ "Faculty profile" (PDF). Delhi University. 2016. ^ G. V. R. Prasad, Ashok Sahni (14 April 1988). "First Cretaceous mammal from India". Nature. 332 (6165): 638–640. Bibcode:1988Natur.332..638P. doi:10.1038/332638a0. S2CID 4345145. ^ "Browse by Fellow". Indian Academy of Sciences. 2016. ^ "On ResearchGate". 2016. ^ "Mentoring" (PDF). Delhi University. 2016. ^ "National Geoscience Award" (PDF). Ministry of Mines (India). 2016. p. 55. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 November 2016. Retrieved 5 January 2017. ^ "L. Rama Rao Birth Centenary Award". Geological Society of India. 2016. ^ "Earth Sciences". Council of Scientific and Industrial Research. 2016. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. ^ "Preparators' Grant". Society of Vertebrate Paleontology. 2016. Archived from the original on 17 March 2019. Retrieved 5 January 2017. External links "Department of Geology". Delhi University. 2016. vteRecipients of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology in Earth, Atmosphere, Ocean & Planetary Sciences1970s K. Naha (1972) M. K. Bose (1976) K. S. Valdiya (1976) S. K. Ghosh (1977) K. K. Kaila (1977) H. N. Siddiquie (1978) B. L. K. Somayajulu (1978) V. K. Gaur (1979) 1980s J. G. Negi (1980) B. K. Sahu (1980) K. Gopalan (1982) H. K. Gupta (1983) S. M. Naqvi (1983) S. K. Acharyya (1984) S. Krishnaswami (1984) R. N. Singh (1985) A. K. Gupta (1986) K. Mallick (1986) P. S. Moharir (1987) S. K. Tandon (1988) P. C. Pandey (1989) 1990s Sudipta Sengupta (1991) Sri Niwas (1991) S. R. Shetye (1992) U. C. Mohanty (1993) J. N. Goswami (1994) B. N. Goswami (1995) S. W. A. Naqvi (1996) S. S. Rai (1996) Rengaswamy Ramesh (1998) 2000s Kolluru Sree Krishna (2001) Prashant Goswami (2001) G. S. Bhat (2002) S.K. Nath (2002) Kanchan Pande (2003) Guntupalli Veera Raghavendra Prasad (2003) Nibir Mandal (2005) Gufran-Ullah Beig (2006) Pulak Sengupta (2006) Anil Bhardwaj (2007) P. N. Vinayachandran (2008) S. K. Satheesh (2009) 2010s Shankar Doraiswamy (2011) Sachchida Nand Tripathi (2014) Jyotiranjan Srichandan Ray (2015) S. K. Singh (2016) S. Suresh Babu (2017) Parthasarathi Chakraborty (2018) Madineni Venkat Ratnam (2018) Subimal Ghosh (2019) 2020s Abhijit Mukherjee (2020) Suryendu Dutta (2020) Binoy Kumar Saikia (2021) Vimal Mishra (2022) Authority control databases International VIAF Academics ORCID	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"paleontologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontologist"},{"link_name":"University of Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Delhi"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GVR_Prasad_on_DU-1"},{"link_name":"Mesozoic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesozoic"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brief_Profile_of_the_Awardee-2"},{"link_name":"Indian Academy of Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Academy_of_Sciences"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fellow_profile-3"},{"link_name":"Indian National Science Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Science_Academy"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Indian_fellow-4"},{"link_name":"National Academy of Sciences, India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences,_India"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NASI_fellows-5"},{"link_name":"The World Academy of Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_Academy_of_Sciences"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TWAS_fellow-6"},{"link_name":"Council of Scientific and Industrial Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Scientific_and_Industrial_Research"},{"link_name":"Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanti_Swarup_Bhatnagar_Prize_for_Science_and_Technology"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-View_Bhatnagar_Awardees-7"},{"link_name":"[note 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Guntupalli Veera Raghavendra Prasad (born 1958) is an Indian paleontologist and former head of the department of geology at the University of Delhi.[1] He is known for his studies on the Mesozoic vertebrate groups of India[2] and is an elected fellow of all the three major Indian science academies viz. Indian Academy of Sciences,[3] Indian National Science Academy[4] and the National Academy of Sciences, India[5] as well as The World Academy of Sciences.[6] The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology, one of the highest Indian science awards for his contributions to Earth, Atmosphere, Ocean and Planetary Sciences in 2003.[7][note 1]","title":"G. V. R. Prasad"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:StuC_PU.jpg"},{"link_name":"Guntur district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guntur_district"},{"link_name":"Andhra Pradesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Profile_on_SVP-9"},{"link_name":"Vikram University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikram_University"},{"link_name":"Punjab University, Chandigarh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_University,_Chandigarh"},{"link_name":"University of Jammu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Jammu"},{"link_name":"Montpellier 2 University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montpellier_2_University"},{"link_name":"Pierre and Marie Curie University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_and_Marie_Curie_University"},{"link_name":"Humboldt University of Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humboldt_University_of_Berlin"},{"link_name":"University College of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_College_of_London"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Indian_fellow-4"},{"link_name":"University of Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Delhi"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Faculty_Details_Performa_of_Geology_Department-10"},{"link_name":"Indian Institute of Science Education and Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Science_Education_and_Research"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Faculty_profile-11"}],"text":"Student Centre, Panjab UniversityG. V. R. Prasad was born on 22 November 1958 in Sekuru, a small village in Guntur district of the south Indian state of Andhra Pradesh.[8] He completed his undergraduate studies in 1979 at Vikram University and after obtaining a master's degree in 1981, enrolled for MPhil at Punjab University, Chandigarh. During this period, he did certificate and diploma courses in French at the university and continued there to secure his PhD working under the guidance of Ashok Sahni in 1986. His career started the same year at the Centre of Advanced Study in Palaeontology and Himalayan Geology of the university and served as an ad-hoc lecturer till 1986 when he moved to the department of geology of the University of Jammu as a lecturer. He served the university till 2008, holding positions as a reader (1992–98), a professor and in between, did his post doctoral studies at Montpellier 2 University, Pierre and Marie Curie University, Humboldt University of Berlin and University College of London.[4] At Jammu University, he also held the responsibilities of the head of the department of geology (2002–03 and 2005–07), and the convener of the board of studies in geology (2006–08). His next move was to the University of Delhi as a professor and the head of department of geology and retired from the post in November 2023..[9] He also served as a professor at the department of earth sciences of the Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata.[10]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vertebrate paleontology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrate_paleontology"},{"link_name":"Cretaceous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretaceous"},{"link_name":"Mesozoic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesozoic"},{"link_name":"biogeographic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogeographic"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brief_Profile_of_the_Awardee-2"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-First_Cretaceous_mammal_from_India-12"},{"link_name":"eutherian mammals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutheria"},{"link_name":"affinities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affinity_(taxonomy)"},{"link_name":"putative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putative"},{"link_name":"ungulate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ungulate"},{"link_name":"placental mammals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placental_mammals"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Indian_fellow-4"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Browse_by_Fellow-13"},{"link_name":"[note 2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"ResearchGate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ResearchGate"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-On_ResearchGate-15"},{"link_name":"Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadia_Institute_of_Himalayan_Geology"},{"link_name":"Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeosciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birbal_Sahni_Institute_of_Palaeosciences"},{"link_name":"International Union of Geological Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Union_of_Geological_Sciences"},{"link_name":"Geological Society of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geological_Society_of_India"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Indian_fellow-4"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mentoring-16"}],"text":"Prasad's main areas of researches have been in the fields of Vertebrate paleontology and Cretaceous palaeobiogeography and he is known to have done extensive studies on various Mesozoic vertebrate groups of India, with regard to their origin, diversity, and biogeographic relationships.[2] He is credited with the discovery of the first cretaceous mammal from India,[11] eutherian mammals of arboreal adaptations and euarchontan affinities from the Cretaceous India and putative oldest ungulate mammal; the last of the discoveries is reported to evidence the Mesozoic origin of placental mammals.[4] His studies have been documented in several peer-reviewed articles;[12][note 2] ResearchGate, an online repository of scientific articles, has listed 101 of them.[13] He is a former member of the Research Advisory Committee of Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology, governing body of the Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeosciences, the national working group of the International Union of Geological Sciences and the editorial board of the Journal of the Geological Society of India.[4] He has also mentored a number of masters and doctoral scholars in their studies.[14]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ministry of Mines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Mines_(India)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-National_Geoscience_Award-17"},{"link_name":"University Grants Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_Grants_Commission_(India)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Indian_fellow-4"},{"link_name":"Geological Society of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geological_Society_of_India"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-L._Rama_Rao_Birth_Centenary_Award-18"},{"link_name":"Council of Scientific and Industrial Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Scientific_and_Industrial_Research"},{"link_name":"Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanti_Swarup_Bhatnagar_Prize"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Earth_Sciences-19"},{"link_name":"Indian Academy of Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Academy_of_Sciences"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fellow_profile-3"},{"link_name":"National Academy of Sciences, India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences,_India"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NASI_fellows-5"},{"link_name":"Department of Science and Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Science_and_Technology_(India)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Indian_fellow-4"},{"link_name":"The World Academy of Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_Academy_of_Sciences"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TWAS_fellow-6"},{"link_name":"National Geographic Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Geographic_Society"},{"link_name":"American Museum of Natural History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Museum_of_Natural_History"},{"link_name":"University of California Museum of Paleontology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California_Museum_of_Paleontology"},{"link_name":"Society of Vertebrate Paleontology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Vertebrate_Paleontology"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Preparators%E2%80%99_Grant-20"}],"text":"Prasad received the National Mineral Award of the Ministry of Mines in 1994[15] and the Research Award of the University Grants Commission in 1999.[4] The Geological Society of India selected him for the L. Rama Rao Birth Centenary Award in 2003[16] and the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research awarded him the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize, one of the highest Indian science awards the same year.[17] He was elected as a fellow by the Indian Academy of Sciences also in 2003[3] and he became a fellow of the Indian National Science Academy and the National Academy of Sciences, India in 2006.[5] He was selected for the J. C. Bose National Fellowship of the Department of Science and Technology in 2015,[4] the tenure of the fellowship running till 2015 during which period The World Academy of Sciences elected him as their fellow in 2011.[6] He is also a recipient of Fields grant of the National Geographic Society (1993–95), Collections study grant of the American Museum of Natural History, Samuel P. & Doris Welles Fund grant of the University of California Museum of Paleontology and the Preparators’ Grant of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology.[18]","title":"Awards and honors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1080/03115518.2016.1196435","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1080%2F03115518.2016.1196435"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"133491212","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:133491212"},{"link_name":"\"Faunal similarity in Madagascan and South Indian Late Cretaceous vertebrate faunas\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1530886/3/Halliday_1-s2.0-S0031018216307994-main.pdf"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/j.palaeo.2016.11.046","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.palaeo.2016.11.046"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2010NW.....97..365B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010NW.....97..365B"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1007/s00114-010-0648-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00114-010-0648-0"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"20130827","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20130827"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"12188926","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12188926"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1007/s12038-009-0063-x","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12038-009-0063-x"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"20009262","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20009262"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10953376","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:10953376"}],"text":"Varun Parmar; Rahul Magotra; Rigzin Norboo; Guntupalli Veera Raghavendra Prasad (2016). \"Rodent-based age appraisal of the Lower Siwalik Subgroup of Kalaunta, Ramnagar, Jammu, India\". Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology. 41: 124–133. doi:10.1080/03115518.2016.1196435. S2CID 133491212.\nThomas John Dixon Halliday; Guntupalli Veera Raghavendra Prasad; Anjali Goswami (2016). \"Faunal similarity in Madagascan and South Indian Late Cretaceous vertebrate faunas\" (PDF). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 468: 70–75. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2016.11.046.\nBoyer, Doug M.; Prasad, Guntupalli V. R.; Krause, David W.; Godinot, Marc; Goswami, Anjali; Verma, Omkar; Flynn, John J. (2010). \"New postcrania of Deccanolestes from the late Cretaceous of India and their bearing on the evolutionary and biogeographic history of Euarchontan mammals\". Naturwissenschaften. 97 (4): 365–377. Bibcode:2010NW.....97..365B. doi:10.1007/s00114-010-0648-0. PMID 20130827. S2CID 12188926.\nPrasad, G. V. R. (2009). \"Divergence time estimates of mammals from molecular clocks and fossils: relevance of new fossil finds from India\". Journal of Biosciences. 34 (5): 649–659. doi:10.1007/s12038-009-0063-x. PMID 20009262. S2CID 10953376.\nPrasad, G. V. R.; Bajpai, Sunil (2008). \"Agamid lizards from the early eocene of western India: oldest cenozoic lizards from south Asia\". Palaeontologia Electronica. 11 (1): 1–20.","title":"Selected bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"}],"text":"^ Long link - please select award year to see details\n\n^ Please see Selected bibliography section","title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_text":"Student Centre, Panjab University","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/StuC_PU.jpg/235px-StuC_PU.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Kanchan Pande","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanchan_Pande"},{"title":"Gideon Mantell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gideon_Mantell"},{"title":"India portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:India"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WikiProject_Geology.svg"},{"title":"Geology portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Geology"}]	[{"reference":"Varun Parmar; Rahul Magotra; Rigzin Norboo; Guntupalli Veera Raghavendra Prasad (2016). \"Rodent-based age appraisal of the Lower Siwalik Subgroup of Kalaunta, Ramnagar, Jammu, India\". Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology. 41: 124–133. doi:10.1080/03115518.2016.1196435. S2CID 133491212.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03115518.2016.1196435","url_text":"10.1080/03115518.2016.1196435"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:133491212","url_text":"133491212"}]},{"reference":"Thomas John Dixon Halliday; Guntupalli Veera Raghavendra Prasad; Anjali Goswami (2016). \"Faunal similarity in Madagascan and South Indian Late Cretaceous vertebrate faunas\" (PDF). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 468: 70–75. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2016.11.046.","urls":[{"url":"http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1530886/3/Halliday_1-s2.0-S0031018216307994-main.pdf","url_text":"\"Faunal similarity in Madagascan and South Indian Late Cretaceous vertebrate faunas\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.palaeo.2016.11.046","url_text":"10.1016/j.palaeo.2016.11.046"}]},{"reference":"Boyer, Doug M.; Prasad, Guntupalli V. R.; Krause, David W.; Godinot, Marc; Goswami, Anjali; Verma, Omkar; Flynn, John J. (2010). \"New postcrania of Deccanolestes from the late Cretaceous of India and their bearing on the evolutionary and biogeographic history of Euarchontan mammals\". Naturwissenschaften. 97 (4): 365–377. Bibcode:2010NW.....97..365B. doi:10.1007/s00114-010-0648-0. PMID 20130827. S2CID 12188926.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010NW.....97..365B","url_text":"2010NW.....97..365B"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00114-010-0648-0","url_text":"10.1007/s00114-010-0648-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20130827","url_text":"20130827"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12188926","url_text":"12188926"}]},{"reference":"Prasad, G. V. R. (2009). \"Divergence time estimates of mammals from molecular clocks and fossils: relevance of new fossil finds from India\". Journal of Biosciences. 34 (5): 649–659. doi:10.1007/s12038-009-0063-x. PMID 20009262. S2CID 10953376.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12038-009-0063-x","url_text":"10.1007/s12038-009-0063-x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20009262","url_text":"20009262"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:10953376","url_text":"10953376"}]},{"reference":"Prasad, G. V. R.; Bajpai, Sunil (2008). \"Agamid lizards from the early eocene of western India: oldest cenozoic lizards from south Asia\". Palaeontologia Electronica. 11 (1): 1–20.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"GVR Prasad on DU\". Delhi University. 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://geology.du.ac.in/people_teaching.html","url_text":"\"GVR Prasad on DU\""}]},{"reference":"\"Brief Profile of the Awardee\". Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize. 2016. Retrieved 12 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://ssbprize.gov.in/content/Detail.aspx?AID=240","url_text":"\"Brief Profile of the Awardee\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fellow profile\". Indian Academy of Sciences. 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ias.ac.in/describe/fellow/Prasad,_Prof._Guntupalli_Veera_Raghavendra","url_text":"\"Fellow profile\""}]},{"reference":"\"Indian fellow\". Indian National Science Academy. 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://insaindia.res.in/detail.php?id=P06-1419","url_text":"\"Indian fellow\""}]},{"reference":"\"NASI fellows\" (PDF). National Academy of Sciences, India. 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150806211716/http://www.nasi.org.in/Year%20Book%202015.pdf","url_text":"\"NASI fellows\""},{"url":"http://www.nasi.org.in/Year%20Book%202015.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"TWAS fellow\". The World Academy of Sciences. 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://twas.org/member/prasad-guntupalli-vr","url_text":"\"TWAS fellow\""}]},{"reference":"\"View Bhatnagar Awardees\". Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize. 2016. Retrieved 12 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/AwardeeList.aspx","url_text":"\"View Bhatnagar Awardees\""}]},{"reference":"\"Profile on SVP\". Society of Vertebrate Paleontology. 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://vertpaleo.org/the-Society/Awards/Past-Award-Winners/2006-(Preparators-Grant)-Guntapalli-V-R-Prasad.aspx","url_text":"\"Profile on SVP\""}]},{"reference":"\"Faculty Details Performa of Geology Department\". Department of Geology - DU. 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://geology.du.ac.in/people_teaching.html","url_text":"\"Faculty Details Performa of Geology Department\""}]},{"reference":"\"Faculty profile\" (PDF). Delhi University. 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://work.du.ac.in/mrsd/uploads/faculty_cv/[email protected]_2736.pdf","url_text":"\"Faculty profile\""}]},{"reference":"G. V. R. Prasad, Ashok Sahni (14 April 1988). \"First Cretaceous mammal from India\". Nature. 332 (6165): 638–640. Bibcode:1988Natur.332..638P. doi:10.1038/332638a0. S2CID 4345145.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1988Natur.332..638P","url_text":"1988Natur.332..638P"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2F332638a0","url_text":"10.1038/332638a0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4345145","url_text":"4345145"}]},{"reference":"\"Browse by Fellow\". Indian Academy of Sciences. 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://repository.ias.ac.in/view/fellows/Prasad=3AGuntupalli_Veera_Raghavendra=3A=3A.html","url_text":"\"Browse by Fellow\""}]},{"reference":"\"On ResearchGate\". 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Guntupalli_Prasad","url_text":"\"On ResearchGate\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mentoring\" (PDF). Delhi University. 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.du.ac.in/du/uploads/Admissions/2015/Ph.D/17112015_Geo_Ph.D_admission.pdf","url_text":"\"Mentoring\""}]},{"reference":"\"National Geoscience Award\" (PDF). Ministry of Mines (India). 2016. p. 55. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 November 2016. Retrieved 5 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161130132938/http://www.mines.nic.in/writereaddata/Content/A_NationalGeoscience_Awardees1995-2012.pdf","url_text":"\"National Geoscience Award\""},{"url":"http://www.mines.nic.in/writereaddata/Content/A_NationalGeoscience_Awardees1995-2012.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"L. Rama Rao Birth Centenary Award\". Geological Society of India. 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.geosocindia.org/index.php/gsi/pages/view/sa_Lrrbca","url_text":"\"L. Rama Rao Birth Centenary Award\""}]},{"reference":"\"Earth Sciences\". Council of Scientific and Industrial Research. 2016. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303200915/http://www.csir.res.in/external/heads/career/award/BPRIZE/Earth_SCIENCES.htm","url_text":"\"Earth Sciences\""},{"url":"http://www.csir.res.in/External/Heads/career/award/BPRIZE/Earth_SCIENCES.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Preparators' Grant\". Society of Vertebrate Paleontology. 2016. Archived from the original on 17 March 2019. Retrieved 5 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190317023907/http://vertpaleo.org/Awards/Past-Award-Winners.aspx","url_text":"\"Preparators' Grant\""},{"url":"http://vertpaleo.org/Awards/Past-Award-Winners.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Department of Geology\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_II_Corps	First Canadian Army	["1 History","2 Makeup","3 Order of battle","4 Commanders","5 References","6 Further reading","7 External links"]	Formation of the Canadian Army in World War II First Canadian ArmyFormation patch worn by army-level personnel.Active1942–1946CountryCanadaBranchCanadian ArmyTypeField armyRoleCanadian Army force also with UK and other national elements World War II.Size251,000Part of21st Army GroupCommanders1942–1943Andrew McNaughton1943–1944Kenneth Stuart (acting)1944Guy Simonds (acting)1944–1945Harry CrerarMilitary unit The First Canadian Army (French: 1reArmée canadienne) was a field army and a formation of the Canadian Army in World War II in which most Canadian elements serving in North-West Europe were assigned. It served on the Western Front from July 1944 until May 1945. The army was formed in early 1942, replacing the existing unnumbered Canadian Corps, as the growing contribution of Canadian forces to serve with the British Army in the United Kingdom necessitated an expansion to two corps. By the end of 1943 Canadian formations consisted of three infantry divisions, two armoured divisions and two independent armoured brigades. The first commander was Lieutenant-General A. G. L. "Andy" McNaughton, who was replaced in 1944 by General H. D. G. "Harry" Crerar. Both had been senior Royal Regiment of Canadian Artillery officers in the Canadian Corps in World War I. Allied formations of other nationalities were added to the First Canadian Army to keep it at full strength. The First Canadian Army's strength was 177,000 all ranks at the end of 1942. One year later it had grown to 242,000. On 31 May 1944, shortly before the Normandy landings, Canadian troops in Europe numbered 251,000 of which 75,000 had left First Canadian Army to serve on the Italian Front. History From left to right: Christopher Vokes, Harry Crerar, Sir Bernard Montgomery, Brian Horrocks (both British Army), Guy Simonds, Daniel Spry and Bruce Mathews, all pictured here in February 1945. When the First Canadian Army was formed overseas in 1942, Lieutenant-General Andrew McNaughton's aim was to keep Canada's contributions to the British Army together to lead the cross-channel assault on northwest Europe. Two brigades of the 2nd Canadian Division led the ill-fated Dieppe Raid in 1942. Aside from this endeavour, the Army did not see combat until July 1943. In 1943, because the Canadian government wanted Canadian troops to see action immediately, the 1st Canadian Infantry Division, 1st Canadian Armoured Brigade, and 5th Canadian Armoured Division were detached from the Army for participation in the Italian Campaign. In early 1944, the 3rd Canadian Infantry Division and 2nd Canadian Armoured Brigade were also detached to British I Corps to participate in the assault phase of the Normandy landings. II Canadian Corps became operational in Normandy in early July 1944, as the 2nd Canadian Infantry Division landed. The First Canadian Army headquarters did not itself arrive in Normandy until mid-July, becoming operational on 23 July 1944 just before 4th Canadian Armoured Division arriving on the Continent. Senior commanders of the First Canadian Army, May 1945. Seated from the left: Stanisław Maczek (Polish Army), Guy Simonds, Harry Crerar, Charles Foulkes, Bert Hoffmeister. Standing from the left: Ralph Keefler, Bruce Matthews, Harry Foster, Robert Moncel (standing in for Chris Vokes), Stuart Rawlins (British Army). During Operation Overlord, the First Canadian Army was under the control of the British 21st Army Group. The Army proper first went into action in the Battle of Normandy and conducted operations at Falaise (e.g. Operation Totalize, Operation Tractable) and helping close the Falaise pocket. After reaching the Seine, the objective of the first phase of Operation Overlord, the Army moved along the coast towards Belgium, with the Canadian 2nd Division entering Dieppe at the beginning of September. The First Army, under acting command of Lieutenant-General Guy Simonds (from 28 September 1944 to 7 November 1944), fought the critical Battle of the Scheldt along with the supporting Operation Pheasant in October and early November, opening Antwerp for Allied shipping. The First Canadian Army held a static line along the river Meuse (Maas) from December through February, then launched Operation Veritable in early February. By this point, the Army, besides the II Canadian Corps, contained nine British divisions. The Siegfried Line was broken and the Army reached the banks of the Rhine in early March. In the final weeks of the war in Europe, the First Army cleared the Netherlands of German forces. By this time the First Division and Fifth (Armoured) Division as well as First Armoured Brigade and the 1st Cdn AGRA had returned to the Army during Operation Goldflake and for the first time, both the I Canadian Corps and II Canadian Corps fought under the same Army commander. Makeup The First Canadian Army was international in character. The size of Canada's military contribution on its own would likely not have justified the creation of a separate army-level command in North-West Europe, especially over the period when I Canadian Corps was away gaining valuable combat experience in Italy. However, both McNaughton and Crerar, backed up by the Canadian government, were successful in their lobbying for the British Army to create a Canadian-led army enlarged with contributions from other Allied countries. In addition to II Canadian Corps (which included the Canadian formations under command described above), other formations under command included the British I Corps, and the 1st Polish Armoured Division, as well as, at various times, the American 104th Infantry Division (Timberwolf), 1st Belgian Infantry Brigade, Royal Netherlands Motorized Infantry Brigade and 1st Czechoslovak Armoured Brigade. The First Canadian Army in North-West Europe during the final phases of the war comprised the largest field army ever under the control of a Canadian general. Ration strength of the army ranged from approximately 105,000 to 175,000 Canadian soldiers to anywhere from 200,000 to over 450,000 when including the soldiers from other nations. The 'Maple Leaf Route' was the designation of the army's main supply route. The route was usually divided into Maple Leaf Up and Maple Leaf Down, designating traffic to and away from the front, respectively. Order of battle Second World War 1939–1945 First Canadian Army Headquarters First Canadian Army Defence Battalion - Lorne Scots (until April 1944) & Royal Montreal Regiment No. 1 Army Headquarters Car Company, Royal Canadian Army Service Corps (RCASC) Royal Canadian Artillery No. 1 Army Group, R.C.A.(1st Cdn AGRA) 11th Army Field Regiment 1st Medium Regiment, Royal Canadian Artillery 2nd Medium Regiment, Royal Canadian Artillery 5th Medium Regiment, Royal Canadian Artillery 56th Heavy Regiment, Royal Artillery (from Mar 1945) No. 2 Army Group, R.C.A.(2nd Cdn AGRA) 19th Army Field Regiment 3rd Medium Regiment, Royal Canadian Artillery 4th Medium Regiment, Royal Canadian Artillery 7th Medium Regiment, Royal Canadian Artillery 10th Medium Regiment, Royal Artillery 15th Medium Regiment, Royal Artillery, (disb Dec 44) 1st Heavy Regiment, Royal Artillery 2nd Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment (Mobile) 1st Rocket Battery 1st Radar Battery "F" Squadron, 25th Armoured Delivery Regiment (The Elgin Regiment), Canadian Armoured Corps (CAC) 1st Armoured Personnel Carrier Regiment, CAC No. 6 Casualty Clearing Station, Royal Canadian Army Medical Corps (RCAMC) Nos. 4, 5, 6 & 7 Field Transfusion Units, RCAMC Nos. 9, 10 & 11 Field Dressing Stations, RCAMC No. 14 Field Hygiene Section, RCAMC units of the Canadian Dental Corps (CDC) Nos. 81 & 82 Artillery Companies, RCASC Nos. 35 & 36 Army Troops Composite Companies, RCASC Nos. 41, 45, 47, 63 & 64 Army Transport Companies, RCASC Nos. 1 & 2 Motor Ambulance Convoys, RCASC Royal Canadian Engineers First Canadian Army Troops Engineers 10th Field Park Company 5th, 20th & 23rd Field Companies 2nd Canadian Army Troops Engineers 11th Field Park Company 32nd, 33rd & 34th Field Companies No. 1 Workshop and Park Company 1st Field (Air) Survey Company 2nd Field Survey Company 3rd Field (Reproduction) Company First Army Signals, Royal Canadian Corps of Signals (RCCS) 1st Air Support Signals Unit Nos. 1, 2 & 3 Special Wireless Sections First Army Troops Workshop, Royal Canadian Electrical and Mechanical Engineers No. 11 Provost Company, Canadian Provost Corps No. 1 Canadian Forestry Group, Canadian Forestry Corps No. 1 Army Base Post Office, Canadian Postal Corps I Canadian Corps (April 1942 to November 1943; February to July 1945) (attached to the British Eighth Army in Italy from November 1943 to February 1945) 1st Canadian Infantry Division (in Italy from July 1943 to February 1945) 5th Canadian Armoured Division 1st Canadian Armoured Brigade 1st Corps Defence Company (Lorne Scots) Other Corps Troops II Canadian Corps (January 15, 1943, to June 25, 1945) 2nd Canadian Infantry Division 3rd Canadian Infantry Division 4th Canadian Armoured Division 2nd Canadian Armoured Brigade Polish 1st Armoured Division 15th (Scottish) Infantry Division (January to March, 1945) 2nd Corps Defence Company (The Prince Edward Island Light Horse) Other Corps Troops I British Corps (August 1, 1944, to April 1, 1945) 6th Airborne Division (to 3 September 1944) 1st Belgian Infantry Brigade (August 10 to September 10, 1944) 49th (West Riding) Infantry Division 51st (Highland) Infantry Division (to 19 December 1944) 33rd Armoured Brigade (to September 1944) 104th Infantry Division (United States) (mid October to early November, 1944) XXX British Corps (January to March, 1945 for Operation Veritable) Guards Armoured Division 43rd (Wessex) Infantry Division 52nd (Lowland) Infantry Division 53rd (Welsh) Infantry Division elements of 79th Armoured Division 4th Armoured Brigade 6th Guards Armoured Brigade 8th Armoured Brigade 34th Armoured Brigade Commanders Andrew McNaughton (Commander, early 1942 – 21 December 1943) Kenneth Stuart (Acting Commander, 21 December 1943 – 20 March 1944) Harry Crerar (Commander, 20 March 1944 – summer 1945) Guy Simonds (Acting Commander from 28 September to 7 November 1944) References ^ a b Harris, Stephen. "First Canadian Army". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Historica Foundation. Retrieved on: 2011-12-23 ^ Stacey, C.P (1948). "Chapter III New Tasks and Problems, 1941–1942". The Canadian Army 1939–1945, An Official Historical Summary. Retrieved 2011-12-23 – via Patrick Clancey, HyperWar Foundation. {{cite book}}: \|work= ignored (help) ^ Stacey, C.P (1948). "Chapter V The Raid on Dieppe, 19 August 1942". The Canadian Army 1939-1945. Official History of the Canadian Army In the Second World War. p. 65. Retrieved 2012-12-24 – via Hyperwar Foundation. ^ Stacey, C.P. (1948). Chapter VI Canadian Troops Go to the Mediterranean. Retrieved on: 2012-12-24. ^ Stacey, C.P. (1948). Chapter VII The Italian Campaign: Sicily and Southern Italy, July–November 1943. Retrieved on: 2012-12-24. ^ "Structure of the Canadian Army from 1900 to 2000". canadiansoldiers. Retrieved 2011-12-24. ^ a b c Bernd Horn; Stephen John Harris (2001). Warrior chiefs: perspectives on senior Canadian military leaders. Dundurn Press Ltd. ISBN 978-1-55002-351-0. ^ J. L. Granatstein (July 2005). The generals: the Canadian army's senior commanders in the Second World War. University of Calgary Press. p. 50. ISBN 978-1-55238-176-2. Further reading Main article: Bibliography of Canadian military history § Second World War Copp, Terry (29 July 2004). Fields of Fire: The Canadians in Normandy. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-3780-0. Copp, Terry (10 October 2007). The Brigade: The Fifth Canadian Infantry Brigade in World War II. Stackpole Books. ISBN 978-0-8117-3422-6. Angus Brown; Richard Howard Gimblett (May 2009). In the footsteps of the First Canadian Army: northwest Europe 1942–1945. Magic Light Pub. ISBN 978-1-894673-33-4. Zuehlke, Mark (13 March 2012). Breakout from Juno: First Canadian Army and the Normandy Campaign, July 4 – August 21, 1944. Douglas & McIntyre. ISBN 978-1-55365-325-7. Zuehlke, Mark (1 April 2009). Terrible Victory: First Canadian Army and the Scheldt Estuary Campaign: September 13 – November 6, 1944. Douglas & McIntyre. ISBN 978-1-55365-404-9. Robin Dickers (2012). The History of the 2nd Canadian Army Group Royal Artillery. London: Lonsdale. ISBN 978-0-9569969-9-2. Official accounts – National Defence and the Canadian Forces Stacey, C P. (1955) Volume I Six Years of War: The Army in Canada, Britain and the Pacific, Official History of the Canadian Army in the Second World War. Queen's Printer, Ottawa Nicholson, G W L (1956). Volume II The Canadians in Italy. Official history of the Canadian Army in the Second World War. Queen's Printer, Ottawa. Archived from the original on 2012-05-31. Stacey, C P. (1960) , Volume III The Victory Campaign: The Operations in Northwest Europe, 1944–45 Official History of the Canadian Army in the Second World War, Queen's Printer, Ottawa External links Canada portal canadiansoldiers.com page The First Canadian Army – Veterans Affairs Canada First Canadian Army, 8 May 1945 – Juno Beach Centre vteCanadian ArmyHistory History of the Canadian Army Canadian Corps First Canadian Army Military History of Canada Fort Frontenac Library Royal Canadian Army Medical Corps Peacekeeping Structure Structure of the Canadian Army 2nd Canadian Division 3rd Canadian Division 4th Canadian Division 5th Canadian Division List of Units Mechanized brigade groups 1 CMBG 2 CMBG 5 CMBG (former) 4 CMBG Brigade groups 31 CBG 32 CBG 33 CBG 34 CBG 35 CBG 36 CBG 37 CBG 38 CBG 39 CBG 41 CBG Support brigades 6 CCSB Small arms C9 light machine gun C7 rifle/C8 carbine C6 general purpose machine gun Browning .50 calibre heavy machine gun Browning-HP 9 mm pistol P225, 226 C22 pistol C15 Long Range Sniper Weapon (LRSW) C3A1 sniper rifle C14 Timberwolf C19 rifle C20 DMR C21 sniper rifle C13 fragmentation grenade M203 grenade launcher M72 SRAAW(L) Crewed weapons Carl Gustav SRAAW(M) Spike ATGM TOW LRAAW(H) 81 mm mortar RBS 70 NG MANPADS Skyguard C3 close support howitzer LG1 Mark II 105 mm towed howitzer M777 lightweight 155mm howitzer C16 CASW Armoured fighting vehicles LAV III LAV VI Coyote Reconnaissance Vehicle Leopard 2 Bison APC M113A3 and MTVL RG-31 Textron TAPV Schools Canadian Army Command and Staff College Peace Support Training Centre Canadian Army Advanced Warfare Centre Combat Training Centre Category Commons	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"field army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_army"},{"link_name":"Canadian Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Army"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"North-West Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_West_Europe_campaign"},{"link_name":"Western Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)"},{"link_name":"Canadian Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Corps_(World_War_II)"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corps"},{"link_name":"infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infantry"},{"link_name":"divisions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_(military)"},{"link_name":"armoured","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armoured_warfare"},{"link_name":"brigades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigade"},{"link_name":"Lieutenant-General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant-general_(Canada)"},{"link_name":"A. 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Foulkes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Foulkes_(Canadian_Army_officer)"},{"link_name":"Bert Hoffmeister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bert_Hoffmeister"},{"link_name":"Ralph Keefler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Holley_Keefler"},{"link_name":"Bruce Matthews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Matthews_(Canadian_Army_officer)"},{"link_name":"Harry Foster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Wickwire_Foster"},{"link_name":"Robert Moncel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Moncel"},{"link_name":"Chris Vokes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Vokes"},{"link_name":"Stuart Rawlins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Blundell_Rawlins"},{"link_name":"Operation Overlord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Overlord"},{"link_name":"21st Army Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21st_Army_Group"},{"link_name":"Battle of Normandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Overlord"},{"link_name":"Falaise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falaise,_Calvados"},{"link_name":"Operation Totalize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Totalize"},{"link_name":"Operation Tractable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Tractable"},{"link_name":"Falaise pocket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falaise_pocket"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Dieppe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieppe,_France"},{"link_name":"Guy Simonds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Simonds"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Scheldt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Scheldt"},{"link_name":"Operation Pheasant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Pheasant"},{"link_name":"Antwerp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerp"},{"link_name":"river Meuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Meuse"},{"link_name":"Operation Veritable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Veritable"},{"link_name":"Siegfried Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Siegfried_Line"},{"link_name":"Rhine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhine"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Operation Goldflake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Goldflake"},{"link_name":"I Canadian Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Canadian_Corps"}],"text":"From left to right: Christopher Vokes, Harry Crerar, Sir Bernard Montgomery, Brian Horrocks (both British Army), Guy Simonds, Daniel Spry and Bruce Mathews, all pictured here in February 1945.When the First Canadian Army was formed overseas in 1942, Lieutenant-General Andrew McNaughton's aim was to keep Canada's contributions to the British Army together to lead the cross-channel assault on northwest Europe.[1] Two brigades of the 2nd Canadian Division led the ill-fated Dieppe Raid in 1942.[3] Aside from this endeavour, the Army did not see combat until July 1943. In 1943, because the Canadian government wanted Canadian troops to see action immediately,[4] the 1st Canadian Infantry Division, 1st Canadian Armoured Brigade, and 5th Canadian Armoured Division were detached from the Army for participation in the Italian Campaign.[5]In early 1944, the 3rd Canadian Infantry Division and 2nd Canadian Armoured Brigade were also detached to British I Corps to participate in the assault phase of the Normandy landings. II Canadian Corps became operational in Normandy in early July 1944, as the 2nd Canadian Infantry Division landed. The First Canadian Army headquarters did not itself arrive in Normandy until mid-July, becoming operational on 23 July 1944 just before 4th Canadian Armoured Division arriving on the Continent.Senior commanders of the First Canadian Army, May 1945. Seated from the left: Stanisław Maczek (Polish Army), Guy Simonds, Harry Crerar, Charles Foulkes, Bert Hoffmeister. Standing from the left: Ralph Keefler, Bruce Matthews, Harry Foster, Robert Moncel (standing in for Chris Vokes), Stuart Rawlins (British Army).During Operation Overlord, the First Canadian Army was under the control of the British 21st Army Group. The Army proper first went into action in the Battle of Normandy and conducted operations at Falaise (e.g. Operation Totalize, Operation Tractable) and helping close the Falaise pocket. After reaching the Seine, the objective of the first phase of Operation Overlord, the Army moved along the coast towards Belgium, with the Canadian 2nd Division entering Dieppe at the beginning of September. The First Army, under acting command of Lieutenant-General Guy Simonds (from 28 September 1944 to 7 November 1944), fought the critical Battle of the Scheldt along with the supporting Operation Pheasant in October and early November, opening Antwerp for Allied shipping.The First Canadian Army held a static line along the river Meuse (Maas) from December through February, then launched Operation Veritable in early February. By this point, the Army, besides the II Canadian Corps, contained nine British divisions. The Siegfried Line was broken and the Army reached the banks of the Rhine in early March.In the final weeks of the war in Europe, the First Army cleared the Netherlands of German forces. By this time the First Division and Fifth (Armoured) Division as well as First Armoured Brigade and the 1st Cdn AGRA had returned to the Army during Operation Goldflake and for the first time, both the I Canadian Corps and II Canadian Corps fought under the same Army commander.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"I Canadian Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Canadian_Corps"},{"link_name":"II Canadian Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/II_Canadian_Corps"},{"link_name":"British I Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Corps_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"1st Polish Armoured Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Armoured_Division_(Poland)"},{"link_name":"104th Infantry Division (Timberwolf)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/104th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"1st Belgian Infantry Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Belgian_Infantry_Brigade"},{"link_name":"Royal Netherlands Motorized Infantry Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_Motorized_Infantry_Brigade"},{"link_name":"1st Czechoslovak Armoured Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Czechoslovak_Armoured_Brigade"},{"link_name":"main supply route","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_supply_route"}],"text":"The First Canadian Army was international in character. The size of Canada's military contribution on its own would likely not have justified the creation of a separate army-level command in North-West Europe, especially over the period when I Canadian Corps was away gaining valuable combat experience in Italy. However, both McNaughton and Crerar, backed up by the Canadian government, were successful in their lobbying for the British Army to create a Canadian-led army enlarged with contributions from other Allied countries. In addition to II Canadian Corps (which included the Canadian formations under command described above), other formations under command included the British I Corps, and the 1st Polish Armoured Division, as well as, at various times, the American 104th Infantry Division (Timberwolf), 1st Belgian Infantry Brigade, Royal Netherlands Motorized Infantry Brigade and 1st Czechoslovak Armoured Brigade. The First Canadian Army in North-West Europe during the final phases of the war comprised the largest field army ever under the control of a Canadian general. Ration strength of the army ranged from approximately 105,000 to 175,000 Canadian soldiers to anywhere from 200,000 to over 450,000 when including the soldiers from other nations.The 'Maple Leaf Route' was the designation of the army's main supply route. The route was usually divided into Maple Leaf Up and Maple Leaf Down, designating traffic to and away from the front, respectively.","title":"Makeup"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:First_Canadian_Army_formation_patch.svg"},{"link_name":"Lorne Scots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lorne_Scots_(Peel,_Dufferin_and_Halton_Regiment)"},{"link_name":"Royal Montreal Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Montreal_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Royal Canadian Army Service Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Army_Service_Corps"},{"link_name":"Royal Canadian Artillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Artillery"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Royal_Canadian_Artillery_FCA_formation_patch.png"},{"link_name":"1st Medium Regiment, Royal Canadian Artillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Medium_Regiment,_Royal_Canadian_Artillery"},{"link_name":"2nd Medium Regiment, Royal Canadian Artillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2nd_Medium_Regiment,_Royal_Canadian_Artillery&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"5th Medium Regiment, Royal Canadian Artillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5th_Medium_Regiment,_Royal_Canadian_Artillery"},{"link_name":"56th Heavy Regiment, Royal Artillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/56th_Heavy_Regiment,_Royal_Artillery"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Royal_Canadian_Artillery_FCA_formation_patch.png"},{"link_name":"3rd Medium Regiment, Royal Canadian Artillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_Medium_Regiment,_Royal_Canadian_Artillery"},{"link_name":"4th Medium Regiment, Royal Canadian Artillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=4th_Medium_Regiment,_Royal_Canadian_Artillery&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"7th Medium Regiment, Royal Canadian Artillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7th_Medium_Regiment,_Royal_Canadian_Artillery"},{"link_name":"10th Medium Regiment, Royal Artillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10th_Medium_Regiment,_Royal_Artillery"},{"link_name":"15th Medium Regiment, Royal Artillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=15th_Medium_Regiment,_Royal_Artillery&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1st Heavy Regiment, Royal Artillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1st_Heavy_Regiment,_Royal_Artillery&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"25th Armoured Delivery Regiment (The Elgin Regiment)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/25th_Armoured_Delivery_Regiment_(The_Elgin_Regiment)"},{"link_name":"Canadian Armoured Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Armoured_Corps"},{"link_name":"Casualty Clearing Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casualty_Clearing_Station"},{"link_name":"Royal Canadian Army Medical Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Army_Medical_Corps"},{"link_name":"Canadian Dental Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Dental_Corps"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Royal_Canadian_Engineers_First_Cdn_Army_formation_patch.png"},{"link_name":"Royal Canadian Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Engineers"},{"link_name":"Royal Canadian Corps of Signals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Corps_of_Signals"},{"link_name":"Royal Canadian Electrical and Mechanical Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Electrical_and_Mechanical_Engineers"},{"link_name":"Canadian Provost Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Provost_Corps"},{"link_name":"Canadian Forestry Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Forestry_Corps"},{"link_name":"Canadian Postal Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Postal_Corps"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:I_Canadian_Corps_formation_patch.svg"},{"link_name":"I Canadian Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Canadian_Corps"},{"link_name":"British Eighth Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighth_Army_(United_Kingdom)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1_Canadian_Infantry_Division_patch.svg"},{"link_name":"1st Canadian Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Canadian_Division"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:5_Canadian_Armoured_Division_patch.png"},{"link_name":"5th Canadian Armoured Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5th_Canadian_Division"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1st_Canadian_Armoured_Brigade_formation_patch.png"},{"link_name":"1st Canadian Armoured Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Canadian_Armoured_Brigade"},{"link_name":"1st Corps Defence Company (Lorne Scots)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorne_Scots"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:II_Canadian_Corps_formation_patch.svg"},{"link_name":"II Canadian Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/II_Canadian_Corps"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2nd_Canadian_Division_formation_patch.svg"},{"link_name":"2nd Canadian Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Canadian_Division"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:3rd_Canadian_Infantry_Division_Patch_(Modern_Correct_Pantone).svg"},{"link_name":"3rd Canadian Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_Canadian_Division"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:4_Canadian_Armoured_Division_patch.svg"},{"link_name":"4th Canadian Armoured Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4th_Canadian_Division"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2nd_Canadian_Armoured_Brigade_formation_patch.png"},{"link_name":"2nd Canadian Armoured Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Canadian_Armoured_Brigade"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E6%B3%A2%E8%98%AD%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E8%A3%9D%E7%94%B2%E5%B8%AB%E7%9A%84%E6%A8%99%E8%AA%8C.png"},{"link_name":"Polish 1st Armoured Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_1st_Armoured_Division"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:15_inf_div.jpg"},{"link_name":"15th (Scottish) Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15th_(Scottish)_Infantry_Division"},{"link_name":"2nd Corps Defence Company (The Prince Edward Island Light Horse)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Prince_Edward_Island_Regiment_(RCAC)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:I_Corps.svg"},{"link_name":"I British Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Corps_(United_Kingdom)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:UK_6th_Airborne_Division_Patch.svg"},{"link_name":"6th Airborne Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6th_Airborne_Division_(United_Kingdom)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arm%C3%A9e_secr%C3%A8te.jpg"},{"link_name":"1st Belgian Infantry Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Belgian_Infantry_Brigade"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:49th_Inf_Brigade_(Logo_Polar_Bears).jpg"},{"link_name":"49th (West Riding) Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/49th_(West_Riding)_Infantry_Division"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:51_inf_div_-vector.svg"},{"link_name":"51st (Highland) Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/51st_(Highland)_Division"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:British_33rd_Armoured_Brigade_-_Tactical_Formation_Sign.svg"},{"link_name":"33rd Armoured Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/33rd_Armoured_Brigade_(United_Kingdom)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:104TrngDivLdrTrngSSI.svg"},{"link_name":"104th Infantry Division (United States)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/104th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:XXX_Corps_1944-1945_shoulder_flash.jpg"},{"link_name":"XXX British Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XXX_Corps_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Operation Veritable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Veritable"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Guards_armoured.svg"},{"link_name":"Guards Armoured Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guards_Armoured_Division"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:43_inf_div_-vector.svg"},{"link_name":"43rd (Wessex) Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/43rd_(Wessex)_Infantry_Division"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:52_inf_div_-vector.svg"},{"link_name":"52nd (Lowland) Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/52nd_(Lowland)_Infantry_Division"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:53_inf_div_-vector.svg"},{"link_name":"53rd (Welsh) Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/53rd_(Welsh)_Infantry_Division"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:79th_armoured_division_badge.jpg"},{"link_name":"79th Armoured Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/79th_Armoured_Division_(United_Kingdom)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:4th_Mechanized.svg"},{"link_name":"4th Armoured Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4th_Infantry_Brigade_and_Headquarters_North_East"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:6th_Guards_Armoured_Brigade.svg"},{"link_name":"6th Guards Armoured Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6th_Guards_Tank_Brigade_(United_Kingdom)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:8th_armoured_brigade.svg"},{"link_name":"8th Armoured Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8th_Armoured_Brigade_(United_Kingdom)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:34th_armoured_brigade.svg"},{"link_name":"34th Armoured Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/34th_Armoured_Brigade_(United_Kingdom)"}],"text":"Second World War 1939–1945[6]First Canadian Army\nHeadquarters\nFirst Canadian Army Defence Battalion - Lorne Scots (until April 1944) & Royal Montreal Regiment\nNo. 1 Army Headquarters Car Company, Royal Canadian Army Service Corps (RCASC)\nRoyal Canadian Artillery\n No. 1 Army Group, R.C.A.(1st Cdn AGRA)\n11th Army Field Regiment\n1st Medium Regiment, Royal Canadian Artillery\n2nd Medium Regiment, Royal Canadian Artillery\n5th Medium Regiment, Royal Canadian Artillery\n56th Heavy Regiment, Royal Artillery (from Mar 1945)\n No. 2 Army Group, R.C.A.(2nd Cdn AGRA)\n19th Army Field Regiment\n3rd Medium Regiment, Royal Canadian Artillery\n4th Medium Regiment, Royal Canadian Artillery\n7th Medium Regiment, Royal Canadian Artillery\n10th Medium Regiment, Royal Artillery\n15th Medium Regiment, Royal Artillery, (disb Dec 44)\n1st Heavy Regiment, Royal Artillery\n2nd Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment (Mobile)\n1st Rocket Battery\n1st Radar Battery\n\"F\" Squadron, 25th Armoured Delivery Regiment (The Elgin Regiment), Canadian Armoured Corps (CAC)\n1st Armoured Personnel Carrier Regiment, CAC\nNo. 6 Casualty Clearing Station, Royal Canadian Army Medical Corps (RCAMC)\nNos. 4, 5, 6 & 7 Field Transfusion Units, RCAMC\nNos. 9, 10 & 11 Field Dressing Stations, RCAMC\nNo. 14 Field Hygiene Section, RCAMC\nunits of the Canadian Dental Corps (CDC)\nNos. 81 & 82 Artillery Companies, RCASC\nNos. 35 & 36 Army Troops Composite Companies, RCASC\nNos. 41, 45, 47, 63 & 64 Army Transport Companies, RCASC\nNos. 1 & 2 Motor Ambulance Convoys, RCASC\n Royal Canadian Engineers\nFirst Canadian Army Troops Engineers\n10th Field Park Company\n5th, 20th & 23rd Field Companies\n2nd Canadian Army Troops Engineers\n11th Field Park Company\n32nd, 33rd & 34th Field Companies\nNo. 1 Workshop and Park Company\n1st Field (Air) Survey Company\n2nd Field Survey Company\n3rd Field (Reproduction) Company\nFirst Army Signals, Royal Canadian Corps of Signals (RCCS)\n1st Air Support Signals Unit\nNos. 1, 2 & 3 Special Wireless Sections\nFirst Army Troops Workshop, Royal Canadian Electrical and Mechanical Engineers\nNo. 11 Provost Company, Canadian Provost Corps\nNo. 1 Canadian Forestry Group, Canadian Forestry Corps\nNo. 1 Army Base Post Office, Canadian Postal Corps\n I Canadian Corps (April 1942 to November 1943; February to July 1945)\n(attached to the British Eighth Army in Italy from November 1943 to February 1945)\n 1st Canadian Infantry Division (in Italy from July 1943 to February 1945)\n 5th Canadian Armoured Division\n 1st Canadian Armoured Brigade\n1st Corps Defence Company (Lorne Scots)\nOther Corps Troops\n II Canadian Corps (January 15, 1943, to June 25, 1945)\n 2nd Canadian Infantry Division\n 3rd Canadian Infantry Division\n 4th Canadian Armoured Division\n 2nd Canadian Armoured Brigade\n Polish 1st Armoured Division\n 15th (Scottish) Infantry Division (January to March, 1945)\n2nd Corps Defence Company (The Prince Edward Island Light Horse)\nOther Corps Troops\nI British Corps (August 1, 1944, to April 1, 1945)\n 6th Airborne Division (to 3 September 1944)\n 1st Belgian Infantry Brigade (August 10 to September 10, 1944)\n 49th (West Riding) Infantry Division\n 51st (Highland) Infantry Division (to 19 December 1944)\n 33rd Armoured Brigade (to September 1944)\n 104th Infantry Division (United States) (mid October to early November, 1944)\n XXX British Corps (January to March, 1945 for Operation Veritable)\nGuards Armoured Division\n 43rd (Wessex) Infantry Division\n 52nd (Lowland) Infantry Division\n 53rd (Welsh) Infantry Division\n elements of 79th Armoured Division\n 4th Armoured Brigade\n 6th Guards Armoured Brigade\n8th Armoured Brigade\n34th Armoured Brigade","title":"Order of battle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Andrew McNaughton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_McNaughton"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HornHarris2001-7"},{"link_name":"Kenneth Stuart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Stuart"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Granatstein2005-8"},{"link_name":"Harry Crerar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Crerar"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HornHarris2001-7"},{"link_name":"Guy Simonds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Simonds"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HornHarris2001-7"}],"text":"Andrew McNaughton (Commander, early 1942 – 21 December 1943)[7]\nKenneth Stuart (Acting Commander, 21 December 1943 – 20 March 1944)[8]\nHarry Crerar (Commander, 20 March 1944 – summer 1945)[7]\nGuy Simonds (Acting Commander from 28 September to 7 November 1944)[7]","title":"Commanders"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fields of Fire: The Canadians in Normandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/fieldsoffirecana0000copp"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8020-3780-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-3780-0"},{"link_name":"The Brigade: The Fifth Canadian Infantry Brigade in World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=vuFOT0tUDp0C&pg=PP1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8117-3422-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8117-3422-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-894673-33-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-894673-33-4"},{"link_name":"Breakout from Juno: First Canadian Army and the Normandy Campaign, July 4 – August 21, 1944","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=LCFxRqp23D8C&pg=PP1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-55365-325-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55365-325-7"},{"link_name":"Terrible Victory: First Canadian Army and the Scheldt Estuary Campaign: September 13 – November 6, 1944","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=QrL5gRhvkB0C&pg=PP1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-55365-404-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55365-404-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-9569969-9-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9569969-9-2"},{"link_name":"Volume I Six Years of War: The Army in Canada, Britain and the Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20111013062759/http://www.cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca/dhh-dhp/his/oh-ho/detail-eng.asp?BfBookLang=1&BfId=27,"},{"link_name":"Volume II The Canadians in Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120531063723/http://www.cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca/dhh-dhp/his/oh-ho/detail-eng.asp?BfBookLang=1&BfId=25"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca/dhh-dhp/his/oh-ho/detail-eng.asp?BfBookLang=1&BfId=25"},{"link_name":", Volume III The Victory Campaign: The Operations in Northwest Europe, 1944–45","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20090714064359/http://www.cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca/dhh-dhp/his/oh-ho/detail-eng.asp?BfBookLang=1&BfId=29"}],"text":"Copp, Terry (29 July 2004). Fields of Fire: The Canadians in Normandy. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-3780-0.\nCopp, Terry (10 October 2007). The Brigade: The Fifth Canadian Infantry Brigade in World War II. Stackpole Books. ISBN 978-0-8117-3422-6.\nAngus Brown; Richard Howard Gimblett (May 2009). In the footsteps of the First Canadian Army: northwest Europe 1942–1945. Magic Light Pub. ISBN 978-1-894673-33-4.\nZuehlke, Mark (13 March 2012). Breakout from Juno: First Canadian Army and the Normandy Campaign, July 4 – August 21, 1944. Douglas & McIntyre. ISBN 978-1-55365-325-7.\nZuehlke, Mark (1 April 2009). Terrible Victory: First Canadian Army and the Scheldt Estuary Campaign: September 13 – November 6, 1944. Douglas & McIntyre. ISBN 978-1-55365-404-9.\nRobin Dickers (2012). The History of the 2nd Canadian Army Group Royal Artillery. London: Lonsdale. ISBN 978-0-9569969-9-2.Official accounts – National Defence and the Canadian ForcesStacey, C P. (1955) Volume I Six Years of War: The Army in Canada, Britain and the Pacific, Official History of the Canadian Army in the Second World War. Queen's Printer, Ottawa\nNicholson, G W L (1956). Volume II The Canadians in Italy. Official history of the Canadian Army in the Second World War. Queen's Printer, Ottawa. Archived from the original on 2012-05-31.\nStacey, C P. (1960) , Volume III The Victory Campaign: The Operations in Northwest Europe, 1944–45 Official History of the Canadian Army in the Second World War, Queen's Printer, Ottawa","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"From left to right: Christopher Vokes, Harry Crerar, Sir Bernard Montgomery, Brian Horrocks (both British Army), Guy Simonds, Daniel Spry and Bruce Mathews, all pictured here in February 1945.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Simonds.jpg/220px-Simonds.jpg"},{"image_text":"Senior commanders of the First Canadian Army, May 1945. Seated from the left: Stanisław Maczek (Polish Army), Guy Simonds, Harry Crerar, Charles Foulkes, Bert Hoffmeister. Standing from the left: Ralph Keefler, Bruce Matthews, Harry Foster, Robert Moncel (standing in for Chris Vokes), Stuart Rawlins (British Army).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/1st_Canadian_generals.jpg/220px-1st_Canadian_generals.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Stacey, C.P (1948). \"Chapter III New Tasks and Problems, 1941–1942\". The Canadian Army 1939–1945, An Official Historical Summary. Retrieved 2011-12-23 – via Patrick Clancey, HyperWar Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/Canada/CA/OpSumm/OpSumm-3.html","url_text":"\"Chapter III New Tasks and Problems, 1941–1942\""}]},{"reference":"Stacey, C.P (1948). \"Chapter V The Raid on Dieppe, 19 August 1942\". The Canadian Army 1939-1945. Official History of the Canadian Army In the Second World War. p. 65. Retrieved 2012-12-24 – via Hyperwar Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/Canada/CA/OpSumm/OpSumm-5.html","url_text":"\"Chapter V The Raid on Dieppe, 19 August 1942\""}]},{"reference":"\"Structure of the Canadian Army from 1900 to 2000\". canadiansoldiers. Retrieved 2011-12-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.canadiansoldiers.com/organization/canadianarmy.htm","url_text":"\"Structure of the Canadian Army from 1900 to 2000\""}]},{"reference":"Bernd Horn; Stephen John Harris (2001). Warrior chiefs: perspectives on senior Canadian military leaders. Dundurn Press Ltd. ISBN 978-1-55002-351-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wHLxu7NGjjUC&pg=PP1","url_text":"Warrior chiefs: perspectives on senior Canadian military leaders"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55002-351-0","url_text":"978-1-55002-351-0"}]},{"reference":"J. L. Granatstein (July 2005). The generals: the Canadian army's senior commanders in the Second World War. University of Calgary Press. p. 50. ISBN 978-1-55238-176-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vgTaIWgPYm4C&pg=PA50","url_text":"The generals: the Canadian army's senior commanders in the Second World War"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55238-176-2","url_text":"978-1-55238-176-2"}]},{"reference":"Copp, Terry (29 July 2004). Fields of Fire: The Canadians in Normandy. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-3780-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/fieldsoffirecana0000copp","url_text":"Fields of Fire: The Canadians in Normandy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-3780-0","url_text":"978-0-8020-3780-0"}]},{"reference":"Copp, Terry (10 October 2007). The Brigade: The Fifth Canadian Infantry Brigade in World War II. Stackpole Books. ISBN 978-0-8117-3422-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vuFOT0tUDp0C&pg=PP1","url_text":"The Brigade: The Fifth Canadian Infantry Brigade in World War II"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8117-3422-6","url_text":"978-0-8117-3422-6"}]},{"reference":"Angus Brown; Richard Howard Gimblett (May 2009). In the footsteps of the First Canadian Army: northwest Europe 1942–1945. Magic Light Pub. ISBN 978-1-894673-33-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-894673-33-4","url_text":"978-1-894673-33-4"}]},{"reference":"Zuehlke, Mark (13 March 2012). Breakout from Juno: First Canadian Army and the Normandy Campaign, July 4 – August 21, 1944. Douglas & McIntyre. 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Volume II The Canadians in Italy. Official history of the Canadian Army in the Second World War. Queen's Printer, Ottawa. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Heschong	Albert Heschong	["1 Early years","2 Television career","2.1 ABC","2.2 United States Steel Hour","2.3 First stint at CBS","2.4 20th Century Fox","2.5 Return to CBS","2.6 Television movies","3 Personal life and later years","4 Selected works","5 References","6 External links"]	United States production designer Albert HeschongBorn(1919-02-22)February 22, 1919Cincinnati, Ohio, USDiedMarch 1, 2001(2001-03-01) (aged 82)Encino, California, USOccupationProduction designer Elmer Albert Heschong (February 22, 1919 – March 1, 2001) was an American art director and production designer, principally for television. In a career that spanned more than 40 years, he worked on over 2,500 productions and was posthumously inducted into the Art Directors Guild Hall of Fame. A native of Cincinnati, he served in the United States Army during World War II and worked in scenic design for the live theater after the war. He began working for the American Broadcasting Company in 1949 and worked on the network's early live drama series, Pulitzer Prize Playhouse and Celanese Theatre. He continued to work on live television drama in the 1950s, working on United States Steel Hour, Climax!, and Playhouse 90. He won an Emmy Award for his art direction on Playhouse 90's 1956 production of Requiem for a Heavyweight. In the 1960s, he worked on multiple CBS series, including Gunsmoke (1961–1973), The Wild Wild West (1965–1967), and Hawaii Five-O (1968–1969). During the 1970s and 1980s, he worked principally on television movies, winning Emmy nominations for his work on Rascals and Robbers: The Secret Adventures of Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn (1982) and My Wicked, Wicked Ways: The Legend of Errol Flynn (1985). Early years Heschong was born in Cincinnati in 1919. His father, Albert Heschong, designed and made clothing. As a boy, he enjoyed building model boats and airplanes, drawing, and building things with Erector Sets. He attended Walnut Hills High School in Cincinnati, graduated cum laude, and was voted "most all-around boy in the class." He was also in drama club, where he both acted and designed sets. After graduating high school, his high school drama teacher contacted the drama department at Pittsburgh's Carnegie Institute of Technology and secured a scholarship for Heschong. In the second half of his sophomore year, he transferred to the architecture department to develop his technical drawing skills. He left Carnegie Tech after two years to work at a playhouse in Chautauqua, New York. He next worked for a year at a theatrical company in Cincinnati and then for the Baltimore Museum of Art, where he designed and built sets and exhibits. During World War II, he was drafted into the United States Army. He was assigned to a camouflage design unit at Richmond Air Force Base, where he worked with Broadway designer Jo Mielziner. He was later assigned to interpret aerial reconnaissance photographs. He spent 18 months in India, supervising photographic reconnaissance in the China Burma India Theater. After the war, Heschong returned to Carnegie Tech to finish his degree. He was then hired to assist in teaching scenic design at Carnegie Tech. He also did design work for stage productions, including scenic design for The Woodstock Playhouse. Television career ABC In 1949, he was hired by the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) as an art director. His early works included futuristic settings for ABC's Buck Rogers television show, including the interior of Buck Rogers' spaceship and the use of sparkler for the blastoff of rockets. In 1950, he was assigned to create all the settings for ABC's live drama Pulitzer Prize Playhouse. For the first episode, You Can't Take It with You, he built a large Victorian house set for $15,000. While at ABC, he also worked with Alex Segal on the live drama series Celanese Theatre, including productions of Abe Lincoln in Illinois (1950) with Raymond Burr, Winterset (1951) with Burgess Meredith, Ah Wilderness (1951), Anna Christie (1952), and The Street Scene (1952). In the early 1950s, the ABC art department in New York worked out of a building that had previously been horse stables. They built sets using quarter-inch plywood on one-by-three framing. United States Steel Hour In 1954, he began working on the United States Steel Hour, which aired on NBC. His work at the Steel Hour included P.O.W. (1953), The Last Notch (1954), Hedda Gabler (1954), A Garden in the Sea (1954), No Time for Sergeants (1955), and Freighter (1955). No Time for Sergeants featured highly stylized sets and was the first dramatic show that was aired with an audience. For The Last Notch, the first Western done for television, he designed an entire Western street scene. For A Garden in the Sea, he designed a villa in Venice, including a gondola approaching the villa. First stint at CBS In the fall of 1955, he moved to Los Angeles to work for CBS. His first series for CBS was Climax! with Martin Manulis. His work for Climax! included Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1955) and The Circular Staircase (1956). Heschong also worked on the Meet Millie sitcom, the Red Skelton Hour, and an early-summer replacement show starring Johnny Carson. On the Skelton show, he was asked to design numerous trick shots. When Manulis left Climax! in 1956, Heschong followed him to Playhouse 90. Heschong won an Emmy Award for his art direction on the Rod Serling boxing drama Requiem for a Heavyweight (1956). For Requiem, his notable designs included sets at the boxing venue and a railroad car. Heschong's other notable Playhouse 90 productions included The Miracle Worker (1957), Helen Morgan (1957), Seven Against the Wall (1958), The Velvet Alley (1959), and Judgment at Nuremberg (1959). He designed the courtroom for Judgment at Nuremberg. 20th Century Fox In 1959, he was hired by 20th Century Fox to work on the series Adventures in Paradise, a South Pacific adventure series created by James Michener. He did not stay at Fox for very long. Return to CBS Have Gun, Will Travel Cara Williams The Wild, Wild West After leaving Fox, he returned to CBS and worked on the sitcom Pete and Gladys, the Western Have Gun – Will Travel, and later another sitcom The Cara Williams Show. In 1961, Heschong became the production designer on the Western series Gunsmoke. When the series moved from Hollywood to Studio City, he had to restore and redesign the sets. The sets were built along one long street with multiple buildings and interiors, including the sheriff's office, a livery stable, a hotel lobby, and a doctor's office. He worked on about 140 episodes of Gunsmoke. During the 1963–64 season, he also worked on The Great Adventure. The first episode of that series was "The Hunley", a story about a Civil War submarine. He prepared a full-size submarine (full-size exterior and interiors and miniatures) and docks for that production. In addition to his regular art directing work, Heschong became the head of the CBS art department in 1964. From 1965 to 1967, he also worked on another Western series, The Wild Wild West. He worked on that show from the start and designed all the sets. The writers came up with many strange concepts and effects that were a challenge, including a steam-driven wheel chair, a steam engine that spit flames, and other unusual vehicles. He did 48 episodes on Wild Wild West. He left Gunsmoke during the 1968–69 season to work on Hawaii Five-O. He also covered a few episodes of The Bob Newhart Show in the 1970s. Television movies During the 1970s and 1980s, he worked on numerous television movies, including Steven Spielberg's Something Evil (1972). One of his favorites was the television movie Visions (1972), for which he designed a large rubble scene to show the aftermath from the explosion of a water treatment plant. He received an Emmy nomination for his art direction on Rascals and Robbers: The Secret Adventures of Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn (1982). Much of his work on that project involved selecting locations in Natchez, Mississippi. He received his final Emmy nomination for My Wicked, Wicked Ways: The Legend of Errol Flynn (1985). Heschong recalled that the number of sets was enormous, and executives became very nervous about the budget. As a result, he had to cut many corners. In all, Heschong was art director or production designer on more than 2,500 productions. Personal life and later years Heschong married former Naomi Eva Harris in 1946. They had three children, Gregg, Eric, and Lisa. He lived in Encino, California. In 2001, he died of a cerebral hemorrhage at his home at age 82. He was posthumously inducted into the Art Directors Guild Hall of Fame in 2011. Selected works Pulitzer Prize Playhouse You Can't Take It with You (1950, art director) Celanese Theatre (1951–1952) Abe Lincoln in Illinois (1950) Winterset (1951) Ah Wilderness (1951) Anna Christie (1952) The Street Scene (1952) United States Steel Hour (1953–1955, production designer, 3 episodes) P.O.W. (1953, production designer) The Last Notch (1954) Hedda Gabler (1954) A Garden in the Sea (1954) No Time for Sergeants (1955, production designer) Freighter (1955) Climax! (1955–1956) Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1955) The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1955) The Circular Staircase (1956) Judy Garland Musical Special (1956) Playhouse 90 (1957–1959, art director, 12 episodes) Requiem for a Heavyweight (1956, art director) The Miracle Worker (1957) Helen Morgan (1957, art director) The Hostess with the Mostes' (1957, art director) Seven Against the Wall (1958, art director) Judgment at Nuremberg (1959, art director) Studio One in Hollywood (1958, art director, 1 episode) Adventures in Paradise (1959–1960, art director) Have Gun – Will Travel (1961, art director) The Great Adventure (1963–1964, art director) "The Hunley" Gunsmoke (1961–1973, art director) The Wild Wild West (1965–1967, art director) Hawaii Five-O (1968–1969, art director) The Bob Newhart Show (1975–1976, art director) Rascals and Robbers: The Secret Adventures of Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn (1982) My Wicked, Wicked Ways: The Legend of Errol Flynn (1985) Extreme Prejudice (1987, production designer) Eisenhower and Lutz (1988, art director) Annie McGuire (1988, art director) Flight of the Intruder (1991, art director) References ^ a b c d "Playhouse Designer Marries in New York". The Kingston Daily Freeman. May 29, 1946. p. 8 – via Newspapers.com. ^ a b c d e f g "Albert Heschong". Interview. The Academy of Television Arts & Sciences Foundation. Retrieved September 28, 2020. ^ a b Rebecca Billman (March 13, 2001). "Albert Heschong an Emmy-winning TV art designer". The Cincinnati Enquirer. p. B4 – via Newspapers.com. ^ a b "Albert Heschong Won Emmy for Set Design". Los Angeles Times. March 11, 2001. p. B12. ^ a b c d e "Albert Heschong". Variety. March 11, 2001. ^ a b "Cincinnatian Scoring In Video". The Cincinnati Enquirer. October 21, 1950 – via Newspapers.com. ^ a b Television Academy interview, tape 2. ^ a b Television Academy interview, tape 3. ^ a b c d e f g h Television Academy interview, tape 4. ^ a b c d e Television Academy interview, tape 5. ^ a b Television Academy interview, tape 6. ^ "Art Directors Guild to Induct Three Additional Legendary Production Designers Into Its Hall of Fame on February 5, 2011" (PDF). Art Directors Guild. September 14, 2010. ^ Janet Maslin (April 24, 1987). "Film: 'Extreme Prejudice'". The New York Times. p. 64. External links Albert Heschong at IMDb Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National United States vteArt Directors Guild Hall of Fame (2010s)2010 Malcolm F. Brown Bob Keene Ferdinando Scarfiotti 2011 Alexander Golitzen (Golitsyn) Albert Heschong Eugène Lourié 2012 Robert F. Boyle William S. Darling Alfred Junge 2013 E. Preston Ames Richard Macdonald Edward S. Stephenson 2014 Robert Clatworthy Harper Goff J. Michael Riva 2015 John Gabriel Beckman Charles Lisanby Walter H. Tyler 2016 Carmen Dillon Patricia Norris Dorothea Holt Redmond Dianne Wager 2017 Gene Allen 2019 Ben Carré Anthony Masters Complete list 2000s 2010s 2020s	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Marries-1"},{"link_name":"art director","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_director"},{"link_name":"production designer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Production_designer"},{"link_name":"Art Directors Guild Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Directors_Guild_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"Cincinnati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati"},{"link_name":"United States Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"American Broadcasting Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"Pulitzer Prize Playhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_Playhouse"},{"link_name":"Celanese Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celanese_Theatre"},{"link_name":"United States Steel Hour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Steel_Hour"},{"link_name":"Climax!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climax!"},{"link_name":"Playhouse 90","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playhouse_90"},{"link_name":"Emmy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Awards"},{"link_name":"Requiem for a Heavyweight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Requiem_for_a_Heavyweight"},{"link_name":"Gunsmoke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunsmoke"},{"link_name":"The Wild Wild West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wild_Wild_West"},{"link_name":"Hawaii Five-O","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii_Five-O_(1968_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Rascals and Robbers: The Secret Adventures of Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rascals_and_Robbers:_The_Secret_Adventures_of_Tom_Sawyer_and_Huckleberry_Finn"},{"link_name":"My Wicked, Wicked Ways: The Legend of Errol Flynn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Wicked,_Wicked_Ways:_The_Legend_of_Errol_Flynn"}],"text":"Elmer Albert Heschong[1] (February 22, 1919 – March 1, 2001) was an American art director and production designer, principally for television. In a career that spanned more than 40 years, he worked on over 2,500 productions and was posthumously inducted into the Art Directors Guild Hall of Fame.A native of Cincinnati, he served in the United States Army during World War II and worked in scenic design for the live theater after the war. He began working for the American Broadcasting Company in 1949 and worked on the network's early live drama series, Pulitzer Prize Playhouse and Celanese Theatre. He continued to work on live television drama in the 1950s, working on United States Steel Hour, Climax!, and Playhouse 90. He won an Emmy Award for his art direction on Playhouse 90's 1956 production of Requiem for a Heavyweight.In the 1960s, he worked on multiple CBS series, including Gunsmoke (1961–1973), The Wild Wild West (1965–1967), and Hawaii Five-O (1968–1969). During the 1970s and 1980s, he worked principally on television movies, winning Emmy nominations for his work on Rascals and Robbers: The Secret Adventures of Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn (1982) and My Wicked, Wicked Ways: The Legend of Errol Flynn (1985).","title":"Albert Heschong"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cincinnati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati"},{"link_name":"Erector Sets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erector_Set"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TAI-2"},{"link_name":"Walnut Hills High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walnut_Hills_High_School"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CE-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TAI-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TAI-2"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh"},{"link_name":"Carnegie Institute of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie_Mellon_University"},{"link_name":"Chautauqua, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chautauqua,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Baltimore Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_Museum_of_Art"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TAI-2"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"United States Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"Jo Mielziner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo_Mielziner"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TAI-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Marries-1"},{"link_name":"China Burma India Theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Burma_India_Theater"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LAT-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Variety-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TAI-2"},{"link_name":"The Woodstock Playhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Woodstock_Playhouse"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Variety-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Marries-1"}],"text":"Heschong was born in Cincinnati in 1919. His father, Albert Heschong, designed and made clothing. As a boy, he enjoyed building model boats and airplanes, drawing, and building things with Erector Sets.[2] He attended Walnut Hills High School in Cincinnati, graduated cum laude, and was voted \"most all-around boy in the class.\"[3][2] He was also in drama club, where he both acted and designed sets.[2]After graduating high school, his high school drama teacher contacted the drama department at Pittsburgh's Carnegie Institute of Technology and secured a scholarship for Heschong. In the second half of his sophomore year, he transferred to the architecture department to develop his technical drawing skills. He left Carnegie Tech after two years to work at a playhouse in Chautauqua, New York. He next worked for a year at a theatrical company in Cincinnati and then for the Baltimore Museum of Art, where he designed and built sets and exhibits.[2]During World War II, he was drafted into the United States Army. He was assigned to a camouflage design unit at Richmond Air Force Base, where he worked with Broadway designer Jo Mielziner. He was later assigned to interpret aerial reconnaissance photographs.[2] He spent 18 months in India,[1] supervising photographic reconnaissance in the China Burma India Theater.[4][5]After the war, Heschong returned to Carnegie Tech to finish his degree. He was then hired to assist in teaching scenic design at Carnegie Tech.[2] He also did design work for stage productions, including scenic design for The Woodstock Playhouse.[5][1]","title":"Early years"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Television career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Broadcasting Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"Buck Rogers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buck_Rogers#1950%E2%80%931951_ABC_television_series"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TAI-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CE50-6"},{"link_name":"Pulitzer Prize Playhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_Playhouse"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CE50-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TAI2-7"},{"link_name":"Alex Segal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Segal"},{"link_name":"Celanese Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celanese_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Raymond Burr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Burr"},{"link_name":"Burgess Meredith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgess_Meredith"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TAI2-7"}],"sub_title":"ABC","text":"In 1949, he was hired by the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) as an art director. His early works included futuristic settings for ABC's Buck Rogers television show, including the interior of Buck Rogers' spaceship and the use of sparkler for the blastoff of rockets.[2][6]In 1950, he was assigned to create all the settings for ABC's live drama Pulitzer Prize Playhouse.[6] For the first episode, You Can't Take It with You, he built a large Victorian house set for $15,000.[7]While at ABC, he also worked with Alex Segal on the live drama series Celanese Theatre, including productions of Abe Lincoln in Illinois (1950) with Raymond Burr, Winterset (1951) with Burgess Meredith, Ah Wilderness (1951), Anna Christie (1952), and The Street Scene (1952). In the early 1950s, the ABC art department in New York worked out of a building that had previously been horse stables. They built sets using quarter-inch plywood on one-by-three framing.[7]","title":"Television career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Steel Hour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Steel_Hour"},{"link_name":"P.O.W.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P.O.W._(United_States_Steel_Hour)"},{"link_name":"No Time for Sergeants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Time_for_Sergeants_(United_States_Steel_Hour)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TAI3-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TAI4-9"}],"sub_title":"United States Steel Hour","text":"In 1954, he began working on the United States Steel Hour, which aired on NBC. His work at the Steel Hour included P.O.W. (1953), The Last Notch (1954), Hedda Gabler (1954), A Garden in the Sea (1954), No Time for Sergeants (1955), and Freighter (1955). No Time for Sergeants featured highly stylized sets and was the first dramatic show that was aired with an audience. For The Last Notch, the first Western done for television, he designed an entire Western street scene.[8] For A Garden in the Sea, he designed a villa in Venice, including a gondola approaching the villa.[9]","title":"Television career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS"},{"link_name":"Climax!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climax!"},{"link_name":"Martin Manulis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Manulis"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TAI3-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TAI4-9"},{"link_name":"Meet Millie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meet_Millie"},{"link_name":"Red Skelton Hour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Skelton_Hour"},{"link_name":"Johnny Carson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Carson"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TAI4-9"},{"link_name":"Playhouse 90","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playhouse_90"},{"link_name":"Rod Serling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rod_Serling"},{"link_name":"Requiem for a Heavyweight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Requiem_for_a_Heavyweight"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TAI4-9"},{"link_name":"The Miracle Worker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Miracle_Worker_(Playhouse_90)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Helen Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Morgan_(Playhouse_90)"},{"link_name":"Seven Against the Wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Against_the_Wall"},{"link_name":"Judgment at Nuremberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judgment_at_Nuremberg_(Playhouse_90)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TAI4-9"}],"sub_title":"First stint at CBS","text":"In the fall of 1955, he moved to Los Angeles to work for CBS. His first series for CBS was Climax! with Martin Manulis.[8] His work for Climax! included Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1955) and The Circular Staircase (1956).[9] Heschong also worked on the Meet Millie sitcom, the Red Skelton Hour, and an early-summer replacement show starring Johnny Carson. On the Skelton show, he was asked to design numerous trick shots.[9]When Manulis left Climax! in 1956, Heschong followed him to Playhouse 90. Heschong won an Emmy Award for his art direction on the Rod Serling boxing drama Requiem for a Heavyweight (1956). For Requiem, his notable designs included sets at the boxing venue and a railroad car.[9] Heschong's other notable Playhouse 90 productions included The Miracle Worker (1957), Helen Morgan (1957), Seven Against the Wall (1958), The Velvet Alley (1959), and Judgment at Nuremberg (1959). He designed the courtroom for Judgment at Nuremberg.[9]","title":"Television career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"20th Century Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_Century_Fox"},{"link_name":"Adventures in Paradise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventures_in_Paradise_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"James Michener","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Michener"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TAI4-9"}],"sub_title":"20th Century Fox","text":"In 1959, he was hired by 20th Century Fox to work on the series Adventures in Paradise, a South Pacific adventure series created by James Michener. He did not stay at Fox for very long.[9]","title":"Television career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Richard_Boone_Paladin_1962.JPG"},{"link_name":"Have Gun, Will Travel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Have_Gun,_Will_Travel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cara_Williams.JPG"},{"link_name":"Cara Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cara_Williams"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ross_Martin_Robert_Conrad_Wild_Wild_West_1965.JPG"},{"link_name":"The Wild, Wild West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wild,_Wild_West"},{"link_name":"Pete and Gladys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_and_Gladys"},{"link_name":"Have Gun – Will Travel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Have_Gun_%E2%80%93_Will_Travel"},{"link_name":"The Cara Williams Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cara_Williams_Show"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TAI4-9"},{"link_name":"Gunsmoke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunsmoke"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TAI5-10"},{"link_name":"The Great Adventure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Adventure_(American_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TAI4-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TAI5-10"},{"link_name":"The Wild Wild West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wild_Wild_West"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TAI5-10"},{"link_name":"Hawaii Five-O","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii_Five-O_(1968_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The Bob Newhart Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bob_Newhart_Show"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TAI5-10"}],"sub_title":"Return to CBS","text":"Have Gun, Will TravelCara WilliamsThe Wild, Wild WestAfter leaving Fox, he returned to CBS and worked on the sitcom Pete and Gladys, the Western Have Gun – Will Travel, and later another sitcom The Cara Williams Show.[9]In 1961, Heschong became the production designer on the Western series Gunsmoke. When the series moved from Hollywood to Studio City, he had to restore and redesign the sets. The sets were built along one long street with multiple buildings and interiors, including the sheriff's office, a livery stable, a hotel lobby, and a doctor's office. He worked on about 140 episodes of Gunsmoke.[10]During the 1963–64 season, he also worked on The Great Adventure. The first episode of that series was \"The Hunley\", a story about a Civil War submarine. He prepared a full-size submarine (full-size exterior and interiors and miniatures) and docks for that production.[9]In addition to his regular art directing work, Heschong became the head of the CBS art department in 1964.[10]From 1965 to 1967, he also worked on another Western series, The Wild Wild West. He worked on that show from the start and designed all the sets. The writers came up with many strange concepts and effects that were a challenge, including a steam-driven wheel chair, a steam engine that spit flames, and other unusual vehicles. He did 48 episodes on Wild Wild West.[10]He left Gunsmoke during the 1968–69 season to work on Hawaii Five-O. He also covered a few episodes of The Bob Newhart Show in the 1970s.[10]","title":"Television career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Steven Spielberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Spielberg"},{"link_name":"Something Evil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Something_Evil"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TAI6-11"},{"link_name":"Rascals and Robbers: The Secret Adventures of Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rascals_and_Robbers:_The_Secret_Adventures_of_Tom_Sawyer_and_Huckleberry_Finn"},{"link_name":"Natchez, Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natchez,_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TAI5-10"},{"link_name":"My Wicked, Wicked Ways: The Legend of Errol Flynn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Wicked,_Wicked_Ways:_The_Legend_of_Errol_Flynn"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Variety-5"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TAI6-11"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CE-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Variety-5"}],"sub_title":"Television movies","text":"During the 1970s and 1980s, he worked on numerous television movies, including Steven Spielberg's Something Evil (1972). One of his favorites was the television movie Visions (1972), for which he designed a large rubble scene to show the aftermath from the explosion of a water treatment plant.[11]He received an Emmy nomination for his art direction on Rascals and Robbers: The Secret Adventures of Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn (1982). Much of his work on that project involved selecting locations in Natchez, Mississippi.[10]He received his final Emmy nomination for My Wicked, Wicked Ways: The Legend of Errol Flynn (1985).[5] Heschong recalled that the number of sets was enormous, and executives became very nervous about the budget. As a result, he had to cut many corners.[11]In all, Heschong was art director or production designer on more than 2,500 productions.[3][5]","title":"Television career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Marries-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Variety-5"},{"link_name":"Encino, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encino,_California"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LAT-4"},{"link_name":"Art Directors Guild Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Directors_Guild_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Heschong married former Naomi Eva Harris in 1946.[1] They had three children, Gregg, Eric, and Lisa.[5] He lived in Encino, California. In 2001, he died of a cerebral hemorrhage at his home at age 82.[4] He was posthumously inducted into the Art Directors Guild Hall of Fame in 2011.[12]","title":"Personal life and later years"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pulitzer Prize Playhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_Playhouse"},{"link_name":"You Can't Take It with You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=You_Can%27t_Take_It_with_You_(Pulitzer_Prize_Playhouse)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Celanese Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celanese_Theatre"},{"link_name":"United States Steel Hour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Steel_Hour"},{"link_name":"P.O.W.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P.O.W._(United_States_Steel_Hour)"},{"link_name":"No Time for Sergeants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Time_for_Sergeants_(United_States_Steel_Hour)"},{"link_name":"Climax!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climax!"},{"link_name":"The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Huckleberry_Finn_(Climax!)"},{"link_name":"Judy Garland Musical Special","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judy_Garland_Musical_Special_(General_Electric_Theater)"},{"link_name":"Playhouse 90","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playhouse_90"},{"link_name":"Requiem for a Heavyweight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Requiem_for_a_Heavyweight"},{"link_name":"The Miracle Worker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Miracle_Worker_(Playhouse_90)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Helen Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Morgan_(Playhouse_90)"},{"link_name":"The Hostess with the Mostes'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hostess_with_the_Mostes%27_(Playhouse_90)"},{"link_name":"Seven Against the Wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Against_the_Wall"},{"link_name":"Judgment at Nuremberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judgment_at_Nuremberg_(Playhouse_90)"},{"link_name":"Studio One in Hollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studio_One_(American_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Adventures in Paradise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventures_in_Paradise_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Have Gun – Will Travel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Have_Gun_%E2%80%93_Will_Travel"},{"link_name":"The Great Adventure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Adventure_(American_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Gunsmoke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunsmoke"},{"link_name":"The Wild Wild West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wild_Wild_West"},{"link_name":"Hawaii Five-O","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii_Five-O_(1968_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The Bob Newhart Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bob_Newhart_Show"},{"link_name":"Rascals and Robbers: The Secret Adventures of Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rascals_and_Robbers:_The_Secret_Adventures_of_Tom_Sawyer_and_Huckleberry_Finn"},{"link_name":"My Wicked, Wicked Ways: The Legend of Errol Flynn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Wicked,_Wicked_Ways:_The_Legend_of_Errol_Flynn"},{"link_name":"Extreme Prejudice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_Prejudice_(film)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Eisenhower and Lutz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eisenhower_and_Lutz"},{"link_name":"Annie McGuire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie_McGuire_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Flight of the Intruder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_of_the_Intruder"}],"text":"Pulitzer Prize Playhouse\nYou Can't Take It with You (1950, art director)\nCelanese Theatre (1951–1952)\nAbe Lincoln in Illinois (1950)\nWinterset (1951)\nAh Wilderness (1951)\nAnna Christie (1952)\nThe Street Scene (1952)\nUnited States Steel Hour (1953–1955, production designer, 3 episodes)\nP.O.W. (1953, production designer)\nThe Last Notch (1954)\nHedda Gabler (1954)\nA Garden in the Sea (1954)\nNo Time for Sergeants (1955, production designer)\nFreighter (1955)\nClimax! (1955–1956)\nDr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1955)\nThe Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1955)\nThe Circular Staircase (1956)\nJudy Garland Musical Special (1956)\nPlayhouse 90 (1957–1959, art director, 12 episodes)\nRequiem for a Heavyweight (1956, art director)\nThe Miracle Worker (1957)\nHelen Morgan (1957, art director)\nThe Hostess with the Mostes' (1957, art director)\nSeven Against the Wall (1958, art director)\nJudgment at Nuremberg (1959, art director)\nStudio One in Hollywood (1958, art director, 1 episode)\nAdventures in Paradise (1959–1960, art director)\nHave Gun – Will Travel (1961, art director)\nThe Great Adventure (1963–1964, art director)\n\"The Hunley\"\nGunsmoke (1961–1973, art director)\nThe Wild Wild West (1965–1967, art director)\nHawaii Five-O (1968–1969, art director)\nThe Bob Newhart Show (1975–1976, art director)\nRascals and Robbers: The Secret Adventures of Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn (1982)\nMy Wicked, Wicked Ways: The Legend of Errol Flynn (1985)\nExtreme Prejudice (1987, production designer)[13]\nEisenhower and Lutz (1988, art director)\nAnnie McGuire (1988, art director)\nFlight of the Intruder (1991, art director)","title":"Selected works"}]	[{"image_text":"Have Gun, Will Travel","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Richard_Boone_Paladin_1962.JPG/120px-Richard_Boone_Paladin_1962.JPG"},{"image_text":"Cara Williams","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Cara_Williams.JPG/120px-Cara_Williams.JPG"},{"image_text":"The Wild, Wild West","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Ross_Martin_Robert_Conrad_Wild_Wild_West_1965.JPG/130px-Ross_Martin_Robert_Conrad_Wild_Wild_West_1965.JPG"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Playhouse Designer Marries in New York\". The Kingston Daily Freeman. May 29, 1946. p. 8 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/60107740/playhouse-designer-marries-in-new-york/","url_text":"\"Playhouse Designer Marries in New York\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Albert Heschong\". Interview. The Academy of Television Arts & Sciences Foundation. Retrieved September 28, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://interviews.televisionacademy.com/interviews/albert-heschong","url_text":"\"Albert Heschong\""}]},{"reference":"Rebecca Billman (March 13, 2001). \"Albert Heschong an Emmy-winning TV art designer\". The Cincinnati Enquirer. p. B4 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/60104101/obituary-for-albert-heschong-aged-82/","url_text":"\"Albert Heschong an Emmy-winning TV art designer\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Albert Heschong Won Emmy for Set Design\". Los Angeles Times. March 11, 2001. p. B12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2001-mar-11-me-36364-story.html","url_text":"\"Albert Heschong Won Emmy for Set Design\""}]},{"reference":"\"Albert Heschong\". Variety. March 11, 2001.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2001/scene/people-news/albert-heschong-1117795072/","url_text":"\"Albert Heschong\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"}]},{"reference":"\"Cincinnatian Scoring In Video\". The Cincinnati Enquirer. October 21, 1950 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/60107061/albert-heschong/","url_text":"\"Cincinnatian Scoring In Video\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Art Directors Guild to Induct Three Additional Legendary Production Designers Into Its Hall of Fame on February 5, 2011\" (PDF). Art Directors Guild. September 14, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://assets.adg.org/media/press/2018-05-05_00-01-13/HALL_OF_FAME_Inductees_for_2011.pdf","url_text":"\"Art Directors Guild to Induct Three Additional Legendary Production Designers Into Its Hall of Fame on February 5, 2011\""}]},{"reference":"Janet Maslin (April 24, 1987). \"Film: 'Extreme Prejudice'\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulian_Crommelin_Verplanck	Gulian C. Verplanck	["1 Early life","2 Career","2.1 Political career","2.2 Writing career","3 Personal life","3.1 Descendants","3.2 Memberships and organizations","4 See also","5 References"]	American politician "Gulian Verplanck" redirects here. For the Speaker of the NY Assembly, see Gulian Verplanck (speaker). For the Dutch-American fur trader, see Gulian Verplanck (1637–1684). Gulian C. VerplanckPortrait of Verplanck by John Wesley Jarvis, ca. 1811Member of the New York State Senatefrom the 1st District (Class 3)In officeJanuary 1, 1838 – 1841Preceded byCharles L. LivingstonSucceeded byIsaac L. VarianMember of the U.S. House of Representativesfrom New York's 3rd districtIn officeMarch 4, 1825 – March 3, 1833Preceded byPeter SharpeJohn J. MorganSucceeded byDudley SeldenCornelius Van Wyck LawrenceMember of the New York State Assembly from New York CountyIn officeJuly 1, 1820 – December 31, 1823 Personal detailsBornGulian Crommelin Verplanck(1786-08-06)August 6, 1786Manhattan, New York, U.S.DiedMarch 18, 1870(1870-03-18) (aged 83)Manhattan, New York, U.S.Political partyDem.-Rep./Bucktail (Assembly)Jacksonian (US Congress)Whig (NY Senate)Spouse Mary Elizabeth Fenno (m. 1811; died 1817)ChildrenWilliam Samuel VerplanckGulian VerplanckParent(s)Daniel C. VerplanckElizabeth JohnsonRelativesWilliam Samuel Johnson (maternal grandfather)Alma materColumbia College Gulian Crommelin Verplanck (August 6, 1786 – March 18, 1870) was an American attorney, politician, and writer. He was elected to the New York State Assembly and Senate, and later to the United States House of Representatives from New York, where he served as chairman of the influential House Ways and Means Committee. He served in a number of appointed positions of major institutions in New York: governor of New York Hospital; regent of the University of the State of New York, where in 1858, he became its Vice Chancellor, serving until his death more than a decade later; and President of the Board of Commissioners of Immigration for more than two decades. Verplanck published articles and poetry in the North American Review, and was counted among the "Knickerbocker group". As a young man, he was among the organizers of the American Academy of the Fine Arts in New York City, which opened in 1802. It was intended to promote the study of classical art and help establish the city as a center of art. With tastes changing, it closed in 1840. Early life Gulian Crommelin Verplanck was born on August 6, 1786, in the family mansion at 3 Wall Street in New York City. He was the son of Elizabeth Johnson (d. 1789) and Congressman Daniel C. Verplanck (1762–1834), descendant of Dutch colonists. In 1789, his widowed father remarried to Ann Walton, and thereafter Gulian was brought up by his paternal grandmother, Judith Crommelin Verplanck. His great-uncle was Gulian Verplanck (1751–1799), two-time Speaker of the New York State Assembly. His maternal grandfather was William Samuel Johnson (1727–1819), the 3rd President of Columbia College and a U.S. Senator from Connecticut, and his great-grandfather was Samuel Johnson (1696-1772), the 1st President of Kings College. In 1801, he graduated from Columbia College with a B.A. and then proceeded to "read law" with Edward Livingston. Career Verplanck was admitted to the bar in 1807, and had a law office at 51 Wall Street. In 1808, he was the first secretary for the newly formed Washington Benevolent Society, a Federalist-affiliated club that engaged in political activity and electioneering. An 1809 speech in front of the club members, which was then meeting at the old North Dutch Church, was considered "his entrance into public life." In 1811, he was fined $200 (~$3,662 in 2023) for inciting a riot at a Columbia College commencement at Trinity Church when the presiding officer declined to confer a degree upon a student who had made political statements with which the faculty disagreed. Mayor DeWitt Clinton presided over the trial, and as he was seeking Federalist support against President James Madison in the upcoming election, it was thought that this may have influenced his conduct of the trial. Political career Verplanck was elected as a member of the New York State Assembly in 1820–21, 1822 and 1823. Although he had earlier been a Federalist, he was elected as a Jacksonian to the 19th, 20th, and as a Democrat to the 21st and 22nd United States Congresses, holding office from March 4, 1825, to March 3, 1833. He was Chairman of the Committee on Ways and Means (22nd Congress). While there one of his leading acts was to secure the extension of the period of copyrights. In 1833, when President Andrew Jackson began his quest to suppress the Second Bank of the United States, Verplanck left the Democrats. In April 1834, at the first popular election for Mayor of New York City, Verplanck was the candidate of the emerging Whig Party but was narrowly defeated (sources range from 181 to 213 votes) by Cornelius Van Wyck Lawrence. Afterwards Verplanck kept his own counsel in politics and supported William Henry Harrison (Whig), James K. Polk (Dem.), Zachary Taylor (Whig) and James Buchanan (Dem.) for president, remaining a Democrat thereafter. Verplanck was a member of the New York State Senate (1st D.) from 1838 to 1841, sitting in the 61st, 62nd, 63rd and 64th New York State Legislatures. He was appointed as the President of the Board of Commissioners of Immigration, serving from 1846 until his death in 1870. He was a delegate to the New York State Constitutional Convention of 1867–68. Writing career Photograph of Verplanck taken between 1855 and 1865Portrait of Verplanck by Mathew Brady In his literary life, Verplanck was a contributor to the North American Review, perhaps best known for his denunciation of Knickerbocker's History of New York, by Washington Irving. In 1819, he wrote verse satires against Dewitt Clinton; these were generally known as The Bucktail Bards. On the request of Harper Brothers, he edited a set of Shakespeare. Through his writing, he was considered part of the so-called "Knickerbocker group", which included Irving, William Cullen Bryant, James Kirke Paulding, Fitz-Greene Halleck, Joseph Rodman Drake, Robert Charles Sands, Lydia Maria Child, and Nathaniel Parker Willis. Personal life Eliza Fenno Verplanck, portrait by Edward Greene Malbone On October 2, 1811, he married Mary Elizabeth Fenno, a daughter of Mary Curtis and John Fenno (1751–1798), a Federalist Party editor and publisher of Gazette of the United States. One of her sisters married Josiah Ogden Hoffman (1766–1837), the New York Attorney General, and another married John Rodman (1775–1847), the New York County District Attorney. Together, Verplanck and Mary Eliza had two sons: William Samuel Verplanck (1812–1885), who married Anna Biddle Newlin (1816–1883), daughter of Robert Newlin (1770–1840) and niece of Maj. Gen. Jacob Brown, on November 17, 1837. Gulian Verplanck (1815–1845), who died unmarried While traveling abroad, Mary Verplanck died in 1817 in Paris. She was buried there at the Père Lachaise Cemetery. Verplanck died at his residence in 14th Street in New York City on March 18, 1870. He was buried at the Trinity Churchyard in Fishkill, New York. Descendants Through his eldest son William, Verplanck was the grandfather of: Eliza Fenmo Verplanck (b. 1838), who married Benjamin Richards; Mary Newlin Verplanck (1840–1881), who married her cousin Samuel William Johnson (1830–1909); Robert Newlin Verplanck (1842–1908), who married Katharine Van Bensehoten (b. 1857); Daniel Crommelin Verplanck (1845–1854); Anna Verplanck (1846–1891), who married Samuel Hicks Clapp; Jeannette Verplanck (b. 1849), who married Theodore M. Etting; Gelyna Verplanck (b. 1852), who married Louis Fitzgerald; William Edward Verplanck (1856–1928), who married Virginia Everett Darby. Verplanck is the ancestor of William Samuel Verplanck, Jr. (1916–2002), a psychologist who conducted a series of significant experiments in the fields of ethology, experimental psychology, and especially in the field of radical behaviorism. Memberships and organizations Verplanck spent the greater part of his life in New York City and in 1820, he was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society. He served as a professor at the General Theological Seminary in New York City from 1821 to 1824. He was one of the governors of the New York Hospital from 1823 to 1865. In 1826, he was elected a regent of the University of the State of New York, and in 1858 became its Vice Chancellor, remaining in office until his death. Verplanck was one of the founding members of the Century Club and was its president at the time of his death. See also Biography portal Mount Gulian References Notes ^ a b c "VERPLANCK, Gulian Crommelin - Biographical Information". bioguide.congress.gov. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 22 February 2017. ^ a b c "GULIAN C. VERPLANCK.; His Life, Character and Writings--Discourse by Wm. Cullen Bryant Before the Historical Society" (PDF). The New York Times. May 18, 1870. Retrieved 22 February 2017. ^ a b c West, Herbert F. (5 August 1951). "He Found Adams Dull". The New York Times. Retrieved 22 February 2017. ^ The Crommelin Family Foundation, NL ^ a b c d "OBITUARY.; Hon. Gulian C. Verplanck--Action of the Board of Commissioners of Emigration". The New York Times. 19 March 1870. Retrieved 22 February 2017. ^ a b Daly, Charles P., Gulian C. Verplanck: His Ancestry, Life, and Character, D. Appleton & Co., New York, 1870 ^ a b c "Gulian C. Verplanck Letters", Special Collections Research Center, Syracuse University Libraries ^ Butterfield, Kevin (2010-01-01). "Unbound by Law: Association and Autonomy in the Early American Republic". All Theses and Dissertations (ETDs). doi:10.7936/K7XW4GWJ. ^ a b c Daly, Charles P. (Charles Patrick) (1870). Gulian C. Verplanck; his ancestry, life, and character. Cornell University Library. New York, D. Appleton & company. ^ a b Bergen, Tunis Garret. "Verplanck", Genealogies of the State of New York, Vol. 2, Lewis Historical Publishing Company, 1915 ^ a b c d e f g h i j Bergen, Tunis Garret (1915). Genealogies of the State of New York: A Record of the Achievements of Her People in the Making of a Commonwealth and the Founding of a Nation. Lewis Historical Publishing Company. Retrieved 22 February 2017. ^ A Political History of the State of New York by DeAlva Stanwood Alexander (Vol. 1, pages 334ff) ^ Nelson, Randy F. The Almanac of American Letters. Los Altos, California: William Kaufmann, Inc., 1981: 30. ISBN 0-86576-008-X ^ a b "Obituary 1 -- No Title". The New York Times. 24 December 1885. Retrieved 22 February 2017. ^ "WILLIAM E. VERPLANCK.; Retired Lawyer and Member of Old New York Family Dies". The New York Times. December 19, 1928. Retrieved 22 February 2017. ^ Morris, EK; Todd, JT; Midgley, BD; Schneider, SM; Johnson, LM (1990). "The history of behavior analysis: Some historiography and a bibliography". Behav Anal. 13 (2): 131–58. doi:10.1007/BF03392530. PMC 2733434. PMID 22478061. ^ "APA PsycNet". psycnet.apa.org. Retrieved February 21, 2013. ^ American Antiquarian Society Members Directory Sources Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gulian Crommelin Verplanck. Robert W. July, The Essential New Yorker: Gulian Crommelin Verplanck, Duke University Press, 1951. United States Congress. "Gulian C. Verplanck (id: V000089)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. The New York Civil List compiled by Franklin Benjamin Hough (pages 71f, 93, 131ff, 147, 197ff, 313, 338 ; Weed, Parsons and Co., 1858) OBITUARY; Hon. Gulian C. Verplanck in NYT on March 19, 1870 GULIAN C. VERPLANCK.; His Life, Character and Writings in NYT on May 18, 1870 U.S. House of Representatives Preceded byPeter Sharpe, John J. Morgan, Churchill C. Cambreleng Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from New York's 3rd congressional district 1825–1833 with Churchill C. Cambreleng 1825-33, Jeromus Johnson 1825-29and Campbell P. White 1829-33 Succeeded byDudley Selden, Campbell P. White, Cornelius Van Wyck Lawrence, Churchill C. Cambreleng New York State Senate Preceded byCharles L. Livingston New York State Senate First District (Class 3) 1838–1841 Succeeded byIsaac L. Varian vteChairmen of the United States House Committee on Ways and Means Fitzsimons W. Smith Harper Griswold Randolph Clay G. Campbell Eppes Bacon Cheves Eppes Lowndes S. Smith McLane Randolph McDuffie Verplanck Polk Cambreleng J. W. Jones Fillmore McKay Vinton Bayly Houston L. Campbell J. G. Jones Phelps Sherman Stevens Morrill Schenck Hooper Dawes Morrison Wood Tucker Kelley Morrison R. Mills McKinley Springer Wilson Dingley Payne Underwood Kitchin Fordney Green Hawley Collier Doughton Knutson Doughton Reed Cooper W. Mills Ullman Rostenkowski Gibbons Archer Thomas Rangel Levin Camp Ryan Johnson Brady Neal J. Smith Italics indicates acting chairman Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Israel Belgium United States People US Congress Other SNAC IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gulian Verplanck (speaker)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulian_Verplanck_(speaker)"},{"link_name":"Gulian Verplanck (1637–1684)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulian_Verplanck_(1637%E2%80%931684)"},{"link_name":"New York State Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Assembly"},{"link_name":"United States House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"House Ways and Means Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_Ways_and_Means_Committee"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LifeCharacterWritings-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-West1951-3"},{"link_name":"New York Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NewYork%E2%80%93Presbyterian_Hospital"},{"link_name":"University of the State of New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_the_State_of_New_York"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LifeCharacterWritings-2"},{"link_name":"North American Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Review"},{"link_name":"Knickerbocker group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Knickerbocker"},{"link_name":"American Academy of the Fine Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Academy_of_the_Fine_Arts"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LifeCharacterWritings-2"}],"text":"\"Gulian Verplanck\" redirects here. For the Speaker of the NY Assembly, see Gulian Verplanck (speaker). For the Dutch-American fur trader, see Gulian Verplanck (1637–1684).Gulian Crommelin Verplanck (August 6, 1786 – March 18, 1870) was an American attorney, politician, and writer. He was elected to the New York State Assembly and Senate, and later to the United States House of Representatives from New York, where he served as chairman of the influential House Ways and Means Committee.[2][3]He served in a number of appointed positions of major institutions in New York: governor of New York Hospital; regent of the University of the State of New York, where in 1858, he became its Vice Chancellor, serving until his death more than a decade later; and President of the Board of Commissioners of Immigration for more than two decades.[2]Verplanck published articles and poetry in the North American Review, and was counted among the \"Knickerbocker group\". As a young man, he was among the organizers of the American Academy of the Fine Arts in New York City, which opened in 1802. It was intended to promote the study of classical art and help establish the city as a center of art. With tastes changing, it closed in 1840.[2]","title":"Gulian C. Verplanck"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wall Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall_Street"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Daniel C. 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He was the son of Elizabeth Johnson (d. 1789) and Congressman Daniel C. Verplanck (1762–1834), descendant of Dutch colonists. In 1789, his widowed father remarried to Ann Walton, and thereafter Gulian was brought up by his paternal grandmother, Judith Crommelin Verplanck. His great-uncle was Gulian Verplanck (1751–1799), two-time Speaker of the New York State Assembly. His maternal grandfather was William Samuel Johnson (1727–1819), the 3rd President of Columbia College and a U.S. Senator from Connecticut, and his great-grandfather was Samuel Johnson (1696-1772), the 1st President of Kings College.[4][5]In 1801, he graduated from Columbia College with a B.A. and then proceeded to \"read law\" with Edward Livingston.[6]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTObit1870-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sul-7"},{"link_name":"Washington Benevolent Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Benevolent_Societies"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Daly_1870-9"},{"link_name":"Columbia College commencement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University_commencement"},{"link_name":"Trinity Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_Church_(Manhattan)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Daly_1870-9"},{"link_name":"DeWitt Clinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeWitt_Clinton"},{"link_name":"James Madison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Madison"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Daly-6"}],"text":"Verplanck was admitted to the bar in 1807,[5] and had a law office at 51 Wall Street.[7] In 1808, he was the first secretary for the newly formed Washington Benevolent Society, a Federalist-affiliated club that engaged in political activity and electioneering.[8] An 1809 speech in front of the club members, which was then meeting at the old North Dutch Church, was considered \"his entrance into public life.\"[9] In 1811, he was fined $200 (~$3,662 in 2023) for inciting a riot at a Columbia College commencement at Trinity Church when the presiding officer declined to confer a degree upon a student who had made political statements with which the faculty disagreed.[9] Mayor DeWitt Clinton presided over the trial, and as he was seeking Federalist support against President James Madison in the upcoming election, it was thought that this may have influenced his conduct of the trial.[6]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York State Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Assembly"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTObit1870-5"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Daly_1870-9"},{"link_name":"19th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19th_United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"20th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"Democrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"21st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21st_United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"22nd United States Congresses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/22nd_United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"Committee on Ways and Means","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Ways_and_Means"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sul-7"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bergen-10"},{"link_name":"Andrew Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson"},{"link_name":"Second Bank of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Bank_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bergen1915-11"},{"link_name":"Mayor of New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_New_York_City"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bioguide-1"},{"link_name":"Whig Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Whig_Party"},{"link_name":"Cornelius Van Wyck Lawrence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelius_Van_Wyck_Lawrence"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"William Henry Harrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison"},{"link_name":"James K. 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He was Chairman of the Committee on Ways and Means (22nd Congress).[7] While there one of his leading acts was to secure the extension of the period of copyrights.[10] In 1833, when President Andrew Jackson began his quest to suppress the Second Bank of the United States, Verplanck left the Democrats.[11]In April 1834, at the first popular election for Mayor of New York City,[1] Verplanck was the candidate of the emerging Whig Party but was narrowly defeated (sources range from 181 to 213 votes) by Cornelius Van Wyck Lawrence.[12] Afterwards Verplanck kept his own counsel in politics and supported William Henry Harrison (Whig), James K. Polk (Dem.), Zachary Taylor (Whig) and James Buchanan (Dem.) for president, remaining a Democrat thereafter.[11]Verplanck was a member of the New York State Senate (1st D.) from 1838 to 1841, sitting in the 61st, 62nd, 63rd and 64th New York State Legislatures.[11]He was appointed as the President of the Board of Commissioners of Immigration, serving from 1846 until his death in 1870. He was a delegate to the New York State Constitutional Convention of 1867–68.[11]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GCVerplanck.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gulian_Crommelin_Verplanck_by_Mathew_Brady.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mathew Brady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathew_Brady"},{"link_name":"North American Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Review"},{"link_name":"Washington Irving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Irving"},{"link_name":"Dewitt Clinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dewitt_Clinton"},{"link_name":"Harper Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harper_(publisher)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bergen-10"},{"link_name":"Knickerbocker group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Knickerbocker"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-West1951-3"},{"link_name":"William Cullen Bryant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Cullen_Bryant"},{"link_name":"James Kirke Paulding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Kirke_Paulding"},{"link_name":"Fitz-Greene Halleck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitz-Greene_Halleck"},{"link_name":"Joseph Rodman Drake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Rodman_Drake"},{"link_name":"Robert Charles Sands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Charles_Sands"},{"link_name":"Lydia Maria Child","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lydia_Maria_Child"},{"link_name":"Nathaniel Parker Willis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathaniel_Parker_Willis"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTObit1870-5"}],"sub_title":"Writing career","text":"Photograph of Verplanck taken between 1855 and 1865Portrait of Verplanck by Mathew BradyIn his literary life, Verplanck was a contributor to the North American Review, perhaps best known for his denunciation of Knickerbocker's History of New York, by Washington Irving. In 1819, he wrote verse satires against Dewitt Clinton; these were generally known as The Bucktail Bards. On the request of Harper Brothers, he edited a set of Shakespeare.[10]Through his writing, he was considered part of the so-called \"Knickerbocker group\",[3] which included Irving, William Cullen Bryant, James Kirke Paulding, Fitz-Greene Halleck, Joseph Rodman Drake, Robert Charles Sands, Lydia Maria Child, and Nathaniel Parker Willis.[13][5]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eliza_Fenno_Verplanck-Edward_Greene_Malbone_(page_197_crop).jpg"},{"link_name":"Edward Greene Malbone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Greene_Malbone"},{"link_name":"John Fenno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Fenno"},{"link_name":"Federalist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalist_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Gazette of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gazette_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Josiah Ogden Hoffman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josiah_Ogden_Hoffman"},{"link_name":"New York Attorney General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Attorney_General"},{"link_name":"John Rodman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Rodman"},{"link_name":"New York County District Attorney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_County_District_Attorney"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bergen1915-11"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WSVObit1885-14"},{"link_name":"Jacob Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Brown_(general)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bergen1915-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bergen1915-11"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"Père Lachaise Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A8re_Lachaise_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bergen1915-11"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bioguide-1"},{"link_name":"Fishkill, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishkill,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bergen1915-11"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-West1951-3"}],"text":"Eliza Fenno Verplanck, portrait by Edward Greene MalboneOn October 2, 1811, he married Mary Elizabeth Fenno, a daughter of Mary Curtis and John Fenno (1751–1798), a Federalist Party editor and publisher of Gazette of the United States. One of her sisters married Josiah Ogden Hoffman (1766–1837), the New York Attorney General, and another married John Rodman (1775–1847), the New York County District Attorney. Together, Verplanck and Mary Eliza had two sons:[11]William Samuel Verplanck (1812–1885),[14] who married Anna Biddle Newlin (1816–1883), daughter of Robert Newlin (1770–1840) and niece of Maj. Gen. Jacob Brown, on November 17, 1837.[11]\nGulian Verplanck (1815–1845), who died unmarried[11]While traveling abroad, Mary Verplanck died in 1817 in Paris. She was buried there at the Père Lachaise Cemetery.[11] Verplanck died at his residence in 14th Street in New York City on March 18, 1870.[1] He was buried at the Trinity Churchyard in Fishkill, New York.[11][3]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bergen1915-11"},{"link_name":"Samuel William Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_William_Johnson"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WSVObit1885-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WEVObit1928-15"},{"link_name":"William Samuel Verplanck, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Samuel_Verplanck_Junior"},{"link_name":"ethology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethology"},{"link_name":"experimental psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimental_psychology"},{"link_name":"radical behaviorism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_behaviorism"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Descendants","text":"Through his eldest son William, Verplanck was the grandfather of:[11]Eliza Fenmo Verplanck (b. 1838), who married Benjamin Richards;\nMary Newlin Verplanck (1840–1881), who married her cousin Samuel William Johnson (1830–1909);\nRobert Newlin Verplanck (1842–1908), who married Katharine Van Bensehoten (b. 1857);\nDaniel Crommelin Verplanck (1845–1854);\nAnna Verplanck (1846–1891), who married Samuel Hicks Clapp;\nJeannette Verplanck (b. 1849), who married Theodore M. Etting;\nGelyna Verplanck (b. 1852), who married Louis Fitzgerald;\nWilliam Edward Verplanck (1856–1928), who married Virginia Everett Darby.[14][15]Verplanck is the ancestor of William Samuel Verplanck, Jr. (1916–2002), a psychologist who conducted a series of significant experiments in the fields of ethology, experimental psychology, and especially in the field of radical behaviorism.[16][17]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Antiquarian Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Antiquarian_Society"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"General Theological Seminary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Theological_Seminary"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sul-7"},{"link_name":"New York Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York%E2%80%93Presbyterian_Hospital"},{"link_name":"University of the State of New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_the_State_of_New_York"},{"link_name":"Century Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Century_Association"}],"sub_title":"Memberships and organizations","text":"Verplanck spent the greater part of his life in New York City and in 1820, he was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society.[18] He served as a professor at the General Theological Seminary in New York City from 1821 to 1824.[7] He was one of the governors of the New York Hospital from 1823 to 1865. In 1826, he was elected a regent of the University of the State of New York, and in 1858 became its Vice Chancellor, remaining in office until his death. Verplanck was one of the founding members of the Century Club and was its president at the time of his death.","title":"Personal life"}]	[{"image_text":"Photograph of Verplanck taken between 1855 and 1865","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/GCVerplanck.jpg/220px-GCVerplanck.jpg"},{"image_text":"Portrait of Verplanck by Mathew Brady","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Gulian_Crommelin_Verplanck_by_Mathew_Brady.jpg/220px-Gulian_Crommelin_Verplanck_by_Mathew_Brady.jpg"},{"image_text":"Eliza Fenno Verplanck, portrait by Edward Greene Malbone","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Eliza_Fenno_Verplanck-Edward_Greene_Malbone_%28page_197_crop%29.jpg/220px-Eliza_Fenno_Verplanck-Edward_Greene_Malbone_%28page_197_crop%29.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Biography portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Biography"},{"title":"Mount Gulian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Gulian"}]	[{"reference":"\"VERPLANCK, Gulian Crommelin - Biographical Information\". bioguide.congress.gov. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 22 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=V000089","url_text":"\"VERPLANCK, Gulian Crommelin - Biographical Information\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress","url_text":"Biographical Directory of the United States Congress"}]},{"reference":"\"GULIAN C. VERPLANCK.; His Life, Character and Writings--Discourse by Wm. Cullen Bryant Before the Historical Society\" (PDF). The New York Times. May 18, 1870. Retrieved 22 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1870/05/18/87588676.pdf","url_text":"\"GULIAN C. VERPLANCK.; His Life, Character and Writings--Discourse by Wm. Cullen Bryant Before the Historical Society\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"West, Herbert F. (5 August 1951). \"He Found Adams Dull\". The New York Times. Retrieved 22 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1951/08/05/archives/he-found-adams-dull.html","url_text":"\"He Found Adams Dull\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"OBITUARY.; Hon. Gulian C. Verplanck--Action of the Board of Commissioners of Emigration\". The New York Times. 19 March 1870. Retrieved 22 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1870/03/19/archives/obituary-hon-gulian-c-verplanckaction-of-the-board-of-commissioners.html","url_text":"\"OBITUARY.; Hon. Gulian C. Verplanck--Action of the Board of Commissioners of Emigration\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Butterfield, Kevin (2010-01-01). \"Unbound by Law: Association and Autonomy in the Early American Republic\". All Theses and Dissertations (ETDs). doi:10.7936/K7XW4GWJ.","urls":[{"url":"https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/etd/50","url_text":"\"Unbound by Law: Association and Autonomy in the Early American Republic\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.7936%2FK7XW4GWJ","url_text":"10.7936/K7XW4GWJ"}]},{"reference":"Daly, Charles P. (Charles Patrick) (1870). Gulian C. Verplanck; his ancestry, life, and character. Cornell University Library. New York, D. Appleton & company.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.org/details/cu31924022207454","url_text":"Gulian C. Verplanck; his ancestry, life, and character"}]},{"reference":"Bergen, Tunis Garret (1915). Genealogies of the State of New York: A Record of the Achievements of Her People in the Making of a Commonwealth and the Founding of a Nation. Lewis Historical Publishing Company. Retrieved 22 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wekpAQAAMAAJ&q=Robert+N.+Verplanck&pg=PA749","url_text":"Genealogies of the State of New York: A Record of the Achievements of Her People in the Making of a Commonwealth and the Founding of a Nation"}]},{"reference":"\"Obituary 1 -- No Title\". The New York Times. 24 December 1885. Retrieved 22 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1885/12/24/archives/obituary-1-no-title.html","url_text":"\"Obituary 1 -- No Title\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"WILLIAM E. VERPLANCK.; Retired Lawyer and Member of Old New York Family Dies\". The New York Times. December 19, 1928. Retrieved 22 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1928/12/19/95682466.html?pageNumber=24","url_text":"\"WILLIAM E. 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PMID 22478061.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2733434","url_text":"\"The history of behavior analysis: Some historiography and a bibliography\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF03392530","url_text":"10.1007/BF03392530"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2733434","url_text":"2733434"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22478061","url_text":"22478061"}]},{"reference":"\"APA PsycNet\". psycnet.apa.org. Retrieved February 21, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/amp/58/6-7/491/","url_text":"\"APA PsycNet\""}]},{"reference":"United States Congress. \"Gulian C. Verplanck (id: V000089)\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=V000089","url_text":"\"Gulian C. Verplanck (id: V000089)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress","url_text":"Biographical Directory of the United States Congress"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=V000089","external_links_name":"\"VERPLANCK, Gulian Crommelin - Biographical Information\""},{"Link":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1870/05/18/87588676.pdf","external_links_name":"\"GULIAN C. VERPLANCK.; His Life, Character and Writings--Discourse by Wm. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_University_of_Brussels	Catholic University of Brussels	["1 See also","2 External links"]	Coordinates: 50°51′45″N 04°19′39″E / 50.86250°N 4.32750°E / 50.86250; 4.32750The Katholieke Universiteit Brussel (English: Catholic University of Brussels) was a Flemish university located in Brussels, founded in 1969 as University Faculties St Aloysius (UFSAL), in many ways the equivalent of a liberal arts college. It split up from the primarily French-speaking Saint-Louis University, Brussels to become an independent Dutch-speaking institution. It became recognised as a university by the Flemish Community of Belgium in the early 1990s. It only ever awarded basic undergraduate degrees, which in the older Belgian system of a four-year licenciate meant students had to go on to other universities to complete their courses of study. In the late 1990s, as a result of politically fuelled doubts about the university's survival, student levels fell drastically, with a knock-on effect on government funding. In 2007 the university merged with a number of other tertiary institutions in Brussels (see Hogeschool-Universiteit Brussel (HUB, European University College Brussels)), and then had a separate existence only as a legal fiction for accreditation and funding purposes. In 2013, the academic degrees of the KUB were integrated in the Catholic University of Leuven. See also List of split up universities External links More information about higher education in Flanders/Belgium (in English) Find an officially recognised programme of this institution in the Higher Education Register vteUniversities in BelgiumDutch-speaking Ghent University (UGent) Catholic University of Leuven (KU Leuven) University of Antwerp (UA) University of Hasselt (UHasselt) Free University of Brussels (VUB) French-speaking Saint-Louis University, Brussels Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB) University of Liège (ULiège) Catholic University of Louvain (UCLouvain) University of Mons (UMons) University of Namur (UNamur) Others Faculty for Protestant Theology Transnational University Limburg (tUL) Evangelical Theological Faculty Postgraduate Institute of Tropical Medicine College of Europe Military Royal Military Academy 50°51′45″N 04°19′39″E / 50.86250°N 4.32750°E / 50.86250; 4.32750 Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Other IdRef This Belgian university, college or other education institution article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Flemish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flanders"},{"link_name":"Brussels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels"},{"link_name":"liberal arts college","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_arts_college"},{"link_name":"Saint-Louis University, Brussels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Louis_University,_Brussels"},{"link_name":"Dutch-speaking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_language"},{"link_name":"Flemish Community of Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flemish_Community"},{"link_name":"licenciate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licenciate"},{"link_name":"Hogeschool-Universiteit Brussel (HUB, European University College Brussels)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hogeschool-Universiteit_Brussel"},{"link_name":"legal fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_fiction"}],"text":"The Katholieke Universiteit Brussel (English: Catholic University of Brussels) was a Flemish university located in Brussels, founded in 1969 as University Faculties St Aloysius (UFSAL), in many ways the equivalent of a liberal arts college. It split up from the primarily French-speaking Saint-Louis University, Brussels to become an independent Dutch-speaking institution. It became recognised as a university by the Flemish Community of Belgium in the early 1990s. It only ever awarded basic undergraduate degrees, which in the older Belgian system of a four-year licenciate meant students had to go on to other universities to complete their courses of study.In the late 1990s, as a result of politically fuelled doubts about the university's survival, student levels fell drastically, with a knock-on effect on government funding. In 2007 the university merged with a number of other tertiary institutions in Brussels (see Hogeschool-Universiteit Brussel (HUB, European University College Brussels)), and then had a separate existence only as a legal fiction for accreditation and funding purposes.In 2013, the academic degrees of the KUB were integrated in the Catholic University of Leuven.","title":"Catholic University of Brussels"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of split up universities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_split_up_universities"}]	[]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Catholic_University_of_Brussels&params=50_51_45_N_04_19_39_E_type:landmark_region:BE_source:dewiki","external_links_name":"50°51′45″N 04°19′39″E / 50.86250°N 4.32750°E / 50.86250; 4.32750"},{"Link":"http://www.highereducation.be/","external_links_name":"More information about higher education in Flanders/Belgium (in English)"},{"Link":"http://www.highereducation.be/content.php?section=zoekmachine&subsection=eenvoudig&action=zoeken","external_links_name":"Find an officially recognised programme of this institution in the Higher Education Register"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Catholic_University_of_Brussels&params=50_51_45_N_04_19_39_E_type:landmark_region:BE_source:dewiki","external_links_name":"50°51′45″N 04°19′39″E / 50.86250°N 4.32750°E / 50.86250; 4.32750"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000406330270","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/132161620","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12018583g","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12018583g","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1900517-9","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007320317105171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no95053726","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/028327438","external_links_name":"IdRef"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Catholic_University_of_Brussels&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xtra_(ISP)	Xtra (ISP)	["1 History and trading practices","1.1 ORBS","1.2 Go Large Plan","2 Web portals","3 Technical issues","3.1 Yahoo!Xtra Bubble problems","3.2 Yahoo!Xtra email problems","4 References","5 External links"]	Xtra LimitedCompany typeSubsidiaryIndustryTelecommunicationsFounded1996Incorporated 14 June 2001Defunct2008FateBrand largely retired, internet products merged into parent company SparkHeadquartersLevel 8North Tower Telecom House68 - 86 Jervois QuayWellingtonKey peopleCraig Mulholland, DirectorRoderick Snodgrass, DirectorProductsInternet service providerWebsitetelecom.co.nz/broadband (2007 archive) Xtra was a brand used by New Zealand telecommunications provider Spark (previously Telecom) for its Internet service provider subsidiary from 1996 to 2008. At its inception, Xtra provided only dial-up Internet access, but began providing ADSL service in 1999. The brand was largely retired in 2008, with internet services adopting the name of Xtra's parent company Telecom (now Spark). Today, the Xtra brand remains active only as the name of Spark's webmail service, powered by New Zealand-based SMX. The Xtra name was also used for Yahoo!Xtra, a joint venture web portal between Telecom and Yahoo!7 that operated between 2007 and 2011, as well as XtraMSN (a joint venture with MSN). History and trading practices In 1999 Telecom created New Zealand's only ADSL service. Telecom later allowed other ISPs to access its ADSL networks (under increasing government and public pressure), although some claimed that Telecom provided unfair and monopolistic terms of trade regarding its wholesale ADSL services. As a subsidiary of Telecom New Zealand, Xtra retained some of the monopoly that its parent company formerly had. To many people, this monopoly was regarded as an unfair advantage over other ISPs. Many lobbyists, including Slingshot's CEO Annette Presley, persuaded New Zealand's Communications Ministry to force the unbundling of Telecom's local loop, so as to make fairer trading terms and lessen Xtra's ISP monopoly. The company breached the Fair Trading Act 1986 at least eight times between 2003 and 2010. ORBS During 2001 Xtra and Actrix (another New Zealand Internet service provider) won a High Court injunction to force Alan Brown, the maintainer of the Open Relay Behavior-modification System (ORBS) anti-spam blacklist, to remove them from the list. ORBS was a blacklist of IP addresses relating to open mail relays like those run by Xtra, which enable spammers to send unsolicited bulk e-mail. Hundreds of organisations subscribed to the list, including Bigfoot.com and at least one other large free mail provider. They rejected e-mail from any IP address listed in ORBS. The court action led (indirectly) to the end of one of the oldest DNSBL services. Go Large Plan Xtra's "Go Large" plan was introduced as New Zealand's first completely unlimited ADSL service in November 2006. There was much public criticism and disappointment at the instability and general slowness of the newly introduced plan. The plan was advertised with unlimited data usage and maximum speed. However, it was not clearly stated on advertisements that there was a fair use policy and traffic management that restricted users to a download limit between 4pm and 12am. If one were to continually exceed this limit, they would be placed in a "download pool", or contacted with offers to switch to another plan. This triggered a lot of media attention and an investigation was launched. By 22 February 2007, Telecom decided to refund all of its Go Large customers (approximately 60,000) with amounts of at least $130 per customer. This had been caused in part by the overwhelming complaints and criticisms Telecom Xtra had received due to under-delivering on the promises of the Go Large plan. It is speculated that the refund may have cost Telecom Xtra between NZ$7.5 and 8.5 million. The plan was eventually grandfathered, and in mid-2009 was succeeded by the Big Time plan, where Xtra openly informed users about traffic management. As of 30 October 2009, Telecom cancelled the Go Large broadband plan for all existing customers, offering alternative plan options such as the Big Time plan. On 20 May 2010 Telecom cancelled Big Time, and customers were moved back to capped plans. Web portals Main article: Yahoo!Xtra Xtra's original web portal, 1996. Xtra's original web portal opened in 1996 and offered two different experiences - XWorld and Text World. Later, XVille was also introduced. You could choose which version of Xtra you visited using a front screen called Xtra Theme Park. XWorld was a virtual world where you could click on virtual buildings to perform functions (such as searching via Yahoo!). Text World was a simpler interface using just text for slower modems. This all changed in 1999 when a single, more streamlined interface was created and the current Xtra logo was first unveiled. XtraMSN was one of Xtra's trading names and was used as the branding for its default home page for customers. The name came from a deal between Xtra and MSN, a merger of Xtra's homepage xtra.co.nz with Microsoft New Zealand's msn.co.nz. Several other MSN services were cobranded with Xtra in the XtraMSN brand (e.g. Hotmail). Several versions of capitalising XtraMSN were used by Telecom and Microsoft New Zealand in their promotional literature. In 2007 Xtra changed to Yahoo! in Microsoft's place. Their main portal was then Yahoo!Xtra. Technical issues Yahoo!Xtra Bubble problems During the change from MSN to Yahoo, Telecom experienced much backlash over a change in email set up. Part of the agreement between Yahoo and Xtra provided that Xtra's email addresses be moved over to Yahoo servers in Australia. To access their Yahoo!Xtra Bubble email accounts, customers had to change advanced settings such as port numbers and authentication, in addition to basic settings such as mail server. The move to Yahoo!Xtra Bubble caused trouble for many small business owners and website hosting companies in New Zealand. Yahoo's aggressive antispam policies caused business owners to lose bookings and caused major delays for some customers in receiving emails. The Dominion Post brought the problem to the fore on 26 November 2007 and showed that responsibility for the trouble was shunned by Xtra.Xtra pushed the blame back to the hosting companies: "Telecom spokesman Nick Brown denies there are technical problems with the service, and blames web-hosting companies for forwarding mail without filtering it first for spam."The problem with their denial was that Xtra/Yahoo's email system forwarded spam in the same manner. Reports of Xtra's email troubles appeared on blogs, forums and newsletters as people realised that emails were not arriving. New Zealand Tourism Online's October 2007 newsletter reported that they "found several clients who have not been getting accommodation enquiry or booking emails due to the filter system." One of Xtra's solutions to the problem was telling their users to add the sender of the email to their contacts list. This caused the email be redirected to the inbox, however the immediate deferral of email by Yahoo's email servers could cause delays of many hours. This was a problem that Xtra inherited by joining with Yahoo. Yahoo denied that they use greylisting practices however "unusual traffic" or "complaints from Yahoo! Mail users" may trigger greylisting against your email server causing a four-hour delay. Yahoo!Xtra email problems Xtra customers were hit with multiple email spam problems from February 2013 (80,000 affected) to mid April 2013. The symptoms were suspicious spam and phishing types of email. Telecom advised customers to delete any suspicious emails and to change their account password. Problems continued in November and December, when a Yahoo-operated server went down, affecting thousands of Xtra customers in New Zealand References ^ Hedquist, Ulrika (5 May 2008). "Xtra brand dies a quiet death". Reseller News. IDG. Retrieved 11 January 2022. ^ "Xtra accused of muffling internet voice". TVNZ. 8 November 2006. Retrieved 11 September 2008. ^ "ComCom warns Telecom over act breaches". National business Review. NZPA. 12 January 2010. ^ McCarthy, Kieren (5 June 2001). "ORBS' death: Alan Brown replies". The Register. Retrieved 11 September 2008. ^ Foreman, Michael (29 May 2001). "Court forces ORBS to remove Xtra e-mail from blacklist". New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 11 September 2008. ^ "Slow broadband frustrates customers". TVNZ. 7 November 2006. Retrieved 11 September 2008. ^ "Telecom's internet arm in trouble". TVNZ. 25 November 2006. Retrieved 11 September 2008. ^ "Xtra website (as accessed from the web archives's wayback machine)". Archived from the original on 9 February 1999. Retrieved 20 March 2012. ^ "Telecom joins forces with Yahoo". TVNZ. 13 December 2006. Retrieved 11 September 2008. ^ Pullar-Strecker, Tom (26 November 2007). "Buck passed as mail binned". The Dominion Post. Retrieved 11 September 2008. ^ "October 2007 Newsletter - SPAM Filters". New Zealand Tourism Online. Retrieved 11 September 2008. ^ "Xtra and Yahoo causing major problems with email in New Zealand". Lucid Design blog. 24 October 2007. Retrieved 11 September 2008. ^ "Yahoo mail servers rejecting email". Website Design Blog. 23 October 2006. Retrieved 11 September 2008. ^ "Does Yahoo! use "greylisting" to reject messages?". Yahoo!. Archived from the original on 22 October 2007. Retrieved 11 September 2008. ^ "Receiving "421 4.7.0 Messages from x.x.x.x temporarily deferred due to user complaints - 4.16.55.1" when sending email to Yahoo!". Yahoo!. ^ "More spam hits Yahoo!Xtra customers". NZ Herald. 10 April 2013. ^ "Telecom email accounts hit by spam". Radio NZ. 1 December 2013. External links Telecom New Zealand Yahoo!Xtra	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Spark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spark_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Internet service provider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_service_provider"},{"link_name":"dial-up Internet access","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dial-up_Internet_access"},{"link_name":"ADSL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asymmetric_digital_subscriber_line"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brand_retirement-1"},{"link_name":"Yahoo!Xtra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo!Xtra"},{"link_name":"joint venture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_venture"},{"link_name":"web portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_portal"},{"link_name":"Yahoo!7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo!7"},{"link_name":"MSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MSN"}],"text":"Xtra was a brand used by New Zealand telecommunications provider Spark (previously Telecom) for its Internet service provider subsidiary from 1996 to 2008. At its inception, Xtra provided only dial-up Internet access, but began providing ADSL service in 1999.The brand was largely retired in 2008, with internet services adopting the name of Xtra's parent company Telecom (now Spark).[1] Today, the Xtra brand remains active only as the name of Spark's webmail service, powered by New Zealand-based SMX.The Xtra name was also used for Yahoo!Xtra, a joint venture web portal between Telecom and Yahoo!7 that operated between 2007 and 2011, as well as XtraMSN (a joint venture with MSN).","title":"Xtra (ISP)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"monopoly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monopoly"},{"link_name":"Slingshot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slingshot_(ISP)"},{"link_name":"local loop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_loop_unbundling"},{"link_name":"Fair Trading Act 1986","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_Trading_Act_1986"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"In 1999 Telecom created New Zealand's only ADSL service. Telecom later allowed other ISPs to access its ADSL networks (under increasing government and public pressure), although some claimed that Telecom provided unfair and monopolistic terms of trade regarding its wholesale ADSL services.[2]As a subsidiary of Telecom New Zealand, Xtra retained some of the monopoly that its parent company formerly had. To many people, this monopoly was regarded as an unfair advantage over other ISPs. Many lobbyists, including Slingshot's CEO Annette Presley, persuaded New Zealand's Communications Ministry to force the unbundling of Telecom's local loop, so as to make fairer trading terms and lessen Xtra's ISP monopoly. The company breached the Fair Trading Act 1986 at least eight times between 2003 and 2010.[3]","title":"History and trading practices"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Open Relay Behavior-modification System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Relay_Behavior-modification_System"},{"link_name":"open mail relays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_mail_relay"},{"link_name":"DNSBL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNSBL"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"ORBS","text":"During 2001 Xtra and Actrix (another New Zealand Internet service provider) won a High Court injunction to force Alan Brown, the maintainer of the Open Relay Behavior-modification System (ORBS) anti-spam blacklist, to remove them from the list. ORBS was a blacklist of IP addresses relating to open mail relays like those run by Xtra, which enable spammers to send unsolicited bulk e-mail. Hundreds of organisations subscribed to the list, including Bigfoot.com and at least one other large free mail provider. They rejected e-mail from any IP address listed in ORBS. The court action led (indirectly) to the end of one of the oldest DNSBL services.[4][5]","title":"History and trading practices"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"grandfathered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandfathering"}],"sub_title":"Go Large Plan","text":"Xtra's \"Go Large\" plan was introduced as New Zealand's first completely unlimited ADSL service in November 2006. There was much public criticism and disappointment at the instability and general slowness of the newly introduced plan.[6] The plan was advertised with unlimited data usage and maximum speed. However, it was not clearly stated on advertisements that there was a fair use policy and traffic management that restricted users to a download limit between 4pm and 12am. If one were to continually exceed this limit, they would be placed in a \"download pool\", or contacted with offers to switch to another plan.[7] This triggered a lot of media attention and an investigation was launched. By 22 February 2007, Telecom decided to refund all of its Go Large customers (approximately 60,000) with amounts of at least $130 per customer. This had been caused in part by the overwhelming complaints and criticisms Telecom Xtra had received due to under-delivering on the promises of the Go Large plan. It is speculated that the refund may have cost Telecom Xtra between NZ$7.5 and 8.5 million.The plan was eventually grandfathered, and in mid-2009 was succeeded by the Big Time plan, where Xtra openly informed users about traffic management. As of 30 October 2009, Telecom cancelled the Go Large broadband plan for all existing customers, offering alternative plan options such as the Big Time plan. On 20 May 2010 Telecom cancelled Big Time, and customers were moved back to capped plans.","title":"History and trading practices"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Telecom_Xtra_1996.png"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"XtraMSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XtraMSN"},{"link_name":"MSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MSN"},{"link_name":"xtra.co.nz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.xtra.co.nz/"},{"link_name":"msn.co.nz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.msn.co.nz/"},{"link_name":"Hotmail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotmail"},{"link_name":"Microsoft New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft"},{"link_name":"Yahoo!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo!"},{"link_name":"Microsoft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Yahoo!Xtra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo!Xtra"}],"text":"Xtra's original web portal, 1996.Xtra's original web portal opened in 1996 and offered two different experiences - XWorld and Text World. Later, XVille was also introduced. You could choose which version of Xtra you visited using a front screen called Xtra Theme Park. XWorld was a virtual world where you could click on virtual buildings to perform functions (such as searching via Yahoo!). Text World was a simpler interface using just text for slower modems.[8]This all changed in 1999 when a single, more streamlined interface was created and the current Xtra logo was first unveiled.XtraMSN was one of Xtra's trading names and was used as the branding for its default home page for customers. The name came from a deal between Xtra and MSN, a merger of Xtra's homepage xtra.co.nz with Microsoft New Zealand's msn.co.nz. Several other MSN services were cobranded with Xtra in the XtraMSN brand (e.g. Hotmail). Several versions of capitalising XtraMSN were used by Telecom and Microsoft New Zealand in their promotional literature.In 2007 Xtra changed to Yahoo! in Microsoft's place.[9] Their main portal was then Yahoo!Xtra.","title":"Web portals"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Technical issues"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Dominion Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dominion_Post_(Wellington)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Yahoo!Xtra Bubble problems","text":"During the change from MSN to Yahoo, Telecom experienced much backlash over a change in email set up. Part of the agreement between Yahoo and Xtra provided that Xtra's email addresses be moved over to Yahoo servers in Australia. To access their Yahoo!Xtra Bubble email accounts, customers had to change advanced settings such as port numbers and authentication, in addition to basic settings such as mail server.The move to Yahoo!Xtra Bubble caused trouble for many small business owners and website hosting companies in New Zealand. Yahoo's aggressive antispam policies caused business owners to lose bookings and caused major delays for some customers in receiving emails. The Dominion Post brought the problem to the fore on 26 November 2007 and showed that responsibility for the trouble was shunned by Xtra.Xtra pushed the blame back to the hosting companies: \"Telecom spokesman Nick Brown denies there are technical problems with the service, and blames web-hosting companies for forwarding mail without filtering it first for spam.\"[10]The problem with their denial was that Xtra/Yahoo's email system forwarded spam in the same manner.Reports of Xtra's email troubles appeared on blogs, forums and newsletters as people realised that emails were not arriving. New Zealand Tourism Online's October 2007 newsletter reported that they \"found several clients who have not been getting accommodation enquiry or booking emails due to the filter system.\"[11]One of Xtra's solutions to the problem was telling their users to add the sender of the email to their contacts list. This caused the email be redirected to the inbox, however the immediate deferral of email by Yahoo's email servers could cause delays of many hours.[12] This was a problem that Xtra inherited by joining with Yahoo.[13]Yahoo denied that they use greylisting practices[14] however \"unusual traffic\" or \"complaints from Yahoo! Mail users\" may trigger greylisting against your email server[15] causing a four-hour delay.","title":"Technical issues"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Yahoo!Xtra email problems","text":"Xtra customers were hit with multiple email spam problems from February 2013 (80,000 affected) to mid April 2013. The symptoms were suspicious spam and phishing types of email. Telecom advised customers to delete any suspicious emails and to change their account password.[16] Problems continued in November and December, when a Yahoo-operated server went down, affecting thousands of Xtra customers in New Zealand [17]","title":"Technical issues"}]	[{"image_text":"Xtra's original web portal, 1996.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c5/Telecom_Xtra_1996.png/220px-Telecom_Xtra_1996.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"Hedquist, Ulrika (5 May 2008). \"Xtra brand dies a quiet death\". Reseller News. IDG. Retrieved 11 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reseller.co.nz/article/477152/xtra_brand_dies_quiet_death/","url_text":"\"Xtra brand dies a quiet death\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IDG","url_text":"IDG"}]},{"reference":"\"Xtra accused of muffling internet voice\". TVNZ. 8 November 2006. Retrieved 11 September 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://tvnz.co.nz/view/page/883263","url_text":"\"Xtra accused of muffling internet voice\""}]},{"reference":"\"ComCom warns Telecom over act breaches\". National business Review. NZPA. 12 January 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nbr.co.nz/article/comcom-warns-telecom-over-act-breaches-117106","url_text":"\"ComCom warns Telecom over act breaches\""}]},{"reference":"McCarthy, Kieren (5 June 2001). \"ORBS' death: Alan Brown replies\". The Register. Retrieved 11 September 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theregister.co.uk/2001/06/05/orbs_death_alan_brown_replies/","url_text":"\"ORBS' death: Alan Brown replies\""}]},{"reference":"Foreman, Michael (29 May 2001). \"Court forces ORBS to remove Xtra e-mail from blacklist\". New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 11 September 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nzherald.co.nz/category/story.cfm?c_id=55&objectid=191406","url_text":"\"Court forces ORBS to remove Xtra e-mail from blacklist\""}]},{"reference":"\"Slow broadband frustrates customers\". TVNZ. 7 November 2006. Retrieved 11 September 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://tvnz.co.nz/view/page/882794","url_text":"\"Slow broadband frustrates customers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Telecom's internet arm in trouble\". TVNZ. 25 November 2006. Retrieved 11 September 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://tvnz.co.nz/view/page/901232","url_text":"\"Telecom's internet arm in trouble\""}]},{"reference":"\"Xtra website (as accessed from the web archives's wayback machine)\". Archived from the original on 9 February 1999. Retrieved 20 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/19990209005839/http://www.xtra.co.nz/xtra.html","url_text":"\"Xtra website (as accessed from the web archives's wayback machine)\""},{"url":"http://www.xtra.co.nz/xtra.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Telecom joins forces with Yahoo\". TVNZ. 13 December 2006. Retrieved 11 September 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://tvnz.co.nz/view/page/929734","url_text":"\"Telecom joins forces with Yahoo\""}]},{"reference":"Pullar-Strecker, Tom (26 November 2007). \"Buck passed as mail binned\". The Dominion Post. Retrieved 11 September 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stuff.co.nz/stuff/4288518a28.html","url_text":"\"Buck passed as mail binned\""}]},{"reference":"\"October 2007 Newsletter - SPAM Filters\". New Zealand Tourism Online. Retrieved 11 September 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tourism.net.nz/business-centre/newsletters/2007-10.html#filter","url_text":"\"October 2007 Newsletter - SPAM Filters\""}]},{"reference":"\"Xtra and Yahoo causing major problems with email in New Zealand\". Lucid Design blog. 24 October 2007. Retrieved 11 September 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://luciddesign.wordpress.com/2007/10/24/xtra-and-yahoo-causing-major-problems-with-email-in-new-zealand/","url_text":"\"Xtra and Yahoo causing major problems with email in New Zealand\""}]},{"reference":"\"Yahoo mail servers rejecting email\". Website Design Blog. 23 October 2006. Retrieved 11 September 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ahfx.net/weblog.php?article=107","url_text":"\"Yahoo mail servers rejecting email\""}]},{"reference":"\"Does Yahoo! use \"greylisting\" to reject messages?\". Yahoo!. Archived from the original on 22 October 2007. Retrieved 11 September 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071022091302/http://help.yahoo.com/l/us/yahoo/mail/original/abuse/abuse-61.html","url_text":"\"Does Yahoo! use \"greylisting\" to reject messages?\""},{"url":"http://help.yahoo.com/l/us/yahoo/mail/original/abuse/abuse-61.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Receiving \"421 4.7.0 [TS01] Messages from x.x.x.x temporarily deferred due to user complaints - 4.16.55.1\" when sending email to Yahoo!\". Yahoo!.","urls":[{"url":"http://help.yahoo.com/kb/index?page=content&id=SLN3434&actp=search&viewlocale=en_US&searchid=1334627011858&locale=en_US&y=PROD_MAIL_ML","url_text":"\"Receiving \"421 4.7.0 [TS01] Messages from x.x.x.x temporarily deferred due to user complaints - 4.16.55.1\" when sending email to Yahoo!\""}]},{"reference":"\"More spam hits Yahoo!Xtra customers\". NZ Herald. 10 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nzherald.co.nz/technology/news/article.cfm?c_id=5&objectid=10876595","url_text":"\"More spam hits Yahoo!Xtra customers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Telecom email accounts hit by spam\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Freitag	Richard Freitag	["1 Career","2 Record","2.1 Olympic Games","2.2 Nordic World Ski Championships","2.3 Ski Flying World Championships","3 World Cup","3.1 Standings","3.2 Wins","4 References","5 External links"]	German ski jumper (born 1991) Richard FreitagFreitag in 2019Country GermanyBorn (1991-08-14) 14 August 1991 (age 32)Erlabrunn, GermanyHeight1.73 m (5 ft 8 in)Ski clubSG Nickelhuette AuePersonal best243 m (797 ft)Planica, 24 March 2018World Cup careerSeasons2010–2022Starts221Podiums23Wins8 Medal record Men's ski jumping Olympic Games 2018 Pyeongchang Team LH World Championships 2015 Falun Mixed team NH 2019 Seefeld Team LH 2013 Val di Fiemme Team LH 2013 Val di Fiemme Mixed team NH Men's ski flying Ski Flying World Championships 2012 Vikersund Team 2016 Bad Mitterndorf Team 2018 Oberstdorf Individual Richard "Richi" Freitag (pronounced ; born 14 August 1991) is a German former ski jumper who competed at World Cup level from 2010 to 2022. He was runner-up in the overall 2017–18 Ski Jumping World Cup, and won the bronze medal at the 2018 Ski Flying World Championships. Career His FIS Ski Jumping World Cup debut took place on 29 December 2009 at the Four Hills Tournament in Oberstdorf, having previously gained success in the Continental Cup. On 3 January 2010, he succeeded in Innsbruck with a 30th place-his first World Cup point. At the FIS Ski-Flying World Championships 2010 in Planica he reached the 28th place in the individual event. In his second season, he won the third place with the German team in Oberstdorf in 2011. At the beginning of the 2011/2012 World Cup, he finished 9th in Kuusamo. In Lillehammer on 3 December 2011 he reached the second rank, his first podium placing. A week later he won the competition on the large hill in Harrachov ahead of Thomas Morgenstern and his teammate Severin Freund. At the same jump, his father Holger Freitag celebrated his only World Cup victory on 8 January 1983. On 20 January he clinched 2nd spot in Polish Zakopane, behind home favorite Kamil Stoch, securing his 3rd individual podium of his career. At the Winter Olympics 2018 in Pyeongchang, together with his German team mates Karl Geiger, Stephan Leyhe, and Andreas Wellinger he won the silver medal in the team large hill competition. Record Olympic Games Year Place Normal hill Large hill Team 2018 Pyeongchang 9 9 Nordic World Ski Championships Year Place Normal hill Large hill Team LH Mixed team 2011 Oslo — 15 4 — 2013 Val di Fiemme 6 6 2015 Falun 7 15 5 2017 Lahti 9 19 4 — 2019 Seefeld 5 9 — Ski Flying World Championships Year Place Individual Team 2010 Planica 28 7 2012 Vikersund 9 2016 Bad Mitterndorf 8 2018 Oberstdorf 4 World Cup Standings Season Overall 4H SF RA W5 T5 P7 NT 2009/10 90 38 — N/A N/A N/A N/A — 2010/11 38 17 52 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 2011/12 6 10 11 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 2012/13 8 11 13 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 2013/14 24 24 — N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 2014/15 12 6 19 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 2015/16 9 9 13 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 2016/17 13 11 17 15 N/A N/A N/A N/A 2017/18 27 7 7 11 N/A 5 N/A 2018/19 21 14 21 32 9 N/A 18 N/A 2019/20 44 — — — 31 — — N/A 2020/21 69 45 — Cnx — — — N/A 2021/22 59 — — — — — — N/A Wins No. Season Date Location Hill Size 1 2011/12 11 December 2011 Harrachov Čerťák HS142 LH 2 2012/13 16 February 2013 Oberstdorf Heini-Klopfer-Skiflugschanze HS213 (night) FH 3 10 March 2013 Lahti Salpausselkä HS130 LH 4 2014/15 20 December 2014 Engelberg Gross-Titlis-Schanze HS137 LH 5 4 January 2015 Innsbruck Bergiselschanze HS130 LH 6 2017/18 2 December 2017 Nizhny Tagil Tramplin Stork HS134 (night) LH 7 10 December 2017 Titisee-Neustadt Hochfirstschanze HS142 (night) LH 8 17 December 2017 Engelberg Gross-Titlis-Schanze HS140 LH References External links Richard Freitag at the International Ski and Snowboard Federation Richard Freitag at Olympics at Sports-Reference.com (archived) vteWorld champions in men's ski jumping team large hill 1982: Norway Johan Sætre Per Bergerud Ole Bremseth Olav Hansson 1984: Finland Markku Pusenius Pentti Kokkonen Jari Puikkonen Matti Nykänen 1985: Finland Tuomo Ylipulli Pentti Kokkonen Matti Nykänen Jari Puikkonen 1987: Finland Matti Nykänen Ari-Pekka Nikkola Tuomo Ylipulli Pekka Suorsa 1989: Finland Ari-Pekka Nikkola Jari Puikkonen Matti Nykänen Risto Laakkonen 1991: Austria Heinz Kuttin Ernst Vettori Stefan Horngacher Andreas Felder 1993: Norway Bjørn Myrbakken Helge Brendryen Øyvind Berg Espen Bredesen 1995: Finland Jani Soininen Janne Ahonen Mika Laitinen Ari-Pekka Nikkola 1997: Finland Ari-Pekka Nikkola Jani Soininen Mika Laitinen Janne Ahonen 1999: Germany Sven Hannawald Christof Duffner Dieter Thoma Martin Schmitt 2001: Germany Sven Hannawald Michael Uhrmann Alexander Herr Martin Schmitt 2003: Finland Janne Ahonen Tami Kiuru Arttu Lappi Matti Hautamäki 2005: Austria Wolfgang Loitzl Andreas Widhölzl Thomas Morgenstern Martin Höllwarth 2007: Austria Wolfgang Loitzl Gregor Schlierenzauer Andreas Kofler Thomas Morgenstern 2009: Austria Wolfgang Loitzl Martin Koch Thomas Morgenstern Gregor Schlierenzauer 2011: Austria Gregor Schlierenzauer Martin Koch Andreas Kofler Thomas Morgenstern 2013: Austria Wolfgang Loitzl Manuel Fettner Thomas Morgenstern Gregor Schlierenzauer 2015: Norway Anders Bardal Anders Jacobsen Anders Fannemel Rune Velta 2017: Poland Piotr Żyła Dawid Kubacki Maciej Kot Kamil Stoch 2019: Germany Karl Geiger Richard Freitag Stephan Leyhe Markus Eisenbichler 2021: Germany Pius Paschke Severin Freund Markus Eisenbichler Karl Geiger 2023: Slovenia Lovro Kos Žiga Jelar Timi Zajc Anže Lanišek vteWorld champions in ski jumping team mixed normal hill 2013: Japan Yuki Ito Daiki Ito Sara Takanashi Taku Takeuchi 2015: Germany Carina Vogt Richard Freitag Katharina Althaus Severin Freund 2017: Germany Carina Vogt Markus Eisenbichler Svenja Würth Andreas Wellinger 2019: Germany Katharina Althaus Markus Eisenbichler Juliane Seyfarth Karl Geiger 2021: Germany Katharina Althaus Markus Eisenbichler Anna Rupprecht Karl Geiger 2023: Germany Selina Freitag Karl Geiger Katharina Althaus Andreas Wellinger This biographical article relating to German ski jumping is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[ˈʁɪçaʁt ˈfʁaɪtaːk]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German"},{"link_name":"ski jumper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski_jumper"},{"link_name":"World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIS_Ski_Jumping_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"2017–18 Ski Jumping World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_FIS_Ski_Jumping_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"2018 Ski Flying World Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIS_Ski_Flying_World_Championships_2018"}],"text":"Richard \"Richi\" Freitag (pronounced [ˈʁɪçaʁt ˈfʁaɪtaːk]; born 14 August 1991) is a German former ski jumper who competed at World Cup level from 2010 to 2022. He was runner-up in the overall 2017–18 Ski Jumping World Cup, and won the bronze medal at the 2018 Ski Flying World Championships.","title":"Richard Freitag"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FIS Ski Jumping World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIS_Ski_Jumping_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"Four Hills Tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Hills_Tournament"},{"link_name":"Oberstdorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberstdorf"},{"link_name":"Continental Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski_jumping_Continental_Cup"},{"link_name":"Innsbruck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innsbruck"},{"link_name":"FIS Ski-Flying World Championships 2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIS_Ski-Flying_World_Championships_2010"},{"link_name":"Planica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planica"},{"link_name":"2011/2012 World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_FIS_Ski_Jumping_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"Kuusamo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuusamo"},{"link_name":"Lillehammer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lillehammer"},{"link_name":"Harrachov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrachov"},{"link_name":"Thomas Morgenstern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Morgenstern"},{"link_name":"Severin Freund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severin_Freund"},{"link_name":"Holger Freitag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holger_Freitag"},{"link_name":"Zakopane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zakopane"},{"link_name":"Kamil Stoch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamil_Stoch"},{"link_name":"Winter Olympics 2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Pyeongchang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyeongchang_Olympic_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Karl Geiger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Geiger"},{"link_name":"Stephan Leyhe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephan_Leyhe"},{"link_name":"Andreas Wellinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_Wellinger"},{"link_name":"large hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_hill"}],"text":"His FIS Ski Jumping World Cup debut took place on 29 December 2009 at the Four Hills Tournament in Oberstdorf, having previously gained success in the Continental Cup. On 3 January 2010, he succeeded in Innsbruck with a 30th place-his first World Cup point. At the FIS Ski-Flying World Championships 2010 in Planica he reached the 28th place in the individual event.\nIn his second season, he won the third place with the German team in Oberstdorf in 2011.\nAt the beginning of the 2011/2012 World Cup, he finished 9th in Kuusamo. In Lillehammer on 3 December 2011 he reached the second rank, his first podium placing. A week later he won the competition on the large hill in Harrachov ahead of Thomas Morgenstern and his teammate Severin Freund. At the same jump, his father Holger Freitag celebrated his only World Cup victory on 8 January 1983. On 20 January he clinched 2nd spot in Polish Zakopane, behind home favorite Kamil Stoch, securing his 3rd individual podium of his career.At the Winter Olympics 2018 in Pyeongchang, together with his German team mates Karl Geiger, Stephan Leyhe, and Andreas Wellinger he won the silver medal in the team large hill competition.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Record"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Olympic Games","title":"Record"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Nordic World Ski Championships","title":"Record"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Ski Flying World Championships","title":"Record"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"World Cup"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Standings","title":"World Cup"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Wins","title":"World Cup"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.fis-ski.com/DB/general/athlete-biography.html?sectorcode=JP&competitorid=128618","external_links_name":"Richard Freitag"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161204/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/fr/richard-freitag-1.html","external_links_name":"Richard Freitag"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Freitag&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_County_(disambiguation)	Union County	["1 See also"]	Union County is the name of seventeen counties in the United States: Union County, Arkansas Union County, Florida Union County, Georgia Union County, Illinois Union County, Indiana Union County, Iowa Union County, Kentucky Union County, Mississippi Union County, New Jersey, the most populous Union County in the country Union County, New Mexico Union County, North Carolina Union County, Ohio Union County, Oregon Union County, Pennsylvania Union County, South Carolina Union County, South Dakota Union County, Tennessee See also Union Parish, Louisiana Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Union County.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Union County, Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_County,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Union County, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_County,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Union County, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Union County, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_County,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Union County, Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_County,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Union County, Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_County,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"Union County, Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_County,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Union County, Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_County,_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"Union County, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_County,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Union County, New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_County,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Union County, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_County,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Union County, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Union County, Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_County,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Union County, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Union County, South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_County,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Union County, South Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_County,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Union County, Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_County,_Tennessee"}],"text":"Union County, Arkansas\nUnion County, Florida\nUnion County, Georgia\nUnion County, Illinois\nUnion County, Indiana\nUnion County, Iowa\nUnion County, Kentucky\nUnion County, Mississippi\nUnion County, New Jersey, the most populous Union County in the country\nUnion County, New Mexico\nUnion County, North Carolina\nUnion County, Ohio\nUnion County, Oregon\nUnion County, Pennsylvania\nUnion County, South Carolina\nUnion County, South Dakota\nUnion County, Tennessee","title":"Union County"}]	[]	[{"title":"Union Parish, Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Parish,_Louisiana"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Disambig_gray.svg"},{"title":"disambiguation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Disambiguation"},{"title":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Union_County&namespace=0"}]	[]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Union_County&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revue_des_%C3%A9tudes_byzantines	Revue des études byzantines	["1 Abstracting and indexing","2 References","3 External links"]	Academic journalRevue des études byzantinesDisciplineClassical and oriental studiesLanguageEnglish, French, German, Italian, SpanishEdited byOlivier DelouisPublication detailsFormer name(s)Échos d'Orient, Études byzantinesHistory1897–presentPublisherPeeters on behalf of the Institut français d'études byzantines (France)FrequencyAnnuallyStandard abbreviationsISO 4 (alt) · Bluebook (alt1 · alt2)NLM (alt) · MathSciNet (alt )ISO 4Rev. Études Byz.IndexingCODEN (alt · alt2) · JSTOR (alt) · LCCN (alt)MIAR · NLM (alt) · ScopusISSN0771-3347 (print)0771-3444 (web)OCLC no.781579014Links Journal homepage Online access Online archive REB 76, 2018 The Revue des études byzantines is an annual peer-reviewed academic journal covering the study of Greek Christianity and especially Byzantine civilization. It was established in 1897 as Échos d'Orient, renamed Études byzantines in (with volume numbering restarting at 1), and obtaining its current title in 1946. The journal is published by Peeters on behalf of the Institut français d'études byzantines (Paris) and the editor-in-chief is Olivier Delouis. Abstracting and indexing The journal is abstracted and indexed in: L'Année Philologique ATLA Religion Database Bibliography of the History of Art International Bibliography of Periodical Literature on the Humanities and Social Sciences Index Islamicus New Testament Abstracts Scopus References ^ "Revue des Études Byzantines". PEETERS ONLINE JOURNALS. Peeters. Retrieved 14 July 2016. ^ "Revue des études byzantines". Persée. Retrieved 14 July 2016. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires \|journal= (help) ^ "Title and Product Update Lists". ATLA Religion Database. American Theological Library Association. Retrieved 2016-07-14. ^ "Content overview". Scopus. Elsevier. Retrieved 2016-07-14. External links Official website This article about a history journal is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.See tips for writing articles about academic journals. Further suggestions might be found on the article's talk page.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:REB_76_2018.png"},{"link_name":"peer-reviewed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer-reviewed"},{"link_name":"academic journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_journal"},{"link_name":"Greek Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Christianity"},{"link_name":"Byzantine civilization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_civilization"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Peeters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peeters_(publishing_company)"},{"link_name":"editor-in-chief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Editor-in-chief"}],"text":"REB 76, 2018The Revue des études byzantines is an annual peer-reviewed academic journal covering the study of Greek Christianity and especially Byzantine civilization. It was established in 1897 as Échos d'Orient, renamed Études byzantines in (with volume numbering restarting at 1), and obtaining its current title in 1946.[1][2] The journal is published by Peeters on behalf of the Institut français d'études byzantines (Paris) and the editor-in-chief is Olivier Delouis.","title":"Revue des études byzantines"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"L'Année Philologique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Ann%C3%A9e_Philologique"},{"link_name":"ATLA Religion Database","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATLA_Religion_Database"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ATLA-3"},{"link_name":"Bibliography of the History of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_History_of_Art"},{"link_name":"International Bibliography of Periodical Literature on the Humanities and Social Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Bibliography_of_Periodical_Literature_on_the_Humanities_and_Social_Sciences"},{"link_name":"Index Islamicus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_Islamicus"},{"link_name":"New Testament Abstracts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Testament_Abstracts"},{"link_name":"Scopus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scopus"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scopus-4"}],"text":"The journal is abstracted and indexed in:L'Année Philologique\nATLA Religion Database[3]\nBibliography of the History of Art\nInternational Bibliography of Periodical Literature on the Humanities and Social Sciences\nIndex Islamicus\nNew Testament Abstracts\nScopus[4]","title":"Abstracting and indexing"}]	[{"image_text":"REB 76, 2018","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/REB_76_2018.png/220px-REB_76_2018.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Revue des Études Byzantines\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_policies	Foreign policy	["1 History","2 Objectives","2.1 Defense","2.2 Economic","2.3 Internationalist","3 Influences","3.1 Power and National capabilities","3.2 Form of government","4 Study","5 See also","6 References","7 Further reading","8 External links"]	Government's strategy in relating with other nations This article is about political affairs. For the magazine, see Foreign Policy. "Foreign affairs" redirects here. For the magazine, see Foreign Affairs. For other uses, see Foreign affairs (disambiguation). "Foreign relations" redirects here. For see also, see International relations. J. K. Paasikivi, the President of Finland, was remembered as a main architect of Finland's foreign policy with the Soviet Union after the Second World War. From left to right: President Paasikivi and Soviet head of state Kliment Voroshilov in Moscow. The Farnesina in Rome, seat of the Italian Ministry of foreign affairs Meeting between the prime ministers of Spain and Poland (Jarosław Kaczyński), in 2007 Part of the Politics seriesPolitics Outline Index Category Primary topics Outline of political science Index of politics articles Politics by country Politics by subdivision Political economy Political history Political history of the world Political philosophy Political systems Anarchy City-state Collective leadership Democracy Dictatorship Directorial Federacy Feudalism Hybrid regime Meritocracy Monarchy Parliamentary Presidential Republic Semi-parliamentary Semi-presidential Theocracy Academic disciplines Political science (political scientists) International relations (theory) Comparative politics Election science Political analysis Political theory Policy studies Political psychology Political sociology Public administration Bureaucracy (street-level) Technocracy Adhocracy Service (Public / Civil) Policy Public policy (doctrine) Domestic policy Foreign policy Civil society Public interest Government branches Separation of powers Legislature Executive Judiciary Election commission Related topics Sovereignty Polity / State (Politeia / Nation / Civilization / Territorial / Rump / Quasi / Warlord) Theories of political behavior Biology and political orientation Political organisations Critique of political economy Subseries Electoral systems Elections voting Unitarism Federalism Government (forms / Governance) Ideology Culture Political campaigning Political parties Politics portalvte Foreign policy, also known as external policy, is the set of strategies and actions a state employs in its interactions with other states, unions, and international entities. It encompasses a wide range of objectives, including defense and security, economic benefits, and humanitarian assistance. The formulation of foreign policy is influenced by various factors such as domestic considerations, the behavior of other states, and geopolitical strategies. Historically, the practice of foreign policy has evolved from managing short-term crises to addressing long-term international relations, with diplomatic corps playing a crucial role in its development. The objectives of foreign policy are diverse and interconnected, contributing to a comprehensive approach for each state. Defense and security are often primary goals, with states forming military alliances and employing soft power to combat threats. Economic interests, including trade agreements and foreign aid, are central to a country's role in the global economy. Additionally, many states have developed humanitarian programs based on the responsibility to protect, supporting less powerful countries through various forms of assistance. The study of foreign policy examines the reasons and methods behind state interactions, with think tanks and academic institutions providing research and analysis to inform policy decisions. History See also: Diplomatic history The idea of long-term management of relationships followed the development of professional diplomatic corps that managed diplomacy. In the 18th century, due to extreme turbulence in European diplomacy and ongoing conflicts, the practice of diplomacy was often fragmented by the necessity to deal with isolated issues, termed "affairs". Therefore, while domestic management of such issues was termed civil affairs (peasant riots, treasury shortfalls, and court intrigues), the term foreign affairs were applied to the management of temporary issues outside the sovereign realm. This term remained in widespread use in the English-speaking states into the 20th century, and remains the name of departments in several states that manage foreign relations. Although originally intended to describe short term management of a specific concern, these departments now manage all day-to-day and long-term international relations among states. Think tanks are occasionally employed by government foreign relations organizations to provide research and advocacy in the development of foreign policy proposals, alternatives to existing policy, or to provide analytical assessments of evolving relationships. Objectives Several objectives may motivate a government's foreign policy. Foreign policy may be directed for defense and security, for economic benefit, or to provide assistance to states that need it. All foreign policy objectives are interconnected and contribute to a single, comprehensive foreign policy for each state. Unlike domestic policy, foreign policy issues often arise suddenly in response to developments and major events in foreign countries. Defense Foreign policy is often directed for the purpose of ensuring national security. Governments forming military alliances with foreign states in order to deter and show stronger resistance to attack. Foreign policy also focuses on combating adversarial states through soft power, international isolation, or war. In the 21st century, defensive foreign policy has expanded to address the threat of global terrorism. Economic Foreign policy is central for a country's role within the world economy and international trade. Economic foreign policy issues may include the establishment of trade agreements, the distribution of foreign aid, and the management of imports and exports. Internationalist Many states have developed humanitarian programs under the concept of the responsibility to protect. Proponents of liberal internationalism believe that it is the duty of stronger and more well-off countries to assist and support less powerful countries. This idea is often associated with the idealist school of thought. Liberal internationalist support can take the form of defensive or economic support. Influences Power and National capabilities Superpowers are able to project power and exercise their influence across the world, while great powers and middle powers have moderate influence in global affairs. Small powers have less ability to exercise influence unilaterally, as they have fewer economic and military resources to leverage. As a result, they are more likely to support international and multilateral organizations. The diplomatic bureaucracies of smaller states are also smaller, which limits their capacity to engage in complex diplomacy. Smaller states may seek to ally themselves with larger countries for economic and defensive benefits, or they may avoid involvement in international disputes so as to remain on friendly terms with all countries. Form of government The political institutions and forms of government play a role in a country's foreign policy. In a democracy, public opinion and the methods of political representation both affect a country's foreign policy. Democratic countries are also believed to be less likely to resort to military conflict with one another. Autocratic states are less likely to use legalism in their foreign policies. Under a dictatorship, a state's foreign policy may depend heavily on the preferences of the dictator. Dictators that interfere significantly with their foreign policy apparatus may be less predictable and more likely to make foreign policy blunders. Study Main article: Foreign policy analysis The study of foreign policy considers why and how states interact with one another and maintain relations. Several schools of thought exist in the study of foreign policy, including the rational actor model based on rational choice theory, the government bargaining model that posits the foreign policy apparatus as several competing interests, and the organizational process model that posits the foreign policy apparatus as interlinked bureaucracies that each play their own role. Think tanks exist that study foreign policy specifically, including the Council on Foreign Relations in the United States and the Chatham House in the United Kingdom. See also Alliance Balance of power (international relations) Diplomacy Intergovernmental organization International relations theory International relations References ^ Wilsford, David, ed. (1995). Political leaders of contemporary Western Europe: a biographical dictionary. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 347–352. ^ Redd, Steven B.; Mintz, Alex (5 April 2013). "Policy Perspectives on National Security and Foreign Policy Decision Making". Policy Studies Journal. 41 (S1). doi:10.1111/psj.12010. ISSN 0190-292X. S2CID 154618621.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) ^ Wood, B. Dan; Peake, Jeffrey S. (1998). "The Dynamics of Foreign Policy Agenda Setting". American Political Science Review. 92 (1): 173–184. doi:10.2307/2585936. JSTOR 2585936. S2CID 154427295. ^ Redd, Steven B.; Mintz, Alex (5 April 2013). "Policy Perspectives on National Security and Foreign Policy Decision Making". Policy Studies Journal. 41 (S1). doi:10.1111/psj.12010. ISSN 0190-292X. S2CID 154618621. ^ Leeds, Brett Ashley (1 July 2003). "Do Alliances Deter Aggression? The Influence of Military Alliances on the Initiation of Militarized Interstate Disputes". American Journal of Political Science. 47 (3): 427–439. doi:10.1111/1540-5907.00031. ISSN 1540-5907. ^ Lai, Brian (2017). Terrorism and Foreign Policy. Oxford University Press. ^ Savun, Burcu; Phillips, Brian J. (2009). "Democracy, Foreign Policy, and Terrorism". Journal of Conflict Resolution. 53 (6): 878–904. doi:10.1177/0022002709342978. S2CID 154846148. ^ Silke, Andrew (2003). "Retaliating Against Terrorism". Terrorists, Victims and Society: Psychological Perspectives on Terrorism and its Consequences. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 215–232. ^ Orford, Anne (2013). "Moral Internationalism and the Responsibility to Protect". European Journal of International Law. 24: 83–108. doi:10.1093/ejil/chs092. ^ Steinsson, Sverrir; Thorhallsson, Baldur (2017). "Small State Foreign Policy". Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics. Oxford University Press. ^ Risse-Kappen, Thomas (1991). "Public Opinion, Domestic Structure, and Foreign Policy in Liberal Democracies". World Politics. 43 (4): 479–512. doi:10.2307/2010534. JSTOR 2010534. S2CID 153936601. ^ Hegre, Håvard (2014). "Democracy and armed conflict". Journal of Peace Research. 51 (2): 159–172. doi:10.1177/0022343313512852. ISSN 0022-3433. S2CID 146428562. ^ Erdmann, Gero; Bank, André; Hoffmann, Bert; Richter, Thomas (2013). International Cooperation of Authoritarian Regimes: Toward a Conceptual Framework. German Institute for Global and Area Studies. ^ Kneuer, Marianne (2017). "Autocratic Regimes and Foreign Policy". The Oxford Encyclopedia of Foreign Policy Analysis. Oxford University Press. ^ Frantz, Erica; Ezrow, Natasha M. (2009). "'Yes Men' and the Likelihood of Foreign Policy Mistakes Across Dictatorships". APSA 2009 Toronto Meeting Paper. APSA. ^ Graham T. Allison (1969) "Conceptual Models and the Cuban Missile Crisis." The American Political Science Review, Vol. 63, No. 3 (Sep. 1969), pp. 689–718 Further reading Christopher Hill, The Changing Politics of Foreign Policy, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003. Jean-Frédéric Morin and Jonathan Paquin, Foreign Policy Analysis: A Toolbox, Palgrave, 2018. Steve Smith, Amelia Hadley and Tim Dunne (eds), Foreign Policy: Theories, Actors, Cases, 1st ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008. Frank A. Stengel and Rainer Baumann, "Non-State Actors and Foreign Policy", The Oxford Encyclopedia of Foreign Policy Analysis, edited by Cameron Thies, 266–86. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi: 10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.456. External links Wikiquote has quotations related to Foreign policy. Media related to Foreign policy at Wikimedia Commons vtePublic policyFields Agricultural Climate change Cultural Domestic Drug reform Economic Fiscal Incomes Industrial Investment Monetary Tax Trade Education Energy Nuclear energy Renewable energy Environmental Food Foreign Health Pharmaceutical Vaccination Housing Immigration Knowledge Language Military Science Stem cell Space Technology Social Other topics Evidence-based policy Public administration Public budgeting Public policy doctrine Public policy school Policy analysis Policy studies Regulation Public policy by country Portal: Politics Authority control databases International FAST National Spain Germany Israel United States Czech Republic Poland	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Foreign Policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Policy"},{"link_name":"Foreign Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Affairs"},{"link_name":"Foreign affairs (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_affairs_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"International relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_relations"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paasikivi_ja_Voroshilov.jpg"},{"link_name":"J. 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For the magazine, see Foreign Policy.\"Foreign affairs\" redirects here. For the magazine, see Foreign Affairs. For other uses, see Foreign affairs (disambiguation).\"Foreign relations\" redirects here. For see also, see International relations.J. K. Paasikivi, the President of Finland, was remembered as a main architect of Finland's foreign policy with the Soviet Union after the Second World War.[1] From left to right: President Paasikivi and Soviet head of state Kliment Voroshilov in Moscow.The Farnesina in Rome, seat of the Italian Ministry of foreign affairsMeeting between the prime ministers of Spain and Poland (Jarosław Kaczyński), in 2007Foreign policy, also known as external policy, is the set of strategies and actions a state employs in its interactions with other states, unions, and international entities. It encompasses a wide range of objectives, including defense and security, economic benefits, and humanitarian assistance. The formulation of foreign policy is influenced by various factors such as domestic considerations, the behavior of other states, and geopolitical strategies. Historically, the practice of foreign policy has evolved from managing short-term crises to addressing long-term international relations, with diplomatic corps playing a crucial role in its development.The objectives of foreign policy are diverse and interconnected, contributing to a comprehensive approach for each state. Defense and security are often primary goals,[2] with states forming military alliances and employing soft power to combat threats. Economic interests, including trade agreements and foreign aid, are central to a country's role in the global economy. Additionally, many states have developed humanitarian programs based on the responsibility to protect, supporting less powerful countries through various forms of assistance. The study of foreign policy examines the reasons and methods behind state interactions, with think tanks and academic institutions providing research and analysis to inform policy decisions.","title":"Foreign policy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Diplomatic history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomatic_history"},{"link_name":"diplomatic corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomatic_corps"},{"link_name":"diplomacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomacy"},{"link_name":"European diplomacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Europe#Enlightenment"},{"link_name":"civil affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_affairs"},{"link_name":"several states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs#Lists_of_current_ministries_of_foreign_affairs"},{"link_name":"international relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_relations"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Think tanks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Think_tank"}],"text":"See also: Diplomatic historyThe idea of long-term management of relationships followed the development of professional diplomatic corps that managed diplomacy.In the 18th century, due to extreme turbulence in European diplomacy and ongoing conflicts, the practice of diplomacy was often fragmented by the necessity to deal with isolated issues, termed \"affairs\". Therefore, while domestic management of such issues was termed civil affairs (peasant riots, treasury shortfalls, and court intrigues), the term foreign affairs were applied to the management of temporary issues outside the sovereign realm. This term remained in widespread use in the English-speaking states into the 20th century, and remains the name of departments in several states that manage foreign relations. Although originally intended to describe short term management of a specific concern, these departments now manage all day-to-day and long-term international relations among states.[citation needed]Think tanks are occasionally employed by government foreign relations organizations to provide research and advocacy in the development of foreign policy proposals, alternatives to existing policy, or to provide analytical assessments of evolving relationships.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Several objectives may motivate a government's foreign policy. Foreign policy may be directed for defense and security, for economic benefit, or to provide assistance to states that need it. All foreign policy objectives are interconnected and contribute to a single, comprehensive foreign policy for each state. Unlike domestic policy, foreign policy issues often arise suddenly in response to developments and major events in foreign countries.[3]","title":"Objectives"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"national security","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_security"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"military alliances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_alliance"},{"link_name":"deter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deterrence_theory"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"soft power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft_power"},{"link_name":"international isolation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_isolation"},{"link_name":"war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War"},{"link_name":"terrorism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorism"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Defense","text":"Foreign policy is often directed for the purpose of ensuring national security.[4] Governments forming military alliances with foreign states in order to deter and show stronger resistance to attack.[5] Foreign policy also focuses on combating adversarial states through soft power, international isolation, or war.In the 21st century, defensive foreign policy has expanded to address the threat of global terrorism.[6][7][8]","title":"Objectives"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"world economy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_economy"},{"link_name":"international trade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_trade"},{"link_name":"trade agreements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_agreement"},{"link_name":"imports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Import"},{"link_name":"exports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Export"}],"sub_title":"Economic","text":"Foreign policy is central for a country's role within the world economy and international trade. Economic foreign policy issues may include the establishment of trade agreements, the distribution of foreign aid, and the management of imports and exports.","title":"Objectives"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"humanitarian programs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanitarianism"},{"link_name":"responsibility to protect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responsibility_to_protect"},{"link_name":"liberal internationalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_internationalism"},{"link_name":"idealist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idealism_in_international_relations"},{"link_name":"Liberal internationalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_internationalism"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Internationalist","text":"Many states have developed humanitarian programs under the concept of the responsibility to protect. Proponents of liberal internationalism believe that it is the duty of stronger and more well-off countries to assist and support less powerful countries. This idea is often associated with the idealist school of thought. Liberal internationalist support can take the form of defensive or economic support.[9]","title":"Objectives"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Influences"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Superpowers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superpower"},{"link_name":"great powers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_power"},{"link_name":"middle powers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_power"},{"link_name":"Small powers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_power"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Power and National capabilities","text":"Superpowers are able to project power and exercise their influence across the world, while great powers and middle powers have moderate influence in global affairs.Small powers have less ability to exercise influence unilaterally, as they have fewer economic and military resources to leverage. As a result, they are more likely to support international and multilateral organizations. The diplomatic bureaucracies of smaller states are also smaller, which limits their capacity to engage in complex diplomacy. Smaller states may seek to ally themselves with larger countries for economic and defensive benefits, or they may avoid involvement in international disputes so as to remain on friendly terms with all countries.[10]","title":"Influences"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"democracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"less likely","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_peace_theory"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Autocratic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autocracy"},{"link_name":"legalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legalism_(Western_philosophy)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"dictatorship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictatorship"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Form of government","text":"The political institutions and forms of government play a role in a country's foreign policy. In a democracy, public opinion and the methods of political representation both affect a country's foreign policy.[11] Democratic countries are also believed to be less likely to resort to military conflict with one another.[12] Autocratic states are less likely to use legalism in their foreign policies.[13] Under a dictatorship, a state's foreign policy may depend heavily on the preferences of the dictator.[14] Dictators that interfere significantly with their foreign policy apparatus may be less predictable and more likely to make foreign policy blunders.[15]","title":"Influences"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rational choice theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rational_choice_theory"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Think tanks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Think_tank"},{"link_name":"Council on Foreign Relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_on_Foreign_Relations"},{"link_name":"Chatham House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatham_House"}],"text":"The study of foreign policy considers why and how states interact with one another and maintain relations. Several schools of thought exist in the study of foreign policy, including the rational actor model based on rational choice theory, the government bargaining model that posits the foreign policy apparatus as several competing interests, and the organizational process model that posits the foreign policy apparatus as interlinked bureaucracies that each play their own role.[16]Think tanks exist that study foreign policy specifically, including the Council on Foreign Relations in the United States and the Chatham House in the United Kingdom.","title":"Study"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.456","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.456"}],"text":"Christopher Hill, The Changing Politics of Foreign Policy, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003.\nJean-Frédéric Morin and Jonathan Paquin, Foreign Policy Analysis: A Toolbox, Palgrave, 2018.\nSteve Smith, Amelia Hadley and Tim Dunne (eds), Foreign Policy: Theories, Actors, Cases, 1st ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008.\nFrank A. Stengel and Rainer Baumann, \"Non-State Actors and Foreign Policy\", The Oxford Encyclopedia of Foreign Policy Analysis, edited by Cameron Thies, 266–86. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi: 10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.456.","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"J. K. Paasikivi, the President of Finland, was remembered as a main architect of Finland's foreign policy with the Soviet Union after the Second World War.[1] From left to right: President Paasikivi and Soviet head of state Kliment Voroshilov in Moscow.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Paasikivi_ja_Voroshilov.jpg/220px-Paasikivi_ja_Voroshilov.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Farnesina in Rome, seat of the Italian Ministry of foreign affairs","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Palazzo_della_Farnesina.jpg/220px-Palazzo_della_Farnesina.jpg"},{"image_text":"Meeting between the prime ministers of Spain and Poland (Jarosław Kaczyński), in 2007","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Zapatero_in_Poland_%28556095467%29.jpg/220px-Zapatero_in_Poland_%28556095467%29.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance"},{"title":"Balance of power (international relations)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_of_power_(international_relations)"},{"title":"Diplomacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomacy"},{"title":"Intergovernmental organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intergovernmental_organization"},{"title":"International relations theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_relations_theory"},{"title":"International relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_relations"}]	[{"reference":"Wilsford, David, ed. (1995). Political leaders of contemporary Western Europe: a biographical dictionary. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 347–352.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group","url_text":"Greenwood Publishing Group"}]},{"reference":"Redd, Steven B.; Mintz, Alex (5 April 2013). \"Policy Perspectives on National Security and Foreign Policy Decision Making\". Policy Studies Journal. 41 (S1). doi:10.1111/psj.12010. ISSN 0190-292X. 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S2CID 154427295.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Political_Science_Review","url_text":"American Political Science Review"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2585936","url_text":"10.2307/2585936"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2585936","url_text":"2585936"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154427295","url_text":"154427295"}]},{"reference":"Redd, Steven B.; Mintz, Alex (5 April 2013). \"Policy Perspectives on National Security and Foreign Policy Decision Making\". Policy Studies Journal. 41 (S1). doi:10.1111/psj.12010. ISSN 0190-292X. S2CID 154618621.","urls":[{"url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/psj.12010","url_text":"\"Policy Perspectives on National Security and Foreign Policy Decision Making\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fpsj.12010","url_text":"10.1111/psj.12010"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0190-292X","url_text":"0190-292X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154618621","url_text":"154618621"}]},{"reference":"Leeds, Brett Ashley (1 July 2003). \"Do Alliances Deter Aggression? The Influence of Military Alliances on the Initiation of Militarized Interstate Disputes\". American Journal of Political Science. 47 (3): 427–439. doi:10.1111/1540-5907.00031. ISSN 1540-5907.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Journal_of_Political_Science","url_text":"American Journal of Political Science"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1540-5907.00031","url_text":"10.1111/1540-5907.00031"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1540-5907","url_text":"1540-5907"}]},{"reference":"Lai, Brian (2017). Terrorism and Foreign Policy. Oxford University Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"}]},{"reference":"Savun, Burcu; Phillips, Brian J. (2009). \"Democracy, Foreign Policy, and Terrorism\". Journal of Conflict Resolution. 53 (6): 878–904. doi:10.1177/0022002709342978. S2CID 154846148.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Conflict_Resolution","url_text":"Journal of Conflict Resolution"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0022002709342978","url_text":"10.1177/0022002709342978"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154846148","url_text":"154846148"}]},{"reference":"Silke, Andrew (2003). \"Retaliating Against Terrorism\". Terrorists, Victims and Society: Psychological Perspectives on Terrorism and its Consequences. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 215–232.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons","url_text":"John Wiley & Sons"}]},{"reference":"Orford, Anne (2013). \"Moral Internationalism and the Responsibility to Protect\". European Journal of International Law. 24: 83–108. doi:10.1093/ejil/chs092.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Journal_of_International_Law","url_text":"European Journal of International Law"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fejil%2Fchs092","url_text":"10.1093/ejil/chs092"}]},{"reference":"Steinsson, Sverrir; Thorhallsson, Baldur (2017). \"Small State Foreign Policy\". Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics. Oxford University Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"}]},{"reference":"Risse-Kappen, Thomas (1991). \"Public Opinion, Domestic Structure, and Foreign Policy in Liberal Democracies\". World Politics. 43 (4): 479–512. doi:10.2307/2010534. JSTOR 2010534. S2CID 153936601.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Politics","url_text":"World Politics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2010534","url_text":"10.2307/2010534"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2010534","url_text":"2010534"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153936601","url_text":"153936601"}]},{"reference":"Hegre, Håvard (2014). \"Democracy and armed conflict\". Journal of Peace Research. 51 (2): 159–172. doi:10.1177/0022343313512852. ISSN 0022-3433. S2CID 146428562.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0022343313512852","url_text":"\"Democracy and armed conflict\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Peace_Research","url_text":"Journal of Peace Research"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0022343313512852","url_text":"10.1177/0022343313512852"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0022-3433","url_text":"0022-3433"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146428562","url_text":"146428562"}]},{"reference":"Erdmann, Gero; Bank, André; Hoffmann, Bert; Richter, Thomas (2013). International Cooperation of Authoritarian Regimes: Toward a Conceptual Framework. German Institute for Global and Area Studies.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Institute_for_Global_and_Area_Studies","url_text":"German Institute for Global and Area Studies"}]},{"reference":"Kneuer, Marianne (2017). \"Autocratic Regimes and Foreign Policy\". The Oxford Encyclopedia of Foreign Policy Analysis. Oxford University Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"}]},{"reference":"Frantz, Erica; Ezrow, Natasha M. (2009). \"'Yes Men' and the Likelihood of Foreign Policy Mistakes Across Dictatorships\". APSA 2009 Toronto Meeting Paper. APSA.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Political_Science_Association","url_text":"APSA"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/psj.12010","external_links_name":"\"Policy Perspectives on National Security and Foreign Policy Decision Making\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fpsj.12010","external_links_name":"10.1111/psj.12010"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0190-292X","external_links_name":"0190-292X"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154618621","external_links_name":"154618621"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2585936","external_links_name":"10.2307/2585936"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2585936","external_links_name":"2585936"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154427295","external_links_name":"154427295"},{"Link":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/psj.12010","external_links_name":"\"Policy Perspectives on National Security and Foreign Policy Decision Making\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fpsj.12010","external_links_name":"10.1111/psj.12010"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0190-292X","external_links_name":"0190-292X"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154618621","external_links_name":"154618621"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1540-5907.00031","external_links_name":"10.1111/1540-5907.00031"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1540-5907","external_links_name":"1540-5907"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0022002709342978","external_links_name":"10.1177/0022002709342978"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154846148","external_links_name":"154846148"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fejil%2Fchs092","external_links_name":"10.1093/ejil/chs092"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2010534","external_links_name":"10.2307/2010534"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2010534","external_links_name":"2010534"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153936601","external_links_name":"153936601"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0022343313512852","external_links_name":"\"Democracy and armed conflict\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0022343313512852","external_links_name":"10.1177/0022343313512852"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0022-3433","external_links_name":"0022-3433"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146428562","external_links_name":"146428562"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1907412/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX4344012","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4003846-4","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007545874405171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85050519","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph127522&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810609330305606","external_links_name":"Poland"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Lewis_(writer)	Jim Lewis (writer)	["1 Writing credits","2 References","3 External links"]	American writer (born 1955) For the novelist and art critic, see Jim Lewis (novelist). For other people, see Jim Lewis. Jim LewisOccupationTelevision Writer James "Jim" Lewis (born December 23, 1955) is an American writer known for his work with The Jim Henson Company and The Muppets. Lewis first worked with the Muppets as the editor of Muppet Magazine. The Disney Channel program Studio DC: Almost Live was produced by him. Lewis grew up in Boonton, New Jersey and attended Boonton High School. Writing credits Wow, You're a Cartoonist! (1988) Hey, You're as Funny as Fozzie Bear (1988) The Jim Henson Hour - Miss Piggy's Hollywood (with Bill Prady) (1989) Muppet Sing Alongs (1993) The Animal Show (1994-1996) Muppet Time (1994) Muppet Classic Theater (with Bill Prady) (1994) Muppets Tonight (1996) Telling Stories with Tomie dePaola (2001) Kermit's Swamp Years (2002) The Muppet Show Live (2001) It's A Very Merry Muppet Christmas Movie (2002) The Muppets Present...Great Moments in American History (2016) The Muppets Take the Bowl (with Kirk Thatcher, Andrew Williams and Matthew Barnette, live show at the Hollywood Bowl in 2017) The Muppets Take the O2 (with Kirk Thatcher, Andrew Williams and Matthew Barnette, live show at the O2 Arena in 2018) Muppets Now (Story Team, 2020) Muppets Haunted Mansion (2021) References ^ Paik, Eugene "Boonton Museum Honors Accomplished Alumni", The Star-Ledger, June 19, 2009. Accessed June 20, 2009. "To Lewis, a former writer for The Jim Henson Company, Boonton's school on Lathrop Avenue appears to have a special knack for churning out fame-bound graduates." ^ Hill, Jim (9 November 2016). "WDW's new "The Muppets Present … Great Moments in American History" show brings authentic Muppet mayhem to Liberty Square". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 10 November 2016. External links The Muppet Newsflash's Interview with Jim Lewis Jim Lewis at IMDb	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jim Lewis (novelist)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Lewis_(novelist)"},{"link_name":"Jim Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Lewis_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"The Jim Henson Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jim_Henson_Company"},{"link_name":"The Muppets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Muppets"},{"link_name":"Disney Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney_Channel"},{"link_name":"Studio DC: Almost Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studio_DC:_Almost_Live"},{"link_name":"Boonton, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boonton,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Boonton High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boonton_High_School"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"For the novelist and art critic, see Jim Lewis (novelist). For other people, see Jim Lewis.James \"Jim\" Lewis (born December 23, 1955) is an American writer known for his work with The Jim Henson Company and The Muppets. Lewis first worked with the Muppets as the editor of Muppet Magazine. The Disney Channel program Studio DC: Almost Live was produced by him.Lewis grew up in Boonton, New Jersey and attended Boonton High School.[1]","title":"Jim Lewis (writer)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Jim Henson Hour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jim_Henson_Hour"},{"link_name":"Bill Prady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Prady"},{"link_name":"Muppet Classic Theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muppet_Classic_Theater"},{"link_name":"Muppets Tonight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muppets_Tonight"},{"link_name":"Telling Stories with Tomie dePaola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telling_Stories_with_Tomie_dePaola"},{"link_name":"Kermit's Swamp Years","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kermit%27s_Swamp_Years"},{"link_name":"It's A Very Merry Muppet Christmas Movie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%27s_A_Very_Merry_Muppet_Christmas_Movie"},{"link_name":"The Muppets Present...Great Moments in American History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Muppets_Present...Great_Moments_in_American_History"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Hollywood Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood_Bowl"},{"link_name":"the O2 Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_O2_Arena"},{"link_name":"Muppets Now","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muppets_Now"},{"link_name":"Muppets Haunted Mansion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muppets_Haunted_Mansion"}],"text":"Wow, You're a Cartoonist! (1988)\nHey, You're as Funny as Fozzie Bear (1988)\nThe Jim Henson Hour - Miss Piggy's Hollywood (with Bill Prady) (1989)\nMuppet Sing Alongs (1993)\nThe Animal Show (1994-1996)\nMuppet Time (1994)\nMuppet Classic Theater (with Bill Prady) (1994)\nMuppets Tonight (1996)\nTelling Stories with Tomie dePaola (2001)\nKermit's Swamp Years (2002)\nThe Muppet Show Live (2001)\nIt's A Very Merry Muppet Christmas Movie (2002)\nThe Muppets Present...Great Moments in American History (2016)[2]\nThe Muppets Take the Bowl (with Kirk Thatcher, Andrew Williams and Matthew Barnette, live show at the Hollywood Bowl in 2017)\nThe Muppets Take the O2 (with Kirk Thatcher, Andrew Williams and Matthew Barnette, live show at the O2 Arena in 2018)\nMuppets Now (Story Team, 2020)\nMuppets Haunted Mansion (2021)","title":"Writing credits"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Hill, Jim (9 November 2016). \"WDW's new \"The Muppets Present … Great Moments in American History\" show brings authentic Muppet mayhem to Liberty Square\". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 10 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/58234c69e4b044f827a795da?timestamp=1478709649895","url_text":"\"WDW's new \"The Muppets Present … Great Moments in American History\" show brings authentic Muppet mayhem to Liberty Square\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.nj.com/news/local/index.ssf/2009/06/boonton_museum_honors_accompli.html","external_links_name":"\"Boonton Museum Honors Accomplished Alumni\""},{"Link":"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/58234c69e4b044f827a795da?timestamp=1478709649895","external_links_name":"\"WDW's new \"The Muppets Present … Great Moments in American History\" show brings authentic Muppet mayhem to Liberty Square\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071030093058/http://muppetnewsflash1.blogspot.com/2007/02/jim-lewis.html","external_links_name":"The Muppet Newsflash's Interview with Jim Lewis"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0507355/","external_links_name":"Jim Lewis"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takeda_Pharmaceutical	Takeda Pharmaceutical Company	["1 History","1.1 Founding and initial acquisitions (1781–2010)","1.2 Further expansion and research (2011–present)","1.3 TAP Pharmaceuticals (1977–2008)","2 Acquisition history","3 Divestments","4 Locations","5 Lawsuits","6 Public–private engagement","6.1 Activism","7 References","8 External links"]	Japanese pharmaceutical company For other uses, see Takeda (disambiguation). Takeda Pharmaceutical Company LimitedGlobal headquarters in NihonbashiNative name武田薬品工業株式会社Romanized nameTakeda Yakuhin Kōgyō kabushiki gaishaFormerlyChobei Takeda & Co., Ltd. (1925–1943)Takeda Pharmaceutical Industries, Ltd. (English name only 1943–1961)Takeda Chemical Industries, Ltd. (English name only 1961–2004)Company typePublic KKTraded asTYO: 4502NAG: 4502FSE: 4502NYSE: TAKNikkei 225 component (TYO)TOPIX Core30 component (TYO)IndustryPharmaceuticalsFoundedDoshomachi, Osaka, Japan (12 June 1781; 243 years ago (1781-06-12))FounderChobei Takeda IHeadquartersNihonbashi, Chuo, Tokyo, JapanKey peopleYasuchika Hasegawa(Chairman of the Board)Christophe Weber(President & CEO)Revenue ¥4.03 trillion (FY 2022)Operating income ¥490.51 billion (FY 2022)Net income ¥317.02 billion (FY 2022)Total assets ¥13.96 trillion (FY 2022)Total equity ¥6.35 trillion (FY 2022)Owners Nippon Life (2.24%) BNY Mellon (5.39%) JPMorgan Chase (3.50%) State Street Corporation (1.50%) Number of employees 49,578 (2019) 18,378 in United States 5,350 in Japan Websitewww.takeda.comFootnotes / references ^ a b c d e "Financial Results for Fiscal 2023" (PDF). Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited. May 11, 2023. Retrieved December 27, 2023. The Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited (武田薬品工業株式会社, Takeda Yakuhin Kōgyō kabushiki gaisha) is a Japanese multinational pharmaceutical company. It is the third largest pharmaceutical company in Asia, behind Sinopharm and Shanghai Pharmaceuticals, and one of the top 20 largest pharmaceutical companies in the world by revenue (top 10 following its merger with Shire). The company has over 49,578 employees worldwide and achieved US$19.299 billion in revenue during the 2018 fiscal year. The company is focused on oncology, rare diseases, neuroscience, gastroenterology, plasma-derived therapies and vaccines. Its headquarters is located in Chuo-ku, Osaka, and it has an office in Nihonbashi, Chuo, Tokyo. In January 2012, Fortune Magazine ranked the Takeda Oncology Company as one of the 100 best companies to work for in the United States. As of 2015, Christophe Weber was appointed as the CEO and president of Takeda. History This section may be in need of reorganization to comply with Wikipedia's layout guidelines. Please help by editing the article to make improvements to the overall structure. (October 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Founding and initial acquisitions (1781–2010) Takeda Midosuji Building, headquarters of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, in Chuo-ku, Osaka, Japan Takeda Pharmaceuticals was founded in 1781, and was incorporated on January 29, 1925. One of the firm's mainstay drugs is Actos (pioglitazone), a compound in the thiazolidinedione class of drugs used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. It was launched in 1999. In February 2005, Takeda acquired San Diego, California, based Syrrx, a company specializing in high-throughput X-ray crystallography, for US$270 million. In February 2008, Takeda acquired the Japanese operations of Amgen and rights to a dozen of the California biotechnology company's pipeline candidates for the Japanese market. In April, Takeda acquired Millennium Pharmaceuticals of Cambridge, Massachusetts, a company specializing in cancer drug research, for US$8.8 billion. The acquisition brought in Velcade, a drug indicated for hematological malignancies, as well as a portfolio of pipeline candidates in the oncology, inflammation, and cardiovascular therapeutic areas. Millennium now operates as an independent subsidiary. In May, the company licensed non-exclusively the RNAi technology platform developed by Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, creating a potentially long-term partnership between the companies. Further expansion and research (2011–present) In September 2011, Takeda acquired Nycomed for €9.6 billion. In May 2012, Takeda purchased Brazilian pharmaceutical company Multilab for R$540 million. In June, Takeda announced it would acquire URL Pharma, then run by the founder's son Richard Roberts, for US$800 million. In September 2014, Takeda announced it would team up with BioMotiv to identify and develop new compounds over a five-year period, worth approximately US$25 million. On 30 September 2014, Takeda announced it would expand a collaboration with MacroGenics, valued up to US$1.6 billion. The collaboration focused on the co-development of the preclinical autoimmune compound MGD010. MGD010 is a therapy which targets the B-cell surface proteins CD32B and CD79B, and is indicated for lupus and rheumatoid arthritis. In 2015, Takeda sold its respiratory drugs business to AstraZeneca for $575 million (about £383 million), which included roflumilast and ciclesonide. On November, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved Ixazomib developed by Takeda for use in combination with lenalidomide and dexamethasone for the treatment of multiple myeloma after at least one prior therapy. In December 2016, the company spun out its neuroscience research division into Cerevance, a joint venture along with Lightstone Ventures. In February 2017, Takeda acquired Ariad Pharmaceuticals for $5.2 billion, expanding the company's oncology and hematology divisions. In January 2018, the company acquired stem cell therapy developer TiGenix for up to €520 million ($632 million). In January 2019, Takeda acquired Shire for more than US$50 billion. In October, Takeda announced it had sold a portfolio of over-the-counter and prescription medicines in the Middle East and Africa to Swiss pharmaceuticals company Acino International for more than $200 million. In January 2020, Takeda announced a research partnership with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) to advance discoveries in artificial intelligence and health. The MIT-Takeda Program is housed in the MIT Jameel Clinic, and is led by Professor James J. Collins, with a steering committee led by Professor Anantha P. Chandrakasan, dean of the MIT School of Engineering, and Anne Heatherington, senior vice president and head of Data Sciences Institute (DSI) at Takeda. In March 2020, Takeda announced that it has entered into an exclusive agreement to divest a portfolio of non-core products in Latin America to Hypera S.A. for a total value of $825 million. In March 2021, the company announced it would acquire Maverick Therapeutics, Inc. and its two major programs TAK-186 (MVC-101) in trials for the treatment of EGFR-expressing tumours and TAK-280 (MVC-280) for use in the treatment of patients with B7H3-expressing tumors. In October, they acquired GammaDelta Therapeutics and its gamma delta (γδ) T cell immunotherapy programme. In January 2022, Takeda announced it would exercise its option to acquire Adaptate Biotherapeutics and its antibody-based γδ T cell technology, reuniting Adaptate and its former parent company, GammaDelta Therapeutics, in a single organisation. In December of the same year, the company announced it would acquire Nimbus Lakshmi, Inc. and its lead compound NDI-034858 which is an allosteric TYK2 inhibitor, from Nimbus Therapeutics, LLC for up to $6 billion. In February 2024, Takeda Pharmaceutical gained approval from the FDA for Eohilia, the first oral approval for allergic inflammation of the esophagus for patients 11 years and older. At the time of the announcement, the treatment Dupixent from Sanofi and Regeneron was the only alternative. In May 2024, Takeda announced it would be laying off 641 employees based in Massachusetts between July 2024 and March 2025 as part of a restructuring. It was expected to affect 495 people based in Cambridge and 146 people in Lexington. TAP Pharmaceuticals (1977–2008) Main article: TAP Pharmaceuticals In 1977, Takeda first entered the U.S. pharmaceutical market by developing a joint venture with Abbott Laboratories called TAP Pharmaceuticals. Through TAP Pharmaceuticals Takeda and Abbott launched blockbuster drugs Lupron (leuprorelin), in 1985, then Prevacid (lansoprazole), in 1995. In 2001, TAP's illegal marketing of Lupron resulted in both civil and criminal charges by the U.S. Department of Justice and the Illinois attorney general for federal and state medicare fraud. TAP was fined $875 million, then reported as the largest pharmaceutical settlement in history. In March 2008, Takeda and Abbott Laboratories announced plans to conclude their 30-year-old joint venture, TAP Pharmaceuticals. The split resulted in Abbott acquiring U.S. rights to Lupron and the drug's support staff. Takeda received rights to Prevacid and TAP's pipeline candidates. The move also increased Takeda's headcount by 3,000 employees. Acquisition history Takeda Pharmaceutical Company (Est. 1781) Syrrx (Acq 2005) Paradigm Therapeutics (UK) Ltd. (Acq 2007) Millennium Pharmaceuticals (Acq 2008) COR Therapeutics (Acq 2002) Cambridge Discovery Chemistry (Acq 2000) Leukosite (Acq 1999) Nycomed (Acq 2011) Altana Pharma (Pharmaceuticals div, Acq 2007) Bradley Pharmaceuticals (Acq 2007) URL Pharma (Acq 2012) Multilaba (Acq 2012) Cerevance (Neuroscience div, Spun off 2016) Ariad Pharmaceuticals (Acq 2017) TiGenix (Acq 2018) Shire plc (Founded 1986, Acq 2019) Pharmavene (Acq 1997) Richwood Pharmaceutical Company (Acq 1997) Biochem Canada (Acq 2001) Transkaryotic Therapeutics (Acq 2005) New River Pharmaceuticals Inc (Acq 2007) Jerini (Acq 2008) Movetis (Acq 2012) Advanced BioHealing (Acq 2011) FerroKin BioSciences (Acq 2012) Lotus Tissue Repair, Inc (Acq 2013) Premacure AB (Acq 2013) SARcode Bioscience Inc (Acq 2013) ViroPharma (Founded 1994, Acq 2013) Lev Pharmaceuticals (Acq 2008) Fibrotech (Acq 2014) Lumena (Acq 2014) NPS Pharmaceuticals (Acq 2015) Meritage Pharma (Acq 2015) Foresight Biotherapeutics (Acq 2015) Dyax (Acq 2015) Baxalta (Acq 2016) PvP Biologics, Inc. (Acq 2020) Maverick Therapeutics, Inc. (Acq 2021) GammaDelta Therapeutics (Acq 2021) Adaptate Biotherapeutics (Acq 2022) Nimbus Lakshmi, Inc. (Acq 2022) Divestments In May 2019, Takeda sold its Xiidra dry-eye drug business to Novartis for $5.3 billion, $3.4 billion upfront and up-to $1.9 billion in sales milestones. In November 2019, Takeda entered an agreement to sell its over-the-counter and prescription drugs businesses in Russia, Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Uzbekistan to Stada Arzneimittel for $660 million. In June 2020, Takeda announced that it was divesting 18 over-the-counter and prescription drugs marketed in the Asia-Pacific region to South Korea's Celltrion in a deal worth $278 million. Also in 2020, Takeda sold TachoSil to Corza Health, Inc. for €350 million. Locations Takeda operates two primary bases in Japan in Osaka and Tokyo. Its United States subsidiary is based in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and all Global Operations outside Japan and the U.S. are based in Opfikon (Zurich), Switzerland. The company maintains research and development sites in Japan, the United States, the United Kingdom and Singapore, with manufacturing facilities across the globe. Lawsuits In April 2015 Takeda agreed to pay a settlement of $2.37 billion to an estimated 9,000 people who submitted claims alleging that pioglitazone was responsible for giving them bladder cancer. The company said the decision is expected to resolve the “vast majority” of these cases. Takeda will put the money into a settlement fund if 95 percent of plaintiffs agree to the accord, according to which each claimant would get an average $267,000. However, the exact amount for each plaintiff will be evaluated based on cumulative dosage, extent of injuries and history of smoking. In 2014, a plaintiff was awarded $9 billion in punitive damages after a federal court found Takeda hid the cancer risks of their diabetes medicine, but the amount was later reduced to $26 million by a judge who deemed the charge excessive. Public–private engagement Activism Takeda is a corporate partner of Human Rights Campaign, a large LGBT advocacy organization. References ^ a b "Company Facts \| Takeda". www.takeda.com. ^ "The History of Takeda – 1781 to 1944 \| Takeda". ^ Chris Gallagher (2015-03-15). Muralikumar Anantharaman (ed.). "Japan drugmaker Takeda says Christophe Weber to become CEO April 1". Reuters. Retrieved 2015-04-20. ^ a b c "Share Data \| Takeda". ^ "Working at Takeda Pharmaceuticals NA". ^ "Takeda offers early retirement to workers as young as 30". Nikkei Asia. ^ "Financial Results for Fiscal 2012" (PDF). Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited. 2013-05-09. Retrieved 2013-06-13. ^ "FAQ." Takeda Pharmaceutical Company. Retrieved on 2011-02-02. "Q : Where is Takeda located? A : The Head Office is located in Osaka, Japan, and the Tokyo Head Office is located in Tokyo, Japan." ^ "Overview." Takeda Pharmaceutical Company. Retrieved on 2011-02-02. "Headquarters Head Office 1-1, Doshomachi 4-chome, Chuo-ku, Osaka 540-8645" and "Tokyo Head Office 12-10, Nihonbashi 2-chome, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-8668" ^ "100 Best Companies to Work For 2012". Fortune. 2012-02-06. Retrieved 2018-03-29. ^ "Christophe Weber". Takeda. Archived from the original on 2024-04-15. Retrieved 2024-04-15. ^ Du, Lisa (2018-12-12). "Daring Deal by French CEO Sets Japan's Takeda on Global Path". Bloomberg.com. Archived from the original on 2021-01-22. Retrieved 2020-02-20. ^ "Immediate Actos Appeal Will Resolve Uncertainty, Takeda Says". news.bloomberglaw.com. Retrieved 2020-02-20. ^ "Japan's Takeda to Acquire Syrrx". Los Angeles Times. 2005-02-08. Archived from the original on 2020-02-20. Retrieved 2020-02-20. ^ "Takeda, Amgen in exclusive tie-up for Japanese market". MarketWatch. 2008-02-04. Retrieved 2010-09-18. ^ a b "Takeda to buy Millennium Pharma for $8.8 billion". Reuters. 2008-04-10. Retrieved 2020-02-20. ^ "Alnylam Signs Potential $1B RNAi Agreement with Takeda". bioworld.com. Retrieved 2020-02-20. ^ Dealbook (2011-05-19). "Takeda to Buy Nycomed for $13.7 Billion". DealBook. Retrieved 2020-02-20. ^ Hirschler, Ben (2012-05-25). "Farmacêutica Takeda comprará Multilab por até R$ 540 mi". Grupo Abril (in Portuguese). Exame. Retrieved 2013-01-27. ^ "Takeda to acquire URL Pharma for $800m". 11 April 2012. Archived from the original on 2020-02-20. Retrieved 2020-02-20. ^ "Takeda, BioMotiv Launch $25M Drug Development Partnership". Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News. Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. 2014-09-26. Retrieved 2015-04-23. ^ "Takeda, MacroGenics Launch Up to $1.6B Expansion of DART Collaboration". Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News. Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. 2014-09-30. Retrieved 2015-04-23. ^ Julia Bradshaw for The Daily Telegraph, 16 December 2015. AstraZeneca to buy Takeda's lung business for £383m.Accessed: 17 December 2015. ^ "Ninlaro (ixazomib) FDA Approval History". Drugs.com. Retrieved 2020-02-20. ^ "Takeda Spins Out Research Team into Neuroscience Startup". 2016-12-02. ^ "Takeda to Acquire ARIAD Pharmaceuticals for $5.2B". 2017-01-09. ^ "Takeda to Acquire TiGenix for €520M". 2018-01-05. ^ Du, Lisa; Takahashi, Maiko (8 May 2018). "Takeda Clinches $62 Billion Deal to Buy Drugmaker Shire". Bloomberg. Retrieved 6 July 2019. ^ Philippidis, Alex (1 July 2019). "Top 10 M&A Deasl of January—June 2019". Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News. And it didn't include earlier-announced deals completed in 2019, such as Takeda Pharmaceutical's £46 billion ($58.6 billion) purchase of Shire. ^ "Takeda sells Mideast, Africa drug portfolio to Switzerland's Acino". Reuters. 2019-10-15. Retrieved 2019-10-15. ^ "Takeda wraps 30 emerging markets drugs in $200M selloff to Swiss pharma Acino". FiercePharma. 15 October 2019. Retrieved 2019-10-15. ^ "MIT School of Engineering and Takeda join to advance research in artificial intelligence and health". MIT News \| Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Retrieved 2020-11-13. ^ analytica, TOKYO (2020-01-07). "武田薬品とMITがAI研究を推進するプログラムを発表 \| 医療とAIのニュース・最新記事 - The Medical AI Times". The AI Times (in Japanese). Retrieved 2020-11-13. ^ "MIT, Takeda collaborate on new healthcare AI applications". Healthcare IT News. 2020-01-06. Retrieved 2020-11-13. ^ "Takeda Agrees to Divest Select OTC and Non-Core Assets in Latin America to Hypera Pharma for $825 Million USD". BioSpace. Retrieved 2020-03-03. ^ "Takeda to Acquire Maverick Therapeutics to Advance T-Cell Engager Therapies for Solid Tumors and Expand Novel Immuno-Oncology Portfolio". BioSpace. ^ "Takeda Snaps up Partner GammaDelta to Bolster Oncology Pipeline". ^ "Takeda to Acquire GammaDelta Therapeutics to Accelerate Development of Allogeneic γδT Cell Therapies Addressing Solid Tumors". BioSpace. ^ "Takeda Augments IO Portfolio with Third Build-to-Buy Acquisition in a Year". BioSpace. ^ "Takeda to Acquire Adaptate Biotherapeutics to Develop Novel Gamma Delta (γδ) T Cell Engager Therapies Targeting Solid Tumors". BioSpace. ^ "Takeda to Acquire Nimbus Therapeutics' Highly Selective, Allosteric TYK2 Inhibitor to Address Multiple Immune-Mediated Diseases". BioSpace. ^ "Takeda Bets $4B Upfront on Nimbus' TYK2 Inhibitor". BioSpace. ^ Roy, Sriparna (February 12, 2024). "Takeda's treatment becomes first oral therapy for esophageal condition in US". Reuters. Retrieved February 12, 2024. ^ Saltzmam, Jonathan (May 24, 2024). "Drug giant Takeda plans more than 640 layoffs in Massachusetts". BostonGlobe.com. Retrieved 2024-05-25. ^ "Takeda shrinks its Deerfield workforce, as it adds in Boston". Crain's Chicago Business. 2017-07-18. Retrieved 2020-02-20. ^ Japson, Bruce (Apr 29, 2001). "The Lupron loophole: Cancer drug strikes it rich". Chicago tribune. Retrieved 19 June 2021. ^ "Takeda Pharmaceutical to Pay Abbott Laboratories up to $1.5B in Venture Split". FierceBiotech. 20 March 2008. Retrieved 2020-02-20. ^ Petersen, Melody (Oct 4, 2001). "2 Drug Makers to Pay $875 Million to Settle Fraud Case". The New York Times. Retrieved June 19, 2021. ^ "Press Release: TAP Pharmaceutical Products Inc. and Seven Others Charged with Health Care Crimes". US Department of Justice. Oct 3, 2001. Retrieved June 19, 2021. ^ "Abbott, Takeda to end joint venture". Crain's Chicago Business. 2008-03-19. Retrieved 2020-02-20. ^ a b Wang, Shirley S. (2008-03-20). "Abbott, Takeda to End Joint Venture". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 2020-02-20. ^ Marrazzo, Amanda (2008-05-15). "Featured Articles From The Chicago Tribune". Archives.chicagotribune.com. Retrieved 2010-09-18. ^ "Novartis to buy Takeda's eyedrop unit for $5.3bn". Nikkei Asian Review. Retrieved 2020-06-12. ^ a b "Takeda continues post-Shire selloff, inching closer to $10B goal". Endpoints News. Retrieved 2020-06-12. ^ "Takeda sells Russian assets in $660m deal to cut Shire debt". Nikkei Asian Review. Retrieved 2020-06-12. ^ "Takeda sells 18 drugs to South Korea's Celltrion in $278m deal". Nikkei Asian Review. Retrieved 2020-06-12. ^ "BRIEF-Takeda Pharmaceutical Enters Into Agreement To Divest Portfolio Of Select Non-Core OTC And Prescription Pharmaceutical Products". Reuters. 2020-06-11. Retrieved 2020-06-12. ^ "Takeda to Divest OTC and Select Non-core Assets in Asia Pacific to Celltrion for up to $278 Million USD \| Financial Post". Financialpost. 2020-06-11. Retrieved 2020-06-12. ^ "Takeda to Divest TachoSil® to Corza Health for €350 Million". www.takeda.com. Retrieved 2023-04-09. ^ "Takeda Agrees to Pay $2.4 Billion to Settle Suits Over Cancer Risk of Actos". The New York Times. 29 April 2015. ^ Feeley, Jef; Matsuyama, Kanoko (9 April 2014). "Takeda, Lilly Jury Awards $9 Billion Over Actos Risks". bloomberg.com. ^ "Japan's Takeda Agrees To $2.4B Settlement In Diabetes Drug Actos Lawsuit Over Cancer Risk Allegations". International Business Times. 29 April 2015. ^ "Corporate Partners". Human Rights Campaign. Archived from the original on 2022-07-14. Retrieved 2022-07-14. 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Japan Yamaha Yamato Transport Yasakawa Yokogawa Electric Yokohama Rubber Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National Israel United States Japan Academics CiNii	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Takeda (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takeda_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-companyname-1"},{"link_name":"[takeꜜda jakɯçiŋ koꜜːɡʲoː]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese"},{"link_name":"multinational","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multinational_corporation"},{"link_name":"pharmaceutical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry"},{"link_name":"Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia"},{"link_name":"Sinopharm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinopharm_(company)"},{"link_name":"Shanghai Pharmaceuticals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_Pharmaceuticals"},{"link_name":"largest pharmaceutical companies in the world by revenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_pharmaceutical_companies_by_revenue"},{"link_name":"Shire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shire_(pharmaceutical_company)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"oncology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oncology"},{"link_name":"neuroscience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroscience"},{"link_name":"gastroenterology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastroenterology"},{"link_name":"Chuo-ku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuo-ku,_Osaka"},{"link_name":"Osaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka"},{"link_name":"Nihonbashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihonbashi"},{"link_name":"Chuo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuo,_Tokyo"},{"link_name":"Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Fortune Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortune_Magazine"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"For other uses, see Takeda (disambiguation).The Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited[1] (武田薬品工業株式会社, Takeda Yakuhin Kōgyō kabushiki gaisha) [takeꜜda jakɯçiŋ koꜜːɡʲoː] is a Japanese multinational pharmaceutical company. It is the third largest pharmaceutical company in Asia, behind Sinopharm and Shanghai Pharmaceuticals, and one of the top 20 largest pharmaceutical companies in the world by revenue (top 10 following its merger with Shire). The company has over 49,578 employees worldwide and achieved US$19.299 billion in revenue during the 2018 fiscal year.[7] The company is focused on oncology, rare diseases, neuroscience, gastroenterology, plasma-derived therapies and vaccines. Its headquarters is located in Chuo-ku, Osaka, and it has an office in Nihonbashi, Chuo, Tokyo.[8][9] In January 2012, Fortune Magazine ranked the Takeda Oncology Company as one of the 100 best companies to work for in the United States.[10] As of 2015, Christophe Weber was appointed as the CEO and president of Takeda.[11]","title":"Takeda Pharmaceutical Company"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Takeda-Midosuji-Bldg-01.jpg"},{"link_name":"Chuo-ku, Osaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuo-ku,_Osaka"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"pioglitazone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioglitazone"},{"link_name":"thiazolidinedione","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiazolidinedione"},{"link_name":"type 2 diabetes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus_type_2"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"San Diego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"X-ray crystallography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_crystallography"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Amgen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amgen"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Millennium Pharmaceuticals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium_Pharmaceuticals"},{"link_name":"Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-17"},{"link_name":"Velcade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velcade"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-17"},{"link_name":"licensed non-exclusively","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonexclusive_license"},{"link_name":"RNAi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNAi"},{"link_name":"Alnylam Pharmaceuticals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alnylam_Pharmaceuticals"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Founding and initial acquisitions (1781–2010)","text":"Takeda Midosuji Building, headquarters of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, in Chuo-ku, Osaka, JapanTakeda Pharmaceuticals was founded in 1781, and was incorporated on January 29, 1925.[12]One of the firm's mainstay drugs is Actos (pioglitazone), a compound in the thiazolidinedione class of drugs used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. It was launched in 1999.[13]In February 2005, Takeda acquired San Diego, California, based Syrrx, a company specializing in high-throughput X-ray crystallography, for US$270 million.[14]In February 2008, Takeda acquired the Japanese operations of Amgen and rights to a dozen of the California biotechnology company's pipeline candidates for the Japanese market.[15] In April, Takeda acquired Millennium Pharmaceuticals of Cambridge, Massachusetts, a company specializing in cancer drug research, for US$8.8 billion.[16] The acquisition brought in Velcade, a drug indicated for hematological malignancies, as well as a portfolio of pipeline candidates in the oncology, inflammation, and cardiovascular therapeutic areas. Millennium now operates as an independent subsidiary.[16] In May, the company licensed non-exclusively the RNAi technology platform developed by Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, creating a potentially long-term partnership between the companies.[17]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nycomed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nycomed"},{"link_name":"€","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"R$","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_real"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Richard Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Roberts_(pharmaceutical_executive)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"BioMotiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BioMotiv"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"autoimmune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoimmune"},{"link_name":"B-cell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-cell"},{"link_name":"CD32B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD32B"},{"link_name":"CD79B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD79B"},{"link_name":"lupus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lupus"},{"link_name":"rheumatoid arthritis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheumatoid_arthritis"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"AstraZeneca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AstraZeneca"},{"link_name":"roflumilast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roflumilast"},{"link_name":"ciclesonide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciclesonide"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Food and Drug Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration"},{"link_name":"Ixazomib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ixazomib"},{"link_name":"lenalidomide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenalidomide"},{"link_name":"dexamethasone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dexamethasone"},{"link_name":"multiple myeloma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_myeloma"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Ariad Pharmaceuticals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariad_Pharmaceuticals"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"TiGenix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TiGenix"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Shire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shire_(pharmaceutical_company)"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Middle East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East"},{"link_name":"Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"artificial intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence"},{"link_name":"MIT Jameel Clinic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Jameel_Clinic"},{"link_name":"James J. Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Collins_(bioengineer)"},{"link_name":"Anantha P. Chandrakasan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anantha_P._Chandrakasan"},{"link_name":"MIT School of Engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology_School_of_Engineering"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Latin America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_America"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"TAK-186","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TAK-186&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"EGFR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidermal_growth_factor_receptor"},{"link_name":"TAK-280","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TAK-280&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"GammaDelta Therapeutics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GammaDelta_Therapeutics&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"T cell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T_cell"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Adaptate Biotherapeutics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adaptate_Biotherapeutics&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"NDI-034858","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NDI-034858&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"allosteric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allosteric"},{"link_name":"TYK2 inhibitor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TYK2"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Eohilia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eohilia"},{"link_name":"esophagus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esophagus"},{"link_name":"Dupixent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dupixent"},{"link_name":"Sanofi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanofi"},{"link_name":"Regeneron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regeneron_Pharmaceuticals"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Lexington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexington,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"}],"sub_title":"Further expansion and research (2011–present)","text":"In September 2011, Takeda acquired Nycomed for €9.6 billion.[18]In May 2012, Takeda purchased Brazilian pharmaceutical company Multilab for R$540 million.[19] In June, Takeda announced it would acquire URL Pharma, then run by the founder's son Richard Roberts, for US$800 million.[20]In September 2014, Takeda announced it would team up with BioMotiv to identify and develop new compounds over a five-year period, worth approximately US$25 million.[21] On 30 September 2014, Takeda announced it would expand a collaboration with MacroGenics, valued up to US$1.6 billion. The collaboration focused on the co-development of the preclinical autoimmune compound MGD010. MGD010 is a therapy which targets the B-cell surface proteins CD32B and CD79B, and is indicated for lupus and rheumatoid arthritis.[22]In 2015, Takeda sold its respiratory drugs business to AstraZeneca for $575 million (about £383 million), which included roflumilast and ciclesonide.[23] On November, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved Ixazomib developed by Takeda for use in combination with lenalidomide and dexamethasone for the treatment of multiple myeloma after at least one prior therapy.[24]In December 2016, the company spun out its neuroscience research division into Cerevance, a joint venture along with Lightstone Ventures.[25]In February 2017, Takeda acquired Ariad Pharmaceuticals for $5.2 billion, expanding the company's oncology and hematology divisions.[26]In January 2018, the company acquired stem cell therapy developer TiGenix for up to €520 million ($632 million).[27]In January 2019, Takeda acquired Shire for more than US$50 billion.[28][29] In October, Takeda announced it had sold a portfolio of over-the-counter and prescription medicines in the Middle East and Africa to Swiss pharmaceuticals company Acino International for more than $200 million.[30][31]In January 2020, Takeda announced a research partnership with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) to advance discoveries in artificial intelligence and health. The MIT-Takeda Program is housed in the MIT Jameel Clinic, and is led by Professor James J. Collins, with a steering committee led by Professor Anantha P. Chandrakasan, dean of the MIT School of Engineering, and Anne Heatherington, senior vice president and head of Data Sciences Institute (DSI) at Takeda.[32][33][34] In March 2020, Takeda announced that it has entered into an exclusive agreement to divest a portfolio of non-core products in Latin America to Hypera S.A. for a total value of $825 million.[35]In March 2021, the company announced it would acquire Maverick Therapeutics, Inc. and its two major programs TAK-186 (MVC-101) in trials for the treatment of EGFR-expressing tumours and TAK-280 (MVC-280) for use in the treatment of patients with B7H3-expressing tumors.[36] In October, they acquired GammaDelta Therapeutics and its gamma delta (γδ) T cell immunotherapy programme.[37][38]In January 2022, Takeda announced it would exercise its option to acquire Adaptate Biotherapeutics and its antibody-based γδ T cell technology, reuniting Adaptate and its former parent company, GammaDelta Therapeutics, in a single organisation.[39][40] In December of the same year, the company announced it would acquire Nimbus Lakshmi, Inc. and its lead compound NDI-034858 which is an allosteric TYK2 inhibitor, from Nimbus Therapeutics, LLC for up to $6 billion.[41][42]In February 2024, Takeda Pharmaceutical gained approval from the FDA for Eohilia, the first oral approval for allergic inflammation of the esophagus for patients 11 years and older. At the time of the announcement, the treatment Dupixent from Sanofi and Regeneron was the only alternative.[43]In May 2024, Takeda announced it would be laying off 641 employees based in Massachusetts between July 2024 and March 2025 as part of a restructuring. It was expected to affect 495 people based in Cambridge and 146 people in Lexington.[44]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Abbott Laboratories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbott_Laboratories"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"blockbuster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medication#Blockbuster_drug"},{"link_name":"leuprorelin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leuprorelin"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"lansoprazole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lansoprazole"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"medicare fraud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicare_fraud"},{"link_name":"largest pharmaceutical settlement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Largest_Pharmaceutical_Settlements"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DOJ-50"},{"link_name":"Abbott Laboratories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbott_Laboratories"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-52"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-52"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"}],"sub_title":"TAP Pharmaceuticals (1977–2008)","text":"In 1977, Takeda first entered the U.S. pharmaceutical market by developing a joint venture with Abbott Laboratories called TAP Pharmaceuticals.[45] Through TAP Pharmaceuticals Takeda and Abbott launched blockbuster drugs Lupron (leuprorelin), in 1985,[46] then Prevacid (lansoprazole), in 1995.[47]In 2001, TAP's illegal marketing of Lupron resulted in both civil and criminal charges by the U.S. Department of Justice and the Illinois attorney general for federal and state medicare fraud. TAP was fined $875 million, then reported as the largest pharmaceutical settlement in history.[48][49]In March 2008, Takeda and Abbott Laboratories announced plans to conclude their 30-year-old joint venture, TAP Pharmaceuticals.[50] The split resulted in Abbott acquiring U.S. rights to Lupron and the drug's support staff.[51] Takeda received rights to Prevacid and TAP's pipeline candidates.[51] The move also increased Takeda's headcount by 3,000 employees.[52]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Millennium Pharmaceuticals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium_Pharmaceuticals"},{"link_name":"Nycomed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nycomed"},{"link_name":"Altana Pharma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altana_Pharma"},{"link_name":"Bradley Pharmaceuticals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradley_Pharmaceuticals"},{"link_name":"URL Pharma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/URL_Pharma"},{"link_name":"Ariad Pharmaceuticals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariad_Pharmaceuticals"},{"link_name":"TiGenix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TiGenix"},{"link_name":"Shire plc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shire_plc"},{"link_name":"Jerini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerini"},{"link_name":"ViroPharma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ViroPharma"},{"link_name":"Baxalta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baxalta"}],"text":"Takeda Pharmaceutical Company (Est. 1781)\nSyrrx (Acq 2005)\nParadigm Therapeutics (UK) Ltd. (Acq 2007)\nMillennium Pharmaceuticals (Acq 2008)\nCOR Therapeutics (Acq 2002)\nCambridge Discovery Chemistry (Acq 2000)\nLeukosite (Acq 1999)\nNycomed (Acq 2011)\nAltana Pharma (Pharmaceuticals div, Acq 2007)\nBradley Pharmaceuticals (Acq 2007)\nURL Pharma (Acq 2012)\nMultilaba (Acq 2012)\nCerevance (Neuroscience div, Spun off 2016)\nAriad Pharmaceuticals (Acq 2017)\nTiGenix (Acq 2018)\nShire plc (Founded 1986, Acq 2019)\nPharmavene (Acq 1997)\nRichwood Pharmaceutical Company (Acq 1997)\nBiochem Canada (Acq 2001)\nTranskaryotic Therapeutics (Acq 2005)\nNew River Pharmaceuticals Inc (Acq 2007)\nJerini (Acq 2008)\nMovetis (Acq 2012)\nAdvanced BioHealing (Acq 2011)\nFerroKin BioSciences (Acq 2012)\nLotus Tissue Repair, Inc (Acq 2013)\nPremacure AB (Acq 2013)\nSARcode Bioscience Inc (Acq 2013)\nViroPharma (Founded 1994, Acq 2013)\nLev Pharmaceuticals (Acq 2008)\nFibrotech (Acq 2014)\nLumena (Acq 2014)\nNPS Pharmaceuticals (Acq 2015)\nMeritage Pharma (Acq 2015)\nForesight Biotherapeutics (Acq 2015)\nDyax (Acq 2015)\nBaxalta (Acq 2016)\nPvP Biologics, Inc. (Acq 2020)\nMaverick Therapeutics, Inc. (Acq 2021)\nGammaDelta Therapeutics (Acq 2021)\nAdaptate Biotherapeutics (Acq 2022)\nNimbus Lakshmi, Inc. (Acq 2022)","title":"Acquisition history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Xiidra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiidra"},{"link_name":"Novartis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novartis"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-endpts.com-55"},{"link_name":"Stada Arzneimittel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stada_Arzneimittel"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Celltrion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celltrion"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-endpts.com-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"TachoSil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TachoSil"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"}],"text":"In May 2019, Takeda sold its Xiidra dry-eye drug business to Novartis for $5.3 billion, $3.4 billion upfront and up-to $1.9 billion in sales milestones.[53][54]In November 2019, Takeda entered an agreement to sell its over-the-counter and prescription drugs businesses in Russia, Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Uzbekistan to Stada Arzneimittel for $660 million.[55]In June 2020, Takeda announced that it was divesting 18 over-the-counter and prescription drugs marketed in the Asia-Pacific region to South Korea's Celltrion in a deal worth $278 million.[54][56][57][58]Also in 2020, Takeda sold TachoSil to Corza Health, Inc. for €350 million.[59]","title":"Divestments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Osaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka"},{"link_name":"Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo"},{"link_name":"Cambridge, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts"}],"text":"Takeda operates two primary bases in Japan in Osaka and Tokyo. Its United States subsidiary is based in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and all Global Operations outside Japan and the U.S. are based in Opfikon (Zurich), Switzerland.\nThe company maintains research and development sites in Japan, the United States, the United Kingdom and Singapore, with manufacturing facilities across the globe.","title":"Locations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pioglitazone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioglitazone"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"}],"text":"In April 2015 Takeda agreed to pay a settlement of $2.37 billion to an estimated 9,000 people who submitted claims alleging that pioglitazone was responsible for giving them bladder cancer. The company said the decision is expected to resolve the “vast majority” of these cases. Takeda will put the money into a settlement fund if 95 percent of plaintiffs agree to the accord, according to which each claimant would get an average $267,000. However, the exact amount for each plaintiff will be evaluated based on cumulative dosage, extent of injuries and history of smoking.[60] In 2014, a plaintiff was awarded $9 billion in punitive damages after a federal court found Takeda hid the cancer risks of their diabetes medicine,[61] but the amount was later reduced to $26 million by a judge who deemed the charge excessive.[62]","title":"Lawsuits"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Public–private engagement"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Human Rights Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Rights_Campaign"},{"link_name":"LGBT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"}],"sub_title":"Activism","text":"Takeda is a corporate partner of Human Rights Campaign, a large LGBT advocacy organization.[63]","title":"Public–private engagement"}]	[{"image_text":"Takeda Midosuji Building, headquarters of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, in Chuo-ku, Osaka, Japan","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Takeda-Midosuji-Bldg-01.jpg/220px-Takeda-Midosuji-Bldg-01.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Financial Results for Fiscal 2023\" (PDF). Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited. May 11, 2023. Retrieved December 27, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://assets-dam.takeda.com/raw/upload/v1683776005/legacy-dotcom/siteassets/system/investors/report/quarterlyannouncements/fy2022/qr2022_q4_f_en.pdf","url_text":"\"Financial Results for Fiscal 2023\""}]},{"reference":"\"Company Facts \| Takeda\". www.takeda.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.takeda.com/who-we-are/company-information/company-facts/","url_text":"\"Company Facts \| Takeda\""}]},{"reference":"\"The History of Takeda – 1781 to 1944 \| Takeda\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.takeda.com/who-we-are/company-information/history/foundation-modernization/","url_text":"\"The History of Takeda – 1781 to 1944 \| Takeda\""}]},{"reference":"Chris Gallagher (2015-03-15). Muralikumar Anantharaman (ed.). \"Japan drugmaker Takeda says Christophe Weber to become CEO April 1\". Reuters. Retrieved 2015-04-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/takeda-pharma-ceo-idUSL4N0W62AD20150304","url_text":"\"Japan drugmaker Takeda says Christophe Weber to become CEO April 1\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters","url_text":"Reuters"}]},{"reference":"\"Share Data \| Takeda\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.takeda.com/investors/stock-and-shares/","url_text":"\"Share Data \| Takeda\""}]},{"reference":"\"Working at Takeda Pharmaceuticals NA\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.greatplacetowork.com/certified-company/1121528","url_text":"\"Working at Takeda Pharmaceuticals NA\""}]},{"reference":"\"Takeda offers early retirement to workers as young as 30\". Nikkei Asia.","urls":[{"url":"https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Pharmaceuticals/Takeda-offers-early-retirement-to-workers-as-young-as-30","url_text":"\"Takeda offers early retirement to workers as young as 30\""}]},{"reference":"\"Financial Results for Fiscal 2012\" (PDF). 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Charged with Health Care Crimes\""},{"Link":"https://www.chicagobusiness.com/article/20080319/NEWS03/200028640/abbott-takeda-to-end-joint-venture","external_links_name":"\"Abbott, Takeda to end joint venture\""},{"Link":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB120596276402549819","external_links_name":"\"Abbott, Takeda to End Joint Venture\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0099-9660","external_links_name":"0099-9660"},{"Link":"http://archives.chicagotribune.com/2008/mar/20/business/chi-thu_abbott-takedamar20","external_links_name":"\"Featured Articles From The Chicago Tribune\""},{"Link":"https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Business-deals/Novartis-to-buy-Takeda-s-eyedrop-unit-for-5.3bn","external_links_name":"\"Novartis to buy Takeda's eyedrop unit for $5.3bn\""},{"Link":"https://endpts.com/takeda-continues-post-shire-selloff-inching-closer-to-10b-goal/","external_links_name":"\"Takeda continues post-Shire selloff, inching closer to $10B 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antinoeis	Antinoeis	["1 References"]	Antinoeis (Ancient Greek: Ἀντινοείς) was a deme of ancient Attica, in the part of the city founded by the emperor Hadrian. The deme was established only in 126 or 127, after the death of Antinous, a favourite of Hadrian. The site of Antinoeis is unlocated. References ^ Richard Talbert, ed. (2000). Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World. Princeton University Press. p. 59, and directory notes accompanying. ISBN 978-0-691-03169-9. This article about a location in Ancient Attica is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The site of Antinoeis is unlocated.[1]","title":"Antinoeis"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Richard Talbert, ed. (2000). Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World. Princeton University Press. p. 59, and directory notes accompanying. ISBN 978-0-691-03169-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Talbert","url_text":"Richard Talbert"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrington_Atlas_of_the_Greek_and_Roman_World","url_text":"Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-03169-9","url_text":"978-0-691-03169-9"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antinoeis&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marseille-Saint-Charles_Station	Marseille-Saint-Charles station	["1 History","1.1 Construction of the Saint-Charles grand staircase","1.2 Further expansion after World War II","1.3 Arrival of the TGV","2 Train services","3 References","4 External links"]	Coordinates: 43°18′11″N 5°22′52″E / 43.30306°N 5.38111°E / 43.30306; 5.38111Main railway and bus station of Marseille, France Marseille-Saint-CharlesSNCF railway stationMain entranceGeneral informationLocationSquare Narvik13232 Marseille Cedex 1Owned bySNCFLine(s)Paris–Marseille railwayMarseille–Ventimiglia railwayTracks16ConnectionsBus terminalConstructionStructure typeAt-gradeOther informationStation code87751008IATA codeXRFPassengers201716.5 million Services Preceding station SNCF Following station Aix-en-Provence TGVtowards Paris-Lyon TGV inOui Terminus Avignon TGVtowards Brussels-South Aix-en-Provence TGVtowards Frankfurt Avignon TGVtowards Le Havre Avignon TGVtowards Rennes Aix-en-Provence TGVtowards Luxembourg Aix-en-Provence TGVtowards Nantes Aix-en-Provence TGVtowards Genève-Cornavin Paris-LyonTerminus TGV inOuiSeasonal service Avignon TGVtowards Nancy-Ville TGV inOui Toulontowards Nice-Ville Avignon TGVtowards Lyon-Part-Dieu Arlestowards Bordeaux Intercités Terminus Preceding station Renfe Operadora Following station Aix-en-Provence TGVtowards Madrid Atocha AVE Terminus Preceding station Ouigo Following station Aix-en-Provence TGVtowards Lille-Flandres Grande Vitesse Terminus Aix-en-Provence TGVtowards Paris-Lyon Preceding station TER PACA Following station Terminus 1 Marseille-Blancardetowards Hyères 6 Toulontowards Nice Arenc-Euroméditerranéetowards Miramas 7bis Terminus L'Estaquetowards Avignon 8 Vitrolles-Aéroporttowards Avignon TGV 9 Vitrolles-Aéroporttowards Lyon-Part-Dieu 10 Picon-Busserinetowards Pertuis 12 Saint-Antoinetowards Briançon 13 Preceding station TER Occitanie Following station Vitrolles-Aéroporttowards Narbonne 6 Terminus Preceding station Eurostar Following station Terminus Eurostar(summer) Aix-en-Provencetowards Amsterdam Centraal LocationMarseille-Saint-CharlesLocation in FranceShow map of FranceMarseille-Saint-CharlesLocation in EuropeShow map of Europe Marseille-Saint-Charles (French: Gare de Marseille-Saint-Charles) is the main railway station and intercity bus station of Marseille, France. It is the southern terminus of the Paris–Marseille railway and western terminus of the Marseille–Ventimiglia railway. It opened on 8 January 1848, having been built for the Chemins de fer de Paris à Lyon et à la Méditerranée (PLM) on the land of the former Saint Charles Cemetery. The station is perched on top of a small hill and is linked to the city centre by a monumental set of stairs. Since 2001, the TGV has dramatically reduced the travel time between Marseille and Northern France; traffic has increased from 7.1 million annual passengers in 2000 to 16.5 million in 2017. This makes the station the eleventh busiest in France. History Construction of the Saint-Charles grand staircase Saint-Charles grand staircase towards the city centre Marseille-Saint-Charles was once a key stage on the sea voyage to Africa, the Middle East and the Far East, before the popularisation of flying. The station, originally isolated from the city, was equipped with a grand staircase, envisioned by Eugène Senès. His proposal was approved by the municipality on 3 July 1911, but delayed by World War I. Construction work started on 17 July 1923; the grand staircase was opened on 22 December 1925, before being formally inaugurated by President Gaston Doumergue on 24 April 1927. It is bordered by statues inspired by all the distant locations to which people sailed from Marseille's port. Further expansion after World War II Concourse of Saint-Charles Saint-Charles currently has 14 terminal platforms and four tracks which run through, all equipped with 1500 V DC overhead wire. Tracks run in various directions, towards Ventimiglia, Italy, the north, Briançon, as well as the harbour station of La Joliette. A first extension was opened after World War II. The buildings on the north side had been destroyed and were rebuilt to house the administration offices of the SNCF. A new between level was opened to enhance the flow of passengers. To the rear of the station along Boulevard Voltaire was the goods yard which was used up until the end of the 1990s by the SNCF's road freight operations, Sernam. On New Year's Eve 1983, a bomb at the station killed two people; Ilich Ramírez Sánchez, known as Carlos the Jackal, was later convicted for what was classified as a terrorist attack. At the end of the 1990s a redevelopment project began with the opening of the Marseille Metro and bus interchange as well as the arrival of the LGV Méditerranée. Arrival of the TGV Since 2001, new underground parking lots and a tunnel have allowed the station to be renewed. A new hall, the Halle Honnorat, was created housing shops and services. The displacement of the regional coach station on the other side of the station allowed a new pedestrian square to be created, between the station and the Aix-Marseille University site of Saint-Charles. New pedestrian spaces with cafe terraces have also been created atop the grand stairs. In December 2007, a €230 million modernisation was completed. On 1 October 2017, two women were killed in a knife attack at the train station before the perpetrator, an illegal immigrant from Tunisia, was shot dead by soldiers on patrol. His act was classified as jihadist terrorism by Europol. Train services The station is served by the following services: High-speed services (TGV) Paris-Lyon Station - Valence TGV - Avignon TGV - Marseille Saint Charles High-speed services (TGV Bruxelles-France) Brussels-Midi - Lille Europe / Lille-Flandres - Charles de Gaulle Airport 2 TGV - Lyon Part-Dieu - Avignon TGV - Marseille Saint Charles High-speed services (AVE) Madrid-Atocha - Zaragoza - Barcelona-Sants - Perpignan - Montpellier Saint Roch - Avignon TGV - Aix-en-Provence TGV mp airport - Marseille Saint Charles High-speed services (TGV-Alleo) Frankfurt (M) Hbf - Strasbourg-Ville - Mulhouse-Ville - Lyon Part-Dieu - Avignon TGV - Aix-en-Provence TGV mp airport - Marseille Saint Charles High-speed services (TGV) Nancy - Strasbourg - Besançon-Franche-Comté-TGV - Dijon-Ville - Lyon Part-Dieu - Avignon TGV - Marseille Saint Charles - Cannes - Nice-Ville High-speed services (TGV Lyria) Geneva-Cornavin - Marseille Saint Charles High-speed services (TGV) Lyon Part-Dieu - Valence TGV Southern Rhône-Alps - Avignon TGV - Aix en Provence TGV mp airport - Marseille Saint Charles - Toulon - Les Arcs-Draguignan - Cannes - Nice-Ville High-speed services (TGV) Le Havre - Rouen-Rive Droite - Versailles-Chantiers - Lyon Part-Dieu - Avignon TGV - Marseille Saint Charles High-speed services (TGV) Rennes / Nantes - Le Mans - Lyon Part-Dieu - Avignon TGV - Marseille Saint Charles High-speed services (Thalys) Amsterdam Centraal - Rotterdam Centraal - Antwerpen-Central - Bruxelles-Midi/Brussel-Zuid - Avignon TGV - Marseille Saint Charles (Summer Saturdays) Intercity services (Intercités) Bordeaux Saint Jean - Toulouse-Matabiau - Narbonne - Béziers - Montpellier Saint Roch - Nîmes - Arles - Marseille Saint Charles High-speed services (TGV Ouigo) Marne-la-Vallée / Lyon-Perrache - Lyon Saint-Exupéry - Avignon TGV - Marseille Saint Charles Regional intercity services Lyon Part-Dieu - Montelimar - Orange - Avignon-Centre - Arles - Miramas - Marseille Saint Charles Regional intercity services Portbou (Spain) - Perpignan - Béziers - Montpellier Saint Roch - Miramas - Vitrolles mp airport - Marseille Saint Charles Regional intercity services Briançon - Gap - Sisteron - Aix en Provence Ville - Marseille Saint Charles Regional intercity services Marseille Saint Charles - Toulon - Les Arcs-Draguignan St Raphael- Cannes - Antibes - Nice-Ville Regional services Avignon-Centre - Arles - Miramas - Vitrolles mp airport - Marseille Euromediterranee - Marseille Saint Charles Regional services Avignon TGV - Avignon Centre - Salon - Miramas - Vitrolles mp airport - Marseille Euromediterranee - Marseille Saint Charles Local services Miramas - Fos-sur-Mer - Carry-le-Rouet - Séon St Henry - Marseille Saint Charles Local services Pertuis - Aix-en-Provence Ville - Gardanne - Saint Antoine - Marseille Saint Charles Local services Marseille Saint Antoine - Marseille Saint Charles Local services Marseille Saint Charles - Marseille Blancarde - Aubagne - Toulon - (Hyères) Local services Marseille Saint Charles - Marseille Blancarde - La Barasse - Aubagne References ^ News in Brief International Railway Journal January 2008 page 7 ^ "Two women die in Marseille knife attack". BBC News. 2 October 2017. Retrieved 2 October 2017. ^ Rechercher une fiche horaire, TER Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, accessed 16 May 2022. ^ La carte du réseau TER SUD, TER Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, accessed 16 May 2022. ^ Marseille-Saint-Charles station at "Gares & Connexions", the official website of SNCF (in French) External links Media related to Gare de Marseille-Saint-Charles at Wikimedia Commons Marseille-Saint-Charles station at "Gares & Connexions", the official website of SNCF (in French) vteMarseilleGeography Huveaune Massif de l'Étoile Massif des Calanques Mont Puget Frioul archipelago Administration and politics Arrondissements of Marseille (1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th) Cantons Transportation Marseille Provence Airport Train network and stations Bus Metro Navette maritime RTM Tramway Le vélo sharing bikes system Highways network (A7 A50 A55 L2 Major/la Joliette tunnel Vieux-Port de Marseille tunnel Prado-Carénage tunnel) Landmarks Abbey of St Victor Bastide de la Guillermy Belsunce Bompard Calanques National Park Canebière Château Borély Château d'If Château Pastré Cimetière Saint-Pierre CMA CGM Tower Docks Église Notre-Dame-du-Mont Église Saint Roch Église Saint-Vincent-de-Paul Marseille-Blancarde station Marseille-Saint-Charles station Grande Synagogue Hippodrome de Marseille Hôtel-Dieu de Marseille L'Estaque La Friche La Joliette La Treille Ledge of President John Fitzgerald Kennedy Marseille Cathedral Marseille-Fos Port Marseille History Museum Mazargues Musée Cantini Musée Grobet-Labadié Muséum d'histoire naturelle de Marseille Museum of European and Mediterranean Civilisations Museum of the Decorative Arts, Fashion and Ceramics Notre-Dame de la Garde Opéra Oppidum de Verduron Palais de la Bourse Palais du Pharo Palais Longchamp Parc Borély Parc du 26e Centenaire Place Castellane Place Jean-Jaurès Plages du Prado Porte d'Aix Stade Vélodrome Thiers Unité d'habitation Vallon des Auffes Vieille Charité Vieux-Port Villa Valmer History C'est la sardine qui a bouché le port de Marseille Timeline of Marseille Arsenal des galères Sporting clubs Athlético Marseille Marseille XIII Marseille Provence XV Olympique de Marseille vteEurostarStations Aachen Amsterdam Antwerp Charles de Gaulle Airport Brussels Köln Dortmund Duisburg Düsseldorf Düsseldorf Airport Essen Liège Lille-Europe London–St Pancras Marne-la-Vallée–Chessy Paris-Nord Rotterdam Schiphol Airport Seasonal Aime Aix-en-Provence Albertville Avignon Bourg-Saint-Maurice Chambéry Landry Marseille Moûtiers Valence Former Ashford Calais Ebbsfleet London–Waterloo Lyon Lines Channel Tunnel Cologne–Aachen Cologne–Duisburg Duisburg–Dortmund LGV Nord High Speed 1 HSL 1 HSL 2 HSL 3 HSL 4 HSL-Zuid LGV Interconnexion Est LGV Sud-Est LGV Rhône-Alpes LGV Méditerranée LGV Picardie (proposed) Rolling stock e300 e320 PBA PBKA Rail transport in Belgium Rail transport in Germany Rail transport in Great Britain Rail transport in France Rail transport in the Netherlands Authority control databases: Geographic Mérimée 43°18′11″N 5°22′52″E / 43.30306°N 5.38111°E / 43.30306; 5.38111	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Train_station"},{"link_name":"intercity bus station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bus_station"},{"link_name":"Marseille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marseille"},{"link_name":"Paris–Marseille railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris%E2%80%93Marseille_railway"},{"link_name":"Marseille–Ventimiglia railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marseille%E2%80%93Ventimiglia_railway"},{"link_name":"Chemins de fer de Paris à Lyon et à la Méditerranée","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemins_de_fer_de_Paris_%C3%A0_Lyon_et_%C3%A0_la_M%C3%A9diterran%C3%A9e"},{"link_name":"TGV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TGV"}],"text":"Main railway and bus station of Marseille, FranceMarseille-Saint-Charles (French: Gare de Marseille-Saint-Charles) is the main railway station and intercity bus station of Marseille, France. It is the southern terminus of the Paris–Marseille railway and western terminus of the Marseille–Ventimiglia railway.It opened on 8 January 1848, having been built for the Chemins de fer de Paris à Lyon et à la Méditerranée (PLM) on the land of the former Saint Charles Cemetery. The station is perched on top of a small hill and is linked to the city centre by a monumental set of stairs. Since 2001, the TGV has dramatically reduced the travel time between Marseille and Northern France; traffic has increased from 7.1 million annual passengers in 2000 to 16.5 million in 2017. This makes the station the eleventh busiest in France.","title":"Marseille-Saint-Charles station"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vue_depuis_la_gare_saint_charles_de_Marseille_-_panoramio_(3).jpg"},{"link_name":"Gaston Doumergue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaston_Doumergue"}],"sub_title":"Construction of the Saint-Charles grand staircase","text":"Saint-Charles grand staircase towards the city centreMarseille-Saint-Charles was once a key stage on the sea voyage to Africa, the Middle East and the Far East, before the popularisation of flying. The station, originally isolated from the city, was equipped with a grand staircase, envisioned by Eugène Senès. His proposal was approved by the municipality on 3 July 1911, but delayed by World War I. Construction work started on 17 July 1923; the grand staircase was opened on 22 December 1925, before being formally inaugurated by President Gaston Doumergue on 24 April 1927. It is bordered by statues inspired by all the distant locations to which people sailed from Marseille's port.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Concourse_of_Saint_Charles_Station,_Marseille.jpg"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"DC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_current"},{"link_name":"overhead wire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overhead_wire"},{"link_name":"Ventimiglia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventimiglia"},{"link_name":"Briançon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian%C3%A7on"},{"link_name":"SNCF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNCF"},{"link_name":"New Year's Eve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Year%27s_Eve"},{"link_name":"bomb at the station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TGV_train_and_Marseille_station_bombings"},{"link_name":"Carlos the Jackal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_the_Jackal"},{"link_name":"Marseille Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marseille_Metro"},{"link_name":"LGV Méditerranée","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGV_M%C3%A9diterran%C3%A9e"}],"sub_title":"Further expansion after World War II","text":"Concourse of Saint-CharlesSaint-Charles currently has 14 terminal platforms and four tracks which run through[citation needed], all equipped with 1500 V DC overhead wire. Tracks run in various directions, towards Ventimiglia, Italy, the north, Briançon, as well as the harbour station of La Joliette. A first extension was opened after World War II. The buildings on the north side had been destroyed and were rebuilt to house the administration offices of the SNCF. A new between level was opened to enhance the flow of passengers. To the rear of the station along Boulevard Voltaire was the goods yard which was used up until the end of the 1990s by the SNCF's road freight operations, Sernam.On New Year's Eve 1983, a bomb at the station killed two people; Ilich Ramírez Sánchez, known as Carlos the Jackal, was later convicted for what was classified as a terrorist attack. At the end of the 1990s a redevelopment project began with the opening of the Marseille Metro and bus interchange as well as the arrival of the LGV Méditerranée.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aix-Marseille University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aix-Marseille_University"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"two women were killed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Marseille_stabbing"},{"link_name":"Europol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europol"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"sub_title":"Arrival of the TGV","text":"Since 2001, new underground parking lots and a tunnel have allowed the station to be renewed. A new hall, the Halle Honnorat, was created housing shops and services. The displacement of the regional coach station on the other side of the station allowed a new pedestrian square to be created, between the station and the Aix-Marseille University site of Saint-Charles. New pedestrian spaces with cafe terraces have also been created atop the grand stairs. In December 2007, a €230 million modernisation was completed.[1]On 1 October 2017, two women were killed in a knife attack at the train station before the perpetrator, an illegal immigrant from Tunisia, was shot dead by soldiers on patrol. His act was classified as jihadist terrorism by Europol.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fiches-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"TGV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TGV"},{"link_name":"Thalys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thalys"},{"link_name":"Ouigo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouigo"}],"text":"The station is served by the following services:[3][4][5]High-speed services (TGV) Paris-Lyon Station - Valence TGV - Avignon TGV - Marseille Saint Charles\nHigh-speed services (TGV Bruxelles-France) Brussels-Midi - Lille Europe / Lille-Flandres - Charles de Gaulle Airport 2 TGV - Lyon Part-Dieu - Avignon TGV - Marseille Saint Charles\nHigh-speed services (AVE) Madrid-Atocha - Zaragoza - Barcelona-Sants - Perpignan - Montpellier Saint Roch - Avignon TGV - Aix-en-Provence TGV mp airport - Marseille Saint Charles\nHigh-speed services (TGV-Alleo) Frankfurt (M) Hbf - Strasbourg-Ville - Mulhouse-Ville - Lyon Part-Dieu - Avignon TGV - Aix-en-Provence TGV mp airport - Marseille Saint Charles\nHigh-speed services (TGV) Nancy - Strasbourg - Besançon-Franche-Comté-TGV - Dijon-Ville - Lyon Part-Dieu - Avignon TGV - Marseille Saint Charles - Cannes - Nice-Ville\nHigh-speed services (TGV Lyria) Geneva-Cornavin - Marseille Saint Charles\nHigh-speed services (TGV) Lyon Part-Dieu - Valence TGV Southern Rhône-Alps - Avignon TGV - Aix en Provence TGV mp airport - Marseille Saint Charles - Toulon - Les Arcs-Draguignan - Cannes - Nice-Ville\nHigh-speed services (TGV) Le Havre - Rouen-Rive Droite - Versailles-Chantiers - Lyon Part-Dieu - Avignon TGV - Marseille Saint Charles\nHigh-speed services (TGV) Rennes / Nantes - Le Mans - Lyon Part-Dieu - Avignon TGV - Marseille Saint Charles\nHigh-speed services (Thalys) Amsterdam Centraal - Rotterdam Centraal - Antwerpen-Central - Bruxelles-Midi/Brussel-Zuid - Avignon TGV - Marseille Saint Charles (Summer Saturdays)\nIntercity services (Intercités) Bordeaux Saint Jean - Toulouse-Matabiau - Narbonne - Béziers - Montpellier Saint Roch - Nîmes - Arles - Marseille Saint Charles\nHigh-speed services (TGV Ouigo) Marne-la-Vallée / Lyon-Perrache - Lyon Saint-Exupéry - Avignon TGV - Marseille Saint Charles\nRegional intercity services Lyon Part-Dieu - Montelimar - Orange - Avignon-Centre - Arles - Miramas - Marseille Saint Charles\nRegional intercity services Portbou (Spain) - Perpignan - Béziers - Montpellier Saint Roch - Miramas - Vitrolles mp airport - Marseille Saint Charles\nRegional intercity services Briançon - Gap - Sisteron - Aix en Provence Ville - Marseille Saint Charles\nRegional intercity services Marseille Saint Charles - Toulon - Les Arcs-Draguignan St Raphael- Cannes - Antibes - Nice-Ville\nRegional services Avignon-Centre - Arles - Miramas - Vitrolles mp airport - Marseille Euromediterranee - Marseille Saint Charles\nRegional services Avignon TGV - Avignon Centre - Salon - Miramas - Vitrolles mp airport - Marseille Euromediterranee - Marseille Saint Charles\nLocal services Miramas - Fos-sur-Mer - Carry-le-Rouet - Séon St Henry - Marseille Saint Charles\nLocal services Pertuis - Aix-en-Provence Ville - Gardanne - Saint Antoine - Marseille Saint Charles\nLocal services Marseille Saint Antoine - Marseille Saint Charles\nLocal services Marseille Saint Charles - Marseille Blancarde - Aubagne - Toulon - (Hyères)\nLocal services Marseille Saint Charles - Marseille Blancarde - La Barasse - Aubagne","title":"Train services"}]	[{"image_text":"Saint-Charles grand staircase towards the city centre","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Vue_depuis_la_gare_saint_charles_de_Marseille_-_panoramio_%283%29.jpg/220px-Vue_depuis_la_gare_saint_charles_de_Marseille_-_panoramio_%283%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Concourse of Saint-Charles","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Concourse_of_Saint_Charles_Station%2C_Marseille.jpg/220px-Concourse_of_Saint_Charles_Station%2C_Marseille.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Two women die in Marseille knife attack\". BBC News. 2 October 2017. Retrieved 2 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-41461107","url_text":"\"Two women die in Marseille knife attack\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News","url_text":"BBC News"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Marseille-Saint-Charles_station&params=43_18_11_N_5_22_52_E_type:railwaystation_region:FR","external_links_name":"43°18′11″N 5°22′52″E / 43.30306°N 5.38111°E / 43.30306; 5.38111"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-41461107","external_links_name":"\"Two women die in Marseille knife attack\""},{"Link":"https://m.ter.sncf.com/sud-provence-alpes-cote-d-azur/se-deplacer/fiches-horaires","external_links_name":"Rechercher une fiche horaire"},{"Link":"https://mmt.vsct.fr/sites/default/files/swt/CPAC/2021-10/carte-reseau-TER-2020_tcm65-18531_tcm65-248750.pdf","external_links_name":"La carte du réseau TER SUD"},{"Link":"https://www.garesetconnexions.sncf/fr/gares-services/frmsc","external_links_name":"Marseille-Saint-Charles station"},{"Link":"https://www.garesetconnexions.sncf/fr/gares-services/frmsc","external_links_name":"Marseille-Saint-Charles station"},{"Link":"https://www.pop.culture.gouv.fr/notice/merimee/IA13000799","external_links_name":"Mérimée"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Marseille-Saint-Charles_station&params=43_18_11_N_5_22_52_E_type:railwaystation_region:FR","external_links_name":"43°18′11″N 5°22′52″E / 43.30306°N 5.38111°E / 43.30306; 5.38111"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drilliola_loprestiana	Drilliola loprestiana	["1 Taxonomy","2 Description","3 Distribution","4 References","5 External links"]	Species of gastropod Drilliola loprestiana Drawing of a shell of Drilliola loprestiana Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Mollusca Class: Gastropoda Subclass: Caenogastropoda Order: Neogastropoda Superfamily: Conoidea Family: Borsoniidae Genus: Drilliola Species: D. loprestiana Binomial name Drilliola loprestiana(Calcara, 1841) Synonyms Drillia crispata Reeve Drilliola comatotropis (Dall, 1881) Fusus moniliger Cantraine, F.J., 1835 Microdrillia loprestiana (Calcara, 1841) Pleurotoma comatotropis Dall, 1881 Pleurotoma loprestiana Calcara, 1841 Pleurotoma tarentini Philippi, 1844 Pleurotoma tiara Watson, 1881 Pleurotoma trecchi Testa, D., 1842 (fossil) Pleurotoma tarentini Philippi, R.A., 1844 (fossil) Pleurotoma tricincta Brugnone, 1862 Raphitoma barbierii Brusina, S., 1866 Taranis pulchella Verrill, 1880 Drilliola loprestiana is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Borsoniidae. Taxonomy Figueira & Absalão (2010) used the name Drilliola pulchella (Verrill, 1880) for the species generally known as Drilliola loprestiana. They illustrated as "holotype Drilliola loprestiana (Calcara, 1841), MAL-1930, photo courtesy of Museo di Zoologia 'P. Doderlein', Palermo University", a specimen with a paucispiral protoconch, which is Drilliola emendata (Monterosato, 1872). This is questionable, because when establishing the genus Drilliola, Locard (1897: 213) provided notes from Monterosato (who then had purchased the Brugnone collection with Calcara's types), in which Drilliola loprestiana was clearly understood in the current acception (i.e. the species with a brown, multispiral protoconch). Most fortunately, ICZN art. 74.6. does not allow after year 2000 the fixation of a lectotype by inference of a "holotype", so this has no nomenclatural effect. Description The size of an adult shell varies between 4 mm and 8.7 mm. The shell contains seven whorls with revolving carinae, the interstices longitudinally striate. The sinus iswide. The color of the shell is whitish, the apex brown-stained. The shell has a fusiform shape up to 7 mm high, with elevated spire and body whorl less than half the total height. The protoconch is proportionally very large, with 4–5 convex whorls and a sculpture of axial riblets and a marked suprasutural keel. The teleoconch contains 3–4 whorls, with a sculpture of strong, elevated and acute spiral cords, narrower than the interspaces. The axial sculpture consists of fine raised threads which are very conspicuous in the interspaces and attenuated over the cords. The aperture is elongate. The outer lip is simple, with a deep U-shaped sinus situated next to the suture, then with convex profile in lateral view. The columellar edge simple, making an angle with the parietal edge. The colour of the protoconch is dark brown, of the teleoconch pure white. Distribution This species occurs from the Bay of Biscay to West Africa, in the Mediterranean Sea, in the Adriatic Sea, in the Atlantic Ocean from Georgia, USA to Southern Brazil, in the Caribbean Sea and in the Gulf of Mexico. References ^ Calcara P. (1841). Monografie dei generi Spirorbis e Succinea seguita da alcune nuove specie di conchiglie siciliane. Giornale Letterario 226: 1–11. World Register of Marine Species, Retrieved 29 March 2010. ^ a b c Drilliola loprestiana (Calcara, 1841). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 13 August 2011. ^ G.W. Tryon (1884) Manual of Conchology, structural and systematic, with illustrations of the species, vol. VI; Philadelphia, Academy of Natural Sciences (described as Drillia loprestana) Bouchet P. & Warén A. (1980). Revision of the North-East Atlantic bathyal and abyssal Turridae (Mollusca: Gastropoda). Journal of Molluscan Studies Suppl. 8: 1–119 (December) page(s): 32–33 Gofas, S.; Le Renard, J.; Bouchet, P. (2001). Mollusca, in: Costello, M.J. et al. (Ed.) (2001). European register of marine species: a check-list of the marine species in Europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. Collection Patrimoines Naturels, 50: pp. 180–213 Rosenberg, G., F. Moretzsohn, and E. F. García. 2009. Gastropoda (Mollusca) of the Gulf of Mexico, Pp. 579–699 in Felder, D.L. and D.K. Camp (eds.), Gulf of Mexico–Origins, Waters, and Biota. Biodiversity. Texas A&M Press, College Station, Texas External links Serge GOFAS, Ángel A. LUQUE, Joan Daniel OLIVER,José TEMPLADO & Alberto SERRA (2021) - The Mollusca of Galicia Bank (NE Atlantic Ocean); European Journal of Taxonomy 785: 1–114 "Drilliola loprestiana". Gastropods.com. Retrieved 13 August 2011. Taxon identifiersDrilliola loprestiana Wikidata: Q3138534 CoL: 37NWK GBIF: 2303672 iNaturalist: 255021 IRMNG: 10600265 ITIS: 75232 NBN: NHMSYS0021184979 OBIS: 183133 Open Tree of Life: 2904978 SeaLifeBase: 6091 WoRMS: 183133	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sea snail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_snail"},{"link_name":"gastropod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastropod"},{"link_name":"mollusk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mollusk"},{"link_name":"family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_(biology)"},{"link_name":"Borsoniidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borsoniidae"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WoRMS-2"}],"text":"Drilliola loprestiana is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Borsoniidae.[2]","title":"Drilliola loprestiana"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ICZN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICZN_Code"}],"text":"Figueira & Absalão (2010) used the name Drilliola pulchella (Verrill, 1880) for the species generally known as Drilliola loprestiana. They illustrated as \"holotype Drilliola loprestiana (Calcara, 1841), MAL-1930, photo courtesy of Museo di Zoologia 'P. Doderlein', Palermo University\", a specimen with a paucispiral protoconch, which is Drilliola emendata (Monterosato, 1872). This is questionable, because when establishing the genus Drilliola, Locard (1897: 213) provided notes from Monterosato (who then had purchased the Brugnone collection with Calcara's types), in which Drilliola loprestiana was clearly understood in the current acception (i.e. the species with a brown, multispiral protoconch). Most fortunately, ICZN art. 74.6. does not allow after year 2000 the fixation of a lectotype by inference of a \"holotype\", so this has no nomenclatural effect.","title":"Taxonomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"whorls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whorl_(mollusc)"},{"link_name":"apex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apex_(mollusc)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"spire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spire_(mollusc)"},{"link_name":"body whorl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_whorl"},{"link_name":"protoconch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protoconch"},{"link_name":"sculpture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sculpture_(mollusc)"},{"link_name":"teleoconch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleoconch"},{"link_name":"aperture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aperture_(mollusc)"},{"link_name":"lip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lip_(gastropod)"},{"link_name":"suture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suture_(anatomy)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WoRMS-2"}],"text":"The size of an adult shell varies between 4 mm and 8.7 mm. The shell contains seven whorls with revolving carinae, the interstices longitudinally striate. The sinus iswide. The color of the shell is whitish, the apex brown-stained.[3]The shell has a fusiform shape up to 7 mm high, with elevated spire and body whorl less than half the total height. The protoconch is proportionally very large, with 4–5 convex whorls and a sculpture of axial riblets and a marked suprasutural keel. The teleoconch contains 3–4 whorls, with a sculpture of strong, elevated and acute spiral cords, narrower than the interspaces. The axial sculpture consists of fine raised threads which are very conspicuous in the interspaces and attenuated over the cords. The aperture is elongate. The outer lip is simple, with a deep U-shaped sinus situated next to the suture, then with convex profile in lateral view. The columellar edge simple, making an angle with the parietal edge. The colour of the protoconch is dark brown, of the teleoconch pure white.[2]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bay of Biscay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_of_Biscay"},{"link_name":"West Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Africa"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea"},{"link_name":"Adriatic Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adriatic_Sea"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Caribbean Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean_Sea"},{"link_name":"Gulf of Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico"}],"text":"This species occurs from the Bay of Biscay to West Africa, in the Mediterranean Sea, in the Adriatic Sea, in the Atlantic Ocean from Georgia, USA to Southern Brazil, in the Caribbean Sea and in the Gulf of Mexico.","title":"Distribution"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Drilliola loprestiana\". Gastropods.com. Retrieved 13 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gastropods.com/7/Shell_6087.shtml","url_text":"\"Drilliola loprestiana\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=39342","external_links_name":"Calcara P. (1841). Monografie dei generi Spirorbis e Succinea seguita da alcune nuove specie di conchiglie siciliane. Giornale Letterario 226: 1–11"},{"Link":"http://www.marinespecies.org/","external_links_name":"World Register of Marine Species"},{"Link":"http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=183133","external_links_name":"Drilliola loprestiana (Calcara, 1841)"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/manualconch06tryorich","external_links_name":"G.W. Tryon (1884) Manual of Conchology, structural and systematic, with illustrations of the species, vol. VI; Philadelphia, Academy of Natural Sciences"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160807014801/http://biogomx.org/sites/default/files/pdfs/chapters/33-Rosenberg%20et%20al%202009-Gastropoda%20of%20the%20GoMx.pdf","external_links_name":"Rosenberg, G., F. Moretzsohn, and E. F. García. 2009. Gastropoda (Mollusca) of the Gulf of Mexico, Pp. 579–699 in Felder, D.L. and D.K. Camp (eds.), Gulf of Mexico–Origins, Waters, and Biota. Biodiversity. Texas A&M Press, College Station, Texas"},{"Link":"https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/view/1605/5667","external_links_name":"Serge GOFAS, Ángel A. LUQUE, Joan Daniel OLIVER,José TEMPLADO & Alberto SERRA (2021) - The Mollusca of Galicia Bank (NE Atlantic Ocean); European Journal of Taxonomy 785: 1–114"},{"Link":"http://www.gastropods.com/7/Shell_6087.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Drilliola loprestiana\""},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/37NWK","external_links_name":"37NWK"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/2303672","external_links_name":"2303672"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/255021","external_links_name":"255021"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10600265","external_links_name":"10600265"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=75232","external_links_name":"75232"},{"Link":"https://data.nbn.org.uk/Taxa/NHMSYS0021184979","external_links_name":"NHMSYS0021184979"},{"Link":"https://obis.org/taxon/183133","external_links_name":"183133"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=2904978","external_links_name":"2904978"},{"Link":"https://www.sealifebase.ca/Summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=6091","external_links_name":"6091"},{"Link":"https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=183133","external_links_name":"183133"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theron_Metcalf	Theron Metcalf	["1 Personal life","2 Career","2.1 Legal","2.2 Political","3 Honors","4 Published works","5 Edited works","6 References","7 Works cited","8 External links"]	American judge Theron MetcalfAssociate Justice of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial CourtIn office1848–1865Appointed byGeorge N. BriggsPreceded byVacantSucceeded byJames Colt Personal detailsBorn(1784-10-16)October 16, 1784Franklin, Massachusetts, U.S.DiedNovember 12, 1875(1875-11-12) (aged 91)Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.SpouseJulia Tracy MetcalfRelationsUriah TracyChildren3Alma materBrown UniversityLitchfield Law SchoolHarvard UniversityProfessionAttorneyPolitician Theron Metcalf (October 16, 1784 – November 12, 1875) was an American attorney and politician from Massachusetts. He was a New England jurist and served as an associate justice of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court. Personal life Metcalf was born in Franklin, Massachusetts, the son of Hanan Metcalf and Mary (Allen) Metcalf. He graduated from Brown University in 1805, and studied law at the Litchfield Law School after graduation. On November 5, 1809, he married Julia Tracy, daughter of United States Congressman Uriah Tracy. Metcalf and his wife had three children: George Tracy Metcalf, William Pitt Metcalf and Julia Metcalf. Metcalf died in Boston, Massachusetts on November 12, 1875. Career Drawing of Theron Metcalf Metcalf edited the Dedham Gazette from 1813 to 1819. The editor was Jabez Chickering. Legal He opened a law school in Dedham in 1828 where he gave lectures. He was appointed Reporter of the Massachusetts Supreme Court in 1839, and sat on the bench of that court from February 24, 1848, until his resignation on August 31, 1865. His annotations were considered valuable for their philosophical investigation and discriminating analysis. He was admitted to the bar in Massachusetts in 1807, and moved to Dedham, Massachusetts in 1809 to practice law. He served as Norfolk County Attorney for twelve years, until the position was eliminated. Metcalf defended the arsonist who admitted to burning down the Phoenix Hotel. In the case of Baker v. Fales, he served alongside Samuel Haven in representing a group of church members who objected to the hiring of a minister at the First Church and Parish in Dedham. Political In 1815, he was appointed Reporter of Contested Elections for that year. In 1831, 1833 and 1834, he served as a member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives, and was chairman of the Judiciary Committee. Honors Brown gave him the degree of LL.D. in 1844, and Harvard University did the same in 1848. He was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1844. In 1832 and 1847, he was elected a fellow of Brown University. He delivered an address before the Phi Beta Kappa Society of Brown in 1832, and in 1840 delivered the Fourth of July oration at Dedham. Metcalf donated a set of fifty volumes of ordination sermons that he had collected to Brown University. Published works His publications include: A Digest of the Cases decided in the Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts from 1816 to 1823, including the Five last Volumes of Tyng's and the first of Octavius Pickering's Reports (Boston, 1825) An address to the Phi Beta Kappa Society of Brown University: Delivered 5th September, 1832 Reports from 1840 till 1849 (13 vols., 1840–51) the first volume of Digest of Decisions of Courts of Common Law and Admiralty in the United States (1840) a Supplement to the Revised Statutes of Massachusetts till 1844, with Luther S. Cushing (1844) articles to The American Jurist on the "Law of Contracts." Edited works His edited works include: Asahel Stearns and Lemuel Shaw, The General Laws of Massachusetts till 1822 (2 vols., 1823) George Maule and William Selwyn's Reports Russell on Crimes Starkie on Evidence Yelverton's Reports References ^ "Theron Metcalf". Ancestry.com. Retrieved April 22, 2014. ^ Godey, Louis Antoine and Hale, Sarah Josepha Buell (1876). Godey's Magazine, Volume 93. Godey Company. p. 566.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ "Julia Metcalf". Litchfield Historical Society. Retrieved April 22, 2014. ^ "Theron Metcalf". Litchfield Historical Society. Retrieved April 22, 2014. ^ Herringshaw, Thomas William (1914). Herringshaw's National Library of American Biography: Contains Thirty-five Thousand Biographies of the Acknowledged Leaders of Life and Thought of the United States; Illustrated with Three Thousand Vignette Portraits. American Publishers' Association. p. 166. ^ "Theron Metcalf". Litchfield Historical Society. Retrieved April 22, 2014. ^ a b Austin, Walter (1912). Tale of a Dedham Tavern: History of the Norfolk Hotel, Dedham, Massachusetts. Priv. print. at the Riverside Press. p. 21. Retrieved June 25, 2021. ^ a b Blake, Mortimer (1879). A History of the Town of Franklin, Mass: From Its Settlement to the Completion of Its First Century, 2d March, 1878; with Genealogical Notices of Its Earliest Families, Sketches of Its Professional Men, and a Report of the Centennial Celebration. Committee of the Town. p. 173. ^ a b Davis, William Thomas (1900). History of the Judiciary of Massachusetts: Including the Plymouth and Massachusetts Colonies, the Province of the Massachusetts Bay, and the Commonwealth. Boston Book Company. p. 191. ^ a b New England Historic Genealogical Society (1907). New England Historic Genealogical Society. The Society. p. 185. ^ "Theron Metcalf". The Official Website of the Massachusetts Judicial branch. Retrieved April 22, 2014. ^ Hanson 1976, p. 224. ^ Smith 1936, p. 83. ^ Massachusetts. General Court. House of Representativesa and, Metcalf, Thomas (1816). Reports of Contested Elections, in the House of Representatives of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts for the Year 1815. Abel D. Alleyne, printer. p. 3.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ "Theron Metcalf". The Official Website of the Massachusetts Judicial branch. Retrieved April 22, 2014. ^ American Antiquarian Society Members Directory ^ Wilson, James Grant and Fiske, John (1888). Appletons' Cyclopaedia of American Biography, Volume 4. D. Appleton. p. 311.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ U.S. Government Printing Office (1850). Congressional Serial Set. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 57. Works cited Hanson, Robert Brand (1976). Dedham, Massachusetts, 1635-1890. Dedham Historical Society. Smith, Frank (1936). A History of Dedham, Massachusetts. Transcript Press, Incorporated. Retrieved 21 July 2019. External links Wilson, J. G.; Fiske, J., eds. (1900). "Metcalf, Theron" . Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography. New York: D. Appleton. Legal offices VacantTitle last held byMarcus Morton Associate Justice of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court 1848–1865 Succeeded byJames Colt vteJustices of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial CourtChief justices (1692–present) Stoughton Winthrop Addington Winthrop Samuel Sewall Lynde Sr. Dudley Stephen Sewall T. Hutchinson Lynde Jr. Oliver Adams Cushing Sargent Dana Parsons Sewall Parker Shaw Bigelow Chapman Gray Morton W. Field Holmes Knowlton Rugg F. Field Qua R. Wilkins Tauro Hennessey Liacos H. Wilkins Marshall Ireland Gants Budd Provincial periodAssociate justices (1692–1775) Danforth Richards Samuel Sewall Winthrop Cooke Walley Saffin Hathorne Leverett Curwin Lynde Sr. Thomas Davenport Quincy Dudley J. Cushing Sr. Remington Saltonstall Graves Stephen Sewall Hubbard Lynde Jr. J. Cushing Jr. Russell Oliver Trowbridge F. Hutchinson Ropes W. Cushing Brown Revolutionary periodAssociate justices (1775–80) Sargent Reed Paine Warren Foster Sullivan D. Sewall Commonwealth periodAssociate justices (1780–present) Sumner Dana N. Cushing Paine Dawes Bradbury Sewall Strong Thatcher Sedgwick Parker Jackson D. Dewey Putnam Wilde C. Dewey Lincoln M. Morton Sr. Hubbard Fletcher Forbes Metcalf Bigelow C. Cushing Merrick Thomas Hoar Chapman Gray Colt Foster Ames Wells M. Morton Jr. Devens Endicott Lord Soule W. Allen Devens W. Field C. Allen Colburn Holmes Gardner Knowlton J. Morton Barker Lathrop Hammond Loring Braley Sheldon Rugg DeCourcy Crosby Pierce Carroll Jenney Wait Sanderson F. Field Donahue Lummus Qua Cox Dolan Ronan Spalding R. Wilkins Williams Counihan Whittemore Cutter Kirk Jacob Spiegel Reardon Quirico Braucher Hennessey Kaplan H. Wilkins Liacos Abrams Lynch Nolan O'Connor Greaney Fried Marshall Ireland Cowin Spina Sosman Cordy Botsford Gants Duffly Lenk Hines Gaziano Lowy Budd Cypher Kafker Wendlandt Georges Jr. Dewar Wolohojian Italics indicate individuals who were offered seats on the court, but refused Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany Israel United States Other SNAC	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"New England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England"},{"link_name":"jurist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurist"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Supreme_Judicial_Court"}],"text":"Theron Metcalf (October 16, 1784 – November 12, 1875) was an American attorney and politician from Massachusetts. He was a New England jurist and served as an associate justice of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court.","title":"Theron Metcalf"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Franklin, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WpY0c-1"},{"link_name":"Brown University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_University"},{"link_name":"Litchfield Law School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litchfield_Law_School"},{"link_name":"Uriah Tracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uriah_Tracy"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-YmDWS-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9uOCp-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BbwuF-4"},{"link_name":"Boston, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UC1CJ-5"}],"text":"Metcalf was born in Franklin, Massachusetts, the son of Hanan Metcalf and Mary (Allen) Metcalf.[1] He graduated from Brown University in 1805, and studied law at the Litchfield Law School after graduation.On November 5, 1809, he married Julia Tracy, daughter of United States Congressman Uriah Tracy.[2] Metcalf and his wife had three children: George Tracy Metcalf, William Pitt Metcalf and Julia Metcalf.[3][4] Metcalf died in Boston, Massachusetts on November 12, 1875.[5]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Theron_Metcalf.jpg"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-N8M8K-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-austin-7"},{"link_name":"Jabez Chickering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabez_Chickering_(lawyer)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-austin-7"}],"text":"Drawing of Theron MetcalfMetcalf edited the Dedham Gazette from 1813 to 1819.[6][7] The editor was Jabez Chickering.[7]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ypb7e-8"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ruNxP-9"},{"link_name":"Dedham, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dedham,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gfmLh-10"},{"link_name":"Norfolk County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk_County,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dpegl-11"},{"link_name":"Phoenix Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Dedham,_Massachusetts,_1800-1899#Phoenix_Hotel"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanson1976224-12"},{"link_name":"Baker v. Fales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baker_v._Fales"},{"link_name":"Samuel Haven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Haven_(judge)"},{"link_name":"First Church and Parish in Dedham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Church_and_Parish_in_Dedham"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith193683-13"}],"sub_title":"Legal","text":"He opened a law school in Dedham in 1828 where he gave lectures.[8] He was appointed Reporter of the Massachusetts Supreme Court in 1839, and sat on the bench of that court from February 24, 1848, until his resignation on August 31, 1865.[9] His annotations were considered valuable for their philosophical investigation and discriminating analysis.He was admitted to the bar in Massachusetts in 1807, and moved to Dedham, Massachusetts in 1809 to practice law.[10] He served as Norfolk County Attorney for twelve years, until the position was eliminated.[11]Metcalf defended the arsonist who admitted to burning down the Phoenix Hotel.[12] In the case of Baker v. Fales, he served alongside Samuel Haven in representing a group of church members who objected to the hiring of a minister at the First Church and Parish in Dedham.[13]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fXd08-14"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9sHQC-15"}],"sub_title":"Political","text":"In 1815, he was appointed Reporter of Contested Elections for that year.[14] In 1831, 1833 and 1834, he served as a member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives, and was chairman of the Judiciary Committee.[15]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"LL.D.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LL.D."},{"link_name":"Harvard University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ruNxP-9"},{"link_name":"American Antiquarian Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Antiquarian_Society"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UagtN-16"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ypb7e-8"},{"link_name":"Phi Beta Kappa Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phi_Beta_Kappa_Society"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gfmLh-10"},{"link_name":"Dedham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dedham,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hft1o-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Y1LlZ-18"}],"text":"Brown gave him the degree of LL.D. in 1844, and Harvard University did the same in 1848.[9] He was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1844.[16]In 1832 and 1847, he was elected a fellow of Brown University.[8] He delivered an address before the Phi Beta Kappa Society of Brown in 1832,[10] and in 1840 delivered the Fourth of July oration at Dedham.[17] Metcalf donated a set of fifty volumes of ordination sermons that he had collected to Brown University.[18]","title":"Honors"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"His publications include:A Digest of the Cases decided in the Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts from 1816 to 1823, including the Five last Volumes of Tyng's and the first of Octavius Pickering's Reports (Boston, 1825)\nAn address to the Phi Beta Kappa Society of Brown University: Delivered 5th September, 1832\nReports from 1840 till 1849 (13 vols., 1840–51)\nthe first volume of Digest of Decisions of Courts of Common Law and Admiralty in the United States (1840)\na Supplement to the Revised Statutes of Massachusetts till 1844, with Luther S. Cushing (1844)\narticles to The American Jurist on the \"Law of Contracts.\"","title":"Published works"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"His edited works include:Asahel Stearns and Lemuel Shaw, The General Laws of Massachusetts till 1822 (2 vols., 1823)\nGeorge Maule and William Selwyn's Reports\nRussell on Crimes\nStarkie on Evidence\nYelverton's Reports","title":"Edited works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dedham, Massachusetts, 1635-1890","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=4oslAQAAMAAJ"},{"link_name":"A History of Dedham, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=O8EMAAAAYAAJ"}],"text":"Hanson, Robert Brand (1976). Dedham, Massachusetts, 1635-1890. Dedham Historical Society.\nSmith, Frank (1936). A History of Dedham, Massachusetts. Transcript Press, Incorporated. Retrieved 21 July 2019.","title":"Works cited"}]	[{"image_text":"Drawing of Theron Metcalf","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Theron_Metcalf.jpg/220px-Theron_Metcalf.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Theron Metcalf\". Ancestry.com. Retrieved April 22, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://records.ancestry.com/theron_metcalf_records.ashx?pid=81737184","url_text":"\"Theron Metcalf\""}]},{"reference":"Godey, Louis Antoine and Hale, Sarah Josepha Buell (1876). Godey's Magazine, Volume 93. Godey Company. p. 566.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LfZNAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA566","url_text":"Godey's Magazine, Volume 93"}]},{"reference":"\"Julia Metcalf\". Litchfield Historical Society. Retrieved April 22, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.litchfieldhistoricalsociety.org/ledger/students/5492","url_text":"\"Julia Metcalf\""}]},{"reference":"\"Theron Metcalf\". Litchfield Historical Society. Retrieved April 22, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.litchfieldhistoricalsociety.org/ledger/students/1728","url_text":"\"Theron Metcalf\""}]},{"reference":"Herringshaw, Thomas William (1914). Herringshaw's National Library of American Biography: Contains Thirty-five Thousand Biographies of the Acknowledged Leaders of Life and Thought of the United States; Illustrated with Three Thousand Vignette Portraits. American Publishers' Association. p. 166.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=98PTAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA166","url_text":"Herringshaw's National Library of American Biography: Contains Thirty-five Thousand Biographies of the Acknowledged Leaders of Life and Thought of the United States; Illustrated with Three Thousand Vignette Portraits"}]},{"reference":"\"Theron Metcalf\". Litchfield Historical Society. Retrieved April 22, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.litchfieldhistoricalsociety.org/ledger/students/1728","url_text":"\"Theron Metcalf\""}]},{"reference":"Austin, Walter (1912). Tale of a Dedham Tavern: History of the Norfolk Hotel, Dedham, Massachusetts. Priv. print. at the Riverside Press. p. 21. Retrieved June 25, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fToOAAAAYAAJ","url_text":"Tale of a Dedham Tavern: History of the Norfolk Hotel, Dedham, Massachusetts"}]},{"reference":"Blake, Mortimer (1879). A History of the Town of Franklin, Mass: From Its Settlement to the Completion of Its First Century, 2d March, 1878; with Genealogical Notices of Its Earliest Families, Sketches of Its Professional Men, and a Report of the Centennial Celebration. Committee of the Town. p. 173.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historyoftownoff00blak","url_text":"A History of the Town of Franklin, Mass: From Its Settlement to the Completion of Its First Century, 2d March, 1878; with Genealogical Notices of Its Earliest Families, Sketches of Its Professional Men, and a Report of the Centennial Celebration"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historyoftownoff00blak/page/173","url_text":"173"}]},{"reference":"Davis, William Thomas (1900). History of the Judiciary of Massachusetts: Including the Plymouth and Massachusetts Colonies, the Province of the Massachusetts Bay, and the Commonwealth. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chengdu_Kinesiology_University	Chengdu Sport University	["1 History","2 Alumni","3 References","4 External links"]	Sports university in Chengdu, China This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Chengdu Sport University" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message)Chengdu Kinesiology University成都体育学院TypeNationalEstablished1942LocationChengdu, Sichuan, ChinaWebsitewww.cdsu.edu.cn Chengdu Sport UniversitySimplified Chinese成都体育学院Traditional Chinese成都體育學院TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinChéngdū Tǐyù Xuéyuàn Main gate Chengdu Sport University (Chinese: 成都体育学院; pinyin: Chéngdū Tǐyù Xuéyuàn) is a sports university in the southwest of the downtown district of Chengdu, Sichuan Province. The university is administered by the national State General Administration of Sports and the Sichuan provincial government. The Hang Kong Gang Campus is about 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) from Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport. Chengdu Sport University was founded in 1942. In 1953, the fully-established system was transformed into the Southwest Institute of Sports. In 1956, it was changed to Chengdu Sports University. It is the most famous kinesiology university in southwest China, as well as one of the top five of the kind. It has a reputation from sports, such as gymnastics, martial art and weightlifting, and is recognized as an established authority in sports medicine and the application of T.C.M. in prevention, therapy and recovery of sports injuries and fatigue. History The university was formerly the Chengdu Institute of Physical Education in English. The Chinese name was and is 成都体育学院. It has a history of more than 60 years. The university is adjacent to Wuhou Shrine. In 2002, it was the first college in China to establish a Sports-Oriented English Department, aiming to support the Beijing Olympic Games in 2008 by providing translators and interpreters. For its contributions to the national sports undertakings, it was ranked as one of top three sports universities in China in 2006. Alumni James Li, athletics coach at the University of Arizona References ^ "Hang Kong Gang Campus Archived 2015-08-28 at the Wayback Machine." Chengdu Sport University. Retrieved on November 14, 2016. ^ 成都体育学院欢迎您! Archived March 14, 2006, at the Wayback Machine External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chengdu Sport University. www.cdsu.edu.cn Chengdu Sport University (in Chinese) Chengdu Sport University vteChengduAreasDistricts Jinjiang Qingyang Jinniu Wuhou Chenghua Longquanyi Qingbaijiang Xindu Wenjiang Shuangliu Pidu Xinjin Cities Dujiangyan Pengzhou Qionglai Chongzhou Jianyang Counties Jintang Dayi Pujiang Other Tianfu New Area Transport Chengdu railway station Chengdu East railway station Chengdu South railway station Chengdu Metro stations Chengdu Public Transport Group Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport Chengdu Tianfu International Airport Attractions Chunxi Road Anshun Bridge Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding Sino-Ocean Taikoo Li Chengdu People's Park Jinli Chengdu Zoo Jinsha site Mount Qingcheng EducationSecondary 4 7 Yucai 9 Sec. int'l Chengdu Int'l Meishi Léman Malvern Oxford QSI Higher Chengdu Electronic Science and Technology Information Technology Neusoft Sichuan Sichuan Normal Sichuan Music Southwest Minzu Southwest Jiaotong Sport Southwestern Finance and Economics Technology Traditional Chinese Medicine West China Medical Xihua Merged Science and Technology Culture Chengdu Tiancheng F.C. LGBT culture in Chengdu Sports 2021 Summer World University Games This list is incomplete. vteUniversities and colleges in SichuanDouble First-Class Chengdu Technology Chengdu Traditional Chinese Medicine Agricultural (211) Sichuan (985, 211) Southwest Jiaotong (211) Southwest Petroleum Southwestern Finance and Economics (211) Electronic Science and Technology (985, 211) Other Public Chengdu Medical Chengdu Sport Chengdu Chengdu Information Technology West Normal Civil Aviation Flight Leshan Normal Mianyang Normal North Medical Music Normal Science and Engineering Southwest Medical Southwest Minzu Southwest Science and Technology Xihua Yibin Private Chengdu Neusoft See also: List of universities in ChinaNote: Chongqing separated from Sichuan province in 1997. see universities and colleges in Chongqing Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National United States This article on a university, college or other tertiary educational institution in China is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ChengduSportsUniversitymaingate.jpg"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"Chengdu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chengdu"},{"link_name":"Sichuan Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sichuan_Province"},{"link_name":"State General Administration of Sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_General_Administration_of_Sports"},{"link_name":"Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chengdu_Shuangliu_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"kinesiology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinesiology"},{"link_name":"southwest China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwest_China"},{"link_name":"gymnastics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnastics"},{"link_name":"martial art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martial_art"},{"link_name":"weightlifting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_weightlifting"},{"link_name":"sports medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_medicine"}],"text":"Main gateChengdu Sport University (Chinese: 成都体育学院; pinyin: Chéngdū Tǐyù Xuéyuàn) is a sports university in the southwest of the downtown district of Chengdu, Sichuan Province.The university is administered by the national State General Administration of Sports and the Sichuan provincial government.The Hang Kong Gang Campus is about 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) from Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport.[1]Chengdu Sport University was founded in 1942. In 1953, the fully-established system was transformed into the Southwest Institute of Sports. In 1956, it was changed to Chengdu Sports University.It is the most famous kinesiology university in southwest China, as well as one of the top five of the kind. It has a reputation from sports, such as gymnastics, martial art and weightlifting, and is recognized as an established authority in sports medicine and the application of T.C.M. in prevention, therapy and recovery of sports injuries and fatigue.","title":"Chengdu Sport University"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wuhou Shrine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wuhou_Shrine&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Beijing Olympic Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The university was formerly the Chengdu Institute of Physical Education in English. The Chinese name was and is 成都体育学院.\nIt has a history of more than 60 years. The university is adjacent to Wuhou Shrine.In 2002, it was the first college in China to establish a Sports-Oriented English Department, aiming to support the Beijing Olympic Games in 2008 by providing translators and interpreters. For its contributions to the national sports undertakings, it was ranked as one of top three sports universities in China in 2006.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"James Li","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Li"},{"link_name":"University of Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Arizona"}],"text":"James Li, athletics coach at the University of Arizona","title":"Alumni"}]	[{"image_text":"Main gate","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/ChengduSportsUniversitymaingate.jpg/220px-ChengduSportsUniversitymaingate.jpg"}]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Chengdu+Sport+University%22","external_links_name":"\"Chengdu Sport University\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Chengdu+Sport+University%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Chengdu+Sport+University%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Chengdu+Sport+University%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Chengdu+Sport+University%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Chengdu+Sport+University%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.cdsu.edu.cn/","external_links_name":"www.cdsu.edu.cn"},{"Link":"http://www1.cdsu.edu.cn/en/hkg.htm","external_links_name":"Hang Kong Gang Campus"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150828040239/http://www1.cdsu.edu.cn/en/hkg.htm#","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.cdsu.edu.cn/","external_links_name":"成都体育学院欢迎您!"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060314014130/http://www.cdsu.edu.cn/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060314014130/http://www.cdsu.edu.cn/","external_links_name":"www.cdsu.edu.cn Chengdu Sport University"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170420235736/http://www1.cdsu.edu.cn/en/indexe.asp","external_links_name":"Chengdu Sport University"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000104928867","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/157133822","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82155036","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chengdu_Sport_University&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kara_(jewellery)	Kara (jewellery)	["1 See also","2 References"]	Kara or Kada is a thick metal ring or bracelet usually worn on the hands or wrists of men and women in India. It is a religious bracelet that Sikhs wear. Mostly made of Iron, the kara has different design styles and is usually used to honor a religious figure. Kara is worn by Sikhs who have been initiated into the Khalsa. It is one of the five kakars or five Ks — external articles of faith — that identify a Sikh as dedicated to their religious order. The kara was instituted by the tenth Sikh guru Gobind Singh at the Baisakhi Amrit Sanchar in 1699. Guru Gobind Singh Ji explained: He does not recognize anyone else except me, not even the bestowal of charities, performance of merciful acts, austerities and restraint on pilgrim-stations; the perfect light of the Lord illuminates his heart, then consider him as the immaculate Khalsa.— Siri Guru Gobind Singh Ji The Kara is a symbol of unbreakable attachment and commitment to God. As the Sikhs' holy text the Guru Granth Sahib says "In the tenth month, you were made into a human being, O my merchant friend, and you were given your allotted time to perform good deeds." Similarly, Bhagat Kabir reminds the Sikh to always keep one's consciousness with God: "With your hands and feet, do all your work, but let your consciousness remain with the Immaculate Lord." The kara is also worn by many ethnic Punjabis and other non-Punjabi Indian families across the states in the North, North-West and West of India (such as Gujarat, Rajasthan, and Maharashtra) by Hindus. Nowadays, irrespective of religion or its associated beliefs, many people wear kara for fashion purposes. See also Kara (Sikhism) References ^ "Traditional Jewellery of India". University of Tennessee Chattanooga. Retrieved 8 February 2018. ^ Lodha, Shri Chanchal Mal Sa. History of Oswals. iprakashan. p. 346. ^ in the Dasam Granth, page 1350 ^ Old Sikh Glossary sikhnet.com Retrieved 12 May 2023 ^ Guru Granth Sahib, page 76 ^ \|\|213\|\| - Siri Guru Granth Sahib Ji, page 1376 ^ Dhooleka Sarhadi Raj (25 August 2003). Where are you from?: middle-class migrants in the modern world. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520928671. Retrieved 17 December 2011. Individual Sikhs and Hindus share symbols and practices of body inscription (such as wearing a kara and women keeping their hair long). This article about the culture of India is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"holy text","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_text"},{"link_name":"Guru Granth Sahib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Kabir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabir"},{"link_name":"God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_in_Sikhism"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Punjabis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabi_people"},{"link_name":"Gujarat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarat"},{"link_name":"Rajasthan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajasthan"},{"link_name":"Maharashtra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharashtra"},{"link_name":"Hindus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Punjabis-7"}],"text":"He does not recognize anyone else except me, not even the bestowal of charities, performance of merciful acts, austerities and restraint on pilgrim-stations; the perfect light of the Lord illuminates his heart, then consider him as the immaculate Khalsa.— Siri Guru Gobind Singh Ji[3]The Kara is a symbol of unbreakable attachment and commitment to God.[4] As the Sikhs' holy text the Guru Granth Sahib says \"In the tenth month, you were made into a human being, O my merchant friend, and you were given your allotted time to perform good deeds.\"[5] Similarly, Bhagat Kabir reminds the Sikh to always keep one's consciousness with God: \"With your hands and feet, do all your work, but let your consciousness remain with the Immaculate Lord.\"[6] The kara is also worn by many ethnic Punjabis and other non-Punjabi Indian families across the states in the North, North-West and West of India (such as Gujarat, Rajasthan, and Maharashtra) by Hindus.[7] Nowadays, irrespective of religion or its associated beliefs, many people wear kara for fashion purposes.","title":"Kara (jewellery)"}]	[]	[{"title":"Kara (Sikhism)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kara_(Sikhism)"}]	[{"reference":"\"Traditional Jewellery of India\". University of Tennessee Chattanooga. Retrieved 8 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.utc.edu/faculty/sarla-murgai/traditional-jewelry-of-india.php","url_text":"\"Traditional Jewellery of India\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Tennessee_Chattanooga","url_text":"University of Tennessee Chattanooga"}]},{"reference":"Lodha, Shri Chanchal Mal Sa. History of Oswals. iprakashan. p. 346.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1EVEBQAAQBAJ&dq=kada+jewellery+history&pg=PA346","url_text":"History of Oswals"}]},{"reference":"Dhooleka Sarhadi Raj (25 August 2003). Where are you from?: middle-class migrants in the modern world. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520928671. Retrieved 17 December 2011. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Friel	George Friel	["1 Books","2 References","3 External links"]	Scottish writer George Friel (15 July 1910 – 1975) was a Scottish writer. He was born in Glasgow as the fourth of seven children, and was educated at St. Mungo's Academy and the University of Glasgow. After a period of service in the army, he returned to the family home in Bishopbriggs and worked as a teacher until his death from cancer in 1975. 1st edition of Grace and Miss Partridge The Boy Who Wanted Peace, Mr Alfred M.A. and Grace and Miss Partridge were published in 1999 as The Glasgow Trilogy by Canongate Books. A collection of short stories was published in 1992 by Polygon under the title A friend of humanity and other stories. Friel's fourth novel, Mr Alfred M.A., made it to the "100 Best Scottish Books of all Time" list. Books The Bank of Time (London: New Authors, 1959) The Boy Who Wanted Peace (London: John Calder, 1964) Grace and Miss Partridge (London: Calder and Boyars, 1969) Mr Alfred M.A. (London: Calder and Boyars, 1972) An Empty House (London: Calder and Boyars, 1974) References ^ Kennaway, James (2010). Mr Alfred, M.A. Canongate Books. p. 124. ISBN 9781847677976. Retrieved 7 June 2018. ^ 100 Best Scottish Books External links www.nls.uk Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States Netherlands Other NARA IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Glasgow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow"},{"link_name":"St. Mungo's Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Mungo%27s_Academy"},{"link_name":"University of Glasgow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Glasgow"},{"link_name":"Bishopbriggs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishopbriggs"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Friel_grace.jpg"},{"link_name":"Canongate Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20071215184929/http://www.canongate.net/GeorgeFriel"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"George Friel (15 July 1910 – 1975) was a Scottish writer. He was born in Glasgow as the fourth of seven children, and was educated at St. Mungo's Academy and the University of Glasgow. After a period of service in the army, he returned to the family home in Bishopbriggs and worked as a teacher until his death from cancer in 1975.[1]1st edition of Grace and Miss PartridgeThe Boy Who Wanted Peace, Mr Alfred M.A. and Grace and Miss Partridge were published in 1999 as The Glasgow Trilogy by Canongate Books. A collection of short stories was published in 1992 by Polygon under the title A friend of humanity and other stories.Friel's fourth novel, Mr Alfred M.A., made it to the \"100 Best Scottish Books of all Time\" list.[2]","title":"George Friel"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The Bank of Time (London: New Authors, 1959)\nThe Boy Who Wanted Peace (London: John Calder, 1964)\nGrace and Miss Partridge (London: Calder and Boyars, 1969)\nMr Alfred M.A. (London: Calder and Boyars, 1972)\nAn Empty House (London: Calder and Boyars, 1974)","title":"Books"}]	[{"image_text":"1st edition of Grace and Miss Partridge","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/df/Friel_grace.jpg/200px-Friel_grace.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Kennaway, James (2010). Mr Alfred, M.A. Canongate Books. p. 124. ISBN 9781847677976. Retrieved 7 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=osheiQn1_7IC&pg=PT124","url_text":"Mr Alfred, M.A."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781847677976","url_text":"9781847677976"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071215184929/http://www.canongate.net/GeorgeFriel","external_links_name":"Canongate Books"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=osheiQn1_7IC&pg=PT124","external_links_name":"Mr Alfred, M.A."},{"Link":"http://www.list.co.uk/articles/100-best-scottish-books/show:100/","external_links_name":"100 Best Scottish Books"},{"Link":"http://www.nls.uk/catalogues/online/cnmi/inventories/acc9248.pdf","external_links_name":"www.nls.uk"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000083152632","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/113706050","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJxRHjgrQpq7TWVKxBVDMP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1230031022","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n88031893","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p207132976","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10572402","external_links_name":"NARA"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/061177210","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtney_C._Radsch	Courtney C. Radsch	["1 Work","2 Career","3 Bibliography","4 References"]	American journalist (born 1979) Courtney C. Radsch, 2015 Courtney C. Radsch (born 1979) is an American journalist, author and advocate for freedom of expression. She is the author of Cyberactivism and Citizen Journalism in Egypt: Digital Dissidence and Political Change and worked as the advocacy director for the Committee to Protect Journalists until 2021. She has written and been interviewed extensively about digital activism and social media in the Middle East since 2006. Work Dr. Radsch is an internationally recognized expert on social media, citizen journalism, and activism and is frequently invited to comment about new media and the Middle East. She has appeared on CNN, Al Jazeera, MSNBC among other international outlets. Radsch also appeared in the PBS Frontline documentary Revolution in Egypt. She is the author of Cyberactivism and Citizen Journalism in Egypt: Digital Dissidence and Political Change (Palgrave Macmillan 2016). Radsch's work on cyberactivism in the Egypt and the Middle East has been widely published and she is frequently asked to speak on the subject. Radsch is one of the earliest proponents of the political impact of cyberactivism in the Middle East and analysts of Arab media. As early as 2006 Radsch was writing about the revolutionary impact of blogging and social media in Egypt; in 2006 she presented a paper entitled "The Revolution Will be Blogged: New Media Cultural Configurations" at a conference in Cairo. Radsch's Arab Media blog, started in 2006, is one of the longest-running blogs on the topic. Radsch is the author of several book chapters about cyberactivism, social media and the Middle East. In Core the Commonplace she traced the development of cyberactivism in Egypt, arguing that there were three distinct phases in the development of blogging: experimentation, activism and diversification and that blogging was having a significant political impact. Her extensive ethnographic research on Egyptian cyberactivism provides a unique insight into the antecedents of the 2011 Egyptian Revolution. In her chapter on the blogosphere and social media in a study by the Stimson Center, Seismic Shift: Understanding Change in the Middle East she argues that between 2005 and 2010 Middle Eastern blogs and social media showed rising dissatisfaction with the status quo, declining levels of fear and visible capability to mobilize large political protests. Career Radsch began working as a professional journalist in 2003 when she worked as a news editor at The Daily Star (Lebanon). She then worked for The New York Times in the Washington Bureau where she covered the 2004 elections, Abu Ghraib, politics and culture. In 2005, Radsch left the Times to pursue a Ph.D. in international relations at American University, where her research focused on cyberactivism in Egypt. Her dissertation, Digital Dissidence and Political Change: Cyberactivism and Citizen Journalism in Egypt, provides the first scholarly examination of the development of the youth movement in Egypt and the role that technology played in reconfiguring what she calls "the potentiality for expression and participation" and thus contributes to understanding how ICTs are implicated in processes of political change. In 2008, Radsch was hired by the Saudi-owned, Dubai-based Arabic satellite channel Al Arabiya as the English website managing editor. As a journalist and editor at Al Arabiya she oversaw the expansion of the English website and its integration into the broader newsroom. In October 2009 she published an article about safety problems on Emirates Airlines, whose president Sheikh Ahmed bin Saeed Al Maktoum is also the head of the Civil Regulatory Authority and the uncle of Dubai's ruler, Sheikh Mohammed Bin Rashid Al Maktoum. According to Reporters Without Borders, she lost her job at Al Arabiya as a result of the article. The Australian newspaper, which originally broke the story about the safety problems, covered her dismissal. The article quoted an Emirates Airlines official denying that it had pressured the station and its PR firm claimed inaccuracies in the article, but did not specify what they were. Radsch worked for Al Arabiya from 2008 to 2009. Dr. Radsch also ran the Freedom of Expression Campaign at Freedom House from 2010 to 2012 and was interim managing editor at the Development Executive Group in 2008. She received her PhD from American University. Bibliography "Words and War: Al Jazeera and Al Qaeda." In Osama Bin Laden and the Global Media: Political Actors, News Coverage, and Popular Cultures. Ed. By Susan Jeffords and Fahad Y. AlSumait. University of Illinois Press. 2014. Unveiling the Revolutionaries: Cyberactivism and the Role of Women in the Arab Uprisings. April 2012. The Baker Institute and the Kelly Day Endowment, Rice University. Available at https://ssrn.com/abstract=2252556 2011. Blogosphere and Social Media. In Seismic Shift: Understanding Change in the Middle East. Stimson Center: May 25, 2011. Arab Bloggers as Citizen Journalists (Transnational). In Encyclopedia of Social Movement Media, edited by J. Downing: Sage. 2010. Freedom of Expression in the Middle East and North Africa. Afkar/Ideas. October 2010. Institut Europeu de la Mediterrània. Barcelona, Spain. From Cell Phones to Coffee: Issues of Access in Egypt. In Surviving Field Research, edited by C. Lekha Sriram, O. Martin-Ortega, J. C. King, J. Mertus and J. Herman. London: Taylor & Francis Ltd Routledge. 2010. Core to Commonplace: The evolution of Egypt's blogosphere. Arab Media & Society. Fall (6) 2008. Cairo: American University of Cairo. http://www.arabmediasociety.com/?article=692 How Al Jazeera is Challenging and Improving Egyptian Journalism. Reset: Dialogue on Civilizations, Oct./Nov. 2007 https://web.archive.org/web/20080907081354/http://resetdoc.org/EN/Radsch-Ucsb.php Editor. "The State of Latino Kids in the District of Columbia." Council of Latino Agencies. May. 2003. Co-author. "Primarie 2000, Internet nella campagna elettorale." (2000 Primaries: Electoral Campaigning Online). La Repubblicca. Dec. 2000. http://www.repubblica.it/online/presidenziali_usa_berkeley/berkeley/berkeley/berkeley.html References ^ "Speakers". Archived from the original on 2011-10-19. Retrieved 2011-09-17. ^ William Ide (April 29, 2011). "Press Freedom Day Notes Impact of Citizen Journalism". ^ "The Tool for Revolution?". Inside Story. Feb 10, 2011. ^ "Is free speech under attack?". MSNBC. Retrieved 2016-06-28. ^ "Revolution in Cairo". PBS. ^ "Seismic Shift: Understanding Change in the Middle East • Stimson Center". ^ "News@AUC". Archived from the original on January 5, 2010. Retrieved September 17, 2011. ^ Courtney Radsch's Arab Media Blog ^ https://www.amazon.com/Surviving-Field-Research-Difficult-Situations/dp/0415489350/ref=sr_1_3?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1316148269&sr=1-3 ^ The Evolution of Egypt's Blogosphere, Arab Media and Society, 2008 ^ "The New York Times - Search". The New York Times. ^ Radsch, Courtney C. (August 5, 2004). "Star-Spangled Fear, Across Two Centuries; Exhibition Looks at Response to Threats on U.S. Soil". The New York Times. ^ Radsch, Courtney C. (22 March 2005). "Artist Looks for Her Native Iraq Behind Women's Veils". The New York Times. ^ http://www.dubai.ae/en.portal?topic,Article_000783,1,&_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=home ^ "Laid off for implicating Emirates". 2009-10-29. Archived from the original on 2019-04-26. Retrieved 2016-06-12. ^ Wallace, Rick (January 4, 2010), Editor Says Emirates Story Led to Sacking, The Australian ^ https://www.amazon.com/Encyclopedia-Social-Movement-Professor-Downing/dp/0761926887/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1290524639&sr=1-1 Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Courtney_C._Radsch_-_2015.jpg"},{"link_name":"American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americans"},{"link_name":"freedom of expression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_speech"},{"link_name":"Committee to Protect Journalists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_to_Protect_Journalists"},{"link_name":"digital activism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_activism"},{"link_name":"social media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media"},{"link_name":"Middle East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East"}],"text":"Courtney C. Radsch, 2015Courtney C. Radsch (born 1979) is an American journalist, author and advocate for freedom of expression. She is the author of Cyberactivism and Citizen Journalism in Egypt: Digital Dissidence and Political Change and worked as the advocacy director for the Committee to Protect Journalists until 2021. She has written and been interviewed extensively about digital activism and social media in the Middle East since 2006.","title":"Courtney C. Radsch"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"CNN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN"},{"link_name":"Al Jazeera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Media_Network"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"MSNBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MSNBC"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"PBS Frontline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBS_Frontline"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Egyptian Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Revolution_of_2011"}],"text":"Dr. Radsch is an internationally recognized expert on social media,[1] citizen journalism,[2] and activism and is frequently invited to comment about new media and the Middle East. She has appeared on CNN, Al Jazeera,[3] MSNBC[4] among other international outlets. Radsch also appeared in the PBS Frontline documentary Revolution in Egypt.[5] She is the author of Cyberactivism and Citizen Journalism in Egypt: Digital Dissidence and Political Change (Palgrave Macmillan 2016).Radsch's work on cyberactivism in the Egypt and the Middle East has been widely published and she is frequently asked to speak on the subject.[6] Radsch is one of the earliest proponents of the political impact of cyberactivism in the Middle East and analysts of Arab media. As early as 2006 Radsch was writing about the revolutionary impact of blogging and social media in Egypt; in 2006 she presented a paper entitled \"The Revolution Will be Blogged: New Media Cultural Configurations\" at a conference in Cairo.[7] Radsch's Arab Media blog, started in 2006, is one of the longest-running blogs on the topic.[8] Radsch is the author of several book chapters about cyberactivism, social media and the Middle East.[9]In Core the Commonplace she traced the development of cyberactivism in Egypt, arguing that there were three distinct phases in the development of blogging: experimentation, activism and diversification and that blogging was having a significant political impact.[10] Her extensive ethnographic research on Egyptian cyberactivism provides a unique insight into the antecedents of the 2011 Egyptian Revolution. In her chapter on the blogosphere and social media in a study by the Stimson Center, Seismic Shift: Understanding Change in the Middle East she argues that between 2005 and 2010 Middle Eastern blogs and social media showed rising dissatisfaction with the status quo, declining levels of fear and visible capability to mobilize large political protests.","title":"Work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Daily Star (Lebanon)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Star_(Lebanon)"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"Abu Ghraib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Ghraib"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"American University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_University"},{"link_name":"Al Arabiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Arabiya"},{"link_name":"Emirates Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirates_Airlines"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Reporters Without Borders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reporters_Without_Borders"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Freedom House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_House"},{"link_name":"Development Executive Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Development_Executive_Group&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Radsch began working as a professional journalist in 2003 when she worked as a news editor at The Daily Star (Lebanon). She then worked for The New York Times in the Washington Bureau where she covered the 2004 elections, Abu Ghraib, politics and culture.[11][12][13]In 2005, Radsch left the Times to pursue a Ph.D. in international relations at American University, where her research focused on cyberactivism in Egypt. Her dissertation, Digital Dissidence and Political Change: Cyberactivism and Citizen Journalism in Egypt, provides the first scholarly examination of the development of the youth movement in Egypt and the role that technology played in reconfiguring what she calls \"the potentiality for expression and participation\" and thus contributes to understanding how ICTs are implicated in processes of political change.In 2008, Radsch was hired by the Saudi-owned, Dubai-based Arabic satellite channel Al Arabiya as the English website managing editor. As a journalist and editor at Al Arabiya she oversaw the expansion of the English website and its integration into the broader newsroom. In October 2009 she published an article about safety problems on Emirates Airlines, whose president Sheikh Ahmed bin Saeed Al Maktoum is also the head of the Civil Regulatory Authority and the uncle of Dubai's ruler, Sheikh Mohammed Bin Rashid Al Maktoum.[14] According to Reporters Without Borders, she lost her job at Al Arabiya as a result of the article.[15] The Australian newspaper, which originally broke the story about the safety problems, covered her dismissal.[16] The article quoted an Emirates Airlines official denying that it had pressured the station and its PR firm claimed inaccuracies in the article, but did not specify what they were. Radsch worked for Al Arabiya from 2008 to 2009.Dr. Radsch also ran the Freedom of Expression Campaign at Freedom House from 2010 to 2012 and was interim managing editor at the Development Executive Group in 2008. She received her PhD from American University.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"https://ssrn.com/abstract=2252556","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ssrn.com/abstract=2252556"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"http://www.arabmediasociety.com/?article=692","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.arabmediasociety.com/?article=692"},{"link_name":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080907081354/http://resetdoc.org/EN/Radsch-Ucsb.php","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20080907081354/http://resetdoc.org/EN/Radsch-Ucsb.php"},{"link_name":"http://www.repubblica.it/online/presidenziali_usa_berkeley/berkeley/berkeley/berkeley.html","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.repubblica.it/online/presidenziali_usa_berkeley/berkeley/berkeley/berkeley.html"}],"text":"\"Words and War: Al Jazeera and Al Qaeda.\" In Osama Bin Laden and the Global Media: Political Actors, News Coverage, and Popular Cultures. Ed. By Susan Jeffords and Fahad Y. AlSumait. University of Illinois Press. 2014.\nUnveiling the Revolutionaries: Cyberactivism and the Role of Women in the Arab Uprisings. April 2012. The Baker Institute and the Kelly Day Endowment, Rice University. Available at https://ssrn.com/abstract=2252556\n2011. Blogosphere and Social Media. In Seismic Shift: Understanding Change in the Middle East. Stimson Center: May 25, 2011.\nArab Bloggers as Citizen Journalists (Transnational). In Encyclopedia of Social Movement Media, edited by J. Downing: Sage. 2010.[17]\nFreedom of Expression in the Middle East and North Africa. Afkar/Ideas. October 2010. Institut Europeu de la Mediterrània. Barcelona, Spain.\nFrom Cell Phones to Coffee: Issues of Access in Egypt. In Surviving Field Research, edited by C. Lekha Sriram, O. Martin-Ortega, J. C. King, J. Mertus and J. Herman. London: Taylor & Francis Ltd Routledge. 2010.\nCore to Commonplace: The evolution of Egypt's blogosphere. Arab Media & Society. Fall (6) 2008. Cairo: American University of Cairo. http://www.arabmediasociety.com/?article=692\nHow Al Jazeera is Challenging and Improving Egyptian Journalism. Reset: Dialogue on Civilizations, Oct./Nov. 2007 https://web.archive.org/web/20080907081354/http://resetdoc.org/EN/Radsch-Ucsb.php\nEditor. \"The State of Latino Kids in the District of Columbia.\" Council of Latino Agencies. May. 2003.\nCo-author. \"Primarie 2000, Internet nella campagna elettorale.\" (2000 Primaries: Electoral Campaigning Online). La Repubblicca. Dec. 2000. http://www.repubblica.it/online/presidenziali_usa_berkeley/berkeley/berkeley/berkeley.html","title":"Bibliography"}]	[{"image_text":"Courtney C. Radsch, 2015","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Courtney_C._Radsch_-_2015.jpg/220px-Courtney_C._Radsch_-_2015.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Speakers\". Archived from the original on 2011-10-19. Retrieved 2011-09-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111019035018/http://www.enjnconference.eu/?page_id=4","url_text":"\"Speakers\""},{"url":"http://www.enjnconference.eu/?page_id=4","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"William Ide (April 29, 2011). \"Press Freedom Day Notes Impact of Citizen Journalism\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.voanews.com/english/news/middle-east/Press-Freedom-Day-Notes-Impact-of-Citizen-Journalism-120958184.html","url_text":"\"Press Freedom Day Notes Impact of Citizen Journalism\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Tool for Revolution?\". Inside Story. Feb 10, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://english.aljazeera.net/programmes/insidestory/2011/02/201121010514154634.html","url_text":"\"The Tool for Revolution?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Is free speech under attack?\". MSNBC. Retrieved 2016-06-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.msnbc.com/the-cycle/watch/is-free-speech-under-attack--381255747980","url_text":"\"Is free speech under attack?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MSNBC","url_text":"MSNBC"}]},{"reference":"\"Revolution in Cairo\". PBS.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/revolution-in-cairo/","url_text":"\"Revolution in Cairo\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBS","url_text":"PBS"}]},{"reference":"\"Seismic Shift: Understanding Change in the Middle East • Stimson Center\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stimson.org/events/seismic-shift-understanding-change-in-the-middle-east/","url_text":"\"Seismic Shift: Understanding Change in the Middle East • Stimson Center\""}]},{"reference":"\"News@AUC\". Archived from the original on January 5, 2010. Retrieved September 17, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100105143100/http://www1.aucegypt.edu/newsatauc/News/MainStory/AUSACE.html","url_text":"\"News@AUC\""},{"url":"http://www1.aucegypt.edu/newsatauc/News/MainStory/AUSACE.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"The Evolution of Egypt's Blogosphere, Arab Media and Society, 2008","urls":[{"url":"http://www.arabmediasociety.com/?article=692","url_text":"The Evolution of Egypt's Blogosphere"}]},{"reference":"\"The New York Times - Search\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://query.nytimes.com/search/sitesearch?query=courtney+radsch&more=date_all&n=10&prev=0&frow=0&page=1","url_text":"\"The New York Times - Search\""}]},{"reference":"Radsch, Courtney C. (August 5, 2004). \"Star-Spangled Fear, Across Two Centuries; Exhibition Looks at Response to Threats on U.S. Soil\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2004/08/05/arts/star-spangled-fear-across-two-centuries-exhibition-looks-response-threats-us.html","url_text":"\"Star-Spangled Fear, Across Two Centuries; Exhibition Looks at Response to Threats on U.S. Soil\""}]},{"reference":"Radsch, Courtney C. (22 March 2005). \"Artist Looks for Her Native Iraq Behind Women's Veils\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2005/03/22/arts/design/artist-looks-for-her-native-iraq-behind-womens-veils.html","url_text":"\"Artist Looks for Her Native Iraq Behind Women's Veils\""}]},{"reference":"\"Laid off for implicating Emirates\". 2009-10-29. Archived from the original on 2019-04-26. Retrieved 2016-06-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190426200235/https://rsf.org/en/news/laid-implicating-emirates-airlines","url_text":"\"Laid off for implicating Emirates\""},{"url":"https://rsf.org/en/news/laid-implicating-emirates-airlines","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Wallace, Rick (January 4, 2010), Editor Says Emirates Story Led to Sacking, The Australian","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/nation/editor-says-emirates-story-led-to-sacking/story-e6frg6nf-1225815740940","url_text":"Editor Says Emirates Story Led to Sacking"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://ssrn.com/abstract=2252556","external_links_name":"https://ssrn.com/abstract=2252556"},{"Link":"http://www.arabmediasociety.com/?article=692","external_links_name":"http://www.arabmediasociety.com/?article=692"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080907081354/http://resetdoc.org/EN/Radsch-Ucsb.php","external_links_name":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080907081354/http://resetdoc.org/EN/Radsch-Ucsb.php"},{"Link":"http://www.repubblica.it/online/presidenziali_usa_berkeley/berkeley/berkeley/berkeley.html","external_links_name":"http://www.repubblica.it/online/presidenziali_usa_berkeley/berkeley/berkeley/berkeley.html"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111019035018/http://www.enjnconference.eu/?page_id=4","external_links_name":"\"Speakers\""},{"Link":"http://www.enjnconference.eu/?page_id=4","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.voanews.com/english/news/middle-east/Press-Freedom-Day-Notes-Impact-of-Citizen-Journalism-120958184.html","external_links_name":"\"Press Freedom Day Notes Impact of Citizen Journalism\""},{"Link":"http://english.aljazeera.net/programmes/insidestory/2011/02/201121010514154634.html","external_links_name":"\"The Tool for Revolution?\""},{"Link":"https://www.msnbc.com/the-cycle/watch/is-free-speech-under-attack--381255747980","external_links_name":"\"Is free speech under attack?\""},{"Link":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/revolution-in-cairo/","external_links_name":"\"Revolution in Cairo\""},{"Link":"http://www.stimson.org/events/seismic-shift-understanding-change-in-the-middle-east/","external_links_name":"\"Seismic Shift: Understanding Change in the Middle East • Stimson Center\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100105143100/http://www1.aucegypt.edu/newsatauc/News/MainStory/AUSACE.html","external_links_name":"\"News@AUC\""},{"Link":"http://www1.aucegypt.edu/newsatauc/News/MainStory/AUSACE.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://arab-media.blogspot.com/","external_links_name":"Courtney Radsch's Arab Media Blog"},{"Link":"https://www.amazon.com/Surviving-Field-Research-Difficult-Situations/dp/0415489350/ref=sr_1_3?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1316148269&sr=1-3","external_links_name":"https://www.amazon.com/Surviving-Field-Research-Difficult-Situations/dp/0415489350/ref=sr_1_3?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1316148269&sr=1-3"},{"Link":"http://www.arabmediasociety.com/?article=692","external_links_name":"The Evolution of Egypt's Blogosphere"},{"Link":"https://query.nytimes.com/search/sitesearch?query=courtney+radsch&more=date_all&n=10&prev=0&frow=0&page=1","external_links_name":"\"The New York Times - Search\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2004/08/05/arts/star-spangled-fear-across-two-centuries-exhibition-looks-response-threats-us.html","external_links_name":"\"Star-Spangled Fear, Across Two Centuries; 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy_at_the_1912_Summer_Olympics	Italy at the 1912 Summer Olympics	["1 Medalists","2 Aquatics","2.1 Diving","2.2 Swimming","3 Athletics","4 Fencing","5 Football","6 Gymnastics","6.1 Artistic","7 Wrestling","7.1 Greco-Roman","8 External links"]	Sporting event delegationItaly at the1912 Summer OlympicsIOC codeITANOCItalian National Olympic CommitteeWebsitewww.coni.it (in Italian)in StockholmCompetitors61 (all men)Flag bearerAlberto BragliaMedalsRanked 11th Gold 3 Silver 1 Bronze 2 Total 6 Summer Olympics appearances (overview)189619001904190819121920192419281932193619481952195619601964196819721976198019841988199219962000200420082012201620202024Other related appearances1906 Intercalated Games Italy competed at the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm, Sweden. Medalists Medal Name Sport Event Gold Nedo Nadi Fencing Foil Gold Alberto Braglia Gymnastics All-around Gold Pietro BianchiGuido BoniAlberto BragliaGiuseppe DomenichelliCarlo FregosiAlfredo GolliniFrancesco LoiLuigi MaioccoGiovanni MangianteLorenzo MangianteSerafino MazzarochiGuido RomanoPaolo SalviLuciano SavoriniAdolfo TunesiGiorgio ZamporiUmberto ZanoliniAngelo Zorzi Gymnastics Team Silver Pietro Speciale Fencing Foil Bronze Fernando Altimani Athletics 10 km walk Bronze Adolfo Tunesi Gymnastics All-around Aquatics Diving Main article: Diving at the 1912 Summer Olympics A single diver represented Italy. It was Italy's second appearance in diving, with Carlo Bonfanti being the nation's only diver both in 1912 and 1908. Bonfanti did not reach the final in either of his two events. Rankings given are within the diver's heat. Diver Events Heats Final Result Rank Result Rank Carlo Bonfanti 3 m board 46.81 4 Did not advance Plain high dive 28.5 6 Did not advance Swimming Main article: Swimming at the 1912 Summer Olympics Two swimmers competed for Italy at the 1912 Games. It was the third time the nation appeared in swimming, and both swimmers had previously competed in 1908. Neither Massa nor Baiardo was able to advance to an event final. Massa's second-place finish in his initial heat of the 100 metre freestyle was the only race in which either was not eliminated. Massa did not appear for his quarterfinal race, but was allowed to compete in the semifinals. Ranks given for each swimmer are within the heat. Men Swimmer Events Heat Quarterfinal Semifinal Final Result Rank Result Rank Result Rank Result Rank Davide Baiardo 100 m freestyle Unknown 4–6 Did not advance 400 m freestyle N/A Unknown 5 Did not advance Mario Massa 100 m freestyle 1:11.8 2 Q – – q Did not finish Did not advance 400 m freestyle N/A Did not finish Did not advance 1500 m freestyle N/A Did not finish Did not advance Athletics Main article: Athletics at the 1912 Summer Olympics 14 athletes represented Italy. It was the nation's third appearance in athletics. Fernando Altimani's bronze medal in the 10 kilometre racewalk was Italy's best result and only medal in the sport. Ranks given are within that athlete's heat for running events. Athlete Events Heat Semifinal Final Result Rank Result Rank Result Rank Fernando Altimani 10 km walk N/A 48:54.2 4 Q 47:37.6 Guido Calvi 800 m ? 4 Did not advance 1500 m N/A Did not finish Did not advance Nino Cazzaniga Marathon N/A Did not start Orlando Cesaroni Marathon N/A Did not start Daciano Colbacchini 110 m hurdles 16.1 2 Q 16.0 2 Did not advance Franco Giongo 100 m ? 2 Q ? 4 Did not advance 200 m ? 2 Q ? 4 Did not advance 200 m ? 3 Did not advance Manlio Legat Long jump N/A 5.50 29 Did not advance Pole vault N/A 3.00 23 Did not advance Decathlon N/A 1563.200 28 Aurelio Lenzi Shot put N/A 11.57 12 Did not advance Discus throw N/A 38.19 18 Did not advance Emilio Lunghi 400 m 50.5 2 Q ? 2 Did not advance 800 m ? 2 Q ? 5 Did not advance Alfonso Orlando 5000 m N/A Did not finish Did not advance 10000 m N/A 33:44.6 5 Q 33:31.2 5 Alfredo Pagani 110 m hurdles ? 3 Did not advance Long jump N/A 5.95 27 Did not advance High jump N/A 1.60 28 Did not advance Pentathlon N/A Elim-3 68 24 Decathlon N/A 4425.550 18 Francesco Ruggero Marathon N/A Did not finish Carlo Speroni Marathon N/A Did not finish Angelo Tonini Long jump N/A 6.44 19 Did not advance High jump N/A No mark 34 Did not advance Fencing Main article: Fencing at the 1912 Summer Olympics Nine fencers represented Italy. It was the third appearance of the nation in fencing. Italy's foilists did well, taking the gold and silver medals as well as having a third finalist. The medals were Italy's first in individual amateur events. Nedo Nadi, the gold medalist in the foil, was also the only non-Hungarian to reach the final in the sabre, placing fifth. Fencer Event Round 1 Quarterfinal Semifinal Final Record Rank Record Rank Record Rank Record Rank Edoardo Alaimo Foil 0 losses 1 Q 0 losses 1 Q 1 loss 1 Q 4–3 5 Sabre 4 wins 1 Q Did not start Did not advance Giovanni Benfratello Sabre 3 wins 1 Q 3 losses 4 Did not advance Fernando Cavallini Foil 1 loss 1 Q 1 loss 1 Q Did not finish Did not advance Nedo Nadi Foil 0 losses 1 Q 1 loss 2 Q 0 losses 1 Q 7–0 Sabre 2 wins 2 Q 1 loss 1 Q 3 wins 2 Q 4–3 5 Francesco Pietrasanta Foil 0 losses 1 Q 4 losses 5 Did not advance Sabre 3 wins 1 Q 1 loss 4 Did not advance Aristide Pontanani Sabre 2 wins 2 Q 3 losses 4 Did not advance Pietro Speciale Foil 2 losses 3 Q 0 losses 1 Q 0 losses 1 Q 5–2 Edoardo Alaimo Gino Belloni Giovanni Benfratello Fernando Cavallini Ugo Di Nola Nedo Nadi Sabre N/A 1–0 1 Q 1–2 3 Did not advance Football Main article: Football at the 1912 Summer Olympics Team Roster Edoardo Mariani Enrico Sardi Felice Berardo Franco Bontadini Enea Zuffi Pietro Leone Giuseppe Milano Carlo De Marchi Renzo De Vecchi Angelo Binaschi Piero Campelli Luigi Barbesino Modesto Valle Vittorio Morelli Di Popolo Results First round 1912-06-29 Italy 2 – 3 (a.e.t.) Finland Bontadini 10' Sardi 25' Öhman 2' Soinio 40' Wiberg 105' Traneberg Stadium, StockholmAttendance: 600 Consolation quarterfinals 1912-07-01 Italy 1 – 0 Sweden Bontadini 15' Råsunda, StockholmAttendance: 2,500 Consolation semifinals 1912-07-03 Austria 5 – 1 Italy Grundwald 40' 89' Müller 30' Hussak 49' Studnicka 65' Berardo 81' Olympiastadion, StockholmAttendance: 3,500 Final rank 7th place Gymnastics Main article: Gymnastics at the 1912 Summer Olympics Eighteen gymnasts represented Italy. It was the third appearance of the nation in gymnastics. Italy entered six gymnasts in the individual competition, winning the gold and bronze medals and having all six gymnasts place in the top ten. Alberto Braglia, the defending Olympic champion, was the individual champion again. The Italian team also entered one of the three team competitions to win their second gymnastics gold of 1912. Artistic Gymnast Events Final Result Rank Pietro Bianchi All-around 127.75 6 Guido Boni All-around 128.00 4 Alberto Braglia All-around 135.00 Guido Romano All-around 126.25 9 Adolfo Tunesi All-around 131.50 Giorgio Zampori All-around 128.00 4 Italy Team 53.15 Wrestling Main article: Wrestling at the 1912 Summer Olympics Greco-Roman Italy was represented by six wrestlers in its second Olympic wrestling appearance. None of the six advanced past the fourth round, as the team compiled a combined record of 8-12. Wrestler Class First round Second round Third round Fourth round Fifth round Sixth round Seventh round Final OppositionResult OppositionResult OppositionResult OppositionResult OppositionResult OppositionResult OppositionResult Match AOppositionResult Match BOppositionResult Match COppositionResult Rank Oreste Arpe Light heavyweight Kumpu (FIN) W Lind (FIN) W Rajala (FIN) L Böhling (FIN) L Did not advance N/A Did not advance 11 Zavirre Carcereri Middleweight Victal (POR) W Andersson (SWE) L Jokinen (FIN) L Did not advance 20 Mariano Ciai Featherweight Leivonen (FIN) L Lehmusvirta (FIN) L Did not advance 26 Alessandro Covre Lightweight Pukkila (FIN) W Kaplur (RUS) L Väre (FIN) L Did not advance 23 Renato Gardini Light heavyweight Trestler (AUT) W Lind (FIN) W Nilsson (SWE) L Ahlgren (SWE) L Did not advance N/A Did not advance 11 Andrea Gargano Middleweight Kokotowitsch (AUT) L Antonopoulos (GRE) W Steputat (GER) W Fältström (SWE) L Did not advance 11 External links Italy at the 1912 Stockholm Summer Games Official Olympic Reports International Olympic Committee results database Media related to Italy at the 1912 Summer Olympics at Wikimedia Commons vteItaly at the OlympicsSummer Olympic Games189619001904190819121920192419281932193619481952195619601964196819721976198019841988199219962000200420082012201620202024Winter Olympic Games192419281932193619481952195619601964196819721976198019841988199219941998200220062010201420182022Intercalated Games1906Italy hosted the 1960 Summer Olympics, as well as the 1956 and 2006 Winter Olympics. vteNations at the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm, Sweden Australasia Austria Belgium Bohemia Canada Chile Denmark Egypt Finland France Germany Great Britain Greece Hungary Iceland Italy Japan Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Portugal Russia Serbia South Africa Sweden Switzerland Turkey United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"1912 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1912_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Stockholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"}],"text":"Italy competed at the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm, Sweden.","title":"Italy at the 1912 Summer Olympics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Medalists"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Aquatics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carlo Bonfanti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carlo_Bonfanti&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Diving","text":"A single diver represented Italy. It was Italy's second appearance in diving, with Carlo Bonfanti being the nation's only diver both in 1912 and 1908. Bonfanti did not reach the final in either of his two events.Rankings given are within the diver's heat.","title":"Aquatics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Swimming","text":"Two swimmers competed for Italy at the 1912 Games. It was the third time the nation appeared in swimming, and both swimmers had previously competed in 1908.Neither Massa nor Baiardo was able to advance to an event final. Massa's second-place finish in his initial heat of the 100 metre freestyle was the only race in which either was not eliminated. Massa did not appear for his quarterfinal race, but was allowed to compete in the semifinals.Ranks given for each swimmer are within the heat.Men","title":"Aquatics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fernando Altimani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_Altimani"},{"link_name":"racewalk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racewalk"}],"text":"14 athletes represented Italy. It was the nation's third appearance in athletics. Fernando Altimani's bronze medal in the 10 kilometre racewalk was Italy's best result and only medal in the sport.Ranks given are within that athlete's heat for running events.","title":"Athletics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nedo Nadi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nedo_Nadi"}],"text":"Nine fencers represented Italy. It was the third appearance of the nation in fencing. Italy's foilists did well, taking the gold and silver medals as well as having a third finalist. The medals were Italy's first in individual amateur events. Nedo Nadi, the gold medalist in the foil, was also the only non-Hungarian to reach the final in the sabre, placing fifth.","title":"Fencing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Edoardo Mariani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edoardo_Mariani"},{"link_name":"Enrico Sardi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrico_Sardi"},{"link_name":"Felice Berardo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felice_Berardo"},{"link_name":"Franco Bontadini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco_Bontadini"},{"link_name":"Enea Zuffi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enea_Zuffi"},{"link_name":"Pietro Leone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietro_Leone"},{"link_name":"Giuseppe Milano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Milano"},{"link_name":"Carlo De Marchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_De_Marchi"},{"link_name":"Renzo De Vecchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renzo_De_Vecchi"},{"link_name":"Angelo Binaschi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelo_Binaschi"},{"link_name":"Piero Campelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piero_Campelli"},{"link_name":"Luigi Barbesino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Barbesino"},{"link_name":"Modesto Valle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modesto_Valle"},{"link_name":"Vittorio Morelli Di Popolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vittorio_Morelli_Di_Popolo"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"a.e.t.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extra_time"},{"link_name":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Bontadini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco_Bontadini"},{"link_name":"Sardi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrico_Sardi"},{"link_name":"Öhman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarl_%C3%96hman"},{"link_name":"Soinio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eino_Soinio"},{"link_name":"Wiberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bror_Wiberg"},{"link_name":"Traneberg Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Traneberg_Stadium&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Stockholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden_men%27s_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Bontadini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco_Bontadini"},{"link_name":"Råsunda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A5sunda_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Stockholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Grundwald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_Grundwald"},{"link_name":"Müller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alois_M%C3%BCller"},{"link_name":"Hussak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Hussak"},{"link_name":"Studnicka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_Studnicka"},{"link_name":"Berardo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felice_Berardo"},{"link_name":"Olympiastadion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm_Olympic_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Stockholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm"}],"text":"Team Roster\n\nEdoardo Mariani\nEnrico Sardi\nFelice Berardo\nFranco Bontadini\nEnea Zuffi\nPietro Leone\nGiuseppe Milano\nCarlo De Marchi\nRenzo De Vecchi\nAngelo Binaschi\nPiero Campelli\nLuigi Barbesino\nModesto Valle\nVittorio Morelli Di PopoloResultsFirst round1912-06-29\nItaly 2 – 3 (a.e.t.) Finland\nBontadini 10' Sardi 25'\n\nÖhman 2' Soinio 40' Wiberg 105'\nTraneberg Stadium, StockholmAttendance: 600Consolation quarterfinals1912-07-01\nItaly 1 – 0 Sweden\nBontadini 15'\n\n\nRåsunda, StockholmAttendance: 2,500Consolation semifinals1912-07-03\nAustria 5 – 1 Italy\nGrundwald 40' 89' Müller 30' Hussak 49' Studnicka 65'\n\nBerardo 81'\nOlympiastadion, StockholmAttendance: 3,500Final rank\n7th place","title":"Football"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alberto Braglia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Braglia"}],"text":"Eighteen gymnasts represented Italy. It was the third appearance of the nation in gymnastics. Italy entered six gymnasts in the individual competition, winning the gold and bronze medals and having all six gymnasts place in the top ten. Alberto Braglia, the defending Olympic champion, was the individual champion again. The Italian team also entered one of the three team competitions to win their second gymnastics gold of 1912.","title":"Gymnastics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Artistic","title":"Gymnastics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Wrestling"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Greco-Roman","text":"Italy was represented by six wrestlers in its second Olympic wrestling appearance. None of the six advanced past the fourth round, as the team compiled a combined record of 8-12.","title":"Wrestling"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"http://www.coni.it/","external_links_name":"www.coni.it"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121018015525/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/countries/ITA/summer/1912/","external_links_name":"Italy at the 1912 Stockholm Summer Games"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060622162855/http://www.la84foundation.org/5va/reports_frmst.htm","external_links_name":"Official Olympic Reports"},{"Link":"http://www.olympic.org/uk/athletes/results/search_r_uk.asp","external_links_name":"International Olympic Committee results database"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_Top_yard	Mountain Top Yard	["1 History","2 Geography","3 References"]	This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Mountain Top Yard" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The historic Lehigh Canal Mountain Top yard or Penobscot yard is a rail yard in Mountain Top, Pennsylvania. It was built by the Lehigh Coal & Navigation Company (LC&N) in response to an 1837 bill authorizing a right of way and was established by 1840, at least as a construction camp for the Ashley Planes, in support of the construction of the Lehigh and Susquehanna Railroad trackage and operations to join the northern Anthracite Coal Region from barge loading docks along the Susquehanna (above and below the Navigations of the Pennsylvania Canal) in Pittston, in the Wyoming Valley, with the Lehigh Canal. History Penobscot Knob or Mount Penobscot, looming above the local terrain, was one of the last terrain obstacles to north-south travel — following after several barrier ranges in the ridge-and-valley Appalachians above the improvements to the Lehigh River, allowing water transport over 80 miles inland from Philadelphia's piers — a barrier therefore preventing west to east shipping of coal in the fading days of the canal era, but one in which railroad technology was leaping ahead year by year. LC&N, a high-tech company and major corporation of the 1820s-1870s, had already built the Lehigh Canal and the country's second railroad, the Mauch Chunk & Summit Hill Railroad, to ship coal the ten miles of gravity railroad to the loading facility above the head end of the improved Navigations Lehigh River and the Delaware Canal and Delaware River. The large yard, and the purpose-built company town, Sayre, Pennsylvania, were founded as part of a planned program of expansion and extension to the young railroad's infrastructure—the yard was but one benchmark on the way to completing the goal of establishing competitive passenger rail service between New York City, as well as cities in Delaware such as Wilmington, cities in central New Jersey such as Trenton, and Eastern Pennsylvania cities including Philadelphia with Chicago and other Great Lakes Cities via Buffalo, New York. The Lehigh Valley was primarily first and foremost a coal road which transported high-grade Anthracite to the big cities of the east and to steel mills along the Great Lakes and to the area in and around Chicago. The yard is a waypoint along the historic rail corridor that extends along the left bank Susquehanna River through the RBMN Duryea Yard and Mountain Top Yards down along the route of the historic Lehigh Canal and across the Delaware at Easton, Pennsylvania. Late in 1871, the competing upstarts calling themselves the Lehigh Valley Railroad (LV) established themselves above and across the same pass in 1871 and extended that storied road to Sayre Yard, astride the state line between Waverly, New York and Sayre, Pennsylvania. Until its dismantlement under Conrail, the yard engine maintenance building had the largest structure in the United States devoted to the maintenance and construction of railroad locomotives. The yard was acquired by Reading Blue Mountain and Northern Railroad in 1996 during the dissolution of Conrail, which had acquired the property in 1976 when the Lehigh and Susquehanna Railroad joined its properties to that ill-fated conglomerate enterprise. Geography Mountain Top, Pennsylvania, is a railroad town once named Penobscot, built beside the yard to house its employees and those of the nearby mines. The town is located at 41°8′7″N 75°54′16″W / 41.13528°N 75.90444°W / 41.13528; -75.90444 (41.1353022, -75.9044749) in the shadow of Mount Penobscot (or Penobscot Knob) and is located in the saddle-shaped mountain pass atop the ridgeline between the Susquehanna River basin to the north and west and the Lehigh River basin to the east and south, so sits astride an important land communications corridor bridging the two watersheds below. It is 8 miles (13 km) northwest of White Haven at the head end of the Lehigh River gorge and in the heights above Hazleton, Pennsylvania, 10 miles (16 km) south of Wilkes-Barre on Pennsylvania Route 309. Consequently, even though regional railroads are much diminished in scope and influence, Mountain Top yard, once used as a marshaling yard at the top of the Ashley Planes funicular (cable driven) railway, is still an important regional element of the transportation infrastructure connecting Allentown and Philadelphia with points north and west via trackage to several yards in New York State. Mountain Top's yard was the upper terminal end of the historic Lehigh and Susquehanna Railroad's Ashley Planes funicular railways (first begun 1837), which lifted freight over the steep climb from the Ashley neighborhood in Wilkes-Barre and site of a large transfer yard bypassed by the former trackage of the Lehigh Valley Railroad and leased to the Central Railroad of New Jersey. Mountain Top is elevated at 1,558 feet (475 m) above sea level. References ^ Penobscot, Pennsylvania	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lehigh_Canal-Glendon.jpg"},{"link_name":"rail yard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_yard"},{"link_name":"Mountain Top, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_Top,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Lehigh Coal & Navigation Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehigh_Coal_%26_Navigation_Company"},{"link_name":"Lehigh and Susquehanna Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehigh_and_Susquehanna_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Anthracite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthracite"},{"link_name":"Coal Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_Region"},{"link_name":"Susquehanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susquehanna_River"},{"link_name":"Navigations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Canal"},{"link_name":"Pittston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittston,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Wyoming Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyoming_Valley"},{"link_name":"Lehigh Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehigh_Canal"}],"text":"The historic Lehigh CanalMountain Top yard or Penobscot yard is a rail yard in Mountain Top, Pennsylvania. It was built by the Lehigh Coal & Navigation Company (LC&N) in response to an 1837 bill authorizing a right of way and was established by 1840, at least as a construction camp for the Ashley Planes, in support of the construction of the Lehigh and Susquehanna Railroad trackage and operations to join the northern Anthracite Coal Region from barge loading docks along the Susquehanna (above and below the Navigations of the Pennsylvania Canal) in Pittston, in the Wyoming Valley, with the Lehigh Canal.","title":"Mountain Top Yard"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Penobscot Knob","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penobscot_Knob"},{"link_name":"ridge-and-valley Appalachians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridge-and-valley_Appalachians"},{"link_name":"the improvements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal#Navigations"},{"link_name":"Lehigh River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehigh_River"},{"link_name":"canal era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canal_era&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lehigh Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehigh_Canal"},{"link_name":"Mauch Chunk & Summit Hill Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauch_Chunk_%26_Summit_Hill_Railway"},{"link_name":"gravity railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravity_railroad"},{"link_name":"Navigations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal"},{"link_name":"Lehigh River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehigh_River"},{"link_name":"Delaware Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_Canal"},{"link_name":"Delaware River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_River"},{"link_name":"company town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_town"},{"link_name":"Sayre, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayre,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Delaware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware"},{"link_name":"New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"Buffalo, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Anthracite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthracite"},{"link_name":"Great Lakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Lakes"},{"link_name":"Susquehanna River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susquehanna_River"},{"link_name":"Duryea Yard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duryea_Yard"},{"link_name":"Easton, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easton,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Lehigh Valley Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehigh_Valley_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Sayre Yard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayre_Yard"},{"link_name":"Waverly, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waverly,_Tioga_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Sayre, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayre,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Conrail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conrail"},{"link_name":"Reading Blue Mountain and Northern Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reading_Blue_Mountain_and_Northern_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Conrail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conrail"},{"link_name":"Lehigh and Susquehanna Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehigh_and_Susquehanna_Railroad"},{"link_name":"conglomerate enterprise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conglomerate_(company)"}],"text":"Penobscot Knob or Mount Penobscot, looming above the local terrain, was one of the last terrain obstacles to north-south travel — following after several barrier ranges in the ridge-and-valley Appalachians above the improvements to the Lehigh River, allowing water transport over 80 miles inland from Philadelphia's piers — a barrier therefore preventing west to east shipping of coal in the fading days of the canal era, but one in which railroad technology was leaping ahead year by year. LC&N, a high-tech company and major corporation of the 1820s-1870s, had already built the Lehigh Canal and the country's second railroad, the Mauch Chunk & Summit Hill Railroad, to ship coal the ten miles of gravity railroad to the loading facility above the head end of the improved Navigations Lehigh River and the Delaware Canal and Delaware River.The large yard, and the purpose-built company town, Sayre, Pennsylvania, were founded as part of a planned program of expansion and extension to the young railroad's infrastructure—the yard was but one benchmark on the way to completing the goal of establishing competitive passenger rail service between New York City, as well as cities in Delaware such as Wilmington, cities in central New Jersey such as Trenton, and Eastern Pennsylvania cities including Philadelphia with Chicago and other Great Lakes Cities via Buffalo, New York. The Lehigh Valley was primarily first and foremost a coal road which transported high-grade Anthracite to the big cities of the east and to steel mills along the Great Lakes and to the area in and around Chicago. The yard is a waypoint along the historic rail corridor that extends along the left bank Susquehanna River through the RBMN Duryea Yard and Mountain Top Yards down along the route of the historic Lehigh Canal and across the Delaware at Easton, Pennsylvania.Late in 1871, the competing upstarts calling themselves the Lehigh Valley Railroad (LV) established themselves above and across the same pass in 1871 and extended that storied road to Sayre Yard, astride the state line between Waverly, New York and Sayre, Pennsylvania.Until its dismantlement under Conrail, the yard engine maintenance building had the largest structure in the United States devoted to the maintenance and construction of railroad locomotives. The yard was acquired by Reading Blue Mountain and Northern Railroad in 1996 during the dissolution of Conrail, which had acquired the property in 1976 when the Lehigh and Susquehanna Railroad joined its properties to that ill-fated conglomerate enterprise.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mountain Top, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_Top,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"41°8′7″N 75°54′16″W / 41.13528°N 75.90444°W / 41.13528; -75.90444","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mountain_Top_Yard&params=41_8_7_N_75_54_16_W_region:US_type:city"},{"link_name":"Mount Penobscot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penobscot_Knob"},{"link_name":"saddle-shaped","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Col"},{"link_name":"mountain pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_pass"},{"link_name":"ridgeline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drainage_divide"},{"link_name":"Susquehanna River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susquehanna_River"},{"link_name":"Lehigh River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehigh_River"},{"link_name":"White Haven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Haven,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Lehigh River gorge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lehigh_River_gorge&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hazleton, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazleton,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Wilkes-Barre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilkes-Barre,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania Route 309","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Route_309"},{"link_name":"Ashley Planes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashley_Planes"},{"link_name":"funicular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funicular"},{"link_name":"Lehigh and Susquehanna Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehigh_and_Susquehanna_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Ashley neighborhood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashley,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"transfer yard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_yard#Transfer_yard"},{"link_name":"Lehigh Valley Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehigh_Valley_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Central Railroad of New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Railroad_of_New_Jersey"}],"text":"Mountain Top, Pennsylvania, is a railroad town once named Penobscot,[1] built beside the yard to house its employees and those of the nearby mines. The town is located at 41°8′7″N 75°54′16″W / 41.13528°N 75.90444°W / 41.13528; -75.90444 (41.1353022, -75.9044749) in the shadow of Mount Penobscot (or Penobscot Knob) and is located in the saddle-shaped mountain pass atop the ridgeline between the Susquehanna River basin to the north and west and the Lehigh River basin to the east and south, so sits astride an important land communications corridor bridging the two watersheds below. It is 8 miles (13 km) northwest of White Haven at the head end of the Lehigh River gorge and in the heights above Hazleton, Pennsylvania, 10 miles (16 km) south of Wilkes-Barre on Pennsylvania Route 309. Consequently, even though regional railroads are much diminished in scope and influence, Mountain Top yard, once used as a marshaling yard at the top of the Ashley Planes funicular (cable driven) railway, is still an important regional element of the transportation infrastructure connecting Allentown and Philadelphia with points north and west via trackage to several yards in New York State. Mountain Top's yard was the upper terminal end of the historic Lehigh and Susquehanna Railroad's Ashley Planes funicular railways (first begun 1837), which lifted freight over the steep climb from the Ashley neighborhood in Wilkes-Barre and site of a large transfer yard bypassed by the former trackage of the Lehigh Valley Railroad and leased to the Central Railroad of New Jersey.Mountain Top is elevated at 1,558 feet (475 m) above sea level.","title":"Geography"}]	[{"image_text":"The historic Lehigh Canal","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Lehigh_Canal-Glendon.jpg/220px-Lehigh_Canal-Glendon.jpg"}]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Mountain+Top+Yard%22","external_links_name":"\"Mountain Top Yard\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Mountain+Top+Yard%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Mountain+Top+Yard%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Mountain+Top+Yard%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Mountain+Top+Yard%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Mountain+Top+Yard%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mountain_Top_Yard&params=41_8_7_N_75_54_16_W_region:US_type:city","external_links_name":"41°8′7″N 75°54′16″W / 41.13528°N 75.90444°W / 41.13528; -75.90444"},{"Link":"http://www.gingerb.com/cnj%20ashley_planes.htm","external_links_name":"Penobscot, Pennsylvania"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tales_of_Hoffmann_(1923_film)	The Tales of Hoffmann (1923 film)	["1 Cast","2 References","3 Bibliography","4 External links"]	1923 film The Tales of HoffmannDirected byMax NeufeldWritten byJules Barbier (libretto)E.T.A. Hoffmann (stories)Josef B. Malina Produced byMax NeufeldStarringMax NeufeldKarl EhmannEugen NeufeldCinematographyJózsef BécsiGaston Grincault ProductioncompanyVita-FilmRelease date 6 April 1923 (1923-04-06) Running time98 minutesCountryAustriaLanguagesSilentGerman intertitles The Tales of Hoffmann (German: Hoffmanns Erzählungen) is a 1923 Austrian silent film directed by and starring Max Neufeld. The film also features Karl Ehmann, Eugen Neufeld and Robert Valberg. Cast Max Neufeld as E. T. A. Hoffmann Kitty Hulsch as Olympia Josef Zetenius as Narr Karl Ehmann as Puppenhändler Viktor Franz as Trödler Karl Forest as Rat Crespel Paul Askonas as Dr. Mirakel Lola Urban-Kneidinger as Antonia Eugen Neufeld as Dapertuto Robert Valberg as Schlemihl Friedrich Feher Dagny Servaes Hans Moser References ^ Von Dassanowsky p.31 Bibliography Robert von Dassanowsky. Austrian Cinema: A History. McFarland, 2005. External links The Tales of Hoffmann at IMDb vteFilms directed by Max Neufeld Doctor Ruhland (1920) Let the Little Ones Come to Me (1920) The Woman in White (1921) The Films of Princess Fantoche (1921) Light of His Life (1921) The Dead Wedding Guest (1922) The Iron King (1923) The Tales of Hoffmann (1923) A Waltz by Strauss (1925) The Arsonists of Europe (1926) The Family without Morals (1927) Archduke John (1929) The White Paradise (1929) A Night at the Grand Hotel (1931) The Opera Ball (1931) Sehnsucht 202 (1932) Overnight Sensation (1932) A Precocious Girl (1934) A Star Fell from Heaven (1934) The Song of the Sun (1934) Temptation (1934) Her Highness Dances the Waltz (1935) Antonia (1935, with Jean Boyer) The House of Shame (1938) Unjustified Absence (1939) A Thousand Lire a Month (1939) A Wife in Danger (1939) The Castle Ball (1939) Red Tavern (1940) The First Woman Who Passes (1940) The Tyrant of Padua (1946) Un uomo ritorna (also known as Revenge, 1946) Anni (1948) Abracadabra (1952) Der schönste Tag meines Lebens (1957) vteJacques Offenbach's The Tales of HoffmannFilms Tales of Hoffmann (1916) The Tales of Hoffmann (1923) The Tales of Hoffmann (1951) Music The Tales of Hoffmann discography "Belle nuit, ô nuit d'amour" Sources Der Sandmann (1816) Klein Zaches genannt Zinnober (1819) This article related to an Austrian film is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"silent film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent_film"},{"link_name":"Max Neufeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Neufeld"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Karl Ehmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Ehmann"},{"link_name":"Eugen Neufeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugen_Neufeld"},{"link_name":"Robert Valberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Valberg"}],"text":"The Tales of Hoffmann (German: Hoffmanns Erzählungen) is a 1923 Austrian silent film directed by and starring Max Neufeld.[1] The film also features Karl Ehmann, Eugen Neufeld and Robert Valberg.","title":"The Tales of Hoffmann (1923 film)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Max Neufeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Neufeld"},{"link_name":"E. T. A. Hoffmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._T._A._Hoffmann"},{"link_name":"Kitty Hulsch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kitty_Hulsch&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Josef Zetenius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josef_Zetenius&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Karl Ehmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Ehmann"},{"link_name":"Viktor Franz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Viktor_Franz&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Karl Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Forest"},{"link_name":"Paul Askonas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Askonas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lola Urban-Kneidinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lola_Urban-Kneidinger&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Eugen Neufeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugen_Neufeld"},{"link_name":"Robert Valberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Valberg"},{"link_name":"Friedrich Feher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Feher"},{"link_name":"Dagny Servaes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagny_Servaes"},{"link_name":"Hans Moser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Moser_(actor)"}],"text":"Max Neufeld as E. T. A. Hoffmann\nKitty Hulsch as Olympia\nJosef Zetenius as Narr\nKarl Ehmann as Puppenhändler\nViktor Franz as Trödler\nKarl Forest as Rat Crespel\nPaul Askonas as Dr. Mirakel\nLola Urban-Kneidinger as Antonia\nEugen Neufeld as Dapertuto\nRobert Valberg as Schlemihl\nFriedrich Feher\nDagny Servaes\nHans Moser","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Robert von Dassanowsky. Austrian Cinema: A History. McFarland, 2005.","title":"Bibliography"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0210731/","external_links_name":"The Tales of Hoffmann"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Tales_of_Hoffmann_(1923_film)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93South_Sudan_relations	China–South Sudan relations	["1 History","2 Political relations","2.1 Non-interference","2.2 Hong Kong","3 Economic relations","3.1 Oil","3.2 Chinese development finance to South Sudan","4 References"]	Bilateral relationsChina–South Sudan relations China South Sudan Diplomatic missionEmbassy of China, JubaEmbassy of South Sudan, Beijing China–South Sudan relations refers to the bilateral relations between the People's Republic of China and the Republic of South Sudan. China recognized South Sudan's independence on July 9, 2011.: 349 History China began friendly exchanges with southern Sudan in 1970s when China sent medical teams and agricultural experts to provide assistance for the people there. In January 2005, China was one of the witnesses to the Comprehensive Peace Agreement signed between the north and the south of Sudan, which ended the 38-year civil war and announced the establishment of the autonomous government of South Sudan. Since then, China has started formal friendly exchanges with South Sudan and the bilateral cooperation in various fields has increased progressively. In February 2007, Chinese President Hu Jintao made his first visit to Sudan and met in Khartoum with the First Vice President Salva Kiir Mayardit who was also President of the southern autonomous government. Then Kiir visited China twice in March 2005 and July 2007. In September 2008, China opened the Consulate General in Juba. In February 2011, the Chinese government announced its recognition of the referendum results in Southern Sudan and China was one of the world's first countries to recognize the results. On July 9, 2011, when the Republic of South Sudan was established, China Housing and Urban-Rural Development Minister Jiang Weixin was invited as a special envoy of Hu to participate in the independence celebrations. On behalf of the Chinese government, Jiang signed the Joint Communique on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations between the two countries with South Sudan's Foreign Minister Deng Alor Kol, meaning that on the founding day of South Sudan, China established official diplomatic relations with the new country: 128 and became one of the first countries to establish such a relation with it. The government of South Sudan states in the Joint Communiqué that there is only one China in the world, the government of the People's Republic of China is the sole legitimate government representing China and Taiwan is an inalienable part of China. On the same day, Chinese Ambassador to South Sudan opened the embassy. From April 23 to 26 in 2012, South Sudan's President Kiir made a state visit to China at the invitation of Hu. During the visit, Hu held talks with Kiir, Other Chinese leaders, including Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress Wu Bangguo, and Vice Premier, member of the Standing Committee of the Political bureau of the CPC Central Committee Li Keqiang met with Kiir respectively. When the South Sudanese Civil War began in December 2013, China adopted a hedging strategy through which it provided financial and other forms of assistance to both the South Sudanese government and opposition forces.: 141 Political relations Non-interference South Sudanese hip hop star Emmanuel Jal noted that China was seen positively by Sudanese and Africans due to its non-interference policy, stating, "The Chinese don't influence our politics, They don't comment on it, and what they want, they pay for -- sometimes double the amount. This tends to make all Africans happy -- from the dictators to the democrats, There isn't a party in Africa that doesn't like them. Even if you're a rebel movement and you say to them you can secure gold, the Chinese will simply say they want to buy it. The only foreign policy advice I heard from China was when they said to Sudan, 'Don't go back to war.' That's all they said. They didn't push anything else." Hong Kong In June 2020, South Sudan was one of 53 countries that backed the Hong Kong national security law at the United Nations. Economic relations As of at least 2024, China is South Sudan's largest trading partner.: 142 In South Sudan, Chinese companies participate in various economic sectors including engineering, construction, telecommunications, healthcare, hotels, restaurant, and retail.: 140 In 2012, South Sudan and China signed an agreement by which China would renovate and expand Juba International Airport.: 131 In 2014, the two governments signed an agreement which allowed 97% of goods exported from South Sudan to China to be tariff-free.: 142 Oil Oil exports are critical to South Sudan's economy, accounting for over 90% of South Sudan's revenue.: 142 After South Sudan's independence in 2011, South Sudan's territory included many of the Sudanese oil fields where China National Petroleum Company and Sinopec have significant interests.: 165 The December 2013 beginning of the South Sudanese Civil War prompted Chinese policymakers to consider whether to relinquish oil fields and other investments or to continue to maintain them during the conflict.: 130 Ultimately, a minimum team of Chinese nationals working for the China National Petroleum Company remained to continue oil production.: 130 This decision allowed South Sudan's oil sector to continue to operate although CNPC suffered huge losses given high transportation costs and low international oil prices.: 130–131 Continuing oil production helped China to earn trust from the South Sudanese government and support from the international community for its contribution in stabilizing South Sudan's economy.: 130–131 Chinese development finance to South Sudan Up to 2011, there were approximately five Chinese official development finance projects identified in South Sudan by various media reports. These projects range from assisting in constructing a hospital in Bentiu in 2011, to a grant of 200 million CNY for agriculture, education, health and water supply projects in South Sudan. From the start of the South Sudanese Civil War until 2017, China provided South Sudan with at least $49 million in humanitarian assistance.: 132 During the 2018 Forum on China-Africa Cooperation summit, Xi Jinping announced an additional grant of RMB 300 million and RMB 100 in emergency food aid to South Sudan.: 132 References ^ a b Shinn, David H.; Eisenman, Joshua (2023). China's Relations with Africa: a New Era of Strategic Engagement. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-21001-0. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Meng, Wenting (2024). Developmental Peace: Theorizing China's Approach to International Peacebuilding. Ibidem. Columbia University Press. ISBN 9783838219073. ^ "Political Exchanges". ^ Peter Shadbolt (February 4, 2011). "China, hip-hop and the new Sudan". CNN. Retrieved March 9, 2011. ^ Lawler, Dave (2 July 2020). "The 53 countries supporting China's crackdown on Hong Kong". Axios. Retrieved 3 July 2020. ^ Austin Strange, Bradley C. Parks, Michael J. Tierney, Andreas Fuchs, Axel Dreher, and Vijaya Ramachandran. 2013. China’s Development Finance to Africa: A Media-Based Approach to Data Collection. CGD Working Paper 323. Washington DC: Center for Global Development. ^ Strange, Parks, Tierney, Fuchs, Dreher, and Ramachandran, China’s Development Finance to Africa: A Media-Based Approach to Data Collection. ^ Strange, Parks, Tierney, Fuchs, Dreher, and Ramachandran, China’s Development Finance to Africa: A Media-Based Approach to Data Collection. vteForeign relations of ChinaBilateral relationsAfrica Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Americas Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Bahamas Barbados Bolivia Brazil Canada Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Grenada Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Peru Suriname Trinidad and Tobago United States Uruguay Venezuela Asia Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia East Timor Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan history Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal North Korea History Pakistan Palestine Philippines Qatar Saudi Arabia Singapore South Korea History Sri Lanka Syria Taiwan Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Northern Domination Yemen Europe Albania Austria Belarus Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kosovo Lithuania Luxembourg Moldova Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Spain Sweden Switzerland Ukraine United Kingdom Vatican City Oceania Australia Fiji Kiribati Micronesia Nauru New Zealand Niue Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Vanuatu Former states Soviet Union Yugoslavia Multilateral relations BCIM Economic Corridor BIMSTEC Africa Arab League BRICS Caribbean China–Japan–South Korea European Union Latin America Oceania Third World United Nations Arctic policy of China China and the Antarctic Diplomacy Central Foreign Affairs Commission (General Secretary) Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Foreign Minister) Diplomatic missions of China / in China Belt and Road Initiative China's peaceful rise Chinese Century Confucius Institute Dates of diplomatic recognition Foreign policy of China Foreign Relations Law Foreign relations of Hong Kong Nine-dash line Panda diplomacy Political status of Taiwan Chinese unification Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership Stadium diplomacy String of Pearls Major historical splits Albania Soviet Shanghai Cooperation Organisation Treaties Theater diplomacy Wolf warrior diplomacy Xi Jinping Thought on Diplomacy vte Foreign relations of South SudanAfrica Algeria Egypt Kenya Sudan Uganda Americas United States Asia Bangladesh China India Israel Philippines Turkey Europe Germany Kosovo Poland Russia Oceania Australia Diplomatic missions of / in South Sudan Ministry of Regional Cooperation	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bilateral relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilateral_relations"},{"link_name":"People's Republic of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Republic of South Sudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sudan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:322-1"}],"text":"China–South Sudan relations refers to the bilateral relations between the People's Republic of China and the Republic of South Sudan. China recognized South Sudan's independence on July 9, 2011.[1]: 349","title":"China–South Sudan relations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hu Jintao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu_Jintao"},{"link_name":"Salva Kiir Mayardit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salva_Kiir_Mayardit"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:05-2"},{"link_name":"Li Keqiang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Keqiang"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"South Sudanese Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sudanese_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:05-2"}],"text":"China began friendly exchanges with southern Sudan in 1970s when China sent medical teams and agricultural experts to provide assistance for the people there. In January 2005, China was one of the witnesses to the Comprehensive Peace Agreement signed between the north and the south of Sudan, which ended the 38-year civil war and announced the establishment of the autonomous government of South Sudan. Since then, China has started formal friendly exchanges with South Sudan and the bilateral cooperation in various fields has increased progressively.In February 2007, Chinese President Hu Jintao made his first visit to Sudan and met in Khartoum with the First Vice President Salva Kiir Mayardit who was also President of the southern autonomous government. Then Kiir visited China twice in March 2005 and July 2007.In September 2008, China opened the Consulate General in Juba. In February 2011, the Chinese government announced its recognition of the referendum results in Southern Sudan and China was one of the world's first countries to recognize the results. On July 9, 2011, when the Republic of South Sudan was established, China Housing and Urban-Rural Development Minister Jiang Weixin was invited as a special envoy of Hu to participate in the independence celebrations. On behalf of the Chinese government, Jiang signed the Joint Communique on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations between the two countries with South Sudan's Foreign Minister Deng Alor Kol, meaning that on the founding day of South Sudan, China established official diplomatic relations with the new country[2]: 128 and became one of the first countries to establish such a relation with it.The government of South Sudan states in the Joint Communiqué that there is only one China in the world, the government of the People's Republic of China is the sole legitimate government representing China and Taiwan is an inalienable part of China. On the same day, Chinese Ambassador to South Sudan opened the embassy. From April 23 to 26 in 2012, South Sudan's President Kiir made a state visit to China at the invitation of Hu. During the visit, Hu held talks with Kiir, Other Chinese leaders, including Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress Wu Bangguo, and Vice Premier, member of the Standing Committee of the Political bureau of the CPC Central Committee Li Keqiang met with Kiir respectively.[3]When the South Sudanese Civil War began in December 2013, China adopted a hedging strategy through which it provided financial and other forms of assistance to both the South Sudanese government and opposition forces.[2]: 141","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Political relations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Emmanuel Jal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Jal"},{"link_name":"non-interference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-interventionism"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Non-interference","text":"South Sudanese hip hop star Emmanuel Jal noted that China was seen positively by Sudanese and Africans due to its non-interference policy, stating, \"The Chinese don't influence our politics, They don't comment on it, and what they want, they pay for -- sometimes double the amount. This tends to make all Africans happy -- from the dictators to the democrats, There isn't a party in Africa that doesn't like them. Even if you're a rebel movement and you say to them you can secure gold, the Chinese will simply say they want to buy it. The only foreign policy advice I heard from China was when they said to Sudan, 'Don't go back to war.' That's all they said. They didn't push anything else.\"[4]","title":"Political relations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hong Kong national security law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Hong_Kong_national_security_law"},{"link_name":"United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Hong Kong","text":"In June 2020, South Sudan was one of 53 countries that backed the Hong Kong national security law at the United Nations.[5]","title":"Political relations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"trading partner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trading_partner"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:05-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:05-2"},{"link_name":"Juba International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juba_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:05-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:05-2"}],"text":"As of at least 2024, China is South Sudan's largest trading partner.[2]: 142 In South Sudan, Chinese companies participate in various economic sectors including engineering, construction, telecommunications, healthcare, hotels, restaurant, and retail.[2]: 140In 2012, South Sudan and China signed an agreement by which China would renovate and expand Juba International Airport.[2]: 131In 2014, the two governments signed an agreement which allowed 97% of goods exported from South Sudan to China to be tariff-free.[2]: 142","title":"Economic relations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:05-2"},{"link_name":"China National Petroleum Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_National_Petroleum_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Sinopec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinopec"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:322-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:05-2"},{"link_name":"China National Petroleum Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_National_Petroleum_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:05-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:05-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:05-2"}],"sub_title":"Oil","text":"Oil exports are critical to South Sudan's economy, accounting for over 90% of South Sudan's revenue.[2]: 142 After South Sudan's independence in 2011, South Sudan's territory included many of the Sudanese oil fields where China National Petroleum Company and Sinopec have significant interests.[1]: 165The December 2013 beginning of the South Sudanese Civil War prompted Chinese policymakers to consider whether to relinquish oil fields and other investments or to continue to maintain them during the conflict.[2]: 130 Ultimately, a minimum team of Chinese nationals working for the China National Petroleum Company remained to continue oil production.[2]: 130 This decision allowed South Sudan's oil sector to continue to operate although CNPC suffered huge losses given high transportation costs and low international oil prices.[2]: 130–131 Continuing oil production helped China to earn trust from the South Sudanese government and support from the international community for its contribution in stabilizing South Sudan's economy.[2]: 130–131","title":"Economic relations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Bentiu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bentiu"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"CNY","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNY"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"humanitarian assistance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_foreign_aid"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:05-2"},{"link_name":"Forum on China-Africa Cooperation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forum_on_China%E2%80%93Africa_Cooperation"},{"link_name":"Xi Jinping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:05-2"}],"sub_title":"Chinese development finance to South Sudan","text":"Up to 2011, there were approximately five Chinese official development finance projects identified in South Sudan by various media reports.[6] These projects range from assisting in constructing a hospital in Bentiu in 2011,[7] to a grant of 200 million CNY for agriculture, education, health and water supply projects in South Sudan.[8]From the start of the South Sudanese Civil War until 2017, China provided South Sudan with at least $49 million in humanitarian assistance.[2]: 132During the 2018 Forum on China-Africa Cooperation summit, Xi Jinping announced an additional grant of RMB 300 million and RMB 100 in emergency food aid to South Sudan.[2]: 132","title":"Economic relations"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Shinn, David H.; Eisenman, Joshua (2023). China's Relations with Africa: a New Era of Strategic Engagement. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-21001-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_H._Shinn","url_text":"Shinn, David H."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University_Press","url_text":"Columbia University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-21001-0","url_text":"978-0-231-21001-0"}]},{"reference":"Meng, Wenting (2024). Developmental Peace: Theorizing China's Approach to International Peacebuilding. Ibidem. Columbia University Press. 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Retrieved 3 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.axios.com/countries-supporting-china-hong-kong-law-0ec9bc6c-3aeb-4af0-8031-aa0f01a46a7c.html","url_text":"\"The 53 countries supporting China's crackdown on Hong Kong\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axios_(website)","url_text":"Axios"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://ss.chineseembassy.org/eng/sbgx/zjjw/","external_links_name":"\"Political Exchanges\""},{"Link":"http://www.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/africa/02/02/sudan.jal/index.html","external_links_name":"\"China, hip-hop and the new Sudan\""},{"Link":"https://www.axios.com/countries-supporting-china-hong-kong-law-0ec9bc6c-3aeb-4af0-8031-aa0f01a46a7c.html","external_links_name":"\"The 53 countries supporting China's crackdown on Hong Kong\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130713135832/http://china.aiddata.org/","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130701192221/http://aiddatachina.org/projects/2466","external_links_name":"[2]"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130701192221/http://aiddatachina.org/projects/24574","external_links_name":"[3]"},{"Link":"http://www.goss-online.org/magnoliaPublic/en/ministries/Regional-Cooperation.html","external_links_name":"Ministry of Regional Cooperation"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Baumgarten	Arthur Baumgarten	["1 Biography","2 Legacy","3 References","4 External links"]	An editor has performed a search and found that sufficient sources exist to establish the subject's notability. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Arthur Baumgarten" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Arthur Baumgarten, 1935 at the Berne Trial Arthur Edwin Paul Baumgarten (31 March 1884 in Königsberg, East Prussia – 27 November 1966 in East Berlin, East Germany) was a German-Swiss jurist and legal philosopher. After voluntary exile in Switzerland, Baumgarten became a prominent legal scholar in East Germany. Biography Baumgarten was born on 31 March 1884 in Königsberg, East Prussia, a son of the anatomist and bacteriologist Paul Baumgarten. He visited the Humanistisches Gymnasium in Tübingen, where he graduated in 1902, and went on to study jurisprudence in Tübingen, Geneva and Leipzig. He earned a doctorate in jurisprudence in 1909 in Berlin. His doctoral advisor was Franz von Liszt. In the same year, he became professor for criminal law at the University of Cologne. In the years from 1923 to 1930, he taught in Basel. Following a stay in Frankfurt am Main, Baumgarten chose voluntary exile in Switzerland by returning to Basel, as the Nazis eventually took power in Germany in the summer of 1933. There he taught legal philosophy from 1933 to 1946. In 1935, he visited the Soviet Union, where he contacted likewise exiled German communists. In 1944, he co-founded the Swiss Party of Labor. In 1946, he accepted an invitation as visiting professor in Leipzig. Eventually, he was appointed full professor in Berlin in 1948. From 1952 to 1960, he was the president of German Academy for State- and Legal Sciences. Baumgarten died on 27 November 1966 in Berlin, East Germany. He remained a Swiss citizen until his death. Legacy Baumgarten's main field of interest was legal philosophy. Originally unimpressed and opposed to Marxism and socialist conceptions of life, he later turned towards Marxism himself. As a legal philosopher, he sought to combine the ideals of the Age of Enlightenment and a Marxist interpretation of socialism. Albeit briefly an important figure in legal affairs in young East Germany, his views were in content largely opposed by East German legal theory dominated by figures like Walter Ulbricht and Karl Polak. Despite similar views having been popular among some of his contemporaries, such as Karl Bönninger and Hermann Klenner, they were suppressed early-on by Ulbricht and Polak, most notably at the Babelsberg Conference. While Baumgarten was always held in high regard at a personal level, the influence of Ulbricht and Polak caused his ideas to gain little traction in the audience of the time. References External links Arthur Baumgarten in the Historical Dictionary of Switzerland (in French) Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Czech Republic Netherlands Poland Vatican People Deutsche Biographie Other Historical Dictionary of Switzerland IdRef This biographical article relating to law is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arthur_Baumgarten_-_Staatsarchiv_Bern_FN_Jost_N_9901.jpg"},{"link_name":"Berne Trial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berne_Trial"},{"link_name":"Königsberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg"},{"link_name":"East Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Prussia"},{"link_name":"East Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Berlin"},{"link_name":"East Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Germany"},{"link_name":"jurist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurist"},{"link_name":"legal philosopher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_philosopher"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"East Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Germany"}],"text":"Arthur Baumgarten, 1935 at the Berne TrialArthur Edwin Paul Baumgarten (31 March 1884 in Königsberg, East Prussia – 27 November 1966 in East Berlin, East Germany) was a German-Swiss jurist and legal philosopher. After voluntary exile in Switzerland, Baumgarten became a prominent legal scholar in East Germany.","title":"Arthur Baumgarten"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Königsberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg"},{"link_name":"East Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Prussia"},{"link_name":"Tübingen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCbingen"},{"link_name":"graduated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abitur"},{"link_name":"jurisprudence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurisprudence"},{"link_name":"Geneva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva"},{"link_name":"Leipzig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"},{"link_name":"Franz von Liszt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_von_Liszt"},{"link_name":"criminal law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law"},{"link_name":"University of Cologne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cologne"},{"link_name":"Basel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basel"},{"link_name":"Frankfurt am Main","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt_am_Main"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Nazis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazis"},{"link_name":"took power in Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machtergreifung"},{"link_name":"legal philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_philosophy"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Swiss Party of Labor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Party_of_Labor"},{"link_name":"visiting professor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visiting_professor"},{"link_name":"full professor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full_professor"},{"link_name":"German Academy for State- and Legal Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=German_Academy_for_State-_and_Legal_Sciences&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"East Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Germany"}],"text":"Baumgarten was born on 31 March 1884 in Königsberg, East Prussia, a son of the anatomist and bacteriologist Paul Baumgarten. He visited the Humanistisches Gymnasium in Tübingen, where he graduated in 1902, and went on to study jurisprudence in Tübingen, Geneva and Leipzig.He earned a doctorate in jurisprudence in 1909 in Berlin. His doctoral advisor was Franz von Liszt. In the same year, he became professor for criminal law at the University of Cologne. In the years from 1923 to 1930, he taught in Basel. Following a stay in Frankfurt am Main, Baumgarten chose voluntary exile in Switzerland by returning to Basel, as the Nazis eventually took power in Germany in the summer of 1933. There he taught legal philosophy from 1933 to 1946.In 1935, he visited the Soviet Union, where he contacted likewise exiled German communists. In 1944, he co-founded the Swiss Party of Labor.In 1946, he accepted an invitation as visiting professor in Leipzig. Eventually, he was appointed full professor in Berlin in 1948. From 1952 to 1960, he was the president of German Academy for State- and Legal Sciences.Baumgarten died on 27 November 1966 in Berlin, East Germany. He remained a Swiss citizen until his death.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"legal philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_philosophy"},{"link_name":"Marxism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxism"},{"link_name":"socialist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialism"},{"link_name":"ideals of the Age of Enlightenment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment"},{"link_name":"East Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Germany"},{"link_name":"Walter Ulbricht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Ulbricht"},{"link_name":"Karl Polak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_Polak&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Karl Bönninger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_B%C3%B6nninger&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hermann Klenner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Klenner&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Babelsberg Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Babelsberg_Conference&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Baumgarten's main field of interest was legal philosophy. Originally unimpressed and opposed to Marxism and socialist conceptions of life, he later turned towards Marxism himself. As a legal philosopher, he sought to combine the ideals of the Age of Enlightenment and a Marxist interpretation of socialism. Albeit briefly an important figure in legal affairs in young East Germany, his views were in content largely opposed by East German legal theory dominated by figures like Walter Ulbricht and Karl Polak. Despite similar views having been popular among some of his contemporaries, such as Karl Bönninger and Hermann Klenner, they were suppressed early-on by Ulbricht and Polak, most notably at the Babelsberg Conference. While Baumgarten was always held in high regard at a personal level, the influence of Ulbricht and Polak caused his ideas to gain little traction in the audience of the time.","title":"Legacy"}]	[{"image_text":"Arthur Baumgarten, 1935 at the Berne Trial","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Arthur_Baumgarten_-_Staatsarchiv_Bern_FN_Jost_N_9901.jpg/220px-Arthur_Baumgarten_-_Staatsarchiv_Bern_FN_Jost_N_9901.jpg"}]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Baumgarten&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve this article"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Arthur+Baumgarten%22","external_links_name":"\"Arthur Baumgarten\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Arthur+Baumgarten%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Arthur+Baumgarten%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Arthur+Baumgarten%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Arthur+Baumgarten%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Arthur+Baumgarten%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/027959/2002-06-14/","external_links_name":"Arthur Baumgarten"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/174615/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000110268519","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/52483014","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJvd9pJkVXRyxxWpcgmWXd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb128097525","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb128097525","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/118653911","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007278742705171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85387951","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jx20051026002&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p071695974","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810640471505606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/138374","external_links_name":"Vatican"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118653911.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/027959","external_links_name":"Historical Dictionary of Switzerland"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/081593821","external_links_name":"IdRef"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Baumgarten&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UGT2B11	UGT2B4	["1 Function","2 References","3 Further reading"]	Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens UGT2B4IdentifiersAliasesUGT2B4, HLUG25, UDPGT2B4, UDPGTH1, UDPGTh-1, UGT2B11, UDP glucuronosyltransferase family 2 member B4External IDsOMIM: 600067; MGI: 1919023; HomoloGene: 130717; GeneCards: UGT2B4; OMA:UGT2B4 - orthologsGene location (Human)Chr.Chromosome 4 (human)Band4q13.3Start69,480,165 bpEnd69,526,014 bpGene location (Mouse)Chr.Chromosome 5 (mouse)Band5\|5 E1Start87,064,497 bpEnd87,074,389 bpRNA expression patternBgeeHumanMouse (ortholog)Top expressed inliverright lobe of livergonadtesticleleft ventricleright auricleright ventriclemyocardiumislet of Langerhansmyocardium of left ventricleTop expressed inleft lobe of liverembryolumbar subsegment of spinal cordright ventricletibiofemoral jointsexually immature organismmedial head of gastrocnemius musclelumbar spinal ganglionstria vasculariscarotid bodyMore reference expression dataBioGPSMore reference expression dataGene ontologyMolecular function glycosyltransferase activity transferase activity glucuronosyltransferase activity retinoic acid binding hexosyltransferase activity UDP-glycosyltransferase activity Cellular component integral component of membrane organelle membrane endoplasmic reticulum membrane intracellular membrane-bounded organelle endoplasmic reticulum membrane Biological process cellular glucuronidation metabolism Sources:Amigo / QuickGOOrthologsSpeciesHumanMouseEntrez736371773EnsemblENSG00000156096ENSMUSG00000035836UniProtP06133Q8R084RefSeq (mRNA)NM_001297615NM_001297616NM_021139NM_152811RefSeq (protein)NP_001284544NP_001284545NP_066962NP_690024Location (UCSC)Chr 4: 69.48 – 69.53 MbChr 5: 87.06 – 87.07 MbPubMed searchWikidataView/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse UDP glucuronosyltransferase 2 family, polypeptide B4, also known as UGT2B4, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the UGT2B4 gene. Function UGT2B4 is mainly involved in the glucuronidation of hyodeoxycholic acid, a bile acid, and catechol-estrogens, such as 17-epiestriol and 4-hydroxy-estrone. The expression of the UGT2B4 enzyme is upregulated by the farnesoid X receptor (FXR), a nuclear receptor which is activated by bile acids. These same bile acids are substrates for the UGT2B4 enzyme. Hence upregulation of UGT2B4 by activated FXR provides a mechanism for the detection, conjugation and subsequent elimination of toxic bile acids. References ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000156096 – Ensembl, May 2017 ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000035836 – Ensembl, May 2017 ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. ^ "Entrez Gene: UGT2B4 UDP glucuronosyltransferase 2 family, polypeptide B4". ^ Jackson MR, McCarthy LR, Harding D, Wilson S, Coughtrie MW, Burchell B (March 1987). "Cloning of a human liver microsomal UDP-glucuronosyltransferase cDNA". Biochem. J. 242 (2): 581–8. doi:10.1042/bj2420581. PMC 1147744. PMID 3109396. ^ Monaghan G, Clarke DJ, Povey S, See CG, Boxer M, Burchell B (September 1994). "Isolation of a human YAC contig encompassing a cluster of UGT2 genes and its regional localization to chromosome 4q13". Genomics. 23 (2): 496–9. doi:10.1006/geno.1994.1531. PMID 7835904. ^ Barre L, Fournel-Gigleux S, Finel M, Netter P, Magdalou J, Ouzzine M (March 2007). "Substrate specificity of the human UDP-glucuronosyltransferase UGT2B4 and UGT2B7. Identification of a critical aromatic amino acid residue at position 33". FEBS J. 274 (5): 1256–64. doi:10.1111/j.1742-4658.2007.05670.x. PMID 17263731. S2CID 27151203. ^ Barbier O, Torra IP, Sirvent A, Claudel T, Blanquart C, Duran-Sandoval D, Kuipers F, Kosykh V, Fruchart JC, Staels B (June 2003). "FXR induces the UGT2B4 enzyme in hepatocytes: a potential mechanism of negative feedback control of FXR activity". Gastroenterology. 124 (7): 1926–40. doi:10.1016/S0016-5085(03)00388-3. PMID 12806625. Further reading Mackenzie PI, Owens IS, Burchell B, et al. (1997). "The UDP glycosyltransferase gene superfamily: recommended nomenclature update based on evolutionary divergence". Pharmacogenetics. 7 (4): 255–69. doi:10.1097/00008571-199708000-00001. PMID 9295054. Kadlubar FF, Miller JA, Miller EC (1977). "Hepatic microsomal N-glucuronidation and nucleic acid binding of N-hydroxy arylamines in relation to urinary bladder carcinogenesis". Cancer Res. 37 (3): 805–14. PMID 13929. Ritter JK, Chen F, Sheen YY, et al. (1992). "Two human liver cDNAs encode UDP-glucuronosyltransferases with 2 log differences in activity toward parallel substrates including hyodeoxycholic acid and certain estrogen derivatives". Biochemistry. 31 (13): 3409–14. doi:10.1021/bi00128a015. PMID 1554722. Fournel-Gigleux S, Jackson MR, Wooster R, Burchell B (1989). "Expression of a human liver cDNA encoding a UDP-glucuronosyltransferase catalysing the glucuronidation of hyodeoxycholic acid in cell culture". FEBS Lett. 243 (2): 119–22. doi:10.1016/0014-5793(89)80111-5. PMID 2492950. S2CID 36610635. Jackson MR, McCarthy LR, Harding D, et al. (1987). "Cloning of a human liver microsomal UDP-glucuronosyltransferase cDNA". Biochem. J. 242 (2): 581–8. doi:10.1042/bj2420581. PMC 1147744. PMID 3109396. Monaghan G, Clarke DJ, Povey S, et al. (1995). "Isolation of a human YAC contig encompassing a cluster of UGT2 genes and its regional localization to chromosome 4q13". Genomics. 23 (2): 496–9. doi:10.1006/geno.1994.1531. PMID 7835904. Jin CJ, Miners JO, Lillywhite KJ, Mackenzie PI (1993). "cDNA cloning and expression of two new members of the human liver UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B subfamily". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 194 (1): 496–503. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1993.1847. PMID 8333863. Babu SR, Lakshmi VM, Huang GP, et al. (1996). "Glucuronide conjugates of 4-aminobiphenyl and its N-hydroxy metabolites. pH stability and synthesis by human and dog liver". Biochem. Pharmacol. 51 (12): 1679–85. doi:10.1016/0006-2952(96)00165-7. PMID 8687483. Monaghan G, Burchell B, Boxer M (1997). "Structure of the human UGT2B4 gene encoding a bile acid UDP-glucuronosyltransferase". Mamm. Genome. 8 (9): 692–4. doi:10.1007/s003359900539. PMID 9271674. S2CID 31839619. King CD, Rios GR, Assouline JA, Tephly TR (1999). "Expression of UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) 2B7 and 1A6 in the human brain and identification of 5-hydroxytryptamine as a substrate". Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 365 (1): 156–62. doi:10.1006/abbi.1999.1155. PMID 10222050. Lévesque E, Beaulieu M, Hum DW, Bélanger A (1999). "Characterization and substrate specificity of UGT2B4 (E458): a UDP-glucuronosyltransferase encoded by a polymorphic gene". Pharmacogenetics. 9 (2): 207–16. PMID 10376768. Strassburg CP, Kneip S, Topp J, et al. (2000). "Polymorphic gene regulation and interindividual variation of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activity in human small intestine". J. Biol. Chem. 275 (46): 36164–71. doi:10.1074/jbc.M002180200. PMID 10748067. Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, et al. (2003). "Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (26): 16899–903. Bibcode:2002PNAS...9916899M. doi:10.1073/pnas.242603899. PMC 139241. PMID 12477932. Barbier O, Torra IP, Sirvent A, et al. (2003). "FXR induces the UGT2B4 enzyme in hepatocytes: a potential mechanism of negative feedback control of FXR activity". Gastroenterology. 124 (7): 1926–40. doi:10.1016/S0016-5085(03)00388-3. PMID 12806625. Barbier O, Duran-Sandoval D, Pineda-Torra I, et al. (2003). "Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha induces hepatic expression of the human bile acid glucuronidating UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B4 enzyme". J. Biol. Chem. 278 (35): 32852–60. doi:10.1074/jbc.M305361200. PMID 12810707. Saeki M, Saito Y, Jinno H, et al. (2005). "Single nucleotide polymorphisms and haplotype frequencies of UGT2B4 and UGT2B7 in a Japanese population". Drug Metab. Dispos. 32 (9): 1048–54. PMID 15319348. Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, et al. (2004). "The Status, Quality, and Expansion of the NIH Full-Length cDNA Project: The Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC)". Genome Res. 14 (10B): 2121–7. doi:10.1101/gr.2596504. PMC 528928. PMID 15489334. Kimura K, Wakamatsu A, Suzuki Y, et al. (2006). "Diversification of transcriptional modulation: Large-scale identification and characterization of putative alternative promoters of human genes". Genome Res. 16 (1): 55–65. doi:10.1101/gr.4039406. PMC 1356129. PMID 16344560. Barre L, Fournel-Gigleux S, Finel M, et al. (2007). "Substrate specificity of the human UDP-glucuronosyltransferase UGT2B4 and UGT2B7. Identification of a critical aromatic amino acid residue at position 33". FEBS J. 274 (5): 1256–64. doi:10.1111/j.1742-4658.2007.05670.x. PMID 17263731. S2CID 27151203. vteTransferases: glycosyltransferases (EC 2.4)2.4.1: Hexosyl-transferasesGlucosyl- Phosphorylase Starch Glycogen Cellobiose Myo- Glycogen synthase Debranching enzyme Branching enzyme 1,3-Beta-glucan synthase Ceramide glucosyltransferase N-glycosyltransferase Galactosyl- Lactose synthase B-N-acetylglucosaminyl-glycopeptide b-1,4-galactosyltransferase Glycoprotein-N-acetylgalactosamine 3-beta-galactosyltransferase (C1GALT1) Glucuronosyl- B3GAT1 B3GAT2 B3GAT3 UGT1A1 UGT1A3 UGT1A4 UGT1A5 UGT1A6 UGT1A7 UGT1A8 UGT1A9 UGT1A10 UGT2A1 UGT2A2 UGT2A3 UGT2B4 UGT2B7 UGT2B10 UGT2B11 UGT2B15 UGT2B17 UGT2B28 Hyaluronan synthase: HAS1 HAS2 HAS3 Fucosyl- POFUT1 POFUT2 FUT1 FUT2 FUT3 FUT4 FUT5 FUT6 FUT7 FUT8 FUT9 FUT10 FUT11 Mannosyl- Dolichyl-phosphate-mannose-protein mannosyltransferase POMT1 POMT2 DPM1 DPM3 ALG1 ALG2 ALG3 ALG6 ALG8 ALG9 ALG12 2.4.2: Pentosyl-transferasesRiboseADP-ribosyltransferase NAD+:diphthamide ADP-ribosyltransferase Diphtheria toxin Pseudomonas exotoxin NAD(P)+:arginine ADP-ribosyltransferase Pertussis toxin Cholera toxin Poly ADP ribose polymerase Sirtuin Phosphoribosyltransferase Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase Uracil phosphoribosyltransferase Amidophosphoribosyltransferase Other Purine nucleoside phosphorylase: Thymidine phosphorylase ECGF1 Other Xylosyltransferase XYLT1 XYLT2 Arabinosyltransferase Indolylacetylinositol arabinosyltransferase 2.4.99: Sialyltransferases Beta-galactoside alpha-2,6-sialyltransferase Monosialoganglioside sialyltransferase ST8SIA4 This article on a gene on human chromosome 4 is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"enzyme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme"},{"link_name":"gene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-entrez-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid3109396-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid7835904-7"}],"text":"UDP glucuronosyltransferase 2 family, polypeptide B4, also known as UGT2B4, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the UGT2B4 gene.[5][6][7]","title":"UGT2B4"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"glucuronidation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucuronidation"},{"link_name":"hyodeoxycholic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyodeoxycholic_acid"},{"link_name":"bile acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bile_acid"},{"link_name":"catechol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catechol"},{"link_name":"estrogens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrogen"},{"link_name":"epiestriol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiestriol"},{"link_name":"estrone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrone"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid17263731-8"},{"link_name":"farnesoid X receptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farnesoid_X_receptor"},{"link_name":"nuclear receptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_receptor"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid12806625-9"}],"text":"UGT2B4 is mainly involved in the glucuronidation of hyodeoxycholic acid, a bile acid, and catechol-estrogens, such as 17-epiestriol and 4-hydroxy-estrone.[8]The expression of the UGT2B4 enzyme is upregulated by the farnesoid X receptor (FXR), a nuclear receptor which is activated by bile acids.[9] These same bile acids are substrates for the UGT2B4 enzyme. 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genes\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1356129"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1101/gr.4039406","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1101%2Fgr.4039406"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1356129","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1356129"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"16344560","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16344560"},{"link_name":"\"Substrate specificity of the human UDP-glucuronosyltransferase UGT2B4 and UGT2B7. Identification of a critical aromatic amino acid residue at position 33\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1742-4658.2007.05670.x"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1111/j.1742-4658.2007.05670.x","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1742-4658.2007.05670.x"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"17263731","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17263731"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"27151203","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:27151203"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Glycosyltransferases"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Glycosyltransferases"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Glycosyltransferases"},{"link_name":"Transferases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transferase"},{"link_name":"glycosyltransferases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycosyltransferase"},{"link_name":"EC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme_Commission_number"},{"link_name":"2.4.1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_2)#EC_2.4.1:_Hexosyltransferases"},{"link_name":"Hexosyl-transferases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexosyltransferase"},{"link_name":"Glucosyl-","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucosyltransferase"},{"link_name":"Phosphorylase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorylase"},{"link_name":"Starch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starch_phosphorylase"},{"link_name":"Glycogen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycogen_phosphorylase"},{"link_name":"Cellobiose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellobiose_phosphorylase"},{"link_name":"Myo-","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myophosphorylase"},{"link_name":"Glycogen synthase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycogen_synthase"},{"link_name":"Debranching enzyme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycogen_debranching_enzyme"},{"link_name":"Branching enzyme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycogen_branching_enzyme"},{"link_name":"1,3-Beta-glucan synthase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1,3-Beta-glucan_synthase"},{"link_name":"Ceramide glucosyltransferase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramide_glucosyltransferase"},{"link_name":"N-glycosyltransferase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-glycosyltransferase"},{"link_name":"Galactosyl-","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactosyltransferase"},{"link_name":"Lactose synthase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactose_synthase"},{"link_name":"B-N-acetylglucosaminyl-glycopeptide b-1,4-galactosyltransferase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-N-acetylglucosaminyl-glycopeptide_b-1,4-galactosyltransferase"},{"link_name":"Glycoprotein-N-acetylgalactosamine 3-beta-galactosyltransferase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycoprotein-N-acetylgalactosamine_3-beta-galactosyltransferase"},{"link_name":"C1GALT1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C1GALT1"},{"link_name":"Glucuronosyl-","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucuronosyltransferase"},{"link_name":"B3GAT1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B3GAT1"},{"link_name":"B3GAT2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B3GAT2"},{"link_name":"B3GAT3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B3GAT3"},{"link_name":"UGT1A1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UDP_glucuronosyltransferase_1_family,_polypeptide_A1"},{"link_name":"UGT1A3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UGT1A3"},{"link_name":"UGT1A4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UGT1A4"},{"link_name":"UGT1A5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UGT1A5"},{"link_name":"UGT1A6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UGT1A6"},{"link_name":"UGT1A7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UGT1A7"},{"link_name":"UGT1A8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UGT1A8"},{"link_name":"UGT1A9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UGT1A9"},{"link_name":"UGT1A10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UGT1A10"},{"link_name":"UGT2A1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UGT2A1"},{"link_name":"UGT2A2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UGT2A2"},{"link_name":"UGT2A3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UGT2A3"},{"link_name":"UGT2B4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"UGT2B7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UGT2B7"},{"link_name":"UGT2B10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UGT2B10"},{"link_name":"UGT2B11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UGT2B11"},{"link_name":"UGT2B15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UGT2B15"},{"link_name":"UGT2B17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UGT2B17"},{"link_name":"UGT2B28","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UGT2B28"},{"link_name":"Hyaluronan synthase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyaluronan_synthase"},{"link_name":"HAS1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HAS1"},{"link_name":"HAS2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HAS2"},{"link_name":"HAS3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HAS3"},{"link_name":"Fucosyl-","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fucosyltransferase"},{"link_name":"POFUT1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GDP-fucose_protein_O-fucosyltransferase_1"},{"link_name":"POFUT2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GDP-fucose_protein_O-fucosyltransferase_2"},{"link_name":"FUT1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FUT1"},{"link_name":"FUT2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FUT2"},{"link_name":"FUT3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fucosyltransferase_3"},{"link_name":"FUT4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FUT4"},{"link_name":"FUT5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FUT5"},{"link_name":"FUT6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FUT6"},{"link_name":"FUT7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FUT7"},{"link_name":"FUT8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FUT8"},{"link_name":"FUT9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FUT9"},{"link_name":"FUT10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FUT10&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"FUT11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FUT11&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mannosyl-","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannosyltransferase"},{"link_name":"Dolichyl-phosphate-mannose-protein mannosyltransferase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolichyl-phosphate-mannose-protein_mannosyltransferase"},{"link_name":"POMT1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POMT1"},{"link_name":"POMT2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POMT2"},{"link_name":"DPM1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DPM1"},{"link_name":"DPM3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DPM3"},{"link_name":"ALG1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALG1"},{"link_name":"ALG2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALG2"},{"link_name":"ALG3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALG3"},{"link_name":"ALG6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALG6"},{"link_name":"ALG8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALG8"},{"link_name":"ALG9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALG9"},{"link_name":"ALG12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALG12"},{"link_name":"2.4.2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_2)#EC_2.4.2:_Pentosyltransferases"},{"link_name":"Pentosyl-transferases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentosyltransferase"},{"link_name":"Ribose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribose"},{"link_name":"ADP-ribosyltransferase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADP-ribosylation"},{"link_name":"NAD+:diphthamide ADP-ribosyltransferase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAD(%2B)%E2%80%94diphthamide_ADP-ribosyltransferase"},{"link_name":"Diphtheria toxin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diphtheria_toxin"},{"link_name":"Pseudomonas exotoxin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudomonas_exotoxin"},{"link_name":"NAD(P)+:arginine ADP-ribosyltransferase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAD(P)(%2B)%E2%80%94protein-arginine_ADP-ribosyltransferase"},{"link_name":"Pertussis toxin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pertussis_toxin"},{"link_name":"Cholera toxin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholera_toxin"},{"link_name":"Poly ADP ribose polymerase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poly_ADP_ribose_polymerase"},{"link_name":"Sirtuin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirtuin"},{"link_name":"Phosphoribosyltransferase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphoribosyltransferase"},{"link_name":"Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenine_phosphoribosyltransferase"},{"link_name":"Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoxanthine-guanine_phosphoribosyltransferase"},{"link_name":"Uracil phosphoribosyltransferase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uracil_phosphoribosyltransferase"},{"link_name":"Amidophosphoribosyltransferase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amidophosphoribosyltransferase"},{"link_name":"Purine nucleoside phosphorylase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purine_nucleoside_phosphorylase"},{"link_name":"Thymidine phosphorylase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thymidine_phosphorylase"},{"link_name":"ECGF1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECGF1"},{"link_name":"Xylosyltransferase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xylosyltransferase"},{"link_name":"XYLT1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XYLT1"},{"link_name":"XYLT2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XYLT2"},{"link_name":"Arabinosyltransferase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabinosyltransferase"},{"link_name":"Indolylacetylinositol arabinosyltransferase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indolylacetylinositol_arabinosyltransferase"},{"link_name":"2.4.99","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_2)#EC_2.4.99:_Transferring_Other_Glycosyl_Groups"},{"link_name":"Sialyltransferases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sialyltransferase"},{"link_name":"Beta-galactoside alpha-2,6-sialyltransferase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-galactoside_alpha-2,6-sialyltransferase"},{"link_name":"Monosialoganglioside sialyltransferase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monosialoganglioside_sialyltransferase"},{"link_name":"ST8SIA4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ST8SIA4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DNA_stub.png"},{"link_name":"gene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene"},{"link_name":"chromosome 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_4"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=UGT2B4&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Gene-4-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Gene-4-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gene-4-stub"}],"text":"Mackenzie PI, Owens IS, Burchell B, et al. (1997). \"The UDP glycosyltransferase gene superfamily: recommended nomenclature update based on evolutionary divergence\". Pharmacogenetics. 7 (4): 255–69. doi:10.1097/00008571-199708000-00001. PMID 9295054.\nKadlubar FF, Miller JA, Miller EC (1977). \"Hepatic microsomal N-glucuronidation and nucleic acid binding of N-hydroxy arylamines in relation to urinary bladder carcinogenesis\". Cancer Res. 37 (3): 805–14. PMID 13929.\nRitter JK, Chen F, Sheen YY, et al. (1992). \"Two human liver cDNAs encode UDP-glucuronosyltransferases with 2 log differences in activity toward parallel substrates including hyodeoxycholic acid and certain estrogen derivatives\". Biochemistry. 31 (13): 3409–14. doi:10.1021/bi00128a015. PMID 1554722.\nFournel-Gigleux S, Jackson MR, Wooster R, Burchell B (1989). \"Expression of a human liver cDNA encoding a UDP-glucuronosyltransferase catalysing the glucuronidation of hyodeoxycholic acid in cell culture\". FEBS Lett. 243 (2): 119–22. doi:10.1016/0014-5793(89)80111-5. PMID 2492950. S2CID 36610635.\nJackson MR, McCarthy LR, Harding D, et al. (1987). \"Cloning of a human liver microsomal UDP-glucuronosyltransferase cDNA\". Biochem. J. 242 (2): 581–8. doi:10.1042/bj2420581. PMC 1147744. PMID 3109396.\nMonaghan G, Clarke DJ, Povey S, et al. (1995). \"Isolation of a human YAC contig encompassing a cluster of UGT2 genes and its regional localization to chromosome 4q13\". Genomics. 23 (2): 496–9. doi:10.1006/geno.1994.1531. PMID 7835904.\nJin CJ, Miners JO, Lillywhite KJ, Mackenzie PI (1993). \"cDNA cloning and expression of two new members of the human liver UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B subfamily\". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 194 (1): 496–503. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1993.1847. PMID 8333863.\nBabu SR, Lakshmi VM, Huang GP, et al. (1996). \"Glucuronide conjugates of 4-aminobiphenyl and its N-hydroxy metabolites. pH stability and synthesis by human and dog liver\". Biochem. Pharmacol. 51 (12): 1679–85. doi:10.1016/0006-2952(96)00165-7. PMID 8687483.\nMonaghan G, Burchell B, Boxer M (1997). \"Structure of the human UGT2B4 gene encoding a bile acid UDP-glucuronosyltransferase\". Mamm. Genome. 8 (9): 692–4. doi:10.1007/s003359900539. PMID 9271674. S2CID 31839619.\nKing CD, Rios GR, Assouline JA, Tephly TR (1999). \"Expression of UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) 2B7 and 1A6 in the human brain and identification of 5-hydroxytryptamine as a substrate\". Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 365 (1): 156–62. doi:10.1006/abbi.1999.1155. PMID 10222050.\nLévesque E, Beaulieu M, Hum DW, Bélanger A (1999). \"Characterization and substrate specificity of UGT2B4 (E458): a UDP-glucuronosyltransferase encoded by a polymorphic gene\". Pharmacogenetics. 9 (2): 207–16. PMID 10376768.\nStrassburg CP, Kneip S, Topp J, et al. (2000). \"Polymorphic gene regulation and interindividual variation of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activity in human small intestine\". J. Biol. Chem. 275 (46): 36164–71. doi:10.1074/jbc.M002180200. PMID 10748067.\nStrausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, et al. (2003). \"Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences\". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (26): 16899–903. Bibcode:2002PNAS...9916899M. doi:10.1073/pnas.242603899. PMC 139241. PMID 12477932.\nBarbier O, Torra IP, Sirvent A, et al. (2003). \"FXR induces the UGT2B4 enzyme in hepatocytes: a potential mechanism of negative feedback control of FXR activity\". Gastroenterology. 124 (7): 1926–40. doi:10.1016/S0016-5085(03)00388-3. PMID 12806625.\nBarbier O, Duran-Sandoval D, Pineda-Torra I, et al. (2003). \"Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha induces hepatic expression of the human bile acid glucuronidating UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B4 enzyme\". J. Biol. Chem. 278 (35): 32852–60. doi:10.1074/jbc.M305361200. PMID 12810707.\nSaeki M, Saito Y, Jinno H, et al. (2005). \"Single nucleotide polymorphisms and haplotype frequencies of UGT2B4 and UGT2B7 in a Japanese population\". Drug Metab. Dispos. 32 (9): 1048–54. PMID 15319348.\nGerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, et al. (2004). \"The Status, Quality, and Expansion of the NIH Full-Length cDNA Project: The Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC)\". Genome Res. 14 (10B): 2121–7. doi:10.1101/gr.2596504. PMC 528928. PMID 15489334.\nKimura K, Wakamatsu A, Suzuki Y, et al. (2006). \"Diversification of transcriptional modulation: Large-scale identification and characterization of putative alternative promoters of human genes\". Genome Res. 16 (1): 55–65. doi:10.1101/gr.4039406. PMC 1356129. PMID 16344560.\nBarre L, Fournel-Gigleux S, Finel M, et al. (2007). \"Substrate specificity of the human UDP-glucuronosyltransferase UGT2B4 and UGT2B7. Identification of a critical aromatic amino acid residue at position 33\". FEBS J. 274 (5): 1256–64. doi:10.1111/j.1742-4658.2007.05670.x. PMID 17263731. S2CID 27151203.vteTransferases: glycosyltransferases (EC 2.4)2.4.1: Hexosyl-transferasesGlucosyl-\nPhosphorylase\nStarch\nGlycogen\nCellobiose\nMyo-\nGlycogen synthase\nDebranching enzyme\nBranching enzyme\n1,3-Beta-glucan synthase\nCeramide glucosyltransferase\nN-glycosyltransferase\nGalactosyl-\nLactose synthase\nB-N-acetylglucosaminyl-glycopeptide b-1,4-galactosyltransferase\nGlycoprotein-N-acetylgalactosamine 3-beta-galactosyltransferase (C1GALT1)\nGlucuronosyl-\nB3GAT1\nB3GAT2\nB3GAT3\nUGT1A1\nUGT1A3\nUGT1A4\nUGT1A5\nUGT1A6\nUGT1A7\nUGT1A8\nUGT1A9\nUGT1A10\nUGT2A1\nUGT2A2\nUGT2A3\nUGT2B4\nUGT2B7\nUGT2B10\nUGT2B11\nUGT2B15\nUGT2B17\nUGT2B28\nHyaluronan synthase: HAS1\nHAS2\nHAS3\nFucosyl-\nPOFUT1\nPOFUT2\nFUT1\nFUT2\nFUT3\nFUT4\nFUT5\nFUT6\nFUT7\nFUT8\nFUT9\nFUT10\nFUT11\nMannosyl-\nDolichyl-phosphate-mannose-protein mannosyltransferase\nPOMT1\nPOMT2\nDPM1\nDPM3\nALG1\nALG2\nALG3\nALG6\nALG8\nALG9\nALG12\n2.4.2: Pentosyl-transferasesRiboseADP-ribosyltransferase\nNAD+:diphthamide ADP-ribosyltransferase\nDiphtheria toxin\nPseudomonas exotoxin\nNAD(P)+:arginine ADP-ribosyltransferase\nPertussis toxin\nCholera toxin\nPoly ADP ribose polymerase\nSirtuin\nPhosphoribosyltransferase\nAdenine phosphoribosyltransferase\nHypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase\nUracil phosphoribosyltransferase\nAmidophosphoribosyltransferase\nOther\nPurine nucleoside phosphorylase: Thymidine phosphorylase\nECGF1\nOther\nXylosyltransferase\nXYLT1\nXYLT2\nArabinosyltransferase\nIndolylacetylinositol arabinosyltransferase\n2.4.99: Sialyltransferases\nBeta-galactoside alpha-2,6-sialyltransferase\nMonosialoganglioside sialyltransferase\nST8SIA4This article on a gene on human chromosome 4 is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Further reading"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Human PubMed Reference:\". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Link&LinkName=gene_pubmed&from_uid=7363","url_text":"\"Human PubMed Reference:\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mouse PubMed Reference:\". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Link&LinkName=gene_pubmed&from_uid=71773","url_text":"\"Mouse PubMed Reference:\""}]},{"reference":"\"Entrez Gene: UGT2B4 UDP glucuronosyltransferase 2 family, polypeptide B4\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=7363","url_text":"\"Entrez Gene: UGT2B4 UDP glucuronosyltransferase 2 family, polypeptide B4\""}]},{"reference":"Jackson MR, McCarthy LR, Harding D, Wilson S, Coughtrie MW, Burchell B (March 1987). \"Cloning of a human liver microsomal UDP-glucuronosyltransferase cDNA\". Biochem. J. 242 (2): 581–8. doi:10.1042/bj2420581. PMC 1147744. PMID 3109396.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1147744","url_text":"\"Cloning of a human liver microsomal UDP-glucuronosyltransferase cDNA\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1042%2Fbj2420581","url_text":"10.1042/bj2420581"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1147744","url_text":"1147744"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3109396","url_text":"3109396"}]},{"reference":"Monaghan G, Clarke DJ, Povey S, See CG, Boxer M, Burchell B (September 1994). \"Isolation of a human YAC contig encompassing a cluster of UGT2 genes and its regional localization to chromosome 4q13\". Genomics. 23 (2): 496–9. doi:10.1006/geno.1994.1531. PMID 7835904.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fgeno.1994.1531","url_text":"10.1006/geno.1994.1531"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7835904","url_text":"7835904"}]},{"reference":"Barre L, Fournel-Gigleux S, Finel M, Netter P, Magdalou J, Ouzzine M (March 2007). \"Substrate specificity of the human UDP-glucuronosyltransferase UGT2B4 and UGT2B7. Identification of a critical aromatic amino acid residue at position 33\". FEBS J. 274 (5): 1256–64. doi:10.1111/j.1742-4658.2007.05670.x. PMID 17263731. S2CID 27151203.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1742-4658.2007.05670.x","url_text":"\"Substrate specificity of the human UDP-glucuronosyltransferase UGT2B4 and UGT2B7. Identification of a critical aromatic amino acid residue at position 33\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1742-4658.2007.05670.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1742-4658.2007.05670.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17263731","url_text":"17263731"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:27151203","url_text":"27151203"}]},{"reference":"Barbier O, Torra IP, Sirvent A, Claudel T, Blanquart C, Duran-Sandoval D, Kuipers F, Kosykh V, Fruchart JC, Staels B (June 2003). \"FXR induces the UGT2B4 enzyme in hepatocytes: a potential mechanism of negative feedback control of FXR activity\". Gastroenterology. 124 (7): 1926–40. doi:10.1016/S0016-5085(03)00388-3. PMID 12806625.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0016-5085%2803%2900388-3","url_text":"10.1016/S0016-5085(03)00388-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12806625","url_text":"12806625"}]},{"reference":"Mackenzie PI, Owens IS, Burchell B, et al. (1997). \"The UDP glycosyltransferase gene superfamily: recommended nomenclature update based on evolutionary divergence\". Pharmacogenetics. 7 (4): 255–69. doi:10.1097/00008571-199708000-00001. PMID 9295054.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00008571-199708000-00001","url_text":"10.1097/00008571-199708000-00001"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9295054","url_text":"9295054"}]},{"reference":"Kadlubar FF, Miller JA, Miller EC (1977). \"Hepatic microsomal N-glucuronidation and nucleic acid binding of N-hydroxy arylamines in relation to urinary bladder carcinogenesis\". Cancer Res. 37 (3): 805–14. PMID 13929.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13929","url_text":"13929"}]},{"reference":"Ritter JK, Chen F, Sheen YY, et al. (1992). \"Two human liver cDNAs encode UDP-glucuronosyltransferases with 2 log differences in activity toward parallel substrates including hyodeoxycholic acid and certain estrogen derivatives\". Biochemistry. 31 (13): 3409–14. doi:10.1021/bi00128a015. PMID 1554722.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fbi00128a015","url_text":"10.1021/bi00128a015"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1554722","url_text":"1554722"}]},{"reference":"Fournel-Gigleux S, Jackson MR, Wooster R, Burchell B (1989). \"Expression of a human liver cDNA encoding a UDP-glucuronosyltransferase catalysing the glucuronidation of hyodeoxycholic acid in cell culture\". FEBS Lett. 243 (2): 119–22. doi:10.1016/0014-5793(89)80111-5. PMID 2492950. S2CID 36610635.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0014-5793%2889%2980111-5","url_text":"\"Expression of a human liver cDNA encoding a UDP-glucuronosyltransferase catalysing the glucuronidation of hyodeoxycholic acid in cell culture\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0014-5793%2889%2980111-5","url_text":"10.1016/0014-5793(89)80111-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2492950","url_text":"2492950"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:36610635","url_text":"36610635"}]},{"reference":"Jackson MR, McCarthy LR, Harding D, et al. (1987). \"Cloning of a human liver microsomal UDP-glucuronosyltransferase cDNA\". Biochem. J. 242 (2): 581–8. doi:10.1042/bj2420581. PMC 1147744. PMID 3109396.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1147744","url_text":"\"Cloning of a human liver microsomal UDP-glucuronosyltransferase cDNA\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1042%2Fbj2420581","url_text":"10.1042/bj2420581"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1147744","url_text":"1147744"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3109396","url_text":"3109396"}]},{"reference":"Monaghan G, Clarke DJ, Povey S, et al. (1995). \"Isolation of a human YAC contig encompassing a cluster of UGT2 genes and its regional localization to chromosome 4q13\". Genomics. 23 (2): 496–9. doi:10.1006/geno.1994.1531. PMID 7835904.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fgeno.1994.1531","url_text":"10.1006/geno.1994.1531"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7835904","url_text":"7835904"}]},{"reference":"Jin CJ, Miners JO, Lillywhite KJ, Mackenzie PI (1993). \"cDNA cloning and expression of two new members of the human liver UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B subfamily\". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 194 (1): 496–503. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1993.1847. PMID 8333863.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fbbrc.1993.1847","url_text":"10.1006/bbrc.1993.1847"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8333863","url_text":"8333863"}]},{"reference":"Babu SR, Lakshmi VM, Huang GP, et al. (1996). \"Glucuronide conjugates of 4-aminobiphenyl and its N-hydroxy metabolites. pH stability and synthesis by human and dog liver\". Biochem. Pharmacol. 51 (12): 1679–85. doi:10.1016/0006-2952(96)00165-7. PMID 8687483.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0006-2952%2896%2900165-7","url_text":"10.1016/0006-2952(96)00165-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8687483","url_text":"8687483"}]},{"reference":"Monaghan G, Burchell B, Boxer M (1997). \"Structure of the human UGT2B4 gene encoding a bile acid UDP-glucuronosyltransferase\". Mamm. Genome. 8 (9): 692–4. doi:10.1007/s003359900539. PMID 9271674. S2CID 31839619.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs003359900539","url_text":"10.1007/s003359900539"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9271674","url_text":"9271674"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:31839619","url_text":"31839619"}]},{"reference":"King CD, Rios GR, Assouline JA, Tephly TR (1999). \"Expression of UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) 2B7 and 1A6 in the human brain and identification of 5-hydroxytryptamine as a substrate\". Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 365 (1): 156–62. doi:10.1006/abbi.1999.1155. PMID 10222050.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fabbi.1999.1155","url_text":"10.1006/abbi.1999.1155"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10222050","url_text":"10222050"}]},{"reference":"Lévesque E, Beaulieu M, Hum DW, Bélanger A (1999). \"Characterization and substrate specificity of UGT2B4 (E458): a UDP-glucuronosyltransferase encoded by a polymorphic gene\". Pharmacogenetics. 9 (2): 207–16. PMID 10376768.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10376768","url_text":"10376768"}]},{"reference":"Strassburg CP, Kneip S, Topp J, et al. (2000). \"Polymorphic gene regulation and interindividual variation of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activity in human small intestine\". J. Biol. Chem. 275 (46): 36164–71. doi:10.1074/jbc.M002180200. PMID 10748067.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M002180200","url_text":"\"Polymorphic gene regulation and interindividual variation of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activity in human small intestine\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M002180200","url_text":"10.1074/jbc.M002180200"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10748067","url_text":"10748067"}]},{"reference":"Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, et al. (2003). \"Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences\". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (26): 16899–903. Bibcode:2002PNAS...9916899M. doi:10.1073/pnas.242603899. PMC 139241. PMID 12477932.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC139241","url_text":"\"Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002PNAS...9916899M","url_text":"2002PNAS...9916899M"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.242603899","url_text":"10.1073/pnas.242603899"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC139241","url_text":"139241"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12477932","url_text":"12477932"}]},{"reference":"Barbier O, Torra IP, Sirvent A, et al. (2003). \"FXR induces the UGT2B4 enzyme in hepatocytes: a potential mechanism of negative feedback control of FXR activity\". Gastroenterology. 124 (7): 1926–40. doi:10.1016/S0016-5085(03)00388-3. PMID 12806625.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0016-5085%2803%2900388-3","url_text":"10.1016/S0016-5085(03)00388-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12806625","url_text":"12806625"}]},{"reference":"Barbier O, Duran-Sandoval D, Pineda-Torra I, et al. (2003). \"Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha induces hepatic expression of the human bile acid glucuronidating UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B4 enzyme\". J. Biol. Chem. 278 (35): 32852–60. doi:10.1074/jbc.M305361200. PMID 12810707.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M305361200","url_text":"\"Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha induces hepatic expression of the human bile acid glucuronidating UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B4 enzyme\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M305361200","url_text":"10.1074/jbc.M305361200"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12810707","url_text":"12810707"}]},{"reference":"Saeki M, Saito Y, Jinno H, et al. (2005). \"Single nucleotide polymorphisms and haplotype frequencies of UGT2B4 and UGT2B7 in a Japanese population\". Drug Metab. Dispos. 32 (9): 1048–54. PMID 15319348.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15319348","url_text":"15319348"}]},{"reference":"Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, et al. (2004). \"The Status, Quality, and Expansion of the NIH Full-Length cDNA Project: The Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC)\". Genome Res. 14 (10B): 2121–7. doi:10.1101/gr.2596504. PMC 528928. PMID 15489334.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC528928","url_text":"\"The Status, Quality, and Expansion of the NIH Full-Length cDNA Project: The Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1101%2Fgr.2596504","url_text":"10.1101/gr.2596504"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC528928","url_text":"528928"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15489334","url_text":"15489334"}]},{"reference":"Kimura K, Wakamatsu A, Suzuki Y, et al. (2006). \"Diversification of transcriptional modulation: Large-scale identification and characterization of putative alternative promoters of human genes\". Genome Res. 16 (1): 55–65. doi:10.1101/gr.4039406. PMC 1356129. PMID 16344560.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1356129","url_text":"\"Diversification of transcriptional modulation: Large-scale identification and characterization of putative alternative promoters of human genes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1101%2Fgr.4039406","url_text":"10.1101/gr.4039406"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1356129","url_text":"1356129"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16344560","url_text":"16344560"}]},{"reference":"Barre L, Fournel-Gigleux S, Finel M, et al. (2007). \"Substrate specificity of the human UDP-glucuronosyltransferase UGT2B4 and UGT2B7. Identification of a critical aromatic amino acid residue at position 33\". FEBS J. 274 (5): 1256–64. doi:10.1111/j.1742-4658.2007.05670.x. PMID 17263731. S2CID 27151203.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1742-4658.2007.05670.x","url_text":"\"Substrate specificity of the human UDP-glucuronosyltransferase UGT2B4 and UGT2B7. Identification of a critical aromatic amino acid residue at position 33\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1742-4658.2007.05670.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1742-4658.2007.05670.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17263731","url_text":"17263731"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:27151203","url_text":"27151203"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/12553","external_links_name":"UGT2B4"},{"Link":"https://omim.org/entry/600067","external_links_name":"600067"},{"Link":"http://www.informatics.jax.org/marker/MGI:1919023","external_links_name":"1919023"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=homologene&dopt=HomoloGene&list_uids=130717","external_links_name":"130717"},{"Link":"https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=UGT2B4","external_links_name":"UGT2B4"},{"Link":"https://omabrowser.org/oma/vps/ENSG00000156096","external_links_name":"UGT2B4 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Eisner	Mark Eisner	["1 Early life","2 Political career","3 Later life and death","4 References","5 External links"]	American politician Mark Eisner (December 15, 1885 – March 28, 1953) was a Jewish-American lawyer, tax expert, and politician from New York. Early life Eisner was born on December 15, 1885, in New York City, New York, the son of David L. Eisner and Sophia Silverman. Eisner attended New York City public schools and graduated from the College of the City of New York with a B.A. cum laude in 1905. He then taught in public schools while attending New York University School of Law, graduating from there in 1907. He was admitted to the bar that year and began practicing law. He was active in politics since he was young, serving as a campaign orator before he was old enough to vote. Political career In 1912, he was elected to the New York State Assembly as a Democrat with the support of the Independence League and the Citizens Union, representing the New York County 17th District. He served in the Assembly in 1913 (when he introduced the statewide Direct Primary Bill and, speaking out against the impeachment of Governor William Sulzer, became the only Manhattan Democrat who voted against Sulzer's impeachment) and 1914 (when he received the nomination of both the Democratic and Progressive Parties). Mark Eisner, right and in the back, collecting a $75,000 check on behalf the Internal Revenue Service from the singer John McCormack in 1918. Eisner was a delegate to the 1915 New York State Constitutional Convention. He was a U.S. Internal Revenue Collector from 1915 to 1919 and a lecturer on taxation for the New York School of Finance from 1919 to 1922. He became a member of the law firm Olvany, Eisner & Donnelly in 1924. He was chairman of the judges and lawyer division of the Federation of Jewish Philanthropic Societies from 1924 to 1930. He served as counsel to the National Recovery Administration in New York City in 1933 and as professor of taxation law in New York Law School in 1935. His law office was at 20 Exchange Place. Mayor James J. Walker appointed him a member of the New York City Board of Higher Education when it was established in 1926, and he served as its chairman from 1932 to 1938. He was also president of the American Association for Jewish Education from 1939 to 1947. He wrote Lay View of Some of the Problems of Higher Education in 1936 and edited How Government Regulates Business in 1939. Later life and death Eisner was treasurer and director of the New York Adult Education Council, Inc., a trustee of the Practising Law Institute and Montefiore Hospital, treasurer of the College Art Association, an executive committee member of the Tax Institute and its president from 1943 to 1945, president of the Alumni Association of the College of the City of New York from 1943 to 1945, and a member of the New York City Bar Association, the New York County Lawyers' Association, the New York State Bar Association, the American Bar Association, Delta Sigma Phi, Phi Beta Kappa, the Freemasons, the Elks, the Knights of Pythias, the Salmagundi Club, the Harmonie Club, the City Club of New York, and the Quaker Ridge Golf Club. He married Helene Oettinger in 1922. Their children were Barbara and Mark. Eisner died in Tucson, Arizona, while on a trip there on March 28, 1953. References ^ Who's Who in American Jewry, 1928 (2nd ed.). New York, N.Y.: The Jewish Biographical Bureau, Inc. p. 154 – via FamilySearch. ^ Murlin, Edgar L. (1913). The New York Red Book. Albany, N.Y.: J. B. Lyon Company. p. 134 – via Google Books. ^ Murlin, Edgar L. (1914). The New York Red Book. Albany, N.Y.: J. B. Lyon Company. pp. 134–135 – via Google Books. ^ The Convention Manual of Procedure, Forms and Rules for the Regulation of Business in the Seventh New York State Constitutional Convention, 1915. Albany, N.Y.: J. B. Lyon Company. 1915. p. 290 – via Google Books. ^ Simons, John, ed. (1938). Who's Who in American Jewry, 1938-1939. Vol. 3. New York, N.Y.: National News Association, Inc. p. 232 – via FamilySearch. ^ "Eisner, Mark". Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2022-09-18. ^ Who Was Who in America. Vol. III. Chicago, I.L.: Marquis Who's Who. 1986. p. 254. ISBN 978-0-8379-0222-7 – via Internet Archive. ^ "Mark Eisner Dies; Noted Lawyer, 66" (PDF). The New York Times. Vol. CII, no. 34764 (Late City ed.). New York, N.Y. 30 March 1953. p. 21. External links The Political Graveyard New York State Assembly Preceded byFranklin Brooks New York State Assembly New York County, 17th District 1913–1914 Succeeded byMartin Bourke	[{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Mark Eisner (December 15, 1885 – March 28, 1953) was a Jewish-American lawyer, tax expert, and politician from New York.","title":"Mark Eisner"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York City, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"College of the City of New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_College_of_New_York"},{"link_name":"New York University School of Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_University_School_of_Law"}],"text":"Eisner was born on December 15, 1885, in New York City, New York, the son of David L. Eisner and Sophia Silverman.[1]Eisner attended New York City public schools and graduated from the College of the City of New York with a B.A. cum laude in 1905. He then taught in public schools while attending New York University School of Law, graduating from there in 1907. He was admitted to the bar that year and began practicing law. He was active in politics since he was young, serving as a campaign orator before he was old enough to vote.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York State Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Assembly"},{"link_name":"Democrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Independence League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Citizens Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens_Union"},{"link_name":"New York County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan"},{"link_name":"1913","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/136th_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"William Sulzer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Sulzer"},{"link_name":"1914","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/137th_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"Progressive Parties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1912)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John_McCormack,_the_singer,_put_into_the_hands_of_Mark_Eisner,_Collector_of_Internal_Revenue_for_the_Third_New_York_District_$75,000_on_March_6,_1918.jpg"},{"link_name":"Internal Revenue Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Revenue_Service"},{"link_name":"John McCormack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McCormack_(tenor)"},{"link_name":"1915 New York State Constitutional Convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_New_York#1915_Convention"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"National Recovery Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Recovery_Administration"},{"link_name":"New York Law School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Law_School"},{"link_name":"20 Exchange Place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20_Exchange_Place"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"James J. Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Walker"},{"link_name":"New York City Board of Higher Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Board_of_Higher_Education"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"In 1912, he was elected to the New York State Assembly as a Democrat with the support of the Independence League and the Citizens Union, representing the New York County 17th District. He served in the Assembly in 1913[2] (when he introduced the statewide Direct Primary Bill and, speaking out against the impeachment of Governor William Sulzer, became the only Manhattan Democrat who voted against Sulzer's impeachment) and 1914 (when he received the nomination of both the Democratic and Progressive Parties).[3]Mark Eisner, right and in the back, collecting a $75,000 check on behalf the Internal Revenue Service from the singer John McCormack in 1918.Eisner was a delegate to the 1915 New York State Constitutional Convention.[4] He was a U.S. Internal Revenue Collector from 1915 to 1919 and a lecturer on taxation for the New York School of Finance from 1919 to 1922. He became a member of the law firm Olvany, Eisner & Donnelly in 1924. He was chairman of the judges and lawyer division of the Federation of Jewish Philanthropic Societies from 1924 to 1930. He served as counsel to the National Recovery Administration in New York City in 1933 and as professor of taxation law in New York Law School in 1935. His law office was at 20 Exchange Place.[5] Mayor James J. Walker appointed him a member of the New York City Board of Higher Education when it was established in 1926, and he served as its chairman from 1932 to 1938. He was also president of the American Association for Jewish Education from 1939 to 1947. He wrote Lay View of Some of the Problems of Higher Education in 1936 and edited How Government Regulates Business in 1939.[6]","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Practising Law Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Practising_Law_Institute"},{"link_name":"Montefiore Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montefiore_Medical_Center"},{"link_name":"College Art Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_Art_Association"},{"link_name":"New York City Bar Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Bar_Association"},{"link_name":"New York County Lawyers' Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_County_Lawyers%27_Association"},{"link_name":"New York State Bar Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Bar_Association"},{"link_name":"American Bar Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Bar_Association"},{"link_name":"Delta Sigma Phi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_Sigma_Phi"},{"link_name":"Phi Beta Kappa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phi_Beta_Kappa"},{"link_name":"Freemasons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freemasonry"},{"link_name":"Elks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benevolent_and_Protective_Order_of_Elks"},{"link_name":"Knights of Pythias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knights_of_Pythias"},{"link_name":"Salmagundi Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmagundi_Club"},{"link_name":"Harmonie Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonie_Club"},{"link_name":"City Club of New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Club_of_New_York"},{"link_name":"Quaker Ridge Golf Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaker_Ridge_Golf_Club"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Tucson, Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tucson,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Eisner was treasurer and director of the New York Adult Education Council, Inc., a trustee of the Practising Law Institute and Montefiore Hospital, treasurer of the College Art Association, an executive committee member of the Tax Institute and its president from 1943 to 1945, president of the Alumni Association of the College of the City of New York from 1943 to 1945, and a member of the New York City Bar Association, the New York County Lawyers' Association, the New York State Bar Association, the American Bar Association, Delta Sigma Phi, Phi Beta Kappa, the Freemasons, the Elks, the Knights of Pythias, the Salmagundi Club, the Harmonie Club, the City Club of New York, and the Quaker Ridge Golf Club. He married Helene Oettinger in 1922. Their children were Barbara and Mark.[7]Eisner died in Tucson, Arizona, while on a trip there on March 28, 1953.[8]","title":"Later life and death"}]	[{"image_text":"Mark Eisner, right and in the back, collecting a $75,000 check on behalf the Internal Revenue Service from the singer John McCormack in 1918.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/John_McCormack%2C_the_singer%2C_put_into_the_hands_of_Mark_Eisner%2C_Collector_of_Internal_Revenue_for_the_Third_New_York_District_%2475%2C000_on_March_6%2C_1918.jpg/241px-John_McCormack%2C_the_singer%2C_put_into_the_hands_of_Mark_Eisner%2C_Collector_of_Internal_Revenue_for_the_Third_New_York_District_%2475%2C000_on_March_6%2C_1918.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Who's Who in American Jewry, 1928 (2nd ed.). 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Lyon Company. pp. 134–135 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mJFFAQAAMAAJ","url_text":"The New York Red Book"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Books","url_text":"Google Books"}]},{"reference":"The Convention Manual of Procedure, Forms and Rules for the Regulation of Business in the Seventh New York State Constitutional Convention, 1915. Albany, N.Y.: J. B. Lyon Company. 1915. p. 290 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ya8KAAAAYAAJ","url_text":"The Convention Manual of Procedure, Forms and Rules for the Regulation of Business in the Seventh New York State Constitutional Convention, 1915"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Books","url_text":"Google Books"}]},{"reference":"Simons, John, ed. (1938). Who's Who in American Jewry, 1938-1939. Vol. 3. New York, N.Y.: National News Association, Inc. p. 232 – via FamilySearch.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.familysearch.org/library/books/viewer/111231/?offset=0#page=289&viewer=picture&o=&n=0&q=","url_text":"Who's Who in American Jewry, 1938-1939"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FamilySearch","url_text":"FamilySearch"}]},{"reference":"\"Eisner, Mark\". Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2022-09-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/eisner-mark","url_text":"\"Eisner, Mark\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia.com","url_text":"Encyclopedia.com"}]},{"reference":"Who Was Who in America. Vol. III. Chicago, I.L.: Marquis Who's Who. 1986. p. 254. ISBN 978-0-8379-0222-7 – via Internet Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/whowaswhoinameri03wilm/page/254/mode/1up?view=theater","url_text":"Who Was Who in America"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquis_Who%27s_Who","url_text":"Marquis Who's Who"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8379-0222-7","url_text":"978-0-8379-0222-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Archive","url_text":"Internet Archive"}]},{"reference":"\"Mark Eisner Dies; Noted Lawyer, 66\" (PDF). The New York Times. Vol. CII, no. 34764 (Late City ed.). New York, N.Y. 30 March 1953. p. 21.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1953/03/30/83814135.pdf?pdf_redirect=true&ip=0","url_text":"\"Mark Eisner Dies; Noted Lawyer, 66\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.familysearch.org/library/books/viewer/672858/?offset=0#page=155&viewer=picture&o=&n=0&q=","external_links_name":"Who's Who in American Jewry, 1928"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=nAdDAQAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"The New York Red Book"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mJFFAQAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"The New York Red Book"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ya8KAAAAYAAJ","external_links_name":"The Convention Manual of Procedure, Forms and Rules for the Regulation of Business in the Seventh New York State Constitutional Convention, 1915"},{"Link":"https://www.familysearch.org/library/books/viewer/111231/?offset=0#page=289&viewer=picture&o=&n=0&q=","external_links_name":"Who's Who in American Jewry, 1938-1939"},{"Link":"https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/eisner-mark","external_links_name":"\"Eisner, Mark\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/whowaswhoinameri03wilm/page/254/mode/1up?view=theater","external_links_name":"Who Was Who in America"},{"Link":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1953/03/30/83814135.pdf?pdf_redirect=true&ip=0","external_links_name":"\"Mark Eisner Dies; Noted Lawyer, 66\""},{"Link":"https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/eichelroth-elcan.html#534.41.33","external_links_name":"The Political Graveyard"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ucluelet_Water_Aerodrome	Ucluelet Water Aerodrome	["1 See also","2 References"]	Coordinates: 48°57′N 125°33′W / 48.950°N 125.550°W / 48.950; -125.550Airport in Ucluelet, British ColumbiaUcluelet Water AerodromeIATA: noneICAO: noneTC LID: CAN3SummaryAirport typePrivateOperatorDistrict of UclueletLocationUcluelet, British ColumbiaTime zonePST (UTC−08:00) • Summer (DST)PDT (UTC−07:00)Elevation AMSL0 ft / 0 mCoordinates48°57′N 125°33′W / 48.950°N 125.550°W / 48.950; -125.550MapCAN3Location in British ColumbiaShow map of British ColumbiaCAN3CAN3 (Canada)Show map of CanadaRunways Direction Length Surface ft m n/a n/a n/a Water Source: Water Aerodrome Supplement Ucluelet Water Aerodrome (TC LID: CAN3) is located adjacent to Ucluelet, British Columbia, Canada. See also List of airports on Vancouver Island References ^ Nav Canada's Water Aerodrome Supplement. Effective 0901Z 26 March 2020 to 0901Z 22 April 2021. vteAirports in CanadaBy name A–B C–D E–G H–K L–M N–Q R–S T–Z By location indicator CA CB CC CD CE CF CG CH CI CJ CK CL CM CN CO CP CQ CR CS CT CU CV CW CX CY CZ By province/territory AB BC MB NB NL NS NT NU ON PE QC SK YT By area Bracebridge Calgary Campbell River Edmonton Fergus Fort McMurray Fort Simpson Gulf Islands Lethbridge London Lower Mainland Montreal Okanagan Ottawa Parry Sound Port Carling Prince Rupert Red Deer Sault Ste. Marie St. John's Thunder Bay Toronto Vancouver Island Victoria Winnipeg National Airports System Calgary Charlottetown Edmonton Fredericton Gander Halifax Iqaluit Kelowna London Moncton Montréal–Mirabel Montréal–Trudeau Ottawa Prince George Québec Regina Saint John St. John's Saskatoon Thunder Bay Toronto–Pearson Vancouver Victoria Whitehorse Winnipeg Yellowknife Related List of airports by ICAO code: C List of the busiest airports in Canada List of defunct airports in Canada List of heliports in Canada List of international airports in Canada List of British Commonwealth Air Training Plan facilities in Canada Operation Yellow Ribbon Transportation in Canada Category Portal This article about an airport in British Columbia is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"TC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_Canada"},{"link_name":"LID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Location_identifier"},{"link_name":"Ucluelet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ucluelet,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"}],"text":"Airport in Ucluelet, British ColumbiaUcluelet Water Aerodrome (TC LID: CAN3) is located adjacent to Ucluelet, British Columbia, Canada.","title":"Ucluelet Water Aerodrome"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of airports on Vancouver Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_airports_on_Vancouver_Island"}]	[]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ucluelet_Water_Aerodrome&params=48_57_N_125_33_W_region:CA-BC_type:airport","external_links_name":"48°57′N 125°33′W / 48.950°N 125.550°W / 48.950; -125.550"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ucluelet_Water_Aerodrome&params=48_57_N_125_33_W_region:CA-BC_type:airport","external_links_name":"48°57′N 125°33′W / 48.950°N 125.550°W / 48.950; -125.550"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ucluelet_Water_Aerodrome&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theaterhaus_Stuttgart	Theaterhaus Stuttgart	[]	Coordinates: 48°48′38″N 9°10′46″E / 48.81056°N 9.17944°E / 48.81056; 9.17944Building in Stuttgart, Baden-Württemberg, Germany You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in German. (November 2011) Click for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the German article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing German Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated\|de\|Theaterhaus Stuttgart}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. Theaterhaus Stuttgart Pragsattel Theaterhaus Stuttgart is a theatre in Stuttgart, Baden-Württemberg, Germany. Authority control databases: Geographic MusicBrainz place 48°48′38″N 9°10′46″E / 48.81056°N 9.17944°E / 48.81056; 9.17944 This European theatre-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about a Baden-Württemberg building or structure is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Theaterhaus_Stuttgart_Pragsattel.jpg"},{"link_name":"Stuttgart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuttgart"},{"link_name":"Baden-Württemberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1304434#identifiers"},{"link_name":"MusicBrainz place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//musicbrainz.org/place/b4a4b80b-b24a-4164-a0fc-c1e00691aabe"},{"link_name":"48°48′38″N 9°10′46″E / 48.81056°N 9.17944°E / 48.81056; 9.17944","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Theaterhaus_Stuttgart&params=48_48_38_N_9_10_46_E_region:DE-BW_type:landmark_source:kolossus-dewiki"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P_culture.svg"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theaterhaus_Stuttgart&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Europe-theat-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Europe-theat-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Europe-theat-stub"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theaterhaus_Stuttgart&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:BadenW%C3%BCrttemberg-struct-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:BadenW%C3%BCrttemberg-struct-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:BadenW%C3%BCrttemberg-struct-stub"}],"text":"Building in Stuttgart, Baden-Württemberg, GermanyTheaterhaus Stuttgart PragsattelTheaterhaus Stuttgart is a theatre in Stuttgart, Baden-Württemberg, Germany.Authority control databases: Geographic \nMusicBrainz place48°48′38″N 9°10′46″E / 48.81056°N 9.17944°E / 48.81056; 9.17944This European theatre-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vteThis article about a Baden-Württemberg building or structure is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Theaterhaus Stuttgart"}]	[{"image_text":"Theaterhaus Stuttgart Pragsattel","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Theaterhaus_Stuttgart_Pragsattel.jpg/300px-Theaterhaus_Stuttgart_Pragsattel.jpg"}]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Theaterhaus_Stuttgart&params=48_48_38_N_9_10_46_E_region:DE-BW_type:landmark_source:kolossus-dewiki","external_links_name":"48°48′38″N 9°10′46″E / 48.81056°N 9.17944°E / 48.81056; 9.17944"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/translate?&u=https%3A%2F%2Fde.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTheaterhaus_Stuttgart&sl=de&tl=en&prev=_t&hl=en","external_links_name":"View"},{"Link":"https://deepl.com/","external_links_name":"DeepL"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/","external_links_name":"Google Translate"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/place/b4a4b80b-b24a-4164-a0fc-c1e00691aabe","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz place"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Theaterhaus_Stuttgart&params=48_48_38_N_9_10_46_E_region:DE-BW_type:landmark_source:kolossus-dewiki","external_links_name":"48°48′38″N 9°10′46″E / 48.81056°N 9.17944°E / 48.81056; 9.17944"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theaterhaus_Stuttgart&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theaterhaus_Stuttgart&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danilo_of_Montenegro_(disambiguation)	Danilo of Montenegro	["1 See also"]	Danilo of Montenegro may refer to: Danilo I, Metropolitan of Montenegro, in office (1697-1735) Danilo II, Metropolitan of Montenegro, in office (1961-1990) Danilo I, Prince of Montenegro, ruling prince (1826–1860) Danilo, Crown Prince of Montenegro (b. 1871 - d. 1939) See also Danilo I (disambiguation) Danilo II (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Danilo of Montenegro.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Danilo I, Metropolitan of Montenegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danilo_I,_Metropolitan_of_Montenegro"},{"link_name":"Danilo II, Metropolitan of Montenegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Metropolitans_of_Montenegro#Metropolitans_of_Montenegro,_Brda_and_the_Littoral"},{"link_name":"Danilo I, Prince of Montenegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danilo_I,_Prince_of_Montenegro"},{"link_name":"Danilo, Crown Prince of Montenegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danilo,_Crown_Prince_of_Montenegro"}],"text":"Danilo I, Metropolitan of Montenegro, in office (1697-1735)\nDanilo II, Metropolitan of Montenegro, in office (1961-1990)Danilo I, Prince of Montenegro, ruling prince (1826–1860)\nDanilo, Crown Prince of Montenegro (b. 1871 - d. 1939)","title":"Danilo of Montenegro"}]	[]	[{"title":"Danilo I (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danilo_I_(disambiguation)"},{"title":"Danilo II (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danilo_II_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Disambig_gray.svg"},{"title":"disambiguation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Disambiguation"},{"title":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Danilo_of_Montenegro&namespace=0"}]	[]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Danilo_of_Montenegro&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium_pit	Pit (nuclear weapon)	["1 Designs","1.1 Christy pits","1.2 Levitated pits","1.3 Hollow pits","1.4 Composite cores and uranium pits","1.5 Sealed pits","1.6 Linear implosion pits","1.7 Pit sharing between weapons","2 Weapons and pit types","3 Safety considerations","4 Material considerations","4.1 Corrosion issues","4.2 Isotopic composition issues","4.3 Aging issues","5 Production and inspections","6 Recycling","7 See also","8 References"]	Core of a nuclear implosion weapon The "demon core": re-creation of the configuration used in the fatal 1945 criticality accident with a sphere of plutonium surrounded by neutron-reflecting tungsten carbide blocks. Precision plutonium foundry mold, 1959 In nuclear weapon design, the pit is the core of an implosion nuclear weapon, consisting of fissile material and any neutron reflector or tamper bonded to it. Some weapons tested during the 1950s used pits made with uranium-235 alone, or as a composite with plutonium. All-plutonium pits are the smallest in diameter and have been the standard since the early 1960s. The pit is named after the hard core found in stonefruit such as peaches and apricots. Nuclear weapons Background Nuclear explosion History Warfare Design Testing Delivery Yield Effects Winter Workers Ethics Arsenals Arms race Espionage Proliferation Disarmament Terrorism Opposition Nuclear-armed states NPT recognizedUnited States Russia United Kingdom France China OthersIndia Israel (undeclared) Pakistan North Korea FormerSouth Africa Belarus Kazakhstan Ukraine vte Designs Christy pits The pits of the first nuclear weapons were solid, with an urchin neutron initiator in their center. The Gadget and Fat Man used pits made of 6.2 kg of solid hot pressed plutonium-gallium alloy (at 400 °C and 200 MPa in steel dies – 750 °F and 29,000 psi) half-spheres of 9.2 cm (3.6 in) diameter, with a 2.5 cm (1 in) internal cavity for the initiator. The Gadget's pit was electroplated with 0.13 mm of silver because of plutonium's susceptibility to corrosion in an oxygen atmosphere. This layer, however, developed blisters, which had to be ground off. These gaps were then patched with gold leaf before the test. The Fat Man pit, and those of subsequent models, were all plated with nickel. A hollow pit was considered and known to be more efficient but ultimately rejected due to higher requirements for implosion accuracy. Later designs used TOM initiators of similar design but with diameters of only about 1 cm (3⁄8 in). The internal neutron initiators were later phased out and replaced with pulsed neutron sources, and with boosted fission weapons. The solid-cores were known as the "Christy" design, after Robert Christy who made the solid pit design a reality after it was initially proposed by Edward Teller. Along with the pit, the whole physics package was also informally nicknamed "Christy Gadget". Levitated pits Efficiency of the implosion can be increased by leaving an empty space between the tamper and the pit, causing a rapid acceleration of the shock wave before it impacts the pit. This method is known as levitated-pit implosion. Levitated pits were tested in 1948 with Fat Man style bombs (Mark IV). The early weapons with a levitated pit had a removable pit, called an open pit. It was stored separately, in a special capsule called a birdcage. Hollow pits During implosion of a hollow pit, the plutonium layer accelerates inwards, colliding in the middle and forming a supercritical highly dense sphere. Due to the added momentum, the plutonium itself plays part of the role of the tamper, requiring a smaller amount of uranium in the tamper layer, reducing the warhead weight and size. Hollow pits are more efficient than solid ones but require more accurate implosion; solid "Christy" pits were therefore favored for the first weapon designs. Following the war's end in August 1945, the laboratory focused back on to the problem of the hollow pit, and for the rest of the year they were headed by Hans Bethe, his group leader and successor to the theoretical division, with the hollow composite core being of greatest interest, due to the cost of plutonium and trouble ramping up the Hanford reactors. The efficiency of the hollow pits can be further increased by injecting a 50%/50% mixture of deuterium and tritium into the cavity immediately before the implosion, so called "fusion boosting"; this also lowers the minimum amount of plutonium for achieving a successful explosion. The higher degree of control of the initiation, both by the amount of deuterium-tritium mixture injection and by timing and intensity of the neutron pulse from the external generator, facilitated the design of variable yield weapons. Composite cores and uranium pits In the early period of nuclear weapons development, plutonium-239 supply was scarce. To lower its amount needed for a pit, a composite core was developed, where a hollow shell of plutonium was surrounded with an outer shell of then more plentiful highly enriched uranium. The composite cores were available for Mark 3 nuclear bombs by the end of 1947. For example, a composite core for a US Mark 4 bomb, the 49-LCC-C core was made of 2.5 kg of plutonium and 5 kg of uranium. Its explosion releases only 35% of energy of the plutonium and 25% of the uranium, so it is not highly efficient, but the weight saving of plutonium is significant. Another factor for considering different pit materials is the different behavior of plutonium and uranium. Plutonium fissions faster and produces more neutrons, but it was then more expensive to produce, and scarce due to limitations of the available reactors. Uranium is slower to fission, so it can be assembled into a more supercritical mass, allowing higher yield of the weapon. A composite core was considered as early as of July 1945, and composite cores became available in 1946. The priority for Los Alamos then was the design of an all-uranium pit. The new pit designs were tested by the Operation Sandstone. The plutonium-only core, with its high background neutron rate, had a high probability of predetonation, with reduced yield. Minimizing this probability required a smaller mass of plutonium, which limited the achievable yield to about 10 kt, or using highly pure plutonium-239 with impractically low level of plutonium-240 contamination. The advantage of the composite core was the possibility to maintain higher yields while keeping predetonation risk low, and to utilize both available fissile materials. The yield limitation was rendered irrelevant in mid-1950s with the advent of fusion boosting, and later with using of fusion weapons. The yield of a weapon can also be controlled by selecting among a choice of pits. For example, the Mark 4 nuclear bomb could be equipped with three different pits: 49-LTC-C (levitated uranium-235, tested in the Zebra test on 14 May 1948), 49-LCC-C (levitated composite uranium-plutonium), and 50-LCC-C (levitated composite). This approach is not suitable for field selectability of the yield of the more modern weapons with nonremovable pits, but allows production of multiple weapon subtypes with different yields for different tactical uses. The early US designs were based on standardized Type C and Type D pit assemblies. The Mark 4 bomb used the Type C and Type D pits, which were insertable manually in flight. The Mark 5 bomb used Type D pits, with automated in-flight insertion; the W-5 warhead used the same. Its successor, the Mark 6 bomb, presumably used the same or similar pits. The pit can be composed of plutonium-239, plutonium-239/uranium-235 composite, or uranium-235 only. Plutonium is the most common choice, but e.g. the Violet Club bomb and Orange Herald warhead used massive hollow pits, consisting of 87 and 117 kg (98 and 125 kg according to other sources) of highly enriched uranium. The Green Grass fission core consisted of a sphere of highly enriched uranium, with inner diameter of 560 mm, wall thickness of 3.6 mm and mass of 70–86 kg; the pit was completely supported by the surrounding natural uranium tamper. Such massive pits, consisting of more than one critical mass of fissile material, present a significant safety risk, as even an asymmetrical detonation of the implosion shell may cause a kiloton-range explosion. The largest-yield pure-fission weapon, the 500-kiloton Mark 18 nuclear bomb, used a hollow pit composed of more than 60 kg of highly enriched uranium, about four critical masses; the safing was done with an aluminium–boron chain inserted in the pit. A composite pit of plutonium and uranium-233, based on the plutonium-U235 core from TX-7E Mark 7 nuclear bomb, was tested in 1955 during the Operation Teapot in the MET test. The yield was 22 kilotons instead of the expected 33 kilotons. Sealed pits A sealed pit means that a solid metal barrier is formed around the pit inside a nuclear weapon, with no openings. This protects the nuclear materials from environmental degradation and helps reduce the chances of their release in case of an accidental fire or minor explosion. The first US weapon employing a sealed pit was the W25 warhead. The metal is often stainless steel, but beryllium, aluminium, and possibly vanadium are also used. Beryllium is brittle, toxic, and expensive, but is an attractive choice due to its role as a neutron reflector, lowering the needed critical mass of the pit. There is probably a layer of interface metal between plutonium and beryllium, capturing the alpha particles from decay of plutonium (and americium and other contaminants) which would otherwise react with the beryllium and produce neutrons. Beryllium tampers/reflectors came into use in the mid-1950s; the parts were machined from pressed powder beryllium blanks in the Rocky Flats Plant. More modern plutonium pits are hollow. An often-cited specification applicable to some modern pits describes a hollow sphere of a suitable structural metal, of the approximate size and weight of a bowling ball, with a channel for injection of tritium (in the case of boosted fission weapons), with the internal surface lined with plutonium. The size, usually between a bowling ball and a tennis ball, accuracy of sphericity, and weight and isotopic composition of the fissile material, the principal factors influencing the weapon properties, are often classified. The hollow pits can be made of half shells with three joint welds around the equator, and a tube brazed (to beryllium or aluminium shell) or electron beam or TIG-welded (to stainless steel shell) for injection of the boost gas. Beryllium-clad pits are more vulnerable to fracture, more sensitive to temperature fluctuations, more likely to require cleaning, susceptible to corrosion with chlorides and moisture, and can expose workers to toxic beryllium. Newer pits contain about 3 kilograms of plutonium. Older pits used about 4-5 kilograms. Linear implosion pits Further miniaturization was achieved by linear implosion. An elongated subcritical solid pit, reshaped into a supercritical spherical shape by two opposite shock waves, and later a hollow pit with more precisely shaped shock waves, allowed construction of relatively very small nuclear warheads. The configuration was, however, considered prone to accidental high-yield detonation when the explosive gets accidentally initiated, unlike a spherical implosion assembly where asymmetric implosion destroys the weapon without triggering a nuclear detonation. This necessitated special design precautions, and a series of safety tests, including one-point safety. Pit sharing between weapons Pits can be shared between weapon designs. For example, the W89 warhead is said to reuse pits from the W68s. Many pit designs are standardized and shared between different physics packages; the same physics packages are often used in different warheads. Pits can be also reused; the sealed pits extracted from disassembled weapons are commonly stockpiled for direct reuse. Due to low aging rates of the plutonium-gallium alloy, the shelf life of pits is estimated to be a century or more. The oldest pits in the US arsenal are still less than 50 years old. The sealed pits can be classified as bonded or non-bonded. Non-bonded pits can be disassembled mechanically; a lathe is sufficient for separating the plutonium. Recycling of bonded pits requires chemical processing. Pits of modern weapons are said to have radii of about 5 cm. Weapons and pit types US weapon pits Design lab Weapon Pit type Status Comment LANL B61-3,10 123 Enduring Stockpile LANL B61-7,11 125 Enduring Stockpile LANL B61-4 118 Enduring Stockpile LANL W76 116 Enduring Stockpile Most heat-sensitive LANL design LANL W78 117 Enduring Stockpile LANL W80 124 Enduring Stockpile Responsibility being transferred to LLNL LANL W80 119 Enduring Stockpile LANL W80-0 Enduring Stockpile Supergrade plutonium, low radiation, for naval use. LANL W88 126 Enduring Stockpile LLNL B83 MC3350 Enduring Stockpile Heaviest pit, fire-resistant pit LLNL W62 MC2406 Enduring Stockpile LLNL W84 ? Enduring Stockpile Fire-resistant pit LLNL W87 MC3737 Enduring Stockpile Fire-resistant pit LANL B28 83 Retired LANL B28-0 93 Retired Minimum decay heat. W28-0 used internal initiation while later B28 mods used external initiation, likely explaining the different pit. LANL B43 79 Retired Beryllium-clad LANL B43-1 101 Retired Beryllium-clad LANL W44 74 Retired Beryllium-clad LANL W44-1 100 Retired Beryllium-clad LANL W50-1 103 Retired LANL B53 76 Retired All-uranium pit LANL W54 81 Retired Require cleaning before long-term storage LANL W54-1 96 Retired Require cleaning before long-term storage LANL B57 104 Retired LANL W59 90 Retired LANL B61-0 110 Retired LANL B61-2,5 114 Retired LANL W66 112 Retired LANL W69 111 Retired LANL W85 128 Retired LLNL W38 MC1377 Retired LLNL W45 MC1807 Retired LLNL W47 MC1218 Retired LLNL W48 MC1397 Retired Beryllium-clad, require cleaning before long-term storage LLNL W55 MC1324 Retired Suspected to be beryllium-clad LLNL W56 MC1801 Retired High radiation, require cleaning before long-term storage LLNL W58 MC1493 Retired LLNL W62 MC1978 Retired LLNL W63 MC2056 Retired LLNL W68 MC1978 Retired LLNL W70-0 MC2381 Retired LLNL W70-1 MC2381a Retired LLNL W70-2 MC2381b Retired LLNL W70-3 MC2381c Retired LLNL W71 Unknown Retired Require cleaning before long-term storage LLNL W79 MC2574 Retired Suspected to be beryllium-clad Safety considerations Steel ball safing One-point safety test The first weapons had removable pits, which were installed into the bomb shortly before its deployment. The ongoing miniaturization process led to design changes, whereby the pit could be inserted in the factory during the device assembly. This necessitated safety testing to make sure that accidental detonation of the high explosives would not cause a full-scale nuclear explosion; Project 56 was one of such a series of tests. Accidental high-yield detonation was always a concern. The levitated pit design made it practical to allow in-flight insertion of pits to the bombs, separating the fissile core from the explosives around it. Many cases of accidental bomb losses and explosions therefore led only to dispersal of uranium from the bomb's tamper. Later hollow-pit designs, where there is no space between the pit and the tamper, however, made this impossible. The pits of earlier weapons had accessible inner cavities. For safety, objects were inserted into the pit and removed only when needed. Some larger pits, e.g. the British Green Grass, had their inner cavity lined with rubber and filled with metal balls; this design was improvised and far from optimal, for example in that subjecting the safed pit with balls inside to vibration, e.g. in an airplane, could lead to its damage. A fine metal chain from a neutron-absorbing material (the same used for reactor control rods, e.g. cadmium), can be used instead. The W47 warhead had its pit filled with a cadmium-boron wire when it was manufactured; on arming the weapon, the wire was pulled out to a spool by a small motor and could not be reinserted. However, the wire tended to become brittle and break during removal, making its complete removal impossible and rendering the warhead a dud. The switch from solid to hollow pits caused a work safety issue; the larger surface-to-mass ratio led to comparatively higher emission of gamma rays and necessitated the installation of better radiation shielding in the Rocky Flats production facility. The increased amount of rolling and machining required led to higher consumption of machining oil and tetrachloromethane, used for degreasing the parts afterwards and creating a large amount of contaminated waste. The pyrophoric plutonium shavings also posed a risk of self-ignition. Sealed pits require a different method of safing. Many techniques are used, including Permissive Action Links and strong link weak link systems, designed to fail in case of an accident or improper arming sequence; these include mechanical interlocks, critical parts designed to malfunction in case of fire or impact, etc. Beryllium cladding, while advantageous technically, poses risk for the weapon plant employees. Machining the tamper shells produces beryllium and beryllium oxide dust; its inhalation can cause berylliosis. By the 1996, the US Department of Energy identified more than 50 cases of chronic berylliosis among nuclear industry employees, including three dozen in the Rocky Flats Plant; several died. After the 1966 Palomares B-52 crash and the 1968 Thule Air Base B-52 crash, the safety of weapons against accidental plutonium dispersal became a concern of US military. Fire-resistant pits (FRP) are a safety feature of modern nuclear weapons, reducing plutonium dispersal in case of fire. The current pits are designed to contain molten plutonium in temperatures up to 1000 °C, the approximate temperature of a burning aircraft fuel, for several hours. Fire-resistant pits would be of no help in cases where pits were scattered around by an explosion; they are used therefore together with insensitive high explosives, which should be resistant to accidental detonation by impact or fire, and undetonable propellants when used in missiles. Vanadium cladding was tested for design of fire-resistant pits, but it is unknown if it is in use or only experimental. The W87 warhead is an example of a FRP-employing assembly. FRP does not, however, provide protection if the pit cladding is mechanically damaged, and may fail if subjected to missile fuel fire, which has a higher burning temperature (about 2000 °C) than does aircraft fuel. Severe weight and size constraints may preclude the use of both FRP and insensitive explosives. SLBMs, with their size considerations and more energetic and vulnerable fuel, tend to be less safe than ICBMs. Other energetic materials in the vicinity of the pit also influence its safety. US missile propellants come in two general classes. The class 1.3, fire hazard but very difficult to impossible to detonate; an example is 70% ammonium perchlorate, 16% aluminium, and 14% binder. The class 1.1, both fire and detonation hazard, is a double-base propellant based on cross-linked polymer, containing 52% HMX, 18% nitroglycerine, 18% aluminium, 4% ammonium perchlorate, and 8% binder. The 1.1 propellant has 4% higher specific impulse (about 270 s versus 260 s), giving an 8% longer range for constant burning time. The insensitive high explosives are also less powerful, necessitating larger and heavier warheads, which reduces the missile range – or sacrificing some yield. The safety/performance tradeoff is especially important for e.g. submarines. As of 1990, the Trident SLBMs used both detonable fuel and non-insensitive explosives. Material considerations Casting and then machining plutonium is difficult not only because of its toxicity, but because plutonium has many different metallic phases, also known as allotropes. As plutonium cools, changes in phase result in distortion and cracking. This distortion is normally overcome by alloying it with 3–3.5 molar% (0.9–1.0% by weight) gallium, forming a plutonium-gallium alloy, which causes it to take up its delta phase over a wide temperature range. When cooling from molten it then suffers only a single phase change, from epsilon to delta, instead of the four changes it would otherwise pass through. Other trivalent metals would also work, but gallium has a small neutron absorption cross section and helps protect the plutonium against corrosion. A drawback is that gallium compounds themselves are corrosive and so if the plutonium is recovered from dismantled weapons for conversion to plutonium dioxide for power reactors, there is the difficulty of removing the gallium. Because plutonium is chemically reactive it is common to plate the completed pit with a thin layer of inert metal, which also reduces the toxic hazard. The Gadget used galvanic silver plating; afterwards, nickel deposited from nickel tetracarbonyl vapors was used, but gold is now preferred. To produce the first pits, hot pressing was used to optimally employ the scarce plutonium. Later designs used machined pits, but turning produces a large amount of waste, both as pyrophoric turnings of plutonium and plutonium-contaminated oils and cutting fluids. The goal for the future is direct casting of the pit. In the absence of nuclear testing, however, the slightly different nature of cast and machined surfaces may cause difficult to predict performance differences. Corrosion issues Both uranium and plutonium are very susceptible to corrosion. A number of the problem-plagued W47 UGM-27 Polaris warheads had to be replaced after corrosion of the fissile material was discovered during routine maintenance. The W58 pits also suffered corrosion problems. The W45 pit was prone to corrosion that could alter its geometry. The Green Grass pit was also corrosion-prone. The radioactivity of the materials used can also cause radiation corrosion in the surrounding materials. Plutonium is highly susceptible to humidity; moist air increases corrosion rate about 200 times. Hydrogen has strong catalytic effect on corrosion; its presence can accelerate corrosion rate by 13 orders of magnitude. Hydrogen can be generated from moisture and nearby organic materials (e.g. plastics) by radiolysis. These factors cause issues with storage of plutonium. The volume increase during oxidation can cause rupture of storage containers or deformation of pits. Contamination of the pit with deuterium and tritium, whether accidental or if filled by design, can cause a hydride corrosion, which manifests as pitting corrosion and a growth of a surface coating of pyrophoric plutonium hydride. It also greatly accelerates the corrosion rates by atmospheric oxygen. Deuterium and tritium also cause hydrogen embrittlement in many materials. Improper storage can promote corrosion of the pits. The AL-R8 containers used in the Pantex facility for storage of the pits are said to promote instead of hinder corrosion, and tend to corrode themselves. The decay heat released by the pits is also a concern; some pits in storage can reach temperatures as high as 150 °C, and the storage facilities for larger numbers of pits may require active cooling. Humidity control can also present problems for pit storage. Beryllium cladding can be corroded by some solvents used for cleaning of the pits. Research has shown that trichloroethylene (TCE) causes beryllium corrosion, while trichloroethane (TCA) does not. Pitting corrosion of beryllium cladding is a significant concern during prolonged storage of pits in the Pantex facility. Isotopic composition issues The presence of plutonium-240 in the pit material causes increased production of heat and neutrons, impairs fission efficiency and increases the risk of predetonation and fizzle. Weapon-grade plutonium therefore has plutonium-240 content limited to less than 7%. Supergrade plutonium has less than 4% of the 240 isotope, and is used in systems where the radioactivity is a concern, e.g. in the US Navy weapons which have to share confined spaces on ships and submarines with the crews. Plutonium-241, commonly comprising about 0.5% of weapon-grade plutonium, decays to americium-241, which is a powerful gamma radiation emitter. After several years, americium builds up in the plutonium metal, leading to increased gamma activity that poses an occupational hazard for workers. Americium should therefore be separated, usually chemically, from newly produced and reprocessed plutonium. However, in around 1967 the Rocky Flats Plant stopped this separation, blending up to 80% of old americium-containing pits directly to the foundry instead, in order to reduce costs and increase productivity; this led to higher exposure of workers to gamma radiation. Aging issues Metallic plutonium, notably in the form of the plutonium-gallium alloy, degrades chiefly by two mechanisms: corrosion, and self-irradiation. In very dry air, plutonium, despite its high chemical reactivity, forms a passivation layer of plutonium(IV) oxide that slows down the corrosion to about 200 nanometers per year. In moist air, however, this passivation layer is disrupted and the corrosion proceeds at 200 times this rate (0.04 mm/year) at room temperature, and 100,000 times faster (20 mm/year) at 100 °C. Plutonium strips oxygen from water, absorbs the liberated hydrogen and forms plutonium hydride. The hydride layer can grow at up to 20 cm/hour, for thinner shells its formation can be considered almost instant. In presence of water the plutonium dioxide becomes hyperstoichiometric, up to PuO2.26. Plutonium chips can spontaneously ignite; the mechanism involves formation of Pu2O3 layer, which then rapidly oxidizes to PuO2, and the liberated heat is sufficient to bring the small particles with low thermal mass to autoignition temperature (about 500 °C). The self-irradiation occurs as the plutonium undergoes alpha-decay. The decaying atom of plutonium-239 liberates an alpha particle and a uranium-235 nucleus. The alpha particle has an energy of more than 5 MeV and in the metal lattice has range of about 10 micrometers; then it stops, acquires two electrons from nearby atoms, and becomes a helium atom. The contaminant plutonium-241 beta-decays to americium-241, which then alpha-decays to neptunium-237. The alpha-particles lose most of their energy to electrons, which manifests as heating the material. The heavier uranium nucleus has about 85 keV energy and about three quarters of it deposit as a cascade of atomic displacements; the uranium nucleus itself has the range of about 12 nanometers in the lattice. Each such decay event influences about 20,000 other atoms, 90% of which stay in their lattice site and only are thermally excited, the rest being displaced, resulting in formation of about 2500 Frenkel pairs and a local thermal spike lasting few picoseconds, during which the newly formed defects recombine or migrate. In a typical weapons-grade bulk material, each atom gets displaced in average once per 10 years. At cryogenic temperatures, where next to no annealing occurs, the α-phase of plutonium expands (swells) during self-irradiation, the δ-phase contracts markedly, and the β-phase contracts slightly. The electrical resistance increases, which indicates the increase of defects in the lattice. All three phases, with sufficient time, converge to amorphous-like state with density averaging at 18.4 g/cm3. At normal temperature, however, most of the damage is annealed away; above 200K vacancies become mobile and at around 400K the clusters of interstitials and vacancies recombine, healing the damage. Plutonium stored at non-cryogenic temperatures does not show signs of major macroscopic structural changes after more than 40 years. After 50 years of storage, a typical sample contains 2000 ppm of helium, 3700 ppm americium, 1700 ppm uranium, and 300 ppm neptunium. One kilogram of material contains 200 cm3 of helium, which equals three atmospheres of pressure in the same empty volume. Helium migrates through the lattice similarly to the vacancies, and can be trapped in them. The helium-occupied vacancies can coalesce, forming bubbles and causing swelling. Void-swelling is however more likely than bubble-swelling. Production and inspections The Radiation Identification System is among a number of methods developed for nuclear weapons inspections. It allows the fingerprinting of the nuclear weapons so that their identity and status can be verified. Various physics methods are used, including gamma spectroscopy with high-resolution germanium detectors. The 870.7 keV line in the spectrum, corresponding to the first excited state of oxygen-17, indicates the presence of plutonium(IV) oxide in the sample. The age of the plutonium can be established by measuring the ratio of plutonium-241 and its decay product, americium-241. However, even passive measurements of gamma spectrums may be a contentious issue in international weapon inspections, as it allows characterization of materials used e.g. the isotopic composition of plutonium, which can be considered a secret. Between 1954 and 1989, pits for US weapons were produced at the Rocky Flats Plant; the plant was later closed due to numerous safety issues. The Department of Energy attempted to restart pit production there, but repeatedly failed. In 1993, the DOE relocated beryllium production operations from defunct Rocky Flats Plant to Los Alamos National Laboratory; in 1996 the pit production was also relocated there. The reserve and surplus pits, along with pits recovered from disassembled nuclear weapons, totalling over 12,000 pieces, are stored in the Pantex plant. 5,000 of them, comprising about 15 tons of plutonium, are designated as strategic reserve; the rest is surplus to be withdrawn. The current LANL production of new pits is limited to about 20 pits per year, though NNSA is pushing to increase the production, for the Reliable Replacement Warhead program. The US Congress however has repeatedly declined funding. Up until around 2010, Los Alamos National Laboratory had the capacity to produce 10 to 20 pits a year. The Chemistry and Metallurgy Research Replacement Facility (CMMR) will expand this capability, but it is not known by how much. An Institute for Defense Analyses report written before 2008 estimated a “future pit production requirement of 125 per year at the CMRR, with a surge capability of 200." Russia stores the material from decommissioned pits in the Mayak facility. Recycling Recovery of plutonium from decommissioned pits can be achieved by numerous means, both mechanical (e.g. removal of cladding by a lathe) and chemical. A hydride method is commonly used; the pit is cut in half, a half of the pit is laid inside-down above a funnel and a crucible in a sealed apparatus, and an amount of hydrogen is injected into the space. The hydrogen reacts with the plutonium producing plutonium hydride, which falls to the funnel and the crucible, where it is melted while releasing the hydrogen. Plutonium can also be converted to a nitride or oxide. Practically all plutonium can be removed from a pit this way. The process is complicated by the wide variety of the constructions and alloy compositions of the pits, and the existence of composite uranium-plutonium pits. Weapons-grade plutonium must also be blended with other materials to alter its isotopic composition enough to hinder its reuse in weapons. See also Beryllium nuclear properties – Chemical element, symbol Be and atomic number 04 Charles Allen Thomas – American chemist (1900–1982) Dayton Project Edward Condon – American nuclear physicist (1902–1974) Eugene Wigner – Hungarian-American physicist and mathematician (1902–1995) George Kistiakowsky – Ukrainian-American physical chemistry professor James L. Tuck – British physicist (1910–1980)Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback Modulated neutron initiator – Neutron source used in some nuclear weapons Munroe effect – Explosive with focused effect Polonium – chemical element with symbol Po and atomic number 84Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback Supergrade plutonium – Isotope of plutonium Urchin – Neutron source used in some nuclear weapons References ^ "Restricted Data Declassification Decisions from 1945 until Present"Archived 2020-04-04 at the Wayback Machine – "Fact that plutonium and uranium may be bonded to each other in unspecified pits or weapons." ^ National Research Council, ed. (1996). "2 Background". An Evaluation of the Electrometallurgical Approach for Treatment of Excess Weapons Plutonium. Washington DC, USA: The National Academies Press. p. 15. doi:10.17226/9187. ISBN 978-0-309-57330-6. Archived from the original on 30 July 2021. Retrieved 30 July 2021. ^ "Plutonium – A Wartime Nightmare but a Metallurgist's Dream" (PDF). ^ "Constructing the Nagasaki Atomic Bomb". Web of Stories. Archived from the original on October 10, 2014. Retrieved October 12, 2014. ^ Wellerstein, Alex. "Christy's Gadget: Reflections on a death". Restricted data blog. Archived from the original on 11 October 2014. Retrieved 7 October 2014. ^ "Hans Bethe 94 - Help from the British, and the 'Christy Gadget'". Web of Stories. Archived from the original on 14 October 2014. Retrieved 12 October 2014. ^ Hoddeson et al. 1993, pp. 307–308. sfn error: no target: CITEREFHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993 (help) ^ Taschner, John C. "Nuclear Weapon Accidents" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2012. Retrieved 9 November 2014. ^ "The atomic bomb test for 'Fat Man'". Archived from the original on 4 April 2020. Retrieved 9 November 2014. ^ Norris, Robert S.; Cochran, Thomas B.; Arkin, William M. (August 1985). "History of the nuclear stockpile". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. 41 (7): 106–109. Bibcode:1985BuAtS..41g.106N. doi:10.1080/00963402.1985.11456011. Archived from the original on 6 April 2020. Retrieved 4 June 2016. ^ Clearwater, John (2008). Broken Arrow #1 (E-Book) - John Clearwater - Knihy Google. Hancock House Publishers. ISBN 9780888396716. Archived from the original on 6 April 2020. Retrieved 4 June 2016. ^ "Nuclear-weapons.info". Archived from the original on 4 April 2020. Retrieved 16 June 2019. ^ "Nuclear-weapons.info". Archived from the original on 4 April 2020. Retrieved 16 June 2019. ^ "Plutonium Manufacture and Fabrication". ^ John Clearwater (1999). U.S. nuclear weapons in Canada. Dundurn Press Ltd. p. 99. ISBN 1-55002-329-2. Archived from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 7 November 2020. ^ "Nuclear-weapons.info". Archived from the original on 27 September 2018. Retrieved 16 June 2019. ^ nuclear-weapons.info Archived 2010-03-13 at the Wayback Machine. nuclear-weapons.info. Retrieved on 2010-02-08. ^ a b Len Ackland (1999). Making a real killing: Rocky Flats and the nuclear West. UNM Press. p. 75. ISBN 0-8263-1877-0. Archived from the original on 19 March 2022. Retrieved 7 November 2020. ^ a b c d BREDL Southern Anti-Plutonium Campaign Archived 2010-10-27 at the Wayback Machine. Bredl.org (1995-08-22). Retrieved on 2010-02-08. ^ a b Nuclear Wastelands: A Global Guide to Nuclear Weapons Production and Its Health and Environmental Effects Archived 2013-06-24 at the Wayback Machine by Arjun Makhijani, Katherine Yih, MIT Press, 2000 ISBN 0-262-63204-7, p. 58 ^ Joseph Cirincione (2008). Bomb Scare: The History and Future of Nuclear Weapons. Columbia University Press. p. 184. ISBN 978-0-231-13511-5. Archived from the original on 31 December 2020. Retrieved 7 November 2020. ^ "BREDL Southern Anti-Plutonium Campaign". Bredl.org. 22 August 1995. Archived from the original on 27 October 2010. Retrieved 21 February 2010. ^ Jill C Fahrenholtz (September 1997). Development of an Automated Pit Packaging System for Pantex (PDF) (Report). Sandia National Labs. p. 15. doi:10.2172/534478. S2CID 107183716. SAND 97-2163. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 February 2020. Retrieved 9 February 2021. ^ Nuclear Explosive Safety Study of B53 Mechanical Disassembly Operations at the USDOE Pantex Plant (PDF) (Report). Department of Energy Nuclear Explosive Safety Study Group. 1 October 1993. p. 65. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 June 2016. ^ T. Ben. Rhinehammer (24 May 1965). "List of drawings for the Reservoir Surveillance" (PDF). ^ History of the Mk28 (Report). Sandia National Laboratories. August 1968. Archived from the original on 7 July 2021. 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Elliot, Robert Reginald, Wildside Press, 2007 ISBN 1-4344-9052-1 ^ Ageing studies and lifetime extension of materials by Leslie G. Mallinson, Springer, 2001 ISBN 0-306-46477-2 ^ Texas Radiation Online - Pantex Plutonium Plant - Nuclear Weapons. Texasradiation.org. Retrieved on 2010-02-08. ^ URA Accomplishments Archived 2009-04-14 at the Wayback Machine. Uraweb.org. Retrieved on 2010-02-08. ^ Hecker, Siegfried S.; Mart, Joseph C. (2000). "Aging of Plutonium and Its Alloys" (PDF). Los Alamos Science. No. 26. Los Alamos National Laboratory. p. 243. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 November 2012. Retrieved 16 May 2014 – via Federation of American Scientists. ^ Appendix 8A. Russian and US technology development in support of nuclear warhead and material transparency initiatives Archived 2009-08-05 at the Wayback Machine by Oleg Bukharin ^ NWNM \| U.S. Plutonium Pit Manufacturing Archived 2008-09-19 at the Wayback Machine. Nukewatch.org. 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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Partially-reflected-plutonium-sphere.jpeg"},{"link_name":"demon core","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demon_core"},{"link_name":"criticality accident","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticality_accident"},{"link_name":"tungsten carbide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungsten_carbide"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Plutonium_Mold.jpg"},{"link_name":"nuclear weapon design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_weapon_design"},{"link_name":"implosion nuclear weapon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Implosion_nuclear_weapon"},{"link_name":"fissile material","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fissile_material"},{"link_name":"neutron reflector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron_reflector"},{"link_name":"tamper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamper_(nuclear_weapon)"},{"link_name":"uranium-235","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium-235"},{"link_name":"composite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composite_material"},{"link_name":"plutonium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"stonefruit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drupe"},{"link_name":"peaches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peach"},{"link_name":"apricots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apricot"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NRC1996-2"}],"text":"Core of a nuclear implosion weaponThe \"demon core\": re-creation of the configuration used in the fatal 1945 criticality accident with a sphere of plutonium surrounded by neutron-reflecting tungsten carbide blocks.Precision plutonium foundry mold, 1959In nuclear weapon design, the pit is the core of an implosion nuclear weapon, consisting of fissile material and any neutron reflector or tamper bonded to it. Some weapons tested during the 1950s used pits made with uranium-235 alone, or as a composite with plutonium.[1] All-plutonium pits are the smallest in diameter and have been the standard since the early 1960s. The pit is named after the hard core found in stonefruit such as peaches and apricots.[2]","title":"Pit (nuclear weapon)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Designs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"urchin neutron initiator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulated_neutron_initiator"},{"link_name":"The Gadget","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gadget"},{"link_name":"Fat Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fat_Man"},{"link_name":"hot pressed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_pressing"},{"link_name":"plutonium-gallium alloy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium-gallium_alloy"},{"link_name":"electroplated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroplating"},{"link_name":"silver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver"},{"link_name":"gold leaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_leaf"},{"link_name":"nickel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"TOM initiators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TOM_initiator"},{"link_name":"neutron sources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron_source"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Robert Christy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Christy"},{"link_name":"Edward Teller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Teller"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"physics package","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics_package"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993307%E2%80%93308-7"}],"sub_title":"Christy pits","text":"The pits of the first nuclear weapons were solid, with an urchin neutron initiator in their center. The Gadget and Fat Man used pits made of 6.2 kg of solid hot pressed plutonium-gallium alloy (at 400 °C and 200 MPa in steel dies – 750 °F and 29,000 psi) half-spheres of 9.2 cm (3.6 in) diameter, with a 2.5 cm (1 in) internal cavity for the initiator. The Gadget's pit was electroplated with 0.13 mm of silver because of plutonium's susceptibility to corrosion in an oxygen atmosphere. This layer, however, developed blisters, which had to be ground off. These gaps were then patched with gold leaf before the test. The Fat Man pit, and those of subsequent models, were all plated with nickel.[3] A hollow pit was considered and known to be more efficient but ultimately rejected due to higher requirements for implosion accuracy.[citation needed]Later designs used TOM initiators of similar design but with diameters of only about 1 cm (3⁄8 in). The internal neutron initiators were later phased out and replaced with pulsed neutron sources, and with boosted fission weapons.[citation needed]The solid-cores were known as the \"Christy\" design, after Robert Christy who made the solid pit design a reality after it was initially proposed by Edward Teller.[4][5][6] Along with the pit, the whole physics package was also informally nicknamed \"Christy['s] Gadget\".[7]","title":"Designs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tamper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamper_(nuclear_weapons)"},{"link_name":"levitated-pit implosion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_weapon_design#Levitated-pit_implosion"},{"link_name":"Mark IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_4_nuclear_bomb"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Levitated pits","text":"Efficiency of the implosion can be increased by leaving an empty space between the tamper and the pit, causing a rapid acceleration of the shock wave before it impacts the pit. This method is known as levitated-pit implosion. Levitated pits were tested in 1948 with Fat Man style bombs (Mark IV).\nThe early weapons with a levitated pit had a removable pit, called an open pit. It was stored separately, in a special capsule called a birdcage.[8]","title":"Designs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hans Bethe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Bethe"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"trouble ramping up the Hanford reactors.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_Reactor"},{"link_name":"deuterium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deuterium"},{"link_name":"tritium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tritium"},{"link_name":"\"fusion boosting\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boosted_fission_weapon"},{"link_name":"variable yield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variable_yield"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Hollow pits","text":"During implosion of a hollow pit, the plutonium layer accelerates inwards, colliding in the middle and forming a supercritical highly dense sphere. Due to the added momentum, the plutonium itself plays part of the role of the tamper, requiring a smaller amount of uranium in the tamper layer, reducing the warhead weight and size. Hollow pits are more efficient than solid ones but require more accurate implosion; solid \"Christy\" pits were therefore favored for the first weapon designs. Following the war's end in August 1945, the laboratory focused back on to the problem of the hollow pit, and for the rest of the year they were headed by Hans Bethe, his group leader and successor to the theoretical division, with the hollow composite core being of greatest interest,[9] due to the cost of plutonium and trouble ramping up the Hanford reactors.The efficiency of the hollow pits can be further increased by injecting a 50%/50% mixture of deuterium and tritium into the cavity immediately before the implosion, so called \"fusion boosting\"; this also lowers the minimum amount of plutonium for achieving a successful explosion. The higher degree of control of the initiation, both by the amount of deuterium-tritium mixture injection and by timing and intensity of the neutron pulse from the external generator, facilitated the design of variable yield weapons.[citation needed]","title":"Designs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"highly enriched uranium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highly_enriched_uranium"},{"link_name":"Mark 3 nuclear bombs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_3_nuclear_bomb"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Operation Sandstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Sandstone"},{"link_name":"predetonation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predetonation"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Mark 4 nuclear bomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_4_nuclear_bomb"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Mark 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_4_nuclear_bomb"},{"link_name":"Mark 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_5_nuclear_bomb"},{"link_name":"Mark 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_6_nuclear_bomb"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Violet Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violet_Club"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Orange Herald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_Herald"},{"link_name":"highly enriched uranium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highly_enriched_uranium"},{"link_name":"Green Grass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Grass_(nuclear_warhead)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Mark 18 nuclear bomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_18_nuclear_bomb"},{"link_name":"aluminium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium"},{"link_name":"boron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron"},{"link_name":"uranium-233","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium-233"},{"link_name":"Mark 7 nuclear bomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_7_nuclear_bomb"},{"link_name":"Operation Teapot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Teapot"},{"link_name":"MET","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Teapot#MET"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Composite cores and uranium pits","text":"In the early period of nuclear weapons development, plutonium-239 supply was scarce. To lower its amount needed for a pit, a composite core was developed, where a hollow shell of plutonium was surrounded with an outer shell of then more plentiful highly enriched uranium. The composite cores were available for Mark 3 nuclear bombs by the end of 1947.[10] For example, a composite core for a US Mark 4 bomb, the 49-LCC-C core was made of 2.5 kg of plutonium and 5 kg of uranium. Its explosion releases only 35% of energy of the plutonium and 25% of the uranium, so it is not highly efficient, but the weight saving of plutonium is significant.[11]Another factor for considering different pit materials is the different behavior of plutonium and uranium.[12] Plutonium fissions faster and produces more neutrons, but it was then more expensive to produce, and scarce due to limitations of the available reactors. Uranium is slower to fission, so it can be assembled into a more supercritical mass, allowing higher yield of the weapon. A composite core was considered as early as of July 1945, and composite cores became available in 1946. The priority for Los Alamos then was the design of an all-uranium pit. The new pit designs were tested by the Operation Sandstone.The plutonium-only core, with its high background neutron rate, had a high probability of predetonation, with reduced yield.[13] Minimizing this probability required a smaller mass of plutonium, which limited the achievable yield to about 10 kt, or using highly pure plutonium-239 with impractically low level of plutonium-240 contamination. The advantage of the composite core was the possibility to maintain higher yields while keeping predetonation risk low, and to utilize both available fissile materials. The yield limitation was rendered irrelevant in mid-1950s with the advent of fusion boosting, and later with using of fusion weapons.[14]The yield of a weapon can also be controlled by selecting among a choice of pits. For example, the Mark 4 nuclear bomb could be equipped with three different pits: 49-LTC-C (levitated uranium-235, tested in the Zebra test on 14 May 1948), 49-LCC-C (levitated composite uranium-plutonium), and 50-LCC-C (levitated composite).[15] This approach is not suitable for field selectability of the yield of the more modern weapons with nonremovable pits, but allows production of multiple weapon subtypes with different yields for different tactical uses.\nThe early US designs were based on standardized Type C and Type D pit assemblies. The Mark 4 bomb used the Type C and Type D pits, which were insertable manually in flight. The Mark 5 bomb used Type D pits, with automated in-flight insertion; the W-5 warhead used the same. Its successor, the Mark 6 bomb, presumably used the same or similar pits.[citation needed]The pit can be composed of plutonium-239, plutonium-239/uranium-235 composite, or uranium-235 only. Plutonium is the most common choice, but e.g. the Violet Club bomb[16] and Orange Herald warhead used massive hollow pits, consisting of 87 and 117 kg (98 and 125 kg according to other sources) of highly enriched uranium. The Green Grass fission core consisted of a sphere of highly enriched uranium, with inner diameter of 560 mm, wall thickness of 3.6 mm and mass of 70–86 kg; the pit was completely supported by the surrounding natural uranium tamper. Such massive pits, consisting of more than one critical mass of fissile material, present a significant safety risk, as even an asymmetrical detonation of the implosion shell may cause a kiloton-range explosion.[17] The largest-yield pure-fission weapon, the 500-kiloton Mark 18 nuclear bomb, used a hollow pit composed of more than 60 kg of highly enriched uranium, about four critical masses; the safing was done with an aluminium–boron chain inserted in the pit.A composite pit of plutonium and uranium-233, based on the plutonium-U235 core from TX-7E Mark 7 nuclear bomb, was tested in 1955 during the Operation Teapot in the MET test. The yield was 22 kilotons instead of the expected 33 kilotons.[citation needed]","title":"Designs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"W25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W25_(nuclear_warhead)"},{"link_name":"stainless steel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stainless_steel"},{"link_name":"beryllium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beryllium"},{"link_name":"aluminium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium"},{"link_name":"vanadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanadium"},{"link_name":"neutron reflector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron_reflector"},{"link_name":"Rocky Flats Plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_Flats_Plant"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-makingkilling-18"},{"link_name":"bowling ball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowling_ball"},{"link_name":"tritium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tritium"},{"link_name":"boosted fission weapons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boosted_fission_weapon"},{"link_name":"tennis ball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis_ball"},{"link_name":"welds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welding"},{"link_name":"brazed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazing"},{"link_name":"electron beam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_beam_welding"},{"link_name":"TIG-welded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TIG_welding"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bredl.org-19"},{"link_name":"corrosion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrosion"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-google1-20"}],"sub_title":"Sealed pits","text":"A sealed pit means that a solid metal barrier is formed around the pit inside a nuclear weapon, with no openings. This protects the nuclear materials from environmental degradation and helps reduce the chances of their release in case of an accidental fire or minor explosion. The first US weapon employing a sealed pit was the W25 warhead. The metal is often stainless steel, but beryllium, aluminium, and possibly vanadium are also used. Beryllium is brittle, toxic, and expensive, but is an attractive choice due to its role as a neutron reflector, lowering the needed critical mass of the pit. There is probably a layer of interface metal between plutonium and beryllium, capturing the alpha particles from decay of plutonium (and americium and other contaminants) which would otherwise react with the beryllium and produce neutrons. Beryllium tampers/reflectors came into use in the mid-1950s; the parts were machined from pressed powder beryllium blanks in the Rocky Flats Plant.[18]More modern plutonium pits are hollow. An often-cited specification applicable to some modern pits describes a hollow sphere of a suitable structural metal, of the approximate size and weight of a bowling ball, with a channel for injection of tritium (in the case of boosted fission weapons), with the internal surface lined with plutonium. The size, usually between a bowling ball and a tennis ball, accuracy of sphericity, and weight and isotopic composition of the fissile material, the principal factors influencing the weapon properties, are often classified. The hollow pits can be made of half shells with three joint welds around the equator, and a tube brazed (to beryllium or aluminium shell) or electron beam or TIG-welded (to stainless steel shell) for injection of the boost gas.[19] Beryllium-clad pits are more vulnerable to fracture, more sensitive to temperature fluctuations, more likely to require cleaning, susceptible to corrosion with chlorides and moisture, and can expose workers to toxic beryllium.Newer pits contain about 3 kilograms of plutonium. Older pits used about 4-5 kilograms.[20]","title":"Designs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"linear implosion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-point_implosion"},{"link_name":"one-point safety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_weapon_design#One-point_safety"}],"sub_title":"Linear implosion pits","text":"Further miniaturization was achieved by linear implosion. An elongated subcritical solid pit, reshaped into a supercritical spherical shape by two opposite shock waves, and later a hollow pit with more precisely shaped shock waves, allowed construction of relatively very small nuclear warheads. The configuration was, however, considered prone to accidental high-yield detonation when the explosive gets accidentally initiated, unlike a spherical implosion assembly where asymmetric implosion destroys the weapon without triggering a nuclear detonation. This necessitated special design precautions, and a series of safety tests, including one-point safety.","title":"Designs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"W89","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W89"},{"link_name":"W68s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W68"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"lathe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lathe"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bredl.org-19"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"disputed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Disputed_statement"},{"link_name":"discuss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Pit_(nuclear_weapon)#Pit_size"}],"sub_title":"Pit sharing between weapons","text":"Pits can be shared between weapon designs. For example, the W89 warhead is said to reuse pits from the W68s. Many pit designs are standardized and shared between different physics packages; the same physics packages are often used in different warheads. Pits can be also reused; the sealed pits extracted from disassembled weapons are commonly stockpiled for direct reuse. Due to low aging rates of the plutonium-gallium alloy, the shelf life of pits is estimated to be a century or more. The oldest pits in the US arsenal are still less than 50 years old.[citation needed]The sealed pits can be classified as bonded or non-bonded. Non-bonded pits can be disassembled mechanically; a lathe is sufficient for separating the plutonium. Recycling of bonded pits requires chemical processing.[19]Pits of modern weapons are said to have radii of about 5 cm.[21][disputed – discuss]","title":"Designs"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Weapons and pit types"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Steel_balls.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:One-Point_Safety_Test.svg"},{"link_name":"Project 56","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_56_(nuclear_test)"},{"link_name":"Many cases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_nuclear_accidents"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"safety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_weapon_design#Warhead_design_safety"},{"link_name":"Green Grass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Grass_(nuclear_warhead)"},{"link_name":"control rods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_rod"},{"link_name":"cadmium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium"},{"link_name":"W47","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W47"},{"link_name":"boron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"tetrachloromethane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrachloromethane"},{"link_name":"pyrophoric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrophoricity"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-books.google.com-29"},{"link_name":"Permissive Action Links","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permissive_Action_Link"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"strong link weak link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strong_link_weak_link"},{"link_name":"beryllium oxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beryllium_oxide"},{"link_name":"berylliosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berylliosis"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-makingkilling-18"},{"link_name":"1966 Palomares B-52 crash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1966_Palomares_B-52_crash"},{"link_name":"1968 Thule Air Base B-52 crash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_Thule_Air_Base_B-52_crash"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"insensitive high explosives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insensitive_high_explosive"},{"link_name":"W87","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W87"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-noend-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nwscipostcw-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"SLBMs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SLBM"},{"link_name":"ICBMs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICBM"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"energetic materials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energetic_material"},{"link_name":"ammonium perchlorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonium_perchlorate"},{"link_name":"aluminium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium"},{"link_name":"double-base propellant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-base_propellant"},{"link_name":"cross-linked","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-linked"},{"link_name":"HMX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMX"},{"link_name":"nitroglycerine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitroglycerine"},{"link_name":"submarines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nwscipostcw-34"},{"link_name":"Trident","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trident_(missile)"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"text":"Steel ball safingOne-point safety testThe first weapons had removable pits, which were installed into the bomb shortly before its deployment. The ongoing miniaturization process led to design changes, whereby the pit could be inserted in the factory during the device assembly. This necessitated safety testing to make sure that accidental detonation of the high explosives would not cause a full-scale nuclear explosion; Project 56 was one of such a series of tests.Accidental high-yield detonation was always a concern. The levitated pit design made it practical to allow in-flight insertion of pits to the bombs, separating the fissile core from the explosives around it. Many cases of accidental bomb losses and explosions therefore led only to dispersal of uranium from the bomb's tamper. Later hollow-pit designs, where there is no space between the pit and the tamper, however, made this impossible.[citation needed]The pits of earlier weapons had accessible inner cavities. For safety, objects were inserted into the pit and removed only when needed. Some larger pits, e.g. the British Green Grass, had their inner cavity lined with rubber and filled with metal balls; this design was improvised and far from optimal, for example in that subjecting the safed pit with balls inside to vibration, e.g. in an airplane, could lead to its damage. A fine metal chain from a neutron-absorbing material (the same used for reactor control rods, e.g. cadmium), can be used instead. The W47 warhead had its pit filled with a cadmium-boron wire when it was manufactured; on arming the weapon, the wire was pulled out to a spool by a small motor and could not be reinserted. However, the wire tended to become brittle and break during removal, making its complete removal impossible and rendering the warhead a dud.[28]The switch from solid to hollow pits caused a work safety issue; the larger surface-to-mass ratio led to comparatively higher emission of gamma rays and necessitated the installation of better radiation shielding in the Rocky Flats production facility. The increased amount of rolling and machining required led to higher consumption of machining oil and tetrachloromethane, used for degreasing the parts afterwards and creating a large amount of contaminated waste. The pyrophoric plutonium shavings also posed a risk of self-ignition.[29]Sealed pits require a different method of safing. Many techniques are used, including Permissive Action Links[30] and strong link weak link systems, designed to fail in case of an accident or improper arming sequence; these include mechanical interlocks, critical parts designed to malfunction in case of fire or impact, etc.Beryllium cladding, while advantageous technically, poses risk for the weapon plant employees. Machining the tamper shells produces beryllium and beryllium oxide dust; its inhalation can cause berylliosis. By the 1996, the US Department of Energy identified more than 50 cases of chronic berylliosis among nuclear industry employees, including three dozen in the Rocky Flats Plant; several died.[18]After the 1966 Palomares B-52 crash and the 1968 Thule Air Base B-52 crash, the safety of weapons against accidental plutonium dispersal became a concern of US military.[citation needed]Fire-resistant pits (FRP) are a safety feature of modern nuclear weapons, reducing plutonium dispersal in case of fire. The current pits are designed to contain molten plutonium in temperatures up to 1000 °C, the approximate temperature of a burning aircraft fuel, for several hours.[31] Fire-resistant pits would be of no help in cases where pits were scattered around by an explosion; they are used therefore together with insensitive high explosives, which should be resistant to accidental detonation by impact or fire, and undetonable propellants when used in missiles. Vanadium cladding was tested for design of fire-resistant pits, but it is unknown if it is in use or only experimental. The W87 warhead is an example of a FRP-employing assembly.[32] FRP does not, however, provide protection if the pit cladding is mechanically damaged, and may fail if subjected to missile fuel fire, which has a higher burning temperature (about 2000 °C) than does aircraft fuel.[33][34] Severe weight and size constraints may preclude the use of both FRP and insensitive explosives.[35] SLBMs, with their size considerations and more energetic and vulnerable fuel, tend to be less safe than ICBMs.[36]Other energetic materials in the vicinity of the pit also influence its safety. US missile propellants come in two general classes. The class 1.3, fire hazard but very difficult to impossible to detonate; an example is 70% ammonium perchlorate, 16% aluminium, and 14% binder. The class 1.1, both fire and detonation hazard, is a double-base propellant based on cross-linked polymer, containing 52% HMX, 18% nitroglycerine, 18% aluminium, 4% ammonium perchlorate, and 8% binder. The 1.1 propellant has 4% higher specific impulse (about 270 s versus 260 s), giving an 8% longer range for constant burning time. The insensitive high explosives are also less powerful, necessitating larger and heavier warheads, which reduces the missile range – or sacrificing some yield. The safety/performance tradeoff is especially important for e.g. submarines.[34] As of 1990, the Trident SLBMs used both detonable fuel and non-insensitive explosives.[37]","title":"Safety considerations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"metallic phases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allotropes_of_plutonium"},{"link_name":"allotropes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allotrope"},{"link_name":"gallium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallium"},{"link_name":"plutonium-gallium alloy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium-gallium_alloy"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RDD-7-38"},{"link_name":"trivalent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valence_(chemistry)"},{"link_name":"absorption cross section","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absorption_cross_section"},{"link_name":"corrosion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrosion"},{"link_name":"plutonium dioxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium_dioxide"},{"link_name":"power reactors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_reactor"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NWFAQ-6.2-39"},{"link_name":"The Gadget","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gadget"},{"link_name":"nickel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel"},{"link_name":"nickel tetracarbonyl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel_tetracarbonyl"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NWFAQ-6.2-39"},{"link_name":"gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"hot pressing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_pressing"},{"link_name":"machined","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machining"},{"link_name":"turning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turning"},{"link_name":"pyrophoric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrophoric"},{"link_name":"turnings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turnings"},{"link_name":"cutting fluids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutting_fluid"},{"link_name":"casting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casting"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"}],"text":"Casting and then machining plutonium is difficult not only because of its toxicity, but because plutonium has many different metallic phases, also known as allotropes. As plutonium cools, changes in phase result in distortion and cracking. This distortion is normally overcome by alloying it with 3–3.5 molar% (0.9–1.0% by weight) gallium, forming a plutonium-gallium alloy, which causes it to take up its delta phase over a wide temperature range.[38] When cooling from molten it then suffers only a single phase change, from epsilon to delta, instead of the four changes it would otherwise pass through. Other trivalent metals would also work, but gallium has a small neutron absorption cross section and helps protect the plutonium against corrosion. A drawback is that gallium compounds themselves are corrosive and so if the plutonium is recovered from dismantled weapons for conversion to plutonium dioxide for power reactors, there is the difficulty of removing the gallium.Because plutonium is chemically reactive it is common to plate the completed pit with a thin layer of inert metal, which also reduces the toxic hazard.[39] The Gadget used galvanic silver plating; afterwards, nickel deposited from nickel tetracarbonyl vapors was used,[39] but gold is now preferred.[citation needed]To produce the first pits, hot pressing was used to optimally employ the scarce plutonium. Later designs used machined pits, but turning produces a large amount of waste, both as pyrophoric turnings of plutonium and plutonium-contaminated oils and cutting fluids. The goal for the future is direct casting of the pit. In the absence of nuclear testing, however, the slightly different nature of cast and machined surfaces may cause difficult to predict performance differences.[40]","title":"Material considerations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"corrosion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrosion"},{"link_name":"W47","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W47"},{"link_name":"UGM-27 Polaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UGM-27_Polaris"},{"link_name":"W58","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W58"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"W45","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W45_(nuclear_warhead)"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Green Grass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Grass_(nuclear_warhead)"},{"link_name":"radiation corrosion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radiation_corrosion&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"radiolysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiolysis"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"pitting corrosion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitting_corrosion"},{"link_name":"pyrophoric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrophoric"},{"link_name":"plutonium hydride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium_hydride"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bredl.org-19"},{"link_name":"hydrogen embrittlement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_embrittlement"},{"link_name":"Pantex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantex"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"trichloroethylene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichloroethylene"},{"link_name":"trichloroethane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1,1,1-Trichloroethane"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Pitting corrosion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitting_corrosion"},{"link_name":"Pantex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantex"}],"sub_title":"Corrosion issues","text":"Both uranium and plutonium are very susceptible to corrosion. A number of the problem-plagued W47 UGM-27 Polaris warheads had to be replaced after corrosion of the fissile material was discovered during routine maintenance. The W58 pits also suffered corrosion problems.[41] The W45 pit was prone to corrosion that could alter its geometry.[42] The Green Grass pit was also corrosion-prone. The radioactivity of the materials used can also cause radiation corrosion in the surrounding materials. Plutonium is highly susceptible to humidity; moist air increases corrosion rate about 200 times. Hydrogen has strong catalytic effect on corrosion; its presence can accelerate corrosion rate by 13 orders of magnitude. Hydrogen can be generated from moisture and nearby organic materials (e.g. plastics) by radiolysis. These factors cause issues with storage of plutonium. The volume increase during oxidation can cause rupture of storage containers or deformation of pits.[43]Contamination of the pit with deuterium and tritium, whether accidental or if filled by design, can cause a hydride corrosion, which manifests as pitting corrosion and a growth of a surface coating of pyrophoric plutonium hydride. It also greatly accelerates the corrosion rates by atmospheric oxygen.[19] Deuterium and tritium also cause hydrogen embrittlement in many materials.Improper storage can promote corrosion of the pits. The AL-R8 containers used in the Pantex facility for storage of the pits are said to promote instead of hinder corrosion, and tend to corrode themselves. The decay heat released by the pits is also a concern; some pits in storage can reach temperatures as high as 150 °C, and the storage facilities for larger numbers of pits may require active cooling. Humidity control can also present problems for pit storage.[44]Beryllium cladding can be corroded by some solvents used for cleaning of the pits. Research has shown that trichloroethylene (TCE) causes beryllium corrosion, while trichloroethane (TCA) does not.[45] Pitting corrosion of beryllium cladding is a significant concern during prolonged storage of pits in the Pantex facility.","title":"Material considerations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"plutonium-240","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium-240"},{"link_name":"fizzle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizzle_(nuclear_test)"},{"link_name":"Weapon-grade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weapon-grade"},{"link_name":"Supergrade plutonium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium-239#Supergrade_plutonium"},{"link_name":"US Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Navy"},{"link_name":"Plutonium-241","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium-241"},{"link_name":"americium-241","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americium-241"},{"link_name":"gamma radiation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma_radiation"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-google1-20"},{"link_name":"Rocky Flats Plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_Flats_Plant"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-books.google.com-29"}],"sub_title":"Isotopic composition issues","text":"The presence of plutonium-240 in the pit material causes increased production of heat and neutrons, impairs fission efficiency and increases the risk of predetonation and fizzle. Weapon-grade plutonium therefore has plutonium-240 content limited to less than 7%. Supergrade plutonium has less than 4% of the 240 isotope, and is used in systems where the radioactivity is a concern, e.g. in the US Navy weapons which have to share confined spaces on ships and submarines with the crews.Plutonium-241, commonly comprising about 0.5% of weapon-grade plutonium, decays to americium-241, which is a powerful gamma radiation emitter. After several years, americium builds up in the plutonium metal, leading to increased gamma activity that poses an occupational hazard for workers. Americium should therefore be separated, usually chemically, from newly produced and reprocessed plutonium.[20] However, in around 1967 the Rocky Flats Plant stopped this separation, blending up to 80% of old americium-containing pits directly to the foundry instead, in order to reduce costs and increase productivity; this led to higher exposure of workers to gamma radiation.[29]","title":"Material considerations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"plutonium(IV) oxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium(IV)_oxide"},{"link_name":"plutonium hydride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium_hydride"},{"link_name":"alpha-decay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-decay"},{"link_name":"plutonium-239","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium-239"},{"link_name":"alpha particle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_particle"},{"link_name":"uranium-235","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium-235"},{"link_name":"MeV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronvolt"},{"link_name":"helium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helium"},{"link_name":"plutonium-241","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium-241"},{"link_name":"beta-decays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-decay"},{"link_name":"americium-241","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americium-241"},{"link_name":"neptunium-237","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptunium-237"},{"link_name":"Frenkel pairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frenkel_pair"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"}],"sub_title":"Aging issues","text":"Metallic plutonium, notably in the form of the plutonium-gallium alloy, degrades chiefly by two mechanisms: corrosion, and self-irradiation.In very dry air, plutonium, despite its high chemical reactivity, forms a passivation layer of plutonium(IV) oxide that slows down the corrosion to about 200 nanometers per year. In moist air, however, this passivation layer is disrupted and the corrosion proceeds at 200 times this rate (0.04 mm/year) at room temperature, and 100,000 times faster (20 mm/year) at 100 °C. Plutonium strips oxygen from water, absorbs the liberated hydrogen and forms plutonium hydride. The hydride layer can grow at up to 20 cm/hour, for thinner shells its formation can be considered almost instant. In presence of water the plutonium dioxide becomes hyperstoichiometric, up to PuO2.26. Plutonium chips can spontaneously ignite; the mechanism involves formation of Pu2O3 layer, which then rapidly oxidizes to PuO2, and the liberated heat is sufficient to bring the small particles with low thermal mass to autoignition temperature (about 500 °C).The self-irradiation occurs as the plutonium undergoes alpha-decay. The decaying atom of plutonium-239 liberates an alpha particle and a uranium-235 nucleus. The alpha particle has an energy of more than 5 MeV and in the metal lattice has range of about 10 micrometers; then it stops, acquires two electrons from nearby atoms, and becomes a helium atom. The contaminant plutonium-241 beta-decays to americium-241, which then alpha-decays to neptunium-237.The alpha-particles lose most of their energy to electrons, which manifests as heating the material. The heavier uranium nucleus has about 85 keV energy and about three quarters of it deposit as a cascade of atomic displacements; the uranium nucleus itself has the range of about 12 nanometers in the lattice. Each such decay event influences about 20,000 other atoms, 90% of which stay in their lattice site and only are thermally excited, the rest being displaced, resulting in formation of about 2500 Frenkel pairs and a local thermal spike lasting few picoseconds, during which the newly formed defects recombine or migrate. In a typical weapons-grade bulk material, each atom gets displaced in average once per 10 years.At cryogenic temperatures, where next to no annealing occurs, the α-phase of plutonium expands (swells) during self-irradiation, the δ-phase contracts markedly, and the β-phase contracts slightly. The electrical resistance increases, which indicates the increase of defects in the lattice. All three phases, with sufficient time, converge to amorphous-like state with density averaging at 18.4 g/cm3. At normal temperature, however, most of the damage is annealed away; above 200K vacancies become mobile and at around 400K the clusters of interstitials and vacancies recombine, healing the damage. Plutonium stored at non-cryogenic temperatures does not show signs of major macroscopic structural changes after more than 40 years.After 50 years of storage, a typical sample contains 2000 ppm of helium, 3700 ppm americium, 1700 ppm uranium, and 300 ppm neptunium. One kilogram of material contains 200 cm3 of helium, which equals three atmospheres of pressure in the same empty volume. Helium migrates through the lattice similarly to the vacancies, and can be trapped in them. The helium-occupied vacancies can coalesce, forming bubbles and causing swelling. Void-swelling is however more likely than bubble-swelling.[46]","title":"Material considerations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Radiation Identification System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radiation_Identification_System&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"gamma spectroscopy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma_spectroscopy"},{"link_name":"germanium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanium"},{"link_name":"oxygen-17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen-17"},{"link_name":"plutonium(IV) oxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium(IV)_oxide"},{"link_name":"plutonium-241","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium-241"},{"link_name":"americium-241","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americium-241"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Rocky Flats Plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_Flats_Plant"},{"link_name":"Department of Energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy"},{"link_name":"beryllium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beryllium"},{"link_name":"Los Alamos National Laboratory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Alamos_National_Laboratory"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Pantex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantex"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bredl.org-19"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"NNSA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Nuclear_Security_Administration"},{"link_name":"Reliable Replacement Warhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reliable_Replacement_Warhead"},{"link_name":"Chemistry and Metallurgy Research Replacement Facility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistry_and_Metallurgy_Research_Replacement_Facility"},{"link_name":"Institute for Defense Analyses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Defense_Analyses"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-its_the_pits-50"},{"link_name":"Mayak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayak"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"}],"text":"The Radiation Identification System is among a number of methods developed for nuclear weapons inspections. It allows the fingerprinting of the nuclear weapons so that their identity and status can be verified. Various physics methods are used, including gamma spectroscopy with high-resolution germanium detectors. The 870.7 keV line in the spectrum, corresponding to the first excited state of oxygen-17, indicates the presence of plutonium(IV) oxide in the sample. The age of the plutonium can be established by measuring the ratio of plutonium-241 and its decay product, americium-241.[47] However, even passive measurements of gamma spectrums may be a contentious issue in international weapon inspections, as it allows characterization of materials used e.g. the isotopic composition of plutonium, which can be considered a secret.Between 1954 and 1989, pits for US weapons were produced at the Rocky Flats Plant; the plant was later closed due to numerous safety issues. The Department of Energy attempted to restart pit production there, but repeatedly failed. In 1993, the DOE relocated beryllium production operations from defunct Rocky Flats Plant to Los Alamos National Laboratory; in 1996 the pit production was also relocated there.[48] The reserve and surplus pits, along with pits recovered from disassembled nuclear weapons, totalling over 12,000 pieces, are stored in the Pantex plant.[19] 5,000 of them, comprising about 15 tons of plutonium, are designated as strategic reserve; the rest is surplus to be withdrawn.[49] The current LANL production of new pits is limited to about 20 pits per year, though NNSA is pushing to increase the production, for the Reliable Replacement Warhead program. The US Congress however has repeatedly declined funding.Up until around 2010, Los Alamos National Laboratory had the capacity to produce 10 to 20 pits a year. The Chemistry and Metallurgy Research Replacement Facility (CMMR) will expand this capability, but it is not known by how much. An Institute for Defense Analyses report written before 2008 estimated a “future pit production requirement of 125 per year at the CMRR, with a surge capability of 200.\"[50]Russia stores the material from decommissioned pits in the Mayak facility.[51]","title":"Production and inspections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"lathe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lathe"},{"link_name":"plutonium hydride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium_hydride"}],"text":"Recovery of plutonium from decommissioned pits can be achieved by numerous means, both mechanical (e.g. removal of cladding by a lathe) and chemical. A hydride method is commonly used; the pit is cut in half, a half of the pit is laid inside-down above a funnel and a crucible in a sealed apparatus, and an amount of hydrogen is injected into the space. The hydrogen reacts with the plutonium producing plutonium hydride, which falls to the funnel and the crucible, where it is melted while releasing the hydrogen. Plutonium can also be converted to a nitride or oxide. Practically all plutonium can be removed from a pit this way. The process is complicated by the wide variety of the constructions and alloy compositions of the pits, and the existence of composite uranium-plutonium pits. Weapons-grade plutonium must also be blended with other materials to alter its isotopic composition enough to hinder its reuse in weapons.","title":"Recycling"}]	[{"image_text":"The \"demon core\": re-creation of the configuration used in the fatal 1945 criticality accident with a sphere of plutonium surrounded by neutron-reflecting tungsten carbide blocks.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Partially-reflected-plutonium-sphere.jpeg/220px-Partially-reflected-plutonium-sphere.jpeg"},{"image_text":"Precision plutonium foundry mold, 1959","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Plutonium_Mold.jpg/220px-Plutonium_Mold.jpg"},{"image_text":"Steel ball safing","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Steel_balls.png/220px-Steel_balls.png"},{"image_text":"One-point safety test","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/One-Point_Safety_Test.svg/220px-One-Point_Safety_Test.svg.png"}]	[{"title":"Beryllium nuclear properties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beryllium#Nuclear_properties"},{"title":"Charles Allen Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Allen_Thomas"},{"title":"Dayton Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dayton_Project"},{"title":"Edward Condon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Condon"},{"title":"Eugene Wigner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_Wigner"},{"title":"George Kistiakowsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Kistiakowsky"},{"title":"James L. Tuck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_L._Tuck"},{"title":"Modulated neutron initiator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulated_neutron_initiator"},{"title":"Munroe effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaped_charge#Munroe_effect"},{"title":"Polonium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonium"},{"title":"Supergrade plutonium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium-239#Supergrade_plutonium"},{"title":"Urchin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulated_neutron_initiator#Urchin"}]	[{"reference":"National Research Council, ed. (1996). \"2 Background\". An Evaluation of the Electrometallurgical Approach for Treatment of Excess Weapons Plutonium. Washington DC, USA: The National Academies Press. p. 15. doi:10.17226/9187. ISBN 978-0-309-57330-6. Archived from the original on 30 July 2021. Retrieved 30 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nap.edu/read/9187/chapter/5#15","url_text":"An Evaluation of the Electrometallurgical Approach for Treatment of Excess Weapons Plutonium"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.17226%2F9187","url_text":"10.17226/9187"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-309-57330-6","url_text":"978-0-309-57330-6"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210730084848/https://www.nap.edu/read/9187/chapter/5#15","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Plutonium – A Wartime Nightmare but a Metallurgist's Dream\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"http://library.lanl.gov/cgi-bin/getfile?07-16.pdf","url_text":"\"Plutonium – A Wartime Nightmare but a Metallurgist's Dream\""}]},{"reference":"\"Constructing the Nagasaki Atomic Bomb\". Web of Stories. Archived from the original on October 10, 2014. Retrieved October 12, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141010073928/http://www.webofstories.com/play/robert.christy/8","url_text":"\"Constructing the Nagasaki Atomic Bomb\""},{"url":"http://www.webofstories.com/play/robert.christy/8","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Wellerstein, Alex. \"Christy's Gadget: Reflections on a death\". Restricted data blog. Archived from the original on 11 October 2014. Retrieved 7 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://blog.nuclearsecrecy.com/2012/10/05/christys-gadget/","url_text":"\"Christy's Gadget: Reflections on a death\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141011050606/http://blog.nuclearsecrecy.com/2012/10/05/christys-gadget/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Hans Bethe 94 - Help from the British, and the 'Christy Gadget'\". Web of Stories. Archived from the original on 14 October 2014. Retrieved 12 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.webofstories.com/play/hans.bethe/94","url_text":"\"Hans Bethe 94 - Help from the British, and the 'Christy Gadget'\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141014145824/http://www.webofstories.com/play/hans.bethe/94","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Taschner, John C. \"Nuclear Weapon Accidents\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2012. Retrieved 9 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120304094426/http://hpschapters.org/snv/Taschner%20Talk%20Part%201.pdf","url_text":"\"Nuclear Weapon Accidents\""},{"url":"http://hpschapters.org/snv/Taschner%2520Talk%2520Part%25201.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The atomic bomb test for 'Fat Man'\". Archived from the original on 4 April 2020. 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ISBN 92-9045-154-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=UBkzDoGZXBcC&q=%22plutonium+core%22+-reactor&pg=PA68","url_text":"Costs of disarmament-disarming the costs: nuclear arms control and nuclear rearmament"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/92-9045-154-8","url_text":"92-9045-154-8"}]},{"reference":"Pein, Corey (21 August 2010). \"It's the Pits: Los Alamos wants to spend billions for new nuke triggers\". Santa Fe Reporter. Archived from the original on 21 November 2010. Retrieved 25 September 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sfreporter.com/santafe/article-5528-its-the-pits.html","url_text":"\"It's the Pits: Los Alamos wants to spend billions for new nuke triggers\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101121015154/http://www.sfreporter.com/santafe/article-5528-its-the-pits.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"National Academy of Sciences (2005). Monitoring nuclear weapons and nuclear-explosive materials. National Academies Press. p. 117. ISBN 0-309-09597-2. Archived from the original on 19 March 2022. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herzegovina_Uprising_(1875-78)	Herzegovina uprising (1875–1877)	["1 Background","2 Preparations","2.1 In Herzegovina","2.2 In Bosnia","3 Uprising in Herzegovina","3.1 Gabela","3.2 Nevesinje","4 Uprising in Bosnia","5 Aftermath","6 Legacy","7 See also","8 References","9 Sources","10 External links"]	Serb rebellion against Ottoman rule For other uses, see Herzegovina Uprising. You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Serbian. (January 2012) Click for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the Serbian article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Serbian Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated\|sr\|Невесињска пушка}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. Herzegovina Uprising of 1875An illustrated depiction of Bogdan Zimonjić, Mićo Ljubibratić, Stojan Kovačević and Pecija in the 1876 issue of Orao, a Serb annual magazine published in Novi SadDate19 June 1875LocationBosnia Vilayet, Ottoman EmpireResult Revolt suppressed Great Eastern Crisis, Serbian–Turkish Wars, Montenegrin–Ottoman War Belligerents Serb rebels Aided by: Montenegro Serbia Ottoman EmpireCommanders and leaders Bogdan Zimonjić Petar Popović Pecija † Mićo Ljubibratić Stojan Kovačević Petar Mrkonjić Mileta Despotović Abdi Pasha Dervish Pasha Selim Pasha Reuf Pasha Mukhtar Pasha Strength 24,000+ The Herzegovina uprising (Serbian: Херцеговачки устанак, romanized: Hercegovački ustanak) was an uprising led by the Christian Serb population against the Ottoman Empire, firstly and predominantly in Herzegovina (hence its name), from where it spread into Bosnia and Raška. It broke out in the summer of 1875, and lasted in some regions up to the beginning of 1878. It was followed by the Bulgarian Uprising of 1876, and coincided with Serbian-Turkish wars (1876–1878), all of those events being part of the Great Eastern Crisis (1875–1878). The uprising was precipitated by the harsh treatment under the beys and aghas of the Ottoman province (vilayet) of Bosnia—the reforms announced by the Ottoman Sultan Abdülmecid I, involving new rights for Christian subjects, a new basis for army conscription and an end to the much-hated system of tax-farming were either resisted or ignored by the powerful Bosnian landowners. They frequently resorted to more repressive measures against their Christian subjects. The tax burden on Christian peasants constantly increased. The rebels were aided with weapons and volunteers from the principalities of Montenegro and Serbia, whose governments eventually jointly declared war on the Ottomans on 18 June 1876, leading to the Serbian-Ottoman War (1876–78) and Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1876–78), which in turn led to the Russo-Turkish War (1877–78) and Great Eastern Crisis. A result of the uprisings and wars was the Berlin Congress in 1878, which gave Montenegro and Serbia independence and more territory, while Austro-Hungary occupied Bosnia and Herzegovina for 30 years, although it remained de jure Ottoman territory. Background In the early 19th century, most of the Balkans was under Ottoman rule. Christian communities of Serbs and Greeks, under Ottoman control for four centuries, rose up and succeeded in obtaining autonomy by means of the Serbian Revolution of 1804–17 and Greek War of Independence of 1821–29, establishing the Principality of Serbia and the Hellenic Republic. The weakened Ottoman central powers was evident in separatist provincial lords (pashas) as seen in Pazvantoğlu, Ali Pasha, Gradaščević (who led a Bosnian bey rebellion in 1831–32) and Muhammad Ali. Ottoman Sultan Mahmud II succeeded in abolishing the problematic Janissaries in 1826, in his reform work. Beginning in the 1830s, the Ottoman Empire seemed to many European observers to be on the verge on collapsing. The tax-paying lower class (rayah, made up of Christian and Muslim peasants) in the Bosnia Vilayet of the Ottoman Empire experienced harsh economic conditions in the previous century. Bosnian Muslim beys sometimes took as much as half of each peasant's crop annually, besides various taxes on farm products and animals for which Christian peasants were responsible. Furthermore, tax farmers (mütesellim) levied additional taxes on the remaining yield. The failure of the 1874 crop and plight of peasants and external influence in Pan-Slavism and Pan-Serbism and also Austrian aspirations on further South Slavic lands were leading causes of the ensuing rebellion. Other notable preceding Serb peasant rebellions in the region were the Herzegovina Uprising (1852–62) and Pecija's First Revolt (1858). Preparations This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Weapons from the Uprising. In Herzegovina The Serbian leaders of the people of Herzegovina: Jovan Gutić, Simun Zečević, Ilija Stevanović, Trivko Grubačić, Prodan Rupar and Petar Radović, at the end of August and beginning of September 1874, met and decided to start preparing a rebellion. They began collecting weapons and ammunition and establishing safe-places. With the assistance of Montenegro in the uprising, it was to begin in springtime 1875. The group entered in talks with Montenegrin ruler Nikola I Petrović, but he was unwilling to break and risk the unreadiness of Russia in its war with the Ottomans. The preparations continued; and in Bileća and Trebinje region, serdar Todor Mujičić, Gligor Milićević, Vasilj Svorcan and Sava Jakšić lead the revolt in these regions. Lazar Sočica led the Piva tribe in Old Herzegovina. The Ottomans heard of the talks between Nikola I and tried to capture the ringleaders, who fled into Montenegro in the winter of 1874. In 1875, Austria was drawn in, who with its interests in Bosnia and Herzegovina, asked the Ottomans to give the ringleaders amnesty. The Ottomans agreed to enter discussions with Austria. In Bosnia The preparations started somewhat later than the Herzegovinian and did not manage to coordinate actions of the two regions. In the preparations are Vaso Vidović, Simo and Jovo Bilbija, Spasoje Babić and Vaso Pelagić. The plans began with firstly liberating the villages of Kozara; Prosara and Motajica, then attacking the communications and blocking the cities of the Sava river, later to take over Banja Luka. The start of the uprising was envisaged on 18 August 1875. The Ottomans imprisoned priests in Prijedor, which put further pressure on the people, therefore villagers from Dvorište, Čitluka, Petrinje, Bačvani, Pobrđani and Tavija attacked the Turks in Dvorište on 15 August. The uprising sparked wide; and the leader of the uprising was chosen to be Ostoja Kormanoš. Uprising in Herzegovina Death of Vojvoda Trifko Gabela The Catholic population in the Gabela area suffered the difficult living conditions in what was then Turkey. According to some historians, rebellion in the Gabela area started on 19 June 1875, while according to Noel Malcolm it started on 3 July 1875. British consul in Sarajevo, William Holmes, on 9 July 1875 reported that a "band" of rebels, had blocked the bridge over the Krupa river and road between Metković and Mostar. In Trebinje was gathered about 2,000 Catholic and Orthodox participants and they selected Fr. Ivan Musić as leader of the uprising. Dervish Pasha, governor-general of Bosnia and Herzegovina at that time, claim that both Catholics and Orthodox took part in the revolt. According to a correspondent for the Times in Herzegovina, William James Stillman, violence in Herzegovina started as a revolt of "the Catholic population between Popovo and Gabela" who "anticipated an Austrian intervention" and he also observed that Catholics at that time were "the most enthusiastic in the revolt". Soon new conflicts erupted in northern Bosnia and a large number of people fled to Croatia and Montenegro. By the end of 1876, the number of refugees from Bosnia and Herzegovina was between 100,000 and perhaps 250,000 people. According to Richard C. Hall, 150,000 people fled to Croatia. Nevesinje Elders (1875). Herzegovinians in Ambush, 1875. The leaders returned in 1875 and continued their plans for revolt, the plan was for the liberation of Nevesinje region, then expansion to the rest of Herzegovina. In the meantime, Turks seek hajduk Pera Tunguz, who on 5 July, had attacked a caravan on Bišini mountain. On 9 July, the Turks clashed with the armed villagers of Jovan Gutić on the Gradac hill north of Krekovi. This conflict would be known in Serbian as Nevesinjska puška ("Nevesinje rifle") and marked the beginning of the uprising in all of Herzegovina. Firstly Nevesinje, Bileća and Stolac were involved, then in August, Gacko and the frontier towards Montenegro. Bands (known as četa) of 50–300 people and detachments of 500–2,000 people gathered and attacked Ottoman border posts and bey towers. The Ottomans had 4 battalions of the regular army (Nizami) with a total of 1,800 soldiers, situated in Mostar, Trebinje, Nikšić, Foča and the border posts, also a larger number of başıbozuk were present all over the province. The Ottoman troops were commanded by Selim Pasha (Selim-paša) who in turn is under Dervish Pasha (Derviš-paša), the commander of the Bosnia Vilayet. After the outbreak of the uprising, the Turks tried to gain time by starting negotiations while reinforcements arrived. The rebels wanted lower taxes, which the Turks refused, and the fighting continued. In August, 4,000 Nizami arrived from Bosnia, and later 4 more battalions by sea through Klek in Trebinje. The rebels had by July and August destroyed the majority of border posts and besieged Trebinje by 5 August. The Turks regained Trebinje by 30 August. In the end of August, fighting broke out in Bosnia, and Serbia and Montenegro promised aid, sparking an intensification of the uprising. Prince Nikola sent Petar Vukotić, while a large number of Montenegrin volunteers arrived at the command of Peko Pavlović. The Serbian government dared not to publicly assist because of international pressure but secretly sent Mićo Ljubibratić (who took part in the 1852–1862 uprising) among others. There was a conflict between the rebels because of disagreement between the representatives of the Montenegrin and Serbian governments, causing failures in the ongoing uprising. Prince Peter used the surname Mrkonjić during the uprising. Many Europeans took part in the uprising with the idea of bringing down Muslim rule over Christians (mainly Italians, former Garibaldinians). Uprising in Bosnia Golub Babić. According to Herr Fritz, the Serb rebels were "extremely numerous and in some cases well armed" and were divided among following troops and bands: Risovac and Grmeč, in West Bosnia, under the leadership of well-known Golub Babić, Marinković, Simo Davidović, Pop-Karan and Trifko Amelić. The Serbian colonel Mileta Despotović held supreme leadership and had formed 8 battalions out of the scattered bands. Vučjak, in East Bosnia. Pastirevo and Kozara, in North Bosnia, bands led by Marko Djenadija, Ostoja, Spasojević, Marko Bajalica, hegumen Hadzić and Pop-Stevo. The new camp of Brezovac, not far from Novi, was held by Ostoja Vojnović. The former camp of Karađorđevići in Ćorkovac was held by Ilija Sević. The aim of the Bosnian rebel bands was to prevent any greater concentration of Ottoman troops on the Drina, which was the western frontier of Serbia. As a systemically organised insurrection in Bosnia was impossible, the rebels pursued and drove back the "Turk" (Muslim) population into their towns. The bands protected and helped the exiles into hiding in the woods and leading unarmed men, women and children, to reach the frontier of Austria or Serbia through safe conduct. According to Mackenzie and Irby who travelled the region in 1877, the state of the common Christian people was serious, and the number of fugitives exceeded 200,000 all round the frontier by January 1877. The rebels in South Bosnia had cleared the region of Muslims, presently under the command of Despotović, between the Austrian frontier and the Ottoman fortresses of Kulen Vakuf, Ključ and Glamoč. In August 1877, all Bosnian Muslims men from 15 to 70 were ordered to fight, although there was already 54 battalions, each with 400–700 men. Aftermath "Refugees from Herzegovina", 1889 painting by Uroš Predić. The uprising was the starting point of the Great Eastern Crisis, the reopening of the "Eastern Question". The unrest rapidly spread among the Christian populations of the other Ottoman provinces in the Balkans (notably the April Uprising in Bulgaria) setting off what would become known as the Great Eastern Crisis. The Ottoman atrocities in suppressing unrest in the Balkan provinces eventually led to the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78, which ended in Turkish defeat, and the signing of the Treaty of San Stefano in March 1878, followed in July of the same year by the Treaty of Berlin, severely reducing Ottoman territories and power in Europe. The Congress of Berlin decided that Bosnia and Herzegovina, while remaining nominally under Turkish sovereignty, would be governed by Austria-Hungary. Austria-Hungary annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1908. The occupation and annexation enraged Serbs and was a catalyst for the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria by the Bosnian Serb nationalist Gavrilo Princip. Legacy Part of a series on the History of Herzegovina Zachlumia and Travunia (9th–14th c.) Hum (Herzegovina) (1463–1482) Sanjak of Herzegovina (1470–1833) & (1851–1912) Herzegovina Eyalet (1833–1851) Herzegovina Uprising (1875–1877) Uprising in eastern Herzegovina (1941) Bosnia and Herzegovina portalvte The Nevesinje municipality has a coat of arms with two rifles, symbolising the revolt. The government of Republika Srpska together with the Nevesinje municipality annually organises the anniversary of the revolt. In 1963, a Yugoslav film by Žika Mitrović about the Nevesinje rebellion was released, titled in Serbian as Невесињска пушка and in English as Thundering Mountains. Jovan Bratić (born 1974), a comic artist from Nevesinje, made a cartoon series on the Herzegovina Uprising, titled Nevesinjska puška, the first part released in 2008, and the second part Nevesinjska puška 2: Bitka na Vučjem dolu. According to historian Edin Radušić "Milorad Ekmečić gave the main word in interpretations of a wide range of issues related to the uprising in domestic historiography, in the 1960s he from Vaso Čubrilović took over the primacy as the main interpreter of the uprising, and since then he had the greatest influence on other historians who have dealt with this thematic framework". Also, "Ekmečić became more openly politically engaged in recent works, openly linking the motives of the 19th century uprising with the insurgent movements from WWII and violence in Bosnia and Herzegovina from the end of the 20th century, with the thesis of religious war as the appearance of the long duration, which has one of its key episodes in the uprising of 1875–1878". See also Austro-Hungarian campaign in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1878 References ^ Ćirković 2004, pp. 221–226. ^ a b c d Stojanović 1968, p. 2. ^ a b c d Reid 2000, p. 309. ^ Milenko Petrovic; (2013) The Democratic Transition of Post-Communist Europe {The last important such conflict was the so-called Herzegovina Uprising of Orthodox Christians (Serbs/Montenegrins) and partially also Catholic Christians (Croats) in 1875, which spread to Bosnia} pp. 68–69; Palgrave Macmillan, ISBN 0230354319 ^ Ivica Puljić; (2009) Uloga vojvode don Ivana Musića u ustanku hercegovačkih Hrvata (The role of Voivode Fr Ivan Music in the uprising of Herzegovinian Croats) p. 221; ISBN 978-9958992407 ^ Miloš Ković; (2010) The Beginning of the 1875 Serbian Uprising in Herzegovina The British Perspective pp. 60–61; Balcanica XLI, Belgrade, ^ Ivica Puljić; (2009) Uloga vojvode don Ivana Musića u ustanku hercegovačkih Hrvata (The role of Voivode Fr Ivan Music in the uprising of Herzegovinian Croats) pp. 221–223; ISBN 978-9958992407 ^ Miloš Ković; (2010) The Beginning of the 1875 Serbian Uprising in Herzegovina The British Perspective pp. 60–61; Balcanica XLI, Belgrade, ^ Noel Malcolm; (1995), Povijest Bosne – kratki pregled pp. 177–178; Erasmus Gilda, Novi Liber, Zagreb, Dani-Sarajevo, ISBN 9536045036 ^ Ćirković 2004, p. 223. ^ Richard C. Hall; (2014) War in the Balkans: An Encyclopedic History from the Fall of the Ottoman Empire to the Breakup of Yugoslavia p. 136; ABC-CLIO, ISBN 1610690303 ^ Grémaux, René (2017). "Alone of All Her Sex? The Dutch Jeanne Merkus and the Hitherto Hidden Other Viragos in the Balkans during the Great Eastern Crisis (1875–1878)". Balcanica (XLVIII): 67–106. doi:10.2298/BALC1748067G. ^ Mackenzie & Irby 2010, p. 42. ^ Mackenzie & Irby 2010, p. 43. ^ Mackenzie & Irby 2010, p. 47. ^ Mackenzie & Irby 2010, p. 50. ^ Milojković-Djurić 1994. ^ Stojanović 1968, p. 11. ^ "Obilježeno 137 godina od ustanka "Nevesinjska puška"". Alternativna TV (in Serbian). 8 July 2012. ^ "Thundering Mountains (1963)". IMDb. ^ "U prodaji je drugo objedinjeno izdanje stripa 'Nevesinjska puška'" (in Bosnian). Moja Hercegovina. 17 April 2013. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. ^ "Intervju sa Jovanom Bratićem strip autorom iz Nevesinja". 30 October 2012. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. ^ Edin Radušić; (2020) Pitanje ustanka 1875–1878. u bosanskohercegovačkoj historiografiji: između historijske istine i multiperspektivnosti (The question of the uprising of 1875–1878. in Bosnia and Herzegovina historiography: between historical truth and multiperspectivity) pp. 104–105; ANUBiH CLXXXVII Sources Bataković, Dušan T. (1996). The Serbs of Bosnia & Herzegovina: History and Politics. Paris: Dialogue. ISBN 978-2911527104. Bataković, Dušan T., ed. (2005). Histoire du peuple serbe (in French). Lausanne: L’Age d’Homme. ISBN 978-2825119587. Bogićević, Vojislav (1950). Stanje raje u Bosni i Hercegovini pred ustanak 1875–1878 godine: povodom 75-godišnjice ustanka u Hercegovini i bosanskoj krajini 1875–1878. Državna štamparija u Sarajevu. Ćirković, Sima (2004). The Serbs. Malden: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1405142915. Čubrilović, Vasa; Antonić, Zdravko (1996). Bosanski ustanak 1875–1878 . Službeni list SRJ. ISBN 978-8635502885. Ekmečić, Milorad (1973). Ustanak u Bosni 1875–1878 . Sarajevo: Veselin Masleša. Gutić, Vasilije M. (1980). Opšta i diplomatska istorija ustanka u Hercegovini i Bosni iz 1875–1878. godine. V. Gutić. Harris, David (1928). Balkan diplomacy, July, 1875 to July, 1876: from the revolt in Herzegovina to the Reichstadt agreement ... Leland Stanford Junior University. Jagodić, Miloš (2004). Насељавање Кнежевине Србије : 1861–1880. Istorijski institut. ISBN 978-8677430467. Ković, Miloš (2010). "The beginning of the 1875 Serbian uprising in Herzegovina: the British perspective". Balcanica (41): 55–71. doi:10.2298/BALC1041055K. hdl:21.15107/rcub_reff_968. Mackenzie, G. M.; Irby, A. P. (2010) . Travels in the Slavonic Provinces of Turkey-In-Europe (Vols. I and II). New York: Cosimo. ISBN 978-1616404055. Milojković-Djurić, Jelena (1994). Panslavism and national identity in Russia and in the Balkans, 1830–1880: images of the self and others. East European Monographs. ISBN 978-0880332910. Никифоров, Д.И. (2015). Петр Карагеоргиевич в Боснийском восстании 1875–1878 годов.. Новая и новейшая история (in Russian). 2: 183–191. Radoičić, Mirko S. (1966). Hercegovina i Crna Gora 1875–1878 (in Serbo-Croatian). Savez udruženja boraca NOR-a, Opštinski odbor. Reid, James J. (2000). Crisis of the Ottoman Empire: Prelude to Collapse 1839–1878. Franz Steiner Verlag. ISBN 978-3515076876. Rupp, George Hoover (1941). A Wavering Friendship: Russia and Austria, 1876–1878. Harvard University Press. Stojanović, Mihailo D. (1968) . The Great Powers and the Balkans, 1875–1878. Cambridge University Press. Šipovac, T. (1979). Nevesinjska puška. Beograd.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) Ustanak u Bosni od 1875. do 1878. god: građa za noviju srpsku istoriju rata za oslobođenje. Pajević. 1884. Vojna Enciklopedija. Vol. 1. Beograd. pp. 756–759. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Herzegovina Uprising (1875–77). "У организацији Одбора за његовање традиција ослободилачких ратова Владе Републике Српске: Обиљежена 134. годишњица Невесињске пушке". Frontal. Archived from the original on 26 March 2012. vteSerb rebellionsOttoman territories(Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia, Montenegro) during Long Turkish War (1593–1606) Banat Uprising (1594) Peć Uprising (1594) Serb Uprising of 1596–97 1603 1604 1609 1611 1613 Brda 1633–39 during Cretan War (1645–1669) Brda 1658– during Great Turkish War (1683–99) Arsenije III Čarnojević's Revolts 1694 Kuči Revolt Montenegrin Uprising (1709–10) Uprising in Vučitrn (1717) Serb Uprising of 1737–39 1768–74 Koča's Revolt (1788) First Serbian Uprising (1804–13) Jančić's Rebellion (1809) Vlasotince Uprising (1809) Hadži-Prodan's Rebellion (1814) Second Serbian Uprising (1815-17) Belgrade Revolt (1817) Demir-Mićić Revolt (1819) Vlasotince Uprising (1821) Niš Rebellion (1821) Priest Jovica's Rebellion (1834) Second Mašići Rebellion (1834) Niš rebellion (1835) Pirot Rebellion (1836) Niš Rebellion (1841) Leskovac–Vranje Rebellion (1842) Zvornik–Bijeljina Plot (1847–48) Bjelopavlići–Piperi Rebellion (1854) Drobnjaci Rebellion (1855) Kuči Rebellion (1856) Pecija's First Revolt (1858) Prota's Revolt (1858) Vlasotince Uprising (1860) Herzegovina Uprising (1852–62) Trebava Rebellion Herzegovina Uprising (1875–78) Javor Rebellion (1876) Topola Rebellion (1877) Uprising in Vlasotince and Leskovac (1877) Raonič Revolt Kumanovo Uprising (1878) Brsjak Revolt (1881) Action in Macedonia (1903–08) Habsburg territories(Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia) 1623 1631 1632 1658 Stefan Osmokruhović's Revolt (1665–66) 1672 1693–97 1700 1706 1714 1718 1719 1723 1727 1728 1730 1735 Posavska Krajina Rebellion Podunavska Krajina Rebellion Pomorišje Uprising 1736 1739 1743 1748 1751–58 Petar Ljubojević's Revolt (1754–55) 1777 Tican's Rebellion (1807) Kruščica Rebellion (1808) Serb Uprising (1848–49) Krivošije Uprising (1869) 1870 Herzegovina Uprising (1881–82) 1883 Venetian Dalmatia(Croatia) Kuridža's Rebellion (1704) See also: Serbian revolutionary organisations, Military history of Serbia vte Rebellions in the Ottoman EmpireRise (1299–1453) Sheikh Bedreddin rebellion (1416–20) Uprising of Konstantin and Fruzhin (1404–18) Skanderbeg's rebellion (1443–68) Buçuktepe rebellion (1446) Classical Age (1453–1550) Şahkulu Rebellion (1511) Nur Ali Halife rebellion (1512) Nasir al-Din rebellion (1518) Celali rebellions (1519) Expeditions against the Druze (1523–1524) Baba Zünnun Rebellion (1526) Kalender Çelebi rebellion (1527) Transformation (1550–1700) Mariovo and Prilep Rebellion (1564–65) Expedition against the Druze (1565) Revolts of 1565–1572 Expeditions against the Druze (1574–1576) Theodoros Boua Grivas revolt (1585) Expedition against the Druze (1585) Cairo Rebellion (1586) Beylerbeyi Event (1589) Celali rebellions (1590–1610) Uprising in Banat (1594) Himara Revolt (1596) Serb Uprising (1596–97) First Tarnovo Uprising (1598) Thessaly Rebellion (1600) Mamluk Rebellion (1609) Epirus revolt (1611) Druze rebellion (1623) Abaza rebellions (1624, 1627) Druze rebellion (1642) Atmeydanı Incident (1648) Çınar Incident (1656) Abaza Hasan Revolt (1658–1659) Druze power struggle (1658–1667) Second Tarnovo Uprising (1686) Chiprovtsi uprising (1688) Karposh's rebellion (1689) Old Regime (1700–1789) Edirne event (1703) Naousa uprising (1705) The Great Insurrection (1707–11) Karamanli revolt (1711) Uprising in Vučitrn (1717) Patrona Halil Rebellion (1730) Serb Uprising (1737–39) Orlov Revolt (1770) Koča's frontier rebellion (1788) Tripolitanian civil war (1793–1795) Decline (1789–1908) Dahije in Belgrade (1801–04) First Serbian Uprising (1804–13) Kabakçı Mustafa rebellion (1807) Jančić's Rebellion (1809) Hadži-Prodan's Rebellion (1814) Second Serbian Uprising (1815-17) Wallachian Uprising (1821) Niš Rebellion (1821) Greek War of Independence (1821–29) Atçalı Kel Mehmet revolt (1830) Bosnian uprising (1831–33) Bilmez Rebellion (1832–33) Laz rebellion (1832–34) Shkodër Rebellion (1833) Priest Jovica's Rebellion (1834) Second Mašići Rebellion (1834) Syrian Peasant Revolt (1834-35) Tripolitanian revolt (1835–1858) Posavina Rebellion (1836) Livno Rebellion (1836) Pirot Rebellion (1836) Berkovitsa Rebellion (1836) Belogradchik Rebellion (1836) Vlora Rebellion (1836) Druze revolt (1838) Diber Rebellion (1838–39) Cretan Revolt (1841) Niš Rebellion (1841) Uprising of Dervish Cara (1843–44) Albanian Revolt (1845) Albanian Revolt (1847) Herzegovina Uprising (1852–62) Epirus Revolt (1854) Greek Macedonian rebellion of 1854 (1854) Doljani Revolt (1858) Mount Lebanon civil conflict (1860) Cretan Revolt (1866–69) Greek Macedonian rebellion of 1867 (1866–67) Herzegovina Uprising (1875–77) Bulgarian April uprising (1876) Razlovtsi insurrection (1876) Kumanovo Uprising (1878) 1878 Macedonian rebellion (1878) Cretan Revolt (1878) Kresna–Razlog Uprising (1878–79) Epirus Revolt (1878) Thessaly Revolt (1878) Ulcinj rebellion (1878) Brsjak Revolt (1880–81) Cretan Revolt (1896–97) 1896–1897 Macedonian rebellion (1896–97) Cretan Revolt (1897–98) Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising (1903) Shoubak revolt (1905) Theriso revolt (1905) Mesopotamia uprising (1906) Bitlis uprising (1907) Dissolution (1908–1922) Young Turk Revolution (1908) Hamawand rebellion (1908–10) Al-Bejat Revolution (1909) 31 March Incident (1909) Hauran Druze Rebellion (1909) Zaraniq rebellion (1909–1910) (1910) Karak revolt (1910) Albanian revolt of 1910 (1910) Malissori uprising (1911) Albanian revolt of 1912 (1912) Savior Officers (1912) Raid on the Sublime Porte (1913) Euphrates rebellion (1913) Bitlis uprising (1914) Kurdish rebellions during World War I (1914–18) Uprising in Karbala (1915) Arab Revolt (1916–18) Uprising in Hilla (1916) Koçgiri rebellion (1921) vteGreat Eastern CrisisWars and conflictsMontenegrin Herzegovina uprising (1875–1877) Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1876–1878) Serb Herzegovina uprising (1875–1877) Serbian–Turkish Wars (1876–1878) Kumanovo uprising Bulgarian April Uprising of 1876 Razlovtsi insurrection Kresna–Razlog uprising Greek 1878 Macedonian rebellion Epirus Revolt of 1878 Cretan revolt (1878) Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) Romanian War of Independence Austro-Hungarian campaign in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1878 Expulsion of the Albanians, 1877–1878 International agreements Berlin Memorandum Reichstadt Agreement Constantinople Conference Budapest Convention of 1877 Treaty of San Stefano Cyprus Convention Congress of Berlin and Treaty of Berlin (1878) See also Bulgarian Exarchate Deligrad Event Niš Committee First Constitutional Era (Ottoman Empire) Opalchentsi Eastern Question Provisional Russian Administration in Bulgaria British Cyprus League of Prizren Battles for Plav and Gusinje Pact of Halepa Dual Alliance (1879) Brsjak revolt Austro–Serbian Alliance of 1881 French conquest of Tunisia Convention of Constantinople (1881) British Occupation of Egypt Marche slave Anna Karenina Authority control databases: National Israel United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Herzegovina Uprising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herzegovina_uprising_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Serbian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Serbian"},{"link_name":"Serb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serb"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Herzegovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"Bosnia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_(region)"},{"link_name":"Raška","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%C5%A1ka_(region)"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian Uprising of 1876","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_Uprising_of_1876"},{"link_name":"Serbian-Turkish wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian-Turkish_Wars_(1876%E2%80%931878)"},{"link_name":"Great Eastern Crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Eastern_Crisis"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%C4%86irkovi%C4%872004221%E2%80%93226-1"},{"link_name":"beys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bey"},{"link_name":"aghas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agha_(Ottoman_Empire)"},{"link_name":"Ottoman province (vilayet) of Bosnia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_Vilayet"},{"link_name":"Abdülmecid I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd%C3%BClmecid_I"},{"link_name":"tax-farming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_(revenue_leasing)"},{"link_name":"Montenegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Montenegro"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Serbia"},{"link_name":"Serbian-Ottoman War (1876–78)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian-Ottoman_War_(1876%E2%80%9378)"},{"link_name":"Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1876–78)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegrin%E2%80%93Ottoman_War_(1876%E2%80%9378)"},{"link_name":"Russo-Turkish War (1877–78)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1877%E2%80%9378)"},{"link_name":"Great Eastern Crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Eastern_Crisis"},{"link_name":"Berlin Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Congress"},{"link_name":"Austro-Hungary occupied Bosnia and Herzegovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_occupation_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"}],"text":"For other uses, see Herzegovina Uprising.The Herzegovina uprising (Serbian: Херцеговачки устанак, romanized: Hercegovački ustanak) was an uprising led by the Christian Serb population against the Ottoman Empire, firstly and predominantly in Herzegovina (hence its name), from where it spread into Bosnia and Raška. It broke out in the summer of 1875, and lasted in some regions up to the beginning of 1878. It was followed by the Bulgarian Uprising of 1876, and coincided with Serbian-Turkish wars (1876–1878), all of those events being part of the Great Eastern Crisis (1875–1878).[1]The uprising was precipitated by the harsh treatment under the beys and aghas of the Ottoman province (vilayet) of Bosnia—the reforms announced by the Ottoman Sultan Abdülmecid I, involving new rights for Christian subjects, a new basis for army conscription and an end to the much-hated system of tax-farming were either resisted or ignored by the powerful Bosnian landowners. They frequently resorted to more repressive measures against their Christian subjects. The tax burden on Christian peasants constantly increased.The rebels were aided with weapons and volunteers from the principalities of Montenegro and Serbia, whose governments eventually jointly declared war on the Ottomans on 18 June 1876, leading to the Serbian-Ottoman War (1876–78) and Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1876–78), which in turn led to the Russo-Turkish War (1877–78) and Great Eastern Crisis. A result of the uprisings and wars was the Berlin Congress in 1878, which gave Montenegro and Serbia independence and more territory, while Austro-Hungary occupied Bosnia and Herzegovina for 30 years, although it remained de jure Ottoman territory.","title":"Herzegovina uprising (1875–1877)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Serbian Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Greek War of Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence"},{"link_name":"Principality of Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Serbia"},{"link_name":"Hellenic Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Hellenic_Republic"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStojanovi%C4%8719682-2"},{"link_name":"pashas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasha"},{"link_name":"Pazvantoğlu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osman_Pazvanto%C4%9Flu"},{"link_name":"Ali Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Pasha_of_Ioannina"},{"link_name":"Gradaščević","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Husein_Grada%C5%A1%C4%8Devi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"rebellion in 1831–32","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnian_Uprising_(1831%E2%80%9332)"},{"link_name":"Muhammad Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStojanovi%C4%8719682-2"},{"link_name":"Mahmud II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmud_II"},{"link_name":"Janissaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janissaries"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStojanovi%C4%8719682-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStojanovi%C4%8719682-2"},{"link_name":"tax-paying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxation_in_the_Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"rayah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rayah"},{"link_name":"Bosnia Vilayet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_Vilayet"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReid2000309-3"},{"link_name":"beys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bey"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReid2000309-3"},{"link_name":"mütesellim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCtesellim"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReid2000309-3"},{"link_name":"Pan-Slavism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-Slavism"},{"link_name":"Pan-Serbism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-Serbism"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReid2000309-3"},{"link_name":"Herzegovina Uprising (1852–62)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herzegovina_Uprising_(1852%E2%80%9362)"},{"link_name":"Pecija's First Revolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pecija%27s_First_Revolt"}],"text":"In the early 19th century, most of the Balkans was under Ottoman rule. Christian communities of Serbs and Greeks, under Ottoman control for four centuries, rose up and succeeded in obtaining autonomy by means of the Serbian Revolution of 1804–17 and Greek War of Independence of 1821–29, establishing the Principality of Serbia and the Hellenic Republic.[2] The weakened Ottoman central powers was evident in separatist provincial lords (pashas) as seen in Pazvantoğlu, Ali Pasha, Gradaščević (who led a Bosnian bey rebellion in 1831–32) and Muhammad Ali.[2] Ottoman Sultan Mahmud II succeeded in abolishing the problematic Janissaries in 1826, in his reform work.[2] Beginning in the 1830s, the Ottoman Empire seemed to many European observers to be on the verge on collapsing.[2]The tax-paying lower class (rayah, made up of Christian and Muslim peasants) in the Bosnia Vilayet of the Ottoman Empire experienced harsh economic conditions in the previous century.[3] Bosnian Muslim beys sometimes took as much as half of each peasant's crop annually, besides various taxes on farm products and animals for which Christian peasants were responsible.[3] Furthermore, tax farmers (mütesellim) levied additional taxes on the remaining yield.[3] The failure of the 1874 crop and plight of peasants and external influence in Pan-Slavism and Pan-Serbism and also Austrian aspirations on further South Slavic lands were leading causes of the ensuing rebellion.[3]Other notable preceding Serb peasant rebellions in the region were the Herzegovina Uprising (1852–62) and Pecija's First Revolt (1858).","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BMM-WeaponsFromBosniaHerzegovinaUprising1875.JPG"}],"text":"Weapons from the Uprising.","title":"Preparations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jovan Gutić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jovan_Guti%C4%87&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Simun Zečević","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Simun_Ze%C4%8Devi%C4%87&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ilija Stevanović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ilija_Stevanovi%C4%87&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Trivko Grubačić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trivko_Gruba%C4%8Di%C4%87&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Prodan Rupar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prodan_Rupar"},{"link_name":"Petar Radović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Petar_Radovi%C4%87&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Montenegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Montenegro"},{"link_name":"Nikola I Petrović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_I_Petrovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Bileća","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bile%C4%87a"},{"link_name":"Todor Mujičić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Todor_Muji%C4%8Di%C4%87&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gligor Milićević","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gligor_Mili%C4%87evi%C4%87&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Vasilj Svorcan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vasilj_Svorcan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sava Jakšić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sava_Jak%C5%A1i%C4%87&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lazar Sočica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazar_So%C4%8Dica"},{"link_name":"Piva tribe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piva_tribe"},{"link_name":"Old Herzegovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Herzegovina"}],"sub_title":"In Herzegovina","text":"The Serbian leaders of the people of Herzegovina: Jovan Gutić, Simun Zečević, Ilija Stevanović, Trivko Grubačić, Prodan Rupar and Petar Radović, at the end of August and beginning of September 1874, met and decided to start preparing a rebellion. They began collecting weapons and ammunition and establishing safe-places. With the assistance of Montenegro in the uprising, it was to begin in springtime 1875. The group entered in talks with Montenegrin ruler Nikola I Petrović, but he was unwilling to break and risk the unreadiness of Russia in its war with the Ottomans. The preparations continued; and in Bileća and Trebinje region, serdar Todor Mujičić, Gligor Milićević, Vasilj Svorcan and Sava Jakšić lead the revolt in these regions. Lazar Sočica led the Piva tribe in Old Herzegovina.The Ottomans heard of the talks between Nikola I and tried to capture the ringleaders, who fled into Montenegro in the winter of 1874. In 1875, Austria was drawn in, who with its interests in Bosnia and Herzegovina, asked the Ottomans to give the ringleaders amnesty. The Ottomans agreed to enter discussions with Austria.","title":"Preparations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vaso Vidović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vaso_Vidovi%C4%87&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Simo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Simo_Bilbija&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jovo Bilbija","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jovo_Bilbija&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Spasoje Babić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spasoje_Babi%C4%87&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Vaso Pelagić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaso_Pelagi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Kozara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kozara"},{"link_name":"Prosara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prosara&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Motajica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motajica"},{"link_name":"Sava river","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sava"},{"link_name":"Banja Luka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banja_Luka"},{"link_name":"Dvorište","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dvori%C5%A1te_(Golubac)"},{"link_name":"Čitluka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C4%8Citluka&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Petrinje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrinje"},{"link_name":"Bačvani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%C4%8Dvani"},{"link_name":"Pobrđani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pobr%C4%91ani,_Kostajnica"},{"link_name":"Tavija","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tavija"},{"link_name":"Ostoja Kormanoš","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ostoja_Kormano%C5%A1&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"In Bosnia","text":"The preparations started somewhat later than the Herzegovinian and did not manage to coordinate actions of the two regions. In the preparations are Vaso Vidović, Simo and Jovo Bilbija, Spasoje Babić and Vaso Pelagić. The plans began with firstly liberating the villages of Kozara; Prosara and Motajica, then attacking the communications and blocking the cities of the Sava river, later to take over Banja Luka. The start of the uprising was envisaged on 18 August 1875. The Ottomans imprisoned priests in Prijedor, which put further pressure on the people, therefore villagers from Dvorište, Čitluka, Petrinje, Bačvani, Pobrđani and Tavija attacked the Turks in Dvorište on 15 August. The uprising sparked wide; and the leader of the uprising was chosen to be Ostoja Kormanoš.","title":"Preparations"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Death_of_Vojvoda_Trifko.jpg"},{"link_name":"Vojvoda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vojvoda_(Serbia_and_Yugoslavia)"}],"text":"Death of Vojvoda Trifko","title":"Uprising in Herzegovina"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Gabela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabela,_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Noel Malcolm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noel_Malcolm"},{"link_name":"Metković","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metkovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Mostar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mostar"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Trebinje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trebinje"},{"link_name":"Ivan Musić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ivan_Musi%C4%87&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"the Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times"},{"link_name":"Popovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popovo_(%C5%BEupa)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%C4%86irkovi%C4%872004223-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Gabela","text":"The Catholic[4] population in the Gabela area suffered the difficult living conditions in what was then Turkey.[5]\nAccording to some historians, rebellion in the Gabela area started on 19 June 1875, while according to Noel Malcolm it started on 3 July 1875. British consul in Sarajevo, William Holmes, on 9 July 1875 reported that a \"band\" of rebels, had blocked the bridge over the Krupa river and road between Metković and Mostar.[6] In Trebinje was gathered about 2,000 Catholic and Orthodox participants and they selected Fr. Ivan Musić as leader of the uprising.[7] Dervish Pasha, governor-general of Bosnia and Herzegovina at that time, claim that both Catholics and Orthodox took part in the revolt. According to a correspondent for the Times in Herzegovina, William James Stillman, violence in Herzegovina started as a revolt of \"the Catholic population between Popovo and Gabela\" who \"anticipated an Austrian intervention\" and he also observed that Catholics at that time were \"the most enthusiastic in the revolt\".[8] Soon new conflicts erupted in northern Bosnia and a large number of people fled to Croatia and Montenegro. By the end of 1876, the number of refugees from Bosnia and Herzegovina was between 100,000 and perhaps 250,000 people.[9][10] According to Richard C. Hall, 150,000 people fled to Croatia.[11]","title":"Uprising in Herzegovina"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D1%85%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3_%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0_1875._%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5..jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hercegovci_u_zasedi,_Srbadija.jpg"},{"link_name":"Nevesinje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevesinje"},{"link_name":"hajduk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hajduk"},{"link_name":"Pera Tunguz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pera_Tunguz&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bišini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bi%C5%A1ini&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jovan Gutić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jovan_Guti%C4%87&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Krekovi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krekovi"},{"link_name":"Bileća","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bile%C4%87a"},{"link_name":"Stolac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stolac"},{"link_name":"Gacko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gacko"},{"link_name":"bey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bey"},{"link_name":"Mostar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mostar"},{"link_name":"Trebinje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trebinje"},{"link_name":"Nikšić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nik%C5%A1i%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Foča","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fo%C4%8Da"},{"link_name":"başıbozuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%C5%9F%C4%B1bozuk"},{"link_name":"Selim Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Selim_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bosnia Vilayet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_Vilayet"},{"link_name":"Klek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klek,_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"Montenegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegro"},{"link_name":"Peko Pavlović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peko_Pavlovi%C4%87&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mićo Ljubibratić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi%C4%87o_Ljubibrati%C4%87"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Petar_Karadjordjevic_1875.jpg"},{"link_name":"Prince Peter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_I_of_Serbia"},{"link_name":"Garibaldinians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Nevesinje","text":"Elders (1875).Herzegovinians in Ambush, 1875.The leaders returned in 1875 and continued their plans for revolt, the plan was for the liberation of Nevesinje region, then expansion to the rest of Herzegovina. In the meantime, Turks seek hajduk Pera Tunguz, who on 5 July, had attacked a caravan on Bišini mountain. On 9 July, the Turks clashed with the armed villagers of Jovan Gutić on the Gradac hill north of Krekovi. This conflict would be known in Serbian as Nevesinjska puška (\"Nevesinje rifle\") and marked the beginning of the uprising in all of Herzegovina. Firstly Nevesinje, Bileća and Stolac were involved, then in August, Gacko and the frontier towards Montenegro. Bands (known as četa) of 50–300 people and detachments of 500–2,000 people gathered and attacked Ottoman border posts and bey towers.The Ottomans had 4 battalions of the regular army (Nizami) with a total of 1,800 soldiers, situated in Mostar, Trebinje, Nikšić, Foča and the border posts, also a larger number of başıbozuk were present all over the province. The Ottoman troops were commanded by Selim Pasha (Selim-paša) who in turn is under Dervish Pasha (Derviš-paša), the commander of the Bosnia Vilayet. After the outbreak of the uprising, the Turks tried to gain time by starting negotiations while reinforcements arrived. The rebels wanted lower taxes, which the Turks refused, and the fighting continued. In August, 4,000 Nizami arrived from Bosnia, and later 4 more battalions by sea through Klek in Trebinje. The rebels had by July and August destroyed the majority of border posts and besieged Trebinje by 5 August. The Turks regained Trebinje by 30 August. In the end of August, fighting broke out in Bosnia, and Serbia and Montenegro promised aid, sparking an intensification of the uprising.Prince Nikola sent Petar Vukotić, while a large number of Montenegrin volunteers arrived at the command of Peko Pavlović. The Serbian government dared not to publicly assist because of international pressure but secretly sent Mićo Ljubibratić (who took part in the 1852–1862 uprising) among others. There was a conflict between the rebels because of disagreement between the representatives of the Montenegrin and Serbian governments, causing failures in the ongoing uprising.Prince Peter used the surname Mrkonjić during the uprising.Many Europeans took part in the uprising with the idea of bringing down Muslim rule over Christians (mainly Italians, former Garibaldinians).[12]","title":"Uprising in Herzegovina"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Golub_Babi%C4%87.png"},{"link_name":"Golub Babić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golub_Babi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackenzieIrby201042-13"},{"link_name":"Risovac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Risovac&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Grmeč","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grme%C4%8D"},{"link_name":"Golub Babić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golub_Babi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Pastirevo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pastirevo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kozara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kozara"},{"link_name":"hegumen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hegumen"},{"link_name":"Novi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novi_Grad,_Bosanska_Krajina"},{"link_name":"Ćorkovac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%86orkovac"},{"link_name":"Drina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drina"},{"link_name":"\"Turk\" (Muslim)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turks_(term_for_Muslims)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackenzieIrby201043-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackenzieIrby201047-15"},{"link_name":"Kulen Vakuf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulen_Vakuf"},{"link_name":"Ključ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klju%C4%8D,_Una-Sana_Canton"},{"link_name":"Glamoč","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glamo%C4%8D"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackenzieIrby201050-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilojkovi%C4%87-Djuri%C4%871994-17"}],"text":"Golub Babić.According to Herr Fritz, the Serb rebels were \"extremely numerous and in some cases well armed\" and were divided among following troops and bands:[13]Risovac and Grmeč, in West Bosnia, under the leadership of well-known Golub Babić, Marinković, Simo Davidović, Pop-Karan and Trifko Amelić. The Serbian colonel Mileta Despotović held supreme leadership and had formed 8 battalions out of the scattered bands.\nVučjak, in East Bosnia.\nPastirevo and Kozara, in North Bosnia, bands led by Marko Djenadija, Ostoja, Spasojević, Marko Bajalica, hegumen Hadzić and Pop-Stevo. The new camp of Brezovac, not far from Novi, was held by Ostoja Vojnović. The former camp of Karađorđevići in Ćorkovac was held by Ilija Sević.The aim of the Bosnian rebel bands was to prevent any greater concentration of Ottoman troops on the Drina, which was the western frontier of Serbia. As a systemically organised insurrection in Bosnia was impossible, the rebels pursued and drove back the \"Turk\" (Muslim) population into their towns. The bands protected and helped the exiles into hiding in the woods and leading unarmed men, women and children, to reach the frontier of Austria or Serbia through safe conduct.[14]According to Mackenzie and Irby who travelled the region in 1877, the state of the common Christian people was serious, and the number of fugitives exceeded 200,000 all round the frontier by January 1877.[15]The rebels in South Bosnia had cleared the region of Muslims, presently under the command of Despotović, between the Austrian frontier and the Ottoman fortresses of Kulen Vakuf, Ključ and Glamoč.[16]In August 1877, all Bosnian Muslims men from 15 to 70 were ordered to fight, although there was already 54 battalions, each with 400–700 men.[17]","title":"Uprising in Bosnia"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hercegova%C4%8Dki_begunci,_Uro%C5%A1_Predi%C4%87.jpg"},{"link_name":"Uroš Predić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uro%C5%A1_Predi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Great Eastern Crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Eastern_Crisis"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStojanovi%C4%87196811-18"},{"link_name":"Balkans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkans"},{"link_name":"April Uprising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_Uprising"},{"link_name":"Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1877%E2%80%931878)"},{"link_name":"Treaty of San Stefano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_San_Stefano"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Berlin_(1878)"},{"link_name":"Congress of Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_of_Berlin"},{"link_name":"Austria-Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria-Hungary"},{"link_name":"Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Bosnian Serb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnian_Serb"},{"link_name":"Gavrilo Princip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavrilo_Princip"}],"text":"\"Refugees from Herzegovina\", 1889 painting by Uroš Predić.The uprising was the starting point of the Great Eastern Crisis, the reopening of the \"Eastern Question\".[18] The unrest rapidly spread among the Christian populations of the other Ottoman provinces in the Balkans (notably the April Uprising in Bulgaria) setting off what would become known as the Great Eastern Crisis. The Ottoman atrocities in suppressing unrest in the Balkan provinces eventually led to the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78, which ended in Turkish defeat, and the signing of the Treaty of San Stefano in March 1878, followed in July of the same year by the Treaty of Berlin, severely reducing Ottoman territories and power in Europe. The Congress of Berlin decided that Bosnia and Herzegovina, while remaining nominally under Turkish sovereignty, would be governed by Austria-Hungary. Austria-Hungary annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1908. The occupation and annexation enraged Serbs and was a catalyst for the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria by the Bosnian Serb nationalist Gavrilo Princip.","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nevesinje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevesinje"},{"link_name":"Republika Srpska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republika_Srpska"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Žika Mitrović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDika_Mitrovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Thundering Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thundering_Mountains"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Milorad Ekmečić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milorad_Ekme%C4%8Di%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Vaso Čubrilović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaso_%C4%8Cubrilovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"The Nevesinje municipality has a coat of arms with two rifles, symbolising the revolt. The government of Republika Srpska together with the Nevesinje municipality annually organises the anniversary of the revolt.[19]In 1963, a Yugoslav film by Žika Mitrović about the Nevesinje rebellion was released, titled in Serbian as Невесињска пушка and in English as Thundering Mountains.[20]Jovan Bratić (born 1974), a comic artist from Nevesinje, made a cartoon series on the Herzegovina Uprising, titled Nevesinjska puška, the first part released in 2008,[21] and the second part Nevesinjska puška 2: Bitka na Vučjem dolu.[22]According to historian Edin Radušić \"Milorad Ekmečić gave the main word in interpretations of a wide range of issues related to the uprising in domestic historiography, in the 1960s he from Vaso Čubrilović took over the primacy as the main interpreter of the uprising, and since then he had the greatest influence on other historians who have dealt with this thematic framework\". Also, \"Ekmečić became more openly politically engaged in recent works, openly linking the motives of the 19th century uprising with the insurgent movements from WWII and violence in Bosnia and Herzegovina from the end of the 20th century, with the thesis of religious war as the appearance of the long duration, which has one of its key episodes in the uprising of 1875–1878\".[23]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bataković, Dušan T.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du%C5%A1an_T._Batakovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"The Serbs of Bosnia & Herzegovina: History and Politics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=wB-5AAAAIAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2911527104","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2911527104"},{"link_name":"Bataković, Dušan T.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du%C5%A1an_T._Batakovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Histoire du peuple serbe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=a0jA_LdH6nsC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2825119587","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2825119587"},{"link_name":"Stanje raje u Bosni i Hercegovini pred ustanak 1875–1878 godine: povodom 75-godišnjice ustanka u Hercegovini i bosanskoj krajini 1875–1878","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=vvZCygAACAAJ"},{"link_name":"Ćirković, Sima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sima_%C4%86irkovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"The Serbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=2Wc-DWRzoeIC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1405142915","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1405142915"},{"link_name":"Bosanski ustanak 1875–1878","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=BE9pAAAAMAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-8635502885","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8635502885"},{"link_name":"Ustanak u Bosni 1875–1878","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=ovu1AAAAIAAJ"},{"link_name":"Opšta i diplomatska istorija ustanka u Hercegovini i Bosni iz 1875–1878. godine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=DWYbAQAAMAAJ"},{"link_name":"Balkan diplomacy, July, 1875 to July, 1876: from the revolt in Herzegovina to the Reichstadt agreement ...","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=-l88AQAAIAAJ"},{"link_name":"Насељавање Кнежевине Србије : 1861–1880","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=J7wBCwAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-8677430467","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8677430467"},{"link_name":"\"The beginning of the 1875 Serbian uprising in Herzegovina: the British perspective\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2298%2FBALC1041055K"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2298/BALC1041055K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2298%2FBALC1041055K"},{"link_name":"hdl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"21.15107/rcub_reff_968","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hdl.handle.net/21.15107%2Frcub_reff_968"},{"link_name":"Mackenzie, G. M.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgina_Muir_Mackenzie"},{"link_name":"Irby, A. P.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulina_Irby"},{"link_name":"Travels in the Slavonic Provinces of Turkey-In-Europe (Vols. I and II)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=vnDDON1vFasC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1616404055","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1616404055"},{"link_name":"Panslavism and national identity in Russia and in the Balkans, 1830–1880: images of the self and others","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=yMNmAAAAMAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0880332910","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0880332910"},{"link_name":"Crisis of the Ottoman Empire: Prelude to Collapse 1839–1878","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=Zgg6c_Ndtu4C"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3515076876","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3515076876"},{"link_name":"A Wavering Friendship: Russia and Austria, 1876–1878","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=gF3WAAAAMAAJ"},{"link_name":"The Great Powers and the Balkans, 1875–1878","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=HTA9AAAAIAAJ"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher"},{"link_name":"Ustanak u Bosni od 1875. do 1878. god: građa za noviju srpsku istoriju rata za oslobođenje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=P-LktwAACAAJ"}],"text":"Bataković, Dušan T. (1996). The Serbs of Bosnia & Herzegovina: History and Politics. Paris: Dialogue. ISBN 978-2911527104.\nBataković, Dušan T., ed. (2005). Histoire du peuple serbe [History of the Serbian People] (in French). Lausanne: L’Age d’Homme. ISBN 978-2825119587.\nBogićević, Vojislav (1950). Stanje raje u Bosni i Hercegovini pred ustanak 1875–1878 godine: povodom 75-godišnjice ustanka u Hercegovini i bosanskoj krajini 1875–1878. Državna štamparija u Sarajevu.\nĆirković, Sima (2004). The Serbs. Malden: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1405142915.\nČubrilović, Vasa; Antonić, Zdravko (1996). Bosanski ustanak 1875–1878 [Bosnian Uprising 1875–1878]. Službeni list SRJ. ISBN 978-8635502885.\nEkmečić, Milorad (1973). Ustanak u Bosni 1875–1878 [Uprising in Bosnia 1875–1878]. Sarajevo: Veselin Masleša.\nGutić, Vasilije M. (1980). Opšta i diplomatska istorija ustanka u Hercegovini i Bosni iz 1875–1878. godine. V. Gutić.\nHarris, David (1928). Balkan diplomacy, July, 1875 to July, 1876: from the revolt in Herzegovina to the Reichstadt agreement ... Leland Stanford Junior University.\nJagodić, Miloš (2004). Насељавање Кнежевине Србије : 1861–1880. Istorijski institut. ISBN 978-8677430467.\nKović, Miloš (2010). \"The beginning of the 1875 Serbian uprising in Herzegovina: the British perspective\". Balcanica (41): 55–71. doi:10.2298/BALC1041055K. hdl:21.15107/rcub_reff_968.\nMackenzie, G. M.; Irby, A. P. (2010) [1877]. Travels in the Slavonic Provinces of Turkey-In-Europe (Vols. I and II). New York: Cosimo. ISBN 978-1616404055.\nMilojković-Djurić, Jelena (1994). Panslavism and national identity in Russia and in the Balkans, 1830–1880: images of the self and others. East European Monographs. ISBN 978-0880332910.\nНикифоров, Д.И. (2015). Петр Карагеоргиевич в Боснийском восстании 1875–1878 годов.. Новая и новейшая история (in Russian). 2: 183–191.\nRadoičić, Mirko S. (1966). Hercegovina i Crna Gora 1875–1878 (in Serbo-Croatian). Savez udruženja boraca NOR-a, Opštinski odbor.\nReid, James J. (2000). Crisis of the Ottoman Empire: Prelude to Collapse 1839–1878. Franz Steiner Verlag. ISBN 978-3515076876.\nRupp, George Hoover (1941). A Wavering Friendship: Russia and Austria, 1876–1878. Harvard University Press.\nStojanović, Mihailo D. (1968) [1939]. The Great Powers and the Balkans, 1875–1878. Cambridge University Press.\nŠipovac, T. (1979). Nevesinjska puška. Beograd.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)\nUstanak u Bosni od 1875. do 1878. god: građa za noviju srpsku istoriju rata za oslobođenje. Pajević. 1884.\nVojna Enciklopedija. Vol. 1. Beograd. pp. 756–759.","title":"Sources"}]	[{"image_text":"Weapons from the Uprising.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/BMM-WeaponsFromBosniaHerzegovinaUprising1875.JPG/220px-BMM-WeaponsFromBosniaHerzegovinaUprising1875.JPG"},{"image_text":"Death of Vojvoda Trifko","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Death_of_Vojvoda_Trifko.jpg/220px-Death_of_Vojvoda_Trifko.jpg"},{"image_text":"Elders (1875).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D1%85%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3_%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0_1875._%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5..jpg/220px-%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D1%85%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3_%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0_1875._%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5..jpg"},{"image_text":"Herzegovinians in Ambush, 1875.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Hercegovci_u_zasedi%2C_Srbadija.jpg/220px-Hercegovci_u_zasedi%2C_Srbadija.jpg"},{"image_text":"Prince Peter used the surname Mrkonjić during the uprising.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Petar_Karadjordjevic_1875.jpg/100px-Petar_Karadjordjevic_1875.jpg"},{"image_text":"Golub Babić.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Golub_Babi%C4%87.png/100px-Golub_Babi%C4%87.png"},{"image_text":"\"Refugees from Herzegovina\", 1889 painting by Uroš Predić.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Hercegova%C4%8Dki_begunci%2C_Uro%C5%A1_Predi%C4%87.jpg/220px-Hercegova%C4%8Dki_begunci%2C_Uro%C5%A1_Predi%C4%87.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Austro-Hungarian campaign in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1878","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_campaign_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_in_1878"}]	[{"reference":"Grémaux, René (2017). \"Alone of All Her Sex? The Dutch Jeanne Merkus and the Hitherto Hidden Other Viragos in the Balkans during the Great Eastern Crisis (1875–1878)\". Balcanica (XLVIII): 67–106. doi:10.2298/BALC1748067G.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2298%2FBALC1748067G","url_text":"\"Alone of All Her Sex? The Dutch Jeanne Merkus and the Hitherto Hidden Other Viragos in the Balkans during the Great Eastern Crisis (1875–1878)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2298%2FBALC1748067G","url_text":"10.2298/BALC1748067G"}]},{"reference":"\"Obilježeno 137 godina od ustanka \"Nevesinjska puška\"\". Alternativna TV (in Serbian). 8 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.atvbl.com/obiljezeno-137-godina-od-ustanka-nevesinjska-puska/","url_text":"\"Obilježeno 137 godina od ustanka \"Nevesinjska puška\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Thundering Mountains (1963)\". IMDb.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0172872/","url_text":"\"Thundering Mountains (1963)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMDb","url_text":"IMDb"}]},{"reference":"\"U prodaji je drugo objedinjeno izdanje stripa 'Nevesinjska puška'\" (in Bosnian). Moja Hercegovina. 17 April 2013. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140222003811/http://mojahercegovina.com/u-prodaji-je-drugo-objedinjeno-izdanje-stripa-nevesinjska-puska/","url_text":"\"U prodaji je drugo objedinjeno izdanje stripa 'Nevesinjska puška'\""},{"url":"http://mojahercegovina.com/u-prodaji-je-drugo-objedinjeno-izdanje-stripa-nevesinjska-puska/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Intervju sa Jovanom Bratićem strip autorom iz Nevesinja\". 30 October 2012. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140222003808/http://mojahercegovina.com/intervju-sa-jovanom-braticem-strip-autorom-iz-nevesinja/","url_text":"\"Intervju sa Jovanom Bratićem strip autorom iz Nevesinja\""},{"url":"http://mojahercegovina.com/intervju-sa-jovanom-braticem-strip-autorom-iz-nevesinja/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bataković, Dušan T. (1996). The Serbs of Bosnia & Herzegovina: History and Politics. Paris: Dialogue. ISBN 978-2911527104.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du%C5%A1an_T._Batakovi%C4%87","url_text":"Bataković, Dušan T."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wB-5AAAAIAAJ","url_text":"The Serbs of Bosnia & Herzegovina: History and Politics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2911527104","url_text":"978-2911527104"}]},{"reference":"Bataković, Dušan T., ed. (2005). Histoire du peuple serbe [History of the Serbian People] (in French). Lausanne: L’Age d’Homme. ISBN 978-2825119587.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du%C5%A1an_T._Batakovi%C4%87","url_text":"Bataković, Dušan T."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=a0jA_LdH6nsC","url_text":"Histoire du peuple serbe"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2825119587","url_text":"978-2825119587"}]},{"reference":"Bogićević, Vojislav (1950). Stanje raje u Bosni i Hercegovini pred ustanak 1875–1878 godine: povodom 75-godišnjice ustanka u Hercegovini i bosanskoj krajini 1875–1878. Državna štamparija u Sarajevu.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vvZCygAACAAJ","url_text":"Stanje raje u Bosni i Hercegovini pred ustanak 1875–1878 godine: povodom 75-godišnjice ustanka u Hercegovini i bosanskoj krajini 1875–1878"}]},{"reference":"Ćirković, Sima (2004). The Serbs. Malden: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1405142915.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sima_%C4%86irkovi%C4%87","url_text":"Ćirković, Sima"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2Wc-DWRzoeIC","url_text":"The Serbs"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1405142915","url_text":"978-1405142915"}]},{"reference":"Čubrilović, Vasa; Antonić, Zdravko (1996). Bosanski ustanak 1875–1878 [Bosnian Uprising 1875–1878]. Službeni list SRJ. ISBN 978-8635502885.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=BE9pAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Bosanski ustanak 1875–1878"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8635502885","url_text":"978-8635502885"}]},{"reference":"Ekmečić, Milorad (1973). Ustanak u Bosni 1875–1878 [Uprising in Bosnia 1875–1878]. Sarajevo: Veselin Masleša.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ovu1AAAAIAAJ","url_text":"Ustanak u Bosni 1875–1878"}]},{"reference":"Gutić, Vasilije M. (1980). Opšta i diplomatska istorija ustanka u Hercegovini i Bosni iz 1875–1878. godine. V. Gutić.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=DWYbAQAAMAAJ","url_text":"Opšta i diplomatska istorija ustanka u Hercegovini i Bosni iz 1875–1878. godine"}]},{"reference":"Harris, David (1928). Balkan diplomacy, July, 1875 to July, 1876: from the revolt in Herzegovina to the Reichstadt agreement ... Leland Stanford Junior University.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-l88AQAAIAAJ","url_text":"Balkan diplomacy, July, 1875 to July, 1876: from the revolt in Herzegovina to the Reichstadt agreement ..."}]},{"reference":"Jagodić, Miloš (2004). Насељавање Кнежевине Србије : 1861–1880. Istorijski institut. 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Balcanica (41): 55–71. doi:10.2298/BALC1041055K. hdl:21.15107/rcub_reff_968.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2298%2FBALC1041055K","url_text":"\"The beginning of the 1875 Serbian uprising in Herzegovina: the British perspective\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2298%2FBALC1041055K","url_text":"10.2298/BALC1041055K"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107%2Frcub_reff_968","url_text":"21.15107/rcub_reff_968"}]},{"reference":"Mackenzie, G. M.; Irby, A. P. (2010) [1877]. Travels in the Slavonic Provinces of Turkey-In-Europe (Vols. I and II). New York: Cosimo. ISBN 978-1616404055.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgina_Muir_Mackenzie","url_text":"Mackenzie, G. M."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulina_Irby","url_text":"Irby, A. 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Новая и новейшая история (in Russian). 2: 183–191.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Radoičić, Mirko S. (1966). Hercegovina i Crna Gora 1875–1878 (in Serbo-Croatian). Savez udruženja boraca NOR-a, Opštinski odbor.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Reid, James J. (2000). Crisis of the Ottoman Empire: Prelude to Collapse 1839–1878. Franz Steiner Verlag. ISBN 978-3515076876.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Zgg6c_Ndtu4C","url_text":"Crisis of the Ottoman Empire: Prelude to Collapse 1839–1878"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3515076876","url_text":"978-3515076876"}]},{"reference":"Rupp, George Hoover (1941). A Wavering Friendship: Russia and Austria, 1876–1878. Harvard University Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=gF3WAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"A Wavering Friendship: Russia and Austria, 1876–1878"}]},{"reference":"Stojanović, Mihailo D. (1968) [1939]. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Lachens	Catherine Lachens	["1 Filmography","1.1 Film","2 References","3 External links"]	French actress (1945–2023) You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in French. (September 2023) Click for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the French article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing French Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated\|fr\|Catherine Lachens}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. Catherine Lachens (2 September 1945 – 27 September 2023) was a French actress. She died on 27 September 2023, at the age of 78. Filmography Film 1972: What a Flash! de Jean-Michel Barjol : une participante 1973: L'Histoire très bonne et très joyeuse de Colinot trousse-chemise de Nina Companeez : la paysanne 1974: Ariane de Pierre-Jean de San Bartolomé (inédit) : Erato 1975: Flic Story de Jacques Deray : Jenny 1975: L'Incorrigible de Philippe de Broca : la fille au bureau des éducateurs 1975: La Bulle de Raphaël Rebibo : Lola Lamaret 1976: Attention les yeux ! de Gérard Pirès : Laurence, dite Lolo, la scripte 1976: Monsieur Albert de Jacques Renard : Roseline 1976: Silence... on tourne ! de Roger Coggio : Paulette Fromenteau 1977 : Le Gang de Jacques Deray : Janine 1977: Violette et François de Jacques Rouffio : Carla Isalvi 1977: Dis bonjour à la dame de Michel Gérard : Madame Jeannot, la voisine 1977: Monsieur Papa de Philippe Monnier : Mademoiselle Carpentier 1977: Mort d'un pourri de Georges Lautner : (non créditée) 1978 : La Jument vapeur de Joyce Buñuel : l'amie business-woman 1978: Le Dernier Amant romantique de Just Jaeckin : une amie de Robert 1978: L'Honorable Société d'Anielle Weinberger : Claudia 1978: Ils sont fous ces sorciers de Georges Lautner : Thérèse Picard 1978: Je suis timide mais je me soigne de Pierre Richard : la routière 1979: Flic ou voyou de Georges Lautner : Simone Langlois 1979: Je te tiens, tu me tiens par la barbichette de Jean Yanne : l'assistante-réalisateur 1979: Bête mais discipliné de Claude Zidi : Ingrid Cochy 1979: Le Divorcement de Pierre Barouh : Maître Larose, conseillère matrimoniale 1979: Le Toubib de Pierre Granier-Deferre : Zoa 1979: La Gueule de l'autre de Pierre Tchernia : Florence 1980: Girls de Just Jaeckin 1980: La Banquière de Francis Girod : Madame Radignac (coupée au montage) 1980: Deux Lions au soleil de Claude Faraldo : Babette 1982: T'es folle ou quoi ? de Michel Gérard : Louise, la journaliste météo 1982: On s'en fout, nous on s'aime de Michel Gérard : la mère de Grégory 1983: Une nouvelle chaîne d'Éric Bitoun (court métrage) 1983: Le Prix du danger d'Yves Boisset : Madeleine 1983: Ça va pas être triste de Pierre Sisser : commissaire Lanvin 1983: Flics de choc de Jean-Pierre Desagnat : Barbara, la barmaid du Cormoran 1984: La Bonne dose d'Éric Bitoun (court métrage) 1984: Un amour de Swann de Volker Schlöndorff : la tante 1984: Aldo et Junior de Patrick Schulmann : la dermatologue 1984: Le Sang des autres de Claude Chabrol : Madame Grant 1986: Rosa la rose, fille publique de Paul Vecchiali : « Quarante » 1987: La Vie dissolue de Gérard Floque de Georges Lautner : la psychologue d'entreprise 1987: Les Deux Crocodiles de Joël Séria : Greta, la femme du vétérinaire 1988: In extremis d'Olivier Lorsac 1989: Rouge Venise d'Étienne Périer : la Giro 1990: Le Sixième Doigt d'Henri Duparc : Carole 1991: Le Cri du cochon, d'Alain Guesnier : 1992: La Belle Histoire de Claude Lelouch : la chasseuse de tête 1994: Les Frères Gravet de René Féret 1995: Gazon maudit de Josiane Balasko : Fabienne, la patronne du Sopha 1996: Les Bidochon de Serge Korber : la directrice de l'agence matrimoniale 1996: Éxtasis de Mariano Barroso 1997: Le Nègre de François Lévy-Kuentz (court métrage) 2000: Il est difficile de tuer quelqu'un, même un lundi d'Éric Valette (court métrage) : la vieille 2000: Les Morsures de l'aube d'Antoine de Caunes : rôle coupé au montage 2001: Dernière séance de Vincent Garenq (court métrage) : Marick 2001: Confession d'un dragueur d'Alain Soral : la femme au chapeau 2003: Confessions de minuit de Pablo Guirado Garcia (court métrage) : 2004: Un beau jour, un coiffeur de Gilles Bindi (court métrage) : la cliente du salon 2004: À vot' bon cœur de Paul Vecchiali : Madame Bisance 2007: Absence de Kevin Lecomte (court métrage) : la mère 2009: Les Liqueurs d'Alice de Katia Scarton-Kim (court métrage) : 2012: Bonjour madame, bonjour monsieur de Mohamed Fekrane (court métrage) : la voisine 2013: Les Beaux Jours de Marion Vernoux : Sylviane 2015: Pension complète de Florent Emilio Siri : maman de François References ^ "Décès à 78 ans de la comédienne Catherine Lachens". LEFIGARO (in French). 27 September 2023. Retrieved 27 September 2023. External links Catherine Lachens at IMDb	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Catherine Lachens (2 September 1945 – 27 September 2023) was a French actress. 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voyou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flic_ou_voyou"},{"link_name":"Georges Lautner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Lautner"},{"link_name":"Je te tiens, tu me tiens par la barbichette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Je_te_tiens,_tu_me_tiens_par_la_barbichette_(film)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jean Yanne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Yanne"},{"link_name":"Bête mais discipliné","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=B%C3%AAte_mais_disciplin%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Claude Zidi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Zidi"},{"link_name":"Le Divorcement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Le_Divorcement&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pierre Barouh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Barouh"},{"link_name":"Le Toubib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Toubib"},{"link_name":"Pierre Granier-Deferre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Granier-Deferre"},{"link_name":"La Gueule de l'autre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Gueule_de_l%27autre"},{"link_name":"Pierre Tchernia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Tchernia"},{"link_name":"1980","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_in_film"},{"link_name":"Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girls_(1980_film)"},{"link_name":"Just Jaeckin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_Jaeckin"},{"link_name":"La Banquière","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Banqui%C3%A8re"},{"link_name":"Francis Girod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Girod"},{"link_name":"Deux Lions au soleil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deux_Lions_au_soleil&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Claude Faraldo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Faraldo"},{"link_name":"1982","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982_in_film"},{"link_name":"T'es folle ou quoi ?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=T%27es_folle_ou_quoi_%3F&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Michel Gérard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michel_G%C3%A9rard&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"On s'en fout, nous on s'aime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=On_s%27en_fout,_nous_on_s%27aime&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Michel Gérard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michel_G%C3%A9rard&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1983","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983_in_film"},{"link_name":"Une nouvelle chaîne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Une_nouvelle_cha%C3%AEne&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Éric Bitoun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%89ric_Bitoun&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Le Prix du danger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Le_Prix_du_danger_(film)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Yves Boisset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yves_Boisset"},{"link_name":"Ça va pas être triste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%87a_va_pas_%C3%AAtre_triste&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pierre Sisser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Sisser&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Flics de choc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flics_de_choc_(film)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jean-Pierre Desagnat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean-Pierre_Desagnat&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1984","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_in_film"},{"link_name":"La Bonne dose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La_Bonne_Dose&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Éric Bitoun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%89ric_Bitoun&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Un amour de Swann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Un_amour_de_Swann_(film)"},{"link_name":"Volker Schlöndorff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volker_Schl%C3%B6ndorff"},{"link_name":"Aldo et Junior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aldo_et_Junior&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Patrick Schulmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patrick_Schulmann&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Le Sang des autres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Le_Sang_des_autres_(film)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Claude Chabrol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Chabrol"},{"link_name":"1986","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986_in_film"},{"link_name":"Rosa la rose, fille publique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosa_la_rose,_fille_publique"},{"link_name":"Paul Vecchiali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Vecchiali"},{"link_name":"1987","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987_in_film"},{"link_name":"La Vie dissolue de Gérard Floque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La_Vie_dissolue_de_G%C3%A9rard_Floque&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Georges Lautner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Lautner"},{"link_name":"Les Deux Crocodiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Les_Deux_Crocodiles&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Joël Séria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jo%C3%ABl_S%C3%A9ria&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1988","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_in_film"},{"link_name":"In extremis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=In_extremis_(1988_film)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Olivier Lorsac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olivier_Lorsac&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1989","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_in_film"},{"link_name":"Rouge Venise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rouge_Venise"},{"link_name":"Étienne Périer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tienne_P%C3%A9rier_(director)"},{"link_name":"1990","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_in_film"},{"link_name":"Le Sixième Doigt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Le_Sixi%C3%A8me_Doigt&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Henri Duparc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Duparc_(director)"},{"link_name":"1991","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_in_film"},{"link_name":"Le Cri du cochon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Le_Cri_du_cochon&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Alain Guesnier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alain_Guesnier&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1992","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_in_film"},{"link_name":"La Belle Histoire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Belle_Histoire"},{"link_name":"Claude Lelouch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Lelouch"},{"link_name":"1994","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_in_film"},{"link_name":"Les Frères Gravet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Les_Fr%C3%A8res_Gravet&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"René Féret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_F%C3%A9ret"},{"link_name":"1995","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_in_film"},{"link_name":"Gazon maudit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazon_maudit"},{"link_name":"Josiane Balasko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josiane_Balasko"},{"link_name":"1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_in_film"},{"link_name":"Les Bidochon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Les_Bidochon_(film)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Serge Korber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serge_Korber"},{"link_name":"Éxtasis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89xtasis_(film)"},{"link_name":"Mariano Barroso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariano_Barroso"},{"link_name":"1997","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_in_film"},{"link_name":"Le Nègre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Le_N%C3%A8gre&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"François Lévy-Kuentz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_L%C3%A9vy-Kuentz&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_in_film"},{"link_name":"Il est difficile de tuer quelqu'un, même un lundi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Il_est_difficile_de_tuer_quelqu%27un,_m%C3%AAme_un_lundi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Éric Valette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%89ric_Valette&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Les Morsures de l'aube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Les_Morsures_de_l%27aube&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Antoine de Caunes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_de_Caunes"},{"link_name":"2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_in_film"},{"link_name":"Dernière séance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Derni%C3%A8re_S%C3%A9ance_(film)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Vincent Garenq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vincent_Garenq&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Confession d'un dragueur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Confession_d%27un_dragueur&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Alain Soral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alain_Soral"},{"link_name":"2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_in_film"},{"link_name":"Confessions de minuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Confessions_de_minuit&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pablo Guirado Garcia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pablo_Guirado_Garcia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_in_film"},{"link_name":"Un beau jour, un coiffeur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Un_beau_jour,_un_coiffeur&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gilles Bindi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gilles_Bindi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"À vot' bon cœur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%80_vot%27_bon_c%C5%93ur&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Paul Vecchiali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Vecchiali"},{"link_name":"2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_in_film"},{"link_name":"Absence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absence_(film)"},{"link_name":"Kevin Lecomte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kevin_Lecomte&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_in_film"},{"link_name":"Les Liqueurs d'Alice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Les_Liqueurs_d%27Alice&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Katia Scarton-Kim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Katia_Scarton-Kim&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_in_film"},{"link_name":"Bonjour madame, bonjour monsieur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bonjour_madame,_bonjour_monsieur&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mohamed Fekrane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mohamed_Fekrane&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_in_film"},{"link_name":"Les Beaux Jours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bright_Days_Ahead"},{"link_name":"Marion Vernoux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marion_Vernoux"},{"link_name":"2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_in_film"},{"link_name":"Pension complète","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pension_compl%C3%A8te"},{"link_name":"Florent Emilio Siri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florent_Emilio_Siri"}],"sub_title":"Film","text":"1972: What a Flash! de Jean-Michel Barjol : une participante\n1973: L'Histoire très bonne et très joyeuse de Colinot trousse-chemise de Nina Companeez : la paysanne\n1974: Ariane de Pierre-Jean de San Bartolomé (inédit) : Erato\n1975: Flic Story de Jacques Deray : Jenny\n1975: L'Incorrigible de Philippe de Broca : la fille au bureau des éducateurs\n1975: La Bulle de Raphaël Rebibo : Lola Lamaret\n1976: Attention les yeux ! de Gérard Pirès : Laurence, dite Lolo, la scripte\n1976: Monsieur Albert de Jacques Renard : Roseline\n1976: Silence... on tourne ! de Roger Coggio : Paulette Fromenteau\n1977 : Le Gang de Jacques Deray : Janine\n1977: Violette et François de Jacques Rouffio : Carla Isalvi\n1977: Dis bonjour à la dame de Michel Gérard : Madame Jeannot, la voisine\n1977: Monsieur Papa de Philippe Monnier : Mademoiselle Carpentier\n1977: Mort d'un pourri de Georges Lautner : (non créditée)\n1978 : La Jument vapeur de Joyce Buñuel : l'amie business-woman\n1978: Le Dernier Amant romantique de Just Jaeckin : une amie de Robert\n1978: L'Honorable Société d'Anielle Weinberger : Claudia\n1978: Ils sont fous ces sorciers de Georges Lautner : Thérèse Picard\n1978: Je suis timide mais je me soigne de Pierre Richard : la routière\n1979: Flic ou voyou de Georges Lautner : Simone Langlois\n1979: Je te tiens, tu me tiens par la barbichette de Jean Yanne : l'assistante-réalisateur\n1979: Bête mais discipliné de Claude Zidi : Ingrid Cochy\n1979: Le Divorcement de Pierre Barouh : Maître Larose, conseillère matrimoniale\n1979: Le Toubib de Pierre Granier-Deferre : Zoa\n1979: La Gueule de l'autre de Pierre Tchernia : Florence\n1980: Girls de Just Jaeckin\n1980: La Banquière de Francis Girod : Madame Radignac (coupée au montage)\n1980: Deux Lions au soleil de Claude Faraldo : Babette\n1982: T'es folle ou quoi ? de Michel Gérard : Louise, la journaliste météo\n1982: On s'en fout, nous on s'aime de Michel Gérard : la mère de Grégory\n1983: Une nouvelle chaîne d'Éric Bitoun (court métrage)\n1983: Le Prix du danger d'Yves Boisset : Madeleine\n1983: Ça va pas être triste de Pierre Sisser : commissaire Lanvin\n1983: Flics de choc de Jean-Pierre Desagnat : Barbara, la barmaid du Cormoran\n1984: La Bonne dose d'Éric Bitoun (court métrage)\n1984: Un amour de Swann de Volker Schlöndorff : la tante\n1984: Aldo et Junior de Patrick Schulmann : la dermatologue\n1984: Le Sang des autres de Claude Chabrol : Madame Grant\n1986: Rosa la rose, fille publique de Paul Vecchiali : « Quarante »\n1987: La Vie dissolue de Gérard Floque de Georges Lautner : la psychologue d'entreprise\n1987: Les Deux Crocodiles de Joël Séria : Greta, la femme du vétérinaire\n1988: In extremis d'Olivier Lorsac\n1989: Rouge Venise d'Étienne Périer : la Giro\n1990: Le Sixième Doigt d'Henri Duparc : Carole\n1991: Le Cri du cochon, d'Alain Guesnier :\n1992: La Belle Histoire de Claude Lelouch : la chasseuse de tête\n1994: Les Frères Gravet de René Féret\n1995: Gazon maudit de Josiane Balasko : Fabienne, la patronne du Sopha\n1996: Les Bidochon de Serge Korber : la directrice de l'agence matrimoniale\n1996: Éxtasis de Mariano Barroso\n1997: Le Nègre de François Lévy-Kuentz (court métrage)\n2000: Il est difficile de tuer quelqu'un, même un lundi d'Éric Valette (court métrage) : la vieille\n2000: Les Morsures de l'aube d'Antoine de Caunes : rôle coupé au montage\n2001: Dernière séance de Vincent Garenq (court métrage) : Marick\n2001: Confession d'un dragueur d'Alain Soral : la femme au chapeau\n2003: Confessions de minuit de Pablo Guirado Garcia (court métrage) :\n2004: Un beau jour, un coiffeur de Gilles Bindi (court métrage) : la cliente du salon\n2004: À vot' bon cœur de Paul Vecchiali : Madame Bisance\n2007: Absence de Kevin Lecomte (court métrage) : la mère\n2009: Les Liqueurs d'Alice de Katia Scarton-Kim (court métrage) :\n2012: Bonjour madame, bonjour monsieur de Mohamed Fekrane (court métrage) : la voisine\n2013: Les Beaux Jours de Marion Vernoux : Sylviane\n2015: Pension complète de Florent Emilio Siri : maman de François","title":"Filmography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Décès à 78 ans de la comédienne Catherine Lachens\". LEFIGARO (in French). 27 September 2023. Retrieved 27 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lefigaro.fr/cinema/deces-a-78-ans-de-la-comedienne-catherine-lachens-20230927","url_text":"\"Décès à 78 ans de la comédienne Catherine Lachens\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/translate?&u=https%3A%2F%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCatherine_Lachens&sl=fr&tl=en&prev=_t&hl=en","external_links_name":"View"},{"Link":"https://deepl.com/","external_links_name":"DeepL"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/","external_links_name":"Google Translate"},{"Link":"https://www.lefigaro.fr/cinema/deces-a-78-ans-de-la-comedienne-catherine-lachens-20230927","external_links_name":"\"Décès à 78 ans de la comédienne Catherine Lachens\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0480027/","external_links_name":"Catherine Lachens"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bofors_scandal	Bofors scandal	["1 Chronology of events and investigation","2 Political effects","3 Middlemen in Indian arms deals","4 Allegations against CBI","5 Closure","6 See also","7 References","8 Further reading","9 External links"]	1980s–90s Indian–Swedish corruption scandal related to defence equipment sales Haubits FH77 howitzer, of the type around which the Bofors scandal centered. The Bofors scandal was a major weapons-contract political scandal that occurred between India and Sweden during the 1980s and 1990s, initiated by Indian National Congress politicians and implicating the Indian prime minister, Rajiv Gandhi, and several other members of the Indian and Swedish governments, who were accused of receiving kickbacks from Bofors AB, an arms manufacturer principally financed by the Wallenberg family's Skandinaviska Enskilda Banken, for winning a bid to supply to India their 155 mm field howitzer. The scandal relates to illegal kickbacks paid in a US $1.4 billion deal between the Swedish arms manufacturer Bofors with the government of India for the sale of 410 field howitzers, and a supply contract almost twice that amount. It was the biggest arms deal ever in Sweden, and money marked for development projects was diverted to secure this contract at any cost. The investigations revealed flouting of rules and bypassing of institutions. On 16 April 1987, a Swedish radio station broke out a story based on a whistleblower in the Swedish police, alleging that the reputed Swedish artillery manufacturer Bofors had paid kickbacks to people in several countries, including Sweden and India, to secure a ₹15 billion (equivalent to ₹200 billion or US$2.4 billion in 2023) contract. This had been done the previous year for a deal to supply 410 155 mm calibre howitzers for the Indian army. However, none of the newspapers in India were aware of this. In May 1987, a broadcast by a Swedish radio station revealed that bribes of ₹600 million (equivalent to ₹8.2 billion or US$98 million in 2023) had been paid by Bofors to Indian politicians, members of the Congress party and bureaucrats. This was picked up by a young journalist from The Hindu, Chitra Subramaniam, who happened to be in Sweden at that time, covering another story. The scale of the corruption was far worse than any that Sweden and India had seen before and directly led to the defeat of Gandhi's ruling Indian National Congress party in the November 1989 general elections. The Swedish company paid ₹640 million (US$7.7 million) in kickbacks to top Indian politicians and key defence officials. The case came to light during Vishwanath Pratap Singh's tenure as defence minister, and was revealed through investigative journalism tipped off by a Reuters news revelation on Swedish radio, followed up by a team led by N. Ram of the newspaper The Hindu. Subramaniam, reporting for The Hindu, secured the over 350 documents that detailed the payoffs. Later the articles were published in The Indian Express and The Statesman when The Hindu stopped publishing stories about the Bofors scandal under immense government pressure and Subramaniam moved to the two newspapers. In an interview with her, published in The Hoot in April 2012 on the 25th anniversary of the revelations, Sten Lindström, former chief of Swedish police, discussed why he had leaked the documents to her and the role of whistle-blowers in a democracy. Chronology of events and investigation 1977 - As a response to reports that Pakistan wants to acquire brand new American long-range 155-mm M198 howitzers (which was actually withheld due to US political concerns), India requested Bofors and six other manufacturers to suggest their towed howitzers. Early 1981 - four howitzers were shortlisted to participate in the field trials: FH-77B, FH-70, GHN-45 and GIAT-155 TR. 1985 - FH-70 and GHN-45 were eliminated from the trials. March 24, 1986 - A $285 million contract between the Government of India and Swedish arms company Bofors was signed for supply of 410 155 mm Howitzer field guns. April 16, 1987 - Swedish Radio alleged that Bofors paid kickbacks to people from a number of countries including top Swedish and Indian politicians and key defence officials to seal the deal. 1987 - As a result of the revelations, the Indian government blacklisted Bofors, preventing the company from doing business in India. The middleman associated with the scandal was Ottavio Quattrocchi, an Italian businessman who represented the petrochemicals firm Snamprogetti. Quattrocchi was reportedly close to the family of Rajiv Gandhi and emerged as a powerful broker in the 1980s between big businesses and the Indian government. May 21, 1991 - While the case was being investigated, Rajiv Gandhi was assassinated for unrelated reasons by the LTTE. 1997 - The Swiss banks released some 500 documents after years of legal battle. 1999 - The Indian government lifted its ban on Bofors. The lifting of the ban came during the Kargil War, when the Bofors guns proved to be efficient but were crippled by a shortage of spare parts. October 22, 1999 - When National Democratic Alliance government led by the Bharatiya Janata Party was in power, the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) filed the first chargesheet against Quattrocchi, Win Chadha, Rajiv Gandhi, the defence secretary S. K. Bhatnagar and a number of others. 2001 - Win Chadha and S. K. Bhatnagar died. June 10, 2002 - Delhi High Court quashed all proceedings in the case so far. However, this was reversed by Supreme Court of India on 7 July 2003. 2004 - The central government changed and Indian National Congress came to power after 2004 Lok Sabha elections. On 5 February 2004, the Delhi High Court quashed the charges of bribery against Rajiv Gandhi and others. May 31, 2005 - The Delhi High Court dismissed the allegations against the British business brothers, Srichand, Gopichand and Prakash Hinduja, but charges against others remained. December 2005 - B. Daat, the Additional Solicitor General of India, acting on behalf of the Indian Government and the CBI, requested the British Government that two British bank accounts of Quattrocchi be unfrozen on the grounds of insufficient evidence to link these accounts to the Bofors payoff. The two accounts, containing €3 million and $1 million, had been frozen. On 16 January, the Indian Supreme Court directed the Indian government to ensure that Quattrocchi did not withdraw money from the two bank accounts in London. The CBI, the Indian federal law enforcement agency, on 23 January 2006 admitted that roughly ₹210 million, about US$4.6 million, in the two accounts have already been withdrawn by the accused. The British government released the funds later. January 16, 2006 - CBI claimed in an affidavit filed before the Supreme Court that they were still pursuing extradition orders for Quattrocchi. The Interpol, at the request of the CBI, has a long-standing red corner notice to arrest Quattrocchi. 6 February 2007 - Quattrocchi was detained in Argentina on 6 February 2007, but the news of his detention was released by the CBI only on 23 February. Quattrocchi was released by Argentinian police. However, his passport was impounded and he was not allowed to leave the country. As there was no extradition treaty between India and Argentina, the case was presented in the Argentine Supreme Court. The government of India lost the extradition case as the government of India did not provide a key court order which was the basis of Quattrocchi's arrest. In the aftermath, the government did not appeal this decision because of delays in securing an official English translation of the court's decision. March 4, 2011 - A Delhi court provided temporary relief to Quattrocchi from the case, for lack of sufficient evidence against him. July 12, 2013 - Quattrochi died of heart attack in Milan. Despite the controversy, the Bofors gun was used extensively as the primary field artillery during the Kargil War with Pakistan and gave India 'an edge' against Pakistan according to battlefield commanders. In his book, Unknown Facets of Rajiv Gandhi, Jyoti Basu and Indrajit Gupta, released in November 2013, former CBI director Dr A P Mukherjee wrote that Rajiv Gandhi wanted commission paid by defence suppliers to be used exclusively for the purpose of meeting expenses of running the Congress party. Mukherjee said Gandhi explained his position in a meeting on 19 June 1989, during a meeting between the two at the Prime Minister's residence. However, as per Sten Lindstrom, the former head of Swedish police, who led the investigations, they did not find anything to suggest that payments had been received by Rajiv Gandhi. He was, however, guilty of knowing about the kickbacks and not taking action on them. Political effects The Bofors scandal was a major issue that was highlighted in subsequent elections, which led to the Congress losing power. Though it was widely believed that V. P. Singh resigned from Rajiv Gandhi's cabinet due to the Bofors scandal, Singh clarified that he had resigned due to differences in the cabinet in commissions taken by Indian agents in the HDW submarine deal (Shishumar class). Middlemen in Indian arms deals Middlemen were employed in arms deals in India, both during the British Raj as well as in independent India, and commissions were paid to them under various headings and guises. Some of these were paid as personal bribes while others were paid as contributions to political parties. This led to high levels of corruption, and payments being made to politicians, bureaucrats and defence personnel to influence decisions. The political controversies caused by the Bofors Scandal, led to the banning of middlemen in arms deals. In 2015, the Government of India under the Narendra Modi government made the use of middlemen in arms deals legal, if they called themselves "company representatives". The then defence minister Manohar Parrikar announced that in such cases, middlemen would be paid by the government for fixing arms deals under the name of "legal fees". Allegations against CBI A former cabinet minister of the Bharatiya Janata Party, Arun Jaitley, criticised the manner in which CBI has handled this case, including: Delay in lodging an FIR Delay in sending letter rogatories Not appealing against the judgement of the Delhi High Court in 2004 De-freezing of Quattrocchi's bank account in London by saying to the Crown Prosecutor that there is no case against Quattrocchi Putting up a very weak case for Quattrocchi's extradition from Argentina. Subsequently, no appeal against lower court's verdict The withdrawal of the Interpol Red Corner notice Finally, withdrawal of its case against Quattrocchi. Reacting to this, Chief Metropolitan Magistrate Vinod Yadav said that, "I agree that there are certain malafide intentions in the case and there is no doubt in that" Closure The closure of Bofors case was full of twists and turns. In 2004, Delhi High Court posthumously gave clean chit to Rajiv Gandhi and said that there was no case of corruption against him or any public servant. This judgement stunned CBI as it had pursued the case for 14 years and was a setback to NDA government headed by Atal Bihari Vajpayee as well. However, CBI said that it would contest the judgement in Supreme Court. In 2011, a Delhi court allowed CBI to close the case. Thereafter in 2012, Swedish police chief Sten Lindstrom, who led the investigations and identified himself as the whistleblower, said that Rajiv Gandhi had done nothing wrong and also cleared Bollywood actor Amitabh Bachchan and his family from any involvement in the scandal. Instead, he accused Swedish government of diverting funds marked for development projects to secure the deal by flouting the rules and bypassing the institutions. See also H. R. Bhardwaj Justice Ajit Bharihoke, the special CBI court judge in whose court the case was argued. Corruption in India 1992 Indian stock market scam NSE co-location scam Corruption Perceptions Index List of scandals in India Jan Lokpal Bill Jeep scandal case 1948 Indian made K9 Vajra Howitzer Experiences Technical Issues References ^ Whiteside, R. M.; Wilson, A.; Blackburn, S.; Hörnig, S. E. (2012). Major Companies of Europe 1990/91 Volume 3: Major Companies of Western Europe outside the European Economic Community. Springer. p. 185. ISBN 9789400908017. ^ a b c d e "What the Bofors scandal is all about". IBN Live. Archived from the original on 28 August 2012. ^ "The Bofors story, 25 years after: Interview with Sten Lindstrom". The Hoot. 24 April 2012. Archived from the original on 18 June 2012. Retrieved 4 March 2014. ^ Joseph, Josy. "Arms and the Middlemen". India Legal. Retrieved 25 October 2018. ^ Joseph, Josy (3 May 2016). "Arms and the middleman". The Hindu. Retrieved 25 October 2018. ^ "Key players in Bofors scandal". India Today. 28 April 2009. Archived from the original on 16 July 2012. Retrieved 14 March 2014. ^ "Rediff on the NeT: Vir Sanghvi looks back at the Bofors scandal". Rediff.com. 23 September 1999. ^ "The Bofors story, 25 years after". The Hoot. 16 April 1987. Archived from the original on 4 March 2014. ^ "Foreign Relations of the United States, 1977–1980, Volume XXVI, Arms Control and Nonproliferation - Office of the Historian". ^ a b c Vas, Lt Gen E. A.; Kathpalia, Lt Gen P. N.; Bakshi, G. D.; Kanwal, Gurmeet; Rockall, George; Kaushik, Brig O. P.; Saksena, Col K. P.; Tiwathia, Maj Vijay; Joshi, Dr Manoj (July 1987). Indian Defence Review July-Dec 1987 (Vol 2.2). Lancer Publishers. p. 13. ISBN 9788170620297. ^ a b "25 years of India's 'Watergate': The Bofors scandal". Yahoo! News. Archived from the original on 5 January 2016. ^ "The Bofors story, 25 years after : An Interview with Sten Lindstrom". The Hoot. 24 April 2012. Archived from the original on 18 June 2012. Retrieved 4 March 2014. ^ "Interview with Chitra Subramaniam and Madhu Trehan". Chitra : The story behind Bofors. News Laundry. June 2012. Retrieved 4 March 2014. ^ a b Past still haunts defence ministry ^ a b "Chronology of the Bofors scandal". Daily News and Analysis. 27 February 2007. ^ "Win Chadha's death, a setback to Bofors case". The Hindu. 25 October 2001. Archived from the original on 20 June 2006. Retrieved 21 May 2009.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) ^ "SC court reverses Delhi HC decision to quash all proceeding in Bofors scam". indiankanoon.org. Retrieved 26 April 2012. ^ "Rajiv Gandhi cleared over bribery". BBC News. 4 February 2004. ^ "Welcome to Frontline : Vol. 30 :: No. 05". Hinduonnet.com. Archived from the original on 17 December 2009. Retrieved 21 May 2009.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) ^ "CBI seeks time to mull on Quattrocchi's case". Zeenews.com. 30 April 2009. Retrieved 14 March 2014. ^ "The Q Deja Vu, Outlook Feb 26, 2007". Outlook. Archived from the original on 5 March 2007. ^ "Welcome to Frontline : Vol. 30 :: No. 05". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 17 April 2008.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) ^ "Bofors case: 'Petitioner interested in cheap publicity'". The Times of India. 5 March 2011. Archived from the original on 4 April 2012. ^ + val.created_at + (13 July 2013). "Bofors scam: Italian businessman Ottavio Quattrocchi dies". NDTV.com. Retrieved 14 March 2014. ^ "Bofors gun helped India win against Pak". Rediff.com. 8 July 2009. ^ "Rajiv Gandhi told me to use arms deal payoffs for party funds: Ex-CBI chief". Indian Express. 13 November 2013. Retrieved 14 March 2014. ^ "Rajiv Gandhi wanted Bofors money to run Congress: Ex-CBI chief". The Times of India. 14 November 2013. ^ Subramaniam, Chitra (24 April 2012). "The bofors story : 25 years after - an interview with Sten Lindstrom". The Hoot. Archived from the original on 4 March 2014. Retrieved 4 March 2014. ^ Gupta, Shekhar (1 July 2005). "Walk the talk - an interview with V.P.Singh". NDTV. Retrieved 25 October 2018. ^ "Arms and the Middlemen - 7 September 2016". India Legal. Retrieved 25 October 2018. ^ Joseph, Josy (15 July 2016). A Feast of Vultures: The Hidden Business of Democracy in India. Harper Collins. ISBN 978-9350297513. Archived from the original on 25 October 2018. Retrieved 25 October 2018. ^ Joseph, Josy (3 May 2016). "Arms and the middleman". The Hindu. Retrieved 25 October 2018. ^ Ahmed, M. (21 April 1997). "Bofors Ghost Casts Shadow On Indian Sales Of Arms Majors". Business Standard India. Retrieved 13 April 2022. ^ Pandit, Rajat (2005). "The murky world of defence deals \| India News - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 13 April 2022. ^ "Modi govt to legalise middlemen in arms deals?". Rediff News. 13 December 2014. Retrieved 25 October 2018. ^ Doval, Nikita (13 January 2015). "The debate over defence middlemen". Live Mint. Retrieved 25 October 2018. ^ "Farewell Gift to the Nation- In-Law". 28 April 2009. Retrieved 27 April 2012. ^ "CBI lets "Q" Off the hook". Archived from the original on 11 December 2007. Retrieved 27 April 2012. ^ "Bofors case: Court to hold fresh proceedings in Quattrocchi's case". The Times of India. 28 August 2010. Archived from the original on 2 November 2013. Retrieved 27 April 2012. ^ "Bofors: Court Pulls up CBI's 'Malafide Intentions'". Archived from the original on 3 November 2013. Retrieved 27 April 2012. ^ Bofors scandal: Delhi HC gives clean chit to Rajiv Gandhi, CBI not likely to give up, India Today, Feb 16, 2004. ^ Bofors corruption case closed, The Economic Times, March 5, 2011. ^ Bofors arms deal: 'No evidence Rajiv Gandhi took bribe', BBC, April 25, 2012. ^ a b Ahad, Abdul (25 April 2024). "Indian made K9 Vajra Howitzer Experiences Technical Issues". Global Defense Insight. Retrieved 27 April 2024. Further reading Arun Shourie (1992). These lethal, inexorable laws: Rajiv, his men and his regime. Delhi: South Asia Books. ISBN 978-0836427554 External links Indian Express article on CBI's handling of the Bofors scam under NDA and UPA Bofors resurrects, gives more ammo to BJP Death Of A Scandal – Bofors, India's Watergate Lecture by an IMF aid projects manager about government bribery vteIndian National Congress History History of the Indian National Congress Electoral history Nehru–Gandhi family The Emergency Indian National Congress (Organisation) Indian National Congress (R) Indian National Congress (I) Breakaway parties Organisation President All India Congress Committee Congress Working Committee Regional Congress CommitteePradesh Andhra Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh Assam Bihar Chhattisgarh Delhi Goa Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jammu and Kashmir Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Nagaland Odisha Puducherry Punjab Rajasthan Sikkim Tamil Nadu Telangana Tripura Uttarakhand Uttar Pradesh West Bengal Territorial Andaman and Nicobar Chandigarh Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu Dadra and Nagar Haveli Diu Daman and Diu Ladakh Lakshadweep Other Mumbai RCC Presidents Womesh Chunder Bonnerjee Dadabhai Naoroji Badruddin Tyabji George Yule William Wedderburn Pherozeshah Mehta Anandacharlu Womesh Chunder Bonnerjee Dadabhai Naoroji Webb Surendranath Banerjee Rahimtulla M. Sayani C. Sankaran Nair Anandamohan Bose Romesh Chunder Dutt N. G. Chandavarkar Dinshaw Edulji Wacha Surendranath Banerjee Lalmohan Ghosh Henry Cotton Gopal Krishna Gokhale Dadabhai Naoroji Rash Behari Ghosh Madan Mohan Malaviya William Wedderburn Bishan Narayan Dar Raghunath Narasinha Mudholkar Nawab Syed Muhammad Bahadur Bhupendra Nath Bose Satyendra Prasanna Sinha, 1st Baron Sinha Ambica Charan Mazumdar Annie Besant Madan Mohan Malaviya Syed Hasan Imam Motilal Nehru Lala Lajpat Rai C. Vijayaraghavachariar Hakim Ajmal Khan Chittaranjan Das Mohammad Ali Jauhar Abul Kalam Azad Mahatma Gandhi Sarojini Naidu S. Srinivasa Iyengar Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari Motilal Nehru Jawaharlal Nehru Vallabhbhai Patel Madan Mohan Malaviya Nellie Sengupta Rajendra Prasad Jawaharlal Nehru Subhas Chandra Bose Abul Kalam Azad J. B. Kripalani Bhogaraju Pattabhi Sitaramayya Purushottam Das Tandon Jawaharlal Nehru U. N. Dhebar Indira Gandhi Neelam Sanjiva Reddy K. Kamaraj S. Nijalingappa Jagjivan Ram Shankar Dayal Sharma D. K. Barooah Indira Gandhi Rajiv Gandhi P. V. Narasimha Rao Sitaram Kesri Sonia Gandhi Rahul Gandhi Mallikarjun Kharge Prime ministers Jawaharlal Nehru Lal Bahadur Shastri Gulzarilal Nanda Indira Gandhi Rajiv Gandhi P. V. Narasimha Rao Manmohan Singh LeadersLok Sabha Rajiv Gandhi P. V. Narasimha Rao Sharad Pawar Sonia Gandhi Pranab Mukherjee Sushilkumar Shinde Mallikarjun Kharge Rajya Sabha Manmohan Singh Motilal Vora Ahmed Patel Anand Sharma Jairam Ramesh A. K. Antony Digvijaya Singh P. Chidambaram Abhishek Singhvi V.P. Singh Rajeev Shukla Political wings Seva Dal All India Mahila Congress Indian Youth Congress National Students' Union of India Indian National Trade Union Congress Chief ministersCurrent Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu Siddaramaiah Anumula Revanth Reddy Category vteScams and confidence tricksTerminology Scam Error account Shill Shyster Sucker list Notable scams andconfidence tricks 1992 Indian stock market scam 2G spectrum case Advance-fee scam Art student scam Badger game Bait-and-switch Black money scam Blessing scam Bogus escrow Boiler room Bride scam Charity fraud Clip joint Coin-matching game Coin rolling scams Drop swindle Embarrassing cheque Exit scam Extraterrestrial real estate Fiddle game Fine print Foreclosure rescue scheme Foreign exchange fraud Fortune telling fraud Gem scam Get-rich-quick scheme Green goods scam Hustling Indian coal allocation scam IRS impersonation scam Intellectual property scams Kansas City Shuffle Locksmith scam Long firm Miracle cars scam Mismarking Mock auction Moving scam Overpayment scam Patent safe Pig in a poke Pigeon drop Pork barrel Pump and dump Redemption/A4V schemes Reloading scam Return fraud Salting Shell game Sick baby hoax SIM swap scam Slavery reparations scam Spanish Prisoner SSA impersonation scam SSC Scam Strip search phone call scam Swampland in Florida Tarmac scam Technical support scam Telemarketing fraud Thai tailor scam Thai zig zag scam Three-card monte Trojan horse Wash trading White van speaker scam Work-at-home scheme Internet scams andcountermeasures Avalanche Pig Butchering Carding Catfishing Click fraud Clickjacking Cramming Cryptocurrency scams Cybercrime CyberThrill DarkMarket Domain name scams Email authentication Email fraud Internet vigilantism Lenny anti-scam bot Lottery scam PayPai Phishing Referer spoofing Ripoff Report Rock Phish Romance scam Russian Business Network SaferNet Scam baiting 419eater.com Jim Browning Kitboga Scammer Payback ShadowCrew Spoofed URL Spoofing attack Stock Generation Voice phishing Website reputation ratings Pyramid andPonzi schemes Aman Futures Group Bernard Cornfeld Caritas Dona Branca Earl Jones Ezubao Foundation for New Era Philanthropy Franchise fraud High-yield investment program (HYIP) Investors Overseas Service Kapa investment scam Kubus scheme Madoff investment scandal Make Money Fast Matrix scheme MMM Petters Group Worldwide Pyramid schemes in Albania Reed Slatkin Saradha Group financial scandal Secret Sister Scott W. Rothstein Stanford Financial Group Welsh Thrasher faith scam Lists Con artists Confidence tricks Criminal enterprises, gangs and syndicates Impostors In the media Film and television Literature Ponzi schemes vteScandals in India 1948 Jeep scandal 1992 Indian stock market scam 2010 housing loan scam 2013 Indian helicopter bribery scandal 2013 Indian Premier League spot-fixing and betting case 2013 Kerala solar panel scam 2015 Cash for Vote scam 2016 Bihar school examination scandal 2020 Kerala gold smuggling case 2G spectrum case Aavin scam Adarsh Housing Society scam AJL-National Herald Panchkula land grab case Barak Missile scandal Belekeri port scam Bofors scandal Cash-for-votes scandal Colour TV case Concerns and controversies over the 2010 Commonwealth Games DIAL Scam DLF land grab case DMAT scam Fatwas for cash scandal Fodder scam Freedom 251 scam Garhi Sampla Uddar Gagan land case Gurgaon kidney scandal Gurugram Rajiv Gandhi Trust land grab case Granite scam Haryana Forestry case Haryana Raxil drug purchase case Hawala scandal Indian coal allocation scam INX Media case Jalgaon housing scam Kargil coffin scam Karnataka Wakf Board Land scam Madhya Pradesh Scholarship scam Maharashtra Irrigation scam Nagarwala case Narada sting operation NSE co-location scam NSEL case Palarivattom Flyover Scam Palmolein Oil Import scam Punjab National Bank scam Purulia arms drop case Railway bribery scam Saradha Group financial scandal Satyam scandal Scorpene deal scam SNC-Lavalin Kerala hydroelectric scandal Sonepat-Kharkhoda IMT land case SSC scam TA/DA scam Taj corridor case TANSI land acquisition case Uttar Pradesh food grain scam Uttar Pradesh NRHM scam Uttar Pradesh sand mining scandal Vyapam scam West Bengal blood test kit scam West Bengal SSC recruitment scam vteCorporate scandals South Sea Company (1720) Panic of 1890 (Baring crisis) (1890) Salad Oil (1963) Kinney Services, Inc. (1971) Banco Ambrosiano (1982) Carrian Group (1983) Guinness (1986) Bofors scandal (1990) Polly Peck (1990) Bank of Credit and Commerce International (1990) Robert Maxwell (1991) Indian stock market scam (1992) Banesto (1993) Metallgesellschaft (1993) Towers Financial Corporation (1993) Barings Bank (1995) Sumitomo Corporation (1996) Lysine price-fixing conspiracy (1997) Daewoo (1999-2006) Long-Term Capital Management (2000) CINAR (2000) One.Tel (2001) Enron (2001) Adelphia (2002) WorldCom (2002) Parmalat (2003-2005) Tyco (2004) Bayou Hedge Fund Group (2005) Société Générale (2008) Bear Stearns (2008) Libor (2008–2012) Anglo Irish Bank (2008–2011) Volkswagen emissions scandal (2008–2015) Satyam (2009) 2G spectrum case (2010–2019) National Herald corruption case (2010–ongoing) News Corporation scandal (2011) Olympus (2011) Indian coal allocation scam (2012) OCZ (2012–2013) Saradha Group financial scandal (2013–ongoing) Forex (2013–ongoing) Toshiba (2015) 1Malaysia Development Berhad (2015–ongoing) Wells Fargo account fraud scandal (2016–ongoing) Facebook–Cambridge Analytica data scandal (2018) Moser Baer (2019) Wirecard (2020) Nikola (2020) Facebook company files leak (2021) See also Accounting scandals vteCorruption in IndiaAnti-corruptionactivism India Against Corruption 2011 Indian anti-corruption movement 2012 Indian anti-corruption movement LegislationExisting Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988 Benami Transactions (Prohibition) Act, 1988 Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002 Right to Information Act, 2005 Whistle Blowers Protection Act, 2011 The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013 Black Money Act, 2015 Proposed Right to Recall Electoral reforms Court decisions Disqualification of convicted representatives in India None of the above (India) (NOTA) Other List of scandals in India Indian black money Corruption Perceptions Index Political dynasties in India	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Haubits_77_(%22Field_Howitzer_77%22_or_FH-77).jpg"},{"link_name":"Haubits FH77","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haubits_FH77"},{"link_name":"howitzer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howitzer"},{"link_name":"political scandal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_scandal"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"Indian National Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Congress"},{"link_name":"Rajiv Gandhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi"},{"link_name":"kickbacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kickback_(bribery)"},{"link_name":"Bofors AB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bofors"},{"link_name":"Wallenberg family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallenberg_family"},{"link_name":"Skandinaviska Enskilda Banken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skandinaviska_Enskilda_Banken"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"155 mm field howitzer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haubits_FH77"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ottavio-2"},{"link_name":"government of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_India"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"whistleblower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whistleblower"},{"link_name":"₹","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_rupee"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"The Hindu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hindu"},{"link_name":"Chitra Subramaniam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitra_Subramaniam"},{"link_name":"dubious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement"},{"link_name":"discuss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Bofors_scandal#Dubious"},{"link_name":"1989 general elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_Indian_general_election"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Vishwanath Pratap Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishwanath_Pratap_Singh"},{"link_name":"Reuters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters"},{"link_name":"N. Ram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N._Ram"},{"link_name":"The Hindu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hindu"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"The Indian Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Indian_Express"},{"link_name":"The Statesman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Statesman_(India)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ottavio-2"}],"text":"Haubits FH77 howitzer, of the type around which the Bofors scandal centered.The Bofors scandal was a major weapons-contract political scandal that occurred between India and Sweden during the 1980s and 1990s, initiated by Indian National Congress politicians and implicating the Indian prime minister, Rajiv Gandhi, and several other members of the Indian and Swedish governments, who were accused of receiving kickbacks from Bofors AB, an arms manufacturer principally financed by the Wallenberg family's Skandinaviska Enskilda Banken,[1] for winning a bid to supply to India their 155 mm field howitzer.[2] The scandal relates to illegal kickbacks paid in a US $1.4 billion deal between the Swedish arms manufacturer Bofors with the government of India for the sale of 410 field howitzers, and a supply contract almost twice that amount. It was the biggest arms deal ever in Sweden, and money marked for development projects was diverted to secure this contract at any cost. The investigations revealed flouting of rules and bypassing of institutions.[3]On 16 April 1987, a Swedish radio station broke out a story based on a whistleblower in the Swedish police, alleging that the reputed Swedish artillery manufacturer Bofors had paid kickbacks to people in several countries, including Sweden and India, to secure a ₹15 billion (equivalent to ₹200 billion or US$2.4 billion in 2023) contract. This had been done the previous year for a deal to supply 410 155 mm calibre howitzers for the Indian army.[4] However, none of the newspapers in India were aware of this. In May 1987, a broadcast by a Swedish radio station revealed that bribes of ₹600 million (equivalent to ₹8.2 billion or US$98 million in 2023) had been paid by Bofors to Indian politicians, members of the Congress party and bureaucrats. This was picked up by a young journalist from The Hindu, Chitra Subramaniam, who happened to be in Sweden at that time, covering another story. The scale of the corruption was far worse than any that Sweden and India had seen before[dubious – discuss] and directly led to the defeat of Gandhi's ruling Indian National Congress party in the November 1989 general elections.[5] The Swedish company paid ₹640 million (US$7.7 million) in kickbacks to top Indian politicians and key defence officials.[6]The case came to light during Vishwanath Pratap Singh's tenure as defence minister, and was revealed through investigative journalism tipped off by a Reuters news revelation on Swedish radio, followed up by a team led by N. Ram of the newspaper The Hindu.[7] Subramaniam, reporting for The Hindu, secured the over 350 documents that detailed the payoffs. Later the articles were published in The Indian Express and The Statesman when The Hindu stopped publishing stories about the Bofors scandal under immense government pressure and Subramaniam moved to the two newspapers. In an interview with her, published in The Hoot in April 2012 on the 25th anniversary of the revelations,[8] Sten Lindström, former chief of Swedish police, discussed why he had leaked the documents to her and the role of whistle-blowers in a democracy.[2]","title":"Bofors scandal"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"M198 howitzers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M198_howitzer"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IDN87-10"},{"link_name":"FH-77B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FH-77B"},{"link_name":"FH-70","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FH-70"},{"link_name":"GHN-45","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GHN-45"},{"link_name":"GIAT-155 TR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GIAT-155_TR"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IDN87-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IDN87-10"},{"link_name":"Government of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_India"},{"link_name":"Bofors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bofors"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bofors-11"},{"link_name":"Swedish Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sveriges_Radio"},{"link_name":"kickbacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kickback_(bribery)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bofors-11"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"blacklisted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blacklisted"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-past-14"},{"link_name":"Ottavio Quattrocchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottavio_Quattrocchi"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italians"},{"link_name":"Snamprogetti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snamprogetti"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ottavio-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ottavio-2"},{"link_name":"Rajiv Gandhi was assassinated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi_assassination"},{"link_name":"LTTE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberation_Tigers_of_Tamil_Eelam"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ottavio-2"},{"link_name":"Swiss banks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banking_in_Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Kargil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kargil_War"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-past-14"},{"link_name":"National Democratic Alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Democratic_Alliance_(India)"},{"link_name":"Bharatiya Janata Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party"},{"link_name":"Central Bureau of Investigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Bureau_of_Investigation"},{"link_name":"chargesheet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chargesheet"},{"link_name":"Rajiv Gandhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi"},{"link_name":"S. K. Bhatnagar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._K._Bhatnagar"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dnaindia.com-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Delhi High Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_High_Court"},{"link_name":"quashed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_to_quash"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SC_court_reverses_Delhi_HC_decision_to_quash_all_proceeding_in_Bofors_scam-17"},{"link_name":"Indian National Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Congress"},{"link_name":"2004 Lok Sabha elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Lok_Sabha_elections"},{"link_name":"bribery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bribery"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_people"},{"link_name":"Srichand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S_P_Hinduja"},{"link_name":"Gopichand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gopichand_Hinduja"},{"link_name":"Prakash Hinduja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prakash_Hinduja"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Additional Solicitor General of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Additional_Solicitor_General_of_India"},{"link_name":"British Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dnaindia.com-15"},{"link_name":"Interpol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpol"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"passport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passport"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"extradition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extradition"},{"link_name":"Argentine Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"heart attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_attack"},{"link_name":"Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Kargil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kargil_War"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"CBI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Bureau_of_Investigation"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"text":"1977 - As a response to reports that Pakistan wants to acquire brand new American long-range 155-mm M198 howitzers (which was actually withheld due to US political concerns[9]), India requested Bofors and six other manufacturers to suggest their towed howitzers.[10]Early 1981 - four howitzers were shortlisted to participate in the field trials: FH-77B, FH-70, GHN-45 and GIAT-155 TR.[10]1985 - FH-70 and GHN-45 were eliminated from the trials.[10]March 24, 1986 - A $285 million contract between the Government of India and Swedish arms company Bofors was signed for supply of 410 155 mm Howitzer field guns.[11]April 16, 1987 - Swedish Radio alleged that Bofors paid kickbacks to people from a number of countries including top Swedish[12] and Indian politicians and key defence officials to seal the deal.[11][13]1987 - As a result of the revelations, the Indian government blacklisted Bofors, preventing the company from doing business in India.[14] The middleman associated with the scandal was Ottavio Quattrocchi, an Italian businessman who represented the petrochemicals firm Snamprogetti.[2] Quattrocchi was reportedly close to the family of Rajiv Gandhi and emerged as a powerful broker in the 1980s between big businesses and the Indian government.[2]May 21, 1991 - While the case was being investigated, Rajiv Gandhi was assassinated for unrelated reasons by the LTTE.[2]1997 - The Swiss banks released some 500 documents after years of legal battle.1999 - The Indian government lifted its ban on Bofors. The lifting of the ban came during the Kargil War, when the Bofors guns proved to be efficient but were crippled by a shortage of spare parts.[14]October 22, 1999 - When National Democratic Alliance government led by the Bharatiya Janata Party was in power, the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) filed the first chargesheet against Quattrocchi, Win Chadha, Rajiv Gandhi, the defence secretary S. K. Bhatnagar and a number of others.[15]2001 - Win Chadha and S. K. Bhatnagar died.[16]June 10, 2002 - Delhi High Court quashed all proceedings in the case so far. However, this was reversed by Supreme Court of India on 7 July 2003.[17]2004 - The central government changed and Indian National Congress came to power after 2004 Lok Sabha elections. On 5 February 2004, the Delhi High Court quashed the charges of bribery against Rajiv Gandhi and others.[18]May 31, 2005 - The Delhi High Court dismissed the allegations against the British business brothers, Srichand, Gopichand and Prakash Hinduja, but charges against others remained.[19]December 2005 - B. Daat, the Additional Solicitor General of India, acting on behalf of the Indian Government and the CBI, requested the British Government that two British bank accounts of Quattrocchi be unfrozen on the grounds of insufficient evidence to link these accounts to the Bofors payoff. The two accounts, containing €3 million and $1 million, had been frozen. On 16 January, the Indian Supreme Court directed the Indian government to ensure that Quattrocchi did not withdraw money from the two bank accounts in London. The CBI, the Indian federal law enforcement agency, on 23 January 2006 admitted that roughly ₹210 million, about US$4.6 million, in the two accounts have already been withdrawn by the accused. The British government released the funds later.[15]January 16, 2006 - CBI claimed in an affidavit filed before the Supreme Court that they were still pursuing extradition orders for Quattrocchi. The Interpol, at the request of the CBI, has a long-standing red corner notice to arrest Quattrocchi.[20]6 February 2007 - Quattrocchi was detained in Argentina on 6 February 2007, but the news of his detention was released by the CBI only on 23 February. Quattrocchi was released by Argentinian police. However, his passport was impounded and he was not allowed to leave the country.[21] As there was no extradition treaty between India and Argentina, the case was presented in the Argentine Supreme Court. The government of India lost the extradition case as the government of India did not provide a key court order which was the basis of Quattrocchi's arrest. In the aftermath, the government did not appeal this decision because of delays in securing an official English translation of the court's decision.[22]March 4, 2011 - A Delhi court provided temporary relief to Quattrocchi from the case, for lack of sufficient evidence against him.[23]July 12, 2013 - Quattrochi died of heart attack in Milan.[24]Despite the controversy, the Bofors gun was used extensively as the primary field artillery during the Kargil War with Pakistan and gave India 'an edge' against Pakistan according to battlefield commanders.[25]In his book, Unknown Facets of Rajiv Gandhi, Jyoti Basu and Indrajit Gupta, released in November 2013, former CBI director Dr A P Mukherjee wrote that Rajiv Gandhi wanted commission paid by defence suppliers to be used exclusively for the purpose of meeting expenses of running the Congress party.[26] Mukherjee said Gandhi explained his position in a meeting on 19 June 1989, during a meeting between the two at the Prime Minister's residence.[27] However, as per Sten Lindstrom, the former head of Swedish police, who led the investigations, they did not find anything to suggest that payments had been received by Rajiv Gandhi. He was, however, guilty of knowing about the kickbacks and not taking action on them.[28]","title":"Chronology of events and investigation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"HDW submarine deal (Shishumar class)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shishumar-class_submarine"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vp-29"}],"text":"The Bofors scandal was a major issue that was highlighted in subsequent elections, which led to the Congress losing power. Though it was widely believed that V. P. Singh resigned from Rajiv Gandhi's cabinet due to the Bofors scandal, Singh clarified that he had resigned due to differences in the cabinet in commissions taken by Indian agents in the HDW submarine deal (Shishumar class).[29]","title":"Political effects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British Raj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Raj"},{"link_name":"commissions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Feast_of_Vultures"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vultures-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Narendra Modi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narendra_Modi"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Manohar Parrikar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manohar_Parrikar"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"text":"Middlemen were employed in arms deals in India, both during the British Raj as well as in independent India, and commissions were paid to them under various headings and guises.[30] Some of these were paid as personal bribes while others were paid as contributions to political parties.[31] This led to high levels of corruption, and payments being made to politicians, bureaucrats and defence personnel to influence decisions. The political controversies caused by the Bofors Scandal, led to the banning of middlemen in arms deals.[32][33][34]In 2015, the Government of India under the Narendra Modi government made the use of middlemen in arms deals legal, if they called themselves \"company representatives\".[35] The then defence minister Manohar Parrikar announced that in such cases, middlemen would be paid by the government for fixing arms deals under the name of \"legal fees\".[36]","title":"Middlemen in Indian arms deals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bharatiya Janata Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party"},{"link_name":"Arun Jaitley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arun_Jaitley"},{"link_name":"FIR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Information_Report"},{"link_name":"letter rogatories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letter_rogatory"},{"link_name":"Delhi High Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_High_Court"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Farewell_Gift_To_The_Nation-_In-Law-37"},{"link_name":"extradition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extradition"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBI_lets-38"},{"link_name":"Interpol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpol"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bofors_case:_Court_to_hold_fresh_proceedings_in_Quattrocchi's_case-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bofors:_Court_Pulls_up_CBI's_'Malafide_Intentions'-40"}],"text":"A former cabinet minister of the Bharatiya Janata Party, Arun Jaitley, criticised the manner in which CBI has handled this case, including:Delay in lodging an FIR\nDelay in sending letter rogatories\nNot appealing against the judgement of the Delhi High Court in 2004\nDe-freezing of Quattrocchi's bank account in London by saying to the Crown Prosecutor that there is no case against Quattrocchi[37]\nPutting up a very weak case for Quattrocchi's extradition from Argentina. Subsequently, no appeal against lower court's verdict[38]\nThe withdrawal of the Interpol Red Corner notice[39]\nFinally, withdrawal of its case against Quattrocchi. Reacting to this, Chief Metropolitan Magistrate Vinod Yadav said that, \"I agree that there are certain malafide intentions in the case and there is no doubt in that\"[40]","title":"Allegations against CBI"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NDA government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Democratic_Alliance"},{"link_name":"Atal Bihari Vajpayee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Swedish police chief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Police_Commissioner_(Sweden)"},{"link_name":"whistleblower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whistleblower"},{"link_name":"Amitabh Bachchan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amitabh_Bachchan"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"}],"text":"The closure of Bofors case was full of twists and turns. In 2004, Delhi High Court posthumously gave clean chit to Rajiv Gandhi and said that there was no case of corruption against him or any public servant. This judgement stunned CBI as it had pursued the case for 14 years and was a setback to NDA government headed by Atal Bihari Vajpayee as well. However, CBI said that it would contest the judgement in Supreme Court.[41]In 2011, a Delhi court allowed CBI to close the case.[42] Thereafter in 2012, Swedish police chief Sten Lindstrom, who led the investigations and identified himself as the whistleblower, said that Rajiv Gandhi had done nothing wrong and also cleared Bollywood actor Amitabh Bachchan and his family from any involvement in the scandal. Instead, he accused Swedish government of diverting funds marked for development projects to secure the deal by flouting the rules and bypassing the institutions.[43]","title":"Closure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arun Shourie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arun_Shourie"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0836427554","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0836427554"}],"text":"Arun Shourie (1992). These lethal, inexorable laws: Rajiv, his men and his regime. Delhi: South Asia Books. ISBN 978-0836427554","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"Haubits FH77 howitzer, of the type around which the Bofors scandal centered.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Haubits_77_%28%22Field_Howitzer_77%22_or_FH-77%29.jpg/220px-Haubits_77_%28%22Field_Howitzer_77%22_or_FH-77%29.jpg"}]	[{"title":"H. R. Bhardwaj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._R._Bhardwaj#Controversies"},{"title":"Justice Ajit Bharihoke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajit_Bharihoke"},{"title":"Corruption in India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption_in_India"},{"title":"1992 Indian stock market scam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Indian_stock_market_scam"},{"title":"NSE co-location scam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSE_co-location_scam"},{"title":"Corruption Perceptions Index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption_Perceptions_Index"},{"title":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-44"},{"title":"List of scandals in India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_scandals_in_India"},{"title":"Jan Lokpal Bill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Lokpal_Bill"},{"title":"Jeep scandal case 1948","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeep_scandal_case"},{"title":"Indian made K9 Vajra Howitzer Experiences Technical Issues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//defensetalks.com/indian-made-k9-vajra-howitzer-experiences-technical-issues/"},{"title":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-44"}]	[{"reference":"Whiteside, R. M.; Wilson, A.; Blackburn, S.; Hörnig, S. E. (2012). Major Companies of Europe 1990/91 Volume 3: Major Companies of Western Europe outside the European Economic Community. Springer. p. 185. ISBN 9789400908017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2tz6CAAAQBAJ&pg=PA185","url_text":"Major Companies of Europe 1990/91 Volume 3: Major Companies of Western Europe outside the European Economic Community"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789400908017","url_text":"9789400908017"}]},{"reference":"\"What the Bofors scandal is all about\". IBN Live. Archived from the original on 28 August 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120828181941/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/what-the-bofors-scandal-is-all-about/252196-3.html","url_text":"\"What the Bofors scandal is all about\""},{"url":"http://ibnlive.in.com/news/what-the-bofors-scandal-is-all-about/252196-3.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Bofors story, 25 years after: Interview with Sten Lindstrom\". The Hoot. 24 April 2012. Archived from the original on 18 June 2012. Retrieved 4 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120618134030/http://thehoot.org/web/home/story.php?storyid=5884","url_text":"\"The Bofors story, 25 years after: Interview with Sten Lindstrom\""},{"url":"http://thehoot.org/web/home/story.php?storyid=5884","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Joseph, Josy. \"Arms and the Middlemen\". India Legal. Retrieved 25 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.indialegallive.com/viewpoint/arms-and-the-middlemen-14454","url_text":"\"Arms and the Middlemen\""}]},{"reference":"Joseph, Josy (3 May 2016). \"Arms and the middleman\". The Hindu. Retrieved 25 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/arms-and-the-middleman/article8548067.ece","url_text":"\"Arms and the middleman\""}]},{"reference":"\"Key players in Bofors scandal\". India Today. 28 April 2009. Archived from the original on 16 July 2012. Retrieved 14 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120716110017/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/index.php?issueid=89&id=39264&option=com_content&task=view&sectionid=4","url_text":"\"Key players in Bofors scandal\""},{"url":"http://indiatoday.intoday.in/index.php?issueid=89&id=39264&option=com_content&task=view&sectionid=4","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Rediff on the NeT: Vir Sanghvi looks back at the Bofors scandal\". Rediff.com. 23 September 1999.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rediff.com/news/1999/sep/23vir.htm","url_text":"\"Rediff on the NeT: Vir Sanghvi looks back at the Bofors scandal\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Bofors story, 25 years after\". The Hoot. 16 April 1987. Archived from the original on 4 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140304093344/http://thehoot.org/web/home/story.php?storyid=5884","url_text":"\"The Bofors story, 25 years after\""},{"url":"http://thehoot.org/web/home/story.php?storyid=5884&mod=1&pg=1&sectionId=1","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Foreign Relations of the United States, 1977–1980, Volume XXVI, Arms Control and Nonproliferation - Office of the Historian\".","urls":[{"url":"https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1977-80v26/d263","url_text":"\"Foreign Relations of the United States, 1977–1980, Volume XXVI, Arms Control and Nonproliferation - Office of the Historian\""}]},{"reference":"Vas, Lt Gen E. A.; Kathpalia, Lt Gen P. N.; Bakshi, G. D.; Kanwal, Gurmeet; Rockall, George; Kaushik, Brig O. P.; Saksena, Col K. P.; Tiwathia, Maj Vijay; Joshi, Dr Manoj (July 1987). Indian Defence Review July-Dec 1987 (Vol 2.2). Lancer Publishers. p. 13. ISBN 9788170620297.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=38k1EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA13","url_text":"Indian Defence Review July-Dec 1987 (Vol 2.2)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788170620297","url_text":"9788170620297"}]},{"reference":"\"25 years of India's 'Watergate': The Bofors scandal\". Yahoo! News. 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an interview with Sten Lindstrom\""},{"Link":"http://thehoot.org/web/home/story.php?storyid=5884","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.ndtv.com/video/shows/walk-the-talk/walk-the-talk-with-vp-singh-aired-july-2005-303898","external_links_name":"\"Walk the talk - an interview with V.P.Singh\""},{"Link":"http://www.indialegallive.com/viewpoint/arms-and-the-middlemen-14454","external_links_name":"\"Arms and the Middlemen - 7 September 2016\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181025150142/http://afeastofvultures.com/","external_links_name":"A Feast of Vultures: The Hidden Business of Democracy in India"},{"Link":"https://www.afeastofvultures.com/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/arms-and-the-middleman/article8548067.ece","external_links_name":"\"Arms and the middleman\""},{"Link":"https://www.business-standard.com/article/specials/bofors-ghost-casts-shadow-on-indian-sales-of-arms-majors-197042101011_1.html","external_links_name":"\"Bofors Ghost Casts Shadow On Indian Sales Of Arms Majors\""},{"Link":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/the-murky-world-of-defence-deals/articleshow/1086577.cms","external_links_name":"\"The murky world of defence deals \| India News - 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_grade_silicone	Medical grade silicone	["1 Uses","2 Limitations","3 See also","4 References"]	This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Medical grade silicone" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Medical grade silicones are silicones tested for biocompatibility and are appropriate to be used for medical applications. In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Center for Devices and Radiological Health (CDRH) regulates devices implanted into the body. It does not regulate materials other than certain dental materials. The FDA regulate silicones used in food contact under the auspices of the Center for Food Safety and Nutrition (CFSAN) and for use in pharmaceuticals under the auspices of the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER). Medical grade silicones are generally grouped into three categories: non implantable, short term implantable, and long-term implantable. Materials approved as Class V and VI can be considered medical grade. Most medical grade silicones are at least Class VI certified. Silicone suppliers and some silicone prototyping companies provide guidelines for material use. Uses Tubing Drains Feeding tubes Catheters Implants for long and short term use Seals and gaskets Syringe pistons Scar Treatment Silicone Sheets (FDA Class 1 Medical Device) and gels. Condoms Menstrual cups Sex toys Non-Stick Containers Respiratory masks Limitations Silicone rubber applications such as catheters are widespread in medicine, but have several limitations. For example, they exhibit poor tear strength and poor resistance to fatigue. Brittle fracture can occur from defects within sections owing to poor control of vulcanization. It resulted in high failure rates for breast implants, and much subsequent litigation in the US, as well as elsewhere in the world. It led to a crisis of confidence in the US, with many manufacturers being forced out of the business entirely, and others to manufacture under FDA control. See also Silicone United States Pharmacopeia U.S. Food and Drug Administration Silicone rubber Polymers Plastics engineering References ^ Al-Dharrab, Ayman A.; Tayel, Seham B.; Abodaya, Mona H. (2013-03-28). "The Effect of Different Storage Conditions on the Physical Properties of Pigmented Medical Grade I Silicone Maxillofacial Material". ISRN Dentistry. 2013: 582051. doi:10.1155/2013/582051. ISSN 2090-4371. PMC 3625596. PMID 23606978. ^ Swanson, J. W.; LeBeau, J. E. (1975), "The Effect of Implantation on the Physical Properties of Silicone Rubber", Biomedical Applications of Polymers, Springer US, pp. 197–211, doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-5019-2_18, ISBN 978-1-4899-5021-5 This material-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article related to medical technology is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"silicones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicone"},{"link_name":"biocompatibility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocompatibility"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Food and Drug Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration"},{"link_name":"implanted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Implant_(medicine)"},{"link_name":"Medical grade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_grade"}],"text":"Medical grade silicones are silicones tested for biocompatibility and are appropriate to be used for medical applications.[1] In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Center for Devices and Radiological Health (CDRH) regulates devices implanted into the body. It does not regulate materials other than certain dental materials. The FDA regulate silicones used in food contact under the auspices of the Center for Food Safety and Nutrition (CFSAN) and for use in pharmaceuticals under the auspices of the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER).Medical grade silicones are generally grouped into three categories: non implantable, short term implantable, and long-term implantable. Materials approved as Class V and VI can be considered medical grade. Most medical grade silicones are at least Class VI certified. Silicone suppliers and some silicone prototyping companies provide guidelines for material use.","title":"Medical grade silicone"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Drains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drain_(surgery)"},{"link_name":"Feeding tubes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feeding_tube"},{"link_name":"Catheters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catheter"},{"link_name":"Scar Treatment Silicone Sheets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicone_scar_sheet"},{"link_name":"Condoms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condom"},{"link_name":"Menstrual cups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menstrual_cup"},{"link_name":"Sex toys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_toy"}],"text":"Tubing\nDrains\nFeeding tubes\nCatheters\nImplants for long and short term use\nSeals and gaskets\nSyringe pistons\nScar Treatment Silicone Sheets (FDA Class 1 Medical Device) and gels.\nCondoms\nMenstrual cups\nSex toys\nNon-Stick Containers\nRespiratory masks","title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"catheters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catheter"},{"link_name":"strength","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strength_of_materials"},{"link_name":"fatigue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatigue_(material)"},{"link_name":"vulcanization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulcanization"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"breast implants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breast_implant"}],"text":"Silicone rubber applications such as catheters are widespread in medicine, but have several limitations. For example, they exhibit poor tear strength and poor resistance to fatigue. Brittle fracture can occur from defects within sections owing to poor control of vulcanization.[2] It resulted in high failure rates for breast implants, and much subsequent litigation in the US, as well as elsewhere in the world. It led to a crisis of confidence in the US, with many manufacturers being forced out of the business entirely, and others to manufacture under FDA control.","title":"Limitations"}]	[]	[{"title":"Silicone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicone"},{"title":"United States Pharmacopeia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Pharmacopeia"},{"title":"Food and Drug Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration"},{"title":"Silicone rubber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicone_rubber"},{"title":"Polymers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymers"},{"title":"Plastics engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastics_engineering"}]	[{"reference":"Al-Dharrab, Ayman A.; Tayel, Seham B.; Abodaya, Mona H. (2013-03-28). \"The Effect of Different Storage Conditions on the Physical Properties of Pigmented Medical Grade I Silicone Maxillofacial Material\". ISRN Dentistry. 2013: 582051. doi:10.1155/2013/582051. ISSN 2090-4371. PMC 3625596. PMID 23606978.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3625596","url_text":"\"The Effect of Different Storage Conditions on the Physical Properties of Pigmented Medical Grade I Silicone Maxillofacial Material\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1155%2F2013%2F582051","url_text":"10.1155/2013/582051"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2090-4371","url_text":"2090-4371"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3625596","url_text":"3625596"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23606978","url_text":"23606978"}]},{"reference":"Swanson, J. W.; LeBeau, J. E. (1975), \"The Effect of Implantation on the Physical Properties of Silicone Rubber\", Biomedical Applications of Polymers, Springer US, pp. 197–211, doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-5019-2_18, ISBN 978-1-4899-5021-5","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4899-5019-2_18","url_text":"10.1007/978-1-4899-5019-2_18"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4899-5021-5","url_text":"978-1-4899-5021-5"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Medical+grade+silicone%22","external_links_name":"\"Medical grade silicone\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Medical+grade+silicone%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Medical+grade+silicone%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Medical+grade+silicone%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Medical+grade+silicone%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Medical+grade+silicone%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3625596","external_links_name":"\"The Effect of Different Storage Conditions on the Physical Properties of Pigmented Medical Grade I Silicone Maxillofacial Material\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1155%2F2013%2F582051","external_links_name":"10.1155/2013/582051"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2090-4371","external_links_name":"2090-4371"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3625596","external_links_name":"3625596"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23606978","external_links_name":"23606978"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4899-5019-2_18","external_links_name":"10.1007/978-1-4899-5019-2_18"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Medical_grade_silicone&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Medical_grade_silicone&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreuzlingen_railway_station	Kreuzlingen railway station	["1 Services","2 References","3 External links"]	Coordinates: 47°39′9.4″N 9°10′8.4″E / 47.652611°N 9.169000°E / 47.652611; 9.169000KreuzlingenThe station building in 2016General informationLocationKreuzlingenSwitzerlandCoordinates47°39′9.4″N 9°10′8.4″E / 47.652611°N 9.169000°E / 47.652611; 9.169000Owned bySwiss Federal RailwaysLine(s) Lake line Wil–Kreuzlingen line Distance41.1 km (25.5 mi) from WilTrain operators Swiss Federal Railways THURBO ConnectionsPostAuto Schweiz and Verkehrsbetriebe Kreuzlingen busesHistoryPrevious namesEmmishofenPassengers20188100 per weekday Services Preceding station Swiss Federal Railways Following station Weinfeldentowards Lucerne IR 75 KonstanzTerminus Preceding station St. Gallen S-Bahn Following station Tägerwilen-Gottliebentowards Schaffhausen S1 Kreuzlingen Hafentowards Wil Tägerwilen Dorftowards Weinfelden S14 KonstanzTerminus WeinfeldenTerminus S44 LocationKreuzlingenLocation within SwitzerlandShow map of SwitzerlandKreuzlingenKreuzlingen (Canton of Thurgau)Show map of Canton of Thurgau Kreuzlingen railway station (German: Bahnhof Kreuzlingen) is a railway station in Kreuzlingen, in the Swiss canton of Thurgau. It sits at the junction of the standard gauge Lake line of Swiss Federal Railways and the Wil–Kreuzlingen line of THURBO. It is one of four stations within the municipality of Kreuzlingen. Services As of the December 2022 timetable change, the following services stop at Kreuzlingen: : hourly service over the Wil–Kreuzlingen line between Lucerne and Konstanz. St. Gallen S-Bahn: S1: half-hourly service over the Lake line from Schaffhausen to Wil via St. Gallen. S14: half-hourly service over the Wil–Kreuzlingen line between Weinfelden and Konstanz. S44: service every two hours between Weinfelden and Konstanz, with connections in Weinfelden to the IC 81. station building in 2012 station building in 1998 signal box in 1995 References ^ a b Eisenbahnatlas Schweiz. Cologne: Schweers + Wall. 2012. p. 6. ISBN 978-3-89494-130-7. ^ "Linienpläne / Fahrpläne" (PDF) (in German). Verkehrsbetriebe Kreuzlingen. 9 December 2018. Retrieved 10 July 2020. ^ "Passagierfrequenz". Swiss Federal Railways. September 2019. Retrieved 10 July 2020. ^ "Abfahrt: Bahnhof Kreuzlingen" (PDF) (in German). Swiss Federal Railways. 2022-12-11. Retrieved 2022-12-14. External links Media related to Kreuzlingen railway station at Wikimedia Commons Kreuzlingen railway station – SBB vteLake Constance (Bodensee) Austria Vorarlberg Bregenz Germany Baden-Württemberg Bodenseekreis Konstanz Bavaria Lindau Switzerland Appenzell Ausserrhoden Schaffhausen St. Gallen Rorschach Thurgau Arbon Frauenfeld Kreuzlingen SettlementsAustria Bregenz Hard Höchst Hörbranz Fussach Gaissau Lochau Germany Allensbach Bodman-Ludwigshafen Eriskirch Friedrichshafen Gaienhofen Hagnau Immenstaad Konstanz Dingelsdorf Litzelstetten Paradies Petershausen Wallhausen Kressbronn Langenargen Lindau Meersburg Moos Nonnenhorn Öhningen Radolfzell Reichenau Sipplingen Stetten Überlingen Hödlingen Uhldingen-Mühlhofen Unteruhldingen Wasserburg Switzerland Altnau Arbon Berlingen Bottighofen Egnach Ermatingen Triboltingen Eschenz Frasnacht Goldach Gottlieben Güttingen Heiden Horn Kesswil Kreuzlingen Lutzenberg Mammern Münsterlingen Romanshorn Rorschach Rorschacherberg Salmsach Salenstein Steinach Steckborn Stein am Rhein Tägerwilen Tägermoos Thal Uttwil Walzenhausen Wolfhalden Islands Bodanrück Peninsula Dominicans Island Entlibühl Galgeninsel Hoy Liebesinsel Lindau Mainau Mettnau Peninsula Reichenau Triboldingerbohl Vogelinsel Werd Rivers Aach Argen Bregenzer Ach Brunnisach Dornbirner Ach Leiblach Lipbach Radolfzeller Aach Rhine Alpine Rhine Alter Rhein High Rhine Seerhein Rotach Schussen Seefelder Aach Stockacher Aach Valleys Marien Gorge Spetzgarter Gorge Mountains Allgäu Alps Pfänder Appenzell Alps Bregenz Forest Mountains Hegau Hohenkrähen Hohenstoffeln Hohentwiel Schiener Berg Seerücken Landmarks Obersee Bay of Bregenz Constance Hopper Überlinger See Rhine Delta Untersee Gnadensee Markelfinger Winkel Rheinsee Wollmatinger Ried Zeller See Buildings Alt Dettingen Castle Arbon Castle Arenenberg Castle Bernegg Castle Castell Castle Eugensberg Castle Freudenfels Castle Gottlieben Castle Heiligenberg Castle Hohenfels Castle Hohenklingen Castle Hohentwiel Castle Konstanz Minster Louisenberg Castle Mammern Castle Meersburg Castle New Castle (Meersburg) Petershausen Abbey Reichenau Abbey Seeburg Castle Wettingen-Mehrerau Abbey Touristic Bregenzer Festspiele Pile Dwellings Museum Sea Life (Konstanz) Zeppelin Museum Transportation Altenrhein Airport Friedrichshafen Airport Pfänderbahn Train Ferries Railway Bodensee–Toggenburg Railway Gürtelbahn International Rhine Regulation Railway Rheineck–Walzenhausen Mountain Railway Rorschach–Heiden Railway Seehas SWEG Thurbo Chur–Rorschach S2 S4 S5 S7 Friedrichshafen–Lindau RB 93 High Rhine Line S6 RE 2 Lake Line S1 S7 S14 S44 RE1 Radolfzell–Mengen RB 31 RB 32 IRE 3 Stahringen–Friedrichshafen RB 31 IRE 3 St. Margrethen–Lauterach S3 S7 R5 Vorarlberg Line S1 S3 S7 S-Bahn Bodensee St. Gallen Vorarlberg Stations Allensbach Altnau Arbon Arbon Seemoosriet Berlingen Bermatingen-Ahausen Bottighofen Bregenz Bregenz Hafen Bregenz Riedenburg Egnach Enzisweiler Eriskirch Ermatingen Eschenz Friedrichshafen Stadt Friedrichshafen-Fischbach Friedrichshafen Hafen Friedrichshafen Kluftern Friedrichshafen Landratsamt Friedrichshafen-Manzell Friedrichshafen Ost Güttingen Hard-Fussach Hegne Heiden Horn Kesswil Kreuzlingen Kreuzlingen Hafen Konstanz Konstanz-Fürstenberg Konstanz-Petershausen Konstanz-Wollmatingen Kressbronn Kurzrickenbach Seepark Landschlacht Langenargen Lindau-Aeschach Lindau-Insel Lindau-Reutin Lochau-Hörbranz Ludwigshafen (Bodensee) Lustenau Mammern Mannenbach-Salenstein Markdorf (Baden) Markelfingen Münsterlingen-Scherzingen Münsterlingen Spital Nonnenhorn Nussdorf Radolfzell Reichenau (Baden) Rheineck Rorschach Rorschach Hafen Romanshorn Ruderbach Salem (Baden) Sandbüchel Schwendi bei Heiden Seebleiche Sipplingen Staad Stahringen Steckborn Stein am Rhein Steinach St. Margrethen Tägerwilen-Gottlieben Triboltingen Überlingen Überlingen Therme Uhldingen-Mühlhofen Uttwil Walzenhausen Wartensee Wasserburg Wienacht-Tobel Films Jezioro Bodeńskie People Henry Dunant Ferdinand von Zeppelin	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"Kreuzlingen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreuzlingen"},{"link_name":"Swiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"canton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton_of_Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Thurgau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton_of_Thurgau"},{"link_name":"standard gauge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_gauge"},{"link_name":"Lake line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Line"},{"link_name":"Swiss Federal Railways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Federal_Railways"},{"link_name":"Wil–Kreuzlingen line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wil%E2%80%93Kreuzlingen_railway"},{"link_name":"THURBO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/THURBO"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-saw-1"}],"text":"Kreuzlingen railway station (German: Bahnhof Kreuzlingen) is a railway station in Kreuzlingen, in the Swiss canton of Thurgau. It sits at the junction of the standard gauge Lake line of Swiss Federal Railways and the Wil–Kreuzlingen line of THURBO. It is one of four stations within the municipality of Kreuzlingen.[1]","title":"Kreuzlingen railway station"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kreuzlingen_railway_station&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InterRegio#Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Wil–Kreuzlingen line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wil%E2%80%93Kreuzlingen_railway"},{"link_name":"Lucerne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucerne_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Konstanz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstanz_station"},{"link_name":"St. Gallen S-Bahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Gallen_S-Bahn"},{"link_name":"S1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S1_(St._Gallen_S-Bahn)"},{"link_name":"Schaffhausen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schaffhausen_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Wil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wil_railway_station"},{"link_name":"St. Gallen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Gallen_railway_station"},{"link_name":"S14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S14_(St._Gallen_S-Bahn)"},{"link_name":"Weinfelden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weinfelden_railway_station"},{"link_name":"S44","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S44_(St._Gallen_S-Bahn)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kreuzlingenn_Bahnhof.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SBB_Historic_-_F_122_00559_004_-_Kreuzlingen_Stationsgebaeude_Bahnseite.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SBB_Historic_-_F_122_00559_002_-_Kreuzlingen_Stellwerkgebaeude_Bahnseite.jpg"}],"text":"As of the December 2022 timetable change,[update] the following services stop at Kreuzlingen:[4]: hourly service over the Wil–Kreuzlingen line between Lucerne and Konstanz.\nSt. Gallen S-Bahn:\nS1: half-hourly service over the Lake line from Schaffhausen to Wil via St. Gallen.\nS14: half-hourly service over the Wil–Kreuzlingen line between Weinfelden and Konstanz.\nS44: service every two hours between Weinfelden and Konstanz, with connections in Weinfelden to the IC 81.station building in 2012\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tstation building in 1998\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tsignal box in 1995","title":"Services"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Eisenbahnatlas Schweiz. Cologne: Schweers + Wall. 2012. p. 6. ISBN 978-3-89494-130-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-89494-130-7","url_text":"978-3-89494-130-7"}]},{"reference":"\"Linienpläne / Fahrpläne\" (PDF) (in German). Verkehrsbetriebe Kreuzlingen. 9 December 2018. Retrieved 10 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bahn-mit-bus.ch/fileadmin/zonenplan/Busliniennetz_Gesamtzone.pdf","url_text":"\"Linienpläne / Fahrpläne\""}]},{"reference":"\"Passagierfrequenz\". Swiss Federal Railways. September 2019. Retrieved 10 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.sbb.ch/explore/dataset/passagierfrequenz/table/?sort=dwv","url_text":"\"Passagierfrequenz\""}]},{"reference":"\"Abfahrt: Bahnhof Kreuzlingen\" (PDF) (in German). Swiss Federal Railways. 2022-12-11. Retrieved 2022-12-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sbb.ch/content/dam/internet/sbb/all/pdf/fahrplan/gedruckte-fahrplaene/fahrplaene_2023/ab-an-taschenfahrplaene/KR_221211_ab_6131.pdf.sbbdownload.pdf","url_text":"\"Abfahrt: Bahnhof Kreuzlingen\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kreuzlingen_railway_station&params=47_39_9.4_N_9_10_8.4_E_region:CH-TG_type:railwaystation","external_links_name":"47°39′9.4″N 9°10′8.4″E / 47.652611°N 9.169000°E / 47.652611; 9.169000"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kreuzlingen_railway_station&params=47_39_9.4_N_9_10_8.4_E_region:CH-TG_type:railwaystation","external_links_name":"47°39′9.4″N 9°10′8.4″E / 47.652611°N 9.169000°E / 47.652611; 9.169000"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kreuzlingen_railway_station&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"http://www.bahn-mit-bus.ch/fileadmin/zonenplan/Busliniennetz_Gesamtzone.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Linienpläne / Fahrpläne\""},{"Link":"https://data.sbb.ch/explore/dataset/passagierfrequenz/table/?sort=dwv","external_links_name":"\"Passagierfrequenz\""},{"Link":"https://www.sbb.ch/content/dam/internet/sbb/all/pdf/fahrplan/gedruckte-fahrplaene/fahrplaene_2023/ab-an-taschenfahrplaene/KR_221211_ab_6131.pdf.sbbdownload.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Abfahrt: Bahnhof Kreuzlingen\""},{"Link":"https://www.sbb.ch/en/station-services/railway-stations/further-stations/station.6131.kreuzlingen.html","external_links_name":"Kreuzlingen railway station – SBB"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hold_Back_the_Night	Hold Back the Night	["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Production","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]	1956 film by Allan Dwan For other uses, see Hold Back the Night (disambiguation). Hold Back the NightOriginal film posterDirected byAllan DwanWritten byWalter DonigerJohn C. HigginsPat Frank based on his novelProduced byHayes GoetzStarringJohn PayneMona FreemanPeter GravesChuck ConnorsAudrey DaltonCinematographyEllsworth FredericksEdited byAllied ArtistsMusic byHans J. SalterDistributed byAllied ArtistsRelease date July 29, 1956 (1956-07-29) Running time80 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglish Hold Back the Night is a 1956 American war film about the Korean War based on the 1951 novel by Pat Frank, who had been a war correspondent in Korea. The film was directed by Allan Dwan; his third film with John Payne and his third film about the United States Marine Corps, the others being Abroad with Two Yanks (1944) and Sands of Iwo Jima (1949). Plot The film tells the story in flashbacks of a bottle of scotch carried by a World War II Marine lieutenant and Korean War captain, Sam MacKenzie. His girl Anne gives it to him in 1942, but tells him to save it for a very special occasion. She asks him to marry her before he ships out to the fighting, but he does not want to risk making her a widow. While on leave in Melbourne, Sam meets Kitty and considers a dalliance, but leaves when he learns she has a husband who may be a Japanese prisoner of war or dead. When he returns to Anne, he is disgusted to find she has acquired a major as an admirer. However, they get things straightened out and marry. During the Korean War, Sam's Easy Company, 2nd Battalion, 7th Marine Regiment, First Marine Division, is pursuing the fleeing North Korean Army and looking forward to going home. However, Sam is informed by his superior that the Chinese have entered the war, so they will have to conduct a "fighting withdrawal". Sam is ordered to provide flank protection for the regiment. That night, the Chinese attack in battalion strength and almost overrun the company, but artillery fire drives them back. The retreat over the next few days is a nightmare of ambushes and mounting losses. His last remaining officer, Lieutenant Couzens, is wounded. Finally, the men are too tired to go on, so Sam uses his bottle of scotch ... as incentive for once they rejoin their side. They eventually have to abandon their last few vehicles, but throughout, Sam insists that none of the wounded be left behind, even if they have to carry them. While dealing with an enemy tank, Sam is shot. An American helicopter spots them and is able to evacuate the most seriously wounded, including Sam. The rest, along with the bottle entrusted to them, reach friendly lines under the leadership of Sergeant Ekland. Once they are safe, Ekland offers the men the scotch, but nobody wants to drink it, feeling it has been lucky for them. The bottle is returned to Sam, who is still saving it for an important occasion. Cast John Payne as Lieutenant / Captain Sam MacKenzie Mona Freeman as Anne Peter Graves as Lieutenant Couzens Chuck Connors as Sergeant Ekland Audrey Dalton as Kitty Robert Nichols as Beany Smith (as Bob Nichols) John Wilder as Tinker Robert Easton as Ackerman (as Bob Easton) Stanley Cha as Kato Nicky Blair as Papiro John Craven as Major Bob MacKay Nelson Leigh as Lieutenant Colonel Toomey Production The film was shot with the cooperation of the United States Marine Corps at the Mountain Warfare Training Center at Pickel Meadows, California that recreated the events of the Battle of Chosin Reservoir. Allied Artists originally approached the Marine Corps for assistance after the book's initial release. The Corps turned down cooperation with the producers as they felt the film was too close to the recently filmed Retreat, Hell!. Though Allied Artists contemplated rewriting the film to involve the US Army, they shelved the film for a few years, with the Corps cooperating. Sequences of the film were also shot at Bronson Canyon with artificial snow. See also List of American films of 1956 References ^ p.140 Suid, Lawrence H. Guts & Glory: The Making of the American Military Image in Film University Press of Kentucky ^ p.139 Peter Graves Interview by Tom Weaver Earth vs. The Sci-Fi Filmmakers: 20 Interviews By Tom Weaver McFarland External links Hold Back the Night at IMDb Hold Back the Night at the TCM Movie Database Hold Back the Night at AllMovie vteFilms directed by Allan Dwan1910s Woman's Honor (1913) Calamity Anne's Vanity (1913) Quicksands (1913) The Greater Love (1913) Her Big Story (1913) The Restless Spirit (1913) Back to Life (1913) Red Margaret, Moonshiner (1913) Bloodhounds of the North (1913) The Lie (1914) The Honor of the Mounted (1914) Remember Mary Magdalen (1914) Discord and Harmony (1914) The Menace to Carlotta (1914) The Embezzler (1914) The Lamb, the Woman, the Wolf (1914) The End of the Feud (1914) The Tragedy of Whispering Creek (1914) The Unlawful Trade (1914) The Forbidden Room (1914) The Hopes of Blind Alley (1914) Richelieu (1914) The Unwelcome Mrs. Hatch (1914) Wildflower (1914) The County Chairman (1914) The Straight Road (1914) The Conspiracy (1914) The Dancing Girl (1915) A Small Town Girl (1915) David Harum (1915) The Love Route (1915) The Commanding Officer (1915) May Blossom (1915) The Pretty Sister of Jose (1915) A Girl of Yesterday (1915) Jordan Is a Hard Road (1915) The Habit of Happiness (1916) The Good Bad-Man (1916) An Innocent Magdalene (1916) Manhattan Madness (1916) Fifty-Fifty (1916) Accusing Evidence (1916) Fighting Odds (1917) A Modern Musketeer (1917) Panthea (1917) Headin' South (1918) Mr. Fix-It (1918) Bound in Morocco (1918) He Comes Up Smiling (1918) Cheating Cheaters (1919) Soldiers of Fortune (1919) 1920s The Luck of the Irish (1920) The Scoffer (1920) The Forbidden Thing (1920) A Splendid Hazard (1920) A Perfect Crime (1921) The Sin of Martha Queed (1921) A Broken Doll (1921) The Hidden Woman (1922) Robin Hood (1922) Lawful Larceny (1923) Zaza (1923) Big Brother (1923) A Society Scandal (1924) Manhandled (1924) Her Love Story (1924) Wages of Virtue (1924) Argentine Love (1924) The Coast of Folly (1925) Night Life of New York (1925) Stage Struck (1925) Sea Horses (1926) Padlocked (1926) Tin Gods (1926) Summer Bachelors (1926) The Music Master (1927) The Joy Girl (1927) East Side, West Side (1927) French Dressing (1927) The Big Noise (1928) The Iron Mask (1929) Tide of Empire (1929) The Far Call (1929) Frozen Justice (1929) South Sea Rose (1929) 1930s What a Widow! (1930) Man to Man (1930) Chances (1931) Wicked (1931) While Paris Sleeps (1932) Her First Affaire (1932) Counsel's Opinion (1933) I Spy (1934) Black Sheep (1935) Navy Wife (1935) Song and Dance Man (1936) Human Cargo (1936) High Tension (1936) 15 Maiden Lane (1936) Woman-Wise (1937) That I May Live (1937) One Mile from Heaven (1937) Heidi (1937) Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm (1938) Suez (1938) Josette (1938) The Three Musketeers (1939) The Gorilla (1939) 1940s Frontier Marshal (1939) Sailor's Lady (1940) Young People (1940) Trail of the Vigilantes (1940) Look Who's Laughing (1941) Rise and Shine (1941) Friendly Enemies (1942) Here We Go Again (1942) Around the World (1943) Abroad with Two Yanks (1944) Up in Mabel's Room (1944) Brewster's Millions (1945) Getting Gertie's Garter (1945) Rendezvous with Annie (1946) Calendar Girl (1947) Northwest Outpost (1947) Driftwood (1947) The Inside Story (1948) Angel in Exile (1948) Sands of Iwo Jima (1949) 1950s Surrender (1950) Belle Le Grand (1951) The Wild Blue Yonder (1951) I Dream of Jeanie (1952) Montana Belle (1952) Woman They Almost Lynched (1953) Sweethearts on Parade (1953) Flight Nurse (1953) Silver Lode (1954) Passion (1954) Cattle Queen of Montana (1954) Escape to Burma (1955) Pearl of the South Pacific (1955) Tennessee's Partner (1955) Slightly Scarlet (1956) Hold Back the Night (1956) The River's Edge (1957) The Restless Breed (1957) Enchanted Island (1958) 1960s Most Dangerous Man Alive (1961)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hold Back the Night (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hold_Back_the_Night_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"war film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_film"},{"link_name":"Korean War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War"},{"link_name":"1951 novel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hold_Back_the_Night_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Pat Frank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Frank"},{"link_name":"war correspondent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_correspondent"},{"link_name":"Allan Dwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Dwan"},{"link_name":"John Payne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Payne_(actor)"},{"link_name":"United States Marine Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps"},{"link_name":"Abroad with Two Yanks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abroad_with_Two_Yanks"},{"link_name":"Sands of Iwo Jima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sands_of_Iwo_Jima"}],"text":"For other uses, see Hold Back the Night (disambiguation).Hold Back the Night is a 1956 American war film about the Korean War based on the 1951 novel by Pat Frank, who had been a war correspondent in Korea. The film was directed by Allan Dwan; his third film with John Payne and his third film about the United States Marine Corps, the others being Abroad with Two Yanks (1944) and Sands of Iwo Jima (1949).","title":"Hold Back the Night"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"flashbacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flashback_(narrative)"},{"link_name":"scotch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotch_whisky"},{"link_name":"Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne"},{"link_name":"2nd Battalion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Battalion,_7th_Marines"},{"link_name":"7th Marine Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7th_Marine_Regiment_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"First Marine Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Marine_Division_(United_States)"}],"text":"The film tells the story in flashbacks of a bottle of scotch carried by a World War II Marine lieutenant and Korean War captain, Sam MacKenzie. His girl Anne gives it to him in 1942, but tells him to save it for a very special occasion. She asks him to marry her before he ships out to the fighting, but he does not want to risk making her a widow. While on leave in Melbourne, Sam meets Kitty and considers a dalliance, but leaves when he learns she has a husband who may be a Japanese prisoner of war or dead. When he returns to Anne, he is disgusted to find she has acquired a major as an admirer. However, they get things straightened out and marry.During the Korean War, Sam's Easy Company, 2nd Battalion, 7th Marine Regiment, First Marine Division, is pursuing the fleeing North Korean Army and looking forward to going home. However, Sam is informed by his superior that the Chinese have entered the war, so they will have to conduct a \"fighting withdrawal\". Sam is ordered to provide flank protection for the regiment.That night, the Chinese attack in battalion strength and almost overrun the company, but artillery fire drives them back. The retreat over the next few days is a nightmare of ambushes and mounting losses. His last remaining officer, Lieutenant Couzens, is wounded. Finally, the men are too tired to go on, so Sam uses his bottle of scotch ... as incentive for once they rejoin their side. They eventually have to abandon their last few vehicles, but throughout, Sam insists that none of the wounded be left behind, even if they have to carry them. While dealing with an enemy tank, Sam is shot. An American helicopter spots them and is able to evacuate the most seriously wounded, including Sam. The rest, along with the bottle entrusted to them, reach friendly lines under the leadership of Sergeant Ekland. Once they are safe, Ekland offers the men the scotch, but nobody wants to drink it, feeling it has been lucky for them. The bottle is returned to Sam, who is still saving it for an important occasion.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Payne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Payne_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Mona Freeman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mona_Freeman"},{"link_name":"Peter Graves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Graves"},{"link_name":"Chuck Connors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Connors"},{"link_name":"Audrey Dalton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audrey_Dalton"},{"link_name":"Robert Nichols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Nichols_(actor)"},{"link_name":"John Wilder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wilder_(producer)"},{"link_name":"Robert Easton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Easton_(actor)"},{"link_name":"John Craven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Craven_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Nelson Leigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Leigh"}],"text":"John Payne as Lieutenant / Captain Sam MacKenzie\nMona Freeman as Anne\nPeter Graves as Lieutenant Couzens\nChuck Connors as Sergeant Ekland\nAudrey Dalton as Kitty\nRobert Nichols as Beany Smith (as Bob Nichols)\nJohn Wilder as Tinker\nRobert Easton as Ackerman (as Bob Easton)\nStanley Cha as Kato\nNicky Blair as Papiro\nJohn Craven as Major Bob MacKay\nNelson Leigh as Lieutenant Colonel Toomey","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Marine Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps"},{"link_name":"Mountain Warfare Training Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_Warfare_Training_Center"},{"link_name":"Battle of Chosin Reservoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Chosin_Reservoir"},{"link_name":"Allied Artists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_Artists_Pictures_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Retreat, Hell!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retreat,_Hell!"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Bronson Canyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronson_Canyon"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The film was shot with the cooperation of the United States Marine Corps at the Mountain Warfare Training Center at Pickel Meadows, California that recreated the events of the Battle of Chosin Reservoir.Allied Artists originally approached the Marine Corps for assistance after the book's initial release. The Corps turned down cooperation with the producers as they felt the film was too close to the recently filmed Retreat, Hell!. Though Allied Artists contemplated rewriting the film to involve the US Army, they shelved the film for a few years, with the Corps cooperating.[1] Sequences of the film were also shot at Bronson Canyon with artificial snow.[2]","title":"Production"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of American films of 1956","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_American_films_of_1956"}]	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0049319/","external_links_name":"Hold Back the Night"},{"Link":"https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/78165/enwp","external_links_name":"Hold Back the Night"},{"Link":"https://www.allmovie.com/movie/v95398","external_links_name":"Hold Back the Night"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DenG	DenG	["1 Life and career","2 Personal life","3 Discography","4 Awards and nominations","5 See also","6 References"]	Liberian singer and songwriter DenGBackground informationBirth nameDaniel Tom GeorgeBorn (1984-09-01) September 1, 1984 (age 39)Bong County, LiberiaGenresAfro popR&BOccupation(s)SingersongwriterMusical artist Daniel Tom George (born September 1, 1984), who is known professionally as DenG, is a Liberian singer and songwriter from Bong County. He started his music career in 2000 as an R&B artist before making a guest appearance on Emma Smith's single "I Want to Go". DenG rose to prominence after being featured on Queen V's 2013 hit single "Jue You Bad". Following the success of "Jue You Bad", he switched from R&B to Afro pop. DenG released his debut studio album, New Seh, on August 23, 2023. Life and career A descendant of the Kpelle tribe, Daniel Tom George was born on September 1, 1984, in Bong County, Liberia. He developed an interest in music at a young age and joined his church's choir. DenG's family relocated to Ghana during Liberia's second civil war; he attended Achimota School while living in Ghana. DenG returned to Liberia and studied business at the United Methodist University. He started his music career as an R&B artist before venturing into Afro pop music, and was featured on Emma Smith's single "I Want to Go". DenG gained prominence in 2013 after being featured on Queen V's hit single "Jue You Bad", which also features vocals by Tan Tan B. In 2014, he released the single "They Vex", a song that addresses the jealousy associated with fame and recognition. His management team announced that a tee-shirt collection, featuring the phrase "If they vex, let them buss", would arrive in Liberia. DenG collaborated with F.A and Soul Fresh to record "Ebola is Real", a hipco track that informs Liberians about ways they can protect and prevent the spread of Ebola. Recorded in colloquial English, "Ebola is Real" was created in partnership with Liberia's Ministry of Health & Social Welfare and the radio station Hott FM. In 2015, DenG won Artist of the Year and Song of the Year for "They Vex" at the 2015 Liberia Music Awards. He also won Best Artist and Song of the Year for "They Vex" at the 2015 Liberian Entertainment Awards. DenG signed a $50,000 endorsement deal with Novafone Liberia, a GSM carrier. He released "Kemah" in 2015; it earned him a nomination for Best New Artist at the African Entertainment Awards that same year. In January 2016, DenG posted a note on his Facebook page, expressing his desire to quit music. However, in a telephone interview with LIB Life, he clarified his post was intended to find out whether Liberians still had interest in his career. The music video for DenG's "Put Foot" was released in January 2016. DenG first announced plans for the video's release earlier that month. He accused his manager Alice Yawo of downgrading the video's quality after she thanked a fan, who belittled the video, for their comments. In June 2016, DenG and Yawo had a fallout from their unwillingness to communicate. DenG was nominated for Listener's Choice at the 2016 MTV Africa Music Awards, becoming the first Liberian artist to receive a MAMA nomination. In late 2016, he performed alongside Christoph the Change, Kcee and Tekno at Beach Jam, a concert sponsored by Lonestar Cell. On June 9, 2017, DenG released the Sarkodie-assisted track "Janjay", which was jointly produced by Liberia's Stone Luckshine and Ghana's Possigee. Described as a Liberian highlife song, "Janjay" contains lyrics about a girl's dream. Prior to the song's release, DenG enlisted Kcee to appear on his track "Make Dem Talk". In July 2017, Emma Smith recruited DenG to lent vocals to her single "Hold Ground", an up-tempo track that has elements of Afrobeat and dancehall. In May 2018, DenG organized the first leg of his American tour; it concluded with a concert in Washington DC. DenG's management contract with African Entertainment Management Group (AEMG) ended in June 2018; the announcement was made via a press release. In August 2018, he performed at the One Africa Music Fest, becoming the first Liberian act to perform at the festival. Held at the Ford Amphitheater at Coney Island, the festival featured additional performances from Wizkid, Flavour N'abania, Tekno, Sarkodie, Cassper Nyovest and Diamond Platnumz. DenG was one of the Liberian acts who performed at a concert headlined by Nigerian singer Davido; the concert was held at the Samuel Kanyon Doe Sports Complex in November 2018. In 2020, DenG collaborated with Takun J, Sundaygar Dearboy, Tan Tan, Soul Smiter, Odemz, and Amaze to produce the hipco song "Sanitize". The artists released the song in order to raise awareness about Covid-19 and encourage Liberians to practice good hygiene. DenG released his debut studio album, New Seh, on August 23, 2023. The album has twenty-five tracks and features collaborations with PCK, Barsee, Boifatty, and King Buju, among others. Personal life In January 2018, The New Dawn newspaper reported that DenG's brother Smith George died in Margibi County. George's body was discovered with foam around the mouth. Discography Studio albums New Seh (2023) Awards and nominations Year Event Prize Recipient Result Ref 2015 Liberian Entertainment Awards Best Artist Himself Won Song of the Year "They Vex" Won Liberia Music Awards Won Artist of the Year Himself Won Afro Pop Artist of the Year Nominated African Entertainment Awards Best New Artist Nominated 2016 Nigeria Entertainment Awards African Male Artist of the Year (Non Nigerian) Nominated MTV Africa Music Awards Listener's Choice Nominated 2018 Tunes Liberia Music Awards Artist of the Year Won Song of the Year "Grateful" Won Liberia Music Awards Artist of the Year Himself Nominated See also List of Liberian musicians References ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Tete Bropleh (September 8, 2016). "DenG Turns 32". Daily Observer. Archived from the original on 20 April 2019. Retrieved 1 December 2019. ^ a b "Who is DenG? A Brief Profile". Liberia Broadcasting System. November 9, 2019. Archived from the original on 12 April 2020. Retrieved 12 April 2020. ^ "'Jue You Bad' Artist QUEEN V Raps on Celebrity, Motherhood". Daily Observer. March 30, 2014. Archived from the original on 20 April 2019. Retrieved 2 December 2019. ^ "If They Vex, Let Them Buss". Daily Observer. November 27, 2014. Archived from the original on 20 April 2019. Retrieved 2 December 2019. ^ a b Uri Friedman (August 25, 2014). "How to Make a Hit Song About Ebola". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on 28 September 2018. Retrieved 2 December 2019. ^ a b "DenG Grabs Double Awards". Daily Observer. February 26, 2015. Archived from the original on 20 April 2019. Retrieved 2 December 2019. ^ a b c "Why DenG Said He Quit". Daily Observer. January 14, 2016. Archived from the original on 20 April 2019. Retrieved 1 December 2019. ^ a b "DenG and Manager Argue Over "Put Foot" Video Quality". Daily Observer. January 21, 2016. Archived from the original on 20 April 2019. Retrieved 1 December 2019. ^ Tete Bropleh (June 2, 2016). "DenG and Manager Alice 'Split for Good'". Daily Observer. Archived from the original on 20 April 2019. Retrieved 1 December 2019. ^ Tete Bropleh (October 6, 2016). "DenG Makes History". Liberian Observer. Archived from the original on 20 April 2019. Retrieved 1 December 2019. ^ Tete Bropleh (December 1, 2016). "Concert Review: KCEE Out-performs Tekno at Lonestar Cell Beach Jam". Daily Observer. Archived from the original on 20 April 2019. Retrieved 2 December 2019. ^ a b c Edwin Mohammed (June 15, 2017). "Deng and Sarkodie collaborate on Janjay". Liberian Listener. Archived from the original on 20 April 2019. Retrieved 2 December 2019. ^ Robin Dopoe (July 20, 2017). "Emma Smith Back with DenG to 'Hold Ground'". Daily Observer. Archived from the original on 13 May 2019. Retrieved 2 December 2019. ^ "The Phenomenon of DenG's Musical Career". Front Page Africa. May 11, 2018. Archived from the original on 20 April 2019. Retrieved 2 December 2019. ^ "AEMG ends management of Liberian singer, DenG". African Entertainment. June 2, 2018. Archived from the original on 18 April 2023. Retrieved 18 April 2023. ^ a b T Kla Wesley Jr. (August 14, 2018). "DenG Becomes First Liberian to Perform at One Africa Music Fest". Bush Chicken. Archived from the original on 25 July 2019. Retrieved 1 December 2019. ^ Robin Dopoe (8 November 2018). "Liberia: Davido Billed to Perform in Liberia November 29". Daily Observer. Archived from the original on 20 April 2019. Retrieved 2 December 2019. ^ "Liberian Hipco Stars Fight COVID-19 Through Music". Accountability Lab. May 13, 2020. Archived from the original on 6 December 2022. Retrieved 17 February 2023. ^ "New Seh by DenG". Apple Music. August 30, 2023. Retrieved 20 April 2024. ^ a b Ramsey N. Singbeh, Jr (9 January 2018). "Liberia: Deng's Brother Killed At SRC". The New Dawn. Archived from the original on 5 June 2018. Retrieved 1 December 2019. ^ "K-Zee, Eric Geso, DenG Win Big at LMA". Daily Observer. July 2, 2015. Archived from the original on 20 April 2019. Retrieved 2 December 2019. ^ "Liberia Music Awards Foundation Announces the Nominees for 2015". Daily Observer. May 6, 2015. Archived from the original on 20 April 2019. Retrieved 2 December 2019. ^ Adedayo Showemimo (17 June 2016). "FULL nominee list for 2016 Nigerian Entertainment Awards (NEA)". Nigerian Entertainment Today. Archived from the original on 2017-01-02. Retrieved 12 September 2016. ^ Alyssa Klein (October 22, 2016). "Here's the Full List of Nominees at the 2016 MTV Africa Music Awards in Johannesburg". OkayAfrica. Archived from the original on 3 November 2019. Retrieved 2 December 2019. ^ "DenG wins big at Liberian awards ceremony". Music in Africa. 2 March 2018. Archived from the original on 20 April 2019. Retrieved 2 December 2019. ^ "Liberia Music Awards 2018: Stunna tops list of nominees". Music in Africa. 9 November 2018. Archived from the original on 17 February 2023. Retrieved 2 December 2019.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Liberian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberia"},{"link_name":"Bong County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bong_County"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Daily_Observer_1-1"},{"link_name":"R&B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%26B"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Daily_Observer_1-1"},{"link_name":"R&B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%26B"},{"link_name":"Afro pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afro_pop"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Daily_Observer_1-1"}],"text":"Musical artistDaniel Tom George (born September 1, 1984), who is known professionally as DenG, is a Liberian singer and songwriter from Bong County.[1] He started his music career in 2000 as an R&B artist before making a guest appearance on Emma Smith's single \"I Want to Go\". DenG rose to prominence after being featured on Queen V's 2013 hit single \"Jue You Bad\".[1] Following the success of \"Jue You Bad\", he switched from R&B to Afro pop.[1] DenG released his debut studio album, New Seh, on August 23, 2023.","title":"DenG"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kpelle tribe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kpelle_people"},{"link_name":"Bong County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bong_County"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Daily_Observer_1-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liberia_Broadcasting_System-2"},{"link_name":"Liberia's second civil war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Liberian_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Achimota School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achimota_School"},{"link_name":"United Methodist University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Methodist_University"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liberia_Broadcasting_System-2"},{"link_name":"R&B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%26B"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Daily_Observer_1-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Daily_Observer_1-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Daily_Observer_1-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Soul Fresh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_Fresh"},{"link_name":"hipco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipco"},{"link_name":"Ebola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebola"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Atlantic-5"},{"link_name":"colloquial English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberian_Kreyol_language"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Atlantic-5"},{"link_name":"Liberia Music Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberia_Music_Awards"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Daily_Observer_1-1"},{"link_name":"Liberian Entertainment Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberian_Entertainment_Awards"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LEA_161-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Daily_Observer_1-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Daily_Observer_1-1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Daily_Observer_2-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Daily_Observer_2-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Daily_Observer_3-8"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Daily_Observer_2-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Daily_Observer_3-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"2016 MTV Africa Music Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV_Africa_Music_Awards_2016"},{"link_name":"MAMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV_Africa_Music_Awards"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liberian_Observer_1-10"},{"link_name":"Christoph the Change","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christoph_the_Change"},{"link_name":"Kcee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kcee_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Tekno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekno_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Lonestar Cell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lonestar_Cell"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Sarkodie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarkodie_(rapper)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liberian_Listener-12"},{"link_name":"highlife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highlife"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liberian_Listener-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liberian_Listener-12"},{"link_name":"Afrobeat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrobeat"},{"link_name":"dancehall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dancehall"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"press release","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Press_release"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bush_Chicken_1-16"},{"link_name":"Ford Amphitheater at Coney Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Amphitheater_at_Coney_Island"},{"link_name":"Wizkid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wizkid"},{"link_name":"Flavour N'abania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavour_N%27abania"},{"link_name":"Cassper Nyovest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassper_Nyovest"},{"link_name":"Diamond Platnumz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond_Platnumz"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bush_Chicken_1-16"},{"link_name":"Davido","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davido"},{"link_name":"Samuel Kanyon Doe Sports Complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Kanyon_Doe_Sports_Complex"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Takun J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takun_J"},{"link_name":"Sundaygar Dearboy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundaygar_Dearboy"},{"link_name":"Covid-19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covid-19"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"A descendant of the Kpelle tribe, Daniel Tom George was born on September 1, 1984, in Bong County, Liberia.[1][2] He developed an interest in music at a young age and joined his church's choir. DenG's family relocated to Ghana during Liberia's second civil war; he attended Achimota School while living in Ghana. DenG returned to Liberia and studied business at the United Methodist University.[2] He started his music career as an R&B artist before venturing into Afro pop music, and was featured on Emma Smith's single \"I Want to Go\".[1] DenG gained prominence in 2013 after being featured on Queen V's hit single \"Jue You Bad\", which also features vocals by Tan Tan B.[1][3] In 2014, he released the single \"They Vex\", a song that addresses the jealousy associated with fame and recognition.[1] His management team announced that a tee-shirt collection, featuring the phrase \"If they vex, let them buss\", would arrive in Liberia.[4]DenG collaborated with F.A and Soul Fresh to record \"Ebola is Real\", a hipco track that informs Liberians about ways they can protect and prevent the spread of Ebola.[5] Recorded in colloquial English, \"Ebola is Real\" was created in partnership with Liberia's Ministry of Health & Social Welfare and the radio station Hott FM.[5] In 2015, DenG won Artist of the Year and Song of the Year for \"They Vex\" at the 2015 Liberia Music Awards.[1] He also won Best Artist and Song of the Year for \"They Vex\" at the 2015 Liberian Entertainment Awards.[6] DenG signed a $50,000 endorsement deal with Novafone Liberia, a GSM carrier.[1] He released \"Kemah\" in 2015; it earned him a nomination for Best New Artist at the African Entertainment Awards that same year.[1] In January 2016, DenG posted a note on his Facebook page, expressing his desire to quit music.[7] However, in a telephone interview with LIB Life, he clarified his post was intended to find out whether Liberians still had interest in his career.[7]The music video for DenG's \"Put Foot\" was released in January 2016.[8] DenG first announced plans for the video's release earlier that month.[7] He accused his manager Alice Yawo of downgrading the video's quality after she thanked a fan, who belittled the video, for their comments.[8] In June 2016, DenG and Yawo had a fallout from their unwillingness to communicate.[9] DenG was nominated for Listener's Choice at the 2016 MTV Africa Music Awards, becoming the first Liberian artist to receive a MAMA nomination.[10] In late 2016, he performed alongside Christoph the Change, Kcee and Tekno at Beach Jam, a concert sponsored by Lonestar Cell.[11] On June 9, 2017, DenG released the Sarkodie-assisted track \"Janjay\", which was jointly produced by Liberia's Stone Luckshine and Ghana's Possigee.[12] Described as a Liberian highlife song, \"Janjay\" contains lyrics about a girl's dream.[12] Prior to the song's release, DenG enlisted Kcee to appear on his track \"Make Dem Talk\".[12] In July 2017, Emma Smith recruited DenG to lent vocals to her single \"Hold Ground\", an up-tempo track that has elements of Afrobeat and dancehall.[13]In May 2018, DenG organized the first leg of his American tour; it concluded with a concert in Washington DC.[14] DenG's management contract with African Entertainment Management Group (AEMG) ended in June 2018; the announcement was made via a press release.[15] In August 2018, he performed at the One Africa Music Fest, becoming the first Liberian act to perform at the festival.[16] Held at the Ford Amphitheater at Coney Island, the festival featured additional performances from Wizkid, Flavour N'abania, Tekno, Sarkodie, Cassper Nyovest and Diamond Platnumz.[16] DenG was one of the Liberian acts who performed at a concert headlined by Nigerian singer Davido; the concert was held at the Samuel Kanyon Doe Sports Complex in November 2018.[17]In 2020, DenG collaborated with Takun J, Sundaygar Dearboy, Tan Tan, Soul Smiter, Odemz, and Amaze to produce the hipco song \"Sanitize\". The artists released the song in order to raise awareness about Covid-19 and encourage Liberians to practice good hygiene.[18] DenG released his debut studio album, New Seh, on August 23, 2023. The album has twenty-five tracks and features collaborations with PCK, Barsee, Boifatty, and King Buju, among others.[19]","title":"Life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Margibi County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margibi_County"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_New_Dawn-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_New_Dawn-20"}],"text":"In January 2018, The New Dawn newspaper reported that DenG's brother Smith George died in Margibi County.[20] George's body was discovered with foam around the mouth.[20]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Studio albumsNew Seh (2023)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards and nominations"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of Liberian musicians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Liberian_musicians"}]	[{"reference":"Tete Bropleh (September 8, 2016). \"DenG Turns 32\". Daily Observer. Archived from the original on 20 April 2019. Retrieved 1 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.liberianobserver.com/lib-life/deng-turns-32/","url_text":"\"DenG Turns 32\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190420174241/https://www.liberianobserver.com/lib-life/deng-turns-32/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Who is DenG? A Brief Profile\". Liberia Broadcasting System. November 9, 2019. Archived from the original on 12 April 2020. Retrieved 12 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://elbcradio.com/2019/11/09/who-is-deng-a-brief-profile/","url_text":"\"Who is DenG? A Brief Profile\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200412200929/https://elbcradio.com/2019/11/09/who-is-deng-a-brief-profile/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"'Jue You Bad' Artist QUEEN V Raps on Celebrity, Motherhood\". Daily Observer. March 30, 2014. Archived from the original on 20 April 2019. Retrieved 2 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.liberianobserver.com/lib-life/jue-you-bad-artist-queen-v-raps-on-celebrity-motherhood/","url_text":"\"'Jue You Bad' Artist QUEEN V Raps on Celebrity, Motherhood\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190420174211/https://www.liberianobserver.com/lib-life/jue-you-bad-artist-queen-v-raps-on-celebrity-motherhood/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"If They Vex, Let Them Buss\". Daily Observer. November 27, 2014. Archived from the original on 20 April 2019. Retrieved 2 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.liberianobserver.com/lib-life/if-they-vex-let-them-buss/","url_text":"\"If They Vex, Let Them Buss\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190420174147/https://www.liberianobserver.com/lib-life/if-they-vex-let-them-buss/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Uri Friedman (August 25, 2014). \"How to Make a Hit Song About Ebola\". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on 28 September 2018. Retrieved 2 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/08/how-to-make-a-hit-ebola-song/378980/?single_page=true","url_text":"\"How to Make a Hit Song About Ebola\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180928120920/https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/08/how-to-make-a-hit-ebola-song/378980/?single_page=true","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"DenG Grabs Double Awards\". Daily Observer. February 26, 2015. Archived from the original on 20 April 2019. Retrieved 2 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.liberianobserver.com/lib-life/deng-grabs-double-awards/","url_text":"\"DenG Grabs Double Awards\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190420174146/https://www.liberianobserver.com/lib-life/deng-grabs-double-awards/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Why DenG Said He Quit\". Daily Observer. January 14, 2016. Archived from the original on 20 April 2019. Retrieved 1 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.liberianobserver.com/lib-life/why-deng-said-he-quit/","url_text":"\"Why DenG Said He Quit\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190420174216/https://www.liberianobserver.com/lib-life/why-deng-said-he-quit/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"DenG and Manager Argue Over \"Put Foot\" Video Quality\". Daily Observer. January 21, 2016. Archived from the original on 20 April 2019. Retrieved 1 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.liberianobserver.com/lib-life/deng-and-manager-argue-over-put-foot-video-quality/","url_text":"\"DenG and Manager Argue Over \"Put Foot\" Video Quality\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190420174218/https://www.liberianobserver.com/lib-life/deng-and-manager-argue-over-put-foot-video-quality/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Tete Bropleh (June 2, 2016). \"DenG and Manager Alice 'Split for Good'\". Daily Observer. Archived from the original on 20 April 2019. Retrieved 1 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.liberianobserver.com/lib-life/deng-and-manager-alice-split-for-good/","url_text":"\"DenG and Manager Alice 'Split for Good'\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190420174220/https://www.liberianobserver.com/lib-life/deng-and-manager-alice-split-for-good/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Tete Bropleh (October 6, 2016). \"DenG Makes History\". Liberian Observer. Archived from the original on 20 April 2019. Retrieved 1 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.liberianobserver.com/lib-life/deng-makes-history/","url_text":"\"DenG Makes History\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190420174150/https://www.liberianobserver.com/lib-life/deng-makes-history/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Tete Bropleh (December 1, 2016). \"Concert Review: KCEE Out-performs Tekno at Lonestar Cell Beach Jam\". Daily Observer. Archived from the original on 20 April 2019. Retrieved 2 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.liberianobserver.com/lib-life/concert-review-kcee-out-performs-tekno-at-lonestar-cell-beach-jam/","url_text":"\"Concert Review: KCEE Out-performs Tekno at Lonestar Cell Beach Jam\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190420174151/https://www.liberianobserver.com/lib-life/concert-review-kcee-out-performs-tekno-at-lonestar-cell-beach-jam/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Edwin Mohammed (June 15, 2017). \"Deng and Sarkodie collaborate on Janjay\". Liberian Listener. Archived from the original on 20 April 2019. Retrieved 2 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.liberianlistener.com/2017/06/15/deng-and-sarkodie-collaborate-on-janjay/","url_text":"\"Deng and Sarkodie collaborate on Janjay\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190420174235/http://www.liberianlistener.com/2017/06/15/deng-and-sarkodie-collaborate-on-janjay/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Robin Dopoe (July 20, 2017). \"Emma Smith Back with DenG to 'Hold Ground'\". Daily Observer. Archived from the original on 13 May 2019. Retrieved 2 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.liberianobserver.com/lib-life/lib-life-emma/","url_text":"\"Emma Smith Back with DenG to 'Hold Ground'\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190513012806/https://www.liberianobserver.com/lib-life/lib-life-emma/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Phenomenon of DenG's Musical Career\". Front Page Africa. May 11, 2018. Archived from the original on 20 April 2019. 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Make a Hit Song About Ebola\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180928120920/https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/08/how-to-make-a-hit-ebola-song/378980/?single_page=true","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.liberianobserver.com/lib-life/deng-grabs-double-awards/","external_links_name":"\"DenG Grabs Double Awards\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190420174146/https://www.liberianobserver.com/lib-life/deng-grabs-double-awards/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.liberianobserver.com/lib-life/why-deng-said-he-quit/","external_links_name":"\"Why DenG Said He Quit\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190420174216/https://www.liberianobserver.com/lib-life/why-deng-said-he-quit/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.liberianobserver.com/lib-life/deng-and-manager-argue-over-put-foot-video-quality/","external_links_name":"\"DenG and Manager Argue Over \"Put Foot\" Video 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